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this case report describes a devastating injury in which a distal motor nerve had been avulsed from the muscle belly and was not available for reconstruction this otherwise irreparable PT PNI was successfully treated by direct neurotization of the muscle belly the patient did have one small IN muscular branch to the medial gastrocnemius muscle however electrodiagnostic and CE and REC pattern suggested the neurotization procedure was responsible for the functional REC in the rare situation where no distal nerve is available and tendon transfers or arthrodesis are inappropriate direct muscle neurotization can be considered as a salvage technique
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the cyclization of the ab rings of SQ to hopene is studied computationally dft a transition structure is found for a concerted asynchronous pathway for the formation of chairchair decalin carbocation the computationally derived conformer leading to this asynchronous transition structure is remarkably similar to the analogous region of azasqualene encapsulated by squalenehopene cyclase recently reported by schulz a concerted ab ring closure is likely to occur in the cyclization of squalene to hopene structuresee text
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class i antiarrhythmic agents are heterogeneous with respect to their cardiac electrophysiological effects and have been subdivided into three categories la lb and lc the purpose of the present T0 was to determine the classification and investigate the mechanism of action of acc hydroxynphenylbis pyrrolidinylmethylbenzamide a novel class i antiarrhythmic agent currently under clinical investigation the effects of acc on action potentials from isolated canine PF and ventricular muscle were examined using standard microelectrode techniques in PF acc microm exerted a dosedependent reduction in maximum upstroke velocity vmax and action potential duration at and repolarization apd and apd the reduction of vmax was voltagedependent greater at an extracellular potassium concentration of mm than at mm frequencydependent greater at a basic cycle length of than at msec and very slow in ON rate constant ofr in of the patients tcd provided additional information about the status of the basal CBF arteries the results of the tcd investigation were confirmed by angiography in patients this result indicates that tcd is a valuable noninvasive method of high accuracy for the detection of intracranial brain artery diseases and collateral flow mechanisms
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the role of the long head of the biceps in GH abduction and the accompanying ER is an unsettled issue automatic external rotation however has been previously demonstrated during passive abduction with IN long head and the absence of factors traditionally considered to influence the rotation such as the coracoacromial arch and muscles surrounding the joint the present T0 on the anatomy of the tendon of the long head in relation to passive abduction shows that not only is the tendon likely to be harmed by forced abduction without ER but the course of the tendon itself is such that activity in the long head during abduction is likely to influence ER that in turn prevents tendon impingement between greater tuberosity and glenoid labrum and allows GH abduction to be carried further towards completion
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psychosocial issues are an understudied yet important concern in the overall health of hemodialysis hd patients stress is a concomitant of chronic illness and its treatment and may have meaningful influences on psychological and medical outcomes this article reviews the influences of psychopathology social support family issues dialysis unit SC and SES status on patients treated with center hd depressive affect and decreased perception of SS have been linked with mortality in several studies of esrd patients decreased marital satisfaction disturbances in family dynamics and lower SES ses have been associated with poorer health outcomes and can affect pat proportion of subjects with ds showed one or more occurrences where probing pocket depth was or mm than control subjects vs p in conclusion while having fewer caries hong kong chinese adults with ds had poorer periodontal health than age and gendermatched control subjects
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the contributions of NS muscle activation and muscle atrophy to poststroke weakness have not been evaluated together in the same subject maximal voluntary contraction mvc torque VA twitch interpolation and electromyographic emg amplitude were determined bilaterally in the plantar flexors of seven chronic stroke survivors yr mo poststroke volumes of the plantar flexor muscles were determined bilaterally with magnetic resonance imaging mri the mean ±sd contralesional paretic mvc torque was less than onehalf of the ipsilesional leg ± vs ± nm p contralesional voluntary activation was only ± but was near complete in the ipsilesional leg ± p the contralesional mvc emg amplitude normalized to the maximum mwave peaktopeak amplitude of the gastrocnemii and soleus were ± and ± of the ipsilesional leg tibialis anterior ta emg coactivation was not different between the contralesional ± of ta mvc emg and ipsilesional side ± p however ta emg coactivation was excessive in one subject and accounted for of her weakness based on the estimated antagonist torque relative ipsilesional leg plantar flexor and gastrocnemii volumes were ± p and ± p respectively interlimb volume differences of the soleus deep plantar flexors and peronei were not significant preferred walking speed ± ms was related to the contralesional mvc torque r p n but the two subjects with the greatest weakness walked faster than three others our findings suggest that plantar flexor weakness in mobile chronic stroke survivors reflects mostly voluntary activation failure with smaller contributions from antagonist activity and atrophy
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this study aimed to identify mRNA profile in the rat BB resulting from acute alcohol intoxication aai eighteen sd rats were divided into the alcoholtreated group n and saline control group n periorbital blood samples were taken to determine their blood alcohol content by gas chromatography tissue sections were analyzed by h and e IF and PSA assays RT reverse transcription pcr was used to validate microarray data statistical analysis was carried out using spss software version spss inc chicago il usa h and e IF demonstrated that alcoholtreated rats showed no obvious pathological changes in nerve cells compared with those in the control group biochemical tests revealed that alcoholtreated rats had lower superoxide dismutase activity than those in the control group ± umg vs ± umg p furthermore the MDA levels in alcoholtreated rats were higher than those in the control group ± mmolmg vs ± mmolmg p microarray data presented upregulated genes and downregulated genes in the aai rat BB gene ontology analysis identified genes upregulated and downregulated among all differentially expressed genes twentyfour pathways showed significant differences including pathways involved with upregulated genes and pathways involved with downregulated genes selected genes showed significantly different expression in both alcoholtreated and control groups p gene expression analysis enabled clustering of alcohol intoxicationrelated genes by function these genes expression may be potential targets for treatment or drug screening for acute alcohol intoxication
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in the search for a new class of bonesparing agents for treating osteopenic disorders we hypothesized that tartronic acid derivatives sharing the chemical characteristics both of bisphosphonates and of gla residues contained in matrix proteins such as osteocalcin could positively affect bone metabolism a series of tartronates was therefore tested for their ability to affect bone metabolism in vitro resorption tests were performed examining pit formation by freshly isolated rat and rabbit osteoclasts plated onto bone slices and exposed to the drugs for h tartronates bearing a linear sidechain df and df a were the most ERP in inhibiting pit excavation in the pmnm range tartronates did not affect osteoclast viability number adhesion or tartrate resistant ACP transient cell retraction was observed in osteoclasts plated onto glass and exposed to df the Emax was seen in cells treated for h at a concentration of pm df accelerated mineralization in cultures of periosteal cells without affecting other osteoblastlike functions this product was therefore tested in vivo in ovariectomized mice bone mass in femur was evaluated by ash gravimetry days T3 ovariectomy unfortunately df the most AS of tartronates in vitro was inactive in this test because of its high hydrophilicity and the subsequent too short residence time on the contrary its tetrahydropyranyl ether derivative df a endowed with a significantly higher lipophilicity showed a dosedependent bonesparing effect when SC at and mgkgdie thus confirming the activity seen in in vitro tests because of their feasible parallel effect on both bone resorption and formation tartronate derivatives may be tested to candidate this class of products for clinical studies
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aerobic training is the most prescribed exercise modality for the management of pediatric obesity there is strong evidence that it decreases waist circumference percent body fat sorbitol or fructose the other set of blends contained a scf produced using longer evaporation time scf and then blended with different ratios of pullulan sorbitol and fructose free sugar concentrations found in the individual scfsd and scf substrates were low but varied spraydried soluble corn fiber had a reduced free sugar concentration compared with scf vs gl was the main free sugar found in both scfsd and scf but at different concentrations vs respectively the majority of the scfsd blends were CR hydrolyzed to their monosaccharide components gl accounted for most of the hydrolyzed monosaccharides for scfsd and all the scfsd blends hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations for the scfpullulansorbitolfructose blends followed similar trends to the scfsd blends where greater percentages of fructose and sorbitol resulted in decreased p hydrolyzed monosaccharide concentrations the scfsd blends had intermediate to high amounts of monosaccharides released as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion the scfsdpullulan blends were more digestible in vitro approximately p than scfsdfructose or scfsdsorbitol total released monosaccharides were high in scfsd blends containing either fructose or sorbitol but the combination resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose released p the scfpullulansorbitolfructose blends also had intermediate to high released monosaccharides as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion all scf blends resulted in decreased glycemic and insulinemic responses compared with the maltodextrin control p using a canine MM the addition of pullulan reduced the glycemic response compared with maltodextrin at all concentrations but only scfsdpullulan resulted in a reduction of the glycemic response compared with scfsd alone p the addition of fructose and sorbitol in the blends had the greatest impact on glycemic and insulinemic responses even at concentrations as low as of the blends overall scf and their blends may prove beneficial as components of low glycemic foodstuffs
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descriptions of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas tumors with outcomes midway between that associated with welldifferentiated and anaplastic carcinomas have been prominent in the literature of the recent past the neoplasms are characterized by the finding of poorly differentiated areas within PTC and follicular carcinomas the work of sakamoto clearly separates a group of poorly differentiated carcinomas based on outcomes from welldifferentiated and anaplastic forms by the identification of schirrous solid and trabecular areas within papillary and follicular carcinomas however the presence of similar Az within more benign forms of PTC and follicular carcinomas may obviate the easy ID of such neoplasms in daily practice this article presents a refinement of sakamotos classification and although suffering from the blastoderm stage in narrow regions of the prospective head and during later stages in specific CG of head midline neurectodermal cells dsix may also be essential for OD of the clypeolabrum and several head sensory organs thus the L1 CF of the ancestral six gene probably involved specification of neural structures in the cephalic region
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during late adolescence progressive cortical thinning occurs in heteromodal association SC hasc that is thought to subserve cognitive OD however the impact of cannabis use disorder cud upon cortical gray matter development in both healthy adolescents and adolescents with earlyonset schizophrenia eos is unclear tweighted magnetic resonance images were acquired from adolescents at baseline and T3 an month followup with eos with cud with eoscud and healthy controls hc mean age at baseline was years cud and years cud using freesurfer measures of CT for rois within hasc were obtained a eos versus no eosà cud versus no cud MVA of covariance was applied to NC scores from baseline to followup to test for main effects of eos and cud and an interaction effect T3 adjusting for covariates a significant main effect of cud was observed adolescents with cud showed an att loss of cortical thickness in the left and RA supramarginal left and right inferior parietal RA pars triangularis left pars opercularis left superior FC and left superior temporal regions compared to nonusing subjects stepwise linear SRA indicated that greater cumulative cannabis SE predicted greater CT in both the left p and right p superior FC gyri at T0 endpoint after adjusting for baseline cortical thickness for the entire sample these preliminary longitudinal data demonstrate an atypical DP of cortical development in hasc in adolescents with cud relative to nonusing subjects across diagnostic groups additional studies are needed to replicate these data and to clarify the clinical significance of these findings
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the understanding of the differentiation process of lymphocytes in the embryonic thymus has been based on extrapolation from adult thymic lymphocytes the study presented here was mainly concerned with the new cell surface antigens designated ft ft ft which are expressed on fetal thymocytes of all mouse strains examined but not on thymocytes or any other lymphoid cells of adult mice one of the interesting features of ft antigens is the timing of their expression in connection with the ontogeny of thymic lymphocytes a majority of fetal thymocytes at the th day of gestation express ft antigens whereas no positive cells are found in fetal CL therefore ft antigens seem to appear as soon as the stem cells have reached the thymus the proportion of ft cells then declines sharply with increase in the time of gestation while thy cells increase in inverse proportion all of these results seem to support the idea that the thymocytes expressing ft antigens are replaced with thy thymocytes although the possibility of the transitig either its primary replication in the intestine or its DP of spread to or within the central nervous system
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one important question for the implementation of a surveillance system concern the type of instrument that can provide timely information on the course of diseases and other health events this may facilitate prompt implementation of prevention and MI efforts such as strengthening control action in one TPS area or initiation of epidemiological investigation since health related variables of interest are often spatially distributed they require special tools for representation and analysis owing to their inherent ability to manage spatial information geographical information systems gis provide an excellent framework for the design of surveillance systems this paper presents a simple information system based on the concepts of gis designed for representation and elementary analysis of epidemiological data an example of its potential use to support malaria control MICs in brazil is discussed
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it has been suggested that nonrandomized studies of interventions can neither discriminate between the effect of an intervention and that of bias nor accurately estimate the magnitude of measured effects this study was designed to compare the results of an historic control T0 of a surgical procedure with those of a subsequent randomized control trial conducted under similar circumstances
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PNPase pnpase is a polyribonucleotide nucleotidyl transferase ec that degrades mrna in prokaryotes streptomyces antibioticus pnpase also assays as a guanosine diphosphate triphosphate pppgpp synthetase ec it may CF to coordinate changes in mrna lifetimes with pppgpp levels during the streptomyces lifecycle
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the kda heatshock protein hsp is a molecular chaperone responsible for the stability and function of a wide variety of client proteins that are critical for cell growth and survival many of these client proteins are frequently mutated andor overexpressed in cancer cells and are therefore being actively pursued as individual therapeutic targets consequently hsp inhibition offers a promising strategy for simultaneous degradation of several anticancer targets currently most hsp inhibitors under clinical evaluation act by blocking the binding of atp to the hsp nterminal domain and thereby induce the Kd of many hspdependent oncoproteins although they have shown some promising initial results clinical challenges such as induction of the heatshock response retinopathy and gastrointestinal tract toxicity are emerging from human trials which constantly raise concerns about the future OD of these inhibitors novobiocin derivatives which do not bind the chaperones nterminal atpase pocket have emerged over the past decade as an alternative strategy to inhibit hsp but to date no derivative has been investigated in the clinical setting in recent years a number of natural or synthetic EDC have been identified that modulate hsp function via various mechanisms these compounds not only offer new chemotypes for the development of future hsp inhibitors but can also serve as chemical probes to unravel the biology of hsp this chapter presents a synopsis of inhibitors that directly allosterically or even indirectly alters hsp function and highlights their proposed mechanisms of action
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the signalling pathways that arrest the cell cycle and trigger cell death are only partially known dimerization of cd a kd transmembrane type ii glycoprotein highly expressed in immature B1 inhibits cell growth and causes apoptosis in normal and leukemic bcell progenitors but the molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular responses are unknown in the present T0 we found that cd ligation in the immature bcell lines reh and rs caused rapid IMT phosphorylation of the p21 of the protooncogene ccbl dimerization of cd was accompanied by the association of B6 with the p S1 of phosphatidylinositol kinase pl k resulting in markedly increased pl aK in antiphosphotyrosine and anticbl immunoprecipitates WM and ly two potent inhibitors of pl k rescued immature B1 from cdmediated growth suppression this effect was observed not only in model bcell lines but also in cultures of leukemic lymphoblasts from patients and in normal bone marrow bcell progenitors as well concentrations of inhibitors that reversed cellular responses to cd significantly decreased pl k activity by contrast rapamycin a p skinase inhibitor did not rescue immature b cells from cdmediated suppression these results suggest that pl k activity is essential for cdmediated inhibition of lymphopoiesis and that cbl and pl k are regulatory molecules whose activation can result in suppression of cell proliferation and apoptosis in immature lymphoid cells
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a human stomachadenocarcinoma cell L1 mkn was selected for resistance to adriamycin by stepwise SE to increasing concentrations of this agent the resulting cell L1 mknadr exhibited a high level of crossresistance to topoisomerase ii topo iitargeted drugs such as adriamycin mitoxantrone and etoposide but showed no crossresistance to other chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin carboplatin fluorouracil or mitomycinc pglycoprotein encoded by the mdr gene was not overexpressed in the mknadr cell L1 the doubling time of the mknadr cell L1 days increased only slightly as compared with that of the mkn cell line days the patterns of crossresistance to various chemotherapeutic agents led us to examine the cellular contents of topo ii in both the drugsensitive and the DR cells extractable topo ii CEA was fold lower in mknadr cells as compared with the parental mkn cells levels of topoisomerase i topo i catalytic activity were similar in both wildtype mkn and hand clenching as indicated by the fact that the emg activity at which they were recruited was practically the same in both cases mean sd and mv respectively in addition the net excitatory drive exerted on the MNs as assessed from the mean interspike intervals did not differ significantly between the two tasks mean sd and ms for wrist extension and hand clenching respectively however the discharge variability in terms of the coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals was slightly but significantly greater during hand clenching than during wrist extension and respectively this increase involved all types of motor units regardless of their CF we suggest that the greater motoneurone discharge variability observed during hand clenching may be attributable to an increase in the synaptic noise this increase might be due to the activation of numerous afferent pathways mediating reciprocal interactions between antagonist motoneurone pools as well as to the activation of hand cutaneous receptors that play a L1 role in the regulation of handling and gripping motor MICs
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increased cyclooxygenase expression has been reported to be a poor prognostic indicator in a number of cancers in this study we investigated the relationship between cox expression in SCCE and RT characteristics and patient survival the study group consisted of men and women who underwent esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus between october and may cox expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in primary cancers M1 CL NO and normal esophageal stumps the relationship between the extent of staining for cox and clinicopathological features and survival was determined the extent of IF for cox in both primary and metastatic cancers was higher than in normal squamous epithelia p and p respectively and the grade of IF in the primary tumor correlated positively with the finding of lymph node metastases p the year survival rate in patients with less than cox positive cells was compared to in patients with more than cox positive cells p the relationship between survival and cox IF was not due to cox being a surrogate marker for tnm stage our results show that the expression of cox is elevated in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus compared to normal epithelium and correlates with CL node metastases survival was longer in those patients whose tumors expressed lower levels of cox
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highresolution in situ hybridization has allowed the distribution of specific nucleic acids to be visualized within cells this has revealed the extent to which nucleic acids exhibit intracellular spatial organization hybridization of nonisotopically labeled probes can be detected with high resolution using fluorescence or alkaline phosphatase for LM or colloidal gold for electron microscopy results of this approach have shown that messenger rnas for TPS proteins nuclear transcripts or the gene for those transcripts all can exhibit nonrandom intracellular locations actin mrna can be seen localized in the periphery of motile cells just proximal to the lamellipodia highly localized distributions of ebv primary transcripts can be visualized in some cases creating an elongated track of TPS rna these nuclear transcripts could be seen associated with the nuclear matrix further evidence indicates that the genes from which TPS rnas derive may themselves show defined spatial organization this work sheds light on a level of cellular organization indicating that nucleic acid sequences contain spatial positioning information and therefore can influence the genesis of cellular structure and CF
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there are a range of therapeutic options available for the management of type diabetes in the elderly diet remains the mainstay of treatment although this must be realistic if diet alone is unsuccessful then for most patients shortacting sulphonylurea agents are the treatment of choice second line agents include the biguanide metformin or an alphaglucosidase inhibitor a significant proportion of type diabetic patients will however eventually require insulin to alleviate PS of poor control and improve glycaemia in this article i discuss the therapeutic options available for diabetic management in the elderly with particular emphasis on the pros and cons of insulin treatment
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a liquid chromatographytandem MS lcmsms method for simultaneous enantiomeric analysis of flumequine and its metabolite hydroxyflumequine in water and sediment had been developed based on the separation method sediment samples were extracted with acn and edtamcllvaine buffer solution vv then were EC and cleanedup by cleanert pep solidphase SE cartridges the extract solvent solid cartridges mobile phase ratios and chiral separation column were all optimized to reach high sensitivity and selectivity good peak shape and satisfactory resolution the results showed that the calibration curves of FLU enantiomers and hydroxyflumequine were linear in the range of to µgl with rho coefficients of the mean recoveries for both the enantiomers ranged from with relative standard deviations rsds being or below the limits of PCD lods for both flumequine enantiomers were µgl and µgkg in water and sediment samples whereas the limits of quantification loqs were µgl and µgkg respectively while the lods for hydroxyflumequine were µgl in water samples and µgkg in sediment samples the proposed method will be extended for studies on the degradation kinetics and environmental behaviors and providing additional information for reliable risk assessment of these chiral antibiotics
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the purpose of this T0 was to determine the role of gastrin and cholecystokinin in the cephalic phase of gastrin PR and gastric and pancreatic secretion in conscious dogs sham FF in IN dogs increased gastric acid output to about of histamine maximum and pancreatic protein to of caerulein maximum significant increases in plasma gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide but not cholecystokinin occurred similar effects were obtained using insulin hypoglycemia or deoxydglucose glucocytopemia atropine eliminated gastric acid response to SF insulin or deoxydglucose significantly reduced the pancreatic protein response by about and abolished plasma pancreatic polypeptide but not plasma gastrin blocking of cholecystokinin receptors by l did not affect gastric or pancreatic sec responses to sham FF insulin or deoxydglucose and failed to influence the accompanying increments in plasma gastrin and PP in antralmucosectomized dogs sham feedinginduced acid SO reached only of histamine maximum but the increase in pancreatic protein SO was similar to that in IN dogs in these animals BG stimulation with gi pmolkg per h potentiated the gastric acid response to sham feeding but had little effect on pancreatic protein SO this study provides evidence that unlike gastric acid the pancreatic protein response to physiological or pharmacological cephalic stimulation does not depend on vagally released gastrin but probably on direct vagal stimulation of the pancreas
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hairless hraskh mice were administered one of four dietary concentrations or ppm of methoxypsoralen mop or methoxypsoralen mop or molar equivalent concentrations of methylisopsoralen mip or carbethoxypsoralen cps by pulse FF technique days per week for weeks for the final weeks psoralen derivative administration was followed by exposure to or jcm of unfiltered ultravioleta uva radiant energy from frtpuva lamps at and weeks eyes were dilated with atropine solution and were examined using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope with a d condensing lens the lids cornea AC and the lens were evaluated for pathological changes ocular damage consisting of dense central corneal opacification was seen at significant C2 in animals given mop or mop and exposed to uva in addition opacities in the area of the posterior lens were seen in all exp CG and appeared to be related to drug treatment independent of CS exposure and therefore appeared not to be related to druglight interaction some corneal and lenticular opacification was seen at NS C2 in all exp and control CG
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this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin c on growth performance hematologic parameters and innate immune responses in juvenile cobia rachycentron canadum seven practical diets were formulated to contain as the BD and mg ascorbic acid equivalent kg diet each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile cobia with initial body weight of g in l cylindrical fiberglass tank the results of weeks FF trial showed that typical vitamin cdeficient signs such as spinal deformation and body nigrescence were observed in the fish fed the BD fish fed the BD had significantly lower WG specific growth rate sgr protein efficiency ratio per and feed efficiency fe than those fed the diets supplemented with vitamin c but no significant differences were observed among diets supplemented with VC however survival rate was significantly affected by the dietary vitamin c levels fish fed the basal diet had lower survival rate than those fed the diets supplemented with VC the ascorbic acid concentration in CL was correlated positively with the dietary VC C2 however the TBAR tbars concentrations in CL was not significantly affected by the dietary vitamin c levels although fish fed the basal diet had the highest tbars values among all treatments the MICs of serum lysozyme superoxide dismutase sod alkaline phophatase akp and total immunoglobulin ig were significantly influenced by the dietary VC C2 fish fed the basal diet had lower lysozyme sod akp and total ig than those fed diets supplemented with vitamin c the SS glucose and triglyceride concentrations were significantly affected by the dietary vitamin c C2 fish fed the BD had lower red blood cell and hemoglobin values than those fed the VC supplemented diets the challenge experiment with vibrio harveyi showed that lower cumulative survival was in fish fed the unsupplemented diet the cumulative survival were significantly increased with increase of the dietary ascorbic acid levels from to mg kg while the cumulative survival reached plateau when dietary ascorbic acid C2 increased from to mg kg these results indicated that dietary VC did significantly influence on growth performance and immune response of juvenile cobia
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endocrineparacrine cells of the prostate also known as apud or NE cells constitute in addition to the basal and exocrine sec cells a third population of highly specialized epithelial cells in the prostate gland these EP cells contain and most likely secrete serotonin and calcitonin as well as variety of other MMP little is known of the functional role of these cells but they probably subserve a paracrine or local regulatory role they may also regulate via endocrine lumencrine or neurocrine mechanisms these EP cells probably play a significant role during prostatic growth and differentiation as well as regulating the sec process of the mature gland neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma occurs in the form of the relatively rare small cell carcinoma and carcinoid or carcinoidlike RT but most commonly as focal neuroendocrine differentiation in a conventional prostatic adenocarcinoma that is a very frequent if not ubiquitous phenomenon and reflects tumor cell heterogeneity mimicking the normal differentiation process the worlds literature on NED in prostatic carcinoma is reviewed neuroendocrine differentiation in all types of prostatic carcinoma appears to correlate with a poor prognosis this correlation is probably multifactorial and may relate to a positive rho with grade a direct resistance to hormonal manipulation andor autocrineparacrine growth factor activity due to the secretion of neuroendocrine products neuronspecific enolase and chromogranin as well as other neuroendocrine products may be useful as SS markers in patients with prostatic carcinoma with NED new therapeutic strategies need to be developed to treat these PT this includes the use of specialized protocols that have been ERP against NE carcinomas arising in other organ systems
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to evaluate the clinical significance of pattern visual evoked potential pvep parameters on amblyopic patients with normalvision after pleoptic therapy
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breeder squab candidates between the ages of and wk were submitted to the california animal health and food safety laboratory turlock branch as a result of respiratory distress and increased mortality these cases were submitted from one RNA california commercial squab operation on three separate occasions occurring between december and march severe trichomoniasis was identified primarily in the tracheal epithelium and lung of squabs with few or no lesions in the oral cavity crop esophagus and livers where the organism commonly infiltrates infiltration of the trachea and lung sections with trichomonads was associated with a severe inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue diagnosis was confirmed with the use of histopathology and an immunoperoxidase special stain oxytetracycline supportive antibiotic therapy to prevent secondary bacterial infections was administered to remaining squabs on the farm but no specific treatment regimen was instituted this novel respiratory presentation of trichomoniasis continued over a period of mo until mortality gradually returned to normal
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endogenous nitric oxide no is generated by nitric oxide synthases noss which convert arginine arg and oxygen to citrulline cit and no cit can be enzymatically transformed back to arg by argininosuccinate synthetase ass and argininosuccinate lyase asl via a pathway involving argininosuccinate argsuc arg cit and argsuc levels have been measured in single SN neuronal clusters and neuropil from the nervous system of the common neurobiological MM aplysia californica using CE-LIF argsuc was found to be present in the nervous system in millimolar concentrations at C2 significantly exceeding cit levels p argsuc C2 are proportional to arg concentrations in single neurons whereas they have no clear correlation to the cit or argcit ratio nosexpressing neurons often exhibit fixativeresistant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatediaphorase nadphd IF incubation of ganglia with arg results in an increase in cit and argsuc C2 in the nadphdpositive neuropil with no effect on argsuc C2 in nadphdnegative neurons suggesting nos activity in the neuropil similar incubation with cit leads to decreased argsuc C2 in nadphdnegative SN these results can be explained by localization of nos and ass in different SN therefore the CR argcitno cycle may not be present in the same neuron the surprisingly high intracellular argsuc concentration suggests alternative sources of argsuc and that at least a portion may be formed by the reverse reaction of asl catalyzing the conversion of arg to argsuc which can be inhibited by cit
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some of the benefits of exercise appear to be mediated through modulation of neuronal excitability in CE autonomic control circuits previously we identified that six weeks of voluntary wheel running had a protective effect during hemorrhage hem limiting both the hypotensive phase of hem and enhancing REC the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of opioid release in the lateral PB nucleus lpbn on the response to severe hem in chronically exercised ex voluntary versus sedentary sed controls male sprague dawley rats were allowed either free access to running wheels ex or normal cage conditions sed after weeks of training animals were instrumented with a bilateral cannula directed toward the dorsolateral pons and arterial catheters after a REC period animals underwent CE microinjection of either vehicle veh ngroup or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone nal ngroup followed by withdrawal of of their total estimated blood volume following veh i.t. the drop in map during and following hem was significantly attenuated in the ex vs sed animals alternatively nal microinjection in the DL pons μm nl reversed the beneficial effect of ex on the hem response nal microinjection in sed rats did not significantly alter the response to hem these data suggest chronic voluntary ex has a beneficial effect on the autonomic response to severe hem which is mediated in part via exinduced STDP of the opioid system within the dorsolateral pons
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dsDNA synthesis requires adequate cellular concentrations of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates using a CS enzymic CA we have measured the concentrations pools of these EDC in human bone marrow cells and in lymphocytes the mean concentrations pmol cells in normal human bone marrow cells were deoxyadenosine triphosphate datp deoxyguanosine triphosphate dgtp thymidine triphosphate dttp and deoxycytidine triphosphate dctp and in normal phytohaemagglutinin phastimulated lymphocytes h cultures datp dgtp dttp and dctp the dNTP concentrations were increased approximately threefold in the nucleated marrow cells from patients with leukaemia and myeloproliferative diseases phastimulation of lymphocytes caused a marked increase of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations particularly of dttp between and h of SC in phastimulated lymphocytes the antifolate drugs methotrexate pyrimethamine and trimethoprim all produced a fall in dttp and a rise in datp concentrations within h these effects could be reversed by CF fluorouracil caused a fall in dttp and in dctp but no consistent changes in datp HU caused a fall in datp with a rise in dttp bcnu caused a significant fall in datp and dctp dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and theophylline had no consistent effect on the dNTP concentrations mercaptopurine caused a fall in datp and dgtp the fall in datp being marked after h incubation it is concluded that measurement of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in human cells provides a new method of studying dna synthesis in human disease states and of analysing the action of antimetabolite drugs on normal and diseased cells
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the course of postnatal depression was examined in firsttime mothers and fathers with emphasis on the role of personality and parental relationships as risk factors
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cromer system antigens a series of blood group antigens of very high frequency are not considered to be clinically significant in transfusion in renal transplantation only the abo blood group antigens are considered essential the drori blood group antigen is present in serum and has been found to reside on the renal tubular basement membrane and bowmans capsule the effect of antidra on the renal parenchyma has not been evaluated
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leaf is sensitive to environmental changes and exhibits specific responses to abiotic AS to identify the response mechanism in soybean leaf under waterlogging stress a gelfreelabelfree proteomic technique combined with polyethylene glycol fractionation was used attenuated photosynthesis by waterlogging stress in the leaf of soybean seedlings was indicated from proteomic results defensive mechanisms such as ROS species ros scavenging was also recognized cluster analysis revealed that proteins that exhibit characteristic dynamics in response to waterlogging were mainly related to photosynthesis among the identified photorespirationrelated proteins the protein abundance and enzyme activity of hydroxypyruvate reductase were transiently increased in control plants but were clearly decreased in response to waterlogging stress these results suggest that waterlogging directly impairs photosynthesis and photorespiration furthermore hydroxypyruvate reductase may be a critical enzyme controlling the rate of photorespiration
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in the present work we recorded the neuronal properties of the ventromedial medulla a brainstem structure involved in the descending spinal control systems related to nociception in awake freely moving healthy and polyarthritic rats these animals were rendered polyarthritic with a subcutaneous administration of the freunds adjuvant into the tail and studied at and days postinoculation at the ventromedial medulla level the singleunit MICs were recorded by means of a chronically implanted device supporting a microns platinumiridium wire as the recording electrode with a total of recorded SN we determined that in both healthy rats ie animals having received mineral oil only and arthritic rats there were ventromedial medulla units with common physiological properties but also changes in PA with the results from anesthetized arthritic rats at spinal and thalamic levels the systematic analysis of the responses to CS touch and mechanical shock revealed that the multimodal multireceptive units excited by innocuous and noxious stimuli were much more responsive to both modalities in arthritic rats approximately of these neurons displayed a paroxysmal SA also reported in the literature for other structures in addition we recorded a significant number of SN inhibited or excitedinhibited by innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimulations and a few with a regular spontaneous activity also responding which has never been the case in healthy rats we conclude that a peripheral chronic inflammation such as ICA can produce changes of the ventromedial medulla neuronal properties as compared to healthy animals consequently in addition to its classical role in the spinal control of nociception the ventromedial medulla is able to develop some form of STDP in the case of persistent pain of peripheral origin
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we report experience with patients presenting with a TPS combination of symptoms unilateral sciatica unilateral sensibility loss in the dermatomes s to s hemisaddle and subjective micturation problems AA to ruptured lumbar disc because of its similarities with a CES this combination of PS was thought to be a unilateral cauda equina syndrome and it was called hemicauda equina syndrome consequently it was treated as an emergency
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the haplotypes of the alphaglobin gene cluster were determined for indians from the brazilian amazon region who belong to tribes wayampà wayanaapalaà kayapó arára and yanomámi three predominant haplotypes were identified ia present in of chromosomes iiia and iie the only alphaglobin gene rearrangement detected was alpha alpha alpha i gene triplication associated with haplotype iiia found in HF and in two tribes and absent in the others alphaglobin gene deletions that cause alphathalassemia were not seen supporting the argument that malaria was absent in these populations until recently the heterogeneous CSD of alphaglobin gene haplotypes and rearrangements among the different tribes differs markedly from the homogeneous CSD of betaglobin gene cluster haplotypes and reflects the action of various genetic mechanisms genetic drift founder effect consanguinity on small isolated population groups with a complicated history of divergencefusion events the alphaglobin gene haplotype distribution has some similarities to distributions observed in southeast asian and pacific island populations indicating that these populations have considerable genetic affinities however the absence of several features of the alphaglobin gene cluster that are consistently present among the pacific islanders suggests that the similarity of haplotypes between brazilian indians and people from polynesia micronesia and melanesia is more likely to result of ancient common ancestry rather than the consequence of recent direct genetic contribution through immigration
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in this paper thorough analysis along with mathematical derivations of the matched filter for a voltmeter used in IMP tomography systems are presented the effect of the random noise in the system prior to the matched filter generated by other components are considered employing the presented equations allow systemcircuit designers to find the maximum tolerable noise prior to the matched filter that leads to the target SNR ratio snr of the voltmeter without having to overdesign internal components a practical MM was developed that should fall within db and db of the median snr measurements of signal amplitude and phase respectively in order to validate our claims simulation and experimental measurements have been performed with an analogtodigital converter adc followed by a digital matched filter while the noise of the whole system was modeled as the input referred at the adc input the input signal was contaminated by a known value of additive white gaussian noise awgn noise and the noise level was swept from to of the least significant bit lsb of the adc differences between experimental and both simulated and analytical snr values were less than and db for rms values ⥠of an lsb and less than and db for rms values of an lsb for the amplitude and phase respectively overall this T0 provides a practical model for circuit designers in eit and a more accurate error analysis that was previously missing in eit literature
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the reactions of lncl with molten boric acid result in the formation of lnboohcl ln land lnboohcl ln sm eu or lnbooh ln y eulu the reactions of ancl an pu am cm with molten boric acid under the same conditions yield puboohcl and puboohclho ambooh·ho or cmboohhocl these EDC possess threedimensional network structures where rare earth borate layers are joined together by bo andor bo CG there is a shift from coordinate ln and an cations with capped triangular cupola geometries for the early members of both series to coordinate hulahoop geometries for the later elements cm is anomalous in that it contains both and coordinate metal ions despite these materials being synthesized under MZ conditions the two series do not parallel one another electronic structure calculations with multireference casscf and density functional theory dft methods reveal the an f orbitals to be localized and predominately uninvolved in bonding for the puiii borates a pu p orbital is observed with delocalized electron density on basal oxygen atoms contrasting the amiii and cmiii borates where a basal o p orbital delocalizes to the an d orbital the electronic structure of the ceiii borate is similar to the puiii complexes in that the ce f orbital is localized and noninteracting but the ce p orbital shows no interaction with the coordinating ligands natural bond orbital and natural population analyses at the dft level illustrate distinctive larger pu f atomic occupancy relative to am and cm f as well as unique involvement and occupancy of the an d orbitals
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recent cloning and sequencing of plasma phospholipid transfer protein complementary dna revealed that phospholipid transfer protein belongs to the lipid transferlipopolysaccharide binding protein family that includes the cholesteryl ester transfer protein the bactericidal permeability increasing protein and the lipopolysaccharidebinding protein in addition to structural similarities members of the lipid transferlipopolysaccharidebinding protein family might share some common PET properties and recent studies demonstrated that phospholipid transfer protein can act in several distinct metabolic processes in particular the molecular transfer of phospholipids UC alphatocopherol and lipopolysaccharides by phospholipid transfer protein suggests that it might be involved both in lipoprotein metabolism and in antimicrobial defence resulting in a growing interest in this protein
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a reinvestigation of the mechanism of action of methylmercaptoimidazole propylthiouracil and thiouracil on thyroid peroxidase tpo was undertaken a preliminary incubation of tpo and ho with methylmercaptoimidazole propylthiouracil or TU was carried out in the absence of oxidizable substrates ie i or guaiacol this incubation resulted in irreversible inactivation of tpo the extent of inactivation could be determined after removal of the drug by GF or by dilution into the CA mixture preincubation as above in the presence of iodide or thiocyanate prevented the irreversible inactivation of tpo rats receiving doses of these drugs which CR inhibited proteinbound iodine formation showed normal levels of tpo in their thyroid glands min after drug administration these findings suggest that the initial in vivo action of these drugs is to block iodination by trapping oxidized iodide not by acting as GA inhibitors of the tpo
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a genetic MM of androchronogenic alopecia has yet to be described in the rat or mouse two of the better characterized species it may be relevant that the best current rat of androchronogenic alopecia the stumptailed macaque is a primate the age of onset and the DP of hair loss closely resemble human malepattern baldness and morphologically as well as mechanistically may be analogous to the corresponding process in humans since genetically controlled regional hairlessness is a phenomenon relatively unique to homo sapiens it may be too much to expect to find an analogous process among rodents
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pituitary tumours are the cause of hyperadrenocorticism in a variety of species but the role of the pituitary gland in hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets is not known in this species the disease is mediated by the action of excess gonadotrophins on the adrenal cortex and is characterized by an excessive secretion of sex steroids in this T0 the PIT gland of four healthy control ferrets IN or neutered and neutered ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism was examined histologically following immunohistochemical labelling for ACTH hormone alphamelanocytestimulating hormone growth hormone thyroidstimulating hormone luteinizing hormone folliclestimulating hormone and prolactin immunohistochemistry revealed that somatotrophs thyrotrophs and lactotrophs were the most abundant cell types of the pars distalis of the PIT gland in the healthy ferrets the distribution of corticotrophs was similar to that in the dog and man in ferrets as in dogs the melanotrophic cell was almost the only cell type of the pars intermedia gonadotrophs were found in the pars distalis of neutered but not intact ferrets all the ferrets with HAC had unilateral or BL alterations of the adrenal gland in addition in the pituitary gland of two of these ferrets a tumour was detected these tumours were not immunolabelled by antibodies against any of the PIT hormones and had characteristics of the clinically nonfunctional gonadotroph tumours seen in man in some of the other ferrets low PIT immunoreactivity for gonadotrophic hormones was detected which may have been due to the FB of autonomous steroid secretion by the neoplastic transformation of the adrenal cortex it is concluded that initially high concentrations of gonadotrophins resulting from castration may initiate hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex the low incidence of pituitary tumours and the LD of gonadotrophinpositive cells in nonaffected pituitary tissue in this T0 suggest that persistent hyperadrenocorticism is not dependent on persistent gonadotrophic stimulation
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octacosanol is a lesser known nutraceutical with the potential for treatment of several inflammatory diseases high cholesterol parkinsons symptoms and TG along with the capacity to improve athletic performance but its lipophilicity and C1 structure inhibits D2 solubility in water resulting in poor absorption and a low BA in the present work sodium salt of octacosyl sulfate was synthesized it displayed improved water solubility its nanocrystals synthesized by means of nanoprecipitation technique enhanced DWI velocity antioxidant capacity shelflife penetrability and BA particle size of the NCs ranged between and nm both modified octacosanol and its nanocrystals displayed maximum lipid peroxidation MICs at a concentration ppm but nanocrystals demonstrated higher prevention from FT cycles it was evident that normal octacosanol crystals were far more prone to temperature variations than the nanocrystals a pronounced increase in releasediffusion rate and BA was observed for the NCs of the modified octacosanol in vitro PR kinetics bioavailability and bioequivalence were studied RBV for gastric passage and pancreatic passage of NCs was times and times that of normal crystals respectively furthermore the nanocrystals displayed a superior in vitro PR rate while following a nonfickian mode
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pulmonary function was studied before and T3 bilateral lung lavage with oxygenated fc fluorocarbon liquid in seven perterm lambs days of gestation measurements of transpulmoary pressure airflow tidal volume and PET residual capacity frc enabled calculation of RL and compliance specific compliance and work of PLB immediately postlavage arterial oxygen tension pao decreased significantly p less than by from control values in addition at hr postlavage CL significantly decreased p less than by from control C2 lung resistance frc work of breathing arterial carbon dioxide tension and ph postlavage were not significantly different from prelavage values the mean volume of fc remaining in the lungs at hr postlavage was of the instilled volume these data indicate that lung lavage with a low surface tension liquid has a relatively small effect on lung mechanics of the premature lung
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to T0 the effect and mechanism of exercise preconditioning on focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion induced cerebral infarction via rat model sixty sprague dawley rats were divided into three groups at random ischemia reperfusion group ir n sham group sham n and exercise preconditioning group ep n group ep carried out moderate exercise preconditioning for weeks swimming with nonweight bearing minutesday daysweek rats in group ep and ir were established CBF ischemia RI model by zea longas thread method the CI volume in rat of different group was evaluated after ttc staining expression of hifα in rats BB was detected by realtime rtpcr immunohistochmeistry method and western blot no cerebral infarction and significant expression of hifα in group sham compared with group ir there was smaller infarct volume and stronger hifα expression in group ep p ME preconditioning reduces ischemia reperfusion induced focal CBF infarct volume through upregulating the expression of hifα
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the purpose of the study was to preoperatively investigate small laryngeal carcinomas using multislice SCT msct and subsequent MPRs mpr and to compare the results to the detailed spread found at surgery and histology nine patients with small t t laryngeal CA were investigated on a msct scanner siemens plus volume zoom siemens a x mm collimation kv mas and a seconds rotation time were used allowing a coverage of the entire larynx in approximately seconds within a single breathhold multiplanar reconstructions mpr in sagittal and coronal plane were reconstructed in all patients and rated in consensus reading in of nine patients the glottic spread was detected by msct in one cause of a supraglottic RT a glottic invasion was excluded the infiltration of the AC the infiltration into the subglottic space and the extension into the hypopharynx was correctly assessed in all patients msct was not able to predict infiltration of the arythnoids in two patients the use of multislice SCT for the preoperative assessment of small laryngeal PT shows great promise the PCD or exclusion of subtle spread of these PT into the supra or subglottic space and along the glottic level was possible with high accuracy as the examination time is short artifacts are rare and MPRs gain in clinical importance
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gatifloxacin tequin kyorin pharmaceutical co ltd is a new fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity for pathogens implicated in CA RTIs including grampositive negative and atypical bacteria excellent oral BA a halflife allowing oncedaily administration and excellent penetration into respiratory tissues are desirable pharmacokinetic characteristics of gatifloxacin monte carlo simulation of gatifloxacin in streptococcus pneumoniae infection demonstrates that adequate C2 of pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic parameters are obtained with gatifloxacin in almost all instances in RCT and a C1 openlabel communitybased study gatifloxacin has shown excellent clinical and bacteriological efficacy in acute bacterial sinusitis acute exacerbations of CB and CA pneumonia current guidelines recommend the initial empiric use of gatifloxacin along with the other new fluoroquinolones for CA respiratory tract infection in patients who have increased likelihood of infection with resistant pathogens another group of patients where this agent is recommended for initial antimicrobial therapy are those who because of underlying disease andor comorbid conditions need an antibiotic with high antimicrobial tau to achieve optimal outcomes
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to study the role of membrane lipids in signal transduction by the insulin receptor we have studied the effect of phospholipase c CP and a phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase staphylococcus aureus on insulin IB a function of the alphasubunit and IMT kinase activity a CF of the betasubunit in im lymphocytes and nih t fibroblasts transfected with the human insulin receptor treatment of the cells with phospholipase c at concentrations up to uml did not affect specific insulin IB but reduced insulinstimulated receptor phosphorylation by this effect of phospholipase c was observed within min of treatment and occurred with no change in the basal level of phosphorylation i.c.v. of cells with insulin for min prior to enzyme addition prevented any change in kinase activity insulinstimulated phosphorylation of pp the presumed endogenous substrate for the insulin receptor kinase was also reduced following phospholipase c treatment with an almost CR loss of insulin stimulation T3 exposure of cells to enzyme at concentrations as low as uml in contrast to these effects of phospholipase c on IN cells receptor autophosphorylation was not affected in insulin receptors purified on wheat germ agglutininagarose from phospholipase c treated cells likewise the phospholipase c effect was reduced by the addition of phosphatidylcholine but not by the addition of the PIs aprotinin and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride to the incubation indicating its dependence on phospholipid hydrolysis treatment of cells with the phosphatidylinositolspecific phospholipase c did not affect any of the parameters studiedabstract truncated at words
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soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products srage can decoy the toxic ages and is considered to be a protective factor this study aimed to evaluate the rho between intrafollicular srage levels and clinical outcomes in infertile women of young or advanced maternal age ama undergoing in vitro fertilization ivf a total of young women and ama women who would undergo ivf were included in this prospective study the intrafollicular srage concentration was measured to determine its association with the number of retrieved oocytes fertilized oocytes highquality embryos or achievement of clinical pregnancy in young and ama women respectively besides correlations between srage and age or folliclestimulating hormone fsh were examined we found that the intrafollicular srage C2 were higher in young patients than those in ama patients suggesting that the srage levels were inversely correlated with age in young patients srage showed no rho with the number of retrieved oocytes fertilized oocytes highquality embryos or achievement of clinical pregnancy but it was found that ama patients with more retrieved oocytes fertilized oocytes and highquality embryos demonstrated higher srage levels which were a prognostic factor for getting clinical pregnancy independent of age or fsh level in conclusion the srage C2 decrease with age elevated intrafollicular srage C2 indicate good follicular growth fertilization and embryonic OD and successful clinical pregnancy in ama women while in young women the role of srage may not be so predominant
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ly receptors regulate mouse natural killer cell functions members of the polymorphic ly multigene family recognize TPS alleles of MHC-I mhc i or mhc ilike proteins previous studies have provided insight into the nature of lya and c interaction with their highaffinity mhc i ligands hdd and kb respectively unlike lyc recognition of mhc i by lya is regulated in part by residues within the betabeta loop of its ectodomain lya and g are within the same ly subfamily and both receptors recognize dd however there have been no studies that define specific sites on lyg that mediate class i mhc recognition the lyg receptors of different inbred mouse strains can differ as a result of CAA polymorphisms within their ectodomains in this report we have generated a novel antibody ck which recognizes lygb and a lygblike receptor lymnonobese diabetic but not lygbalbc by exploiting the differences within ectodomains of B6 and balbc lyg S2 products we identified epitopes recognized by the lygspecific antibodies ck and cwy whose epitopes mapped within the betabeta loop and the beta strand respectively and were nonoverlapping although both antibodies specifically recognized the lygb ectodomain cwy was unable to block its interaction with mhc i and ck significantly inhibited it the importance of residues within the betabeta loop in lyg recognition demonstrates that its interaction with mhc i is similar to that of lya but not lyc
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the development of nonpeptide agonists for peptide hormone receptors would markedly expand the treatment options for a C1 number of diseases however difficulty in identifying nonpeptide molecules which possess alpha has been a major obstacle in achieving this goal at present most of the known nonpeptide ligands for peptide hormone receptors appear in standard functional assays to be antagonists here we report that a constitutively active mutant of the human cholecystokininbgastrin receptor leu glu offers the potential to detect even trace agonist activity of ligands which at the wild type receptor isoform appear to lack efficacy the enhanced functional sensitivity of the mutant receptor enabled us to detect intrinsic activity of l an established nonpeptide antagonist for the cholecystokininbgastrin receptor extending from this observation we were able to demonstrate that minor structural modifications could convert l into either i an agonist or ii an inverse agonist attenuates ligandindependent signaling the ability to confer functional activity to small nonpeptide ligands suggests that the properties of endogenous peptide hormones can be mimicked and even extended by considerably less complex molecules
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a set of NT monoclonal antibodies mabs directed against the gp protein of EU type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus prrsv has been produced previously weiland et al this set reacted with a plaquepurified virus ppv subpopulation of dutch isolate intervet i but not with the european prototype prrsv lv in order to map the neutralization epitope in the gp protein of the ppv strain thdespread throughout the forest that dominated prehuman new zealand but extensive deforestation has restricted them to scattered populations in forest fragments in a previous T0 the species intraspecific phylogeny was investigated using multiple mitochondrial gene sequences six phylogroups were identified with estimated divergences of ma in the current study the phylogeographical structure and demographic PH of the phylogroups were investigated using control region sequences modified by removing homoplasic sites phylogeographical structure in the north island was generally consistent with an isolationbydistance dispersal MM coalescentbased analyses ie mismatch distributions skyline plots lineage dispersal analysis and nested clade analysis indicated that the three phylogroups found in central and southern north island expanded before the LGM presumably during interstadials when nothofagus forest was most extensive genetic structure within a CE north island hybrid zone was consistent with range expansion from separate refugia following reforestation after catastrophic volcanic eruptions phylogeographical structure in the south island was consistent with southern populations originating during rapid southward range expansion from refugia in RNA south island following postglacial reforestation of the south island kya
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the present T0 was carried out to evaluate the pharmacological effect of zn in diarrhoea in relation to IP seventytwo weaning piglets aged d were allocated to three dietary treatments control diet without supplemental zn control diet supplemented with mg znkg from zno control diet supplemented with mg znkg from tetrabasic zinc chloride tbzc at the end of a d experiment period piglets were weighed feed consumption was measured and mucosal barrier CF was determined using the lactulosemannitol test expression of mucosal tight junction protein was measured at rna and protein level inclusion of tbzc or zno in the diet significantly increased average daily gain p and average DFI p while leading to reduced feed conversion ratio p and faecal scores p tbzc reduced urinary lactulosemannitol ratios of weaning piglets p while dietary supplementation with zno tended to reduce urinary lactulosemannitol ratios p zno or tbzc significantly enhanced the mrna and protein expression of occludin p and zonula occludens protein zo p in the ileal mucosa piglets fed the tbzcsupplemented diet had a higher level of occludin than pigs fed the znosupplemented diet p the results indicate that zn supplementation decreased faecal scores and the reduction was accompanied by reduced IP which was evident from the reduced urinary lactulosemannitol ratios and increased expression of occludin and zo therefore the protective effect of pharmacological levels of dietary zn in reducing diarrhoea might at least partly be associated with reduced intestinal permeability
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methyl iodide or iodomethane chi has recently been registered as a fumigant in many countries although its environmental impacts are not well understood here we report the results of a study on the methylation of mercury by chi in NK water by incubation experiments using both hg hgcl and chhg and hydrogen cdistable isotope addition techniques we find that methylation of hg hg and hg by chi can occur in NK water under sunlight while only hg and hg can be methylated in deionized water we propose that the methylation of hg by chi in NK waters is mediated by sunlight and involves two steps the reduction of hg to hghg and the subsequent methylation of hghg by chi further quantitative assessment suggests that chiinvolved methylation of inorganic hg could be an important source of chhg in an environment where chi has been used in C1 amounts as a fumigant
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chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide lps isolated from an ERP and ineffective strains of r l viciae has been determined lps S9 from the two strains contained glucose Gal mannose fucose arabinose heptose glucosamine galactosamine quinovosamine and nmethyldideoxyhexose as well as glucuronic galacturonic and deoxyoctulosonic acid the following fatty acids were identified oh oh oh oh and oh the ratio of oh to other L1 fatty acids in lps was higher that in lps sdspage profiles of lps indicated that in lipopolysaccharides relative content of s form lps i to that of lower molecular mass lps ii was much higher in the ERP strain than in all types of PSs exo capsular lipo eps cps lps respectively examined possessed the ability to bind faba bean lectin the degree of affinity of the host lectin to lps was half that to lps fatty acids fa composition from bacteroids and PBM pbm was determined palmitic stearic and hexadecenoic acids were common components found in both strains there was a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in bacteroids as well as in pbm lipids the unsaturation index in the pbm formed by strain was lower than in the case of CS higher ratio of to fatty acids was characteristic for pmb of the ineffective strain
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children with nephropathic cystinosis excrete large amounts of calcium and phosphate due to renal tubular fanconi syndrome and also receive substantial supplements of phosphate and alkalinizing agents since these constitute risk AF for NC we evaluated children age months to years with nephropathic cystinosis and good renal function by performing RP ultrasound examinations in a blinded fashion we also retrospectively analyzed parameters of calcium and phosphate metabolism representing personyears of data on these children fifteen children had no evidence of medullary nephrocalcinosis while had mild nephrocalcinosis and severe NC had renal stones mean urine calcium and phosphate concentrations increased from mm and mm respectively in children without NC to mm and mm in children with mild NC to mm and mm in children with severe nephrocalcinosis mean urine ph ranged from to the mean sd age of the patients with nephrocalcinosis was years compared with years for those without nephrocalcinosis p serum calcium phosphate vitamin d and parathyroid hormone did not correlate with frequency or degree of nephrocalcinosis we conclude that NC frequently accompanies nephropathic cystinosis can be detected by ultrasound examination and might be managed by reducing oral replacement of phosphate calcium vitamin d and citcv igm and alt while no rho existed between the C2 of SS alt antihcv igg it is suggested that in patients with CHC PCD of antihcv igm may be useful for estimating the extent of progressive CL damage and guiding the antiviral therapy
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human adults are shown to be capable of conversion of linoleic acid la n to AA aa n in vivo it is confirmed that they can also convert alphalinolenic acid lna n to eicosapentaenoic acid epa n and to docosahexaenoic acid dha n in vivo the time course and the maximal response for these processes during the first week T3 a single dose of the carbon precursor is described a stableisotope method in which the protons of the c and c carbons are substituted with deuterium atoms is used in order to provide for a safe method for the study of human metabolism high sensitivity and selectivity of PCD is assured with negative ion gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis it is clear that human adults on an ad lib diet carry out efa metabolism in vivo
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the objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of the pituitary hormones lh fsh and prolactin and progesterone in normal adult nigerian women during the first cycle T3 a menstrual regulation for delayed periods hence eleven healthy volunteers aged between and years were recruited all the subjects had consulted the FP clinic for menstrual regulation venepuncture was performed immediately before and every other day after the procedure until the onset of the first menstrual period SS from the samples were stored at degrees c and later assayed for lh fsh prolactin and progesterone the results showed that nine patients had a demonstrable lh peak whilst seven patients had a LP SS progesterone in excess of nmoll these criteria were used for the diagnosis of ovulation the combination of two or three indices ie lh fsh peak lh progesterone lh fsh progesterone did not seem to confer any special advantages in terms of the diagnosis of ovulation these results are considered as further evidence for the need to provide contraception in the first cycle after an abortion in women who do not wish to get pregnant immediately
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previously we demonstrated that nuclear factorkappab nfkappab mediates cytokineinduced hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase inos expression nfkappab activation is regulated by kinases and phosphatases whose function is only beginning to be understood therefore experiments were performed to determine the role of protein phosphatases ppase in cytokineinduced inos expression hepatocytes were stimulated with cytokines in the presence or absence of IMT phosphatase inhibitors PV pv phenylarsine oxide pao and a serinethreonine phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid oa cytokines induced hepatocyte inos mrna protein and no production that was substantially decreased by the addition of the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors pao and pv the serinethreonine phosphatase inhibitor oa decreased no release and protein levels in a concentrationdependent fashion however inos mrna C2 were not significantly reduced nuclear runon experiments demonstrated that PTPs ptpases are required for inos transcription while the serinethreonine phosphatase inhibitor oa had no effect on inos transcription electromobility shift assays emsas revealed that the tyrosinephosphatase inhibitors blocked cytokineinduced nfkappab activation while oa did not have a significant effect on nfkappab dna CBA therefore tyrosine phosphatases are involved in the regulation of cytokineinduced activation of nfkappab while serinethreonine phosphatases posttranscriptionally regulate inos translation these results identify the regulatory role of specific protein phosphatases ppases in hepatic inos expression
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renal artery dissections encountered in patients aged to years were categorized as to pathogenesis BAT catheter injury and spontaneous blunt traumatic dissections seven patients were characterized by hypertension gross hematuria and pain catheterinduced dissections four patients were asymptomatic although two exhibited accelerated hypertension spontaneous dissections four patients were all associated with preexistent arterial disease symptoms in these patients were uncommon despite accelerated hypertension in three cases intravenous pyelography lacked specific diagnostic value for renal artery dissections early arteriographic examination proved essential in diagnosis and surgical treatment criteria for operative MI included existence of technically correctable dissections causing hemodynamically significant occlusions of the main or major segmental renal arteries documented renovascular hypertension or significant deterioration of renal function
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we defined the plasma and tissue concentrations and pharmacokinetics of slott a spinlabeled analog of thiotepa in g male swiss webster mice that had received spinlabeled thiotepa at a dosage of mgkg concentrations of spinlabeled TT in ethyl acetate extracts of tissue and plasma were determined by GLC and electron spin resonance spectroscopy PC of spinlabeled TT declined in a biexponential fashion that was well described by the equation ct et et indicating a halflife alpha of min and a halflife beta of min after h there was still spinlabeled thiotepa in plasma but not in tissues in tissues no spinlabeled thiotepa was detected with gasliquid chromatography min T3 i.t. but with electronspin resonance label was found in lung and skeletal muscle the main metabolite of spinlabeled thiotepa is spinlabeled tepa where oxidative desulfurization is invoked as the main metabolic mechanism reduction of the spin label to the hydroxylamine was also observed with time
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TV ultrasoundguided follicular aspiration opu is the method of choice to retrieve immature oocytes from highly valuable living donor cows for in IVP in the introduction we comment on general techniques of oocyte retrieval in the second part we describe the opu technique from a technical point of view and we discuss the AF that influence the quality and quantity of the oocytes retrieved firstly there is a group of technical AF such as aspiration procedure needle type and the influence of the aspiration vacuum on cumulus oocyte complex morphology secondly there is a huge group of biological influences eg hormonal stimulation prior to follicle puncture timing of the procedure relative to the estrous cycle age breed and physiological condition of the donor subsequently the use of opu in combination with in vitro embryo production for the treatment of bovine sterility patients is discussed as a way to obtain additional offspring from donors with impaired fertility reports on donor animal health and reproductive performance following repeated opu are commented upon finally future research possibilities related to the opu technique are discussed additional gain is expected from the OD of better ultrasound equipment permitting optimal visualization of the smallest follicles in addition opu equipment will be used for related purposes such as repeated retrieval of ovarian biopsies and the injection of local ovarian mediators which will permit to T0 local paracrine hormonal effects and their influence on oocyte SQ
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the effect of glial cell linederived neurotrophic factor gdnf on the growth of mesencephalic dopaminergic SN and on their survival following exposure to the neurotoxin methylphenylpyridinium mpp was examined in vitro in cultures developing under normal conditions gdnf at ngml optimally improved the survival and stimulated the growth of dopaminergic SN without affecting glial growth in cultures treated with mpp gdnf could not prevent toxicity to dopaminergic SN the uptake of hdopamine and the number of IMT hydroxylasepositive SN were similarly reduced by mpp in the presence or absence of gdnf however T3 removal of mpp gdnf protected dopaminergic SN from the continuous cell death and stimulated the regrowth of dopaminergic fibers damaged by mpp we conclude that gdnf supports the growth of normally developing dopaminergic SN and stimulates their survival and recovery T3 damage these findings suggest that gdnf could be useful in the development of therapeutic approaches to FPD which is characterized by dopaminergic cell loss
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nine infants with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus had CSF fluid formation and absorption studies before IS of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt six were also tested postoperatively the preshunt formation rate varied from mlmin and the cerebrospinal Jv or csf conductance ccsf varied from to mlminmm hg the postoperative formation rate varied from to mlmin the postoperative csf conductance ct was calculated as the sum of ccsf and the shunt conductance cs the relationship between the ccsf and cs curves was determined by matching the sum of these curves to the postoperative data points using the method of leastsquares the data suggests that the shunt may work directly or indirectly to establish a new RP the latter by stabilizing the sagittal sinus pressure which preoperatively increased concomitantly with the csf pressure and thus enhanced an alreadyexisting absorption deficit
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intestinal perfusion methods with a nonabsorbable marker allow an exact quantitative determination of intestinal absorption and secretion provided that methodological pitfalls are avoided a modified technique is applied to the simultaneous measurement of biliary and pancreatic secretion during and depending on emptying of a mixed test meal a DU segment was perfused with an isotonic polyethyleneglycol solution peg reinjection of DU aspirates maintained a normal EHC of bile acids interruption less than the perfusion was performed in healthy volonteers over a period of to hours with three mixed formula meals containing crcl as a marker ingested at conventional FF hours influence of meal size was studied by means of a high caloric kcalb wt per day test meal patients with cholesterol gallstones and cirrhosis of the CL only received one formula test meal of kcal instead of concentrations output of trypsin lipase bile acids and cholesterol the latter corrected for duodenal absorption was calculated from the dilution of peg in the DU juice and GE was determined by following quantitatively the flow of crcl gastric emptying can be expressed by a single exponential function over most of the time only the last kcals were expelled by the stomach at a faster rate the daily biliary and pancreatic secretion depend indirectly on the amount of food ingested but during the day light hours with continuous meal flow secretion was similar in high and low caof fatty acids during various stages of germination were measured in the cotyledons and in the roots a decrease in the content of all the fatty acids and an fold increase in the moisture content of the cotyledons were observed during the days of germination there were no significant changes in the fatty acid contents of the roots with the exception of those in LA acid which increased by percent during days of germination the possible significance of these changes is discussed
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targeted biological therapies for HCC CA have shown minimal improvements in median survival multiple pathways to oncogenesis leading to rapid development of resistance to such therapies is a concern noninvasive radiofrequency fieldinduced targeted hyperthermia using nanoparticles is a radical departure from conventional modalities in this paper we underscore the need for innovative strategies for the treatment of HCC CA describe the CE paradigm of targeted hyperthermia using noninvasive electromagnetic SE review the process of characterization and modification of NPs for the task and summarize data from cellbased and animalbased models of hepatocellular cancer treated with noninvasive rf energy finally future strategies and challenges in bringing this modality from bench to clinic are discussed
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modic changes are of increasing interest however their age and gender prevalence are not well described to date the associations between modic changes and other common vertebral pathologies have only been described in small samples n our aim was in a C1 dataset of people with LBP to describe the prevalence of a range of spinal pathoanatomies and examine the association between modic changes and stages of intervertebral disc ivd pathology common pathologies were coded from the LS mris from consecutive people imaged while attending a publiclyfunded AA care outpatient facility in denmark prevalence data were calculated by pathology and by vertebral level prevalence was also calculated by age and gender categories for modic changes the association between stages of ivd pathology degeneration bulge herniation and modic changes at l and ls was expressed using SPRs pr and confidence intervals the prevalence of modic changes and ivd pathology were greater in l and ls compared with the upper LS there was no significant gender difference in prevalence of modic changes p the prevalence of ivd disc pathology occurring concurrently with modic changes ranged from to type to type and to type andor while the prevalence occurring in the absence of modic changes ranged from to type to type to type andor the associated pr for ivd pathology occurring concurrently with modic changes ranged from to p the highest pr was between degeneration and modic changes indicating that it is rare for modic changes to occur without disc degeneration spinal pathoanatomy was common in this population particularly ivd pathologies and a consistent trend of a relatively greater prevalence in the lower lumbar spine was identified modic changes were more likely to be present among individuals with ivd pathology than without which may implicate mechanical AF as being one aetiological pathway for modic changes although other hypotheses may equally explain this association
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a yearold female patient presented at the emergency room with episodes of epistaxis dysphagia and malaise the patient had acute prerenal renal failure probably in association with previous infection of the airways and treatment with nsaids laboratory values revealed greatly decreased leukocyte and platelet counts as well as anemia the patient had a diagnosis of a seronegative arthritis since months and therefore was treated with low dose methotrexate mtx mgweek after exclusion of other causes myelosupression was considered to be associated with lowdose mtx after stopping mtx and treatment with folic acid leucocyte and platelet counts returned to normal and stomatitis recovered as well within nine days we discuss the pharmacology of lowdose mtx and in particular the risk factors and prophylaxis of its toxicity renal function needs special attention in patients treated with lowdose mtx
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the authors have studied the exercise test carried out at least three months months cases greater than months cases after myocardial infarction in the anterior position cases in the inferior position cases and of a diffuse type cases in patients who were taking no treatment which might interfere with interpretation of the test for the anterior infarctions there was a good rho between st elevation j max greater than or equal to mm or better than the sun of the j greater than or equal to mm and the presence of severe involvement of the left ventricle a depressed st segment beyond the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to p in p of cases in inferior infarctions the rho between st elevation and left VVI involvement is also specific but less sensitive st depression outside the area of necrosis corresponds to a stenosis greater than or equal to p in p of cases it is then lateral but may extend as far as v they also indicate a mirror image especially when the depressed area slopes upwards and is localised in vv the other changes which were found have no practical application
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cytokinesis in animal cells results from the assembly and constriction of a circumferential array of AFs and S1 microtubules of the mitotic apparatus determine the position at which the cytokinetic AM array forms but the molecular mechanisms by which they do so remain unknown the small gtpase rhoa has previously been implicated in cytokinesis using fourdimensional microscopy and a probe for AS rhoa we show that AS rhoa concentrates in a precisely bounded zone before cytokinesis and is independent of actin assembly cytokinetic rhoa activity zones are common to four echinoderm species the vertebrate xenopus laevis and the highly asymmetric cytokinesis accompanying meiosis MTs direct the formation and placement of the rhoa activity zone and the zone is repositioned after PCS spindle MSD we conclude that MTs specify the cytokinetic apparatus via a dynamic zone of local rhoa activity
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identifying the stages of sleep or sleep staging is an unavoidable step in sleep researpic definitions of relevance to smokingrelated SMB which has likely impeded the discovery of genetic effects we performed gwa analyses on AD twins ascertained for ever smoking from the populationbased finnish twin cohort study the availability of smokingrelated phenotypes allowed us to comprehensively portray the dimensions of smoking behavior clustered into the domains of smoking initiation amount smoked and nd our results highlight a locus on p with several singlenucleotide polymorphisms snps in the vicinity of cleca showing association p à with smoking quantity interestingly cleca is located close to a previously reported attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder adhd linkage locus and an evident link between adhd and smoking has been established intriguing preliminary association p à was detected between dsmiv diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders th edition nd diagnosis and several snps in erbb coding for a neuregulin receptor on q the association between erbb and dsmiv nd diagnosis was replicated in an independent australian sample recently a significant increase in erbb and neuregulin nrg expression was revealed following chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal in mice and an association between nrg snps and smoking cessation success was detected in a CT erbb has previously been associated with schizophrenia further it is located within an established schizophrenia linkage locus and within a linkage locus for a smoker phenotype identified in this sample in conclusion we disclose novel tentative evidence for the involvement of erbb in nd suggesting the involvement of the neuregulinerbb signalling pathway in addictions and providing a plausible link between the high comorbidity of schizophrenia and nd
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two multicentre phase iii clinical trials examining the protective potential of progesterone following traumatic BB injury have recently failed to demonstrate any improvement in outcome thus it is timely to consider how this impacts on the translational potential of progesterone treatment for ischaemic stroke a wealth of exp evidence supports the neuroprotective properties of progesterone and associated metabolites following various types of CE NS injury in particular for IS studies have also begun to reveal possible mechanisms of such neuroprotection however the results in traumatic brain injury now question whether further clinical OD of progesterone for ischaemic stroke is relevant
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national comprehensive cancer network nccn guidelines recommend videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery vats anatomical lobectomy as the first choice for the treatment of resectable lung cancer however sublobar resection offers significantly better PET preservation compared with lobectomy for stage i LC at present the inferiority of sublobar resection to lobectomy is still uncertain herein we compared the prognoses of these two types of surgical treatment for stage i lung adenocarcinoma
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genomic clones containing the rat Pyr kinase m gene which encodes the m and mtype isozymes were isolated and their exon sequences were determined this gene contains exons and introns and is kilobases kb long the sequences TPS to the m and mtypes exist in exons and respectively noguchi t inoue h and tanaka t j biol chem the seventh intron begins with the gc dinucleotide instead of the consensus gt CpG but other exonintron boundaries are consistent with the gtag rule s mapping analysis showed that m and mtype mrnas had multiple but the same transcription initiation sites thus the m and mtype isozyme mrnas are concluded to be produced from the same m gene transcript by alternative rna splicing rna blot hybridization analysis indicated that developmental changes of the isozymes in BB and skeletal muscle were regulated at the level of rna splicing the flanking region of the gene has no tata box or caat box but contains potential sp IB CS bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay revealed that a fragment of about kb of the flanking region of the gene was sufficient for promotor activity in the rat hepatoma cell line drlh this activity was not present in AD rat HCs indicating that the kb fragment has tissuespecific promoter activity a processedtype pseudogene that resembles the mtype Pyr kinase cdna was also characterized
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men have lower high density lipoprotein hdl and higher LD lipoprotein ldl levels than women to dynamically evaluate the role of endogenous testosterone on the lipoprotein profile eight normal men received a longacting gonadotropin releasing hormone analog lhrha for weeks by sc injection plasma testosterone levels were acutely lowered below ngml after weeks of lhrha treatment and remained depressed at this level for the duration of administration of the analog there were prompt increases in total cholesterol baseline vs peak milligrams per dl mean sem vs p less than apoprotein b apo b vs p less than hdlcholesterol vs p less than and apo ai vs p less than but not in apo aii vs p ns C2 the peaks occurred after weeks of treatment and were followed by a fall in these values T3 discontinuing lhrha these changes were largely prevented in a second study six men in which lhrha was po together with im testosterone enanthate which was given every weeks these results show that suppression of endogenous testosterone leads to increases in hdl and ldl demonstrating that testosterone has an important effect on lipoprotein metabolism and plays a key role in defining the lipoprotein profile in men
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a normalphase highperformance LC method using dichloromethanemethanol m perchloric acid vv at a flowrate of mlmin on a zorbaxsil column with fluorescence detection has been developed for the separation of quinine and quinidine from other antimalarials withinday and daytoday coefficients of R2 averaged and respectively the SE REC of quinine for plasma SS red blood cells and whole blood filter paper was and respectively the method is capable of separating quinine from dihydroquinine a compound usually found as an impurity in authentic quinine samples the method has been used for the determination of quinine in plasma serum red blood cells and whole blood filter paper of six healthy and twenty plasmodium falciparum malaria cases the average quinine concentration in p falciparum malaria cases was three to four times higher than that in healthy volunteers quinine was absorbed much less in red blood cells than in plasma or SS
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in duchenne muscular dystrophy dmd SS is a feature of unknown cause this crosssectional T0 of male patients mean age y age range y was conducted to examine the relationship between auxological parameters markers of growth and the extent of muscular weakness weight and length at birth sds sd and TH sds were normal height ht sds was lower than the normal population p and did not correlate with age body mass index sds was normal tests of insulinlike growth factori sds and insulinlike growth factor binding protein sds ruled out a severe derangement in the ghigfaxis the PICP picp sds was normal but bonespecific ALP phosphatase bap sds was low p ht sds did not correlate with bap sds the vignos scale a grading of muscular CF score unaffected confined to bed median range correlated strongly with age r p but did not correlate with ht sds picp sds or bap sds in conclusion dmd patients are significantly shorter than the normal population though the ht sds does not NC with age growth hormone deficiency does not seem to be the cause of short stature in dmd significantly low bap C2 are probably the result of the reduced muscle mass which leads to a lower biomechanical load on the bone and thus a reduction in bone turnover the SS observed in our study is unlikely to be the result of muscular weakness
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anticyclic citrullinated peptide anticcp antibodies have been of diagnostic value in RNA european caucasian patients with rheumatoid ICA ra in these populations anticcp antibodies are associated with the hladrb shared epitope we assessed the diagnostic value of anticcp antibodies in greek patients with ra where the hla shared epitope was reported in a minority of patients
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spatial WM swm is known to be impaired in children with adhdct whether anxiety is present or not yet it remains unclear whether anxiety disorders add to the swm impairments evident in adhdct and whether these findings extend into adolescents with adhdct and anxiety further it is not yet known whether children and adolescents with carefully defined anxiety disorders CT demonstrate swm deficits this study explored the association of swm and its strategy and spatial span components in carefully defined children and adolescents age years with adhdct alone n female adhdct and anxiety n female anxiety disorders CT n female compared to age and gendermatched healthy control participants n female the relationship between swm and its strategy and span components and core adhdct symptoms and anxiety PS were also examined there was no evidence of an additive effect of adhd and anxiety on swm strategy and spatial span deficits but anxiety disorders CT were associated with impaired swm and span performance compared to healthy control participants in contrast strategy did not differ between children and adolescents with anxiety disorders alone and healthy control participants suggesting that with anxiety span is the most affected component further these findings were ageindependent this study concurs with and extends current influential models about the cognitive effects of anxiety on performance in the setting of adhdct clinical implications and future research directions are discussed
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during aging there is a decrease both in the stability of CNS system cns myelin once formed and in the efficiency of its repair by oligodendrocytes ols to T0 cns remyelination during aging we used the cuprizone a copper chelator mouse MM inclusion of cuprizone in the diet kills mature ols and demyelinates axons in the rostral CC cc of mice which enabled us to characterize agerelated changes ie months of age in glial cell response during the recruitment ie demyelination and differentiation ie remyelination phases of myelin repair we have found that the time between and months of age is a critical period during which there is an agerelated decrease in the number of ol lineage cells olignucvegfapve cells in the rostral cc of both control mice and mice recovering from cuprizoneinduced demyelination our results also show there was an agerelated impaired recruitment of progenitor cells to replace lost ols in spite of there being no major agerelated decrease in the size of the progenitor cell pool pdgfalpharvegfapve and olignuc vepdgfalpharve cells however there were cuprizoneinduced increased numbers of astrocyte progenitor cells oligcytovepdgfalpharve in these same mice thus pdgfalpharve progenitor cells in mice as old as months of age retain the ability to differentiate into astrocytes with this fate choice occurring following cytoplasmic translocation of olig these data reveal for the first time agerelated differences in the differentiation of pdgfalpharve progenitor cells into ols and astrocytes and lead us to suggest that during aging there must be a transcriptional switch mechanism in the progenitor cell fate choice in favor of astrocytes this may at least partially explain the agerelated decrease in efficiency of ol myelination and remyelination
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we evaluated the usefulness of dipyridamolethallium imaging for the PCD of ischaemic heart disease in patients with atherosclerotic V1 disease patients with ASO patients with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta patients with aneurysm of the TA and patients with dissecting aortic aneurysm clinical evidence of IHD was found in of patients including patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans with aneurysm of the ABD aorta with aneurysm of the TA and with dissecting aortic aneurysm dipyridamolethallium imaging identified myocardial ischaemia in of patients with clinical evidence of ischaemic heart disease dipyridamolethallium imaging showed positive results in of patients with aneurysm of the ABD aorta in patients with no clinical evidence of IHD the results of dipyridamolethallium imaging were positive in of patients dipyridamolethallium imaging was positive in of the patients as a whole when we combined the patients with positive dipyridamolethallium imaging with those with negative dipyridamolethallium imaging but who had clinical evidence of ischaemic heart disease of all patients had evidence of ischaemic HR disease our findings suggest that AS vascular disease is strongly associated with ischaemic HR disease and that dipyridamolethallium imaging is useful for the PCD of IHD
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imaging studies are indispensable in order to determine the source location and pattern of intra and extraaxial brain haemorrhages in our study of patients carried out over an month period the most common reason of referral was subarachnoid haemorrhage followed by trauma aneurysms were the most common diagnosis with anterior and posterior communicating arteries being the most common locations fifty percent of patients investigated had a normal T0 our findings show that the yield from mdcta and conventional angiography was relatively comparable however conventional angiography was superior in detection of aneurysms hence in cases were the mdcta result was found to be normal despite a high index of suspicion for a SAH a followup mdcta study or conventional angiography is useful moreover conventional angiography was superior in detection of multiple aneurysms
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reported are the in vitro susceptibilities of plasmodium falciparum to artesunate MQ quinine and chloroquine of isolates and to dihydroartemisinin of isolates collected from Az of high resistance to mefloquine within thailand near the borders with myanmar and cambodia and from southern thailand where p falciparum is generally still CS to mefloquine all the isolates were highly sensitive to artesunate but the geometric mean ics were higher in isolates from the thaimyanmar and thaicambodian borders than in those from southern thailand the ics for mefloquine and artesunate were strongly correlated pearson r n p as expected the in vitro sensitivities to dihydroartemisinin and artesunate were similar and strongly correlated at ic pearson r n p the correlation between the activity of mefloquine and artesunate requires further investigation in order to determine the potential for OD of crossresistance in nature our results sugge RT was nearly necrotic with mature teratoma in small part postoperative clinical course was uneventful except feeling of numbness at the right tip toe and the IVC has been patent months after the T0 with no evidence of recurrence
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in patients with chronic CL diseases cld turnover of erythrocytes is increased whereas that of serum albumin is decreased thus glycated hemoglobin hbac and glycated albumin ga cannot be used as adequate indicators for chronic plasma glucose control in diabetic patients with cld in this investigation we have proposed cldhbac a novel longterm glycemic control marker by using measured hbac and ga we studied patients with cld in whom glycemic control was regarded as to be SD daily plasma gl profiles were monitored and estimated C2 of hbac were calculated on the conversion formula established by rohlfing et al cl rohlfing jd england hm wiedmeyer a tennill rr little de goldstein defining the relationship between PG and hbac diabetes care cholinesterase che as an indicator for hepatic CF was determined at the same time when hbac and ga levels were measured cldhbac was defined as the average of measured hbac and ga based upon the results that among HI ga levels were roughly estimated at approximately threefold higher than hbac levels while measured hbac levels in patients with cld were generally lower than estimated hbac C2 ga values were generally higher than estimated hbac levels such discrepancies lineally increased in accordance with a decrease in che levels on the other hand cldhbac levels were highly correlated with estimated hbac levels r while no significant rho between cldhbac and che was noted in conclusion cldhbac has been found a superior chronic glycemic control marker than hbac or ga in diabetic patients with chronic CL diseases
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AP drugs are currently used in clinical practice for a variety of mental disorders among them clozapine is the most ERP medication for treatmentresistant schizophrenia and is most helpful in controlling aggression and the suicidal SMB in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder although CLZ is associated with a low likelihood of EPS and other neurological side effects it is well known for the WG and metabolic SE which expose the patient to a greater risk of cardiovascular disorders and premature death aa farmacêutica na atenção básica as perspectivas dos resultados representam além do incremento das polÃticas públicas farmacêuticas e de saúde pública resultados de ações governamentais voltadas ao desenvolvimento do complexo econômicoindustrial da saúde visando a melhoria das condições de saúde da população brasileira
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CA chemotherapy has evolved from a few therapeutic agents in three drug classes to more than drugs in over ten drug classes with generally cytotoxic mechanisms of action there is continued research interest in preventing and managing adverse events of chemotherapy although treatmentinduced symptom management has made significant progress most therapies lead to intolerable reactions that result in a dose reduction or discontinuation of therapy mucositis is a common adverse event that can occur after administration of SVR chemotherapy andor radiation therapy leading to inflammatory lesions anywhere from the oral cavity to the gi tract although pathophysiologically similar gastrointestinal mucositis and oral mucositis om differ in terms of symptom presentation and offending therapies the focus of the article will be on om gastrointestinal mucositis will be mentioned when therapy tau is relevant to om om prophylaxis has been a subject of interest for at least the past years yet progress has been limited due to a lack of understanding of the condition with the recent introduction of palifermin kepivance⢠novel therapies continue to be developed that may significantly reduce the incidence duration andor severity of om in addition outcomes including an improvement in patient SQ of life increasing treatment dose intensity or reducing healthcare costs may result from successful management of om prophylaxis this article will review currently available om prophylactic therapies agents in preclinical or clinical OD and natural supplements will also be discussed
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chronic regulation of the CVS by atrial natriuretic factor was investigated by generating transgenic mice with elevated hormone C2 in the SVR circulation a fusion gene comprising the mouse TTR promoter and mouse atrial natriuretic factor structural sequences was designed so as to target hormone expression to the liver hepatic expression of atrial natriuretic factor was detectable as early as embryonic day in transgenic animals in AD transgenic mice plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor concentration was elevated at least eightfold as compared with nontransgenic littermates the MAP pressure of conscious transgenic mice was mm hg significantly less than that of nontransgenic siblings mm hg this difference in MAP pressure was not accompanied by significant changes in several other physiological parameters including heart rate plasma and urinary electrolytes water intake and urine volume this T0 demonstrates that a chronic elevation of plasma atrial natriuretic factor decreases arterial blood pressure without inducing diuresis and natriuresis in transgenic mice and also illustrates the value of the transgenic approach for the T0 of the cardiovascular system
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the objective of the study was to determine the effects of androgen depletion on EF in a population of maletofemale transsexuals the erectile function of consecutive maletofemale transsexuals on androgen depletion treatment and scheduled for surgical gender reassignment was prospectively evaluated using medical and sexual history PE total serum testosterone international index of erectile CF iief questionnaire penile colourcoded doppler ultrasonography cdu T3 pharmacological stimulation and nocturnal penile tumescence npt test all but one had undetectable or low testosterone subjective EF according to iief scores and penile cdu findings did not correlate with testosterone C2 whereas npt test findings correlated well with testosterone C2 these findings would suggest that nocturnal erections are LNCaP whereas sexually induced erections are androgenindependent it can also be assumed that testosterone is important but not essential for male erectile function and that other androgenindependent pathways can be responsible for sexually induced erections
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we have examined the rate of evolution of ross river virus a mosquitoborne rna virus during epidemic spread through tens of thousands of nonimmune humans over a period of months two regions of the RRV genome were sequenced the e gene kb in length which encodes the L1 neutralization determinant of the virus and kb of the untranslated region in the e gene a single nucleotide NC was selected which led to a predicted CAA change at residue no changes were selected in the untranslated region by comparison with rates of evolution reported for nonarthropodborne rna viruses the rate for ross river virus is surprisingly low we identify three features of the ross river virus replication and transmission cycle which may limit the rate of evolution of arthropodborne viruses in the field
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a case of lymphoepithelial cyst of the upper neck is presented the patient was a yearold woman T3 her lesion was extirpated under clinical diagnosis of salivary gland tumor identified as LEC socalled branchial cyst histopathologically salivary gland was observed in the cyst wall composed of LT and was demonstrated highly active amylaseenzyme s type in the cyst fluid these findings are convicted that our case originates ductal epithelium entrapped in cervical lymph node inclusion theory of bhaskar
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to demonstrate the nature of the suppressor cells elicited in rats INF with cryptococcus neoformans and immunized with human serum albumin hsa SP MNC spm cells were fractionated through a nylon wool column the adherent and nonadherent populations were collected and transferred to syngeneic rats in all cases the nonadherent or tenriched cells adoptively transferred suppression to hsa however the suppressive effects of the nonadherent cells were never as great as those of the unpassed population of spm cells the fractions Ad to nylon wool also diminished the delayedtype hypersensitivity response to hsa although this was not significant but glassadherent cells did exhibit significant suppressor activity immunized noninfected rats were used as donor controls furthermore we showed that the tenrichedcells are CS to treatment with low doses of cyclophosphamide and that they bind hsa these data indicate that immune suppression of the induction of the delayedtype hypersensitivity response to hsa in cryptococcosis can occur as a result of infection with c neoformans and that at least one mechanism involved is the induction of Ad and nonadherent suppressor cells characterization of the nonadherent cells indicates that they are ts cells
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multislice computed tomography is an emerging diagnostic modality in cardiology practice within the last decade a rapid technical evolution from slice scanners to slice and meanwhile slice scanners which faster gantry rotation time has taken place these advances as well as improved postprocessing tools account for a stabilization of image SQ and allow assessing cardiac structures with high spatial and temporal resolution moreover dedicated acquisition techniques have been employed to reduce radiation SE to a minimum today cardiac computed tomography is not only able to depict the coronary arteries but to get reliable information about cardiac function and cardiac structure this review focuses on present clinical indications and future application of multislice computed tomography in clinical cardiology
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serine palmitoyltransferase spt catalyzes the condensation of lserine and palmitoylcoa which is the ratelimiting step in the de novo synthesis of sphingolipids spt activity is commonly measured by monitoring the incorporation of radiolabeled lserine into ketodihydrosphingosine in this article we introduce several adaptations of the established protocol to improve sensitivity reproducibility and practicability of the CA a significant improvement of this new protocol is the possibility to measure spt activity in total cell lysate instead of microsomes the CA is furthermore D2 by the introduction of a nonradioactive hplcbased PCD protocol the suggested hplc method offers several advantages most importantly a fold lower detection limit compared with the radioactive assay and the possibility to use an internal standard to correct for variation in the SE
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to identify cellular interactions that underlie the spatially AGA transcription of neural genes we characterized the embryonic development of proopiomelanocortin pomc mRNA in xenopus laevis using in situ hybridization histochemistry this has led to the establishment of a unique model system for studying how a NPY gene program in four distinct cell CG is set up in PIT and forebrain the embryonic ON and patterning of pomc expression was found to be spatially and temporally correlated inside and outside the brain the first pomc cells in the PIT primordium and diencephalon were juxtaposed near the infundibulum at stage indicating they undergo molecular differentiation much earlier than previously reported for this system by stage many more pomc cells appeared in the morphologically undifferentiated pituitary primordium and brain in fact these cells were seen throughout the presumptive anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary and posterior diencephalon at the same time that the PIT primordium is translocating ventral to diencephalon by stage coordinated morphogenesis produced the adult pattern of pomc cells localized in distinct anterior and intermediate pituitary lobes and two diencephalic nuclei we propose in light of these findings that embryonic cells in the pituitary primordium and brain are simultaneously induced to transcribe the pomc gene possibly as a result of reciprocal brainpituitary interactions
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resistance to various antineoplastic agents is common in the clinical management of malignant melanoma the biological mechanisms conferring these different DR phenotypes are still unclear to identify potential factors mediating drug resistance to melanoma cells the mrna expression profiles of the parental drugsensitive human melanoma cell L1 mewo and four derived DR sublines with acquired resistance against four commonly used drugs for melanoma treatment cisplatin etoposide fotemustine and VDS were analysed we investigated cdna arrays with cdna clones approximately unique genes to T0 the expression patterns of these cell lines we were able to simultaneously extract new candidate genes associated with drug resistance in malignant melanoma and to correlate the present findings with previously described resistanceassociated genes using hierarchical clustering and analysing the overlap of genes with altered expression we detected similarities between the expression signatures related to cisplatin and fotemustine resistance the resistance against vindesine required a minimal set of changes in mRNA relative to the parental mewo cell line our study provides new data that may be used to obtain further insight into the resistance characteristics of malignant melanoma
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a yearold man with previous aortic valve surgery presented with paroxysmal narrow complex ART induced by exercise his pr interval was greater than ms when in sinus rhythm and atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia avnrt was diagnosed with invasive electrophysiological studies single echoes were repeatedly inducible with singlepaced extrastimuli cryotherapy was then used to ablate the fast pathway using single echoes to monitor anterograde slow pathway and VA fast pathway CF during ablation
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to identify the causative mutation leading to AD macular dystrophy cone dystrophy and conerod dystrophy in a fivegeneration family and to explain the high intrafamilial phenotypic variation by identifying possible modifier genes
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this T0 evaluated the reliability and criterion validity of the byumba SF questionnaire bsfq an instrument to measure SF in rwanda the instrument was locally composed in concordance with a welldescribed method for culturespecific and sexspecific function assessment respondents in a northern province of rwanda n were assessed with the bsfq and a item scale sf drawn from the medical outcomes study item shortform sf the bsfqs internal consistency was just acceptable for women but poor for men while the sf had good to excellent internal consisteny bsfq total scores showed a strong floor effect while the sf showed more variation in total score distribution the bsfq did not perform as well as we expected and appears not to be suitable for measuring social functioning in the T0 context this outcome seems to reflect the conceptualization of social functioning used in constructing the bsfq implications for the OD of culturespecific measures of PET status are discussed
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this chapter has covered a wide range of different actions of methylxanthines they are able to slightly reduce the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter this is of little concern in the normal individual but in patients with a reduced initial tone it might lead to heartburn coffee intake has been associated with gastritis but the role of methylxanthines in this effect is obscure high doses of methylxanthines are also known to be emetic practically every function in the intestine can be influenced by high doses of methylxanthines but the mechanisms involved and the biological significance remain largely obscure although in vitro studies with high doses of methylxanthines have demonstrated effects on secretion from salivary PG and exocrine pancreas there is little evidence that this is clinically important in man there is also small effects on insulin glucagon and tsh secretion there is a consistent effect on HFA mobilization from AT which may be of importance eg by improving physical performance and by increasing the overall VO2 there is also some evidence for LT effects on fat depots by contrast the effects on carbohydrate metabolism are much less prominent and reproducible and may to some extent be AA to altered lipid metabolism despite more than a century of effort to elucidate the actions of methylxanthines in man one of the L1 conclusions to be drawn is that there is a need for further studies in view of the newer ideas about the mechanism of action of caffeine and other methylxanthines careful studies especially of LT effects of methylxanthines on several aspects of gastrointestinal CF on calcium homeostasis on BC and on physical performance would be desirable
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