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{"datasets_id": 1747, "wiki_id": "Q15395991", "sp": 6, "sc": 597, "ep": 10, "ec": 22} | 1,747 | Q15395991 | 6 | 597 | 10 | 22 | Eucalyptus depauperata | Description & Taxonomy and naming | borne in leaf axils on a pendulous, flattened, unbranched peduncle 15–35 mm (0.59–1.38 in) long, the individual buds on a pedicel 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, 16–24 mm (0.63–0.94 in) long and 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) wide, with a blunt horn-shaped operculum that is two or three times as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs from September to November and the flowers are lemon-yellow, or sometimes pink-red. The fruits are woody, pendulous, conical to cup-shaped capsules that are 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long and 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) wide on a pedicel 3–10 mm (0.12–0.39 in) long and contain dark brown flattened-ovoid shaped seeds. Taxonomy and naming Eucalyptus depauperata |
{"datasets_id": 1747, "wiki_id": "Q15395991", "sp": 10, "sc": 22, "ep": 14, "ec": 118} | 1,747 | Q15395991 | 10 | 22 | 14 | 118 | Eucalyptus depauperata | Taxonomy and naming & Distribution and habitat | was first formally described by the botanists Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill in 1992 in the journal Telopea. The type specimen was collected by Hill in 1988 near Lake King. The specific epithet (depauperata) is a mediaeval Latin word meaning "made poor", referring to the small habit, buds and fruits on this species.
This species is part of the Eucalyptus subgenus Symphyomyrtus in the section Bisectae and the subsection Glandulosae. It is closely related to E. eremophila, E. incerata and E. tenera. Distribution and habitat This mallee is found on sandplains and lateritic breakaways in the southern Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions |
{"datasets_id": 1747, "wiki_id": "Q15395991", "sp": 14, "sc": 118, "ep": 18, "ec": 127} | 1,747 | Q15395991 | 14 | 118 | 18 | 127 | Eucalyptus depauperata | Distribution and habitat & Conservation status | of Western Australia.
Its range extends from the southern wheatbelt, with large numbers around Lake King extending south-east to around Munglinup. Conservation status Eucalyptus depauperata is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife. |
{"datasets_id": 1748, "wiki_id": "Q15356255", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 243} | 1,748 | Q15356255 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 243 | Eucalyptus staeri | Description & Range | Eucalyptus staeri Description E staeri will grow to a height of 2 metres (7 ft) to 15 m (49 ft) and has rough bark that is fissured longitudinally. It blooms between October and November producing circular white fine flowers. Range It is found mostly in the south west corner of the Great Southern region of Western Australia centred around the town of Albany with smaller populations extending north into the Wheatbelt. The preferred habitat is sandy soil in coastal scrub. |
{"datasets_id": 1749, "wiki_id": "Q1372367", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 223} | 1,749 | Q1372367 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 223 | Eugen-Keidel Tower | Eugen-Keidel Tower Eugen-Keidel Tower is a 31 metre-high observation tower location on the Schauinsland mountain near Freiburg, Germany. It was built in 1981. The Eugen-Keidel Tower has an extraordinary design with a triangular cross section. |
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{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 293} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 293 | Eugene Stoner | Early life & Engineer | Eugene Stoner Early life The son of Lloyd Lester Stoner and Billie Morrison, Stoner attended high school in Long Beach and upon graduation worked for the Vega Aircraft Company installing armament.
During World War II, he enlisted for Aviation Ordnance in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in the South Pacific and northern China. Engineer In late 1945 Stoner began working in the machine shop for Whittaker, an aircraft equipment company, and ultimately became a Design Engineer.
In 1954 he came to work as chief engineer for ArmaLite, a division of Fairchild Engine & Airplane Corporation. While at ArmaLite, he designed a |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 10, "sc": 293, "ep": 10, "ec": 965} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 10 | 293 | 10 | 965 | Eugene Stoner | Engineer | series of prototype small arms, including the AR-3, AR-9, AR-11, AR-12, none of which saw significant production. Their only real success during this period was the AR-5 survival rifle, which was adopted by the United States Air Force.
In 1955, Stoner completed initial design work on the revolutionary ArmaLite AR-10, a lightweight (7.25 lbs.) select-fire infantry rifle in 7.62×51mm NATO caliber. The AR-10 was submitted for rifle evaluation trials to the US Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground late in 1956. In comparison with competing rifle designs previously submitted for evaluation, the AR-10 was smaller, easier to fire in automatic, and much lighter. However |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 10, "sc": 965, "ep": 10, "ec": 1604} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 10 | 965 | 10 | 1,604 | Eugene Stoner | Engineer | it arrived very late in the testing cycle, and the army rejected the AR-10 in favor of the more conventional T44, which became the M14. The AR-10's design was later licensed to the Dutch firm of Artillerie Inrichtingen, who produced the AR-10 until 1960 for sale to various military forces.
At the request of the U.S. military, Stoner's chief assistant, Robert Fremont along with Jim Sullivan designed the Armalite AR-15 from the basic AR-10 model, scaling it down to fire the small-caliber .223 Remington cartridge, slightly enlarged to meet the minimum Army penetration requirements. The AR-15 was later adopted by United States |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 10, "sc": 1604, "ep": 10, "ec": 2241} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 10 | 1,604 | 10 | 2,241 | Eugene Stoner | Engineer | military forces as the M16 rifle.
After ArmaLite sold the rights to the AR-15 to the Colt Firearms Company, Stoner turned his attention to the AR-16 design. This was another advanced 7.62 mm rifle but used a more conventional piston and a number of stamped parts to reduce cost. This weapon saw only prototype development but adaptation to .223 resulted in the somewhat successful and often imitated Armalite AR-18.
Stoner left ArmaLite in 1961 to serve as a consultant for Colt. He eventually accepted a position with Cadillac Gage where he designed the Stoner 63 Weapons System. This was a modular weapons system which |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 10, "sc": 2241, "ep": 10, "ec": 2895} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 10 | 2,241 | 10 | 2,895 | Eugene Stoner | Engineer | could be reconfigured to be a standard automatic rifle, a light machine gun, a medium machine gun, or a solenoid-fired fixed machine gun.
The Stoner Weapons System used a piston-operated gas impingement system. Once again, Robert Fremont and Jim Sullivan took a Stoner rifle and redesigned it for the .223 Remington cartridge, to create the Stoner 63 Weapons System.
Stoner then worked with TRW by designing the TRW 6425 25 mm Bushmaster auto cannon, which was later manufactured by Oerlikon as the KBA.
He co-founded ARES Incorporated of Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1972, but left the company in 1989, after designing the Ares Light |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 10, "sc": 2895, "ep": 14, "ec": 66} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 10 | 2,895 | 14 | 66 | Eugene Stoner | Engineer & Mikhail T. Kalashnikov | Machine Gun, sometimes known as the Stoner 86. It was an evolved version of the Stoner 63. At Ares, he also designed the Future Assault Rifle Concept (FARC).
In 1990, he joined Knight's Armament Company (KAC) to create the Stoner Rifle-25 (SR-25), which currently sees military service as the United States Navy Mark 11 Mod 0 Sniper Weapon System. While at KAC, he also worked on yet another version of the Stoner Weapons System, called the Stoner 96. Among his last designs were the SR-50 rifle and the Colt 2000. Mikhail T. Kalashnikov On May 16, 1990, Eugene M. Stoner and Mikhail T. Kalashnikov would |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 14, "sc": 66, "ep": 18, "ec": 18} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 14 | 66 | 18 | 18 | Eugene Stoner | Mikhail T. Kalashnikov & Death | meet for the first time. They would spend the next few days talking, sharing stories, shopping, going out to dinner and touring Washington D.C. They visited the Smithsonian Institution, the NRA’s National Firearms Museum, and a hunting lodge owned by the gun club at Star Tannery, where they went shooting. They would also visit the Marine Corps base in Quantico, Virginia, where they watched new weapons being tested. During this short visit both men, intimately familiar with the other's work, shared a common bond and became friends, "not needing an interpreter to get their thoughts across." Death Eugene Stoner died |
{"datasets_id": 1750, "wiki_id": "Q558764", "sp": 18, "sc": 18, "ep": 18, "ec": 576} | 1,750 | Q558764 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 576 | Eugene Stoner | Death | as a result of cancer at the age of 74 on April 24, 1997, and was later interred in the Quantico National Cemetery, Quantico, Virginia.
He was survived by his wife, Barbara Hitt Stoner, whom he married in 1965; his first wife, Jean Stoner Mahony of Newport Beach, California, from whom he was divorced in 1962; four children from his first marriage, Patricia Magee of Alpine, Wyoming; Susan Kleinpell of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; Deirdre Elmore of Tiburon, California; and, Michael of Minneapolis, seven grandchildren and four great-grandchildren. |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 418} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 418 | Eugenia Price | Biography | Eugenia Price Eugenia Price (June 22, 1916 – May 28, 1996) was an American author best known for her historical novels which were set in the American South. Biography Price was born into a middle-class family in Charleston, West Virginia. Her father, Walter was a dentist. At the age of ten Eugenia decided that she wanted to be a writer, an ambition encouraged by her mother Anna. She submitted a poem to her school's literary magazine. In 1932 she graduated from high school, declared herself an atheist and decided to pursue a career in dentistry instead of writing. After attending |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 8, "sc": 418, "ep": 12, "ec": 45} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 8 | 418 | 12 | 45 | Eugenia Price | Biography & Conversion to Christianity and Unshackled! | Ohio University for two years, Eugenia Price became the only female student to be enrolled in Ohio's Northwestern Dentistry School. After studying dentistry for two years, she decided to pursue a career in writing again.
In 1939 she was hired by NBC to work on their radio series "In Care of Aggie Horn", where she worked until 1942 when she left NBC and was hired by Procter & Gamble. In 1945 she formed her own production company named "Eugenia Price Productions" and continued to write serials for Procter & Gamble. Conversion to Christianity and Unshackled! In 1949, Eugenia Price embraced Christianity, |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 12, "sc": 45, "ep": 12, "ec": 661} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 12 | 45 | 12 | 661 | Eugenia Price | Conversion to Christianity and Unshackled! | an act which would have a profound effect on her career and her reputation. After post-conversion hiatus, Eugenia Price felt led to accept a job as writer/director for "Unshackled!", a radio drama sponsored by the Pacific Garden Mission. The radio show was first broadcast on WGN (AM). In 1953 Eugenia Price published the book "Discoveries Made From Living My Life", which launched her career as an inspirational novelist. She would spend the 1950s writing inspirational and devotional books, primarily for women, and speaking at churches and civic events. She wrote over a dozen such titles with combined sales in |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 12, "sc": 661, "ep": 16, "ec": 561} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 12 | 661 | 16 | 561 | Eugenia Price | Conversion to Christianity and Unshackled! & Career as a historical novelist and community activist | the millions. Career as a historical novelist and community activist In 1961 Eugenia Price visited St. Simons Island, Georgia during a book signing tour. In the cemetery for Christ Church, she saw a tombstone for the Reverend Anson Dodge and his two wives. This inspired her to research the area, including history and famous figures. She would spend the remainder of her life writing detailed
historical novels set in the American South, many of which were critically acclaimed. Her early works, particularly the "St Simons Trilogy" – which consists of the books "The Beloved Invader" (1965), "New Moon Rising" (1969) and |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 16, "sc": 561, "ep": 16, "ec": 1232} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 16 | 561 | 16 | 1,232 | Eugenia Price | Career as a historical novelist and community activist | "Lighthouse" (1972) – were extensively researched and based on real people. This is in contrast to her later novels, such as "Another Day" (1984) and "The Waiting Time" (1997) which featured her own characters. Other historical novels include "The Georgia Trilogy" consisting of "Bright Captivity", "Where Shadows Go", and "Beauty From Ashes." The "Florida Trilogy" has "Don Juan McQueen", "Maria", and "Margaret's Story." Then she has a "Savannah Quartet" with "Savannah", "To See Your Face Again", "Before the Darkness Falls", and "Stranger in Savannah."
After moving in 1965 to St. Simons, Georgia with her long-time companion, the writer Joyce Blackburn (who |
{"datasets_id": 1751, "wiki_id": "Q4973520", "sp": 16, "sc": 1232, "ep": 16, "ec": 1728} | 1,751 | Q4973520 | 16 | 1,232 | 16 | 1,728 | Eugenia Price | Career as a historical novelist and community activist | assisted her with research), Eugenia Price became active in many local causes, most of which involved protecting the local environment from the effects of industrialisation.
She died in Brunswick, Georgia on May 28, 1996 of congestive heart failure. She is buried next to Joyce Blackburn, and just yards from Anson Dodge and his two wives. Her tombstone reads: "After her conversion to Jesus Christ, October 2, 1949, she wrote 'Light ... and eternity and love and all are mine at last.'" |
{"datasets_id": 1752, "wiki_id": "Q5408245", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 199} | 1,752 | Q5408245 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 199 | Eugenijus Kazimieras Jovaiša | Biography & Works | Eugenijus Kazimieras Jovaiša Eugenijus Kazimieras Jovaiša (born 17 January 1940 in Rokiškis) is a Lithuanian fashion artist. Biography In 1965, she graduated from the Estonian Academy of Arts, where she was a student of, Eric Adamsons. In 1965-2004, she was a professor at the Kaunas S. Zukas College of Applied Arts (1989, Kaunas Higher School of Art, 2001 from Kaunas College). She is a member of the Lithuanian Artists' Association. Works Creator monumental interiors leather panels: Herbal pharmacy in Kaunas 1970, Kaunas City Map of Kaunas City Executive Committee (1978, now Kaunas city municipality), resting at home "Flax" in Palanga |
{"datasets_id": 1752, "wiki_id": "Q5408245", "sp": 12, "sc": 199, "ep": 12, "ec": 741} | 1,752 | Q5408245 | 12 | 199 | 12 | 741 | Eugenijus Kazimieras Jovaiša | Works | (36 screens), children's music school in Panevėžys 1988 m . and others.
Since 1991 decorative panels designed leather interiors for private ("Verses" in 1993, "The Last Supper" in 1995, both in Kaunas, Mindaugas coronation. "Hunting," "Tree," "Sacrifice", all in 1998, "Fish," "Wile," both in 2000, all Florida United States).
Works characterized by stylized figurative expressions, plant, heraldic reasons, IV. terrain, engaging, tanned, burned, auksuotos skin technique, using a font. Since 1968 participate in exhibitions. |
{"datasets_id": 1753, "wiki_id": "Q1373342", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 332} | 1,753 | Q1373342 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 332 | Eugenio Morel | Childhood and youth & Career | Eugenio Morel Childhood and youth Morel was seven years old when his family decided to go to Argentina in 1957.
With other hopes in the great Buenos Aires, he started to practice football which eventually will become his living for many years to come. Career Morel played his first games in Racing Club in Argentina in 1969, showing his quality in the tough Argentine football leagues. He had his debut in the first division league in 1970. Other teams he played for include Talleres de Remedios de Escalada (1972), Libertad of Paraguay (1974 to 1979), Argentinos Juniors (1980 to 1981), San |
{"datasets_id": 1753, "wiki_id": "Q1373342", "sp": 10, "sc": 332, "ep": 10, "ec": 911} | 1,753 | Q1373342 | 10 | 332 | 10 | 911 | Eugenio Morel | Career | Lorenzo de Almagro (1982), Cerro Porteño of Asunción (1983) and Oriente Petrolero of Bolivia (1984).
Later on he played for clubs of the countryside of Paraguay between 1986 and 1987 and also had brief stints at O'Higgins of Chile (1987); Tacuary (1989); Club 2 de Febrero and Club 3 de Mayo of Capiatá and Club 8 de Diciembre of Fernando de la Mora. He retired at the age of 46.
One of his most memorable goals happened at the 1979 Copa América, when he scored a bicycle kick goal against Brazil in the Estadio Defensores del Chaco in Asuncion. The goal allowed |
{"datasets_id": 1753, "wiki_id": "Q1373342", "sp": 10, "sc": 911, "ep": 14, "ec": 218} | 1,753 | Q1373342 | 10 | 911 | 14 | 218 | Eugenio Morel | Career & Personal life | Paraguay to advance to the finals and eventually win the Copa America tournament for the second time in history. Personal life His sons are Juan Eduardo, Claudio Marcelo, Emmanuel Andrés, Eugenio Ricardo, Pablo Sebastián and Félix Nicolás. Of all of them, Claudio is the only one that followed his steps by becoming a successful football player. |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 686} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 686 | Euhemerus | Life | Euhemerus Life Little is known about Euhemerus's life, and his birthplace is disputed. Classical writers such as Diodorus Siculus, Plutarch, and Polybius, maintained that Euhemerus was a Messenian, but did not specify whether he came from the Peloponnesian or the Sicilian Messene, which was an ancient Greek colony. Other ancient testimonies placed his birth at Chios, Tegea (Pseudo-Plutarch, Plac. Phil.), or Agrigentum (Clement of Alexandria, Protrept.; Arnobius, Adv. Gent.). Most modern scholars, however, generally agree that Euhemerus came from the Sicilian Messene (Messina).
Diodorus Siculus is one of the very few sources who provide other details about Euhemerus' life. According to |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 6, "sc": 686, "ep": 10, "ec": 369} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 6 | 686 | 10 | 369 | Euhemerus | Life & Euhemerus' Sacred History | Diodorus, Euhemerus was a personal friend of Cassander, king of Macedonia (c. 305 – 297 BC) and the most prominent mythographer for the Macedonian court. Sometime in the early third century BC Euhemerus wrote his main work "Sacred History" ("Hiera Anagraphê"). Euhemerus' Sacred History Only quoted fragments remain from Euhemerus' main work, Sacred History. Diodorus Siculus included fragments from Euhemerus’ writings in the Arabian geography of his fifth book and in the mythology of his sixth book.
The sixth book of Diodorus’ Bibliotheca is lost, but Eusebius cites a fragment from it at length in his Praeparatio evangelica. The ancient Roman |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 10, "sc": 369, "ep": 10, "ec": 1078} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 10 | 369 | 10 | 1,078 | Euhemerus | Euhemerus' Sacred History | writer Ennius first translated Euhemerus' work into Latin, but this translation also is lost. Lactantius however in the third century AD included substantial references to Ennius' translation in the first book of his Divine Institutes. Various other fragments of importance are also found in the later literature of Augustine of Hippo. From these extant fragments and references, modern scholars have been able to "compile what is presumably a fairly complete picture of Euhemerus’ work".
Euhemerus' work may have taken the form of a philosophical fictionalized travelogue, universally accepted today as a philosophical Romance, incorporating imagined archaic inscriptions, which his literary persona |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 10, "sc": 1078, "ep": 10, "ec": 1629} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 10 | 1,078 | 10 | 1,629 | Euhemerus | Euhemerus' Sacred History | claimed to have found during his travels. Euhemerus claims to have traveled to a group of islands in the waters off Arabia. One of these, Panchaea, being home to a utopian society made up of a number of different ethnic tribes. His critique of tradition is epitomized in a register of the births and deaths of many of the deities, which his narrator persona discovered inscribed on a golden pillar in a temple of Zeus Triphylius on the invented island of Panchaea; he claimed to have reached the island on a voyage down the Red Sea round the coast of |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 10, "sc": 1629, "ep": 10, "ec": 2337} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 10 | 1,629 | 10 | 2,337 | Euhemerus | Euhemerus' Sacred History | Arabia, undertaken at the request of Cassander, according to the Christian historian of the fourth century AD, Eusebius.
Euhemerus refers to a rational island utopia. The ancient Hellenic tradition of a distant Golden Age, of Hesiod's depiction of human happiness before the gift of Pandora, of the mythic convention of idealized Hyperboreans, made concrete in the legendary figure of the Scythian philosopher-hero Anacharsis, or the idealized "Meropes" of Theopompus had been recently enriched by contacts with India. Euhemerus apparently systematized a method of interpreting the popular myths, which was consistent with the attempts of Hellenistic culture to explain traditional religious beliefs |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 10, "sc": 2337, "ep": 14, "ec": 176} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 10 | 2,337 | 14 | 176 | Euhemerus | Euhemerus' Sacred History & Euhemerism | in terms of a naturalism. Euhemerus asserted that the Greek gods originally had been kings, heroes, and conquerors, or benefactors to the people, who had thus earned a claim to the veneration of their subjects. According to him, for example, Zeus was a king of Crete, who had been a great conqueror; the tomb of Zeus was shown to visitors near Knossos, perhaps engendering or enhancing among the traditionalists the reputation of Cretans as liars. Euhemerism Euhemerus has become known chiefly for a rationalizing method of interpretation, known as "euhemerism", which treats mythological accounts as a reflection of historical events, |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 14, "sc": 176, "ep": 14, "ec": 887} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 14 | 176 | 14 | 887 | Euhemerus | Euhemerism | or mythological characters as historical personages, but which were shaped, exaggerated, or altered by retelling and traditional mores. In more recent literature of myth, such as in Bulfinch's Mythology, euhemerism is called the "historical interpretation" of mythology. Euhemerism is defined in modern academic literature as the theory that myths are distorted accounts of real historical events. Euhemerus was not the first to attempt to rationalize mythology through history, as euhemeristic views are found in earlier writers, including Xenophanes, Herodotus, Hecataeus of Abdera, and Ephorus, however, Euhemerus is credited as having developed the theory in application to all myths, considering mythology |
{"datasets_id": 1754, "wiki_id": "Q317942", "sp": 14, "sc": 887, "ep": 14, "ec": 916} | 1,754 | Q317942 | 14 | 887 | 14 | 916 | Euhemerus | Euhemerism | to be "history in disguise". |
{"datasets_id": 1755, "wiki_id": "Q3730059", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 104} | 1,755 | Q3730059 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 104 | Eulithidium cyclostoma | Description & Distribution | Eulithidium cyclostoma Description The height of the dark brownish shell reaches 2 mm. The broad, very obtuse shell consists of three whorls. These are rounded, and slightly shouldered. The shell is densely pointed or stained. The large umbilicus is subspiral. The aperture is large. The sutures are very impressed. Distribution The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, (Xantus)" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico). |
{"datasets_id": 1756, "wiki_id": "Q919171", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 116} | 1,756 | Q919171 | 2 | 0 | 14 | 116 | Euphausia crystallorophias | Description & Distribution & Ecology | Euphausia crystallorophias Description Adults of E. crystallorophias are smaller than those of E. superba, reaching a length of 23–35 mm (0.91–1.38 in); they can be distinguished from young E. superba by the large size of the eyes, and by the long, sharply pointed rostrum. Distribution E. crystallorophias is found around the coasts of Antarctica, replacing the more oceanic E. superba at latitudes above 74° south. It is usually found at depths down to 350–600 m (1,150–1,970 ft), but has occasionally been found as deep as 4,000 m (13,000 ft). Ecology E. crystallorophias feeds on bacteria, diatoms, detritus, and other microorganisms, including the algae that form on |
{"datasets_id": 1756, "wiki_id": "Q919171", "sp": 14, "sc": 116, "ep": 14, "ec": 730} | 1,756 | Q919171 | 14 | 116 | 14 | 730 | Euphausia crystallorophias | Ecology | the underside of sea ice, and is in turn an important food source for fish, whales, and penguins, especially minke whales, Weddell seals, Adelie penguins, and the Antarctic silverfish. This makes it arguably the most important link in the coastal Antarctic food chain between the primary producers and the macrofauna. Unlike most other krill species, the eggs of E. crystallorophias are neutrally buoyant, meaning they do not sink, and the hatchling larvae do not have to swim back to the more productive, shallower waters; however, since this means both life stages inhabit the same depths, how the larvae avoid |
{"datasets_id": 1756, "wiki_id": "Q919171", "sp": 14, "sc": 730, "ep": 14, "ec": 770} | 1,756 | Q919171 | 14 | 730 | 14 | 770 | Euphausia crystallorophias | Ecology | being eaten by the adults is not known. |
{"datasets_id": 1757, "wiki_id": "Q5411296", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 769} | 1,757 | Q5411296 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 769 | Eureta | Eureta The European Higher Engineering and Technical Professionals Association (EurEta) is a non-profit, non-political organisation formed to set European qualification standards for higher engineering and technical professionals and to keep a European Register of these professionals.
EurETA is a sister organization to FEANI the federation of professional engineers that unites national engineering associations from 32 European countries.
EurEta works with other European, international and national organisations for the benefit of all engineering professionals and the public they serve.
An engineer registered with EurEta is called a "EurEta Registered Engineer" and has the right to use the title "Ing. EurEta". Nationally acknowledged titles of |
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{"datasets_id": 1757, "wiki_id": "Q5411296", "sp": 4, "sc": 769, "ep": 4, "ec": 837} | 1,757 | Q5411296 | 4 | 769 | 4 | 837 | Eureta | registered professionals shall not be affected by the EurEta title. |
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{"datasets_id": 1758, "wiki_id": "Q5412320", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 266} | 1,758 | Q5412320 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 266 | European Brain Council | Mission & Membership | European Brain Council Mission European Brain Council is promoting brain-related research by collaborating with member organisations, interacting with the Institutions of the European Union, fostering dialogue between scientists and society, promoting education and disseminating information about brain research and diseases in Europe.
Through promoting brain research in Europe, the EBC would like to see an improvement in the quality of life of those affected by brain disorders. Membership The membership of the European Brain Council consists of professional organisations, patient organisations and industrial partners. Members of EBC include the European Federation of Neurological Societies, the European Psychiatric Association, Federation of European |
{"datasets_id": 1758, "wiki_id": "Q5412320", "sp": 10, "sc": 266, "ep": 10, "ec": 550} | 1,758 | Q5412320 | 10 | 266 | 10 | 550 | European Brain Council | Membership | Neuroscience Societies, the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, The European Federation of Neurological Associations, Global Alliance for Mental Illness Advocacy Networks and The International Brain Research Organization |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 641} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 641 | European Bridges Ensemble | Network Music and Quintet.net | European Bridges Ensemble Network Music and Quintet.net The term "network music" is often used to refer to musical activities that utilise computer network technologies in a performative context. Network music can be performed by laptop ensembles, for example PLOrk, SLOrk, The Hub, or PowerBooks_UnPlugged. The extent to which network technology is utilised in performance can vary. EBE's implementation of network music involves the use of software called Quintet.net which was developed by the ensemble's co-founder, Georg Hajdu, using Max/MSP/Jitter.
The basic concept of Quintet.net is that there's a conductor and several (up to five) performers (or clients), connected to each other |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 6, "sc": 641, "ep": 6, "ec": 1219} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 6 | 641 | 6 | 1,219 | European Bridges Ensemble | Network Music and Quintet.net | using a central server. The clients get instructions from the conductor. These instructions can be messages sent to the clients, but usually it is a score part to play. On the other hand, control data created by the clients are sent back to the network. This latter, combined with the fact that an unlimited number of clients can connect to the server in a so-called listener mode (that is, a mode where the client only receives data but doesn't send control data back) lets anyone connect to the server and listen the music being played in real time.
Since the network |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 6, "sc": 1219, "ep": 6, "ec": 1803} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 6 | 1,219 | 6 | 1,803 | European Bridges Ensemble | Network Music and Quintet.net | is only used to send control data (using Open Sound Control) and the music itself is always created locally, the normal household bandwidths are generally sufficient to transmit all the data needed for the platform. This means that the performers don't need to be physically present at the performance's place, but can play from anywhere in the Globe (this is a big difference compared to the usual concept of musical performance, and at the time when the Ensemble was founded, the EBE was the only group playing music in a Wide Area Network). As an example, during the first concert |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 6, "sc": 1803, "ep": 10, "ec": 133} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 6 | 1,803 | 10 | 133 | European Bridges Ensemble | Network Music and Quintet.net & Concerts | of the Ensemble the performers were located at four different cities of Europe (Budapest, Münster, Stuttgart and Vienna), and the concert itself was broadcast at three different concert halls (and, of course, the Internet) in Münster, Stuttgart and Vienna at the same time.
After video artist Stewart Collinson joined the EBE, the original Quintet.net concept was expanded with a new tool called Viewer, which is an extension that makes Quintet.net able to manage video mixing as well. Concerts The founding event of EBE was the Lange Musik Nacht on 17 June 2005. Conductor Georg Hajdu and performers Ivana Ognjanović and Marlon |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 10, "sc": 133, "ep": 10, "ec": 727} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 10 | 133 | 10 | 727 | European Bridges Ensemble | Concerts | Schumacher were in Stuttgart, Kai Niggemann in Münster, Johannes Kretz in Wien and Andrea Szigetvári in Budapest. The piece played was Bridges, and it demonstrated that the idea of playing music via Wide Area Network is possible. This same piece was performed again on a concert a year later, where the whole Ensemble played in a Local Area Network at the Making New Waves 2006 festival in Budapest, Hungary.
This concert was followed by a long pause: next time the band appeared again on stage was only in early Autumn 2007 at the Music in the Global Village Conference Budapest (this |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 10, "sc": 727, "ep": 10, "ec": 1401} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 10 | 727 | 10 | 1,401 | European Bridges Ensemble | Concerts | was the first international conference dedicated exclusively to network music composition and performance). Here, the opening concert was played by the EBE, together with Anne La Berge and the LOOS Ensemble. The conference itself was part of Projekt-Bipolar, a two years long German-Hungarian cultural programme. The Ensemble had two more concerts organized by members of Projekt-Bipolar during October 2007 in Berlin, Germany. These included the closing concert of Projekt Bipolar and also the closing event of a young composers' competition.
During 2008 the band played on five concerts at three festivals: two subsequent nights during the ICMC 2008 at the Whitla |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 10, "sc": 1401, "ep": 10, "ec": 2027} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 10 | 1,401 | 10 | 2,027 | European Bridges Ensemble | Concerts | Hall in Belfast., two concerts at the Klangwerktage 2008 festival in Hamburg (from which one was a Wide Area Network concert with ensemble member Johannes Kretz playing from Krems, Austria) and one at Making New Waves 2008 festival in Budapest, Hungary. After this last concert, the Hungarian Television made an interview presenting the Ensemble.
In 2009 the Ensemble had concerts in Prague at the Enter⁴ festival, the Klangwerktage 2009 festival in Hamburg, the Making New Waves 2009 festival with its second edition of the Music in the Global Village conference and a Wide Area Network concert at the SIGGRAPH Asia |
{"datasets_id": 1759, "wiki_id": "Q5412323", "sp": 10, "sc": 2027, "ep": 10, "ec": 2115} | 1,759 | Q5412323 | 10 | 2,027 | 10 | 2,115 | European Bridges Ensemble | Concerts | conference with ensemble members playing from Yokohama, Lincoln, Budapest and Belgrade. |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 629} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 629 | European Space Agency | Foundation | European Space Agency Foundation After World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi (Italy) and Pierre Auger (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 6, "sc": 629, "ep": 6, "ec": 1318} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 6 | 629 | 6 | 1,318 | European Space Agency | Foundation | by scientific representatives from eight countries, including Harrie Massey (United Kingdom).
The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, ELDO (European Launch Development Organization), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites.
ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. ESA had ten founding member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 6, "sc": 1318, "ep": 10, "ec": 205} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 6 | 1,318 | 10 | 205 | European Space Agency | Foundation & Later activities | Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, Cos-B, a space probe monitoring gamma-ray emissions in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO. Later activities ESA collaborated with NASA on the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 10, "sc": 205, "ep": 10, "ec": 878} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 10 | 205 | 10 | 878 | European Space Agency | Later activities | Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup. Hipparcos, a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses and the Hubble Space Telescope were all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing module Huygens.
As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. Ariane 1, launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 10, "sc": 878, "ep": 10, "ec": 1511} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 10 | 878 | 10 | 1,511 | European Space Agency | Later activities | versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding Ariane 5 experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 82 successful launches until 2018. The successor launch vehicle of Ariane 5, the Ariane 6, is under development and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s.
The beginning of the new millennium saw |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 10, "sc": 1511, "ep": 10, "ec": 2154} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 10 | 1,511 | 10 | 2,154 | European Space Agency | Later activities | ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, the CSA and Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientific space research. Although ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the United States military) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated:
Russia is ESA's first partner in its efforts to ensure long-term access to space. There is a framework agreement between ESA and the government of the Russian Federation on cooperation and |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 10, "sc": 2154, "ep": 10, "ec": 2832} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 10 | 2,154 | 10 | 2,832 | European Space Agency | Later activities | partnership in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, and cooperation is already underway in two different areas of launcher activity that will bring benefits to both partners.
Notable ESA programs include SMART-1, a probe testing cutting-edge space propulsion technology, the Mars Express and Venus Express missions, as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the ISS partnership. ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as Corot, launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in the search for exoplanets.
On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced a |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 10, "sc": 2832, "ep": 14, "ec": 587} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 10 | 2,832 | 14 | 587 | European Space Agency | Later activities & Mission | one-year contract with ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the moon for lunar regolith. Mission The treaty establishing the European Space Agency reads:
ESA's purpose shall be to provide for, and to promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among the European States in space research and technology and their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems
ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 14, "sc": 587, "ep": 14, "ec": 1236} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 14 | 587 | 14 | 1,236 | European Space Agency | Mission | much as possible.
Jean-Jacques Dordain – ESA's Director General (2003-2015) – outlined the European Space Agency's mission in a 2003 interview:
Today space activities have pursued the benefit of citizens, and citizens are asking for a better quality of life on Earth. They want greater security and economic wealth, but they also want to pursue their dreams, to increase their knowledge, and they want younger people to be attracted to the pursuit of science and technology.
I think that space can do all of this: it can produce a higher quality of life, better security, more economic wealth, and also fulfill our citizens' |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 14, "sc": 1236, "ep": 22, "ec": 206} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 14 | 1,236 | 22 | 206 | European Space Agency | Mission & Slovenia & Canada | dreams and thirst for knowledge, and attract the young generation. This is the reason space exploration is an integral part of overall space activities. It has always been so, and it will be even more important in the future. Slovenia Currently the only associated member state is Slovenia. Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members. Canada Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within ESA. By virtue of this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 22, "sc": 206, "ep": 26, "ec": 167} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 22 | 206 | 26 | 167 | European Space Agency | Canada & Budget appropriation and allocation | also in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to 2020. For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was €6,059,449 (CAD$8,559,050). For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to €21,600,000 (CAD$30,000,000). Budget appropriation and allocation ESA is funded from annual contributions by national governments as well as from an annual contribution by the European Union (EU).
The budget of ESA was €5.250 |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 26, "sc": 167, "ep": 26, "ec": 776} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 26 | 167 | 26 | 776 | European Space Agency | Budget appropriation and allocation | billion in 2016. Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years. The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right.
Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 26, "sc": 776, "ep": 34, "ec": 81} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 26 | 776 | 34 | 81 | European Space Agency | Budget appropriation and allocation & EU and the European Space Agency & Launch vehicle fleet | to ESA. Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT). Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example European Union Satellite Centre). EU and the European Space Agency The political perspective of the European Union (EU) was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014, although this date was not met. The EU is already the largest single donor to ESA's budget and non-ESA EU states are observers at ESA. Launch vehicle fleet ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 34, "sc": 81, "ep": 34, "ec": 719} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 34 | 81 | 34 | 719 | European Space Agency | Launch vehicle fleet | all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA's Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 34, "sc": 719, "ep": 38, "ec": 535} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 34 | 719 | 38 | 535 | European Space Agency | Launch vehicle fleet & Ariane 5 | Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero. Ariane 5 The Ariane 5 rocket is ESA's primary launcher. It has been in service since 1997 and replaced Ariane 4. Two different variants are currently in use. The heaviest and most used version, the Ariane 5 ECA, delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes into GTO. It failed during its first test flight in 2002, but has since made 82 consecutive successful flights until a partial failure in January 2018. The other version, Ariane 5 ES, was used to launch the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to the International Space Station |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 38, "sc": 535, "ep": 42, "ec": 20} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 38 | 535 | 42 | 20 | European Space Agency | Ariane 5 & Soyuz | (ISS) and will be used to launch four Galileo navigational satellites at a time.
In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded variant called Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life Evolution) which would increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex missions. Ariane 5 ME was scheduled to fly in 2018, but the whole project was scrapped in favor of Ariane 6, planned to replace Ariane 5 in the 2020s.
ESA's Ariane 1, 2, 3 and 4 launchers (the last of which was ESA's long-time workhorse) have been retired. Soyuz Soyuz-2 (also called |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 42, "sc": 20, "ep": 42, "ec": 652} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 42 | 20 | 42 | 652 | European Space Agency | Soyuz | the Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK) is a Russian medium payload launcher (ca. 3 metric tons to GTO) which was brought into ESA service in October 2011. ESA entered into a €340 million joint venture with the Russian Federal Space Agency over the use of the Soyuz launcher. Under the agreement, the Russian agency manufactures Soyuz rocket parts for ESA, which are then shipped to French Guiana for assembly.
ESA benefits because it gains a medium payload launcher, complementing its fleet while saving on development costs. In addition, the Soyuz rocket—which has been the Russian's space launch workhorse for some 40 years—is proven |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 42, "sc": 652, "ep": 46, "ec": 193} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 42 | 652 | 46 | 193 | European Space Agency | Soyuz & Vega | technology with a very good safety record. Russia benefits in that it gets access to the Kourou launch site. Due to its proximity to the equator, launching from Kourou rather than Baikonur nearly doubles Soyuz's payload to GTO (3.0 tonnes vs. 1.7 tonnes).
Soyuz first launched from Kourou on 21 October 2011, and successfully placed two Galileo satellites into orbit 23,222 kilometres above Earth. Vega Vega is ESA's carrier for small satellites. Developed by seven ESA members led by Italy, it is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 46, "sc": 193, "ep": 50, "ec": 317} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 46 | 193 | 50 | 317 | European Space Agency | Vega & Ariane launch vehicle development funding | low polar orbit. Its maiden launch from Kourou was on 13 February 2012. Vega began full commercial exploitation in December 2015
The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion upper stage (the AVUM) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple payloads into different orbits. Ariane launch vehicle development funding Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 50, "sc": 317, "ep": 54, "ec": 434} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 50 | 317 | 54 | 434 | European Space Agency | Ariane launch vehicle development funding & History | on investment in the form of industrial workshare." ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the development of the Ariane 6. History At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for unmanned space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek who in 1978 became the first |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 54, "sc": 434, "ep": 54, "ec": 1069} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 54 | 434 | 54 | 1,069 | European Space Agency | History | non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union) – on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Mirosław Hermaszewski and East German Sigmund Jähn in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries. In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chrétien became the first non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station.
Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 54, "sc": 1069, "ep": 54, "ec": 1696} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 54 | 1,069 | 54 | 1,696 | European Space Agency | History | is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 54, "sc": 1696, "ep": 54, "ec": 2400} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 54 | 1,696 | 54 | 2,400 | European Space Agency | History | ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir.
During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom.
In the summer of 2008, ESA started |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 54, "sc": 2400, "ep": 58, "ec": 68} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 54 | 2,400 | 58 | 68 | European Space Agency | History & Crew vehicles | to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected - five men and one woman. Crew vehicles In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 68, "ep": 58, "ec": 627} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 68 | 58 | 627 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles | vehicle. Around 1978 it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of Hermes was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5 rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in low |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 627, "ep": 58, "ec": 1276} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 627 | 58 | 1,276 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles | Earth orbit space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The Columbus space station programme had a similar fate.
In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 1276, "ep": 58, "ec": 1893} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 1,276 | 58 | 1,893 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles | prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested. While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005, a co-operation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A €50 million |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 1893, "ep": 58, "ec": 2555} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 1,893 | 58 | 2,555 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles | participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006.
In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth orbit based on the current Soyuz design. This project was pursued with Roskosmos instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008.
In mid-2009 EADS Astrium |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 2555, "ep": 58, "ec": 3163} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 2,555 | 58 | 3,163 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles | was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design.
In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA's Orion programme. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new manned spacecraft. ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts.
In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra Nevada Corporation for co-operation in Dream Chaser project. Further studies |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 58, "sc": 3163, "ep": 62, "ec": 486} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 58 | 3,163 | 62 | 486 | European Space Agency | Crew vehicles & Cooperation with other countries and organisations | on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5. Cooperation with other countries and organisations ESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina, Brazil, China, India (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia and Turkey.
Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in the International Space Station together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA). |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 64, "sc": 0, "ep": 66, "ec": 569} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 64 | 0 | 66 | 569 | European Space Agency | European Union | European Union ESA is not an agency or body of the European Union (EU), and has non-EU countries (Norway, and Switzerland) as members. There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU.
There are common goals between ESA and the EU. ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels. On certain projects, the EU and ESA co-operate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system. Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the European Council. Under the |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 66, "sc": 569, "ep": 66, "ec": 1212} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 66 | 569 | 66 | 1,212 | European Space Agency | European Union | European Space Policy of 2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space.
The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA.
Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 66, "sc": 1212, "ep": 66, "ec": 1812} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 66 | 1,212 | 66 | 1,812 | European Space Agency | European Union | to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, "since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players."
The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 66, "sc": 1812, "ep": 70, "ec": 505} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 66 | 1,812 | 70 | 505 | European Space Agency | European Union & NASA | space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance. NASA ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments.
In robotic science mission and |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 70, "sc": 505, "ep": 74, "ec": 33} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 70 | 505 | 74 | 33 | European Space Agency | NASA & Cooperation with other space agencies | exploration missions, NASA has been ESA's main partner. Cassini–Huygens was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others. Also, the Hubble Space Telescope is a joint project of NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. NASA has committed to provide support to ESA's proposed MarcoPolo-R mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further analysis. NASA and ESA will also likely join together for a Mars Sample Return Mission. Cooperation with other space agencies Since China has started to invest |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 74, "sc": 33, "ep": 74, "ec": 676} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 74 | 33 | 74 | 676 | European Space Agency | Cooperation with other space agencies | more money into space activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships. ESA is, beside the Russian Space Agency, one of its most important partners. Two space agencies cooperated in the development of the Double Star Mission. In 2017, ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in Yantai, Shandong.
ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 in |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 74, "sc": 676, "ep": 78, "ec": 288} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 74 | 676 | 78 | 288 | European Space Agency | Cooperation with other space agencies & International Space Station | 2008. ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the BepiColombo mission to Mercury.
Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in August 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and Russia's Roskosmos space agency would "carry out the first flight to Mars together." International Space Station With regard to the International Space Station (ISS) ESA is not represented by all of its member states: 10 of the 21 ESA member states currently participate in the project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Austria, Finland and |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 78, "sc": 288, "ep": 78, "ec": 915} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 78 | 288 | 78 | 915 | European Space Agency | International Space Station | Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest or concerns about the expense of the project. The United Kingdom withdrew from the preliminary agreement because of concerns about the expense of the project. Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania and Poland joined ESA after the agreement had been signed. ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as Columbus, a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's STS-122 Space Shuttle mission and the Cupola observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA. |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 78, "sc": 915, "ep": 78, "ec": 1529} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 78 | 915 | 78 | 1,529 | European Space Agency | International Space Station | The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which ESA has committed to paying €8 billion. About 90% of the costs of ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter was the first long-term ISS crew member.
ESA has developed the Automated Transfer Vehicle for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity of 7,667 kilograms (16,903 lb). The first ATV, Jules Verne, was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 78, "sc": 1529, "ep": 82, "ec": 32} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 78 | 1,529 | 82 | 32 | European Space Agency | International Space Station & Languages | the ISS. This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm.
As of 2013, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian Progress and Soyuz, European ATV, Japanese Kounotori (HTV), and the USA COTS program vehicles Dragon and Cygnus.
European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space programme that was initiated in 2001. Languages According to Annex 1, Resolution |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 82, "sc": 32, "ep": 86, "ec": 258} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 82 | 32 | 86 | 258 | European Space Agency | Languages & ESA and the EU institutions | No. 8 of the ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure, English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages. All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well. ESA and the EU institutions The Flag of Europe is the one to be flown in space during missions (for example it was flown by ESA's Andre Kuipers during Delta mission)
The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds managed |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 86, "sc": 258, "ep": 86, "ec": 932} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 86 | 258 | 86 | 932 | European Space Agency | ESA and the EU institutions | by ESA now originate from the supranational budget of the European Union.
However, in recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europe's social, political and economic policies.
The legal basis for the EU/ESA co-operation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004. According to this agreement, the European Commission and ESA co-ordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC's administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 86, "sc": 932, "ep": 90, "ec": 368} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 86 | 932 | 90 | 368 | European Space Agency | ESA and the EU institutions & Guaranteeing European access to space | which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG).
ESA maintains a liaison office in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions. Guaranteeing European access to space In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states.
Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA's Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the |
{"datasets_id": 1760, "wiki_id": "Q42262", "sp": 90, "sc": 368, "ep": 94, "ec": 283} | 1,760 | Q42262 | 90 | 368 | 94 | 283 | European Space Agency | Guaranteeing European access to space & Incidents | space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration.
Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space. Incidents On 3 August 1984 ESA's Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded, planted by the far-left armed Action Directe group.
On 14 December 2015, hackers from Anonymous breached ESA's subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials. |
{"datasets_id": 1761, "wiki_id": "Q1376980", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 639} | 1,761 | Q1376980 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 639 | European Space Information System | European Space Information System The European Space Information System (ESIS) project was initiated in 1988 as a service for homogeneous access to heterogeneous databases on the network. At the time, DECNET, EARN and Bitnet were the main academic links. The project pre-dated the World Wide Web, which immensely pushed technology in 1993 to allow homogeneous access to data.
Initially, the ESIS project was to link databases of the European Space Agency together with centres of excellence that included the Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg and its SIMBAD service, the European Southern Observatory and the Canadian Astronomical Data Centre (CADC), as |
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{"datasets_id": 1761, "wiki_id": "Q1376980", "sp": 4, "sc": 639, "ep": 4, "ec": 1295} | 1,761 | Q1376980 | 4 | 639 | 4 | 1,295 | European Space Information System | well as the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory for Space Physics data
The outcome of the project yielded a set of applications to browse catalogues, access images, spectra and lightcurves, as well as access to bibliographic information. The main astronomical missions that influenced ESIS at the time were the Hubble Space Telescope, EXOSAT and IUE, while Space Physics was mainly focused on the Cluster mission.
Having been a pioneer project in its days, many of the original concepts used then (such as catalogue browsing, searching in an area of the sky) were later embedded in other astronomical data services worldwide. ESIS provided the |
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{"datasets_id": 1761, "wiki_id": "Q1376980", "sp": 4, "sc": 1295, "ep": 4, "ec": 1605} | 1,761 | Q1376980 | 4 | 1,295 | 4 | 1,605 | European Space Information System | building blocks and the prototypes to what is today being implemented in the Virtual Observatory projects, such as the Astrophysical Virtual Observatory.
The greatest success of ESIS was the transfer of its Catalogue Browser to the CDS, which later became better known as the VizieR Catalogue Service. |
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{"datasets_id": 1762, "wiki_id": "Q5413678", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 422} | 1,762 | Q5413678 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 422 | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II | France | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II The years leading up to World War II (and during the conflict) saw great changes in the sexual habits of European societies. France In the occupation years, as the French dealt with their humiliating defeat and surrender, the morality of sex in the Vichy occupation changed. In his book 1940–1945, The Erotic Years: Vichy, or, the Misfortunes of Virtue, Patrick Buisson talks about “erotic shock ... or exploring new territories of pleasure." After the occupation he writes about French prisoners bedding local German girls, while back in their homeland |
{"datasets_id": 1762, "wiki_id": "Q5413678", "sp": 8, "sc": 422, "ep": 12, "ec": 290} | 1,762 | Q5413678 | 8 | 422 | 12 | 290 | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II | France & Germany | French women had intimate relations with their German occupiers. Local cinemas and even subway stations became locations for anonymous physical trysts during Allied bombings. After Allied liberation, any women who had a reputation for associating with the Germans were targeted as collaborators, and faced hazing or worse. Germany The German birth rate, like that in most industrial nations, had been falling for decades. When Hitler and the Nazi Party took power in 1933 they implemented several revolutionary policies in order to change the sexual practices of the German people and reverse this slide in birth rates. |
{"datasets_id": 1762, "wiki_id": "Q5413678", "sp": 12, "sc": 290, "ep": 12, "ec": 881} | 1,762 | Q5413678 | 12 | 290 | 12 | 881 | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II | Germany | At the same time that it forbade the mixing of Jews and Germans through the Nuremberg Laws, the Nazi government tried a number of policies designed to increase new births. One action was to change the marriage laws via the 1938 divorce-reform law by the Minister of Justice, Franz Gürtner. Within two years 30,000 divorces were filed, 80% of which were husbands casting off women over 45 years old. While the divorce law increased new marriages and children from these marriages, the Nazis looked to illegitimate births in Germany as a way to increase Germany's birthrate.
In the |
{"datasets_id": 1762, "wiki_id": "Q5413678", "sp": 12, "sc": 881, "ep": 12, "ec": 1507} | 1,762 | Q5413678 | 12 | 881 | 12 | 1,507 | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II | Germany | 1920s, there were about 150,000 illegitimate births in Germany, before halving during the depression and bouncing up to 100,000 in 1935. The Nazis wanted to increase the illegitimate births by encouraging out of wedlock births, especially those of Aryan heritage. Part official policy, part propaganda, the Nazi policy manifested itself in the Lebensborn program. The Lebensborn program provided a place where pregnant mothers could have their babies out of wedlock in secret.
Only the most "pure" of its applicants were chosen to join its programs. Of all the women who applied, only 40 percent passed the racial |
{"datasets_id": 1762, "wiki_id": "Q5413678", "sp": 12, "sc": 1507, "ep": 12, "ec": 2097} | 1,762 | Q5413678 | 12 | 1,507 | 12 | 2,097 | European sexuality leading up to and during World War II | Germany | purity test (they had to show their family tree three generations back) and were granted admission to the Lebensborn program. The majority of mothers were unmarried, 57.6 percent until 1939, and about 70 percent by 1940.
The Lebensborn program was given a further push when Himmler issued a proclamation that every SS soldier should father a child before he left for war. The child could then be born and raised at the Lebensborn facilities. Through these policies the birth rate increased and Himmler told his doctor Kerstern how proud he was to have a role in the change, "Only |
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