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data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20007.txt ADDED
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - UNITED NATIONS REFORM: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ UNITED NATIONS REFORM:
11
+ CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
12
+ ==========================================================================
13
+
14
+ HEARING
15
+
16
+
17
+ BEFORE THE
18
+
19
+ COMMITTEE ON
20
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
21
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
22
+
23
+
24
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
25
+
26
+ FIRST SESSION
27
+
28
+ ------
29
+
30
+ MARCH 15, 2005
31
+
32
+ ------
33
+
34
+ Serial No. 109-71
35
+
36
+ ------
37
+
38
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
39
+
40
+
41
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
42
+
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
47
+ 20-055 WASHINGTON : 2005
48
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
49
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
50
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
51
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
52
+
53
+
54
+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
55
+ </pre></body></html>
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - LIBYA: PROGRESS ON THE PATH TOWARD CAUTIOUS REENGAGEMENT</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+ LIBYA: PROGRESS ON THE PATH TOWARD
12
+ CAUTIOUS REENGAGEMENT
13
+ _______________________________________________________________________
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+ HEARING
20
+
21
+
22
+ BEFORE THE
23
+
24
+ COMMITTEE ON
25
+
26
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
27
+
28
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
29
+
30
+
31
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
32
+
33
+ FIRST SESSION
34
+
35
+ __________
36
+
37
+ MARCH 16, 2005
38
+
39
+ __________
40
+
41
+ Serial No. 109-25
42
+
43
+ __________
44
+
45
+
46
+
47
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
62
+
63
+ _____
64
+
65
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
66
+
67
+ 20-056 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
68
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
69
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
70
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
71
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
72
+ 20402-0001
73
+
74
+
75
+
76
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
77
+ 
78
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20057.txt ADDED
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - NORTHERN IRELAND HUMAN RIGHTS: UPDATE ON THE CORY COLLUSION INQUIRY REPORTS</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+ NORTHERN IRELAND HUMAN RIGHTS: UPDATE
13
+ ON THE CORY COLLUSION INQUIRY REPORTS
14
+ ______________________________________________________________________
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+
23
+ HEARING
24
+
25
+
26
+ BEFORE THE
27
+
28
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN
29
+ RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
30
+
31
+
32
+ OF THE
33
+
34
+ COMMITTEE ON
35
+
36
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
37
+
38
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
39
+
40
+
41
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
42
+
43
+ FIRST SESSION
44
+ ___________
45
+
46
+
47
+ MARCH 16, 2005
48
+
49
+ ___________
50
+
51
+ Serial No. 109-15
52
+
53
+ ___________
54
+
55
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
62
+
63
+
64
+
65
+
66
+
67
+
68
+
69
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
70
+
71
+ _____
72
+
73
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
74
+
75
+ 20-057PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
76
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
77
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
78
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
79
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
80
+ 20402-0001
81
+
82
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
83
+
84
+
85
+
86
+ 
87
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20058.txt ADDED
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - U.S. COUNTERNARCOTICS POLICY IN AFGHANISTAN: TIME FOR LEADERSHIP</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ U.S. COUNTERNARCOTICS POLICY IN
11
+ AFGHANISTAN: TIME FOR LEADERSHIP
12
+ ==========================================================================
13
+
14
+ HEARING
15
+
16
+
17
+ BEFORE THE
18
+
19
+ COMMITTEE ON
20
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
21
+
22
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
23
+
24
+
25
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
26
+
27
+ FIRST SESSION
28
+
29
+ ------
30
+
31
+ MARCH 17, 2005
32
+
33
+ ------
34
+
35
+ Serial No. 109-17
36
+
37
+ ------
38
+
39
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
40
+
41
+
42
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
43
+
44
+
45
+
46
+
47
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
48
+ 20-058 WASHINGTON : 2005
49
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
50
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
51
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
52
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
53
+
54
+
55
+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
56
+ 
57
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20059.txt ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - THE UNITED NATIONS OIL-FOR-FOOD PROGRAM: THE COTECNA AND SAYBOLT INSPECTION FIRMS</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+ THE UNITED NATIONS OIL-FOR-FOOD PROGRAM:
13
+ THE COTECNA AND SAYBOLT INSPECTION FIRMS
14
+ _______________________________________________________________________
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+ HEARING
23
+
24
+
25
+ BEFORE THE
26
+
27
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND
28
+ INVESTIGATIONS
29
+
30
+
31
+ OF THE
32
+
33
+ COMMITTEE ON
34
+
35
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
36
+
37
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
38
+
39
+
40
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
41
+
42
+ FIRST SESSION
43
+
44
+ ___________
45
+
46
+ MARCH 17, 2005
47
+ ___________
48
+
49
+
50
+ Serial No. 109-27
51
+ ___________
52
+
53
+
54
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
55
+
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
61
+
62
+
63
+
64
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
65
+
66
+ _____
67
+
68
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
69
+
70
+ 20-059PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
71
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
72
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
73
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
74
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
75
+ 20402-0001
76
+
77
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
78
+
79
+
80
+ 
81
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20060.txt ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - A GLOBAL REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS: EXAMINING THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S 2004 ANNUAL REPORT</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+ A GLOBAL REVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS:
12
+ EXAMINING THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S 2004
13
+ ANNUAL REPORT
14
+ ______________________________________________________________________
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+ HEARING
23
+
24
+
25
+ BEFORE THE
26
+
27
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN
28
+ RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
29
+
30
+
31
+ OF THE
32
+
33
+ COMMITTEE ON
34
+
35
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
36
+
37
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
38
+
39
+
40
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
41
+
42
+ FIRST SESSION
43
+ ___________
44
+
45
+ MARCH 17, 2005
46
+ ___________
47
+
48
+ Serial No. 109-35
49
+ ___________
50
+
51
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
52
+
53
+
54
+
55
+
56
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
62
+
63
+ _____
64
+
65
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
66
+
67
+ 20-060PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
68
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
69
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
70
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
71
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
72
+ 20402-0001
73
+
74
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
75
+
76
+ 
77
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20061.txt ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+ THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE FIGHT AGAINST
12
+ TERRORISM
13
+ ______________________________________________________________________
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+ HEARING AND BRIEFING
19
+
20
+
21
+ BEFORE THE
22
+
23
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON
24
+ INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AND
25
+ NONPROLIFERATION
26
+
27
+
28
+ OF THE
29
+
30
+ COMMITTEE ON
31
+
32
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
33
+
34
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
35
+
36
+
37
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
38
+
39
+ FIRST SESSION
40
+ ___________
41
+
42
+ MARCH 17, 2005
43
+ ___________
44
+
45
+ Serial No. 109-20
46
+
47
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
48
+
49
+
50
+
51
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
52
+
53
+
54
+
55
+
56
+
57
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
58
+
59
+ _____
60
+
61
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
62
+
63
+ 20-061PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
64
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
65
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
66
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
67
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
68
+ 20402-0001
69
+
70
+
71
+
72
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
73
+ 
74
+ </pre></body></html>
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: UNFINISHED BUSINESS</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+ BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA:
12
+ UNFINISHED BUSINESS
13
+ _______________________________________________________________________
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+ HEARING
20
+
21
+
22
+ BEFORE THE
23
+
24
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON EUROPE AND
25
+ EMERGING THREATS
26
+
27
+
28
+ OF THE
29
+
30
+ COMMITTEE ON
31
+
32
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
33
+
34
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
35
+
36
+
37
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
38
+
39
+ FIRST SESSION
40
+
41
+ APRIL 6, 2005
42
+
43
+ ___________
44
+
45
+
46
+ Serial No. 109-22
47
+
48
+ ___________
49
+
50
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+
55
+
56
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
62
+ _____
63
+
64
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
65
+
66
+ 20-402PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
67
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
68
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
69
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
70
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
71
+ 20402-0001
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+
73
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
74
+
75
+
76
+ 
77
+ </pre></body></html>
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - CHINA'S ANTI-SECESSION LAW AND DEVELOPMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+ CHINA'S ANTI-SECESSION LAW AND
14
+ DEVELOPMENTS ACROSS THE TAIWAN STRAIT
15
+ ______________________________________________________________________
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
+
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+ HEARING
26
+
27
+
28
+ BEFORE THE
29
+
30
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
31
+
32
+ OF THE
33
+
34
+ COMMITTEE ON
35
+
36
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
37
+
38
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
39
+
40
+
41
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
42
+
43
+ FIRST SESSION
44
+
45
+ ___________
46
+
47
+ APRIL 6, 2005
48
+ ___________
49
+
50
+
51
+ Serial No. 109-30
52
+ ___________
53
+
54
+
55
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
56
+
57
+
58
+
59
+
60
+
61
+
62
+ [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
63
+
64
+
65
+
66
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international_relations
67
+ _____
68
+
69
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
70
+
71
+ 20-403 PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
72
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
73
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
74
+ Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC
75
+ area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC
76
+ 20402-0001
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+
78
+ [TEXT NOT AVAILABLE]
79
+
80
+ 
81
+ </pre></body></html>
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - CHINA'S INFLUENCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ CHINA'S INFLUENCE IN THE WESTERN
11
+ HEMISPHERE
12
+ =============================================================================
13
+
14
+ HEARING
15
+
16
+
17
+ BEFORE THE
18
+
19
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON
20
+ THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
21
+
22
+
23
+ OF THE
24
+
25
+ COMMITTEE ON
26
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
27
+
28
+
29
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
30
+
31
+
32
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
33
+
34
+ FIRST SESSION
35
+
36
+ ------
37
+
38
+ APRIL 6, 2005
39
+
40
+ ------
41
+
42
+ Serial No. 109-63
43
+
44
+ ------
45
+
46
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
47
+
48
+
49
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
55
+ 20-404 WASHINGTON : 2005
56
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
57
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
58
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
59
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
60
+
61
+
62
+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
63
+ 
64
+ </pre></body></html>
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - ENERGY DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ARE CONGRESS AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH MEETING THE CHALLENGE?</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+
11
+ ENERGY DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ARE CONGRESS AND THE EXECUTIVE
12
+ BRANCH MEETING THE CHALLENGE?
13
+
14
+ =======================================================================
15
+
16
+ HEARING
17
+
18
+ before the
19
+
20
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND RESOURCES
21
+
22
+ of the
23
+
24
+ COMMITTEE ON
25
+ GOVERNMENT REFORM
26
+
27
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
28
+
29
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
30
+
31
+ FIRST SESSION
32
+
33
+ __________
34
+
35
+ MARCH 16, 2005
36
+
37
+ __________
38
+
39
+ Serial No. 109-12
40
+
41
+ __________
42
+
43
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on Government Reform
44
+
45
+
46
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.gpo.gov/congress/house
47
+ http://www.house.gov/reform
48
+
49
+
50
+ ______
51
+
52
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
53
+ 20-471 WASHINGTON : 2005
54
+ _____________________________________________________________________________
55
+ For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
56
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; (202) 512�091800
57
+ Fax: (202) 512�092250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402�090001
58
+
59
+ COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM
60
+
61
+ TOM DAVIS, Virginia, Chairman
62
+ CHRISTOPHER SHAYS, Connecticut HENRY A. WAXMAN, California
63
+ DAN BURTON, Indiana TOM LANTOS, California
64
+ ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida MAJOR R. OWENS, New York
65
+ JOHN M. McHUGH, New York EDOLPHUS TOWNS, New York
66
+ JOHN L. MICA, Florida PAUL E. KANJORSKI, Pennsylvania
67
+ GIL GUTKNECHT, Minnesota CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York
68
+ MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland
69
+ STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio
70
+ TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois
71
+ CHRIS CANNON, Utah WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri
72
+ JOHN J. DUNCAN, Jr., Tennessee DIANE E. WATSON, California
73
+ CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts
74
+ MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland
75
+ DARRELL E. ISSA, California LINDA T. SANCHEZ, California
76
+ GINNY BROWN-WAITE, Florida C.A. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland
77
+ JON C. PORTER, Nevada BRIAN HIGGINS, New York
78
+ KENNY MARCHANT, Texas ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of
79
+ LYNN A. WESTMORELAND, Georgia Columbia
80
+ PATRICK T. McHENRY, North Carolina ------
81
+ CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont
82
+ VIRGINIA FOXX, North Carolina (Independent)
83
+ ------ ------
84
+
85
+ Melissa Wojciak, Staff Director
86
+ David Marin, Deputy Staff Director/Communications Director
87
+ Rob Borden, Parliamentarian
88
+ Teresa Austin, Chief Clerk
89
+ Phil Barnett, Minority Chief of Staff/Chief Counsel
90
+
91
+ Subcommittee on Energy and Resources
92
+
93
+ DARRELL E. ISSA, California, Chairman
94
+ LYNN A. WESTMORELAND, Georgia DIANE E. WATSON, California
95
+ ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida BRIAN HIGGINS, New York
96
+ JOHN M. McHUGH, New York TOM LANTOS, California
97
+ PATRICK T. McHENRY, North Carolina DENNIS J. KUCINICH, Ohio
98
+ KENNY MARCHANT, Texas
99
+
100
+ Ex Officio
101
+
102
+ TOM DAVIS, Virginia HENRY A. WAXMAN, California
103
+ Lawrence J. Brady, Staff Director
104
+ Dave Solan, Professional Staff Member
105
+ Lori Gavaghan, Clerk
106
+ Richard Butcher, Minority Professional Staff Member
107
+
108
+
109
+ C O N T E N T S
110
+
111
+ ----------
112
+ Page
113
+ Hearing held on March 16, 2005................................... 1
114
+ Statement of:
115
+ Caruso, Guy, Administrator, Energy Information
116
+ Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.................. 43
117
+ Portney, Paul, president, Resources for the Future........... 88
118
+ Wells, Jim, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S.
119
+ Government Accountability Office........................... 3
120
+ Letters, statements, etc., submitted for the record by:
121
+ Caruso, Guy, Administrator, Energy Information
122
+ Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, prepared
123
+ statement of............................................... 46
124
+ Issa, Hon. Darrell E., a Representative in Congress from the
125
+ State of California, followup questions and responses...... 109
126
+ Portney, Paul, president, Resources for the Future, prepared
127
+ statement of............................................... 92
128
+ Watson, Hon. Diane E., a Representative in Congress from the
129
+ State of California, prepared statement of................. 86
130
+ Wells, Jim, Director, Natural Resources and Environment, U.S.
131
+ Government Accountability Office, prepared statement of.... 6
132
+
133
+
134
+ ENERGY DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ARE CONGRESS AND THE EXECUTIVE
135
+ BRANCH MEETING THE CHALLENGE?
136
+
137
+ ----------
138
+
139
+
140
+ WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2005
141
+
142
+ House of Representatives,
143
+ Subcommittee on Energy Resources,
144
+ Committee on Government Reform,
145
+ Washington, DC.
146
+ The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2 p.m., in
147
+ room 2203, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Darrell Issa
148
+ (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
149
+ Present: Representatives Issa, Westmoreland, Watson,
150
+ Higgins.
151
+ Staff present: Larry Brady, staff director; Sarah D'Orsie,
152
+ full committee deputy clerk; Dave Solan, Ph.D. and Steve Solan,
153
+ professional staff members; Krista Boyd and Alexandra Teitz,
154
+ minority counsels; Richard Butcher, minority professional staff
155
+ member; and Jean Gosa, minority assistant clerk.
156
+ Mr. Issa. Well, my script, of course, says ``a quorum being
157
+ present.'' We will waive a quorum being present. I will make an
158
+ opening statement, and presumably Ranking Member Watson will be
159
+ here by the time I get through.
160
+ I would like to apologize for being late. We are marking up
161
+ for the eighth time the same bankruptcy bill, and some people
162
+ had said it four times, five times, six times. But if you have
163
+ not said it eight times, there is no point in waiving.
164
+ Energy drives and ensures our Nation's security. It
165
+ determines our quality of life. The current volatility in fuel
166
+ prices and supplies has raised real questions as to whether the
167
+ current energy policy framework has failed the U.S. consumers.
168
+ U.S. oil demand is soaring, as is Chinese oil demand. Local
169
+ domestic supplies are dwindling, forcing the United States to
170
+ rely 60 percent on imported oil.
171
+ U.S. energy demand continues to increase. The U.S.
172
+ Department of Energy has projected the total energy consumption
173
+ from 2003 to 2025 will increase by 36 percent. Petroleum demand
174
+ will increase by 39 percent, and national gas demand will
175
+ increase by 40 percent. Overall, energy consumption will
176
+ increase by more than 45 percent.
177
+ Growing U.S. energy demand must be viewed in the context of
178
+ international demand for energy. The United States is now
179
+ competing for a world commodity that will see dramatically
180
+ increased rates of demand; demand from China and India will
181
+ continue to exert pressure in the world's energy markets.
182
+ World demand for crude oil typically grows annually at
183
+ about 1 million barrels a day. In 2004, it grew 2.7 million
184
+ barrels a day.
185
+ This begins to approach the total world production
186
+ capacity. Electricity demand in the developing world is also
187
+ increasing rapidly. In 2003, Chinese electricity consumption
188
+ increased by 15.3 percent.
189
+ How the United States meets its growing demand and ensures
190
+ its domestic supply of energy will require a full range of
191
+ energy resources from proven sources like oil, coal, natural
192
+ gas and nuclear to more renewables and development of new
193
+ technologies like the recent hydrogen incentives.
194
+ This hearing today is intended to focus on the key issues
195
+ confronting the United States. The subcommittee will attempt to
196
+ determine whether Congress is asking the right questions, and
197
+ whether the Federal Government's agencies are taking the right
198
+ actions to meet this growing demand, and to ensure our domestic
199
+ supplies.
200
+ How does the domestic supply situation and the increasing
201
+ international demand for energy effect the United States? How
202
+ can the United States continue to meet its domestic demand for
203
+ energy, while ensuring the future reliability, affordability,
204
+ and sustainability of the energy supply?
205
+ What factors contribute to the current volatility in the
206
+ fuel prices? Are Federal Government agencies taking the right
207
+ actions to meet the U.S. requirement in the 21st century? What
208
+ issues or policies should Congress be looking at, as a way of
209
+ meeting the energy challenge in the future?
210
+ We look forward to hearing from our three witnesses today,
211
+ as this is the first hearing on these important issues. I am
212
+ still not seeing the ranking member. I would be pleased to
213
+ introduce Mr. Jim Wells, Director of Natural Resources and
214
+ Environment at the U.S. Government Accountability Office. I
215
+ have said ``GAO'' for so many years that saying it the long way
216
+ is always difficult.
217
+ He has over 35 years of Government-related experience in
218
+ energy, natural resources, and environmental issues. Thank you
219
+ for being here today, Mr. Wells.
220
+ Also with us is Mr. Guy Caruso, Administrator of the Energy
221
+ Information Administration at the U.S. Department of Energy.
222
+ Mr. Caruso has over 30 years of energy experience, with
223
+ particular emphasis on issues related to energy markets,
224
+ policy, and security. Thank you for being here today, Mr.
225
+ Caruso.
226
+ Dr. Paul Portney is president of Resources for the Future,
227
+ an independent research and education organization, and I
228
+ assume this is a think tank, specializing in natural resources
229
+ and the environment. Thank you for being here, Dr. Portney.
230
+ We are now in that unique position that I am delighted to
231
+ see you, but we have to be patient.
232
+ Counsel advises that we can go forward. If each of you
233
+ would raise your right hand for the oath. Also, anyone else who
234
+ expects to advise or potentially speak, would you also rise to
235
+ take the oath.
236
+ [Witnesses sworn.]
237
+ Mr. Issa. The witnesses have all affirmed to the oath. As a
238
+ result, Mr. Wells, you are first up, and I look forward to
239
+ hearing your testimony.
240
+
241
+ STATEMENT OF JIM WELLS, DIRECTOR, NATURAL RESOURCES AND
242
+ ENVIRONMENT, U.S. GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE
243
+
244
+ Mr. Wells. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and ``GAO'' works. I
245
+ will know when to respond.
246
+ We are pleased to be here today. It is an understatement to
247
+ say that energy is important. To say it is critical, and we
248
+ cannot live without it is perhaps more accurate. It is almost a
249
+ daunting challenge, Mr. Chairman, to sit and talk energy to
250
+ someone who lives in California, because you know what it means
251
+ to you, living in the State of California, with some of the
252
+ problems you have experienced.
253
+ Before I summarize our GAO work, I want to set the stage.
254
+ The United States has built a strong energy delivery system,
255
+ and our consumers have a standard of living, second to none. We
256
+ drive the car or the truck that we want. Maybe we do complain
257
+ about high gasoline prices. The lights almost always come on
258
+ when we flip the switch.
259
+ We have a vast pipeline and transmission infrastructure.
260
+ Energy markets are working, and energy is considered by many
261
+ standards to be reasonably cheap. Having said that, we did lose
262
+ power for 50 million people in the 2003 blackout. The power was
263
+ returned in 3 days to most people. The gasoline price
264
+ volatility of today is certainly raising questions, and our
265
+ financial markets are speculating on where and how much the
266
+ next barrel of oil will cost.
267
+ These events clearly are pointing to an energy system that
268
+ is showing signs of strain and instability. While we have a
269
+ robust energy system today, the topic of your hearing, Mr.
270
+ Chairman, can we maintain it and can we meet the needs of the
271
+ 21st century, is timely. I want to start my testimony and I
272
+ want to finish with timely. GAO is accepting the challenge to
273
+ explain U.S. energy in 120 minutes. I know it is a challenge.
274
+ Mr. Issa. Mr. Wells.
275
+ Mr. Wells. Yes.
276
+ Mr. Issa. Not only is it a challenge, since we have to vote
277
+ in 15 minutes, you really do have 10 minutes. [Laughter.]
278
+ Mr. Wells. OK; we are a Nation that accounts for 5 percent
279
+ of the world's population, yet we consume 25 percent of the
280
+ energy used worldwide. In 2003, each man, woman, and child
281
+ consumed in energy the equivalent of 790 billion gallons of
282
+ gasoline, or roughly 2,800 gallons per person. As EIA will
283
+ testify to today, this demand is looking like it is going to
284
+ increase another 25 or 30 percent, or even higher. I will let
285
+ Guy talk to that.
286
+ To meet this consumption, we have old 20th century policy
287
+ solutions in place. We have increased our production by
288
+ increasing drilling for oil and gas. We have increased output
289
+ from our nuclear power plants, and we have achieved small
290
+ increases in traditional renewable energy sources, such as wind
291
+ power.
292
+ We have tried to use more fuel efficient cars and the fuels
293
+ that we put in them. However, supplying this energy is a joint
294
+ effort of mostly private companies, with some direct
295
+ involvement by creating the VPA and TVA in delivering
296
+ electricity. Our energy suppliers today are mostly multi-
297
+ national corporations with worldwide shareholders.
298
+ Most of the fuel is sold at prices that are determined by
299
+ competitive markets excluding, of course, the Enron deals that
300
+ we learned about. The Federal Government has intervened by
301
+ providing billions of dollars in tax credits, tax incentives,
302
+ direct subsidies, and regulatory advice, supposedly to guide
303
+ and steer the marketplace for social good.
304
+ Despite these facts, Mr. Chairman, imports of fuel are
305
+ rising at alarming rates. Over the last 20 years, our net
306
+ imports of energy has more than doubled, reaching 32 percent of
307
+ our total consumption.
308
+ Furthermore, gasoline, as you know, is rising above $2 a
309
+ gallon. Refinery capacity is clearly not keeping pace with the
310
+ demand. Electricity transmission constraints, which you are
311
+ well aware in California, have periodically limited the flow of
312
+ electricity in parts of the country. The international turmoil
313
+ in the Middle East, Russia, and Venezuela, affects our energy
314
+ security.
315
+ Looking into the future, there are daunting challenges that
316
+ lie ahead. As you hear today from EIA, the U.S. energy demand
317
+ could increase significantly over the next 20 years. While we
318
+ must focus our own domestic needs as a developed country today,
319
+ we cannot lose sight of the fact that energy is being demanded
320
+ globally across the world, especially in the developing
321
+ countries, as you mentioned, like China and India.
322
+ Clearly, we must all buy energy from this global market
323
+ place. We must all, in a sense, go to the same spigot. If world
324
+ supplies do not keep pace with the world demand, energy prices
325
+ will continue to rise sharply.
326
+ So where does that leave us for today's hearing? It is
327
+ clear that the reliable mainstay of the 20th century: cheap
328
+ oil, gasoline, plentiful natural gas, and large amounts of
329
+ electricity from coal, seems less guaranteed in the 21st
330
+ century.
331
+ Mr. Issa. Mr. Wells, I have been advised that they want me
332
+ to run to the vote. I apologize for the nature of this. We will
333
+ allow you to continue. We will stop the clock. I will be back
334
+ in about 15 to 25 minutes, depending on how fast they roll the
335
+ next votes.
336
+ I appreciate your indulgence. You guys are pros. You have
337
+ been through our tendency to be anything but considerate to our
338
+ guests. So I appreciate that, and I will be back absolutely at
339
+ a dead run, as soon as the last vote is over.
340
+ Mr. Wells. Thank you.
341
+ [Recess.]
342
+ Mr. Issa. As promised, we are back within 15 minutes, and
343
+ the ranking member is on her way.
344
+ Mr. Wells. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I will make this
345
+ even shorter. We offer, in our testimony to you today, three
346
+ broad cutting observations to help frame the congressional
347
+ efforts to develop policies with the Federal Government. That
348
+ was your charter to us.
349
+ First, we would encourage you regarding demand, the amount
350
+ of energy that needs to be supplied is not fate, but choice.
351
+ Consumers can play an important role, a bigger role than what
352
+ they currently play today, in using energy wisely, if they are
353
+ given the choice, and we help educate them on how to reduce
354
+ future demand.
355
+ The second thought that we would like to suggest is that
356
+ all fuel sources share some form of problems, whether it be
357
+ environmental or economic constraints. This fuel is too dirty,
358
+ or that technology costs too much to be competitive.
359
+ The future choices will require compromises and tradeoffs.
360
+ Consequently, we will need to use all the sources that we have
361
+ available to us, if we want to make ends meet, with some
362
+ offsetting benefits and costs. The demand projections numbers
363
+ are just so large, it is going to be very difficult to meet
364
+ that demand, unless all sources are being considered.
365
+ The third cost-cutting issue that we would suggest be
366
+ looked at, with whatever Federal policies are chosen and with
367
+ the political will and the balance that needs to be achieved,
368
+ is having the Federal Government take some leadership role,
369
+ perhaps stronger than it has today and in the past, and
370
+ providing clear and consistent signals to the energy markets,
371
+ and energy markets will be extremely important.
372
+ Then the consumers and the suppliers and the investment
373
+ community will know how to buy the new products that we are
374
+ going to need, and how to invest in that future infrastructure.
375
+ If we need power plants, how do they come up with the $400
376
+ million to put in a new power plant? They will need some
377
+ leadership from the Federal Government to provide consistency
378
+ to make that happen.
379
+ We will also need new technology. Clearly, there is no one
380
+ magic source out there that is going to get us there. But
381
+ clearly, as we look at research, looking at new technology, it
382
+ will certainly help us get over that hump.
383
+ In conclusion, I think I want to go back to what I said
384
+ earlier in my statement, that the old 20th century energy
385
+ solutions may not be able to carry us into the 21st century.
386
+ What we have today may not be good enough for tomorrow.
387
+ Energy is much more global and competitive than it was in
388
+ the old days. I said in the beginning of the hearing that your
389
+ hearings, Mr. Chairman, are very timely. The good thing is that
390
+ we are thinking about what to do now. We are not in a crisis.
391
+ It has been proven, over and over again, that we can make
392
+ better decisions when we are not in a crisis like we were back
393
+ in the early 1970's. To meet the 21st century challenge, the
394
+ demand will be that we need all energy sources that we have
395
+ available to us. It is clear what the American consumers have
396
+ asked us to provide. They want secure, affordable, reliable,
397
+ and environmentally sound energy.
398
+ My written statement that we submitted for the record, as
399
+ requested, offers a series of questions that would be available
400
+ to you that may assist this committee as it seeks answers in
401
+ future hearings when you talk to the industry and when you talk
402
+ to the Federal Government agencies and the players. I would be
403
+ happy to answer any questions that you have; thank you.
404
+ [The prepared statement of Mr. Wells follows.]
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+
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+ Mr. Issa. Thank you, Mr. Wells, and your entire statement
481
+ and all of the other statements will be placed in the record.
482
+ Mr. Caruso, please?
483
+
484
+ STATEMENT OF GUY CARUSO, ADMINISTRATOR, ENERGY INFORMATION
485
+ ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
486
+
487
+ Mr. Caruso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, it is a pleasure to be
488
+ here to present the Energy Information Administration's outlook
489
+ for energy markets, both for the short and the medium term.
490
+ All of EIA's outlooks are policy-neutral and rely on the
491
+ existing policy's rules and regulations. So in a way, what I am
492
+ going to be sharing with you today is, this is where we see the
493
+ United States and global energy markets headed, if we stay on
494
+ the path we are on.
495
+ I know that is the purpose of your subcommittee and your
496
+ committee, to look at whether or not there are ways to change
497
+ this path and what are the correct paths. I certainly applaud
498
+ your interest in that.
499
+ As we sit here this afternoon, the price of crude oil on
500
+ the New York Mercantile Exchange exceeded $56 a barrel. How did
501
+ we get to this point? It is mainly because the fundamentals of
502
+ the global oil market are extremely tightly balanced.
503
+ As mentioned earlier, world demand grew at 2.7 million
504
+ barrels a day last year. We see it growing at more than 2
505
+ million barrels a day this year and next. With this kind of
506
+ demand growth, it is stretching the ability to produce, store,
507
+ refine, and transport oil to the limit.
508
+ So there are no longer any cushions in the market to
509
+ provide pressure relief valves when there are unexpected
510
+ changes in either supply or demand. So small changes can lead
511
+ to large price spikes. We think our short-term outlook reflects
512
+ that fact. We are now projecting, on average, $49 crude this
513
+ year, and not declining much next year.
514
+ Over the longer term, we see very strong growth in United
515
+ States and global energy demand. In the United States, we have
516
+ about a third increase in our demand for energy projected to
517
+ 2025, and domestic supplies will not keep up with demand.
518
+ Therefore, our net import position will grow from 28
519
+ percent of net imports of energy. This 28 percent will grow to
520
+ 38 percent in 2025. That includes both oil and natural gas.
521
+ We are using energy more efficiently. We are getting more
522
+ energy per unit of GDP. But clearly, we can do better in that,
523
+ and we expect that as we look out at the next 20 years, energy
524
+ efficiency will continue and technology will improve. But
525
+ clearly, there is room for doing even more.
526
+ One of the issues with respect to changing our demand is
527
+ that an increasing share of our energy demand is in the
528
+ transportation sector, which is much less flexible than the
529
+ industrial sector or even the electric power sector.
530
+ That is why, when one looks at the outlook for petroleum
531
+ over the next 20 years, our import dependency will grow even
532
+ more dramatically the total energy, going from 57 percent net
533
+ import dependency in 2003 to almost 70 percent by 2025. That is
534
+ because our demand for oil is projected to grow by 8 million
535
+ barrels a day, from about 20\1/2\ million today to about 28
536
+ million barrels a day.
537
+ Our domestic supply has been and will continue to be at a
538
+ flat to declining path. Therefore, imports, and particularly
539
+ those from the Persian Gulf countries, will rise dramatically.
540
+ Now this outlook assumes that the high prices of oil that we
541
+ are experiencing today and have been over the last year will
542
+ actually come down to $25 to $30 in real terms.
543
+ Nevertheless, we recognize the great uncertainty with that
544
+ referenced assumption. We have done several cases where we have
545
+ assumed higher prices than those that are in our long-term
546
+ outlook, which was published in February. As I mentioned,
547
+ transportation will account for about 70 percent of that
548
+ petroleum demand over the next 20 years.
549
+ The other area within our energy economy that reflects this
550
+ increasing dependence on imports is natural gas. We expect the
551
+ demand for natural gas to grow from about 22 trillion cubic
552
+ feet last year to about 31 trillion cubic feet in 2025.
553
+ Once again, domestic supply will not grow nearly enough to
554
+ meet that kind of a demand growth. So we will be relying on
555
+ imports of gas, not only from Canada, which is our main
556
+ supplier today, but increasingly on liquified natural gas
557
+ [LNG], which will be coming from as far afield as Katar and
558
+ Russia, as well as our traditional suppliers of Algeria,
559
+ Trinidad, and Tobago.
560
+ So natural gas imports, as a share of total supply, will go
561
+ from 15 percent to about 28 percent. So, again, that same
562
+ pattern that we have seen in oil will be replicated in natural
563
+ gas, if our projections are accurate.
564
+ On the global market, the most rapid growth will be for
565
+ developing countries. As has already been mentioned, China and
566
+ India are growing very strongly. Last year, China grew at
567
+ almost 20 percent, in terms of its oil demand. India is
568
+ growing, as well.
569
+ We think those countries will lead to growth in global
570
+ energy demand over the next 20 years; not only for oil, but for
571
+ natural gas, as they attempt to use more gas in electric power
572
+ generation. Of course, coal will still dominate the energy
573
+ economies of China and India, because they have indigenous
574
+ supplies, and they use it to generate much of their
575
+ electricity.
576
+ When one looks at this kind of demand for oil that we are
577
+ projecting, 120 million barrels a day in our global outlook, we
578
+ are often asked, will resources be sufficient to meet that kind
579
+ of demand? I think the answer is, yes, the resources are there;
580
+ but it represents a significant investment challenge for not
581
+ only international oil companies, but national oil companies;
582
+ and whether or not the proper investment incentives and the
583
+ governance would be there from these countries, as I have I
584
+ mentioned.
585
+ Clearly, we do recognize that prices of both oil and
586
+ natural gas have been volatile in recent years. We expect that
587
+ volatility to continue, because of the tightness in the
588
+ fundamentals of supply and demand.
589
+ Although we do not project volatility in our models,
590
+ clearly, what we do project is the tightness in the
591
+ infrastructure to produce and refine oil, and to produce and
592
+ consume natural gas. Given that tightness, clearly, the
593
+ expectations are that the volatility will be with us.
594
+ In conclusion, the economic growth that we have seen will
595
+ lead to even higher energy demand. Fossil fuels are expected to
596
+ remain the dominant sources of energy. Therefore, the United
597
+ States, China, and India will become increasingly dependent on
598
+ imports of both oil and natural gas.
599
+ So the questions that you have asked, I think, are the
600
+ right ones. Clearly, as your hearings proceed, we would be
601
+ pleased to provide any additional information that you may find
602
+ useful. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, thank you
603
+ very much.
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+ [The prepared statement of Mr. Caruso follows:]
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+
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+ Mr. Issa. Thank you, Mr. Caruso; we have been joined by Mr.
683
+ Brian Higgins of New York and the ranking member, Diane Watson
684
+ of California. Diane, do you want to do an opening statement
685
+ now, or do the final testimony and then do your opening
686
+ statement and questions?
687
+ Ms. Watson. Well, it is going to be short, so I will just
688
+ do it now. Thank you so much, Mr. Chairman. I am sorry I was
689
+ late. I was taking care of a little business on the floor.
690
+ Mr. Issa. And very well, I am sure.
691
+ Ms. Watson. I appreciate your help. This is the beginning
692
+ of several days of hearings on the energy policy, and I am sure
693
+ that was stated by our Chair.
694
+ Energy is almost like food and water in the American
695
+ lifestyle. It keeps us warm in the winter. It gets us to and
696
+ from work. It cooks our meals and it lights our way. We use it
697
+ to record the memories of our children, to play our music, and
698
+ to entertain us. In short, we have a desperate need for it.
699
+ It has become one of those commodities that we almost take
700
+ for granted. Yet, we should not take it for granted, for many
701
+ reasons. The generation and the delivery of energy is a serious
702
+ challenge; a challenge of engineering, a challenge of planning,
703
+ and even a challenge that evokes the most serious aspects of
704
+ our foreign policy.
705
+ Energy costs represent a large and growing household
706
+ expense to all Americans, and energy is a key factor in the
707
+ environmental challenges we face in modern America. These
708
+ issues are important to the American people, and when they
709
+ stare at the gas pump, amazed at the price of gasoline, that
710
+ hits people in their pocketbooks.
711
+ When their lights go out, because of deferred maintenance
712
+ or even market abuses, our constituents are deeply and
713
+ rightfully unhappy. When they learn that the money that they
714
+ send overseas for energy imports is popping up in some despotic
715
+ regimes, believe me, Americans care. When they learn that the
716
+ sea level is rising and the water supplies are threatened,
717
+ people then become very, very worried.
718
+ This was really brought home to the people in the State of
719
+ California a few years ago, when big energy companies were
720
+ allowed to run amuck. By now, many of you have heard the tape
721
+ recordings of the Enron power traders laughing at how they were
722
+ taking advantage of the elderly in California.
723
+ Well, it is not just Enron, and it was not just the
724
+ elderly. We still have not put all the pieces back together,
725
+ and California may never be compensated for the billions of
726
+ dollars in overcharges that we suffered. But we must try to
727
+ make things right and make sure that it never happens again.
728
+ These issues are important to the American people. They are
729
+ important to Californians. They expect us to find solutions to
730
+ them, and that is our job. I am glad that Chairman Issa has
731
+ convened a hearing to help us do just that.
732
+ In the past, we have seen an ideological approach to energy
733
+ that has resulted in a stalemate. It produced a bill that did
734
+ not address our Nation's challenges, but just gave away new and
735
+ larger subsidies to the big energy companies.
736
+ So in opposing this approach, and fortunately, the Senate
737
+ refused to pass it, I hope we can together find new approaches.
738
+ In this Congress, we have a chance to start again. We can build
739
+ a bi-partisan consensus on energy policy, and steer our country
740
+ through the challenges that we all face. We know it can be
741
+ done.
742
+ The National Commission on Energy Policy brought together
743
+ business, labor, Republicans, Democrats, and developed an
744
+ approach that they agreed could work. We can do the same, and I
745
+ truly hope we decide to do so. Again, Mr. Chairman, thank you
746
+ for this opportunity.
747
+ [The prepared statement of Hon. Diane E. Watson follows:]
748
+
749
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.084
750
+
751
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.085
752
+
753
+ Mr. Issa. Thank you, Ms. Watson.
754
+ Brian, is it all right to have yours just put in the
755
+ record? OK, it will be placed in the record, and I appreciate
756
+ that.
757
+ Dr. Portney, I appreciate your patience. We look forward to
758
+ hearing your testimony, also. Again, your full statement will
759
+ be put in the record. So summarize as best as you would like
760
+ to.
761
+
762
+ STATEMENT OF PAUL PORTNEY, PRESIDENT, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE
763
+
764
+ Mr. Portney. Terrific, I will try to be as admirably brief
765
+ as my co-panelists have been here. They have set a real example
766
+ for me.
767
+ First of all, I appreciate you and your fellow subcommittee
768
+ members having me here today. I want to commend you all for
769
+ holding hearings sort of on more general questions of whether
770
+ Congress is asking the right questions and focused on the right
771
+ issues in the energy debate.
772
+ Most of the time, in my time in Washington, when I have
773
+ testified, it is over a particular piece of legislation. It is
774
+ not often when I have had the opportunity to come up and sort
775
+ of speak to a bigger picture issue. I commend you for asking a
776
+ more generic set of questions here than views on a particular
777
+ piece of legislation.
778
+ I want to make clear, as I did in my prepared testimony,
779
+ that my comments today are my own and should not be construed
780
+ as the views of Resources for Future. I will say also what an
781
+ honor it is to testify on such a distinguished panel with Jim
782
+ Wells and Guy Caruso.
783
+ You have asked all of us a pretty big set of questions
784
+ here. Is Congress focused on the right issues? Is the executive
785
+ branch taking the right set of actions?
786
+ There are a lot of ways one could attack this; probably as
787
+ many ways as there are energy forms. I have chosen to focus on
788
+ three issues, and I will confine my remarks today to the three
789
+ issues that I have talked about, the first of which has to do
790
+ with U.S. oil consumption. Both Jim and Guy Caruso have spoken
791
+ to this.
792
+ Let me be even more sparing than they have been in terms of
793
+ statistics. But I want to remind you that imports of oil in the
794
+ United States now account for nearly 60 percent of total
795
+ consumption.
796
+ We are sending $600 million each day to other countries in
797
+ oil payments. That runs to about $200 billion a year in an
798
+ annual total; 20 percent of which goes directly to the Persian
799
+ Gulf, where at least some governments bear the United States
800
+ ill will.
801
+ That $200 billion is a lot of money. You all remember
802
+ former Senator Dirkson saying, ``A billion here, a billion
803
+ there; pretty soon you are talking about real money.'' Well,
804
+ this is $10 billion here, $10 billion there. That is $200
805
+ billion total, and that is a significant outflow of dollars
806
+ from the United States.
807
+ That $200 billion per year, at an annual rate, is about a
808
+ third of the trade deficit; and a trade deficit of the size
809
+ that we have now, of course, puts downward pressure on the
810
+ dollar. It makes imports more expensive, and it could force
811
+ interest rates up dramatically, if the foreign governments that
812
+ have all of these dollars decide not to reinvest them in U.S.
813
+ securities. So it is a significant economic problem.
814
+ I am not given to alarmist statements related to energy and
815
+ the environment, but this is just simply a problem that we have
816
+ to deal with. There is no question about that.
817
+ In addition to the amount of money that is flowing out of
818
+ the United States because of oil imports, our overall level of
819
+ oil consumption makes us particularly susceptible to oil price
820
+ shocks. As I note in my prepared remarks, each of the last four
821
+ recessions have been preceded by a run-up in oil prices.
822
+ While it would be too simplistic to say that was the only
823
+ cause of the recession, there is no question about the fact
824
+ that run-ups in oil prices act as taxes, slow down the rate of
825
+ economic activity, and do not make recessions any better. So we
826
+ need to pay attention to our oil consumption for that reason.
827
+ Another reason we need to pay attention to oil consumption
828
+ is that every gallon of gasoline burned releases carbon dioxide
829
+ into the atmosphere. Again, I will emphasize that I do not
830
+ consider myself a Chicken Little on environmental issues, but
831
+ this climate change problem is something that I think we have
832
+ to continue to pay attention to.
833
+ Part of dealing with this problem lies in the electric
834
+ utility sector and in the industrial sector. But part of it has
835
+ to do with household consumption of gasoline.
836
+ There are only two ways that I know of to reduce the amount
837
+ of gasoline that we are consuming. One is through better fuel
838
+ efficiency in automobiles, as a result of Government mandates,
839
+ such as the CAFE program.
840
+ I have testified before Congress on a number of occasions
841
+ about CAFE, and I have said each time, and I will say again,
842
+ that this is one way that you can improve automotive fuel
843
+ economy.
844
+ I do not think it is the best way. I think a better way to
845
+ do it is by increasing the Federal excise tax on gasoline or
846
+ through a carbon tax. But I understand that this is not the
847
+ most politically popular way to do this. Either through CAFE or
848
+ through increases in the price of gasoline, that creates an
849
+ incentive for people to buy smaller cars and pay more attention
850
+ to how much they drive the cars they have.
851
+ Through some combination of these things, or one or the
852
+ other, we just simply have to do something about this problem.
853
+ I hope that you and your colleagues here will begin to take
854
+ this even more seriously than you have in the past.
855
+ The second issue to which I want to speak has to do with
856
+ natural gas. As Guy Caruso mentioned, currently, we are
857
+ importing about 15 percent of it. But it will not be long
858
+ before that is 20 percent and then 25 percent, and possibly
859
+ even 30 percent.
860
+ Obviously, prices have risen because of the imbalance
861
+ between supply and demand. Congress has taken steps to
862
+ facilitate the construction of a pipeline that would bring
863
+ natural gas from Alaska to the United States, although it still
864
+ remains to be seen when or whether that pipeline will be built.
865
+ But I think one of the important things that Congress needs
866
+ to pay attention to is the possibility that some number of
867
+ years down the line, and this is something that both Jim and
868
+ Guy might want to speak to, we will see a cartel of countries
869
+ that produce natural gas that will not look unlike the OPEC
870
+ cartel with which we deal in the petroleum market now.
871
+ I do not know if they will be an organization of natural
872
+ gas exporting countries or not. But the potential is certainly
873
+ there, and as Guy has indicated, we will begin to depend more
874
+ and more for our natural gas supplies on imports of liquids. If
875
+ one looks at where our natural gas supplies are located around
876
+ the world, the pattern looks suspiciously familiar to where
877
+ petroleum is located.
878
+ If we are concerned about the sources of the petroleum that
879
+ we import, we ought to be concerned somewhere down the line
880
+ that we will be uncomfortably dependent on imports of natural
881
+ gas, which plays a critical role in chemical and other
882
+ industrial production, as well a very useful role in the United
883
+ States in home heating and for other purposes.
884
+ Congress ought to begin to think now about what we can do
885
+ to increase supplies in the United States and engage in
886
+ conservation measures that would dampen demand, so that we are
887
+ not facing two worldwide energy cartels that have the potential
888
+ to squeeze us.
889
+ The third issue I will speak to is something that I think
890
+ Congress probably pays some attention to. Frankly, it is much
891
+ less sexy than the problems associated with petroleum and
892
+ natural gas. It actually is an organizational issue.
893
+ When I talk to people, either in Washington or outside of
894
+ Washington, about energy policy, people who follow it closely,
895
+ they say, well, we cannot understand why the Department of
896
+ Energy does not do more to solve the country's energy problems.
897
+ What I try to point out to them is that the Department of
898
+ Energy has precious few levers to influence the types of fuels
899
+ that we use, the conditions under which these fuels are used,
900
+ etc.
901
+ If one looks at the budget of the Department of Energy, it
902
+ is about $23 billion or $24 billion. By my calculations, about
903
+ $20 billion of that, almost the whole enchilada so to speak,
904
+ goes to weapons productions, waste clean-up associated with
905
+ previous weapons productions, or basic science, a lot of which
906
+ does not have very much to do with energy at all.
907
+ Who is it that does influence energy policy in the United
908
+ States? Well, it is the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the
909
+ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Minerals Management
910
+ Service, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
911
+ that writes fuel economy standards for light duty trucks, which
912
+ comprise more than half of the new vehicles sold. More than any
913
+ other agency, of course, the Environmental Protection Agency
914
+ which, through standards that pertain to power plants and
915
+ refineries and fuel requirements, really is the agency that
916
+ drives energy policy in the United States.
917
+ That is fine, but we ought to pay attention to the fact
918
+ that the laws that empower the EPA, that have given us air
919
+ quality benefits and water quality benefits that are of no
920
+ doubt great importance, do not direct the Environmental
921
+ Protection Agency in issuing these standards to also pay
922
+ attention to the impacts of these regulations on supplies of
923
+ fuels and regional balances or imbalances.
924
+ So at the very least, I think we need stronger coordination
925
+ within the executive branch of the activities of these five
926
+ agencies and, indeed, other Federal agencies, which have a huge
927
+ impact on the energy that we use and the way we use it.
928
+ The final thing I will say is, by way of mentioning some
929
+ odds and ends here, from my standpoint, an ideal energy policy
930
+ would be one that would eliminate the subsidies to all energy
931
+ forms, whether nuclear, renewable, fossil fuels, etc.
932
+ That would then also internalize all of the environmental
933
+ externalities, the adverse effects associated with pollution,
934
+ not only from fossil fuels, but from nuclear, because you have
935
+ to deal with spent waste and with renewables, because wind
936
+ power has some adverse effects on wildlife and visual dis-
937
+ amenities, etc. That would completely level the playing field
938
+ and we could take it from there.
939
+ Now I was born at night, but not last night. So I know the
940
+ chances of that happening are fairly slim. But in a sense, that
941
+ would be an ideal energy policy, from my standpoint.
942
+ The other thing I would say is that because you and
943
+ Congress are struggling, not only with energy problems, but
944
+ also with a budget deficit and a trade deficit, an approach
945
+ like that would help on both counts, a carbon tax or something
946
+ like that, and would begin to produce on the order of, say, $75
947
+ billion a year in new revenues by the year 2020, depending on
948
+ the level at which it was set.
949
+ That would not only create incentives to shift to cleaner
950
+ fuels in the United States, but it would reduce our dependence
951
+ on imported natural gas and on petroleum. It would create an
952
+ incentive to move toward the hydrogen economy that President
953
+ Bush, I think, has wisely committed some billions of dollars
954
+ toward.
955
+ So as you think about the energy policy, you also ought to
956
+ be thinking about solutions to energy problems that might also
957
+ help us with the trade deficit and with the budget deficit.
958
+ Because I think there are solutions out there like that. With
959
+ that, I will stop, and thank you again for having me.
960
+ [The prepared statement of Mr. Portney follows:]
961
+
962
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.076
963
+
964
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.077
965
+
966
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.078
967
+
968
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.079
969
+
970
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.080
971
+
972
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.081
973
+
974
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.082
975
+
976
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.083
977
+
978
+ Mr. Issa. Thank you, Doctor; we have also now been joined
979
+ by the gentleman from Georgia, Mr. Westmoreland. If you would
980
+ put your opening statement into the record, and then you can
981
+ summarize your opening statement and your questions as we go
982
+ through. With that, I would like to recognize the ranking
983
+ member for the first round of questions.
984
+ Ms. Watson. I want to thank all the panelists. I think you
985
+ have described the issue quite well. I keep going back in my
986
+ mind to climate change. We saw the effects of it in Los
987
+ Angeles, where we had a record rainfall. We almost broke the
988
+ record, 33 inches. That is more than we get in 6 years.
989
+ Our electricity went off. We had floods. We had potholes,
990
+ and so on. It all goes back to energy. So I want to ask the
991
+ three of you, and I think Dr. Portney has already touched on
992
+ some of this. But what do you think we can do about taking
993
+ climate change into consideration and its relativity to energy
994
+ sources, and our need for energy in the future?
995
+ I understand that now we are competing with the Chinese for
996
+ oil. Everyone is driving a car. When I first went there, they
997
+ were on bicycles or walking. So how are you relating the
998
+ climate change to the sources of fuel, and what can we do? I
999
+ know that is a big question, but try your best.
1000
+ Mr. Caruso. Well, the one thing I can say about the
1001
+ greenhouse gas emissions is, if you look out over the 20 year
1002
+ forecast that I have presented the highlights of this
1003
+ afternoon, a significant amount of the CO<INF>2</INF> emissions
1004
+ over the next 20 years will be coming from the developing Asian
1005
+ countries of China, India and elsewhere.
1006
+ So because so much of their electricity is generated by
1007
+ coal, whatever we choose to do on an international basis,
1008
+ because I do not think we can look at this just from our own
1009
+ domestic perspective, we do need to bring in a broader array of
1010
+ countries to deal with this.
1011
+ So I think that is the thing that just jumps out at you,
1012
+ when you look at the projections in our model; that there is so
1013
+ much growth in greenhouse gas emissions coming from developing
1014
+ Asian countries, that we need to do this on as broad a
1015
+ collaborative basis as possible.
1016
+ Mr. Wells. I think I would start and respond domestically
1017
+ to pick up a little bit on what Paul was saying. We, as an
1018
+ audit agency, have an opportunity to look at the actions that
1019
+ are being taken by Federal agencies. For instance, I will go to
1020
+ EPA. We have ongoing work and PASS work looking at, for
1021
+ instance, mercury emissions from the power plants.
1022
+ What we are finding when we look at and ask questions about
1023
+ how EPA is designing and coming up with their rulemaking, we
1024
+ challenge some of their methodologies and some of their
1025
+ economic analysis that are being used as being missing items.
1026
+ One of the things that we tend to notice, it is not only in
1027
+ mercury emissions, but we have noticed it in the gasoline
1028
+ marketplace, where EPA has a responsibility to approve and
1029
+ grant the permission for localities to use special fuels.
1030
+ What we are seeing is that the total analysis being done
1031
+ are missing things that involve energy impacts. So our
1032
+ recommendation to much of the Federal Government would be to,
1033
+ when you make these rules, you need to consider, from a climate
1034
+ change standpoint, all the factors and the consequences that
1035
+ are derived from those factors. For gasoline, they were missing
1036
+ factors in terms of the impact to the energy market, as well as
1037
+ mercury emissions.
1038
+ Ms. Watson. Thank you; Dr. Portney.
1039
+ Mr. Portney. Thank you very much; I guess, in my view,
1040
+ there are three pieces to dealing with this climate change
1041
+ problem. One is, as Guy Caruso said, I think we need to re-
1042
+ negotiate an international agreement that would eventually at
1043
+ least begin to bring the developing countries in. Because as he
1044
+ pointed out, it will not be too long before CO<INF>2</INF>
1045
+ emissions from the developing world account for more than half
1046
+ of the total, between developed countries and developing
1047
+ countries.
1048
+ I will also say though that I do think it makes sense for
1049
+ the United States and the other developed countries to go first
1050
+ in beginning to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, since the
1051
+ stock of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is mostly ours. I do
1052
+ not think it is inappropriate that we take the first steps.
1053
+ In terms of how we go about reducing greenhouse gas
1054
+ emissions, I think there are two parts to this puzzle. One is
1055
+ to invest in new technologies. The hydrogen initiative is one
1056
+ part of this, but I think we need to invest more in energy
1057
+ efficiency and in renewables. Hydrogen, as I say, is an
1058
+ important component to that.
1059
+ The third leg of the stool is the one that is politically
1060
+ more unpalatable. But the way you get people to consume less
1061
+ carbon-intensive fuels is to increase the price. That means
1062
+ electricity that derives from coal. It means higher prices for
1063
+ petroleum and higher prices for natural gas. I think we have to
1064
+ do that very, very gradually, and that will not be politically
1065
+ popular. I understand that.
1066
+ But if we do that in such a way, through a carbon tax, for
1067
+ instance, that is at least spending off revenues and reducing
1068
+ the deficit and dampening the trade deficit, then I think
1069
+ people will understand that we are at least getting something
1070
+ else for that sacrifice, in addition to investing in a better
1071
+ environment.
1072
+ Ms. Watson. If I have another minute, Mr. Chairman, global
1073
+ warming is something that has been looked at most often. I
1074
+ think that we have not really put enough research into looking
1075
+ at the impact.
1076
+ We can see the net results, and we have to really change
1077
+ them. You can comment on this statement I am making, or not. I
1078
+ think what we really have to do is do much more in depth
1079
+ research as to all the factors causing this and the results,
1080
+ and we have to chance the demand, and I think you alluded to
1081
+ it.
1082
+ That means educating our people, starting in school, on how
1083
+ to conserve, and looking for alternative technologies and so
1084
+ on. Those that are politically unpopular are the ones that we
1085
+ really need to get on top of.
1086
+ I am so sure that our Chair is going to look into it and
1087
+ have our committee hold additional hearings. You have already
1088
+ started. I want to commend you for that, because I see a really
1089
+ serious problem for the United States. But you did mention that
1090
+ we needed to look globally and have an alliance as we tackle
1091
+ the climate changes. I think that is the only way that our
1092
+ hearings are going to be meaningful, if we end up doing that.
1093
+ So if you would like to comment, fine; but I wanted to make
1094
+ that statement, Mr. Chair.
1095
+ Mr. Issa. Well, thank you, and in keeping with our bi-
1096
+ partisan efforts that you and I, as Californians, are committed
1097
+ to, we will be looking at those issues to the full extent of
1098
+ the committee's jurisdiction.
1099
+ I do very much believe that your points are valid; that we
1100
+ have to take where we have come from to where we are going, and
1101
+ do it to that next step. To that extent, I am not going to ask
1102
+ a round of questions, yet. But I just want to put a little
1103
+ point into the record, which I think sets the principle of
1104
+ where we have been and where we are, and Ms. Watson says it
1105
+ very well, where we need to go.
1106
+ Since 1970, the U.S. aggregate emissions of the six
1107
+ pollutants recognized in the Clean Air Act has been cut by 48
1108
+ percent. At the same time, the U.S. GDP increased by 164
1109
+ percent.
1110
+ Energy consumption increased by only 42 percent, meaning
1111
+ more money per BTU, so to speak. We have increased fuel
1112
+ consumption, as I said, by 42 percent. But vehicular travel has
1113
+ increased by 155 percent. If you think the Chinese are driving;
1114
+ boy, are we driving.
1115
+ It is exactly that trend, that we have to do the good part
1116
+ of it; cut emissions by another 48 percent. But we also have to
1117
+ do a much better job of using our fuel per GDP dollar more
1118
+ wisely. With your indulgence, to my ranking member, I now call
1119
+ on Vice Chair Westmoreland, please, for 5 minutes.
1120
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I want to
1121
+ thank you for having these hearings. When I was at home last
1122
+ week and had a couple of Social Security meetings, all that
1123
+ people wanted to talk about was the price of gasoline. So I
1124
+ think these are very timely hearings.
1125
+ Let me start out by asking you, I know that there are
1126
+ different formulas of gasoline that burn in different parts of
1127
+ the country, due to the Clean Air Act. Do any of you know how
1128
+ many types of reformulated gas are being used across the
1129
+ country today? Are they just used during certain times of the
1130
+ year, in certain parts of the country? What is the total number
1131
+ of reformulated fuels that we actually have?
1132
+ Mr. Wells. Congressman, the Government Accountability
1133
+ Office has some ongoing work looking at the status of
1134
+ reformulated fuels in use in the country. We hope to have that
1135
+ worked out in several months. But the numbers are in the
1136
+ ballpark of starting at a number around a dozen fuels that are
1137
+ special fuels.
1138
+ If you were to look at the seasonality of the fuels, you
1139
+ get into the neighborhood of a 30 range. I am talking about
1140
+ winter gasoline, summer gasoline. If you were to talk in terms
1141
+ of the multiple grades of octane, you are over 100.
1142
+ The upcoming work that GAO will be publishing will address
1143
+ how difficult it has been for the industry to deal with these
1144
+ special formulations. It is not that the special formulations
1145
+ are bad. I mean, they are being driven by the Clean Air Act
1146
+ rules and requirements. But they do have price consequences,
1147
+ and they have cost and benefits, and that is in the ballpark
1148
+ range of what we are seeing in the gasoline marketplace.
1149
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Could I have a followup question, please?
1150
+ Mr. Issa. Of course.
1151
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Has there been a cost benefit analysis of
1152
+ what it costs us to do this reformulating of gasoline, compared
1153
+ to how clean it is actually making our air; and what is the end
1154
+ gain on clean air? I mean, I think if I asked in this room who
1155
+ all wants to have clean air, I think we would all raise our
1156
+ hands.
1157
+ But I guess my question to the panel is, how clean is
1158
+ clean? Where are we trying to go with this, and how much
1159
+ further do you think that we are from being there? What price
1160
+ is it going to cost us, and is it going to cause us to have to
1161
+ develop more formulas of gas?
1162
+ Mr. Wells. The quality of the type of studies you are
1163
+ asking, do they exist, are hard to find, particularly if you
1164
+ want to try to do a cost/benefit and if you try to include
1165
+ health impacts.
1166
+ We hope to have a compilation of everything that exists. I
1167
+ think they will fall short of the answer that the American
1168
+ public is probably asking for. Perhaps some of the other
1169
+ panelists are aware of some of these studies.
1170
+ Mr. Portney. If I could, very briefly, you have asked, I
1171
+ think, a very interesting and important question. In other
1172
+ words, I will rephrase it as, how many different recipes for
1173
+ gasoline are there?
1174
+ The reason we began to get a proliferation of recipes that
1175
+ makes sense, is that we do not want to have one size fits all.
1176
+ In others words, we needed a type of gasoline that was low in
1177
+ certain additives to deal with the Denver problem. So you do
1178
+ not necessarily want to make everybody in the country use the
1179
+ same type of gasoline because you have a problem in one city.
1180
+ But I do think that what has happened is, we have almost
1181
+ gotten to the point where we have now designer blends for
1182
+ almost every part of the country. The difficulty that it
1183
+ creates is that if a refinery that produces one of those
1184
+ designer blends goes down, you cannot easily ship gasoline from
1185
+ an adjacent city or State.
1186
+ So while the basic motive of trying to tailor the gasoline
1187
+ to the local conditions originally, I think, made sense, I
1188
+ think we have probably gotten to a point now where it probably
1189
+ makes sense, from an overall national standpoint, to have fewer
1190
+ blends, so that if we have shortages in one area, we can ship
1191
+ gasoline from California or Nevada or something, and not be in
1192
+ a position where they go, well, I am sorry, that is not the
1193
+ recipe we use here. It think that is what you are driving at,
1194
+ and I think we have a problem on that count now.
1195
+ Mr. Westmoreland. I have just one further question, and
1196
+ this will be my last one. I know that in some situations in
1197
+ Georgia, we had some pipeline issues of getting a certain
1198
+ amount of gasoline in the pipeline. They were actually having
1199
+ to lower it into tankers.
1200
+ We were just putting a lot more trucks on the road than was
1201
+ necessary. If we had only been using one single formulation of
1202
+ gas, you know, trying to save on the one hand was costing us
1203
+ dearly on the other hand.
1204
+ Mr. Caruso. I have a couple comments. I agree with both of
1205
+ my colleagues. Clearly, the infrastructure problem that we have
1206
+ in this country, particularly on oil, is related to the point
1207
+ you have made. That is, it has increased the inflexibility to
1208
+ deal with unexpected changes in supply or demand, which is
1209
+ exactly the point you are making about the pipeline.
1210
+ But one thing to remember is, Georgia, for example, has the
1211
+ lowest priced gasoline in the country and California has the
1212
+ highest. Part of it is because of the different emission
1213
+ standards. Specifications in California were compared with
1214
+ Georgia. So that is another very sensitive issue. I agree with
1215
+ Paul, we need to do something to improve the flexibility to
1216
+ deal with unexpected changes. By there would be, of course, a
1217
+ cost to it.
1218
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Well, is there an answer to it? Do you
1219
+ all have an answer of what that might be, that this committee
1220
+ could look at, so we could start working toward something?
1221
+ Mr. Wells. I would suggest that there may be an issue to
1222
+ look at the proliferation of these specials fuels; and where in
1223
+ the Federal Government, and perhaps at the Environmental
1224
+ Protection level, that are granting approval for these special
1225
+ fuels, what type of approval process they use; what criteria do
1226
+ they use; and are they, in fact, factoring in the various
1227
+ infrastructure needs and consequences of approving these
1228
+ special fuels?
1229
+ I mentioned 12, 30, 100 different fuels. If we continue to
1230
+ allow approvals for these multiple fuels, we are talking about
1231
+ multiplying the price impact and the infrastructure
1232
+ consequences of trying to deliver those fuels.
1233
+ So one needs to look at, you know, are we perhaps better
1234
+ off regionalizing some of these special blends, as opposed to
1235
+ allowing every city in the country to design their own fuel?
1236
+ The best example I can give is Kansas City. Right down the
1237
+ middle, you have a Missouri blend and you have a Kansas blend,
1238
+ and it is the same city. A truck has to roll through the city
1239
+ to the other side of the city to deliver. That is an
1240
+ inefficient way to deliver gasoline products.
1241
+ Mr. Issa. Thank you; Mr. Higgins, do you have any
1242
+ questions?
1243
+ Mr. Higgins. Thank you, I am new to the committee and new
1244
+ to Congress. But obviously, I have a strong interest in energy
1245
+ issues, particularly coming from New York State.
1246
+ One of the problems I think we have in New York State is
1247
+ particularly high energy costs, which undermines our economic
1248
+ development efforts, particularly in a globalized economy.
1249
+ My understanding was that deregulation of energy was to
1250
+ provide more competition, which would result in a cost-cutting
1251
+ stimulus. But in New York State, our problem is, I believe, a
1252
+ situation where our demand is approximately 31,000 megawatts a
1253
+ day and the supply is about 35,000 megawatts on any given day.
1254
+ I think this creates a situation where there is not enough
1255
+ supply to create the cost cutting stimulus that should come
1256
+ from competition. As you may know, the price for electricity
1257
+ each day is determined by this reverse auction type of scheme,
1258
+ which is administered by the independent system operator.
1259
+ So in trying to address the Nation's energy demand moving
1260
+ forward, and particularly with respect to New York State, can
1261
+ you offer any insight as to the particular problems in New York
1262
+ State, beyond which I have described, relative to creating the
1263
+ cost cutting influence that should come from competition?
1264
+ Ms. Wells. Let me start. The decision you are talking about
1265
+ was the decision the country made to restructure the
1266
+ electricity industry, and to restructure it in the wholesale
1267
+ marketplace to achieve benefits that hopefully would be derived
1268
+ from lower prices from the electricity, by bringing in private
1269
+ marketeer to deliver energy and take energy out of the realm of
1270
+ being delivered locally, but across the Nation.
1271
+ The situation we are now in is, unfortunately, we are sort
1272
+ of halfway into it. There is sort of a hybrid that exists. Many
1273
+ of the States went for restructuring and worked, in terms of
1274
+ starting that process. Some of the States chose not to start
1275
+ with restructuring, and have continued to deliver electricity
1276
+ the old way.
1277
+ So I think FERC has its hands full right now, trying to
1278
+ oversee a marketplace that we are sort of in the middle of this
1279
+ design to go for restructuring electricity. So the verdict is
1280
+ still out, in terms of the benefits and costs and what can be
1281
+ derived from a true restructured marketplace.
1282
+ I think this gets back to what we are talking about, in
1283
+ terms of where we need to be in the future, in terms of a
1284
+ partnership.
1285
+ Truly, it is going to take more than FERC. It is going to
1286
+ take more than the country and the Federal Government saying,
1287
+ we are going to restructure, because we have to bring in the
1288
+ local communities and the individual States, and we have to
1289
+ figure out a way to make delivery of electricity in the best
1290
+ efficient possible way.
1291
+ We are just not there, yet. I think the country is
1292
+ struggling a little bit in the electricity delivery
1293
+ marketplace.
1294
+ Mr. Higgins. Could I ask one more question, then? This is
1295
+ more localized to the western New York area. There are two
1296
+ hydro-electric plants in New York State, which produce about 10
1297
+ percent of the State's electricity supply.
1298
+ With the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, I am
1299
+ particularly concerned about the Niagara Power Project in
1300
+ western New York. It generates about 2.4 million kilowatts of
1301
+ power.
1302
+ The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission issued to the New
1303
+ York Power Authority a license to own and operate that plant
1304
+ for 50 years in the year 1957. It was part of the Niagara
1305
+ Redevelopment Act, which was an act of Congress.
1306
+ That license is set to expire to in 2007. That resource,
1307
+ hydro-electricity, could have a profound impact on the economy
1308
+ of western New York, if the power was taken from the New York
1309
+ Power Authority and put into job-creating businesses in that
1310
+ area.
1311
+ I am just wondering, what specifically do you understand
1312
+ the role of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to be,
1313
+ relative to the mandating of where that power is allocated?
1314
+ Mr. Wells. I am not familiar with that at all.
1315
+ Mr. Higgins. OK, thanks.
1316
+ Ms. Wells. I am sorry.
1317
+ Mr. Higgins. That is not a problem.
1318
+ Mr. Issa. OK, we have time for a second round; Mr.
1319
+ Westmoreland.
1320
+ Mr. Westmoreland. I am going to ask all three of these at
1321
+ one time. Getting back to the reformulated gas, what percentage
1322
+ of the gas price would you say is caused by the different
1323
+ formulas, No. 1; and what effect on price do you think we could
1324
+ expect if we came to a conclusion to regionalize or cut down on
1325
+ the otique gases.
1326
+ Mr. Wells. Otique.
1327
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Yes, I mean, in the supply and demand
1328
+ part of it, is there more demand for some of these different
1329
+ types of gases in different cities than it is capable for these
1330
+ refineries to try to refine and still keep the supply going to
1331
+ other parts that they are responsible for supplying the fuel
1332
+ to?
1333
+ Mr. Issa. If I could help perhaps, with the gentleman's
1334
+ approval, with the refinery question a little bit more? I might
1335
+ suggest that you simply look at California, where every air
1336
+ quality board is allowed to independently and has independently
1337
+ made decisions leading to the greatest single number of
1338
+ boutiques of similar cities. It is just a suggestion to look at
1339
+ what I believe is described as the worst case in any one State.
1340
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Right.
1341
+ Mr. Wells. Mr. Congressman, I have some constraints in that
1342
+ the information that is available to us, as we have ongoing
1343
+ study, is not published, yet. It is not final. I can tell you
1344
+ that there is a price differential that is being added because
1345
+ of these blends.
1346
+ Our GAO report, when released, will talk to a range. That
1347
+ range will be from single digit pennies to double digit pennies
1348
+ per gallon. There is a consequence of doing special blends; and
1349
+ yes, there are refinery capacity issues in terms of price
1350
+ impact, in terms of the quantity that is being requested versus
1351
+ the quantity that can be delivered on a consistent basis on any
1352
+ given day.
1353
+ Therefore, we talk to the consumer and give an explanation
1354
+ of the price volatility and why the pump is jumping 5 cents up
1355
+ 1 day, 10 cents up the next day, 5 cents down the next day. It
1356
+ does cause price volatility. It is a problem that someone is
1357
+ going to need to take a look at, in terms of, there are some
1358
+ efficiencies.
1359
+ You know, I think that is the direction that the committee
1360
+ and the Congress and the people that are regulating boutique
1361
+ fuels need to be aware of when they approve future boutique
1362
+ fuels.
1363
+ Mr. Westmoreland. How long have you been working on this
1364
+ report?
1365
+ Mr. Wells. The actual audit work is completed. The report
1366
+ draft is being put together now. We are probably 30 days away
1367
+ from it being publicly released. That work belongs to the
1368
+ clients in the Congress that asked for that work. So that is
1369
+ why I am a little cagey with the actual numbers.
1370
+ Mr. Issa. Is that the Energy and Commerce Committee?
1371
+ Mr. Wells. I believe it is over on the Senate side that we
1372
+ are doing that work.
1373
+ Mr. Westmoreland. But how long have you actually been
1374
+ working on this report?
1375
+ Mr. Wells. We have about 4 months worth of audit work done
1376
+ in that area.
1377
+ Mr. Westmoreland. OK, but this has been going on for a lot
1378
+ longer than 4 months.
1379
+ Mr. Wells. Oh, absolutely.
1380
+ Mr. Westmoreland. I mean, why did we just decide all of a
1381
+ sudden that it was time to do a report on it?
1382
+ Mr. Wells. We work for the Congress, and the client came to
1383
+ us and asked for an investigation audit of this issue, and we
1384
+ agreed to accept that study. We are just about wrapping up that
1385
+ study and hope to have it published within the next 30 to 45
1386
+ days.
1387
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Thank you.
1388
+ Mr. Issa. Thank you, and I will do some additional
1389
+ questions, and then if you have any more, that would be just
1390
+ great.
1391
+ Regarding the role of coal, here in the Congress, we speak
1392
+ in flowery terms like, clean coal. Cleaning up coal does not
1393
+ sound as good as clean coal. So I think we speak in less exact
1394
+ terms than the reality that it is a dirty fuel, that we are
1395
+ making ever cleaner. But at best, coal is only going to be as
1396
+ clean as, in a perfect world, natural gas, I suppose, is today.
1397
+ Having said that, and with the recognition that as we burn
1398
+ fossil fuels, ultimately, we have a carbon monoxide and carbon
1399
+ dioxide component coming out of any of our processes for
1400
+ burning fossil fuels.
1401
+ I would leave this to each of you, but I think particularly
1402
+ for Mr. Caruso, where do you see nuclear/other zero emission
1403
+ fuels, you know, like solar, wind, and we speak of those a lot,
1404
+ but they are relatively small parts of the equation.
1405
+ But where do you see nuclear, particularly in light of the
1406
+ prediction that there will not be a new nuclear facility coming
1407
+ on line, at least until 2025? By that time, every single
1408
+ nuclear power plant on line today, if it is still on line, will
1409
+ be on multiple extensions. So how would you view nuclear, in
1410
+ the component of those fuels that you mentioned that we had to
1411
+ do all of?
1412
+ Mr. Caruso. Yes, nuclear is about 20 percent of our
1413
+ electricity generation, as we speak. We, in our long-term
1414
+ outlook, do not expect, or the model does not project, any new
1415
+ nuclear power plants being added to the fleet. But at the same
1416
+ time, we assume all existing plants are relicensed and continue
1417
+ operating through the 2025 timeframe.
1418
+ There will be some improvements in efficiency and
1419
+ upgrading, so that the actual amount of electricity generated
1420
+ by nuclear power would increase. It will lose market share
1421
+ under our projections, mainly to natural gas. The coal, we
1422
+ expect, would stay about the same, 50 or 51 percent.
1423
+ The reason we are projecting no new nuclear power plants is
1424
+ that the capital cost of building a new nuclear power plant is
1425
+ higher than either combined cycled natural gas plants or
1426
+ pulverized coal. So when the model searches out where the next
1427
+ new electric power plant will be built and what fuel it will
1428
+ use, it chooses the less costly, in terms of capital costs,
1429
+ plant. That is how we come up with this.
1430
+ Our best estimate of what it would take to build a new
1431
+ nuclear power plant, since we have not built one from scratch
1432
+ for more than 30 years, is about $1,900 per kilowatt. Now coal
1433
+ and natural gas can be built much cheaper than that. But, of
1434
+ course, there is a fuel component to it. But still, both coal
1435
+ and natural gas, at this time, the existing technologies are
1436
+ more efficient.
1437
+ Now we have been criticized by the Nuclear Energy Institute
1438
+ and nuclear vendors that our cost estimates are too high and
1439
+ that they can do better.
1440
+ So what we have done is run two other cases in this year's
1441
+ outlook. One is using a $1,450 capital cost; and the lower one
1442
+ is what you would call the advanced technology case. Then we
1443
+ have taken the vendor cost estimates from Westinghouse and
1444
+ others, which are around $1,100.
1445
+ If you use those assumptions, $1,450 or $1,100, you do get
1446
+ some new nuclear power plants built in this country,
1447
+ particularly in the period between 2015 and 2025. At $1,100,
1448
+ you get a substantial amount of new nuclear power plants. So
1449
+ this is a matter of the economics and technology, in our view.
1450
+ Mr. Issa. Let me have one followup question here. It is one
1451
+ that I do not expect you to be able to easily answer today; but
1452
+ if you could followup, if that can be done without specific
1453
+ authorization.
1454
+ If one were to take nuclear as a category, and the U.S.
1455
+ Government were to absorb all extraordinary liability questions
1456
+ and all extraordinary lawsuit questions in the citing;
1457
+ basically, we defend all the claims that come, every time you
1458
+ want to build a nuclear plant, and we take the extraordinary
1459
+ risk of insurance completely for zero cost to the vendor,
1460
+ leaving the remainder of the costs there, what would be the per
1461
+ kilowatt, from the industry, that they believe they would
1462
+ deliver for?
1463
+ I would like it, if possible, in two bases; one, with fuel
1464
+ prices in the estimate, and then based on the fact that next
1465
+ generation nuclear can literally burn weapons, plutonium, which
1466
+ we have an excess of that we have been trying to get rid of,
1467
+ literally 10,000 years worth of fuel that, at some point, we
1468
+ are not going to want to keep sitting post-silo, and then at a
1469
+ zero cost.
1470
+ If you could give us your best estimates of that, so that
1471
+ at least when we are having these discussions, and I agree with
1472
+ you, Mr. Caruso, they do not pencil out today, but taking out
1473
+ particularly those extraordinary costs that come when someone
1474
+ says, I want to build a nuclear versus alternate, where we
1475
+ would end up?
1476
+ Then, as somebody who wants to see, if you will, the swords
1477
+ turned into plow shears and the burning of plutonium, once and
1478
+ for all, and getting rid of as much of the weapons stockpiles
1479
+ as we can, that analysis, both of those are personally
1480
+ important to me, and I would like to know the cost benefit on
1481
+ them.
1482
+ With that, I do not want to monopolize the questions. Are
1483
+ there any last rounds of questions?
1484
+ [The information referred to follows:]
1485
+
1486
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.086
1487
+
1488
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.087
1489
+
1490
+ [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T0471.088
1491
+
1492
+ Mr. Westmoreland. I do have a closing statement.
1493
+ Mr. Issa. OK, then with your indulgence, we will have the
1494
+ closing statement, please.
1495
+ Mr. Westmoreland. Well, I would just like to thank you
1496
+ again, Mr. Chairman, for doing this. I know I am a freshman,
1497
+ but I understand in the last two Congresses, there has been two
1498
+ or three attempts to get an energy bill passed.
1499
+ I think, from all the testimony today, it is quite evident
1500
+ that we need an energy bill. It is something that we need to
1501
+ have as a road map to where we have to go with our energy
1502
+ policy, and also be able to put some of these guidelines in
1503
+ that we have talked about today.
1504
+ So I hope that this committee will encourage the Energy
1505
+ Committee to pass that along. Because I think that is something
1506
+ that is very critical right now; not only to our economy, but
1507
+ to our national security, that we have a good energy policy in
1508
+ tact and on the laws of this land. So that is all I really had
1509
+ to say, Mr. Chairman; thank you.
1510
+ Mr. Issa. With that, I would like to thank our panel for
1511
+ their testimony and obviously for your candid answers. I would
1512
+ also like to thank the majority and minority staff, because
1513
+ without them, this would not have happened. They have done a
1514
+ great deal of work here for all of us.
1515
+ Without objection, we will hold open the record for 2 weeks
1516
+ from this date, so that anyone can make submissions, including
1517
+ from the witnesses and from the members of the committee. If
1518
+ that will not be sufficient for any questions, please let my
1519
+ staff know and we will extend that date. With that, I thank you
1520
+ once again, and this hearing is adjourned.
1521
+ [Whereupon, at 3:50 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]
1522
+
1523
+ <all>
1524
+ 
1525
+ </pre></body></html>
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+ <html>
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+ <title> - HOLDING THE CURRENT REGIME IN IRAN ACCOUNTABLE FOR ITS THREATENING BEHAVIOR AND SUPPORTING ATRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN IRAN</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ HOLDING THE CURRENT REGIME IN IRAN
11
+ ACCOUNTABLE FOR ITS THREATENING BEHAVIOR
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+ AND SUPPORTING ATRANSITION TO
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+ DEMOCRACY IN IRAN
14
+ ==========================================================================
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+
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+ MARKUP
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+
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+
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+ BEFORE THE
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+
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+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE MIDDLE EAST
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+ AND CENTRAL ASIA
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+
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+
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+ OF THE
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+
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+ COMMITTEE ON
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+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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+
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+
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+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
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+
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+
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+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
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+
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+ FIRST SESSION
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+
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+ ON
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+
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+ H.R.282
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+
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+ ------
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+
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+ APRIL 13, 2005
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+
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+ ------
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+
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+ Serial No. 109-51
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+
50
+ ------
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+
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+
53
+
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+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
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+
56
+
57
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
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+ 20-646 WASHINGTON : 2005
64
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
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+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
66
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
67
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
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+
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+
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+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
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+ 
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+ </pre></body></html>
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+ <html>
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+ <title> - U.S. RFSPONSE TO GLOBAL AIDS CRISIS: A TWO-YEAR REVIEW</title>
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+ <body><pre>
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+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
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+
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+
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+ U.S. RFSPONSE TO GLOBAL AIDS CRISIS:
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+ A TWO-YEAR REVIEW
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+ ============================================================================
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+
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+ HEARING
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+
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+
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+ BEFORE THE
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+
19
+ COMMITTEE ON
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+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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+
22
+
23
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
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+
25
+
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+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
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+
28
+ FIRST SESSION
29
+
30
+ ------
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+
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+ APRIL 13, 2005
33
+
34
+ ------
35
+
36
+ Serial No. 109-86
37
+
38
+ ------
39
+
40
+
41
+
42
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
43
+
44
+
45
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
46
+
47
+
48
+
49
+
50
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
51
+ 20-647PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
52
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
53
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
54
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
55
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
56
+
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+
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+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
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+ 
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+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20648.txt ADDED
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - U.S. TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH LATIN AMERICA</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ U.S. TRADE AGREEMENTS WITH LATIN AMERICA
11
+ ===========================================================================
12
+
13
+ HEARING
14
+
15
+
16
+ BEFORE THE
17
+
18
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON
19
+ THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
20
+
21
+
22
+ OF THE
23
+
24
+ COMMITTEE ON
25
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
26
+
27
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
28
+
29
+
30
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
31
+
32
+ FIRST SESSION
33
+
34
+ ------
35
+
36
+ APRIL 13, 2005
37
+
38
+ ------
39
+
40
+ Serial No. 109-85
41
+
42
+ ------
43
+
44
+
45
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
46
+
47
+
48
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54
+ 20-648 WASHINGTON : 2005
55
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
56
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
57
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
58
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
59
+
60
+
61
+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
62
+ 
63
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20649.txt ADDED
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1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - AVERTING NUCLEAR TERRORISM</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ AVERTING NUCLEAR TERRORISM
11
+ ===========================================================================
12
+
13
+ HEARING
14
+
15
+
16
+ BEFORE THE
17
+
18
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON
19
+ INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AND
20
+ NONPROLIFERATION
21
+
22
+
23
+ OF THE
24
+
25
+ COMMITTEE ON
26
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
27
+
28
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
29
+
30
+
31
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
32
+
33
+ FIRST SESSION
34
+
35
+ ------
36
+
37
+ APRIL 14, 2005
38
+
39
+ ------
40
+
41
+ Serial No. 109-40
42
+
43
+ ------
44
+
45
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
46
+
47
+
48
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
49
+
50
+
51
+
52
+
53
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
54
+ 20-649 WASHINGTON : 2005
55
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
56
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
57
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
58
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
59
+
60
+
61
+ <TEXT NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
62
+ 
63
+ </pre></body></html>
data/CHRG-109/CHRG-109hhrg20650.txt ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
+ <html>
2
+ <title> - FOREIGN RELATIONS AUTHORIZATION FOR FISCAL YEAR 2005-2006: DEPARTMENT OF STATE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES</title>
3
+ <body><pre>
4
+ [House Hearing, 109 Congress]
5
+ [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
6
+
7
+
8
+
9
+
10
+ FOREIGN RELATIONS AUTHORIZATION FOR FISCAL
11
+ YEAR 2005-2006: DEPARTMENT OF STATE
12
+ MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
13
+ ===========================================================================
14
+
15
+ HEARING
16
+
17
+
18
+ BEFORE THE
19
+
20
+ SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN
21
+ RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
22
+
23
+
24
+ OF THE
25
+
26
+ COMMITTEE ON
27
+ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
28
+
29
+
30
+ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
31
+
32
+
33
+ ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS
34
+
35
+ FIRST SESSION
36
+
37
+ ------
38
+
39
+ APRIL 14, 2005
40
+
41
+ ------
42
+
43
+ Serial No. 109-14
44
+
45
+ ------
46
+
47
+ Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations
48
+
49
+
50
+ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international-relations
51
+
52
+
53
+
54
+
55
+ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
56
+ 20-650PDF WASHINGTON : 2005
57
+ -----------------------------------------------------------------------
58
+ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
59
+ Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202)
60
+ 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
61
+
62
+
63
+ <TEXT IS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT>
64
+ 
65
+ </pre></body></html>