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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Uniformity Clause & The Takings Clause
violates the uniformity clause unless it was designed to remedy a special burden on the state. Further, the court stated it had repeatedly held that a tax may be imposed upon a class even though the class enjoys no benefit from the tax. The court agreed with the State that the objective of the Act, reversing the decline in horse racing in Illinois, bore a reasonable relationship between the classification and the object of the legislation. The Takings Clause Turning to the casinos’ takings claim, the court found that the takings clause did not apply because
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Takings Clause
generally, a tax could never be found to be a taking. Firstly, the court finds that the power of the State to tax and the power of eminent domain are separate constitutional powers. Thus, the takings clause is not a limitation on the taxing power of the Legislature. The casinos’ attempt at distinguishing the tax in this case by calling it a fee, fails on the same principle: a takings analysis cannot apply to fees exacted because the exaction of fees falls under the power to raise revenue for public purposes. Because the just compensation portion of the takings clause
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Takings Clause
only applies to the exercise of eminent domain, it cannot be held to apply to a completely separate power under the Constitution. Further, the Court held that the Act served a public use or public purpose. “If the purpose sought to be achieved by the legislation is a public one and it contains elements of public benefit, then the question of how much benefit the public derives is for the legislature, not the courts.” The Court found that the principal purpose of the Act was to stimulate economic activity at the racetracks, including the creation of jobs and the
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Takings Clause
attraction of sports and entertainment. Moreover, the emphasis of the Act was to benefit the entire horse racing industry, not the individual track owners. Even though the owners will obviously benefit from the increased economic activity at the tracks, it is an indirect benefit. The ultimate result of the infusion of funds will increase the horse racing activity, which in turn stimulates the horse breeding and agricultural industries in the state. Lastly, the court found that a takings analysis would not be appropriate in any case because the “thing” taken was not physical or intellectual property, rather it was money. Relying
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Takings Clause
on the dissent in Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel,524 U.S. 498 (1998), the court noted that the private property upon which the clause traditionally has focused is a specific interest in physical or intellectual property. In Northern Illinois Home Builders Ass’n v. County of Du Page , 165 Ill.2d 25 (1995), cited by the casinos, the Supreme Court of Illinois applied a takings analysis to fees levied on new home builders was inextricably tied to real property. The court distinguished this case law by stating that the tax in this case did not involve physical property because the casinos
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
The Takings Clause & Subsequent history
were not land based, but rather riverboat casinos. Thus, the money exacted through the tax was not intertwined to real property and nothing physical was taking within the meaning of the federal Constitution. Therefore, a takings analysis would not apply. Subsequent history The casinos have a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari currently pending before the Supreme Court of the United States. The petition was filed on January 29, 2009 and is expected to be discussed in conference on May 14, 2009. The Question Presented is whether the State's taking of money from private parties is wholly outside the scope
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Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. Giannoulias
Subsequent history
of the Takings Clause. Several amici curiae briefs have been filed with the court: the Cato Institute; the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America; the National Taxpayers Union; the Mountain States Legal Foundation; the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC); the Illinois Alliance for Growth, Americans for Tax Reform; and a brief written by six law professors. On June 8, 2009 the Petition was denied.
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Emre Arolat
Early life
Emre Arolat Early life Arolat was born in Ankara in 1963. He received his BArch degree in Architecture in 1986 and MArch degree in 1992 at Istanbul Mimar Sinan University . He worked at Metcalf and Associates Architectural Office, Washington D.C. between 1986–1987. From 1987 to 2004, he worked at Arolat Architects as associate designer with Şaziment & Neşet Arolat. He founded his architecture practice in 2004 with Gonca Paşolar. The practice, EAA-Emre Arolat Architecture includes his parents Neşet Arolat and Şaziment Arolat as partners. EAA is a practice with a professional architectural staff with over 80 people in New York,
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Emre Arolat
Early life & Awards
Istanbul and London. Awards Arolat has received many national and international awards, including 2005 Mies van der Rohe award for European Architecture (Highly Commended), 2006 AR Awards for Emerging Architecture (Highly Commended), 2013 WAF (World Architecture Festival) Winner of Religious Buildings category with Sancaklar Mosque, 2014 WAF Winner of Shopping Category with Yalikavak Palmarina and Winner of Leisure-Led Category with Antakya Museum Hotel and in 2015 WAF Winner of Infrastructure Category with Cukurova Airport and Winner of Culture Category with Istanbul Antrepo 5 – MSGSU Painting and Sculpture Museum. He also received National Architecture Awards, in the category of “Design”
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Emre Arolat
Awards & Teaching
and “Building” in 1992, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2014. He has been awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010 with the Ipekyol Textile Factory Building. In 2015 Sancaklar Mosque was awarded ArchDaily's Best Building of the Year and Mies van der Rohe award for European Architecture-Best 40 Building of the Year, also nominated for Design Museum-Designs of the Year award In May 2015, The International Academy of Architecture has accorded Emre Arolat the title of Professor of the Academy in recognition of his achievements in the development of contemporary architecture. Teaching Beginning in 1998, Emre Arolat has
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Emre Arolat
Teaching
taught in architectural schools in Turkey and abroad, including Mimar Sinan University, Istanbul Bilgi University, Berlage Institute for Architecture, TU Delft and Erciyes University, he was also visiting juror at Pratt Institute, Middle East Technical University and Istanbul Technical University. He has been invited as a jury member for numerous professional architectural design competitions in Turkey and abroad, including the WAF (World Architecture Festival), Europan 8, Izmir Metropolitan Municipality Opera House Architectural Design Competition and in 2014 the Çanakkale Antenna Tower International Competition and the Omrania | CSBE (Center for the Study of the Built Environment) Student Award for Architectural
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Emre Arolat
Teaching & Exhibitions
Excellence in Amman. He was the 2017 Norman R. Foster Visiting Professor at Yale School of Architecture. Exhibitions Emre Arolat was one of two curators of 1.Istanbul Design Biennial in 2012. He curated “Musibet”, an exhibition focusing on the social and physical effects of the rapid transformation processes taking place in Istanbul. EAA curated exhibitions “Nazaran.../With regard to...” in 2006, “An/Moment” in 2012 and ”Fabrika/The Factory” in 2013. In 2015 Arolat curated EAA's exhibition, “ist-on situations” at RIBA, London.The exhibition explored through a timeline beginning with the mid-19th century that shows key events or turning points in the course of the
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Emre Arolat
Exhibitions & Publication
urban stories of London and Istanbul. Through a dual city approach the practice reveals “situations” that unite and differentiate these two great cities at the east and west ends of Europe in their development. Along with the visual material and text focusing on the background of the urban situations, a selection of recent projects and those underway by EAA – Emre Arolat Architecture in Istanbul were showcased, as ‘agents’ of the current urban scene. The exhibition featured original drawings, models, photographs and films of EAA – Emre Arolat Architecture's projects. Publication EAA has also published a number of books. “Emre
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Emre Arolat
Publication
Arolat: Buildings / Projects 1998-2005” is the first monograph by Emre Arolat. It uses thirty projects to explore the studio's architectural approach. In the book “Dalaman Airport”, explores the experience of producing this large building. EAA was the editor of the books “Nazaran.../With regard to...” and ”Fabrika/The Factory” which was published along the exhibitions. In September 2013, Rizzoli NY published “EAA- Emre Arolat Architects: Context and Plurality”, a monograph edited by Philip Jodido and Suha Özkan, covering 34 projects of the office. It was the first Rizzoli book publication for a Turkish architect.
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Emre Gönensay
Biography
Emre Gönensay Biography He was born in 1937. He finished his high school education at Robert College in Istanbul. He left for the United States and earned a master's degree from Columbia University. Then he acquired a doctorate degree from the London School of Economics. After a while he returned to Turkey and continued his career as a Professor of Economics at Boğaziçi University.
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Encephalartos manikensis
Description
Encephalartos manikensis Description It is a cycad with an arborescent habit, with a stem up to 1.5 m high, sometimes with secondary stems originating from basal shoots. The pinnate leaves, arranged in a crown at the apex of the stem, are 1–2 m long, supported by a petiole 5–6 cm long, and composed of about 60 pairs of lanceolate leaflets, sometimes with 1-2 spines on the upper margin and lower, inserted on the rachis with an angle of 180 °, reduced to thorns towards the petiole. It is a dioecious species, with male specimens that have from 1 to 4 cylindrical-ovoid
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Encephalartos manikensis
Description
cones, erect, 25–65 cm long and 15–22 cm broad, light green, and female specimens with 1-2 ovoid cones, 30 –45 cm and width 20–25 cm, The seeds are coarsely ovoid, 3–5 cm long, covered with a bright red sarcotesta.
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Encore (DJ Snake album)
Singles
Encore (DJ Snake album) Singles On October 16, 2015, Snake premiered the album's lead single, "Middle", which was written by William Grigahcine, Adio Joshua Marchant and Aaron Kleinstub, produced by DJ Snake and Aalias, and features vocals by English singer Bipolar Sunshine. The song was a huge success, reaching the top-twenty in France and the United States, as well as the top-ten and top-five in the United Kingdom and Australia. "Talk", featuring Australian vocalist George Maple, written by Grigahcine, Jess Higgs, Harley Streten, Alex Burnett, James David, Chris Emerson, and produced by Snake, was released as the second single on
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Encore (DJ Snake album)
Singles
10 June 2016. The third single, "Let Me Love You", featuring Justin Bieber, was released the same day as the album and reached the top-ten in 28 countries, including number four in the United States, number two in the United Kingdom and Australia and number one in many European countries such as France, Germany and Norway. "The Half", featuring Jeremih, Young Thug and Swizz Beatz, was released on 7 February 2017, as the fourth single off the album. It was written by Grigahcine, Jeremy Felton, Jeffrey Lamar Williams, Kasseem Dean, Brittany Hazzard, and Jean-Baptiste Kouame, and produced by Snake and Free
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Encore (DJ Snake album)
Singles & Commercial performance
School. Commercial performance In the United States, Encore debuted at number 8 on the Billboard 200, with 32,000 equivalent album units, marking DJ Snake's first top ten album. The album got over 16.9 million streams in its first week. Encore was DJ Snake's first album to debut at number one on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums.
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Endre Wolf
Early life
Endre Wolf Endre Wolf (6 November 1913 – 29 March 2011) was a classical violinist, born in Budapest. He performed the works of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Mozart, Johann Sebastian Bach, Beethoven and many others. Early life Wolf was born to a Jewish family in Chernivtsi in Ukraine and raised in Hungary. His mother was a seamstress and his father a watchmaker from Chernivtsi, Ukraine. When he was four, Wolf persuaded his parents to buy him a violin and he was taught by the well known Hungarian musician Jenő Hubay along with Leó Weiner. He received his musical education at the
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Endre Wolf
Early life & Later life
Franz Liszt Academy of Music and in 1936 was offered a post at the Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra in Sweden. The Hungarian police refused to give him a passport but after his aunt showed them a letter from Gothenburg and told them, "Here is another opportunity to get rid of a Jew", he was allowed to leave Hungary to spend the war in neutral Sweden and emigrate to England after the war. Later life Between 1954 and 1964, Wolf was a professor at the Academy of Music in Manchester and was elected to the Royal Academy of Music in 1973. He
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Endre Wolf
Later life
made appearances in the Henry Wood Proms and Royal Albert Hall in London. Endre Wolf played on a violin by Omobono Stradavari. He married twice, first to a German woman named Antoinette which ended in divorce during his time in Manchester and second to violinist Jennifer Nuttall-Wolf who was a professor at the Malmö Academy of Music. Wolf died in Sweden in 2011, aged 97.
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Endrin
History
Endrin History J. Hyman & Company first developed endrin in 1950. Shell International was licensed in the United States and in the Netherlands to produce it. Velsicol was the other producer in the Netherlands. Endrin was used globally until the early 1970s. Due to its toxicity, it was banned or severely restricted in many countries. In 1982, Shell discontinued its manufacturing. In 1962, an estimated 2.3-4.5 million kilograms of endrin were sold by Shell in the USA. In 1970, Japan imported 72,000 kilograms of endrin. From 1963 until 1972, Bali used 171 to 10,700 kilograms of endrin annually for
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Endrin
History
the production of rice paddies until endrin use was discontinued in 1972. Taiwan reported to show higher levels of organochlorine pesticides including endrin in soil samples of paddy fields, compared to other Asian countries such as Thailand and Vietnam. During the 1950s-1970s over two million kilograms of organochlorine pesticides were estimated of having been be released into the environment per year. Endrin was banned in the United States on October 10, 1984. Taiwan banned endrin's use as a pesticide in 1971 and regulated it as a toxic chemical in 1989. In May 2004, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
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Endrin
History & Production
came into effect and listed endrin as one of the 12 initial persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have been causing adverse effects on humans and the environment. The convention requires the participating parties to take measures to eliminate or restrict the production of POPs. Production The synthesis of endrin begins with the condensation of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with vinyl chloride. The product is then dehydrochlorinated. Following reaction with cyclopentadiene, isodrin is formed. Epoxide formation by adding either peracetic acid or perbenzoic acid to the isodrin is the final step in synthesizing endrin. Endrin is a stereoisomer of dieldrin with comparable properties, though
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Endrin
Production & Use
endrin degrades more easily Use Endrin was formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (ECs), wettable powders (WPs), granules, field strength dusts (FSDs), and pastes. The product could then be applied by aircraft or by handheld sprayers in its various formulations. Endrin has been used primarily as an agricultural insecticide on tobacco, apple trees, cotton, sugar cane, rice, cereal, and grains. It is effective against a variety of species, including cotton bollworms, corn borers, cut worms and grass hoppers. In addition, endrin has been employed as a rodenticide and avicide. In Malaysia, fish farms used a solution of endrin as a piscicide to rid
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Endrin
Use & Exposure and metabolism
mine pools and fish ponds of all fish prior to restocking. A study conducted from 1981 to 1983 in the US aimed to determine endrin's effects on non-target organisms when applied as a rodenticide in orchards. Most wildlife in and around the orchard was found to have endrin exposure, with endrin toxicity accounting for more than 24% of bird deaths recorded. Endrin was eventually banned in the US on October 10, 1984. Exposure and metabolism Exposure to endrin can occur by inhalation, ingestion of substances containing the compound, or by skin contact. In addition to inhalation and skin contact, infants can
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Endrin
Exposure and metabolism & Neurological effects
be exposed by ingesting the breast milk of an exposed woman. In utero, fetuses are exposed by way of the placenta if the mother has been exposed. Upon entering the body, endrin metabolizes into anti-12-hydroxyendrin and other metabolites, which can be expelled in the urine and feces. Both anti-12-hydroxyendrin and its metabolite, 12-ketoendrin, are likely responsible for the toxicity of endrin. The rapid metabolism of endrin into these metabolites makes detection of endrin itself difficult unless exposure is very high. Neurological effects Symptoms of endrin poisoning include headache, dizziness, nervousness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. Acute endrin poisoning in humans
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Endrin
Neurological effects
affects primarily the central nervous system. There, it can act as a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of inhibitory neurotransmitters. In cases of acute exposure, this may result in seizures, or even death. Because endrin can be stored in body fats, acute endrin poisoning can lead to recurrent seizures when stressors induce the release of endrin back into the body, even months after the initial exposure is terminated. People occupationally exposed to endrin may experience abnormal EEG readings even if they exhibit none of the clinical symptoms, possibly due to injury to the brain stem. These readings show bilateral synchronous theta
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Endrin
Neurological effects & Developmental effects
waves with synchronous spike-and-wave complexes. EEG readings can take up to one month to return to normal. Developmental effects Though endrin exposure has not been found to adversely affect fertility in mammals, an increase in fetal mortality has been observed in mice, rats, and mallard ducks. In those animals that have survived gestation, developmental abnormalities have been observed, particularly in rodents whose mothers were exposed to endrin early in pregnancy. In hamsters, the number of cases of fused ribs, cleft palate, open eyes, webbed feet, and meningoencephaloceles have increased. Along with open eyes and cleft palate, mice have developed with
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Endrin
Developmental effects & Other effects & 1984 poisoning outbreak in Pakistan
fused ribs and exencephaly. Skeletal abnormalities in rodents have also been reported. Other effects Higher doses of endrin have been found to cause the following in rodents: renal tubular necrosis; inflammation of the liver, fatty liver, and liver necrosis; possible kidney degradation; and a decrease in body weight and body weight gain. Endrin is very toxic to aquatic organisms, namely fish, aquatic invertebrates, and phytoplankton. It was found to remain in the tissues of infected fish for up to one month. 1984 poisoning outbreak in Pakistan From July 14 to September 26, 1984, an outbreak of endrin poisoning occurred in 21
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Endrin
1984 poisoning outbreak in Pakistan
villages in and around Talagang, a subdistrict of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Eighty percent of the 194 known cases were children under the age of 15. Poisoned individuals had seizures along with vomiting, pulmonary congestion, and hypoxia, leaving 19 people dead. Some individuals had low grade fevers (37.8 °C/100 °F, axillary) following seizures. The more seriously affected had less vomiting, but higher temperatures than people who were less affected. Most patients could be controlled in under two hours using diazepam, phenobarbital, and atropine, though the more seriously affected patients required general anesthesia. Recovery took up to two days. Following treatment, patients
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Endrin
1984 poisoning outbreak in Pakistan
reported not remembering their seizures. The outbreak affected both men and women equally. Based on the demographics of the affected individuals and their area of residence, the outbreak was likely caused by endrin contamination of food. As members of these villages rarely had contact with one another, investigators determined that contaminated sugar shipped to the villages was the most probable cause, though no credible evidence was found to support this. Around this time, endrin was being used by cotton and sugar cane farmers in the Punjab region. A number of truck drivers stated that they had used the same trucks to
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Endrin
1984 poisoning outbreak in Pakistan & Environmental behavior
deliver endrin to farmers and to pick up crops for Talagang, possibly leading to contamination. Environmental behavior Insecticides like dieldrin and endrin have been shown to persist for decades in the environment. A definitive detection of the residues was not possible until 1971 when mass spectrometer started being used as a detector in gas chromatography. Detection of these chemicals in the environment has been reported across the world up to 2005, even though the frequency of reported cases are low due to its relatively small-scale use and very low concentrations. Endrin regularly enters the environment when applied to crops or when
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Endrin
Environmental behavior
rain washes it off. It has been found in water, sediments, atmospheric air and biotic environment, even after uses have been stopped. Organochlorine pesticides strongly resist degradation, are poorly soluble in water but highly soluble in lipids, which is called lipophilic. This leads to bioaccumulation in fatty tissues of organisms, mainly those dwelling in water. A high bioconcentration factor of 1335-10,000 has been reported in fish. Endrin binds very strongly to organic matter in soil and aquatic sediments due to their high adsorption coefficient, making it less likely to leach into groundwater, even though contaminated groundwater samples have been found.
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Endrin
Environmental behavior & Removal from the environment
In 2009, EPA released data indicating that the endrin in soil could last up to 14 years or more. The extent of endrin's persistence depends highly on local conditions. For example, high temperature (230 °C) or intense sunlight leads to more rapid breakdown of endrin into endrin ketone and endrin aldehyde, however, this breakdown is less than 5%. Removal from the environment In the United States, endrin was mainly disposed in land until U.S. federal regulations were applied in 1987 on land disposal of wastes containing endrin. Primary methods of endrin disappearance from soil are volatilization and photodecomposition. Under ultraviolet light,
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Endrin
Removal from the environment
endrin forms δ-ketoendrin and International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) claims that in intense summer sun, about 50% of endrin is isomerized to δ-ketoendrin in 7 days. In anaerobic conditions microbial degradation by fungi and bacteria takes place to form the same major end product. Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) lists reductive dechlorination and incineration for field disposal of small quantities of endrin. In reductive dechlorination, endrin's chlorine atoms were completely replaced with hydrogen atoms, which is suspected to be more environmentally acceptable. Even though endrin binds very strongly to soil, phytoremediation has been proposed by group of Japanese scientists
{"datasets_id": 1698, "wiki_id": "Q423354", "sp": 42, "sc": 981, "ep": 46, "ec": 423}
1,698
Q423354
42
981
46
423
Endrin
Removal from the environment & United States
using crops in the Cucurbitaceae family. As of 2009, exact mechanisms behind the plant uptake of endrin have not been understood. Research in uptake mechanisms and factors that influence the uptake is needed for practical application. United States In the United States, endrin has been regulated by the EPA. It set a freshwater acute criterion of 0.086 µg/L and a chronic criterion of 0.036 µg/L. In saltwater, the numbers are acute 0.037 and chronic 0.0023 µg/L. The human health contaminate criterion for water plus organism is 0.059 µg/L. The drinking water limit (maximum contaminant level) is set to 2 ppb. Use of endrin in fisheries has been
{"datasets_id": 1698, "wiki_id": "Q423354", "sp": 46, "sc": 423, "ep": 54, "ec": 233}
1,698
Q423354
46
423
54
233
Endrin
United States & International organizations & Taiwan
advised against due to the zero tolerance of endrin levels in food products. For occupational exposures to endrin, OSHA and NIOSH have set exposure limits at 0.1 mg/m³. International organizations The WHO lists Endrin as an obsolete pesticide in its 'Classification of Pesticides by Hazard' and did not assign any hazard class per the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. Taiwan Taiwan is not a party to the Stockholm Convention as of 2015, but has drafted its own "National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants" which was approved by the Executive Yuan on April 2008.
{"datasets_id": 1698, "wiki_id": "Q423354", "sp": 54, "sc": 233, "ep": 54, "ec": 558}
1,698
Q423354
54
233
54
558
Endrin
Taiwan
The Central Competent Authorities of Taiwan sets the limit of 20 mg/kg for soil pollution control. For marine environment quality, standards of 0.002 mg/L has been set. For occupational exposures to endrin, warning has been given that the contact with skin, eyes, and mucous membranes can contribute to the overall exposure.
{"datasets_id": 1699, "wiki_id": "Q3588970", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 688}
1,699
Q3588970
2
0
4
688
Energy in Spain
Energy in Spain Primary energy consumption in Spain in 2015 was mainly composed of fossil fuels. The largest sources are oil (42.3%), natural gas (19.8%) and coal (11.6%). The remaining 26.3% is accounted for nuclear energy (12%) and different renewable energy sources (14.3%). Domestic production of primary energy includes nuclear (44,8%), solar, wind and geothermal (22,4%), biomass and waste (21,1%), hydropower (7,2%) and fossil (4,5%). According to The World Factbook, in 2011 Spain produced 276.8 TWh of electricity. In the same year, Spain consumed only 249.7 TWh of electricity. In the early 2000s, huge investment has been made into Spain's renewable
{"datasets_id": 1699, "wiki_id": "Q3588970", "sp": 4, "sc": 688, "ep": 4, "ec": 1377}
1,699
Q3588970
4
688
4
1,377
Energy in Spain
energy industry. Spain aims to be carbon-free before 2050. According to Red Electrica de España (REE), the Spanish peninsula got 69 percent of its electricity generation in March 2015 from technologies that produce zero carbon emissions (renewable energy and nuclear power). Nuclear as a whole provided 23.8 percent of the country’s electricity in March, while 47 percent came solely from renewable sources. Most of the renewable electricity being generated in Spain comes from wind, which alone provided 22.5 percent of the country’s electricity in April 2015. Wind often competes with nuclear for the title of Spain’s top electricity generation source overall —
{"datasets_id": 1699, "wiki_id": "Q3588970", "sp": 4, "sc": 1377, "ep": 4, "ec": 2026}
1,699
Q3588970
4
1,377
4
2,026
Energy in Spain
in fact, though nuclear pulled through in March 2015 as the top source of electricity, wind has overall provided more electricity to Spain in the entirety of 2015. From January to March 2015, according to REE, wind provided 23.7 percent of electricity generation while nuclear made up 22.7 percent. The energy sector accounts for approximately 2.5% of Spain GDP. One of the factors which has limited the economic development of Spain throughout history has been the relative scarcity of energy resources. While Spain does have its own hydrocarbon (liquid and gas) resources, their quantity is far too low to meet demand. In
{"datasets_id": 1699, "wiki_id": "Q3588970", "sp": 4, "sc": 2026, "ep": 8, "ec": 324}
1,699
Q3588970
4
2,026
8
324
Energy in Spain
Global warming
addition, there has been a low quality in the available coal. The energy dependency rate stood at 81,4% in 2005 and 73,3% in 2015. This deficit rate is higher than in the EU(28): 2005 (52,1%) and 2015(54%). Global warming According to Energy Information Administration the CO2 emissions from energy consumption of Spain were in 2009 360 Mt, below Italy 450 Mt and France 429 Mt and above Poland 295 Mt and the Netherlands 250 Mt. The emissions tonnes per capita were in Spain 7.13, Italy 7.01 France 6.3 Poland 7.43, and the Netherlands 14.89.
{"datasets_id": 1700, "wiki_id": "Q16992603", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 41}
1,700
Q16992603
2
0
10
41
English Nanny & Governess School
History & Academics
English Nanny & Governess School History The school was the first of its kind in America, with a full academic faculty dedicated exclusively to educating nannies and governesses. The school was invited to represent the child-care and nanny profession at the Conference on Childcare at The White House by the First Lady, Hillary Clinton. It has appeared in newspaper and magazine articles, including The Times, The New York Times and W, as well as on radio shows and television programs. The television shows include Good Morning America, Fox News, Larry King Live and Nightline. Academics The school offers a three-month course in
{"datasets_id": 1700, "wiki_id": "Q16992603", "sp": 10, "sc": 41, "ep": 10, "ec": 268}
1,700
Q16992603
10
41
10
268
English Nanny & Governess School
Academics
the fields of child growth, behavior and development, experiential education childcare, cultural enrichment and personal protection and safety, as well as professionalism. Students must complete a minimum of 300 course hours.
{"datasets_id": 1701, "wiki_id": "Q14621144", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 568}
1,701
Q14621144
2
0
6
568
English passive voice
Misuse of the term
English passive voice Misuse of the term Though the passive can be used for the purpose of concealing the agent, this is not a valid way of identifying the passive, and many other grammatical constructions can be used to accomplish this. Not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is an instance of passive voice. For instance "There were mistakes." and "Mistakes occurred." are both in the active voice. Occasionally, authors express recommendations about use of the passive unclearly or misapply the term "passive voice" to include sentences of this type. An example
{"datasets_id": 1701, "wiki_id": "Q14621144", "sp": 6, "sc": 568, "ep": 6, "ec": 1128}
1,701
Q14621144
6
568
6
1,128
English passive voice
Misuse of the term
of this incorrect usage can be found in the following extract from an article from The New Yorker about Bernard Madoff (bolding and italics added; bold text indicates the verbs misidentified as passive voice): Two sentences later, Madoff said, "When I began the Ponzi scheme, I believed it would end shortly, and I would be able to extricate myself, and my clients, from the scheme." As he read this, he betrayed no sense of how absurd it was to use the passive voice in regard to his scheme, as if it were a spell of bad weather that had descended on
{"datasets_id": 1701, "wiki_id": "Q14621144", "sp": 6, "sc": 1128, "ep": 6, "ec": 1566}
1,701
Q14621144
6
1,128
6
1,566
English passive voice
Misuse of the term
him . . . In most of the rest of the statement, one not only heard the aggrieved passive voice, but felt the hand of a lawyer: "To the best of my recollection, my fraud began in the early nineteen-nineties." The intransitive verbs would end and began are in fact in the active voice. Although the speaker may be using words in a manner that diverts responsibility from him, this is not being accomplished by use of passive voice.
{"datasets_id": 1702, "wiki_id": "Q5378766", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 331}
1,702
Q5378766
2
0
10
331
Enhamed Enhamed
Personal & Swimming
Enhamed Enhamed Personal Enhamed is blind. A motivational speaker, Enhamed likes to describe the moment that he became blind at the age of eight, as "the day I won my blindness". His family immigrated to Spain from Western Sahara. Swimming A vision impaired swimmer, he has a "tapper" who taps him so he knows when he has to initiate a turn in the water. In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open. Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic
{"datasets_id": 1702, "wiki_id": "Q5378766", "sp": 10, "sc": 331, "ep": 14, "ec": 427}
1,702
Q5378766
10
331
14
427
Enhamed Enhamed
Swimming & Paralympics
High Performance Program (HARP Program). He raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany. Paralympics He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 400 meter Freestyle and 100 meter Butterfly races. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He won a gold medal in the 50 meter Freestyle, 100 meter Freestyle and 400 meter Freestyle races. He won a g gold medal in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two person to finish in the 400 meter Freestyle race.
{"datasets_id": 1702, "wiki_id": "Q5378766", "sp": 14, "sc": 427, "ep": 14, "ec": 897}
1,702
Q5378766
14
427
14
897
Enhamed Enhamed
Paralympics
He won a bronze medal in the 50 meter Freestyle and the 100 meter Butterfly races. He won four gold medals in the Beijing and two in Athens Paralympic Games. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Prior to heading to London, he participated in a national vision impaired swim team training camp at the High Performance Centre of Sant Cugat from 6 to 23 August. Daily at the camp, there were two in water training sessions and one out of water training session.
{"datasets_id": 1703, "wiki_id": "Q16916457", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 310}
1,703
Q16916457
2
0
4
310
Enneg
Enneg The enneg is a bowed string instrument. It is a traditional instrument of the Seri or Konkaak tribe in northwestern Mexico. It consists of a rectangular body carved from a block of wood, a bridge and has one string. The instrument is played with a mesquite-and-horsehair bow. It is used in rites and dances.
{"datasets_id": 1704, "wiki_id": "Q5379277", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 447}
1,704
Q5379277
2
0
4
447
Enoch Chihana
Enoch Chihana Enoch Chihana is a Malawian Member of Parliament for Rumphi Central. He is running under an Alliance for Democracy (AFORD) ticket in a highly contested by-elections held in the northern region district. The seat was formerly occupied by DPP's Moses Chirambo who died last year. He won the coveted seat by over 6,641 votes followed by DPP’s 3,275 votes. He is the Minister of Sports. He is the son of the founder of AFORD, Chakufwa Chihana.
{"datasets_id": 1705, "wiki_id": "Q5379380", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 227}
1,705
Q5379380
2
0
4
227
Enola earthquake swarm
Enola earthquake swarm The Enola earthquake swarm was a series of earthquakes in 2001 that centered on Central Arkansas. It follows the earthquake swarms of Arkansas in the 1980s, and predates the Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm that started in 2010.
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 669}
1,706
Q5380384
2
0
6
669
Enterprise forms automation
Impact
Enterprise forms automation Impact Organizations implement enterprise software solutions in order to automate major functions and large processes as these areas offer the greatest cost savings and return on investment compared to smaller projects. Enterprise-level implementations often cost well over $100,000 and therefore take many months to realize cost savings. As such, automating smaller functions are ignored due to the lack of immediate financial benefit or cost savings. As functions become more and more automated while software costs for enterprise systems drop in price, organizations begin automating lower-level functions in order to reap additional cost savings and become more efficient.
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 6, "sc": 669, "ep": 6, "ec": 1353}
1,706
Q5380384
6
669
6
1,353
Enterprise forms automation
Impact
In addition, through the advent of standards like Adobe's PDF model and service models like Quik!, automating the process of filling out forms is one such area that companies seek to automate via Enterprise Forms Automation solutions. Automating forms also has a positive ‘green’ impact on the environment. In order to reduce waste and carbon emissions, companies seek ways to eliminate paper. By deploying an Enterprise Forms Automation system, companies can eliminate paper entirely or significantly reduce how much paper is used, while greatly reducing shipping and handling costs, storage costs, and printing costs associated to pre-printed forms. In addition, automating
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 6, "sc": 1353, "ep": 10, "ec": 469}
1,706
Q5380384
6
1,353
10
469
Enterprise forms automation
Impact & DMS
paper-based processes greatly speeds up the time it takes to perform transactions, which results in fewer errors, rejections and revisions and has the benefit of freeing up the time spent by users on manual labor. DMS In today's implementation of the paperless office concept there are two main focuses: creating documents and managing documents. Since major systems have already displaced paper altogether (e.g. enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, accounting software, etc.), the paper that continues to be in use is largely generated by processes that capture data, generate reports and distribute communications. As software and computers have evolved, the
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 10, "sc": 469, "ep": 10, "ec": 1149}
1,706
Q5380384
10
469
10
1,149
Enterprise forms automation
DMS
first problem to be addressed has been the management of existing and legacy documents through document management systems. Document management and archiving systems do offer some methods of automating forms. Typically, the point in which document management systems start working with a document is when the document is scanned and/or sent into the system. Many document management systems include the ability to read documents via optical character recognition (OCR) and use that data within the document management system's framework. While this technology is essential to achieving a paperless office it does not address the processes that generate paper in the first
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 10, "sc": 1149, "ep": 10, "ec": 1794}
1,706
Q5380384
10
1,149
10
1,794
Enterprise forms automation
DMS
place. The ultimate step towards eliminating paper is to change the way that documents are created. In 1993 Adobe Systems introduced the Portable Document Format (PDF) in order to facilitate the exchange of documents in a universal manner across most computer platforms. This format has laid the foundation for creating, transporting, working on and archiving electronic documents and in 2008 became an ISO standard. In addition, the PDF model established a method for automating forms that allows forms to be prefilled with existing data and manually entered on a PC screen which can greatly reduce and/or eliminate the number of paper
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 10, "sc": 1794, "ep": 14, "ec": 613}
1,706
Q5380384
10
1,794
14
613
Enterprise forms automation
DMS & Implementation challenges
forms being printed. Implementation challenges The primary challenge to making use of these technologies is a matter of resource planning and implementation costs, however all of the necessary technologies have been in existence since at least 2000. Furthermore, the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN Act) was signed into legislation by Congress requiring that digital signatures be accepted as valid signatures. But even with the law in effect, companies have been slow to adopt such solutions due to the cost and skills required to design, build and maintain such systems at a reasonable price. A secondary challenge is
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 14, "sc": 613, "ep": 14, "ec": 1346}
1,706
Q5380384
14
613
14
1,346
Enterprise forms automation
Implementation challenges
integrating the electronic forms into an existing process, whereby existing data stores can be accessed and supplied to and from the forms. While tools to assist with the integration exist, most implementations require custom programming efforts to the specific forms and data sources. Many of these challenges are being addressed by middleware solutions, technology platforms and services that tie all the pieces together. Known as Enterprise Application Integration (“EAI”), developers of EAI solutions are continually introducing new cost-effective methods to take advantage of web-based and centrally-managed capabilities plus the ability to leverage legacy system architecture. With each advancement in EAI technologies
{"datasets_id": 1706, "wiki_id": "Q5380384", "sp": 14, "sc": 1346, "ep": 14, "ec": 1414}
1,706
Q5380384
14
1,346
14
1,414
Enterprise forms automation
Implementation challenges
enterprise forms automation becomes easier to implement and manage.
{"datasets_id": 1707, "wiki_id": "Q21281026", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 18, "ec": 54}
1,707
Q21281026
2
0
18
54
Environmental enteropathy
Signs and symptoms & Short-term & Causes & Mechanism
Environmental enteropathy Signs and symptoms Environmental enteropathy is believed to result in chronic malnutrition and subsequent growth stunting (low height-for-age measurement) as well as other child development deficits. Short-term EE is rarely symptomatic and is considered a subclinical condition. However, adults may have mild symptoms or malabsorption such as altered stool consistency, increased stool frequency and weight loss. Causes The development of EE is multifactorial, but predominantly associated with chronic exposure to contaminated food and water. This is especially true in environments where widespread open defecation and lack of sanitation are common. Mechanism Long-term exposure to environmental pathogens leads to
{"datasets_id": 1707, "wiki_id": "Q21281026", "sp": 18, "sc": 54, "ep": 22, "ec": 268}
1,707
Q21281026
18
54
22
268
Environmental enteropathy
Mechanism & Classification
a generalized state of intestinal inflammation. Chronic inflammation leads to both functional and structural changes which alter gut permeability and ability of the intestine to absorb nutrients. Specifically, structural changes within the intestine include smaller villi, larger crypts (called crypt hyperplasia), increased permeability, and inflammatory cell build-up within the intestines. These changes result in poor absorption of food, vitamins and minerals – or "modest malabsorption". Classification In the 1960s, researchers reported a syndrome of non-specific histopathological and functional changes to the small intestine in individuals living in unsanitary conditions. This syndrome was observed predominantly in tropical regions across Latin America, sub-Saharan
{"datasets_id": 1707, "wiki_id": "Q21281026", "sp": 22, "sc": 268, "ep": 22, "ec": 993}
1,707
Q21281026
22
268
22
993
Environmental enteropathy
Classification
Africa and Asia. The geographic distribution of the syndrome lead to the original term of "tropical enteropathy" (sometimes also "tropical jejunopathy"). Following initial reports, further investigation revealed that these symptoms were not specific to tropical climates. For example, individuals in more wealthy tropical countries, such as Qatar and Singapore, did not exhibit these symptoms. Similarly, subsequent studies have shown this condition to be common across the developing world, closely associated with impoverished conditions but independent of climate or geography. As a result, the term "environmental enteropathy" was introduced to specify that this condition is not only found in tropical areas and
{"datasets_id": 1707, "wiki_id": "Q21281026", "sp": 22, "sc": 993, "ep": 30, "ec": 136}
1,707
Q21281026
22
993
30
136
Environmental enteropathy
Classification & Prevention & Treatment
is believed to be caused by environmental factors. Prevention Prevention focuses on improving access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Another important factor might be contaminated soil in child play spaces, often caused by the presence of livestock such as chicken in the household. Creating a clean play space might therefore be an effective preventive measure for EE in toddlers. Treatment Treatment focuses on addressing the central components of intestinal inflammation, bacterial overgrowth and nutritional supplementation.
{"datasets_id": 1708, "wiki_id": "Q43378585", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 392}
1,708
Q43378585
2
0
4
392
Ephram of Jerusalem
Ephram of Jerusalem Ephram of Jerusalem was a 2nd century Jewish Christian bishop of Jerusalem. According to the church Historian Eusebius of Caesarea, there were fifteen bishops of Jerusalem, all Jewish Christians, who ruled the church in Jerusalem up till the Bar Kokhba's revolt, and he was 12th on that list. Exact dates are not given by Eusebius, for his bishopric but it was between 124 and 135 AD.
{"datasets_id": 1709, "wiki_id": "Q1957878", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 635}
1,709
Q1957878
2
0
4
635
Ephrem Mtsire
Ephrem Mtsire Ephrem Mtsire or Ephraim the Lesser (Georgian: ეფრემ მცირე) (died c. 1101/3) was a Georgian monk at Antioch, theologian and translator of patristic literature from Greek. Information as to Ephrem’s life is scarce. Early in life he received a thorough Hellenic education presumably in Constantinople, where his purported father Vache Karich'isdze, a Georgian nobleman from Tao, had removed in 1027. Ephrem then became a monk at the Black Mountain near Antioch, which was populated by a vibrant Georgian monastic community of around 70 monks. Later in his life, c. 1091, Ephrem became a hegumen of the Kastana monastery, probably
{"datasets_id": 1709, "wiki_id": "Q1957878", "sp": 4, "sc": 635, "ep": 4, "ec": 1340}
1,709
Q1957878
4
635
4
1,340
Ephrem Mtsire
at the Castalia spring in Daphne, outside Antioch. Ephrem’s hellenophile translational technique proved to be fundamental for later Georgian literature. He was the first to introduce literal rendering into Georgian, and made scholia and lexica familiar to Georgian readers. Some of his notable translations are the works by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Basil of Caesarea, Ephrem the Syrian, and John of Damascus. Ephrem’s original work "Tale on the Reason for the Conversion of the Georgians" (უწყებაჲ მიზეზსა ქართველთა მოქცევისასა; uts’qebay mizezsa k’art’velt’a mok’tsevisasa) is yet another manifesto in defense of autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox Church which was subject of a dispute
{"datasets_id": 1709, "wiki_id": "Q1957878", "sp": 4, "sc": 1340, "ep": 4, "ec": 1407}
1,709
Q1957878
4
1,340
4
1,407
Ephrem Mtsire
between the Georgian and Antiochian churchmen in the 11th century.
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 599}
1,710
Q5382717
2
0
4
599
Epidemiology of cancer
Epidemiology of cancer The epidemiology of cancer is the study of the factors affecting cancer, as a way to infer possible trends and causes. The study of cancer epidemiology uses epidemiological methods to find the cause of cancer and to identify and develop improved treatments. This area of study must contend with problems of lead time bias and length time bias. Lead time bias is the concept that early diagnosis may artificially inflate the survival statistics of a cancer, without really improving the natural history of the disease. Length bias is the concept that slower growing, more indolent tumors are
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 4, "sc": 599, "ep": 8, "ec": 36}
1,710
Q5382717
4
599
8
36
Epidemiology of cancer
Organizations
more likely to be diagnosed by screening tests, but improvements in diagnosing more cases of indolent cancer may not translate into better patient outcomes after the implementation of screening programs. A related concern is overdiagnosis, the tendency of screening tests to diagnose diseases that may not actually impact the patient's longevity. This problem especially applies to prostate cancer and PSA screening. Some cancer researchers have argued that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient statistical power to discover a benefit to treatment. This may be due to fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned. Organizations State and regional cancer registries
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 8, "sc": 36, "ep": 8, "ec": 743}
1,710
Q5382717
8
36
8
743
Epidemiology of cancer
Organizations
are organizations that abstract clinical data about cancer from patient medical records. These institutions provide information to state and national public health groups to help track trends in cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the largest and most important cancer registries is Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER), administered by the US Federal government. Health information privacy concerns have led to the restricted use of cancer registry data in the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and other institutions. The American Cancer Society predicts that approximately 1,690,000 new cancer cases will be diagnosed and 577,000 Americans will ultimately die of cancer
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 8, "sc": 743, "ep": 16, "ec": 163}
1,710
Q5382717
8
743
16
163
Epidemiology of cancer
Organizations & Studies & Rates and mortality
in 2012. Studies Observational epidemiological studies that show associations between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could reduce cancer incidence or morbidity. Randomized controlled trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by randomized controlled trials. Rates and mortality In the U.S. cancer is second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death; in the UK it is the leading cause of death. In many developing countries
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 16, "sc": 163, "ep": 16, "ec": 836}
1,710
Q5382717
16
163
16
836
Epidemiology of cancer
Rates and mortality
cancer incidence (insofar as this can be measured) appears much lower, most likely because of the higher death rates due to infectious disease or injury. With the increased control over malaria and tuberculosis in some Third World countries, incidence of cancer is expected to rise; in the Eastern Mediterranean region, for example, cancer incidence is expected to increase by 100% to 180% in the next 15 years due to increases in life expectancy, an increasing proportion of elderly people, and the successful control of childhood disease. This is termed the epidemiologic transition in epidemiological terminology. Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 16, "sc": 836, "ep": 20, "ec": 242}
1,710
Q5382717
16
836
20
242
Epidemiology of cancer
Rates and mortality & India
spread in various countries. Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in China and neighbouring countries, most likely due to the endemic presence of hepatitis B and aflatoxin in that population. Similarly, with tobacco smoking becoming more common in various Third World countries, lung cancer incidence has increased in a parallel fashion. India According to the National Cancer Registry Programme of the India Council of Medical Research (ICMR), more than 1300 Indians die every day due to cancer. Between 2012 and 2014, the mortality rate due to cancer increased by approximately 6%. In
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 20, "sc": 242, "ep": 24, "ec": 29}
1,710
Q5382717
20
242
24
29
Epidemiology of cancer
India & Canada
2012, there were 478,180 deaths out of 2,934,314 cases reported. In 2013 there were 465,169 deaths out of 3,016,628 cases. In 2014, 491,598 people died in out of 2,820,179 cases. According to the Population Cancer Registry of Indian Council of Medical Research, the incidence and mortality of cancer is highest in the north-eastern region of the country. Breast cancer is the most common, and stomach cancer is the leading cause of death by cancer for the population as a whole. Breast cancer and lung cancer kill the most women and men respectively. Canada In Canada, as of 2007, cancer
{"datasets_id": 1710, "wiki_id": "Q5382717", "sp": 24, "sc": 29, "ep": 24, "ec": 600}
1,710
Q5382717
24
29
24
600
Epidemiology of cancer
Canada
is the number one cause of death, contributing to 29.6% of all deaths in the country. The second highest cause of death is cardiovascular diseases resulting in 21.5% of deaths. As of 2011, prostate cancer was the most common form of cancer among males (about 28% of all new cases) and breast cancer the most common in females (also about 28% of all new cases). The leading cause of death in both males and females is lung cancer, which contributes to 26.8% of all cancer deaths. Statistics indicate that between the ages of 20 and 50 years, the incidence rate of
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1,710
Q5382717
24
600
28
222
Epidemiology of cancer
Canada & Incidence of a second cancer in survivors
cancer is higher amongst women whereas after 50 years of age, the incidence rate increases in men. Predictions by the Canadian Cancer Society indicate that with time, there will be an increase in the rates of incidence of cancer for both males and females. Cancer will thus continue to be a persistent issue in years to come. Incidence of a second cancer in survivors In the developed world, one in three people will develop cancer during their lifetimes. If all cancer patients survived and cancer occurred randomly, the normal lifetime odds of developing a second primary cancer (not the
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1,710
Q5382717
28
222
28
824
Epidemiology of cancer
Incidence of a second cancer in survivors
first cancer spreading to a new site) would be one in nine. However, cancer survivors have an increased risk of developing a second primary cancer, and the odds are about two in nine. About half of these second primaries can be attributed to the normal one-in-nine risk associated with random chance. The increased risk is believed to be primarily due to the same risk factors that produced the first cancer, such as the person's genetic profile, alcohol and tobacco use, obesity, and environmental exposures, and partly due, in some cases, to the treatment for the first cancer, which might
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1,710
Q5382717
28
824
32
442
Epidemiology of cancer
Incidence of a second cancer in survivors & Children
have included mutagenic chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation. Cancer survivors may also be more likely to comply with recommended screening, and thus may be more likely than average to detect cancers. Children Childhood cancer and cancer in adolescents is rare (about 150 cases per million yearly in the US). Leukemia (usually acute lymphoblastic leukemia) is the most common cancer in children aged 1–14 in the U.S., followed by the central nervous system cancers, neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Statistics from the SEER program of the US NCI demonstrate that childhood cancers increased 19% between 1975 and 1990, mainly due
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1,710
Q5382717
32
442
32
531
Epidemiology of cancer
Children
to an increased incidence in acute leukemia. Since 1990, incidence rates have decreased.
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1,711
Q3713866
2
0
14
105
Epidirella xanthophaes
Biology & Life Cycle and Mating Behavior & Distribution
Epidirella xanthophaes Biology Members of the order Neogastropoda are mostly gonochoric and broadcast spawners. Life cycle: Embryos develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults. Life Cycle and Mating Behavior Embryos develop into planktonic trocophore larvae and later into juvenile veligers before becoming fully grown adults. Distribution This marine species occurs off New South Wales and Tasmania, Australia, at depths between 37 m and 161 m.
{"datasets_id": 1712, "wiki_id": "Q393339", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 154}
1,712
Q393339
2
0
14
154
Epigallocatechin gallate
Tea & Other & Bioavailability
Epigallocatechin gallate Tea It is found in high content in the dried leaves of green tea (7380 mg per 100 g), white tea (4245 mg per 100 g), and in smaller quantities, black tea (936 mg per 100 g). During black tea production, the catechins are mostly converted to theaflavins and thearubigins via polyphenol oxidases. Other Trace amounts are found in apple skin, plums, onions, hazelnuts, pecans, and carob powder (at 109 mg per 100 g). Bioavailability When taken orally, EGCG has poor absorption even at daily intake equivalent to 8–16 cups of green tea, an amount causing adverse effects such as nausea or
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1,712
Q393339
14
154
18
320
Epigallocatechin gallate
Bioavailability & Research
heartburn. After consumption, EGCG blood levels peak within 1.7 hours. The absorbed plasma half-life is ~5 hours, but with majority of unchanged EGCG excreted into urine over 0 to 8 hours. Methylated metabolites appear to have longer half-lives and occur at 8-25 times the plasma levels of unmetabolized EGCG. Research Well-studied in basic research, EGCG has various biological effects in laboratory studies. A 2011 analysis by the European Food Safety Authority found that a cause and effect relationship could not be shown for a link between tea catechins and the maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentration. A 2016 review
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1,712
Q393339
18
320
26
69
Epigallocatechin gallate
Research & Potential toxicity & Regulation
found that high daily doses (107 to 856 mg/day) taken by human subjects over four to 14 weeks produced a small reduction of LDL cholesterol. Potential toxicity A 2018 review showed that excessive intake of EGCG may cause liver toxicity. In 2018, the European Food Safety Authority stated that daily intake of 800 mg or more could increase risk of liver damage. The degree of toxicity varies by person, suggesting that it is potentiated by genetic predisposition and the diet eaten during the period of ingestion, or other factors. Regulation Over 2008 to 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration issued several
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1,712
Q393339
26
69
26
730
Epigallocatechin gallate
Regulation
warning letters to manufacturers of dietary supplements containing EGCG for violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Most of these letters informed the companies that their promotional materials promoted EGCG-based dietary supplements the treatment or prevention of diseases or conditions that cause them to be classified as drugs under the United States code, while another focused on inadequate quality assurance procedures and labeling violations. The warnings were issued because the products had not been established as safe and effective for their marketed uses and were promoted as "new drugs", without approval as required under the Act.
{"datasets_id": 1713, "wiki_id": "Q14249", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599}
1,713
Q14249
2
0
6
599
Epsilon Scorpii
Nomenclature
Epsilon Scorpii Nomenclature ε Scorpii (Latinised to Epsilon Scorpii) is the star's Bayer designation. The star bore the traditional name Larawag in the culture of the Wardaman people of the Northern territory of Australia, meaning clear sighting. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Larawag for Epsilon Scorpii on 19 November 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. Patrick Moore introduced the name Wei as Chinese name for this star. However, this seems to be a misreading,
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1,713
Q14249
6
599
10
79
Epsilon Scorpii
Nomenclature & In culture
as Chinese 尾宿 (Wěi Xiù, English Tail) refers to an asterism (i.e. Chinese constellation) consisting of Epsilon Scorpii, Mu¹ Scorpii, Zeta¹ Scorpii and Zeta² Scorpii, Eta Scorpii, Theta Scorpii, Iota² Scorpii and Iota¹ Scorpii, Kappa Scorpii, Lambda Scorpii and Upsilon Scorpii. Consequently, the name for Epsilon Scorpii itself is 尾宿二 (Wěi Xiù èr), which means "the Second Star of Tail". In culture Epsilon Scorpii appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Ceará.
{"datasets_id": 1714, "wiki_id": "Q5384307", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 342}
1,714
Q5384307
2
0
6
342
Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing
Results
Equestrian at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Individual eventing Results The start and finish were both on the grounds of the Field Riding Club. In consequence of the hot weather prevailing, the ground was very hard. All the competitors were previously shown the course, which was marked with red flags. In addition to this, a map of the course and definite instructions were given by the guides to the competitors.
{"datasets_id": 1715, "wiki_id": "Q3082335", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 355}
1,715
Q3082335
2
0
6
355
Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team dressage
Competition format
Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Team dressage Competition format The team and individual dressage competitions used the same results. Dressage had three phases, with only the first two used in the team competition. The first phase was the Grand Prix. The top seven teams advanced to the second phase, the Grand Prix Special. The results of that phase (ignoring the previous Grand Prix scores) produced the final results.
{"datasets_id": 1716, "wiki_id": "Q2026253", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 566}
1,716
Q2026253
2
0
6
566
Equulites elongatus
Description
Equulites elongatus Description Equulites elongatus has an elongated body compared to its congeners but has the downward pointing, protractile mouth typical of the family Leiognathidae situated underneath the pointed snout. The single dorsal fin has 8 spines and 16 soft rays. the first spine is small, the subsequent three spines are larger and they then decrease sharply in size towards the caudal finwhile the dorsal rays are nearly equal in length. The anal fin has 3 spines and 14 soft rays, with the first spine being rather small and forked. The pectoral fin has 16 soft rays while the small
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1,716
Q2026253
6
566
10
104
Equulites elongatus
Description & Distribution
pelvic fin a single spine and five soft rays with its origin is slightly in front of the origin of the pectoral fin. The head lacks any scales, while the cheek and breast are covered in small scales and there are spines on the nape. The upper body is dark grey in colour with irregular dark spots and the underside is silver-grey. The iris is silver-grey and the pupil is black. They grow up to 12 cm in length but the normal length is 8 cm. Distribution Equulites elongates has an Indo-Pacific distribution which extends from the east coast of Africa through
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1,716
Q2026253
10
104
14
244
Equulites elongatus
Distribution & Biology
the coastal waters of south-western India eastwards to the Philippines, north to Japan and south to Australia. It was recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean in 2011 and had reached Turkey by 2015, making it the second species of ponyfish to have colonised the eastern Mediterranean as part of the Lessepsian migration, the first being Equulites klunzingeri. Biology Equulites elongates is a demersal species which is found in shallow waters to depths of 30m and is a gregarious species which is normally encountered inschools near the sea bed. It feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates such as small crustaceans
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1,716
Q2026253
14
244
22
334
Equulites elongatus
Biology & Fisheries & Taxonomy
and polychaete worms as well as algae. Fisheries Equulites elongates is of minor commercial importance. Taxonomy Analysis of mitochondrial DNA published in 2017 has suggested that Equulites elongates is in fact a species group made up of three species Equulites aethopos from the southern Red Sea; Equulites elongates from the south-east Asia and northern Australia; and Equulites popei from the Red Sea and eastern Africa east to the Andaman Sea.
{"datasets_id": 1717, "wiki_id": "Q669123", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 495}
1,717
Q669123
2
0
6
495
Erase/Rewind
Music video
Erase/Rewind Music video The official music video was directed by Swedish director Adam Berg. It features science-fiction references to Star Wars and 2001: A Space Odyssey. At least three versions of the video exist. In one version, the walls which close on the band while performing nearly crush them before a camera pointing at them shuts down. Another version shows the walls stopping and a door opening in front of them. A variant of the latter shows several clips from The Thirteenth Floor during the video.
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1,718
Q15594032
2
0
6
612
Eremophila incisa
Description
Eremophila incisa Description Eremophila incisa is a small, spreading shrub which grows to a height of between 20 and 30 cm (8 and 10 in) with branches that are flattened near their tips and sticky due to the presence of resin. The leaves are arranged alternately and scattered along the stems, thick, egg-shaped to elliptic, sticky, shiny, curved downwards and mostly 7–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) long and 3.5–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) wide. The most distinctive feature of the leaves is that their margins are cut into, producing stiff, spiny teeth. The flowers are borne singly or in pairs in leaf axils on a sticky stalk, usually 9–18 mm
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1,718
Q15594032
6
612
6
1,181
Eremophila incisa
Description
(0.4–0.7 in) long. There are 5 green to purplish-brown, lance-shaped to egg-shaped overlapping sepals which are very hairy on their inner surface. The petals are 16–23 mm (0.6–0.9 in) long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is deep purple to mauve on the outside and white with yellow-brown spots inside. The outside of the tube and petal lobes are densely hairy but the inside of the lobes is glabrous and the inside of the tube is woolly. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from March to October and is