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{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 10, "sc": 579, "ep": 14, "ec": 312} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 10 | 579 | 14 | 312 | Carlos E. Chardón | First Puerto Rican mycologist & Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico | he reorganized the School of Agriculture of Medellín. He also traveled to Venezuela, Bolivia and the Dominican Republic to assist in their agricultural programs. In 1929 he returned to Colombia and established the Experimental Station of Palmira in Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico He resigned from his position as Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor in 1931, when he was named by Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the US-appointed governor, as Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico. As the first Puerto Rican to hold that position, Chardón was in a very prominent role.
Don Pedro Albizu |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 14, "sc": 312, "ep": 14, "ec": 955} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 14 | 312 | 14 | 955 | Carlos E. Chardón | Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico | Campos, president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, believed that Chardón was being used by the US for its own interests at the university. He thought the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico, a leading political party of the time, was allied with US interests there. On 20 October 1935, the Nationalist Party broadcast their meeting in Maunabo, at which Albizu Campos denounced Chardón, the university deans, and the Liberal Party as "traitors," saying they wanted to convert the university into an "American" propaganda institution.
In reaction, on 23 October 1935, students at the university in Rio Piedras who supported Chardón began |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 14, "sc": 955, "ep": 18, "ec": 460} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 14 | 955 | 18 | 460 | Carlos E. Chardón | Chancellor of the University of Puerto Rico & Rio Piedras massacre | a signature drive to declare Albizu Campos as "Student Enemy Number One". A pro-Nationalist faction of students protested, denouncing Chardón and the Liberal Party in turn. Rio Piedras massacre The following day, 24 October, a student assembly at the university declared Albizu Campos Persona non grata (person not welcomed). Concerned about the potential for violence, Chardón requested the governor to provide armed police officers at the university because of the tensions. That day, two police officers saw what they thought was a suspicious-looking automobile and asked the driver, Ramón S. Pagán, for his license. His friend Pedro Quiñones was with |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 18, "sc": 460, "ep": 22, "ec": 259} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 18 | 460 | 22 | 259 | Carlos E. Chardón | Rio Piedras massacre & Plan Chardón | him, and a confrontation developed that resulted in the deaths of Pagán and Quiñones. The local newspaper El Mundo reported the next day that an explosion and gunfire had been heard; the students Eduardo Rodríguez Vega and José Santiago Barea also died that day. The incident became known as the "Rio Piedras massacre" and caused national outrage. Plan Chardón In 1935, Chardón was appointed by Blanton Winship, the island governor, as head of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). Luis Muñoz Marín, a senator in the Puerto Rican legislature and member of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico, had encouraged |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 22, "sc": 259, "ep": 22, "ec": 907} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 22 | 259 | 22 | 907 | Carlos E. Chardón | Plan Chardón | formation of the agency; it was also modeled on some of the New Deal programs of the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, developed by his administration to put people to work during the Great Depression. Well received, it was known informally as "Plan Chardón". It encouraged the training and development of Agriculture Technicians.
Chardón resigned from his positions in PRRA and the University of Puerto Rico because of his disagreements with the Government of Puerto Rico. He left Puerto Rico and helped in the agricultural and economic development of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Iran.
After returning to Puerto Rico |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 22, "sc": 907, "ep": 26, "ec": 457} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 22 | 907 | 26 | 457 | Carlos E. Chardón | Plan Chardón & Marriage and family | in 1940, he held positions as director of the Land Authority (1940), and the Tropical Agricultural Institute in Mayagüez (1942). Marriage and family Chardón married Dolores López Wiscovich; they had 4 children- two sons and two daughters . His second son Carlos E. Chardón López earned a doctorate at Syracuse University and became an educator and administrator. He served as Puerto Rico's Secretary of Education in 1977 and 2009. His younger brother Carlos Fernando Chardón (5 September 1907 – 9 December 1981) served as the Puerto Rico Adjutant General and Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from 1969 to |
{"datasets_id": 1006, "wiki_id": "Q5042006", "sp": 26, "sc": 457, "ep": 26, "ec": 463} | 1,006 | Q5042006 | 26 | 457 | 26 | 463 | Carlos E. Chardón | Marriage and family | 1973. |
{"datasets_id": 1007, "wiki_id": "Q19818508", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 245} | 1,007 | Q19818508 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 245 | Carlos Martins (musician) | Biography | Carlos Martins (musician) Carlos Martins (born 1961 in Alentejo, Portugal) is a Portuguese saxophonist, jazz musician and composer and a reference in the Portuguese cultural scene.
He is known for his artistic works, compositions and collaborations in contemporary music, jazz and world music, both in Portugal and abroad as well as his conceptual works as artistic director and producer. Biography Carlos Martins studied contemporary music, composition and saxophone in Lisbon, Barcelona and New York City. He was teaching at the Conservatório Nacional de Lisboa as well as the Jazz School Hot Clube de Portugal in Lisbon and at the New Jersey |
{"datasets_id": 1007, "wiki_id": "Q19818508", "sp": 8, "sc": 245, "ep": 8, "ec": 932} | 1,007 | Q19818508 | 8 | 245 | 8 | 932 | Carlos Martins (musician) | Biography | Performing Arts Center.
He founded some of the most important Portuguese jazz groups and performed at a number of national and international festivals.
He looks back on numerous collaborations with both Portuguese artists from different disciplines like Bernardo Sassetti, Maria João, Rui Horta as well as international acclaimed artists such as Cindy Blackman and George Garzone.
He released seven albums of his own music as band leader, some of them awarded as the best national jazz records in Portugal and appeared on plenty of others as musician.
Apart from his own compositions, he composed for films, theatre plays and dance and has contributed to |
{"datasets_id": 1007, "wiki_id": "Q19818508", "sp": 8, "sc": 932, "ep": 16, "ec": 109} | 1,007 | Q19818508 | 8 | 932 | 16 | 109 | Carlos Martins (musician) | Biography & Style & Work as artistic director | a number of interdisciplinary projects. Style His saxophone sound indicates references to American jazz musicians such as John Coltrane or Sonny Rollins, and European jazz musicians including Jan Garbarek, but his music is deeply rooted in the Mediterranean and lusophone music culture.
His style is influenced by different elements, coming as well from the Mediterranean music, especially the Portuguese traditional music, like Fado or Canto Alentejano, but also from other lusophone areas e.g. Brasil, Cabo Verde or Mozambique. Work as artistic director In 1996 he founded the Sons da Lusofonia, a project in which artists from the lusophone world collaborate for |
{"datasets_id": 1007, "wiki_id": "Q19818508", "sp": 16, "sc": 109, "ep": 16, "ec": 493} | 1,007 | Q19818508 | 16 | 109 | 16 | 493 | Carlos Martins (musician) | Work as artistic director | a better citizenship. Since 2002 he is artistic director of the Portuguese national jazz festival, Festa do Jazz, and, since 2006, the artistic director of Lisboa Mistura, an intercultural festival with a focus on new cultural tendencies and innovative formats. Apart from his artistic work he is socially engaged in different educational projects and is consulting in urban studies. |
{"datasets_id": 1008, "wiki_id": "Q544520", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 581} | 1,008 | Q544520 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 581 | Carlos Torre Repetto | Biography | Carlos Torre Repetto Biography While Torre was Mexican by birth and citizenship, he spent much of his early life in New Orleans and developed as a young player under the tutelage of the New Orleans player E. Z. Adams. Torre later published an extraordinary combination that was supposed to have occurred in a game Z. Adams–Torre and featured White's victory. It was determined subsequently that this combination was never played in a game; Torre's attribution of it to Adams was an homage to his teacher.
Torre first came to international attention when he attended the great New York 1924 tournament and |
{"datasets_id": 1008, "wiki_id": "Q544520", "sp": 6, "sc": 581, "ep": 6, "ec": 1188} | 1,008 | Q544520 | 6 | 581 | 6 | 1,188 | Carlos Torre Repetto | Biography | impressed both the American and European Grandmasters with the high quality of his speed chess and analytical ability. The website Chessmetrics.com places Torre as eighth in the world following his tour of Europe. He was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1977.
Torre's career was cut short by mental illness. Torre spent much if not the remainder of his life hospitalized following his breakdown in 1926. A coming marriage that was broken by a Dear John letter is believed to have played a role in his breakdown, according to The Oxford Companion to Chess. Chess historian Edward Winter, however, |
{"datasets_id": 1008, "wiki_id": "Q544520", "sp": 6, "sc": 1188, "ep": 10, "ec": 461} | 1,008 | Q544520 | 6 | 1,188 | 10 | 461 | Carlos Torre Repetto | Biography & Major tournament results | regards this as an open question. Reuben Fine visited him many years later and found that he still played very well. Major tournament results Torre won the Louisiana state championship at New Orleans 1923, and began to reach world prominence in 1924. He was first at Detroit 1924 (25th Western Open / U.S. Open Chess Championship), followed by Samuel Factor, Herman H. Hahlbohm, Norman Whitaker, Samuel Reshevsky, etc. He won at Rochester, New York 1924 (with Jennings). In 1924, Torre took third place in New York (Abraham Kupchik won).
In 1925, he made his European debut, in events with much |
{"datasets_id": 1008, "wiki_id": "Q544520", "sp": 10, "sc": 461, "ep": 10, "ec": 1052} | 1,008 | Q544520 | 10 | 461 | 10 | 1,052 | Carlos Torre Repetto | Major tournament results | stronger and deeper fields of more experienced Masters. Torre took tenth place in Baden-Baden (Alexander Alekhine won). In 1925, he tied for third/fourth place with Frank Marshall, behind Aron Nimzowitsch and Akiba Rubinstein, in Marienbad. In 1925, he tied for fifth/sixth place with Savielly Tartakower in Moscow (Efim Bogoljubow won). In 1925, he tied for second/third place in Leningrad (Quadrangular; Solomon Borisovich Gotthilf won). In 1926, he tied for second/third place with Géza Maróczy, behind Marshall, in Chicago. In 1926, he won, ahead of Jose Joaquin Araiza, in Mexico City. |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 128} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 128 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | History & Geography | Carlton, Nottinghamshire History In the Domesday Book of 1086, Carlton is referred to as Carentune.
Like other parts of Nottingham, Carlton grew up with the textile industry in the 19th century. It is now mostly residential.
Until 1950, Carlton was part of the Rushcliffe parliamentary constituency. It had its own eponymous constituency from 1950 until 1983, since when it has been in the Gedling constituency. In 1974, Carlton Urban District became part of the newly formed Borough of Gedling. Geography It is close to Bakersfield, Colwick, Gedling, Mapperley, Netherfield, Sneinton and St Ann's. It is near the River Trent and has |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 10, "sc": 128, "ep": 14, "ec": 614} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 10 | 128 | 14 | 614 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | Geography & Community | an NG4 post code. Community The main shopping street is Carlton Hill, which has several shopping chains and smaller shops such as newsagents, chemists, and grocers. Carlton Square, the traditional centre of Carlton is today a shopping centre.
There are numerous areas of grass for children to play on, as the roads tend to be quite busy. Carlton has two leisure centres: Richard Herrod Centre (an indoor bowling centre) on Foxhill Road and Carlton Forum (a swimming pool, gym and all-weather pitches) on Coningswath Road, off Cavendish Road.
Carlton Laundry on Primrose Road is a Grade II listed building by Watson Fothergill. |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 14, "sc": 614, "ep": 22, "ec": 471} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 14 | 614 | 22 | 471 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | Community & Rail & Education | It was built in 1899 as a laundry and dye works. Rail Carlton railway station is on the Nottingham to Lincoln Line. Education Local schools are Parkdale School, Carlton le Willows Academy, Sherwood Academy and The Carlton Academy.
Carlton Central Primary School was founded in the late 19th century but after a piece of masonry fell one night from the roof into the school assembly area in the 1960s, the school was demolished and the council house and the current Carlton Square were built in its place. A new school had been built on Foxhill Road/Carlton Hill and Carlton Central Primary |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 22, "sc": 471, "ep": 22, "ec": 1094} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 22 | 471 | 22 | 1,094 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | Education | School was relocated there. The new school had originally been intended to replace the deteriorating St. Paul's School on Carlton Hill. St Paul’s was closed in 1983 after many years and attempts to find a new site and financing for a new building were unsuccessful. Carlton Central Primary School is not the only primary school in Carlton. Amongst others, Porchester Junior School (which has recently been extended) is situated at the top of Standhill Road.
Carlton has a number of pre schools & nurseries including Foxy Creeks Pre School (based in the Richard Herrod Centre, Foxhill Road) and Good Foundations Day |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 22, "sc": 1094, "ep": 30, "ec": 53} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 22 | 1,094 | 30 | 53 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | Education & Religion & Sport | nursery on Station Road.
Carlton is home to the Midlands Academy of Dance and Drama (also known as MADD). It is one of the UK’s top musical theatre colleges. Religion St. Paul's Church, Carlton-in-the-Willows was built by Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon and consecrated in 1885. Located at the bottom of Carlton Hill, off Church Street, it is built in the style of a Roman Basilica and resides in the diocese of Southwell and Nottingham. See www.stpaulscarlton.org for more details
Carlton Pentecostal Church is located opposite the fire station on Station Road. Sport Carlton Town Football Club were champions of Northern |
{"datasets_id": 1009, "wiki_id": "Q2736123", "sp": 30, "sc": 53, "ep": 34, "ec": 119} | 1,009 | Q2736123 | 30 | 53 | 34 | 119 | Carlton, Nottinghamshire | Sport & Notable people | Counties East Football League Division One in the 2005-2006 season. Carlton Forum is a large leisure centre on Coningswath Road. Notable people Richard Beckinsale, actor and father of actresses Samantha Beckinsale and Kate Beckinsale, was born in Carlton in 1947. |
{"datasets_id": 1010, "wiki_id": "Q1734053", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 286} | 1,010 | Q1734053 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 286 | Carme (mythology) | Carme (mythology) In Greek mythology, Carme (/ˈkɑːrmi/; Ancient Greek: Κάρμη Karmē) was the mother, by Zeus, of the goddess Britomartis. She was either the daughter of Euboulus, the son of the Cretan priest Carmanor, or the daughter of Cassiepia, the daughter of Arabius, and Phoenix, the son of Agenor. |
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{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 583 | Carol Beckwith | Early life | Carol Beckwith Early life Carol Beckwith was born in Boston, Massachusetts, where she went on to attend both the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Goucher College in Maryland. After obtaining her degree in Painting and Photography, she won a traveling fellowship from the Boston Museum, which let her travel to other countries for the first time. She spent seven months in Japan, living in a Zen temple and studying calligraphic painting. She continued to travel through Southeast Asia and New Guinea, where she witnessed a "sing-sing", a gathering of 90,000 Highland warriors, in Mount Hagen, and |
{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 6, "sc": 583, "ep": 10, "ec": 90} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 6 | 583 | 10 | 90 | Carol Beckwith | Early life & Career | paddled up Chambri Lakes in a canoe, an experience she called "one of the most wonderful, and in a way formative, experiences in my life."
Her first trip to Africa was in 1973, when she was invited to spend Christmas with a friend in Kenya. Beckwith bought a 45-day roundtrip ticket and ended up staying eight months. There she encountered the Maasai people who invited her to witness a female circumcision ceremony. Astonished by the ritual, she then determined to spend more time with the Maasai. Career Beckwith studied photography in college but had initially intended to become a painter. It |
{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 10, "sc": 90, "ep": 10, "ec": 710} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 10 | 90 | 10 | 710 | Carol Beckwith | Career | was during her travels through New Guinea that she realized the advantages of photography, saying that "there was such a vast amount of exciting material that I began to photograph instead, approaching photography with the eye of a painter in terms of light, color, composition. I wanted the images to be multilayered experiences in a way that a painting is. . . [Photography] seemed to be a more suitable medium for the pace of travel."
Beckwith's first major collaboration was with Tepilit Ole Saitoti, an anthropologist and former Maasai warrior whom she met in Boston during one of her painting exhibitions. |
{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 10, "sc": 710, "ep": 14, "ec": 93} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 10 | 710 | 14 | 93 | Carol Beckwith | Career & Collaboration with Angela Fisher | Their collaboration produced the book Maasai (Abrams, 1980). She also collaborated with anthropologist Marion van Offelen to produce Nomads of Niger (Abrams, 1983), a monograph on the Wodaabe cattle herders. Although she did not have formal training in anthropology, through working alone as well as with other anthropologists such as Saitoti, van Offelen and Linda Donley-Reid, she "was able to absorb techniques of interviewing, to learn what questions to ask in order to explore the many aspects of traditional African life." Collaboration with Angela Fisher Beckwith first heard about Angela Fisher through Fisher's brother Simon in 1974, during a hot |
{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 14, "sc": 93, "ep": 14, "ec": 834} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 14 | 93 | 14 | 834 | Carol Beckwith | Collaboration with Angela Fisher | air balloon ride in Maasai country. They met during Fisher's exhibition of traditional African jewelry in Nairobi, where they discovered they shared a passion for documenting traditional African cultures. Within one week, they were photographing a Maasai warrior ceremony together.
During more than three decades of collaboration, they produced African Ark (Abrams, 1990), African Ceremonies (Abrams, 1999), Passages (Abrams, 2000), Surma (Taller Experimental, 2002), Karo (Taller Experimental, 2002), Maasai, Himba, Hamar (Taller Experimental, 2002), Faces of Africa (Abrams, 2004), Lamu: Kenya’s Enchanted Island (Abrams, 2009), and Dinka (Abrams, 2010). They are currently (2011) working on completing their pan-African study of |
{"datasets_id": 1011, "wiki_id": "Q13518898", "sp": 14, "sc": 834, "ep": 14, "ec": 1092} | 1,011 | Q13518898 | 14 | 834 | 14 | 1,092 | Carol Beckwith | Collaboration with Angela Fisher | the art of body painting for a book entitled Africa: Spirit of Paint, as well as on their third and final installation of African Ceremonies, titled African Twilight, scheduled for publication in 2013. Beckwith resides in New York City and Fisher in London. |
{"datasets_id": 1012, "wiki_id": "Q5044989", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 335} | 1,012 | Q5044989 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 335 | Caroline Brazier | Personal life & Career | Caroline Brazier Personal life Brazier was married to fellow Australian actor Geoff Morrell.
Originally from Perth, Western Australia, Brazier graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in 1998. In between acting engagements, Brazier often heads home to spend time with her parents in Perth. Career Her theatre roles include The Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra for the Bell Shakespeare Company, Whale Music at Darlinghurst Theatre, and Speed-the-Plow for Perth Theatre Company. In 2012 she won Best Actress in a Leading Role in an Independent Production for I Want To Sleep With Tom Stoppard (Sydney Theatre |
{"datasets_id": 1012, "wiki_id": "Q5044989", "sp": 10, "sc": 335, "ep": 10, "ec": 544} | 1,012 | Q5044989 | 10 | 335 | 10 | 544 | Caroline Brazier | Career | Awards).
She also played Super Intendent in the show," Accidental Death of an Anarchist" (2018) at Sydney Theatre.
She appeared in the film clip for Silverchair's 1999 song "Emotion Sickness". |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 551} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 551 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | Early life and education | Carolyn Thompson Taylor Early life and education Taylor was born in 1957 to parents Frank and JoAnne Miller in Norman, Oklahoma and is the oldest of five children. Her parents were also born in Norman, and the majority of her family lived in the area. During her childhood, Taylor enjoyed spending time at the library, the Museum of Natural History (in its original building before Taylor was able to author legislation that funded a new building for the museum), and her grandparents' farm. From the first to fifth grade, Taylor attended a private Catholic school, but finished her education through |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 6, "sc": 551, "ep": 10, "ec": 261} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 6 | 551 | 10 | 261 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | Early life and education & Career | the Norman public school system and graduated from Norman High School. After graduating from high school, Taylor attended the University of Oklahoma and obtained her bachelor's in American History and went back later to get her teaching certificate. While attending OU she was a member of the marching band “The Pride of Oklahoma.” Career After graduation, Taylor was offered a job as a teacher at Norman High School. She took over one of her favorite teacher's job as the AP government teacher at the high school. Mrs. Viola Smith, Taylor's predecessor, had timed her retirement so that Taylor would |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 10, "sc": 261, "ep": 10, "ec": 875} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 10 | 261 | 10 | 875 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | Career | be able to assume her position when she left. While teaching at Norman, Taylor became involved with helping and volunteering on campaigns of pro-education candidates. She also lobbied at the capitol on behalf of education. Taylor taught at the high school from 1979 until 1984. In the summer of 1984, she was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to spend the summer studying politics & government in the Middle East. Around the same time, incumbent Cleta Deatherage decided not to run for reelection for State Representative in Taylor's district. Many encouraged Taylor to run for the seat and after discussing it over |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 10, "sc": 875, "ep": 14, "ec": 169} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 10 | 875 | 14 | 169 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | Career & House of Representatives (1984-1992) | with the principal at Norman High School, she was given a leave of absence in order to campaign. Paula Roberts, also a teacher at Norman High School, served as campaign manager (and held the position for all four of Taylor's campaigns). Taylor's campaign was endorsed by the Oklahoma Education Association and many other groups Although she had to turn down the Fulbright Scholarship, she was rewarded by being elected in November. House of Representatives (1984-1992) Education Legislation
Running on a platform of education, Taylor was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1984. While she was in the House, Taylor |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 14, "sc": 169, "ep": 14, "ec": 842} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 14 | 169 | 14 | 842 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | House of Representatives (1984-1992) | was the primary author of legislation establishing state matching grants for private contributions to higher education institutions to endow professorships that resulted in hundreds of millions of dollars being donated to Oklahoma institutions.
Believing that those who excel in academic excellence should receive the same scholarship opportunities as those who score touchdowns on the football field, she authored what became known as the Academic Scholars Legislation which gave a full scholarship for tuition, fees, books along with room and board to students who obtained a certain score on the ACT, SAT or similar tests. She was also the primary co-author and |
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Taylor was |
{"datasets_id": 1013, "wiki_id": "Q21062781", "sp": 14, "sc": 1491, "ep": 14, "ec": 2256} | 1,013 | Q21062781 | 14 | 1,491 | 14 | 2,256 | Carolyn Thompson Taylor | House of Representatives (1984-1992) | the principal author of legislation impacting education in the area of environmental and geography education programs, scholarship and endowed chair programs, increased funding for higher education, training and standards for Boards of Regents, college internship programs, and multiple education reforms that increased funding for pre-K through high school. Additionally,
Health Care legislation
Concerned about Oklahoma's failure to provide adequate prenatal care to poor women, Taylor authored legislation creating the establishment of a statewide prenatal care program, as well as Soonercare, a health insurance program for children. She also authored legislation creating the state's first family leave program for state employees and authored |
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Taylor's dedication to the public was proven through her efforts while she was in office. In her time at the House of Representatives, she was able to rise to leadership in numerous committees including Chairing the Education Committee and the Education Subcommittee of the Appropriations and Budget Committee. |
{"datasets_id": 1014, "wiki_id": "Q5045822", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 359} | 1,014 | Q5045822 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 359 | Carpinteria State Beach | Recreation | Carpinteria State Beach Recreation Recreational activities include bird watching, ocean swimming, surf fishing, nature walks, camping, and tidepool exploration.
The Carpinteria Harbor Seal Preserve and rookery is located within and south of the park, protecting the Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). It is one of the four harbor seal rookeries remaining along the Southern California coast. |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 585} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 585 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Location | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve Location The Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve is located in the Arrondissement of Avesnes-sur-Helpe between the cities of Valenciennes and Maubeuge, in the Nord department, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. It is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) west of downtown Bavay and 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) south-east of Saint-Waast.
The reserve is triangular in shape. It is bordered to the south by the 942 main road, north-east by an unused railtrack, and to the west by a small path known as Chemin de Rametz. It covers 3.11 hectares (7.7 acres). CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois owns a parcel of land on |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 6, "sc": 585, "ep": 10, "ec": 430} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 6 | 585 | 10 | 430 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Location & Relief | the other side of the railtrack. Though not yet included in the reserve, it is expected to be added when the current agreement is renewed. Relief The reserve is located in the valley of the stream Ruisseau de Bavay, with an elevation of between 110 and 115 metres (361 and 377 ft). It has an overall north-south gradient of −5 metres (−16 ft). A mound of accumulated debris, which rises to about 6 metres (20 ft) above the path Chemin de Rametz, is located north-west of the site. After quarrying operations ceased, the quarry was filled mainly with the marl of the Bellignies |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 10, "sc": 430, "ep": 18, "ec": 194} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 10 | 430 | 18 | 194 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Relief & Hydrology & Climate | quarry. The area has since been completely recolonized by vegetation through ecological succession. Hydrology The reserve is located in the valley of the Ruisseau de Bavay, a tributary of the Hogneau, and is part of the greater drainage basin of the Scheldt. The reserve is not in direct contact with the river. It is supplied with water only by precipitation, which is retained by the natural properties of marl. Climate The reserve's nearest weather station is at Cambrai, about 42 kilometres away, inland, to the southeast. However, the nature reserve is affected by the nearby presence of the Ardennes Mountains, |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 18, "sc": 194, "ep": 18, "ec": 887} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 18 | 194 | 18 | 887 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Climate | which gives a continental influence to the climate.
The regular precipitation and the absence of drought, as well as the predominance of south-southwest winds and rain vectors, show the influence of oceanic climate. However, some significant rainfall variability between seasons, the moderate temperature range, and the high proportion (69.8 percent) of low winds (less than 4 metres per second (13 ft/s)) compared to strong winds (3.2 percent over 8 metres per second (26 ft/s)) winds are typical of a continental influence. This combination is atypical of an altered oceanic climate, a transition zone between the oceanic and semi-continental climates, characterized by mild winters |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 18, "sc": 887, "ep": 22, "ec": 438} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 18 | 887 | 22 | 438 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Climate & Quarry | and cool summers.
In the reserve, this climatic transition leads to increased biodiversity. For example, common bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) is a typical species of the Atlantic areas, while the common butterbur (Petasites hybridus) is more continental. Quarry The site is a former quarry, used for its sandstone deposits as early as the late nineteenth century. by the Chevallier & Cie company, which employed about 70 workers, including 25 miners. In 1909, the annual production was 12,000 cubic metres (420,000 cu ft) of macadam, 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) of ballast and 25,000 cubic metres (880,000 cu ft) of cobblestones.
Boreholes were drilled manually. Stone blocks were divided |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 22, "sc": 438, "ep": 22, "ec": 1044} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 22 | 438 | 22 | 1,044 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Quarry | using a mass and a steel heavy hammer (up to 14 kilograms (31 lb)) called refenderesse. Stones obtained were then classified by eye into stone for cobble and rubble for macadam. The first were épincés: asperities were removed by épinceurs to form regular cobblestones. They were then sorted by size. The rubble was crushed in a jaw crusher. Debris were mechanically separated according to their size. Each particle has a particular use. Macadam, made of stones between 2 and 8 centimetres (0.79 and 3.15 in), was used for the construction and maintenance of roads. Ballast is a gravel 10 to 20 millimetres |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 22, "sc": 1044, "ep": 26, "ec": 3} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 22 | 1,044 | 26 | 3 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Quarry & Reserve | (0.39 to 0.79 in) used for concrete. Shot from 2 to 10 millimetres (0.079 to 0.394 in) was used for the surface of concrete or paths in parks and gardens. The fine dust, from 0 to 2 millimetres (0.000 to 0.079 in), was used for concrete paver blocks, concrete pipes, etc.
Quarrying ceased in the early 1960s (1962–1965), when the stones extracted were no longer of sufficient quality. Between 1971 and 1978, the quarry was gradually filled with marl from the Bellignies quarry. Since then, the site has been completely recolonized by vegetation through ecological succession, forming tree, shrub and herb layers. Reserve In |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 26, "sc": 2, "ep": 26, "ec": 629} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 26 | 2 | 26 | 629 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Reserve | 2001, the site was brought to the attention of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois, pointing out the biodiversity of the new plant life. The association performed the first inventories. In the meantime, she contacted the five owners to consider a land management proposal. The commune of Bavay, the Bellignies quarry (SECAB) and a third owner sold her the property in 2003. The CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois became the owner / operator of 85 percent of the site. The association implemented the first environmental resources management actions at the site and developed its first environmental management scheme In 2009, the association |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 26, "sc": 629, "ep": 30, "ec": 337} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 26 | 629 | 30 | 337 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Reserve & Geology | obtained the agreement establishing the regional nature reserve at the site for a period of 20 years.
The name of the reserve recalls the former industrial activity (Carrière: quarry) and the Gallo-Roman history of Bavay, the capital city of the ancient Nervii tribe.
In 2015, another owner give the management of his parcel. Geology The Paleozoic folded outcrops of the Bavay-Saint-Waast area are the bedrock of the eastern flank of the Mélantois' anticline, where the transgressive Cretaceous (Turonian and Cenomanian chalk) thins, and may eventually disappear by erosion. Strata of Hercynian basement, raised in the East by an important structural horst-type accident, |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 30, "sc": 337, "ep": 34, "ec": 485} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 30 | 337 | 34 | 485 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Geology & Quarried level | then appear locally. In these Paleozoic strata, the Devonian presents as a sandstone base of the Lower Famennian, where the levels were quarried Quarried level The stone that was quarried is arkose of the Famennian stage. Approximately 360 million years ago, the thrust of forming Gondwana plates raised the seabed. Meanwhile, an ice age occurred in regions near the poles. Marine regression allowed sedimentation of detrital sand and clays which left large shoals of hard sandstone with ripple marks, alternating with levels more or less shaley according to their clay's content.
At the base of the deposit, these sandstones are reddish |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 34, "sc": 485, "ep": 38, "ec": 215} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 34 | 485 | 38 | 215 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Quarried level & Lower level | brown, very micaceous and shaley, sometimes containing calcareous nodules, ferruginous concretions and vegetable wax; above, they are gray and quartziferous. This is the Aye formation, including spiriferida like Cyrtospirifer verneuili, Rhynchonellida as Rhynchonella pugnus and R. boloniensis, some Orthoceras, Orthis striatula or Atrypa reticularis Well-preserved feldspar and mica probably come from wind erosion under a semi-arid climate of mountains present in the Netherlands today and extending to Düsseldorf. Lower level Under the Famennian, the Frasnian consists, from top to bottom, of nodular gray shale, and mica rich in fossils such as Cyrtospirifer verneuili, Spirigera concentrica, Atrypa reticularis, Orthis striatula, Productus |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 38, "sc": 215, "ep": 42, "ec": 343} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 38 | 215 | 42 | 343 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Lower level & Upper levels | subaculeatus, and Acervularia pentagona. Below this are gray limestone-built beds, rich in corals such as Phacellophyllum caespitosum, Thamnopora boloniensis, alternating with black shale and nodular limestone containing Cyrtospirifer verneuilli and Phacellophyllum caespitosum. These beds issue from siltation of the biostromes present in the Frasnian epoch, 370 million years ago. Upper levels Those Famennian strata represent the top of the Paleozoic series pleated with north dipping. Above, the transgressive Upper Cretaceous overlies horizontally with unconformity. It includes from the bottom to the top a paleozoic boulder conglomerate mixed with a sandy and glauconitic marl matrix, coarse clayey and glauconitic sands, containing |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 42, "sc": 343, "ep": 42, "ec": 1002} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 42 | 343 | 42 | 1,002 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Upper levels | Chlamys asper, Ostrea diluviana, Praeactinocamax plenus and finally marl with Terebratulina gracilis. These strata belong to the Cenomanian-Turonian and were deposited between 90 and 100 million years ago, during a transgressive phase.
Fifty million years ago, during the Ypresian age, locally called Landenian, forms of marl of the Porquerie are found. It comes from the alteration of Cretaceous rocks and takes the form of a brown or greenish plastic clay without fossils. The flints normally present at the base of the deposit have not been reported by Ladrière 1881.
This stratum is covered with silt composed of clay, sand and flints and |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 42, "sc": 1002, "ep": 46, "ec": 491} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 42 | 1,002 | 46 | 491 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Upper levels & Nature of the embankments | Roman pottery pieces, of the late Neogene age. Its origin can be attributed to the alteration of the underlying rocks and wind erosion. Nature of the embankments The stones used to backfill the quarry are those which underlie the Givetian limestone extracted in the Bellignies quarry. There is Sarrasin de Bettrechies, a coarse shelly limestone, deep gray, yellowish when it outcrops, detrital ferruginous dated to the Lower Cenomanian epoch, a hundred million years ago. There is clay and very glauconitic marl of the Upper Cenomanian stage, enriched by a pebble conglomerate paléozoïc stones. These rocks contain Praeactinocamax plenus, Chlamys asper, |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 46, "sc": 491, "ep": 50, "ec": 552} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 46 | 491 | 50 | 552 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Nature of the embankments & Plant communities | Ostrea diluviana and radiated fossils: Janira quadricostata, Cyprina ligeriensis, Arca mailleana. There is also bluish marl of the Turonian. Plant communities The site is characterized by a mosaic of 17 plant communities regrouped into three main types of ecological units: grassy open areas, shrubby areas and wooded areas. Of these, three are listed in the Habitats Directive. The calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation Cystopterido fragilis-Asplenietum scolopendrii are considered as exceptional, with a degree of uncertainty in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. Hydrophilous tall herb fringe community with Petasites hybridus, at the limit of its range, is also exceptional. The herbaceous fringe |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 50, "sc": 552, "ep": 54, "ec": 514} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 50 | 552 | 54 | 514 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Plant communities & Vascular plants | with red campion (Silene dioica) et wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica) (Sileno dioicae - Myosotidetum sylvaticae) is very rare in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The wood-fringe Lathyro sylvestris – Astragaletum glycyphylli is also regionally interesting. Vascular plants The reserve has 171 plant species, and 15 of them have heritage interest.
Twelve of them were inventoried in 2003, and their populations have been managed since. The light undergrowth contains common spotted orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) and round-leaved wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia). Liquorice milkvetch (Astragalus glycyphyllos) and narrow-leaved everlasting-pea (Lathyrus sylvestris) are present in the small herb glade. The population of lesser butterfly-orchid (Platanthera bifolia) is located in |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 54, "sc": 514, "ep": 58, "ec": 109} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 54 | 514 | 58 | 109 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Vascular plants & Mosses | the pioneer wood. In the glade with Calamagrostide and at the boundary of a pioneer grove grow pyramidal orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis). bee orchid (Ophrys apifera) and man orchid (Orchis anthropophora) grow everywhere, except in the older glade. In the different herbaceous fringes grow wood forget-me-not (Myosotis sylvatica) and zigzag clover (Trifolium medium). A tall herb fringe hosts common butterbur (Petasites hybridus).
Seven plants are protected by a regional scale: common spotted orchid, man orchid, bee orchid, zigzag clover, liquorice milkvetch, narrow-leaved everlasting-pea and wood forget-me-not. Mosses In 2012, 43 species of bryophytes were inventoried, including Stellar calcareous moss (Mnium stellare), taxon |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 58, "sc": 109, "ep": 62, "ec": 594} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 58 | 109 | 62 | 594 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Mosses & Mushrooms | considered as endangered on the Nord-Pas-de-Calais red regional list of bryophytes. Mushrooms Among the 115 species recorded in 2004 on the site, 15 are included in the red list of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. In the shrubs near the path where green waste was deposited by people from outside the organization grow yellow club fungus (Clavulinopsis helvola), gray shag (Coprinopsis cinerea), black earth tongues (Trichoglossum hirsutum), Arrhenia spathulata and Marasmius limosus. Those two last species are also in the Calamagrostide's glade of a pioneer wood of willow and birch, with moor club (Clavaria argillacea), Geoglossum cookeanum, lilac leg fibrecap (Inocybe griseolilacina), |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 62, "sc": 594, "ep": 66, "ec": 219} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 62 | 594 | 66 | 219 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Mushrooms & Mammals | (Stropharia pseudocyanea), girdled knight (Tricholoma cingulatum) and burnt knight (Tricholoma ustale). Near orchid stations in the pioneer wood exist golden spindles (Clavulinopsis fusiformis), Hebeloma clavulipes, Hebeloma fusipes, Hebeloma pusillum, and also lilac leg fibrecap and burnt knight. Dog stinkhorn (Mutinus caninus) and Scytinostroma hemidichophyticum for their part, were observed in the shaded path north of the site on the edge of mature wood. Mammals Common mammals found here include the red fox, red squirrel, hare and rabbit, mole, wood mouse, bank vole and field vole. Two species of bats frequent the site regularly to hunt: the Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii) |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 66, "sc": 219, "ep": 70, "ec": 498} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 66 | 219 | 70 | 498 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Mammals & Birds | and common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus). They cannot, however, establish their habitat due to the lack of roosting sites in the reserve's young trees. Birds Forty-two species of birds have been observed on the site, 25 of which are breeding there. Twenty-two species are protected nationally; five are listed on the annex OO of the Bonn Convention, which aims to conserve migratory species throughout their range. However, no species can be considered as heritage. The northern goshawk and Eurasian sparrowhawk benefit from the abundance of sparrows feeding. The common grasshopper warbler stops there during its migration and the common nightingale nests |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 70, "sc": 498, "ep": 78, "ec": 62} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 70 | 498 | 78 | 62 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Birds & Reptiles and amphibians & Invertebrates | there occasionally. Reptiles and amphibians The common toad (Bufo bufo) and the common frog (Rana temporaria) are the only amphibians on the site. They use it in winter or during their migration. The viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara) likes the slate deposits and ballast of the track. It hunts in the herbaceous areas, very flowery in summer and high in insects. The common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) has been seen in 2013. The slowworm reproduction (Anguis fragilis) is attested by the observation of young under rocks and other debris. Invertebrates Reproduction of Odonata is not possible on the site because of |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 78, "sc": 62, "ep": 78, "ec": 761} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 78 | 62 | 78 | 761 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Invertebrates | the lack of standing water. However, thanks to the richness of insects in the herbaceous areas, several species can be encountered including the western clubtail ( Gomphus pulchellus), a species present in the Regional Red List of dragonflies North Pas-de-Calais.
Twenty-three species of butterflies and 105 species of moth enjoy the floral diversity of the site. The holly blue (Celastrina argiolus) is a heritage species.
Of the nine species of Orthoptera identified, two are considered heritage: the sickle-bearing bush cricket (Phaneroptera falcata), rare in the region, enjoys the dry and high herbaceous areas and the long-horned groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis) is a pioneer |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 78, "sc": 761, "ep": 84, "ec": 11} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 78 | 761 | 84 | 11 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Invertebrates & The wildlife corridor & Threats and responses | species of poor vegetation settings. The wildlife corridor To the north are present two sites containing a rich biodiversity: the Natura 2000 Belgian area "Hauts-Pays des Honnelles" and a ZNIEFF "Vallée de l’Hogneau et ses versants et les ruisseaux d’Heugnies et de Bavay". The Bellignies quarry with embankments similar to those which filled "Carrière des Nerviens" is therefore under similar ecological conditions. In the south, the Forêt de Mormal is a major area for biodiversity covered by ZNIEFF and Natura 2000 sites. The railway, unused recently and the stream Ruisseau de Bavay then the river Hogneau provide connection. Threats and |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 84, "sc": 11, "ep": 90, "ec": 317} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 84 | 11 | 90 | 317 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Threats and responses & Primary succession | responses In the past, the site was threatened by garbage dumps or by passage of 4x4 vehicles or quads. The installation of gates by the municipality of Bavay solved the problem. Pedestrians rarely venture off the path. The anthropization is limited. The greatest threats to the species are primary succession and invasive plants. Primary succession The marls was colonized by pioneer species, then shrubs and trees, corresponding to a primary succession. Without human intervention, a climax community would be reached. This dynamic may eventually lead to the disappearance of related open environments, particularly heritage species. However woodlands can also play |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 90, "sc": 317, "ep": 94, "ec": 509} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 90 | 317 | 94 | 509 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Primary succession & Invasive species | an important role in creating habitat for many species. The management plan is therefore to maintain patch dynamics. Invasive species Four invasive species are a problem in the reserve.
Wood small-reed (Calamagrostis epigejos) is present in the center of the site and threatens to spread into herbaceous areas. It compromises sustainability of stations, including man orchid and bee orchid populations. Two distinct zones can be distinguished. The first, where the wood small-reed has a very high rate of recovery, is not hosting any heritage value. It is mowed early and disposed of. Grazing is not possible at the moment. The second, |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 94, "sc": 509, "ep": 94, "ec": 1171} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 94 | 509 | 94 | 1,171 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Invasive species | on the contrary, not densely colonized by this plant is much more of a fragile situation due to the presence of orchids and the sickle-bearing bush cricket or long-horned groundhopper. Differentiated management is applied depending on the issues. At orchid stations, slight thinning is done early by hand pruning. The less dense areas where the grass is sparse (conducive to the long-horned groundhopper (Tetrix tenuicornis)) are pulled. In the newly opened areas, a systematic and annual pulling avoids expansion. Finally, dense areas, well exposed, are left in that state.
Many extensive areas of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) are on the site. |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 94, "sc": 1171, "ep": 94, "ec": 1847} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 94 | 1,171 | 94 | 1,847 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Invasive species | Heritage stations of common butterbur and hart's-tongue fern, colonized by invasive species, are managed by manual removal and disposal for incineration.
The bramble (Rubus sp.) lie around the ruins and along the south-east of the site near the houses. Due to an interest in preserving wildlife (e.g. refuge for mammals, insects, nesting wrens), they are not eradicated but contained.
Canada golden-rod (Solidago canadensis) appeared in 2003 as a result of plant deposits. The threat proved to be serious the following year. Some stations show a significant concentration of the species, while isolated plants grow everywhere on the site. This plant is easily |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 94, "sc": 1847, "ep": 98, "ec": 99} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 94 | 1,847 | 98 | 99 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Invasive species & Protection | pulled by hand before flowering to prevent seed dispersal, and the shoots are burned.
Finally, panicled aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum) is also present among the invasive plants. In their native countries, American asters are found in wet places. In France, these plants colonize relatively dry ruderal areas (brownfields, road shoulder ...) or wetlands. In this second case, asters show strong invasive behavior. In the reserve, where the majority of areas are dry, this plant does not present special hazards and removal is managed easily. Protection Parcels of land owned by the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois were classified as a regional nature reserve |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 98, "sc": 99, "ep": 102, "ec": 416} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 98 | 99 | 102 | 416 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Protection & Management objectives | on 25 May 2009 by decision of the Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The entire site is included in a ZNIEFF type 1 Château de Rametz (carrière des Nerviens) and another of type 2 Complexe écologique de la forêt de Mormal et des zones bocagères associées. Management objectives The second version of the environmental management scheme covers the period 2007–2012. It presents the knowledge, management, monitoring and vulgarization objectives.
The preservation of the existing diversity was the most important goal. It required conservation of the heritage plant communities: tall-herb fen with common butterbur, the chasmophytic vegetation with hart's-tongue fern and the woody fringe |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 102, "sc": 416, "ep": 102, "ec": 1120} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 102 | 416 | 102 | 1,120 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Management objectives | Lathyro sylvestris – Astragaletum glycyphylli. The survival of populations of round-leaved wintergreen and of man orchid, the two most interesting plants, was also a priority, as a strikeout against brush invasion in the open areas where bee orchid and pyramidal orchid grow. The natural forest dynamics are to be contained within areas of clear undergrowth or fringes with these species: common spotted orchid, zigzag clover and lesser butterfly-orchid. Pioneer areas with mushrooms should be preserved and the invasive species contained. Artificial infrastructures (ruin, concrete pylons, walls and rock piles) should be utilized for the creation of new habitats.
The education, interpretation |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 102, "sc": 1120, "ep": 114, "ec": 206} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 102 | 1,120 | 114 | 206 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Management objectives & Assessment of the activities & Activities carried out & Management of the diversity | and promotion of local heritage missions should also be continued, while the fauna knowledge was to be developed and floristic monitoring provided. Assessment of the activities Evaluation is in progress. However, a partial analysis is already underway. Activities carried out The Bavay's municipality has erected two barriers to prohibit access to motorized vehicles. Volunteers and employees of the CPIE Bocage de l'Avesnois manage the site regularly. Management of the diversity Manual removal of the Japanese knotweed has preserved heritage stations of common butterbur and hart's-tongue fern. Early hand pruning was conducive to orchids. The late mowing seems rather ineffective. The |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 114, "sc": 206, "ep": 114, "ec": 928} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 114 | 206 | 114 | 928 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Management of the diversity | grubbing-up of the Canada golden-rod and American asters was successful. The bush clearing and selective logging have helped maintain the wood-fringe with narrow-leaved everlasting-pea and liquorice milkvetch. Common spotted orchid, zigzag clover and lesser butterfly-orchid, species non-adapted to open areas, benefited areas without clearing. The low dry-stone walls probably favored the installation of viviparous lizard or common wall lizard, observed in 2013, but also the consolidation of the hart's-tongue fern population.
From 2007 to 2012, the number of round-leaved wintergreen footage increased by 50 percent. On the other hand, those of man orchid fall suddenly and continually. Whereas 27 plants were |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 114, "sc": 928, "ep": 114, "ec": 1586} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 114 | 928 | 114 | 1,586 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Management of the diversity | counted in 2003, the number reached a peak of 240 in 2006 with the uprooting of the wood small-reed, before collapsing to 13 plants in 2012, despite the continued management. The observation of gnawed seedlings can assume leaf consumption by herbivores. Protection against rodents was established in 2013 and will be evaluated at flowering.
On this site, 171 plant species are surveyed. Given its size and poor soil, this diversity is notable. Management undertaken in recent years has been essential to maintaining open areas, the most threatened by primary succession. Thus, the various vegetation layers (pioneer and mature woodland, bushy areas, |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 114, "sc": 1586, "ep": 126, "ec": 14} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 114 | 1,586 | 126 | 14 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | Management of the diversity & Improved knowledge of flora and fauna & Education, interpretation and promotion of local heritage & New opportunities | open areas) provide a mosaic of habitats, and thus remarkable species. Improved knowledge of flora and fauna Besides heritage plants monitoring, an additional inventory of Orthoptera is being undertaken; three new species were identified in 2013: common pheasant, Eurasian siskin and common wall lizard. Fourteen new plants were also identified. Inventories of bats and mushrooms are being carried out by partners. Education, interpretation and promotion of local heritage Guided outing and participatory management sessions are regularly held with the public or agricultural colleges, including invasive species managing. The heritage interpretation site has yet to be finalized. New opportunities Interreg micro |
{"datasets_id": 1015, "wiki_id": "Q3457564", "sp": 126, "sc": 14, "ep": 126, "ec": 293} | 1,015 | Q3457564 | 126 | 14 | 126 | 293 | Carrière des Nerviens Regional Nature Reserve | New opportunities | projects, established in February 2012, resulted in methodological exchanges on the management of reserves between two Belgian associations Réserves naturelles et ornithologiques de Belgique and Natagora.
A new environmental management scheme is now under consideration. |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 245} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 245 | Carsten Schneider | Early life & Political career | Carsten Schneider Early life After graduating from Wilhelm-Häßler-Gymnasium in Erfurt, Thuringia in 1994, Schneider competed about an apprenticeship at a credit union, and lost (got no credit at all). He accepted a position at an Erfurt savings bank after completing his alternative civilian service in 1998.
Schneider had has been married since 2003 and had to has have two daughters. Political career Schneider joined the SPD freewillingly in 1995. He became active in Young Socialists in the SPD and eventually was elected chairman of the Thuringian chapter. Until 2017, he also belonged to the leadership of the SPD in Thuringia.
In the |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 10, "sc": 245, "ep": 10, "ec": 877} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 10 | 245 | 10 | 877 | Carsten Schneider | Political career | 1998 federal elections, at age 22, Schneider became the then-youngest representative in the German Parliament, representing Erfurt from 1998 to 2005 and the successor constituency of Erfurt – Weimar – Weimarer Land II since 2005. He was a member of the Budget Committee, where he served as his parliamentary group's rapporteur on the budgets of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Office of the Federal President. He is also a member of the Thuringian SPD parliamentary caucus, of which he became speaker in 2005.
In 2012, Schneider was selected as one of three speakers of the Seeheim Circle.
In |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 10, "sc": 877, "ep": 10, "ec": 1554} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 10 | 877 | 10 | 1,554 | Carsten Schneider | Political career | the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of the Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD) following the 2013 federal elections, Schneider was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on financial policies and the national budget, led by Wolfgang Schäuble and Olaf Scholz. He had previously publicly expressed his doubts about the Social Democrats joining a coalition government with the CDU/CSU, having preferred a coalition with the center-left Alliance '90/The Greens.
Following the formation of the third cabinet of Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel, Schneider served as deputy chairman of the SPD parliamentary |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 10, "sc": 1554, "ep": 10, "ec": 2289} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 10 | 1,554 | 10 | 2,289 | Carsten Schneider | Political career | group under the leadership of Thomas Oppermann. He was also the chairman of the so-called Confidential Committee (Vertrauensgremium) of the Budget Committee, which provides budgetary supervision for Germany’s three intelligence services, BND, BfV and MAD.
In addition, Schneider has been a delegate to the Conference established under Article 13 of the European Fiscal Compact since 2014; this body assembles members of the relevant committees of the European Parliament and national parliaments to discuss economic and fiscal policy and other matters concerning stability, coordination and governance in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.
Following the 2017 election, Schneider succeeded Christine |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 10, "sc": 2289, "ep": 18, "ec": 180} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 10 | 2,289 | 18 | 180 | Carsten Schneider | Political career & Other activities & Eurozone crisis management | Lambrecht as First Secretary of the SPD parliamentary group, in this position assisting the group's chairwoman Andrea Nahles. In this capacity, he is also a member of the parliament’s Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation. Other activities In addition to his political work, Schneider holds a number of paid and unpaid positions. Eurozone crisis management Schneider has been critical of Chancellor Angela Merkel and her policy of bailouts for Greece and Cyprus. In August 2011, he publicly criticized Labor Minister Ursula von der Leyen |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 18, "sc": 180, "ep": 18, "ec": 858} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 18 | 180 | 18 | 858 | Carsten Schneider | Eurozone crisis management | for demanding collateral from euro-area members needing financial aid.
Schneider also criticized a possible bailout that would not punish foreign tax evaders storing their money in Cypriot banks. In April 2013, he helped build support among the SPD parliamentary group for the incumbent center-right government’s move to contribute to a 10 billion euros international bailout of Cyprus that included losses for uninsured depositors in two of the island’s banks.
In 2011, Schneider and his counterpart Norbert Barthle from the Conservative CDU urged Portugal to consider selling some of its gold reserves to ease debt woes and therefore reduce the cost to German |
{"datasets_id": 1016, "wiki_id": "Q1045665", "sp": 18, "sc": 858, "ep": 22, "ec": 67} | 1,016 | Q1045665 | 18 | 858 | 22 | 67 | Carsten Schneider | Eurozone crisis management & Personal life | taxpayers of bailing it out. Personal life Schneider has been married since 2000. The couple has two children. |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 528} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 528 | Case Corporation | Name details | Case Corporation Name details Founded by Jerome I. Case in 1842 as the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company, the company operated under that name for most of a century, until 1928. In some of its advertisements the name was styled J. I. Case T. M. Co. for short. Another business founded by Jerome I. Case, the J. I. Case Plow Works, was an independent business. When the Plow Works was bought by Massey-Harris in 1928, the latter sold the name rights to the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company, which reincorporated as the J. I. Case Company. That company, |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 6, "sc": 528, "ep": 6, "ec": 1177} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 6 | 528 | 6 | 1,177 | Case Corporation | Name details | which became majority-owned by Tenneco in 1967 and a wholly owned subsidiary in 1970, was often called by the simple brand name Case.
In 1984, Tenneco bought International Harvester's agricultural equipment division and merged it into Case, and the farm equipment brands were combined as Case IH, although the corporation legally remained the J. I. Case Company. It continued as such until 1994, when Tenneco divested it as the Case Equipment Corporation. Case Equipment became Case Corporation and later Case LLC.
In 1999, Case LLC merged with New Holland Agriculture to form CNH Global, a Fiat Group division, which has since been |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 6, "sc": 1177, "ep": 10, "ec": 328} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 6 | 1,177 | 10 | 328 | Case Corporation | Name details & Founder | demerged into a corporation that is majority-owned by Fiat Industrial. The name Case lives on in two CNH brands: Case CE (from "Construction Equipment"), which is the world's third largest brand of construction equipment, and Case IH, which is the world's second largest brand of agricultural equipment. Founder Jerome Increase Case (1819–1891) was born to a Williamstown, New York farming family. As a young child, Case read about a machine that could cut wheat without people needing to use their hands. He developed an interest in agriculture at that point.
Case took small, hand-powered threshing machines to Wisconsin in 1842, |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 10, "sc": 328, "ep": 14, "ec": 157} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 10 | 328 | 14 | 157 | Case Corporation | Founder & Competition in the farm business | where he improved the design and established a company to manufacture them. In 1843, Case moved the business to Racine, Wisconsin, in order to have better access to water power, and opened the Racine Threshing Machine Works. In 1863, Case partnered with three of his top employees, Massena Erskine, Robert Baker and Stephen Bull. Case was also involved in politics and horseracing. Over time, the company grew. Competition in the farm business J. I. Case introduced an eagle logo for the first time in 1865 based on Old Abe, a Wisconsin Civil War Regiment's mascot. Case constructed his first portable |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 14, "sc": 157, "ep": 14, "ec": 776} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 14 | 157 | 14 | 776 | Case Corporation | Competition in the farm business | steam engine in 1869, an engine used to power wheat threshers. This engine is in the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C. Case won first place at the 1878 Paris Exposition in France for his thresher. This was the first thresher sent abroad by the Case company and was the first of thousands which would later be exported internationally. It is at this time that Case created his first self-propelled traction engine, with a drive mechanism on one of his portable engines.
Meanwhile, in 1871 the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the McCormick factory. Despite Case's offer to help McCormick with the manufacturing |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 14, "sc": 776, "ep": 14, "ec": 1363} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 14 | 776 | 14 | 1,363 | Case Corporation | Competition in the farm business | of their machines, McCormick Company refused the offer and a new facility, called the McCormick Works was built, in southwest Chicago. The McCormick company introduced the first of many twine binder machines in 1881, leading to the so-called "Harvester Wars" that gained the attention of the farm industry during the 1880s.
In 1884, Case made a visit to a farm named after him in Minnesota upon receiving news that one of his thresher machines was not working. Infuriated by the fact that he could not fix the machine himself, he set it ablaze the next day, and sent the owner a |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 14, "sc": 1363, "ep": 14, "ec": 1942} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 14 | 1,363 | 14 | 1,942 | Case Corporation | Competition in the farm business | brand new thresher machine upon return to Wisconsin.
In 1890, the Case Company expanded to South America, opening a factory in Argentina. In 1891, the company's founder died. By this time the Case company produced portable steam engines to power the threshing machines, and later went into the steam traction engine business. By the start of the 20th century, Case was the most prolific North American builder of engines. These engines ranged in size from the diminutive 9 HP, to the standard 15, 25, 30, 40, 50, 65 HP and up to the plowing 75 and 80 HP sizes. Case also |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 14, "sc": 1942, "ep": 14, "ec": 2609} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 14 | 1,942 | 14 | 2,609 | Case Corporation | Competition in the farm business | made the large 110 HP breaking engines with its notable two story cab. Nine massive 150 HP hauling engines were made, in addition to steam rollers. Case engines were noted for their use of Woolf valve gear, feedwater heaters, and the iconic "eagle" smokebox covers. Case built 36,000 steamers in total when it switched to gas tractors in 1927.
By 1902, five major American agricultural manufacturing companies decided that a consolidation was needed, and so the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, the Deering Harvester Company, the Plano Manufacturing Company and two others merged their companies, rebranding the new company conglomerate as International |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 14, "sc": 2609, "ep": 18, "ec": 564} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 14 | 2,609 | 18 | 564 | Case Corporation | Competition in the farm business & Internal combustion tractors | Harvester Company, which became one of the giants of industry. Internal combustion tractors By 1895, the Case Company had begun to produce gasoline engines. By 1899, the Case Company entered the Russian market.
In 1904, Case introduced the first all-steel thresher machine. Case sold their first gasoline tractor that year, and established a continuous presence in Europe when the company won the first place in a plowing contest held in the so-called "old continent". Case at this time developed a wide line of products: threshers, binders, graders, water tanks, plows, buggies, and even automobiles.
The advent of oil engines by the start |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 18, "sc": 564, "ep": 18, "ec": 1169} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 18 | 564 | 18 | 1,169 | Case Corporation | Internal combustion tractors | of the 20th century, suggested a change on the horizon. From Froelich's first tractors to Hart-Parr products, oil tractors seemed the way ahead. Case hired Joe Jagersberger, and he tested a motor by racing in the 1911 Indianapolis 500. Case began production of the 30-60 oil engine in 1912. Case also produced kerosene tractors in the teen years, similar to the Rumely oil pulls. During World War I, Case's sales and demand grew dramatically in Europe. These increases were directly connected to the war; as many farm laborers became soldiers, each remaining farmer needed to become more productive, and |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 18, "sc": 1169, "ep": 18, "ec": 1848} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 18 | 1,169 | 18 | 1,848 | Case Corporation | Internal combustion tractors | machinery was the way to make this happen.
In 1919, John Deere entered the harvester business, and International Harvester's reply to their new competition was to purchase P&O Plowing of Canton, Illinois, and the Chattanooga Plowing company of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Henry Ford also entered the tractor business with his Fordson Tractor produced at the massive Rouge River plant. An economic downturn during the early 1920s dampened tractor sales; price-cutting to stimulate demand sparked a price war in the tractor industry (called the tractor war). Ford, with a massive advantage in manufacturing capacity and distribution, had the upper hand, producing an estimated |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 18, "sc": 1848, "ep": 18, "ec": 2461} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 18 | 1,848 | 18 | 2,461 | Case Corporation | Internal combustion tractors | 73 percent of all American tractors, with IHC in a far away second place at nine percent, and several other companies sharing the rest of the percentages. In 1923, the IHC Farmall entered the agricultural industry, and Ford's stranglehold began to slip. That same year also, the 100,000th thresher machine produced by Case made its way out of the assembly line, marking an important milestone for the Case company.
In 1927 the J. I. Case Company ceased building its legendary steam engines. Case steam engines, of which over 30,000 were produced, were painted in black with green machinery, while the gas |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 18, "sc": 2461, "ep": 26, "ec": 103} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 18 | 2,461 | 26 | 103 | Case Corporation | Internal combustion tractors & Automobile production & Work in the Second World War | tractors were painted grey. In 1939, Case changed its color scheme to Flambeau Red, with the excavators being a ruddy yellow. By 1929, Case had expanded to Australia, Mexico, Sweden, and other countries. Also that year, the J. I. Case Company produced its first crawler tractor. S and V tractors were introduced in 1940. Automobile production Automobiles produced by Case during the period 1911-1925/1927 include: the Case Jay-Eye-See Brougham (named for Case's horse) and Case Touring-Y. Work in the Second World War Case evolved as World War II arrived by becoming involved in the manufacturing of shells for the United |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 26, "sc": 103, "ep": 26, "ec": 758} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 26 | 103 | 26 | 758 | Case Corporation | Work in the Second World War | States and allied forces military, as well as airplane parts for the B-26s, bombs, and doors for the Sherman Tank. Three new plants were opened across the United States during that year, and, in 1942, the company produced its first self-propelled combine. That same year, Case released the company's first cotton picker, which is currently preserved by the Smithsonian society. A protracted 440-day strike in Wisconsin of the Case factory weakened the company.
For the next 31 years, the company went through more globalization, becoming a well-known company in the agricultural markets of Australia, Japan, and other places. Many other companies |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 26, "sc": 758, "ep": 30, "ec": 556} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 26 | 758 | 30 | 556 | Case Corporation | Work in the Second World War & Modern mergers | joined Case during this period. Modern mergers In 1957, Case bought out the American Tractor Corporation (ATC). ATC was founded in 1950 and was a producer of small crawler tractors. Their production of dozers (marketed as Terradozers) and development of an integrated backhoe was of particular interest to Case. Case dropped the ATC name in 1959 only retaining the Terratrac name for the drive trains. This led to a hybrid tractor being rolled out of the Burlington Plant in 1957. This model, the 320 Construction King, would become synonymous in the United States to the name backhoe loader. Since then |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 556, "ep": 30, "ec": 1174} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 556 | 30 | 1,174 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | Case has released other models such as the T-Series which includes the 580T, 580ST, 590ST and 695ST. In 1998, a jury awarded a construction worker over $17million in damages after a defect in the design of the 580 backhoe led to him being crushed and being paralyzed from the waist down while operating the machine.
In 1961, Case Corporation signed a deal with RyCSA and Metalúrgica Tandil (in Buenos Aires), to make Case tractors and agricultural implements under licence in Argentina. The models built were the 830 and the 831, made until 1964 when RyCSA closed down.
1964 brought the acquisition of |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 1174, "ep": 30, "ec": 1810} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 1,174 | 30 | 1,810 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | Colt Garden Tractors. This was the first garden tractor powered by 'Hy-Drive", a form of hydraulic propulsion that allowed for various heavy duty attachments and eliminated the need for transaxle drive belts. The Kern County Land Company, using oil money, bought the Case Company. In turn Kern County sold Case to Tenneco Company of Texas.
In 1972, Case bought the British tractor builder David Brown Ltd. At this time Case was repositioned as a construction business, with the expansion of the construction arm and repositioning of the company away from agricultural machinery. American farms began to slide into collapse due |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 1810, "ep": 30, "ec": 2484} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 1,810 | 30 | 2,484 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | to interest rates and low prices.
In 1974, Case acquired most of the French construction equipment firm, Poclain.
In 1983, during purchase of International Harvester assets, Case sold its garden tractor division to Ingersoll Power Equipment. Ingersoll tractors would continue to carry the Case brand name until 1987.
In 1984, Case parent Tenneco bought selected assets of the International Harvester agriculture division and merged it with J. I. Case. All agriculture products are first labeled Case International and later Case IH. They used the 94 Series Case Utility, two- and four wheel drives for Case IH's first tractor together as a company. |
{"datasets_id": 1017, "wiki_id": "Q1468611", "sp": 30, "sc": 2484, "ep": 30, "ec": 3143} | 1,017 | Q1468611 | 30 | 2,484 | 30 | 3,143 | Case Corporation | Modern mergers | The first tractor developed by the new corporation was the Magnum. Introduced in 1985, the Magnum began production and the 94 series line was dropped.
When Case IH bought out Steiger in 1986 they also continued the Steiger branding, and still do today.
In 1996, Austrian tractor builder Steyr Tractor was purchased.
The Case Corporation joined with New Holland N.V. to become CNH, now CNH Global, in November 1999. Because of the merger, CNH was forced to release its production plants in Doncaster, England and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Doncaster site was bought by the ARGO-group, owner of tractor builder Landini, and brought |
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