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{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 638, "ep": 30, "ec": 1176} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 638 | 30 | 1,176 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | a large force at Chartres, from which he was able to defend the passages of the Loire, and was sending troops to the fortresses that seemed in danger of attack. From Issoudun the prince returned to his former line of march and took Vierzon. There he learnt that it would be impossible for him to cross the Loire or to form a junction with Lancaster, who was then in Brittany. Accordingly he determined to return to Bordeaux by way of Poitiers, and after putting to death most of the garrison of the castle of Vierzon set out on 29 August |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 1176, "ep": 30, "ec": 1761} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 1,176 | 30 | 1,761 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | towards Romorantin.
Some French knights who skirmished with the English advanced guard retreated into Romorantin, and when Prince Edward heard of this he said: "Let us go there; I should like to see them a little nearer". He inspected the fortress in person and sent his friend Chandos to summon the garrison to surrender. The place was defended by Boucicault and other leaders, and on their refusing his summons he assaulted it on 31 August. The siege lasted three days, and the prince, who was enraged at the death of one of his friends, declared that he would not leave the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 1761, "ep": 30, "ec": 2334} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 1,761 | 30 | 2,334 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | place untaken. Finally he set fire to the roofs of the fortress by using Greek fire, reduced it on 3 September.
On 5 September the English proceeded to march through Berry. On 9 September King John II, who had now gathered a large force, crossed the Loire at Blois and went in pursuit of them. When the king was at Loches on 12 September he had as many as twenty thousand men-at-arms, and with these and his other forces he advanced to Chauvigny. On 16 and 17 September his army crossed the Vienne.
Meanwhile, the prince was marching almost parallel to the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 2334, "ep": 30, "ec": 2887} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 2,334 | 30 | 2,887 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | French and at only a few miles distance from them. It is impossible to believe Froissart's statement that he was ignorant of the movements of the French. From 14 to 16 September he was at Châtellerault, and on the next day, Saturday, as he was marching towards Poitiers, some French men-at-arms skirmished with his advance guard, pursued them up to the main body of his army, and were all slain or taken prisoners. The French king had outstripped him, and his retreat was cut off by an army at least fifty thousand strong, while he had not, it is said, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 2887, "ep": 30, "ec": 3467} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 2,887 | 30 | 3,467 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | more than about two thousand men-at-arms, four thousand archers, and fifteen hundred light foot. Lancaster had endeavoured to come to his relief, but had been stopped by the French at Pont-de-Cé.
When Prince Edward knew that the French army lay between him and Poitiers, he took up his position on some rising ground to the south-east of the city, between the right bank of the Miausson and the old Roman road, probably on a spot now called La Cardinerie, a farm in the commune of Beauvoir, for the name Maupertuis has long gone out of use, and remained there that night. |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 3467, "ep": 30, "ec": 4036} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 3,467 | 30 | 4,036 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | The next day, Sunday, 18 September, the cardinal, Hélie Talleyrand, called "of Périgord", obtained leave from King John II to endeavour to make peace. The prince was willing enough to come to terms, and offered to give up all the towns and castles he had conquered, to set free all his prisoners, and not to serve against the king of France for seven years, besides, it is said, offering a payment of a hundred thousand francs. King John, however, was persuaded to demand that the prince and a hundred of his knights should surrender themselves up as prisoners, and to |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 4036, "ep": 30, "ec": 4591} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 4,036 | 30 | 4,591 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | this he would not consent. The cardinal's negotiations lasted the whole day, and were protracted in the interest of the French, for John II was anxious to give time for further reinforcements to join his army. Considering the position in which the prince then was, it seems probable that the French might have destroyed his little army simply by hemming it in with a portion of their host, and so either starving it or forcing it to leave its strong station and fight in the open with the certainty of defeat. John II made a fatal mistake in allowing the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 4591, "ep": 30, "ec": 5154} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 4,591 | 30 | 5,154 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | prince the respite of Sunday; for while the negotiations were going forward he employed his army in strengthening its position. The English front was well covered by vines and hedges; on its left and rear was the ravine of the Miausson and a good deal of broken ground, and its right was flanked by the wood and abbey of Nouaillé. All through the day the army was busily engaged in digging trenches and making fences, so that it stood, as at Crécy, in a kind of entrenched camp.
Prince Edward drew up his men in three divisions, the first being commanded |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 5154, "ep": 30, "ec": 5695} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 5,154 | 30 | 5,695 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | by the earls of Warwick and Suffolk, the second by himself, and the rear by Salisbury and Oxford. The French were drawn up in four divisions, one behind the other, and so lost much of the advantage of their superior numbers. In front of his first line and on either side of the narrow lane that led to his position the prince stationed his archers, who were well protected by hedges, and posted a kind of ambush of three hundred men-at-arms and three hundred mounted archers, who were to fall on the flank of the second battle of the enemy, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 5695, "ep": 30, "ec": 6286} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 5,695 | 30 | 6,286 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | commanded by the Charles, Duke of Normandy.
At daybreak on 19 September Prince Edward addressed his little army, and the fight began. An attempt was made by three hundred picked men-at-arms to ride through the narrow lane and force the English position, but they were shot down by the archers. A body of Germans and the first division of the army which followed were thrown into disorder; then the English force in ambush charged the second division on the flank, and as it began to waver the English men-at-arms mounted their horses, which they had kept near them, and charged down |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 6286, "ep": 30, "ec": 6829} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 6,286 | 30 | 6,829 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | the hill. The prince kept Chandos by his side, and his friend did him good service in the fray. As they prepared to charge he cried: "John, get forward; you shall not see me turn my back this day, but I will be ever with the foremost", and then he shouted to his banner-bearer, "Banner, advance, in the name of God and St. George!". All the French except the advance guard fought on foot, and the division of the Duke of Normandy, already wavering, could not stand against the English charge and fled in disorder. The next division, under the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 6829, "ep": 30, "ec": 7404} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 6,829 | 30 | 7,404 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | Philip, Duke of Orléans, also fled, though not so shamefully, but the rear, under the King John II in person, fought with much gallantry. The prince, "who had the courage of a lion, took great delight that day in the fight". The combat lasted until a little after 3 pm, and the French, who were utterly defeated, left eleven thousand dead on the field, of whom 2,426 were men of gentle birth. Nearly a hundred counts, barons, and bannerets and two thousand men-at-arms, besides many others, were made prisoners, and the king and his youngest son, Philip were among those who |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 7404, "ep": 30, "ec": 7947} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 7,404 | 30 | 7,947 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | were taken. The English losses were not large.
When King John II was brought to him, the prince received him with respect, helped him to take off his armour, and entertained him and the greater part of the princes and barons who had been made prisoners at supper. He served at the king's table and would not sit down with him, declaring that "he was not worthy to sit at table with so great a king or so valiant a man", and speaking many comfortable words to him, for which the French praised him highly. The next day the Black Prince |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 7947, "ep": 30, "ec": 8530} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 7,947 | 30 | 8,530 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | continued his retreat on Bordeaux; he marched warily, but no one ventured to attack him.
At Bordeaux, which Prince Edward reached on 2 October, he was received with much rejoicing, and he and his men tarried there through the winter and wasted in festivities the immense spoil they had gathered. On 23 March 1357 the prince concluded a two years' truce, for he wished to return home. The Gascon lords were unwilling that King John II should be carried off to England, and the prince gave them a hundred thousand crowns to silence their murmurs. He left the country under the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 8530, "ep": 30, "ec": 9104} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 8,530 | 30 | 9,104 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign | government of four Gascon lords and arrived in England on 4 May, after a voyage of eleven days, landing at Plymouth. When he entered London in triumph on 24 May, King John II, his prisoner, rode a fine white charger, while he was mounted on a little black hackney. Judged by modern ideas the prince's show of humility appears affected, and the Florentine chronicler remarks that the honour done to King John II must have increased the misery of the captive and magnified the glory of King Edward; but this comment argues a refinement of feeling which neither Englishmen nor |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 30, "sc": 9104, "ep": 34, "ec": 478} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 30 | 9,104 | 34 | 478 | Edward the Black Prince | Poitiers campaign & England, tournaments and debts | Frenchmen of that day had probably attained. England, tournaments and debts After his return to England Prince Edward took part in the many festivals and tournaments of his father's court, and in May 1359 he and the king and other challengers held the lists at a joust proclaimed at London by the mayor and sheriff's, and, to the great delight of the citizens, the king appeared as the mayor and the prince as the senior sheriff. Festivities of this sort and the lavish gifts he bestowed on his friends brought him into debt, and on 27 August, when a new |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 34, "sc": 478, "ep": 38, "ec": 380} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 34 | 478 | 38 | 380 | Edward the Black Prince | England, tournaments and debts & Reims campaign | expedition into France was being prepared, the king granted that if he fell his executors should have his whole estate for four years for the payment of his debts. Reims campaign In October 1359 Prince Edward sailed with his father to Calais, and led a division of the army during the Reims Campaign (1359–1360). At its close he took the principal part on the English side in negotiating the treaty of Bretigny, and the preliminary truce arranged at Chartres on 7 May 1360 was drawn up by proctors acting in his name and the name of Charles, Duke of Normandy, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 38, "sc": 380, "ep": 38, "ec": 925} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 38 | 380 | 38 | 925 | Edward the Black Prince | Reims campaign | the regent of France. He probably did not return to England until after his father, who landed at Rye on 18 May. On 9 July he and Henry, duke of Lancaster, landed at Calais in attendance on the French king. As, however, the stipulated instalment of the king's ransom was not ready, he returned to England, leaving John in charge of Sir Walter Manny and three other knights. He accompanied his father to Calais on 9 October to assist at the liberation of King John and the ratification of the treaty. He rode with John to Boulogne, where he made |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 38, "sc": 925, "ep": 42, "ec": 418} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 38 | 925 | 42 | 418 | Edward the Black Prince | Reims campaign & Marriage to Joan | his offering in the Church of the Virgin. He returned with King Edward to England at the beginning of November. Marriage to Joan On 10 October 1361 the prince, now in his 31st year, married his cousin Joan, Countess of Kent, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, younger son of Edward I, and Margaret, daughter of Philip III of France, and widow of Thomas lord Holland, and in right of his wife Earl of Kent, then in her thirty-third year, and the mother of three children. As the prince and the countess were related in the third degree, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 42, "sc": 418, "ep": 46, "ec": 34} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 42 | 418 | 46 | 34 | Edward the Black Prince | Marriage to Joan & Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | and also by the spiritual tie of sponsorship, the prince being godfather to Joan's elder son Thomas, a dispensation was obtained for their marriage from Pope Innocent VI, though they appear to have been contracted before it was applied for. The marriage was performed at Windsor, in the presence of King Edward III, by Simon Langham, archbishop of Canterbury. According to Jean Froissart the contract of marriage (the engagement) was entered into without the knowledge of the king. The prince and his wife resided at Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire. Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony On 19 July 1362 his father, Edward |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 34, "ep": 46, "ec": 610} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 34 | 46 | 610 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | III granted Prince Edward all his dominions in Aquitaine and Gascony, to be held as a principality by liege homage on payment of an ounce of gold each year, together with the title of Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony. During the rest of the year he was occupied in preparing for his departure to his new principality, and after Christmas he received the king and his court at Berkhamsted, took leave of his father and mother, and in the following February sailed with his wife, Joan, and all his household for Gascony, landing at La Rochelle.
At La Rochelle the prince |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 610, "ep": 46, "ec": 1221} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 610 | 46 | 1,221 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | was met by John Chandos, the king's lieutenant, and proceeded with him to Poitiers, where he received the homage of the lords of Poitou and Saintonge; he then rode to various cities and at last came to Bordeaux, where from 9 to 30 July he received the homage of the lords of Gascony. He received all graciously, and kept a splendid court, residing sometimes at Bordeaux and sometimes at Angoulême.
The prince appointed Chandos constable of Guyenne, and provided the knights of his household with profitable offices. They kept much state, and their extravagance displeased the people. Many of the Gascon |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 1221, "ep": 46, "ec": 1804} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 1,221 | 46 | 1,804 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | lords were dissatisfied at being handed over to the dominion of the English, and the favour the prince showed to his own countrymen, and the ostentatious magnificence they exhibited, increased this feeling of dissatisfaction. Arnaud Amanieu, Lord of Albret and many more were always ready to give what help they could to the French cause, and Gaston, Count of Foix, though he visited the prince on his first arrival, was thoroughly French at heart, and gave some trouble in 1365 by refusing to do homage for Bearn. Charles V, who succeeded to the throne of France in April 1364, was |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 1804, "ep": 46, "ec": 2407} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 1,804 | 46 | 2,407 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | careful to encourage the malcontents, and the prince's position was by no means easy.
In April 1363 the prince mediated between the Counts of Foix and Armagnac, who had for a long time been at war with each other. He also attempted in the following February to mediate between Charles of Blois and John of Montfort, the rival competitors for the Duchy of Brittany. Both appeared before him at Poitiers, but his mediation was unsuccessful.
The next month, May 1363, the prince entertained Peter, King of Cyprus at Angoulême, and held a tournament there. At the same time he and his lords |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 2407, "ep": 46, "ec": 3010} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 2,407 | 46 | 3,010 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony | excused themselves from assuming the cross. During the summer the lord of Albret was at Paris, and his forces and several other Gascon lords held the French cause in Normandy against the party of Navarre. Meanwhile war was renewed in Brittany; the prince allowed Chandos to raise and lead a force to succour the party of Montfort, and Chandos won the Battle of Auray (29 September 1364) against the French.
As the leaders of the free companies which desolated France were for the most part Englishmen or Gascons, they did not ravage Aquitaine, and the prince was suspected, probably not without |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 46, "sc": 3010, "ep": 50, "ec": 404} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 46 | 3,010 | 50 | 404 | Edward the Black Prince | Lord of Aquitaine and Gascony & Spanish campaign | cause, of encouraging, or at least of taking no pains to discourage, their proceedings. Accordingly on 14 November 1364 Edward III called upon him to restrain their ravages. Spanish campaign In 1365 the free companies, under Sir Hugh Calveley and other leaders, took service with Bertrand du Guesclin, who employed them in 1366 in compelling Peter of Castile to flee from his kingdom, and in setting up his bastard brother, Henry of Trastámara, as king in his stead. Peter, who was in alliance with Edward III, sent messengers to Prince Edward asking his help, and on receiving a gracious answer |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 404, "ep": 50, "ec": 988} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 404 | 50 | 988 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | at Corunna, set out at once, and arrived at Bayonne with his son and his three daughters. The prince met him at Capbreton, and rode with him to Bordeaux.
Many of the prince's lords, both English and Gascon, were unwilling that he should espouse Peter's cause, but he declared that it was not fitting that a bastard should inherit a kingdom, or drive out his lawfully born brother, and that no king or king's son ought to suffer such disrespect to royalty; nor could any turn him from his determination to restore the king.
Peter won friends by declaring that he would |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 988, "ep": 50, "ec": 1553} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 988 | 50 | 1,553 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | make Edward's son king of Galicia, and would divide his riches among those who helped him. A parliament was held at Bordeaux, in which it was decided to ask the wishes of the English king. Edward replied that it was right that his son should help Peter, and the prince held another parliament at which the king's letter was read. Then the lords agreed to give their help, provided that their pay was secured to them. In order to give them the required security, the prince agreed to lend Peter whatever money was necessary.
The prince and Peter then held a |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 1553, "ep": 50, "ec": 2118} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 1,553 | 50 | 2,118 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | conference with Charles of Navarre at Bayonne, and agreed with him to allow their troops to pass through his dominions. In order to persuade him to do this, Peter had, besides other grants, to pay him 56,000 florins, and this sum was lent him by the prince. On 23 September a series of agreements were entered into between the prince, Peter, and Charles of Navarre, at Libourne, on the Dordogne, by which Peter covenanted to put the prince in possession of the province of Biscay and the territory and fortress of Castro de Urdialès as pledges for the repayment of |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 2118, "ep": 50, "ec": 2687} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 2,118 | 50 | 2,687 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | this debt, to pay 550,000 florins for six months' wages at specified dates, 250,000 florins being the prince's wages, and 800,000 florins the wages of the lords who were to serve in the expedition. He consented to leave his three daughters in the prince's hands as hostages for the fulfilment of these terms, and further agreed that whenever the king, the prince, or their heirs, the king of England, should march in person against the Moors, they should have the command of the van before all other Christian kings, and that if they were not present the banner of the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 2687, "ep": 50, "ec": 3257} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 2,687 | 50 | 3,257 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | king of England should be carried in the van side by side with the banner of Castile.
The prince received a hundred thousand francs from his father out of the ransom of John II, the late king of France, and broke up his plate to help to pay the soldiers he was taking into his pay. While his army was assembling he remained at Angoulême, and was there visited by Peter. He then stayed over Christmas at Bordeaux, where his wife, Joan, gave birth to their second son Richard (the next king of England).
Prince Edward left Bordeaux early in February 1367, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 3257, "ep": 50, "ec": 3890} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 3,257 | 50 | 3,890 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | and joined his army at Dax, where he remained three days, and received a reinforcement of four hundred men-at-arms and four hundred archers sent out by his father under his brother John, duke of Lancaster. From Dax the prince advanced via Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port through Roncesvalles (in the Pyrenees) to Pamplona (the capital of Kingdom of Navarre).
When Calveley and other English and Gascon leaders of free companies found that Prince Edward was about to fight for Peter, they withdrew from the service of Henry of Trastámara, and joined Prince Edward "because he was their natural lord". While the prince was at Pamplona |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 3890, "ep": 50, "ec": 4479} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 3,890 | 50 | 4,479 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | he received a letter of defiance from Henry.
From Pamplona the prince marched by Arruiz to Salvatierra, which opened its gates to his army, and thence advanced to Vitoria, intending to march on Burgos by this direct route. A body of his knights, which he had sent out to reconnoitre under Sir William Felton, was defeated by a skirmishing party, and he found that Henry had occupied some strong positions, and especially Santo Domingo de la Calzada on the right of the river Ebro, and Zaldiaran mountain on the left, which made it impossible for him to reach Burgos through Álava. |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 4479, "ep": 50, "ec": 5075} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 4,479 | 50 | 5,075 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | Accordingly he crossed the Ebro, and encamped under the walls of Logroño. During these movements the prince's army had suffered from want of provisions both for men and horses, and from wet and windy weather. At Logroño, however, though provisions were still scarce, they were somewhat better off.
On 30 March 1367 the prince wrote an answer to Henry's letter. On 2 April he left Logroño and moved to Navarrete, La Rioja. Meanwhile Henry and his French allies had encamped at Nájera, so that the two armies were now near each other. Letters passed between Henry and the prince, for Henry |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 5075, "ep": 50, "ec": 5668} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 5,075 | 50 | 5,668 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | seems to have been anxious to make terms. He declared that Peter was a tyrant, and had shed much innocent blood, to which the prince replied that the king had told him that all the persons he had slain were traitors.
On the morning of the 3 April the prince's army marched from Navarrete, and all dismounted while they were yet some distance from Henry's army. The vanguard, in which were three thousand men-at-arms, both English and Bretons, was led by Lancaster, Chandos, Calveley, and Clisson; the right division was commanded by Armagnac and other Gascon lords; the left, in which |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 5668, "ep": 50, "ec": 6233} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 5,668 | 50 | 6,233 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | some German mercenaries marched with the Gascons, by the Jean, Captal de Buch and the Count of Foix; and the rear or main battle by the prince, with three thousand lances, and with the prince was Peter and, a little on his right, the dethroned James of Majorca and his company; the numbers, however, are scarcely to be depended on.
Before the battle of Nájera began, the prince prayed aloud to God that as he had come that day to uphold the right and reinstate a disinherited king, God would grant him success. Then, after telling Peter that he should know |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 6233, "ep": 50, "ec": 6762} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 6,233 | 50 | 6,762 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | that day whether he should have his kingdom or not, he cried: "Advance, banner, in the name of God and St. George; and God defend our right". The knights of Castile pressed his van sorely, but the wings of Henry's army behaved ill, and would not move, so that the Gascon lords were able to attack the main body on the flanks. Then the prince brought the main body of his army into action, and the fight became hot, for he had under him "the flower of chivalry, and the most famous warriors in the whole world". At length Henry's |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 6762, "ep": 50, "ec": 7331} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 6,762 | 50 | 7,331 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | van gave way, and he fled from the field.
When the battle was over the prince asked Peter to spare the lives of those who had offended him. Peter assented, with the exception of one notorious traitor, whom he at once put to death; and he also had two others slain the next day.
Among the prisoners was the French marshal Arnoul d'Audrehem, whom the prince had formerly taken prisoner at Poitiers, and whom he had released on d'Audrehem giving his word that he would not bear arms against the prince until his ransom was paid. When the prince saw him he |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 7331, "ep": 50, "ec": 7890} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 7,331 | 50 | 7,890 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | reproached him bitterly, and called him "liar and traitor". D'Audrehem denied that he was either, and the prince asked him whether he would submit to the judgment of a body of knights. To this d'Audrehem agreed, and after he had dined the prince chose twelve knights, four English, four Gascons, and four Bretons, to judge between himself and the marshal. After he had stated his case, d'Audrehem replied that he had not broken his word, for the army the prince led was not his own; he was merely in the pay of Peter. The knights considered that this view of |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 7890, "ep": 50, "ec": 8431} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 7,890 | 50 | 8,431 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | the prince's position was sound, and gave their verdict for d'Audrehem.
On 5 April 1367 the prince and Peter marched to Burgos, where they celebrated Easter. The prince, however, did not take up his quarters in the city, but camped outside the walls at the Monastery of Las Huelgas. Peter did not pay him any of the money he owed him, and the prince could get nothing from him except a solemn renewal of his bond of the previous 23 Sept, which he made on 2 May 1367 before the high altar of the Cathedral of Burgos. By this time the |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 8431, "ep": 50, "ec": 8990} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 8,431 | 50 | 8,990 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | prince began to suspect his ally of treachery. Peter had no intention of paying his debts, and when the prince demanded possession of Biscay told him that the Biscayans would not consent to be handed over to him. In order to get rid of his creditor Peter told him that he could not get money at Burgos, and persuaded the prince to take up his quarters at Valladolid while he went to Seville, whence he declared he would send the money he owed.
Prince Edward remained at Valladolid during some very hot weather, waiting in vain for his money. His army |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 8990, "ep": 50, "ec": 9597} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 8,990 | 50 | 9,597 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign | suffered so terribly from dysentery and other diseases that it is said that scarcely one Englishman out of five ever saw England again. He was himself seized with a sickness from which he never thoroughly recovered, and which some said was caused by poison. Food and drink were scarce, and the free companies in his pay did much mischief to the surrounding country.
Meanwhile Henry of Trastámara made war upon Aquitaine, took Bagnères and wasted the country. Fearing that Charles of Navarre would not allow him to return through his dominions, the prince negotiated with the King Peter IV of Aragon |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 50, "sc": 9597, "ep": 54, "ec": 251} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 50 | 9,597 | 54 | 251 | Edward the Black Prince | Spanish campaign & War in Aquitaine | for a passage for his troops. Peter IV made a treaty with him, and when Charles of Navarre heard of it he agreed to allow the prince, the Duke of Lancaster, and some of their lords to pass through his country; so they returned through Roncesvalles, and reached Bordeaux early in September 1367. War in Aquitaine Some time after he had returned to Aquitaine the free companies, some six thousand strong, also reached Aquitaine, having passed through Kingdom of Aragon. As they had not received the whole of the money the prince had agreed to pay them, they took up |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 251, "ep": 54, "ec": 846} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 251 | 54 | 846 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | their quarters in his country and began to do much mischief. He persuaded the captains to leave Aquitaine, and the companies under their command crossed the Loire and did much damage to France. This greatly angered Charles V, who about this time did the prince serious mischief by encouraging disaffection among the Gascon lords.
When the prince had been gathering his army for his Spanish expedition, the lord of Albret had agreed to serve with a thousand lances. Considering, however, that he had at least as many men as he could find provisions for, the prince on 8 December 1366 had |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 846, "ep": 54, "ec": 1402} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 846 | 54 | 1,402 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | written to him requesting that he would bring only two hundred lances. The lord of Albret was much incensed at this, and, though peace was made by his uncle the Count of Armagnac, did not forget the offence, and Froissart speaks of it as the "first cause of hatred between him and the prince". A more powerful cause of this lord's discontent was the non-payment of an annual pension which had been granted him by Edward. About this time he agreed to marry Margaret of Bourbon, sister of the queen of France. The Black Prince was annoyed at this betrothal, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 1402, "ep": 54, "ec": 2004} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 1,402 | 54 | 2,004 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | and, his temper probably being soured by sickness and disappointment, behaved with rudeness to both D'Albret and his intended bride. On the other hand, Charles offered the lord the pension which he had lost, and thus drew him and his uncle, the Count of Armagnac, altogether over to the French side.
The immense cost of the late campaign and his constant extravagance had brought the prince into financial difficulties, and as soon as he returned to Bordeaux he called an assembly of the estates of Aquitaine (Parliament) to meet at Saint-Émilion in order to obtain a grant from them. It seems |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 2004, "ep": 54, "ec": 2568} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 2,004 | 54 | 2,568 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | as though no business was done then, for in January 1368 he held a meeting of the estates at Angoulême, and there persuaded them to allow him a fouage, or hearth tax, of ten sous for five years. An edict for this tax was published on 25 January 1368.
The chancellor, Bishop John Harewell, held a conference at Niort, at which he persuaded the barons of Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, and Rouergue to agree to this tax, but the great vassals of the high marches refused, and on 20 June and again on 25 October the Counts of Armagnac, Périgord, and Comminges, |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 2568, "ep": 54, "ec": 3162} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 2,568 | 54 | 3,162 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | and the lord of Albret laid their complaints before the king of France, declaring that he was their lord paramount. Meanwhile the prince's friend Chandos, who strongly urged him against imposing this tax, had retired to his Norman estate.
Charles took advantage of these appeals, and on 25 January 1369 sent messengers to Prince Edward, who was then residing at Bordeaux, summoning him to appear in person before him in Paris and there receive judgment. He replied: "We will willingly attend at Paris on the day appointed since the king of France sends for us, out it shall be with our |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 3162, "ep": 54, "ec": 3714} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 3,162 | 54 | 3,714 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | helmet on our head and sixty thousand men in our company".
Prince Edward caused the messengers to be imprisoned, and in revenge for this the Counts of Périgord and Comminges and other lords set on Sir Thomas Wake the high-steward of Rouergue, slew many of his men, and put him to flight. The prince sent for Chandos, who came to his help, and some fighting took place, though war was not yet declared. His health was now so feeble that he could not take part in active operations, for he was swollen with dropsy and could not ride. By 18 March |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 3714, "ep": 54, "ec": 4317} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 3,714 | 54 | 4,317 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | 1367 more than nine hundred towns, castles, and other places signified in one way or another their adherence to the French cause.
Prince Edward had already warned his father of the intentions of the French king, but there was evidently a party at Edward's court that was jealous of his power, and his warnings were slighted. In April 1369, however, war was declared. Edward sent the Earls of Cambridge and Pembroke to his assistance, and Sir Robert Knolles, who now again took service with, him, added much to his strength. The war in Aquitaine was desultory, and, though the English maintained |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 4317, "ep": 54, "ec": 4882} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 4,317 | 54 | 4,882 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | their ground fairly in the field, every day that it was prolonged weakened their hold on the country.
On 1 January 1370 Prince Edward sustained a heavy loss in the death of his friend Chandos. Several efforts were made by Edward to conciliate the Gascon lords, but they were fruitless and can only have served to weaken the prince's authority. It is probable that John of Gaunt was working against him at the English court, and when he was sent out in the summer to help his elder brother, he came with such extensive powers that he almost seemed as though |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 4882, "ep": 54, "ec": 5438} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 4,882 | 54 | 5,438 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | he had come to supersede him.
In the spring Charles raised two large armies for the invasion of Aquitaine; one, under the Louis I, Duke of Anjou, was to enter Guyenne by La Reole and Bergerac, the other, under the John, Duke of Berry, was to march towards Limousin and Quercy, and both were to unite and besiege the prince in Angoulême. Ill as he was, the prince left his bed of sickness, and gathered an army at Cognac, where he was joined by the Barons of Poitou and Saintonge, and the Earls of Cambridge, Lancaster, and Pembroke. The two French |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 5438, "ep": 54, "ec": 5998} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 5,438 | 54 | 5,998 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | armies gained many cities, united and laid siege to Limoges, which was treacherously surrendered to them by the bishop, who had been one of the prince's trusted friends.
When Prince Edward heard of the surrender of Limoges to the French, he swore "by the soul of his father" that he would have the place again and would make the inhabitants pay dearly for their treachery. He set out from Cognac with an army of about 4,000 men. Due to his sickness he was unable to mount his horse, and was carried in a litter. During the siege of Limoges, the prince |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 5998, "ep": 54, "ec": 6613} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 5,998 | 54 | 6,613 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | was determined to take the town and ordered the undermining of its walls. On 19 September, his miners succeeded in demolishing a large piece of wall which filled the ditches with its ruins. The town was then stormed, with the inevitable destruction and loss of life.
The Victorian historian William Hunt, author of Prince Edward's biography in the Dictionary of National Biography (1889), relying on Froissart as a source, wrote that when the bishop (who was the most responsible for the surrender) was brought before the Prince, the Prince told him that his head should be cut off (Lancaster persuaded him |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 54, "sc": 6613, "ep": 54, "ec": 7234} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 54 | 6,613 | 54 | 7,234 | Edward the Black Prince | War in Aquitaine | not to carry out the deed), but that the city was nevertheless pillaged and burnt, and that 3,000 persons of all ranks and ages were massacred. However, modern scholarship, including the historian Richard Barber writing in 2008 in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and drawing on a wider range of evidence, places casualties much lower than Froissart did—around 300 garrison soldiers and civilians in total.
The prince returned to Cognac; his sickness increased and he was forced to give up all hope of being able to direct any further operations and to proceed first to Angoulème and then to Bordeaux. |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 56, "sc": 0, "ep": 58, "ec": 561} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 56 | 0 | 58 | 561 | Edward the Black Prince | England | England The death of his eldest son Edward, which happened at this time, grieved him greatly; he became worse, and his surgeon advised him to return to England. He left Aquitaine in charge of Lancaster, landed at Southampton early in January 1371, met his father at Windsor, and put a stop to a treaty the king had made the previous month with Charles of Navarre, for he would not consent to the cession of territory that Charles demanded, and then went to his manor of Berkhamsted, ruined alike in health and in fortune.
On his return to England the prince was |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 58, "sc": 561, "ep": 58, "ec": 1140} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 58 | 561 | 58 | 1,140 | Edward the Black Prince | England | probably at once recognised as the natural opponent of the influence exercised by the anti-clerical and Lancastrian party, and it is evident that the clergy trusted him; for on 2 May he met the convocation of Canterbury at the Savoy, and persuaded them to make an exceptionally large grant. His health now began to improve, and in August 1372 he sailed with his father to the relief of Thouars; but contrary winds meant that the fleet never reached the French coast. On 6 October he resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, giving as his reason that its revenues were |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 58, "sc": 1140, "ep": 58, "ec": 1741} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 58 | 1,140 | 58 | 1,741 | Edward the Black Prince | England | no longer sufficient to cover expenses, and acknowledging his resignation in Parliament of the next month. At the conclusion of this parliament, after the knights had been dismissed, he met the citizens and burgesses "in a room near the white chamber", and prevailed on them to extend the customs granted the year before for the protection of merchant shipping for another year.
It is said that after Whitsunday, 20 May 1374, the prince presided at a council of prelates and nobles held at Westminster to answer a demand from Pope Gregory XI for a subsidy to help him against the Florentines. |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 58, "sc": 1741, "ep": 58, "ec": 2322} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 58 | 1,741 | 58 | 2,322 | Edward the Black Prince | England | The bishops, after hearing the pope's letter, which asserted his right as lord spiritual, and, by the grant of John, lord in chief, of the kingdom, declared that "he was lord of all". The cause of the crown, however, was vigorously maintained, and the prince, provoked at the hesitation of Archbishop Wittlesey, spoke sharply to him, and at last told him that he was an ass. The bishops gave way, and it was declared that John had no power to bring the realm into subjection.
The prince's sickness again became very heavy, though when the "Good Parliament" met on 28 April |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 58, "sc": 2322, "ep": 58, "ec": 2894} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 58 | 2,322 | 58 | 2,894 | Edward the Black Prince | England | 1376 he was looked upon as the chief support of the commons in their attack on the abuses of the administration, and evidently acted in concert with William of Wykeham in opposing the influence of Lancaster and the disreputable clique of courtiers who upheld it, and he had good cause to fear that his brother's power would prove dangerous to the prospects of his son Richard. Richard Lyons, the king's financial agent, who was impeached for gigantic frauds, sent him a bribe of £1,000. and other gifts, but he refused to receive it, though he afterwards said that it was |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 58, "sc": 2894, "ep": 62, "ec": 429} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 58 | 2,894 | 62 | 429 | Edward the Black Prince | England & Death | a pity he had not kept it, and sent it to pay the soldiers who were fighting for the kingdom. Death From the period of the Good Parliament, Edward knew that he was dying. His dysentery became violent, and he often fainted from weakness, so that his household believed that he had already died. He left gifts for his servants in his will and took leave of the King his father, asking him that he would confirm his gifts, pay his debts quickly out of his estate, and protect his son Richard. In his last moments, he was attended by |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 62, "sc": 429, "ep": 62, "ec": 1010} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 62 | 429 | 62 | 1,010 | Edward the Black Prince | Death | the Bishop of Bangor, who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those he had injured. He "made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart", and asked people to pray for him.
His death took place in the Palace of Westminster. He was buried with great state in Canterbury Cathedral on 29 September, and the directions contained in his will were followed at his funeral and in the details of his tomb. It has a bronze effigy beneath a tester depicting the Holy Trinity with his heraldic achievements – his surcoat, helmet, shield and gauntlets – hung |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 62, "sc": 1010, "ep": 66, "ec": 6} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 62 | 1,010 | 66 | 6 | Edward the Black Prince | Death & Arms and heraldic badge | over the tester; they have been replaced with replicas, and the originals now reside in a glass-fronted cabinet within the Cathedral. The translation from French of His epitaph inscribed around his effigy reads:
Such as thou art, sometime was I.
Such as I am, such shalt thou be.
I thought little on th'our of Death
So long as I enjoyed breath.
On earth I had great riches
Land, houses, great treasure, horses, money and gold.
But now a wretched captive am I,
Deep in the ground, lo here I lie.
My beauty great, is all quite gone,
My flesh is wasted to the bone. Arms and heraldic badge Arms: |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 66, "sc": 5, "ep": 66, "ec": 628} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 66 | 5 | 66 | 628 | Edward the Black Prince | Arms and heraldic badge | Quarterly, 1st and 4th azure semée of fleur-de-lys or (France Ancient); 2nd and 3rd gules, three lions passant guardant or (England); overall a label of three points argent. Crest: On a chapeau gules turned up ermine, a lion statant or gorged with a label of three points argent. Mantling: gules lined ermine.
Edward's coat of arms as Prince of Wales were those of the kingdom, differenced by a label of three points argent.
Edward also used an alternative coat of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace" (probably meaning the shield he used for jousting). This shield can |
{"datasets_id": 1636, "wiki_id": "Q184854", "sp": 66, "sc": 628, "ep": 66, "ec": 948} | 1,636 | Q184854 | 66 | 628 | 66 | 948 | Edward the Black Prince | Arms and heraldic badge | be seen several times on his tomb chest, alternating with the differenced royal arms. His younger brother, John of Gaunt, used a similar shield on which the ostrich feathers were ermine.
Edward's "shield for peace" is believed to have inspired the badge of three ostrich feathers used by later Princes of Wales. |
{"datasets_id": 1637, "wiki_id": "Q33867", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 403} | 1,637 | Q33867 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 403 | Edwardstone | History | Edwardstone History Edwardstone was listed in the Domesday Book as Eduardestuna.
Edwardstone Priory was a priory in Priory Green and was founded by Peter, Bishop of Winchester during the reign of King John, the priory was a cell to Abingdon monastery, before the monks resident were moved to Colne Priory.
The village was the birthplace of John Winthrop, one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
{"datasets_id": 1638, "wiki_id": "Q56598696", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 247} | 1,638 | Q56598696 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 247 | Edwin L. Hollywood | Edwin L. Hollywood Edwin L. Hollywood (October 9, 1892 – May 15, 1958) was an American actor and film director. He was born in New York City.
Hollywood was in charge of Vitagraph's film unit that starred Harry Morey.
He died in Glendale, California. |
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{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 671} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 671 | Effective medium approximations | Effective medium approximations Effective medium approximations (abbreviated as EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composite material. At the constituent level, the values of the materials vary and are inhomogeneous. Precise calculation of the many constituent values is nearly impossible. However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters and properties of the composite material as a whole. In this sense, |
|
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 4, "sc": 671, "ep": 8, "ec": 496} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 4 | 671 | 8 | 496 | Effective medium approximations | Applications | effective medium approximations are descriptions of a medium (composite material) based on the properties and the relative fractions of its components and are derived from calculations. Applications There are many different effective medium approximations, each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all assume that the macroscopic system is homogeneous and, typical of all mean field theories, they fail to predict the properties of a multiphase medium close to the percolation threshold due to the absence of long-range correlations or critical fluctuations in the theory.
The properties under consideration are usually the conductivity or the |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 8, "sc": 496, "ep": 8, "ec": 1170} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 8 | 496 | 8 | 1,170 | Effective medium approximations | Applications | dielectric constant of the medium. These parameters are interchangeable in the formulas in a whole range of models due to the wide applicability of the Laplace equation. The problems that fall outside of this class are mainly in the field of elasticity and hydrodynamics, due to the higher order tensorial character of the effective medium constants.
EMAs can be discrete models, such as applied to resistor networks, or continuum theories as applied to elasticity or viscosity. However, most of the current theories have difficulty in describing percolating systems. Indeed, among the numerous effective medium approximations, only Bruggeman's symmetrical theory |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 8, "sc": 1170, "ep": 16, "ec": 140} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 8 | 1,170 | 16 | 140 | Effective medium approximations | Applications & Formulas & Circular and spherical inclusions | is able to predict a threshold. This characteristic feature of the latter theory puts it in the same category as other mean field theories of critical phenomena. Formulas Without any loss of generality, we shall consider the study of the effective conductivity (which can be either dc or ac) for a system made up of spherical multicomponent inclusions with different arbitrary conductivities. Then the Bruggeman formula takes the form: Circular and spherical inclusions In a system of Euclidean spatial dimension that has an arbitrary number of components, the sum is made over all the constituents. and are |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 16, "sc": 140, "ep": 20, "ec": 434} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 16 | 140 | 20 | 434 | Effective medium approximations | Circular and spherical inclusions & Elliptical and ellipsoidal inclusions | respectively the fraction and the conductivity of each component, and is the effective conductivity of the medium. (The sum over the 's is unity.) Elliptical and ellipsoidal inclusions This is a generalization of Eq. (1) to a biphasic system with ellipsoidal inclusions of conductivity into a matrix of conductivity . The fraction of inclusions is and the system is dimensional. For randomly oriented inclusions,
where the 's denote the appropriate doublet/triplet of depolarization factors which is governed by the ratios between the axis of the ellipse/ellipsoid. For example: in the case of a circle {, } |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 20, "sc": 434, "ep": 24, "ec": 396} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 20 | 434 | 24 | 396 | Effective medium approximations | Elliptical and ellipsoidal inclusions & Derivation | and in the case of a sphere {, , }. (The sum over the 's is unity.)
The most general case to which the Bruggeman approach has been applied involves bianisotropic ellipsoidal inclusions. Derivation The figure illustrates a two-component medium. Consider the cross-hatched volume of conductivity , take it as a sphere of volume and assume it is embedded in a uniform medium with an effective conductivity . If the electric field far from the inclusion is then elementary considerations lead to a dipole moment associated with the volume
This polarization produces a deviation from . If |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 24, "sc": 396, "ep": 24, "ec": 1027} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 24 | 396 | 24 | 1,027 | Effective medium approximations | Derivation | the average deviation is to vanish, the total polarization summed over the two types of inclusion must vanish. Thus
where and are respectively the volume fraction of material 1 and 2. This can be easily extended to a system of dimension that has an arbitrary number of components. All cases
can be combined to yield Eq. (1).
Eq. (1) can also be obtained by requiring the deviation in current to vanish
. It has been derived here from the assumption that the inclusions are spherical and it can be modified for shapes with other depolarization factors; leading to Eq. (2).
A more |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 24, "sc": 1027, "ep": 28, "ec": 597} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 24 | 1,027 | 28 | 597 | Effective medium approximations | Derivation & Modeling of percolating systems | general derivation applicable to bianisotropic materials is also available. Modeling of percolating systems The main approximation is that all the domains are located in an equivalent mean field.
Unfortunately, it is not the case close to the percolation threshold where the system is governed by the largest cluster of conductors, which is a fractal, and long-range correlations that are totally absent from Bruggeman's simple formula.
The threshold values are in general not correctly predicted. It is 33% in the EMA, in three dimensions, far
from the 16% expected from percolation theory and observed in experiments. However, in
two dimensions, the EMA gives a threshold |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 28, "sc": 597, "ep": 36, "ec": 431} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 28 | 597 | 36 | 431 | Effective medium approximations | Modeling of percolating systems & Maxwell Garnett equation & Validity | of 50% and has been proven to model percolation
relatively well. Maxwell Garnett equation In the Maxwell Garnett approximation, the effective medium consists of a matrix medium with and inclusions with . Validity In general terms, the Maxwell Garnett EMA is expected to be valid at low volume fractions , since it is assumed that the domains are spatially separated and electrostatic interaction between the chosen inclusions and all other neighbouring inclusions is neglected. The Maxwell Garnett formula, in contrast to Bruggeman formula, ceases to be correct when the inclusions become resonant. In the case of plasmon resonance, the Maxwell |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 36, "sc": 431, "ep": 40, "ec": 550} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 36 | 431 | 40 | 550 | Effective medium approximations | Validity & Effective medium theory for resistor networks | Garnett formula is correct only at volume fraction of the inclusions . Effective medium theory for resistor networks For a network consisting of a high density of random resistors, an exact solution for each individual element may be impractical or impossible. In such case, a random resistor network can be considered as a two-dimensional graph
and the effective resistance can be modelled in terms of graph measures and geometrical properties of networks.
Assuming, edge length << electrode spacing and edges to be uniformly distributed, the potential can be considered to drop uniformly from one electrode to another.
Sheet resistance of |
{"datasets_id": 1639, "wiki_id": "Q2894695", "sp": 40, "sc": 550, "ep": 40, "ec": 692} | 1,639 | Q2894695 | 40 | 550 | 40 | 692 | Effective medium approximations | Effective medium theory for resistor networks | such a random network () can be written in terms of edge (wire) density (), resistivity (), width () and thickness () of edges (wires) as: |
{"datasets_id": 1640, "wiki_id": "Q5347714", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 382} | 1,640 | Q5347714 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 382 | Egbert Reasoner House | Efforts to conserve the house | Egbert Reasoner House Efforts to conserve the house In August 2013, the home was still in the Reasoner family, which hoped to have it relocated and saved when the underlying land was sold for commercial development. The home was scheduled to be demolished for construction of a RaceTrac gas station.
On June 30, 2015, the Reasoner house was demolished. After standing for 119 years, it was torn down in approximately one hour. |
{"datasets_id": 1641, "wiki_id": "Q42274893", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 8} | 1,641 | Q42274893 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 8 | Ego Kill Talent | Early years (2014–17) & Ego Kill Talent (2017–present) | Ego Kill Talent Early years (2014–17) The band Ego Kill Talent was founded in December 2014 by members of several Brazilian bands, like Udora, Sepultura, Reação em Cadeia and Sayowa. In November 2015 the first EP came out, which had the name "Sublimated". This was produced in the Family Mob Studios, which was founded by Jean Dolabella and Estevam Romera. Halfway through 2016 the second EP was released, with the name "Still Here". They also performed at different festivals that year, including Lollapalooza in Brazil. Estevam Romera left the band that year. He was replaced by Niper Boaventura. Ego Kill |
{"datasets_id": 1641, "wiki_id": "Q42274893", "sp": 8, "sc": 8, "ep": 10, "ec": 537} | 1,641 | Q42274893 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 537 | Ego Kill Talent | Ego Kill Talent (2017–present) | Talent (2017–present) The first album was released in 2017. This album, which carries the same name as the band, meant the breakthrough of the band. They were named by Google as one of the twenty breakthrough acts of 2017. They also recorded a song with the band Far from Alaska, called "Collision Course". The band came in the summer to Europe to organize a mini-tour. First they played at the Download Festival in Paris. A few days later they played their first European solo show at the Melkweg in Amsterdam. A week later they played in the support act for |
{"datasets_id": 1641, "wiki_id": "Q42274893", "sp": 10, "sc": 537, "ep": 10, "ec": 1040} | 1,641 | Q42274893 | 10 | 537 | 10 | 1,040 | Ego Kill Talent | Ego Kill Talent (2017–present) | the band System of a Down during a show in Nîmes in France. After the European tour was over, they went back to Brazil to perform at the Rock in Rio Festival. Also the EP "My Own Deceiver" and the acoustical version of the song "We All" came out as a single. They have also announced that in 2018 they will be the support act of the Brazilian tour of the Foo Fighters and Queens of the Stone age. In 2018 the band released a new Ep of their European tour, called "Live in Europe 2017". All songs on the |
{"datasets_id": 1641, "wiki_id": "Q42274893", "sp": 10, "sc": 1040, "ep": 10, "ec": 1631} | 1,641 | Q42274893 | 10 | 1,040 | 10 | 1,631 | Ego Kill Talent | Ego Kill Talent (2017–present) | Ep were also released as singles. They also did a European summer tour in the summer of 2018. The band played at festivals and acted as support act for the band Shinedown. Ego Kill Talent opened for symphonic metal band Within Temptation during the first leg of their "Resist Tour".
The band is currently putting finishing touches on their second album at the famed 606 Studios, owned by The Foo Fighters. The album will feature 12 tracks with special guests John Dolmayan (System of a Down), Roy Mayorga (Stone Sour) and skateboarder Bob Burnquist (13 times X Games Champion). The |
{"datasets_id": 1641, "wiki_id": "Q42274893", "sp": 10, "sc": 1631, "ep": 10, "ec": 1801} | 1,641 | Q42274893 | 10 | 1,631 | 10 | 1,801 | Ego Kill Talent | Ego Kill Talent (2017–present) | album release date and title are to be confirmed. EKT has just signed with C3 Management and are now preparing for their second Rock In Rio performance later this year. |
{"datasets_id": 1642, "wiki_id": "Q728822", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 605} | 1,642 | Q728822 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 605 | Egon Petri | Life and career | Egon Petri Life and career Egon Petri's family was Dutch; he was born a Dutch citizen, but in Hanover, Germany, and grew up in Dresden, where he attended the Kreuzschule. His father, a professional violinist, taught him to play the violin. While still a teen, Petri played with the Dresden Court Orchestra and with his father's string quartet. He studied composition and theory with Hermann Kretzschmar and Felix Draeseke at the Dresden Conservatory.
From an early age Petri had also taken piano lessons and eventually, with strong encouragement from Ignacy Jan Paderewski and Ferruccio Busoni, he concentrated on piano. He |
{"datasets_id": 1642, "wiki_id": "Q728822", "sp": 6, "sc": 605, "ep": 6, "ec": 1251} | 1,642 | Q728822 | 6 | 605 | 6 | 1,251 | Egon Petri | Life and career | studied with Busoni, who greatly influenced him. He considered himself more a disciple than a student of Busoni's. Under Busoni's influence, Petri focused on the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and Franz Liszt, composers who, along with Busoni himself, remained at the centre of his repertoire.
During World War I, Petri moved with Busoni to Switzerland, where he assisted him in editing Bach's keyboard works. In the 1920s, Petri taught in Berlin; his students included Victor Borge, Stanley Gardner, Jan Hoffman, Gunnar Johansen, and Vitya Vronsky. In 1923 he became the first non-Soviet soloist to play in the Soviet Union.
In |
{"datasets_id": 1642, "wiki_id": "Q728822", "sp": 6, "sc": 1251, "ep": 6, "ec": 1901} | 1,642 | Q728822 | 6 | 1,251 | 6 | 1,901 | Egon Petri | Life and career | 1927 he moved to Zakopane, Poland, where, until the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he conducted summer and early fall sessions and master-classes for selected piano students. From 1929 he made recordings for several labels, including Columbia Records.
Petri escaped from Poland the day before the German invasion in September 1939, but he had to leave behind all his books, music and letters, including his correspondence with Busoni (these papers survived and were recovered).
He moved to the United States, working first at Cornell University and later at Mills College in Oakland, California. He pointedly refused ever to play |
{"datasets_id": 1642, "wiki_id": "Q728822", "sp": 6, "sc": 1901, "ep": 6, "ec": 2531} | 1,642 | Q728822 | 6 | 1,901 | 6 | 2,531 | Egon Petri | Life and career | in Germany again. In 1955 he became a naturalised American citizen.
Though a Dutch citizen until he was 74, he never lived in the Netherlands and was not at ease with the Dutch language. On one occasion when he performed for Queen Wilhelmina, they spoke German. He was fluent in German, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Russian.
He was an influential figure among many pianists of the mid-20th century. His international students included Earl Wild, Ozan Marsh, John Ogdon and Xenia Boodberg Lee.
A big man, Petri had a superb technique and a powerful sonority, and was a superlative exponent of the |
{"datasets_id": 1642, "wiki_id": "Q728822", "sp": 6, "sc": 2531, "ep": 6, "ec": 2667} | 1,642 | Q728822 | 6 | 2,531 | 6 | 2,667 | Egon Petri | Life and career | larger works of Beethoven, Liszt, and Brahms. He was also a proponent of new music.
Petri died in 1962 in Berkeley, California. |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 601} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 601 | Egypt Station | Recording | Egypt Station Recording Egypt Station was recorded in studios in Los Angeles, London, and Sussex. McCartney began working with producer Greg Kurstin some time after the release of his 2013 album New and mentioned their working together several times leading up to the 20 June 2018 announcement of Egypt Station's release.
McCartney also wrote and recorded three songs with Ryan Tedder. Two of the songs, "Fuh You" and "Nothing for Free", were released on the album. The song "Get Enough" was also recorded with Tedder for the album, but was instead released New Year's Day 2019 as a non-album single.
The song |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 6, "sc": 601, "ep": 10, "ec": 592} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 6 | 601 | 10 | 592 | Egypt Station | Recording & Composition | "Back in Brazil" was recorded at KLB Studios in the city of São Paulo. Composition Egypt Station contains 16 tracks, including opening and penultimate ambient pieces entitled "Opening Station" and "Station II", respectively. Tracks include the singles "I Don't Know" and "Come On to Me". "Happy with You" is described as "acoustic meditation on present day contentedness," "People Want Peace", called a "timeless anthem that would fit on virtually any album of any McCartney era," and "an epic multi-movement closer" called "Despite Repeated Warnings".
On the inspiration for the album's title and theme, McCartney said:
"I liked the words 'Egypt Station.' It |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 10, "sc": 592, "ep": 14, "ec": 121} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 10 | 592 | 14 | 121 | Egypt Station | Composition & Promotion | reminded me of the 'album' albums we used to make... 'Egypt Station' starts off at the station on the first song, and then each song is like a different station. So it gave us some idea to base all the songs around that. I think of it as a dream location that the music emanates from."
In the promotional event "Casual Conversation," McCartney further clarified his creative process behind recording Egypt Station and described it as a loose concept album. Promotion On 10 June 2018, all content was removed from McCartney's Instagram page. That day, all of McCartney's social media pages |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 121, "ep": 14, "ec": 792} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 121 | 14 | 792 | Egypt Station | Promotion | began posting cryptic photos of symbols and McCartney playing various instruments, fueling speculation of an impending announcement. The title Egypt Station was first announced on 18 June 2018, McCartney's 76th birthday. One day later, McCartney officially announced the release of the album's first (double A-side) single, consisting of the two songs "I Don't Know" and "Come On to Me". The two songs were released on 20 June 2018. The same day, McCartney's website officially announced the title and release date of Egypt Station, also providing information on the album's recording and creative process.
After years of rumoured persuasion, McCartney agreed to |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 792, "ep": 14, "ec": 1375} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 792 | 14 | 1,375 | Egypt Station | Promotion | film a "Carpool Karaoke" segment for The Late Late Show with James Corden in Liverpool on 9 June 2018. As part of the segment, McCartney played a small gig at Liverpool's Philharmonic Dining Rooms, where he performed "Come On to Me" live for the first time. The segment was broadcast the week of 17 June 2018 in conjunction with the release of the album's first single. An extended version of the segment, titled "When Corden Met McCartney (Live from Liverpool)", was broadcast by CBS on 20 August 2018.
On 3 July 2018, the Freshen Up tour was announced through the official |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 1375, "ep": 14, "ec": 1967} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 1,375 | 14 | 1,967 | Egypt Station | Promotion | McCartney website. The tour started on 17 September 2018 in Quebec City, Canada.
On 19 July 2018, McCartney posted an image on his Instagram asking fans, "Why do you think you should attend a secret event in London with Paul next week"? Fans were asked to "post a short video using the hashtag #UnderTheStaircase". The winners of the contest were treated to a secret concert at Abbey Road Studios with a number of other celebrity guests in attendance. The set list included four songs from the upcoming album, including "Come On to Me" and the live debuts of "Confidante", "Fuh You", |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 1967, "ep": 14, "ec": 2619} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 1,967 | 14 | 2,619 | Egypt Station | Promotion | and a song that had been previously unmentioned, called "Who Cares". Later the same week, McCartney played a surprise concert at The Cavern Club in Liverpool.
On 25 July 2018, McCartney held a talk titled "Casual Conversation" at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA). Moderated by Jarvis Cocker, the event was live-streamed on Facebook, and he answered questions from LIPA students as well as viewers online.
On 15 August 2018, McCartney released "Fuh You" as the second single from the album. On 3 September 2018, McCartney's YouTube channel released a series of videos titled "Egypt Station – Words Between the Tracks". |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 2619, "ep": 14, "ec": 3278} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 2,619 | 14 | 3,278 | Egypt Station | Promotion | The videos feature McCartney briefly describing the composition and inspiration of each track from the standard edition album.
On 7 September 2018, to celebrate the launch of the album, McCartney performed a “secret” concert at Grand Central Terminal that was live-streamed on YouTube. Music only videos of each performance were later uploaded to his YouTube channel.
During the lead-up promotion to the album's release date, lyric videos were released on YouTube for the first singles "Come On To Me", "I Don't Know", and "Fuh You". Since Egypt Station's release, official music videos were released for "Fuh You", "Back In Brazil" and "Come |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 14, "sc": 3278, "ep": 18, "ec": 310} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 14 | 3,278 | 18 | 310 | Egypt Station | Promotion & Commercial performance | On To Me". The music videos are a creative departure from many of McCartney's previous music videos in that they each focus on the lives of ordinary people with McCartney only appearing briefly (on stage) in the conclusion of "Back In Brazil". Commercial performance Egypt Station debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 in the issue dated 22 September 2018, earning 153,000 album equivalent units, (of which 147,000 were pure album sales). It is McCartney's first US number one album since Tug of War in 1982, as well as his eighth number one album overall and his first |
{"datasets_id": 1643, "wiki_id": "Q55110797", "sp": 18, "sc": 310, "ep": 18, "ec": 463} | 1,643 | Q55110797 | 18 | 310 | 18 | 463 | Egypt Station | Commercial performance | to debut atop the chart. The album dropped to number eight in its second week, earning an additional 37,000 album-equivalent units in the United States. |
{"datasets_id": 1644, "wiki_id": "Q15220887", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 34} | 1,644 | Q15220887 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 34 | Egypt and weapons of mass destruction | Chemical weapons program & Use of chemical weapons during the Yemeni Civil War | Egypt and weapons of mass destruction Chemical weapons program Egypt's chemical weapons program is the most developed of its pursuit of developing a weapons of mass destruction program though it is thought this reached its peak in the 1960s. It also used chemical weapons during the Yemeni Civil War. Phosgene and mustard gas were used against Royalist forces and civilians in Northern Yemen.
Egypt has maintained a policy of not signing the Chemical Weapons Convention until questions regarding Israel's nuclear weapons program are answered. Use of chemical weapons during the Yemeni Civil War The first use of gas took place on |
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