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[
[
"Claudinho (footballer, born September 2000)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Claudio Coelho Salvático''' (born 24 September 2000), commonly known as '''Claudinho''', is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right back for Criciúma."
],
[
"Career",
"Born in Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina, Claudinho joined Criciúma's youth setup at the age of 14, after previously playing futsal.",
"In February 2020, after impressing with the under-20 side in the Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, he was loaned to Atlético Mineiro.After having his loan terminated in March 2021, Criciúma announced the return of Claudinho to the club on 1 April, being definitely assigned to the first team.",
"He made his senior debut three days later, starting in a 1–1 Campeonato Catarinense away draw against Marcílio Dias.Claudinho became a regular starter during the 2021 Série C, and scored his first senior goal on 10 October, netting the opener in a 2–0 away win over Ituano.",
"On 21 December, after helping the club to achieve promotion, he renewed his contract until 2023.After featuring more sparingly during the 2022 season, Claudinho was a regular starter during the 2023 campaign, renewing his contract until 2024 on 23 June 2023.On 29 January 2024, after achieving promotion to the top tier, he further extended his link until the end of 2025."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"ClubSeasonLeagueState LeagueCupContinentalOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsCriciúma2021Série C1414040—102312022Série B2013020——251202332315021——4942024Série A003000—1040Career total6672508100201018"
],
[
"Honours",
"'''Criciúma'''*Campeonato Catarinense Série B: 2022*Campeonato Catarinense: 2023*Recopa Catarinense: 2024"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Dean Forbes"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Dean Forbes''' (born 2 May 1978) is a British business executive.Forbes is serving as chief executive officer at Forterro, a software solution company which focuses on providing ERP software across Europe, based in London, England since February 2021.Prior to his appointment, he was president responsible for people division at The Access Group, since May 2020.Between 2011 and 2016, Forbes was the CEO at the KDS, a travel and expense management software company, which was acquired by American Express in August 2016.Forbes served at Primavera Systems as vice president for 9 years, from April 2000 until January 2009.In early ages of his life, Forbes was a football player; he played at Crystal Palace FC which rejected him at the age of 17.He started his career in the IT industry as sales manager at Motorola in 1995.He has appeared four times consecutively on the Powerlists, an annual ranking of influential Black British people in 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024.Forbes is chairman and co-founder of Forbes Family Group, and partner at Corten Capital both British investing groups."
],
[
"Career",
"Forbes was pursuing football career as a player until he was 17.Since July 1995, he worked as sales manager at both Motorola UK and Isis Telecommunications in England before joining Primavera Systems in April 2000.Forbes served at Primavera Systems as vice president responsible for international growth for 9 years, until the company was sold to Oracle Corporation in January 2009.After acquisition, he worked for one year at Oracle Corporation as vice president responsible worldwide sales until February 2010.In February 2010, Forbes joined KDS, a travel and expense management software company acquired by Amex GBT since August 2016.He served as vice president responsible for commercial operations.",
"He served until Jully 2011 when he got promoted and became chief executive officer of the company, until December 2016.Subsequently, he was appointed chief executive officer at CoreHR, a human resources system company which was acquired later by The Access Group in May 2020.Forbes served in this position for 4 years until the acquisition period, he directly joined The Access Group and he was appointed as president responsible for people division at the company until February 2021."
],
[
"See also",
"* Primavera Systems"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Second Ishwar Gupta Setu"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Second Ishwar Gupta Setu''' is an under-construction extradosed cable-stayed bridge spanning the Hooghly River, connecting Kalyani in Nadia district with Bansberia in Hooghly district.",
"The bridge is being constructed to the design of Rail India Technical and Economic Services.",
"It is part of Kalyani Expressway.The concept of building a bridge across the Hooghly River was conceived in 2016.The original plan was to build a bridge as an alternative to the old Ishwar Gupta Bridge, which would connect Delhi Road and State Highway 6 with Kalyani Expressway and National Highway 12.The pylons of the bridge will lean outward from the deck, and they will be constructed using concrete.",
"The deck of the bridge consists of 7 spans."
],
[
"History",
"=== Plans ===The first bridge across the Hooghly River between Banshberia and Kalyani was constructed in 1989, but in the 2010s, structural defects and structural weaknesses were noticed in the bridge.",
"A proposal for a new bridge to replace the old one was first raised in 2014.The approval of this bridge project was given by the Government of West Bengal in 2015.The bridge was planned as part of the 21 km long road project connecting Delhi Road and National Highway 12.A competition was held for preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the bridge, where the engineering merits of the proposals were examined by Rail India Technical and Economic Service.",
"Denmark's COWI agency was selected to prepare the Detailed Project Report (DPR).",
"IIT Kharagpur, IIT Madras and IIT Kanpur were appointed as consultants for the bridge.",
"Seismic aspects were seriously considered in approving the design.=== Construction ===A ceremony to mark the construction works was held in 2018."
],
[
"Description",
"=== Architectural features ===The second Ishwar Gupta Bridge is an extadosed cable-stayed bridge.",
"6 concrete-built pylons hold the cables.",
"The bridge consists of a steel-framed concrete deck including two carriageways, with a total length of 714 meters (2,343 ft).",
"The total width of the two deck carriageways is 35 meters (115 ft)."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Jean Merley"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Jean Merley''' (6 October 1927 - 17 February 2017) was a French historian and professor at the Université de Saint-Étienne, which he cofounded.",
"He also founded the Centre de recherches historiques and became director of the Centre interdisciplinaire d'études et de recherche sur les structures régionales."
],
[
"Life",
"He was born at Saint-Étienne into a local family of gunsmiths and cannon-founders, first evidenced in the mid 15th century.",
"He taught history at lycées in Roanne, Clermont-Ferrand and finally Le Puy-en-Velay, editing and defending a doctoral thesis in hsitory entitled ''The Haute-Loire from the end of the Ancien régime to the start of the Third Republic (1776-1886)''He was made assistant in history at Lyon University, then seconded to the Collège littéraire universitaire de Saint-Étienne, before becoming maître de conférences at the université de Saint-Étienne from 1970 to 1977, as well as taking part in the latter university's foundation in 1969.In January 1977 he was made titular professor of modern and contemporary history, a post he held until 1996.He founded the Centre de recherches historiques and in 1974 was made dirctor of the Centre interdisciplinaire d’études et de recherche sur les structures régionales.",
"He was also publishing director of ''Cahiers de la Haute-Loire''.",
"He died at Saint-Priest-en-Jarez"
],
[
"Works",
"* ''La Haute-Loire, de la fin de l'Ancien régime aux débuts de la troisième République'', thèse de Lettres.",
"Lyon II.",
"1973, Cahiers de la Haute-Loire, 625 p.* ''Forez mémoire'', préface de Maurice de Meaux, ill. Philippe Malot, Saint-Étienne, 1996, Édi Loire, 126 p.* ''Histoire des eaux minérales de Saint-Galmier'', Saint-Étienne, 1983, Centre interdisciplinaire d'études et de recherche sur les structures régionales, 381 p. (co-authored with Jacqueline Bayon-Tollet)* ''L'industrie en Haute-Loire de la fin de la Monarchie de Juillet aux débuts de la Troisième République'', preface by Pierre Léon, Lyon 1972, Centre d'histoire économique et sociale de la région lyonnaise, Centre Pierre Léon, 451 p.* ''Saint-Bonnet-le-Château : de l'Ancien régime à la Belle époque'', Saint-Étienne, 1979, Université de Saint-Étienne, 133 p. (co-authored with Jean-Paul Bourgier)* ''La Verrerie B.S.N.",
"de Veauche, histoire d'une entreprise forézienne'', Saint-Étienne, 183, Centre interdisciplinaire d'études et de recherches sur les structures régionales, 292 p. (co-authored with Monique Luirard)* ''Histoire de Saint-Etienne'' (ed.",
"), Privat, Collection Univers de la France, 1995, 318 p.* ''Une source capitale de l'histoire urbaine au XVIII et au XIX siècles : la documentation fiscale'' in Images et pratiques de la ville (vers 1500-vers 1840) Numéro 1 de Cahiers de l'IERP, Institut des Etudes Régionales et des Patrimoines Saint-Etienne.===Articles in ''Cahiers de la Haute-Loire''===* ''Le Velay dans la première partie du XVIIIe siècle.",
"Les mandements vellaves et l’enquête de 1734 sur la capitation (1965)'', * ''La contribution de la Haute-Loire à la formation de la population stéphanoise au milieu du XIXe siècle (1966)''* ''Le rapport du Préfet Lamothe sur la situation en Haute-Loire au début du Consulat (1968)'' * ''Les revenus de l’Hôtel-Dieu et de l’Hôpital Général du Puy à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (1970) * ''Le mémoire Chèvremont sur la situation de la Haute-Loire au début du Second Empire (1971) ''* ''Le Monastier à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (1973)'' * ''Langeac au milieu du XVIIIe siècle (1975)'' * ''Misère et fausse-monnaie en Velay à la fin du règne de Louis XIV (1977)'' * ''Brioude à la fin de l’Ancien Régime.",
"Activités et aspects sociaux'' (2009)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Entry on Persee* BnF entry"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023 Russian National Greco-Roman Wrestling Championships"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Russian National Greco-Roman Wrestling Championships 2023''' also known as the '''Russian Greco-Roman Nationals 2023''' was held in Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia, from 6 to 10 February 2023."
],
[
"Medal overview",
"=== Men's Greco-Roman ===55 kg Vitali Kabaloev Viktor Vedernikov Mavlud Rizmanov Adam Ulbashev60 kg Dinislam Bammatov Emin Sefershaev Sadyk Lalaev Sergey Chegrev63 kg Astemir Bizhoev Zhambolat Lokyaev Artur Petrosyan Khusinboi Arislanbekov67 kg Aslan Visaitov Muslim Imadaev Adam Gauzhaev Ruslan Bichurin72 kg Narek Ogonian Artem Manavos Arslan Zubairov Aleksey Kiyankin77 kg Sergey Stepanov Abuyazid Mantsigov Adlet Tiuliubaev Sergey Kutuzov82 kg Aues Gonibov Rafael Iunusov Stanislav Pseunov Khamid Isaev87 kg Aleksandr Komarov Milad Alirzaev Danila Kovalev Magomed Murtazaliev97 kg Artur Sargsian Aleksandr Golovin Andemir Tanov Nikita Melnikov130 kg Sergey Semenov Vitalii Shchur Nokhcho Labazanov Lom-Ali Akaev"
],
[
"See also",
"*2015 Russian National Greco-Roman Wrestling Championships"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Barry Gough (businessman)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Barry Gough''' (born March, 1973) is a British entrepreneur, businessman, and former mechanic best known for founding Memento Exclusives, also known as BG Sports Enterprises Limited and The Memento Group, a sports memorabilia company based in Bugbrooke, Northamptonshire, England.",
"Gough began his career as a mechanical engineer in Formula One at the age of 21.He owns labels F1 Authentics, UFC Collectibles and MotoGP Authentics."
],
[
"Career",
"Gough is the founder and CEO of Memento Exclusives, a sports memorabilia retailer that sells used, upcycled, and re-engineered car parts and other aftermarket sporting items and original memorabilia.Gough began his career as a mechanical engineer with Reynard Racing in 1989 where he built Vauxhall Lotus and Formula 3 cars.",
"During the 1990s, Gough worked with Formula 1 (F1) as a race car mechanic, collaborating with prominent teams such as Simtek, Jordan Grand Prix, and British American Racing."
],
[
"Philanthropy",
"Gough is known for his philanthropic activity through Memento Exclusive's involvement in charity auctions.",
"In 2023, an F1 Authentics auction raised £245,000 for relief aid as response to the 2023 Emilia-Romagna flood disaster.",
"In the same year, Gough helped to organize an auction of Max Verstappen's race suit to raise funds for the Wings for Life Foundation."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Interview with Paddock Magazine* Feature article on ''Crash.net''"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Marsha Cooke"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Marsha Cooke''' is a journalist and television executive serving as vice president and executive producer of ESPN Films, where she also oversees the ''30 for 30'' documentary film unit.",
"Her work has been recognized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) including a 2010 Emmy Award for her work on the ''CBS Evening News With Katie Couric''."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Cooke is the daughter of Jamaican immigrants, and grew up in the Bronx borough in New York City.",
"She is a 1987 graduate of Temple University, where she is also a recipient of the Lew Klein Media Award, and a 2018 inductee into Temple's Alumni Hall of Fame and Gallery of Success."
],
[
"Career",
"Cooke joined CBS News in 1993 as a news producer, and worked for 24 years with the network.",
"She was CBS News's first Black Asia Bureau Chief.",
"Cooke's first position at CBS News was news producer in the Los Angeles bureau.",
"Over the course of her CBS News career her positions included producer for ''CBS Evening News With Dan Rather,'' senior broadcast producer for ''CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley'', and news producer in Tokyo and Beijing from 2006 to 2013.Cooke's work with CBS News earned four News & Documentary Emmy nominations, winning the 2010 award for \"Outstanding Business and Economic Reporting in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast\" for the \"Financial Family Tree\" segment.",
"In 2016, Cooke was promoted from executive editor of content at CBSN to vice president of news services overseeing Newspath, a CBS News satellite news gathering organization.In 2018, Cooke left CBS for the position of senior vice president of content and community strategy at VICE Media Group,.",
"In this role, she oversaw the development of special news and entertainment projects across VMG.",
"During her time at VICE, she was also a leader of IMPACT, a branch of VMG focused on social good and responsibility initiatives.",
"In her final year at VICE, Cooke held the position of senior vice president of global news and special projects.In 2021, Cooke became the vice president and executive producer of ESPN Films.",
"She has produced a variety of film and television projects at ESPN, such as ''Dickie V'' and ''Candace Parker: Unapologetic''."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Marsha Cooke, 2018 Lew Klein Alumni in the Media honoree - Temple University* Marsha Cooke, Senior VP of Content and Community Strategy, VICE Media - Video interview"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Patriarchal Residence in Chisty Lane"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane''' () is the former city estate of the Ofrosimov family, located at Chisty Lane 5, in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative District of Moscow.",
"It is an architectural monument of federal significance.",
"Since 1943, institutions of the Moscow Patriarchate have been located here, including the working residence of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', the office and administration of the affairs of the Moscow Patriarchate.",
"In 1922–1941, the heads of the German diplomatic mission to the USSR lived here."
],
[
"History",
"The household on the site of modern house No.",
"5 in Chisty Lane was founded in the 18th century by captain Artemy Alekseevich Obukhov, after whose last name the lane was named Obukhovsky or Obukhov.Since 1796, the estate belonged to the Ofrosimov family.",
"Since 1805, the owner of the property, which included the territory of house No.",
"7, was Major General Pavel Ofrosimov.",
"After his death, the estate belonged to his wife Nastasya Ofrosimova, the prototype of Maremyana Babrovna Nabatova (“News, or the Living Murdered” by Fyodor Rostopchin), Anfisa Nilovna Khlestova (“Woe from Wit” by Alexander Griboyedov) and Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova (“War and Peace” Leo Tolstoy).The estate, like the entire Obukhov Lane, burned out in the 1812 Great Fire of Moscow and was rebuilt according to the design of the architect Fyodor Sokolov.",
"All manor buildings were built of wood.",
"The main house was built in 1833, and in 1847 it was expanded and received brick extensions on the sides.",
"At that time it was the largest building in Obukhov Lane..In 1878, the façade was redesigned and acquired its current appearance, and redevelopment was carried out inside the building.",
"In 1897, a new fence with an entrance gate was built.===Diplomatic residence===In 1918, the estate was requisitioned and various institutions were located there.In 1922, Obukhov Lane was renamed Chisty, and house No.",
"5 was transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.",
"At the same time, the German ambassador Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, former foreign minister and head of the German delegation at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, settled in the house.",
"His activities contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Germany and the USSR.On September 11, 1928, Count Brockdorff-Rantzau died.",
"Herbert von Dirksen was appointed ambassador to Moscow, who in his memoirs described the ambassador's residence in Chisty Lane:In June 1941 the German diplomatic mission was expelled following the start of Operation Barbarossa and NKVD task force led by the head of the counterintelligence department, Captain Vasily Ryasny, carried out a thorough search, and all the documentation discovered during it was taken away.",
"After this, the main house of the estate was sealed and remained empty for two years.===Patriarchal residence===On September 4, 1943, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin met with Metropolitans Sergius (Stagorodsky), Alexy (Simansky) and Nicholas (Yarushevich).",
"Stalin raised the issue of providing the Moscow Patriarchate with premises and transport, in response to which Metropolitan Sergius asked to provide the abbot's building in the former Novodevichy Convent for the placement of the Patriarchate and the residence of the Patriarch.",
"Stalin responded to this by offering a mansion in Chisty Lane:After this, Stalin's assistant Alexander Poskrebyshev read out a note describing the estate:On September 5, 1943, the buildings of the former estate were transferred to the Moscow Patriarchate along with furniture, decorations and household utensils.In the right risalit of the main house of the estate, a Cross Church was built in the name of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God.",
"According to the memoirs of Metropolitan Pitirim (Nechaev), “at first the temple was very simple: a lectern and only two icons.",
"The iconostasis appeared only in 1957”.",
"The main house was equipped with a meeting room of the Synod, called the “Red Hall,” workrooms for employees of the Moscow Patriarchate institutions, as well as the personal chambers of Patriarch Sergius.",
"The Moscow diocesan administration, synodal departments and economic divisions of the Moscow Patriarchate were located in the one-story courtyard building located in the depths of the property.On September 8, 1943, a Council of Bishops took place, in which 19 hierarchs took part, unanimously electing the Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna Sergius (Stragorodsky) as Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.",
"On September 20 of the same year, at the Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane, foreign guests were received for the first time - a delegation of the Church of England led by Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett.On November 5 of the same year, Renovationist Archbishop Michael (Postnikov) brought repentance in the meeting room of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.",
"Following him, other renovationist bishops began to repent.",
"Repentance took place, as a rule, in the meeting room of the Holy Synod.On May 15, 1944, at 6:50 a.m., that Patriarch Sergius suddenly died.",
"At 8 o'clock on the same day, Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich) of Krutitsy arrived here and performed the first litany at the bed of the deceased.",
"From November 21 to 23, 1944, the Council of Bishops was held in this building, consisting of 50 bishops, the main purpose of which was to prepare the upcoming Local Council.On February 2, 1945, the Local Council was meeting in the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki, elected Metropolitan Alexy (Simansky) as the new Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.",
"Soon he moved into a residence in Chisty Lane.",
"In the left risalit, where the cell of Patriarch Sergius was previously located, the personal library of Patriarch Alexy I was placed.In 1948, the Moscow Patriarchate, after repeated petitions to the authorities, obtained permission to move the Moscow diocesan administration to the Lopukhinsky building of the Novodevichy Convent.",
"The editorial office of the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate moved to the premises at the Assumption Refectory Church of the Novodevichy Convent.The Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane of that time was described by the future regent of the Patriarchal Choir of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Nikolai Georgiyevsky:.Under Patriarch Pimen, the sacristy was rebuilt into a living room, called the White Hall where patriarchal vestments were kept in closed cabinets.",
"On the mezzanine, Patriarch Pimen placed a collection of orders and gifts from his predecessor.",
"Patriarch Pimen lived in this building permanently; he rarely went to his dacha in Peredelkino near Moscow, which appeared under his predecessor Alexy I; since Patriarch Pimen was limited in travel, he was called the “recluse of Chisty Lane”.In 1983, the Moscow Patriarchate managed to obtain the right wing of the estate for use.",
"On June 23, the consecration of a new administrative building took place in this building, which housed the administration of the affairs of the Moscow Patriarchate, the educational and pension committees of the Holy Synod.In 1988, on the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus', a new official synodal residence was built and consecrated in the Danilov Monastery, but Patriarch Pimen lived in his residence in Chisty Lane, where he died on May 3, 1990.By that time, the house in Chisty Lane had not been renovated for about twenty years, and the new Patriarch Alexy II, having inspected it, ordered repair work, and during this period he himself lived in the Patriarchal residence in Peredelkino, but later on Patriarch Alexy II did not live here, but only worked and received visitors and held meetings.",
"By his own admission, made in 2005, \"''in 15 years I only spent the night in Chisty Lane once''\".",
"The patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane began to be officially called the workers' residence.",
"Here, according to tradition, the Patriarch voted, and with him the monks working in the residence.",
"The ballot box was brought here from the nearest - 312th - polling station of the Voykovsky District of the Northern Administrative Okrug in Moscow.Under Patriarch Alexy II, a tradition arose of erecting a Christmas tree on the eve of the winter holidays.",
"A figurine of Grandfather Frost and a nativity scene were placed next to the tree.",
"The Christmas tree was usually decorated by nuns who are assistants to the primate.",
"Over the course of several years, the residence managed to accumulate a whole collection of New Year's decorations purchased by Alexy II.",
"The Christmas tree in Chisty Lane was considered “intimate”; was staged for the inner circle of the Patriarch and specially invited guests.After the death of Patriarch Alexy II, a commission was established to inventory the Patriarch's church property, which is stored in the sacristies of the patriarchal residences in Peredelkino and Chisty Lane near Moscow.",
"Metropolitan Kirill (Gundyaev), who became the locum tenens of the Patriarchal Throne, came to Chisty and worked there, but the rooms that Patriarch Alexy occupied during his lifetime were sealed.",
"The so-called White Hall was chosen as the office of the Locum Tenens, which was usually empty, sometimes only hosting the annual meetings of Patriarch Alexy II with journalists.",
"On February 6, 2009, Patriarch Kirill removed the seals from the workrooms in the patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane.Since the Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane is too small for large delegations, Patriarch Kirill receives them in the Patriarchal chambers of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.Under Patriarch Kirill, the Patriarchal residence in Chisty Lane was for some time the place where clergy elected by the Holy Synod were named bishops."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Philautus amabilis"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Philautus amabilis''''' is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae.",
"It is endemic to the mountains of Sumatra in Indonesia.",
"It has been observed between 1550 and 1636 meters above sea level at one site and 1825 meters above sea level at another."
],
[
"Original description",
"*"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ben Krohmer"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ben Krohmer''' is an American politician.",
"He has served as a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from the 20th district since 2023, alongside Lance Koth.",
"He is a member of the Republican Party."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Pierre Léon (historian)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Pierre Léon''' (24 November 1914 - 12 October 1976) was a French historian."
],
[
"Life",
"Born in the 2nd arrondissement of Lyon, he became an innovator in economic history, publishing his thesis ''La Naissance de la grande industrie en Dauphiné (fin du XVIIe siecle-1869)'' (''The birth of major industry in the Dauphiné (end of the 17th century - 1869)'') in 1954, the first major economical study of that region.He became professor at the University of Lyon, where he founded the ''Centre d'histoire économique et sociale de la région lyonnaise'' (later renamed after him) and encouraged it for several years before moving to the Sorbonne.",
"He became a member of the consultative committee on universities and president of the French Association of Economic Historians, which later became the French Association of Economic History.A student of Marc Bloch then Ernest Labrousse, he contributed to several collective works, particularly the treatise ''Histoire économique et sociale de la France'' (Braudel-Labrousse), Presses universitaires de France, 1970-1982 (later republications) as well as instigating and heading the six-volume ''Histoire économique et sociale du monde'' (Armand Colin, 1970–1978).",
"In 1968 he also set up the ''Bulletin du Centre d'histoire économique et sociale de la région lyonnaise'', later renamed the ''Bulletin du Centre Pierre Léon'' and now known as the ''Cahiers du Centre Pierre Léon d'histoire économique et sociale'' He died at Saint-Mandé."
],
[
"Works",
"* ''Deux siècles d'activité minière et metallurgique en Dauphiné : L'usine d'Allevard (1675-1870)'', Revue de Géographie alpine, 1948, pp. 215–258.",
"* ''La Naissance de la grande industrie en Dauphiné (fin du XVIII siecle -1869)'' 2 volumes, Faculté des lettres de Grenoble, PUF, 1954.",
"* ''Économie et Diplomatie : les Relations commerciales delphino-piémontaises au début du XVIII siecle (1700-1730)'', Cahiers d'histoire, 1960, pp 277–304.",
"* ''La guerre économique franco-sarde au début du XVIII siecle.",
"Étude des relations commerciales delphino-piémontaises (1700-1730)'', Bulletin du C. T. H. S. Section d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (1961) pp. 615–620.",
"* « Les Techniques métallurgiques dauphinoises au XVIIIe siècle », dans : ''Histoire de la Pensée'', V, Paris, Hermann, 1961.",
"* ''Marchands et spéculateurs dauphinois dans le monde antillais du XVIII siecle'', Les Belles Lettres (1963) * « Crises et adaptations de la métallurgie alpine.",
"L'usine d'Allevard (1869-1914) » Cahiers d'histoire, Grenoble (1963).",
"* ''La région lyonnaise dans l'histoire économique et sociale de la France.",
"Une esquisse (XVIe-XXe siècles)'', Revue historique, 1966, pp. 31–62.",
"* ''Économies et sociétés de l'Amérique latine, SEDES,'' 1969.",
"* ''Économies et sociétés préindustrielles : 1650-1780'' t. 2, Armand Colin, 1970.",
"* ''Géographie de la fortune et structures sociales à Lyon au XIX siecle (1815-1914), Lyon, Université Lyon II, 1974.",
"''* Une bibliographie plus longue est disponible sur le site d'IdRef Sudoc."
],
[
"Bibliography (in French)",
"* François Caron, « Pierre Léon » in ''Revue historique'', 1977, volume 257, pp.",
"527–531 online version.",
"* Lionel Dumond, « LÉON, Pierre (1914-1976) » in Christian Amalvi (ed.",
"), ''Dictionnaire biographique des historiens français et francophones.",
"De Grégoire de Tours à Georges Duby'', Paris, La boutique de l'histoire, 2004, p. 191.",
"* Maurice Garden, « Hommage à Pierre Léon », ''Bulletin du Centre Pierre Léon'', n° 2, 1977 online version.",
"* Pierre Goubert, « Pierre Léon, de Lyon » dans ''Un parcours d'historien.",
"Souvenirs 1915-1995'', Fayard, 1996, pp.",
"174–177."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Roberto Cevoli"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Roberto Cevoli''' (born 29 December 1968) is a football manager and former player who manages the San Marino national football team."
],
[
"Playing career",
"Cevoli started his senior playing career with Sammarinese side Victor San Marino, helping the club win the league.",
"He mainly operated as a defender."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Cevoli is a native of Romagna, Italy.",
"He is a naturalized San Marino citizen."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Blueshirt (Socialist)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Blueshirt of the FalkenThe '''Blueshirt''', often worn with a red scarf, serves as the traditional attire for members of various youth organizations with roots in the socialist and labor movements.",
"It is the distinctive outfit for members of the German Falcon organization (Socialist Youth of Germany – Falcons), the Austrian Red Falcons (), and the Socialist Youth Austria (SJÖ).",
"The blue shirt symbolizes the connection to the labor movement, while the red scarf reflects their affiliation with socialism or social democracy.",
"The tradition of wearing a blue shirt originated with the Red Falcons in 1920s Austria.The Blueshirt of the East German youth organization FDJ has been worn since 1946.Before reunification, many young members of the Falken rejected the Blueshirt, considering it a symbol of uniformity, especially due to its association with the FDJ Blueshirt.",
"However, some Falken groups emphasize that the Falken Blueshirt is not a uniform.",
"Unlike the FDJ Blueshirt, the Falken Blueshirt does not have shoulder straps.",
"Additionally, the FDJ shirt was worn without a blue or red neckerchief, which was reserved for the Jung- or Thälmann pioneers in East Germany.",
"Before reunification, the FDJ Blueshirt was prohibited in West Germany as a symbol of a banned organization.",
"However, this prohibition did not apply to the Falken Blueshirt.",
"In recent times, the Falken Blueshirt has regained popularity among the Falken members.",
"* Eppe, Heinrich: ''Blauhemd – „Freundschaft“ – Roter Falke''.",
"In: ''AJ.",
"Die andere Jugendzeitschrift.''",
"(1994), Book 3 ( Online).",
"* Eppe, Heinrich: ''Kleines Falken ABC'', (1997) ( Online)."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Shennette Garrett-Scott"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Shennette Monique Garrett-Scott''' is an American historian.",
"She specializes in African-American women in economic history and wrote the 2019 book ''Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal''.",
"She has been a professor at the University of Mississippi, Texas A&M University, and Tulane University."
],
[
"Biography",
"Originally working with mortgages, Shennette Garrett-Scott was inspired to go into academia after seeing a picture of Theodore Roosevelt with National Negro Business League.",
"After obtaining her BA in Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Dallas in 2004, she moved to the University of Texas at Austin, where she obtained her MA in American History and eventually her PhD in American History, both in 2006 and 2011.Her dissertation, ''Daughters of Ruth: Enterprising Black Women in Insurance in the New South, 1890s to 1930s'', was supervised by Juliet E. K. Walker.After spending a year in Case Western Reserve University as a postdoctoral fellow (2012-2013), she moved to the University of Mississippi, where she was Assistant Professor in History and African American Studies until he was promoted to Associate Professor in 2019.She moved to Texas A&M University in 2021 and remained Associate Professor.",
"She also works at the Tulane University School of Liberal Arts as Associate Professor of History and Africana Studies and Paul and Debra Gibbons Professor.As an academic, she specializes in African-American women in economic history.",
"She won the 2012 H. Bailey Carroll Award for Best Article in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly from the Texas State Historical Association.",
"In 2019, she published ''Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal'', a book on African-American women in finance during the late 19th century and early 20th century; she won the 2018 Darlene Clark Hine Award, the 2019 Letitia Woods Brown Book Award from the Association of Black Women Historians, and the 2020 Bennett H. Wall Award from the Southern Historical Society for said book.",
"She has also worked on public broadcasting documentaries, appearing on PBS's ''Boss: The Black Experience in Business'' and working as a consultant for a Mississippi Public Broadcasting documentary on women's suffrage.",
"She has also served as the National Vice Director of the Association of Black Women Historians.She lives in Houston.",
"She and her husband have three children.",
"Outside of academia, she assisted in the 2012 landmark designation of the Grand Court Order of Calanthe and has worked on the preservation of its archives after its 2020 receivership."
],
[
"Publications",
"*''Banking on Freedom: Black Women in U.S. Finance Before the New Deal'' (2019)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"François Caron (historian)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''François Caron''' (24 March 1931 - 14 December 2014) was a French economic historian, specialising in the economic history of France from the 19th century onwards."
],
[
"Life",
"Born in Hazebrouck and gaining a diploma from the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1953, he became an associate professor of history in 1956 and was posted to the research body of the CNRS in 1965.He then became assistant then assistant master at the University of Nanterre, defending a doctoral thesis on the Compagnie du chemin de fer du Nord between 1846 and 1937."
],
[
"Works",
"=== Economic history ====== Railway history ===Apart from his thesis, in 1973 he published via éditions Mouton a three-volume ''histoire des chemins de fer en France''.",
"* ''Histoire des chemins de fer en France,'' Tome 1'', 1740-1883'', Fayard, 1997 - (Prix Guizot 1998)* ''Histoire des chemins de fer en France'', Tome 2'', 1883-1937'', Fayard, 2005*''Histoire des chemins de fer en France'', Tome 3, 1937–1997, Fayard, 2017=== General history ===* ''La France des patriotes (1852-1918)'', volume 5 of the ''Histoire de France'' edited by Jean Favier, Fayard, 1985"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ben Herbert"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ben Herbert''' (born November 30, 1979) is an American football coach who is the head strength and conditioning coach for the Los Angeles Chargers.",
"He previously served as the head strength and conditioning coach at the University of Arkansas and the University of Wisconsin and the assistant head coach & director of strength and conditioning at the University of Michigan."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Michigan profile* Arkansas profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Farid Ghehiouèche"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Farid Ghehiouèche''' (born in 1971 in Villefranche-sur-Saône) is a French author, activist and politician, known for his involvement for cannabis and other drugs liberalization, and in pacifist, ecologist, freedom of speech, gender equality, right of asylum and prison abolition social movements.",
"He has been active since the 1990s in France and in international organizations (European Union and United Nations).Since 2023, he has been chairman of the non-governmental organization ENCOD and was selected as a member of the Standing Scientific Committee on Psychotropics, Narcotics and Addiction of the French Medicines Agency."
],
[
"Biography",
"From mixed French and Algerian descent, Farid Ghehiouèche was born on 25 July 1971 in the Ain region of France.",
"He spent his early years between Jassans Riottier (Beaujolais) and Coligny (Revermont), next to Bourg-en-Bresse, Mâcon and Chalon-sur-Saône, before moving to Paris in 1992.As an activist, Ghehiouèche started as coordinator of ''Info Birmanie'' (Info Burma) between 1993 and 2006 where he authored articles and books on the human rights situation in Myanmar, protesting in particular forced labour by the French oil company Total in the country.",
"In parallel, he became active member of the French Green party, and was the party's coordinator on drug policies between 1998 and 2008.On 1 May 1999, Ghehiouèche attended London's Million Marijuana March, after which he became involved in cannabis activism.",
"Since the, Ghehiouèche has been involved with a number of associations and NGOs on the discussions around drug policy reform and drug-related harm reduction, in France and abroad.Ghehiouèche also participated alongside Michel Sitbon in editing and printing houses ''Éditions du Lézard'' and ''Éditions Trouble-Fête'' and the associated Lady Long Solo library in Paris' 11th district, that he described as \"a place of emulation where projects and ideas come together.\"",
"He was later involved in launching FAAAT's editions.=== Electoral campaigns ===In March 2008, Ghehiouèche ran for Mayor of Chalon-sur-Saône under the list \"''Chalon oxygene–liste verte et ouverte''\" for the Green party, obtaining 436 votes (2.61%).After leaving the Green party in 2008, Ghehiouèche ran as candidate in several French and European elections, most often under his political platform Cannabis Without Borders (''Cannabis sans frontières'' or CSF):* Presidential elections:** In 2012, he attempted to run for President of France, but could not obtain the necessary supports required to file his candidacy.",
"* European Parliament elections:** In 2009, he headed the list \"''CSF''''–Mouvement pour les libertés''\" (movement for freedom), obtaining 4,015 votes (0.02%);** In 2014, he ran with the list \"''CSF–Stop la prohibition''\" (stop prohibition), obtaining 7,176 votes (0.23%).",
"* Legislative elections:** In 2012, he ran under the banner \"''FARID: Force Autonome de Résistance par l'Imagination et la Démocratie''\" (Force of Autonomous Resistance for Imagination and Democracy), obtaining 187 votes (0.42%) in Essonne's 8th constituency;** In 2017, he obtained 159 votes (0.42%) under the list of the French Pirate Party in the same constituency;** In the 2021 by-elections, he obtained 63 votes (0.54%) in Paris's 15th constituency.",
"* Regional elections:** In 2015, Ghehiouèche ran in the Île-de-France region as part of the list ''Fédération libertaire unitaire ouverte'' (FLUO) grouping the French Pirate Party, Cannabis without Borders, and other groups.",
"The list obtained 797 votes (0.22%) in the Essonne department, where Ghehiouèche was running, and a total of 9,593 votes (0.3%) in the region.=== Public figure ===In France, Ghehiouèche is known as a controversial public figure, often performing with cannabis plants or joints in public events or in television to generate public debate and controversy.",
"As organizer of the Global Marijuana March in Paris since 2001, he has often been in confrontation with French authorities about the organization of this event due to a provision in French law (Article L. 3421-1 of the public health code) banning positive speech related to narcotic drugs, stating that the \"provocation to commit the offence of cannabis use, even if such provocation has not been followed up, or the fact of presenting these offences in a favorable light, shall be punishable by five years’ imprisonment and a fine of 75,000 euros\"Ghehiouèche has been defending the Spanish model of cannabis social clubs in the media, at the French National Assembly and Senate, and at the UN on several occasions.",
"Since 2023, he has been member of the Drugs Advisory Committee of the ANSM, the French Medicines Agency.==== Publications ====Ghehiouèche co-authored several policy reports, scholarly papers, and books.==== International advocacy ====From 2003 onwards, Ghehiouèche attended the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in Vienna, Austria, as part of different NGO delegations and as media reporter.",
"He collaborated with organizations such as the Italian Transnational Radical Party, DRCNet Foundation, Society for Threatened Peoples, among others.",
"He was involved in bringing drug policy reform figures to the United Nations such as Doug Fine or Dana Beal.",
"His involvement led some like Sitbon top describe him as a \"pioneer in legalization-related international relations.",
"\"Ghehiouèche has been particularly active at the UN and European Union levels through his involvement in the European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies (ENCOD) since 2003.He was elected ENCOD's president in 2023.In 2015, Ghehiouèche co-founded the think-tank FAAAT with activist Michael Krawitz among others, an NGO with which he was particularly involved in the World Health Organization and CND's processes of cannabis scheduling changes under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"There Once Lived a Woman Who Tried to Kill Her Neighbor's Baby"
],
[
"Introduction",
"''' There Once Lived a Woman Who Tried to Kill Her Neighbor's Baby: Scary Fairytales''' is a collection of short stories written by Russian author and playwright Ludmilla Petrushevskaya.",
"These stories were selected and translated from the Russian language into English by Keith Gessen and Anna Summers.",
"Additionally, Gessen and Summers wrote the Introduction.",
"This English translation was published in 2009 by Penguin Books."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"This book consists of nineteen short stories that chronicle the harsh and ironic realities of life in the Soviet Union by mixing these realities with fictional elements that advance the various plots.",
"However, \"scary fairy tales\" has been added to the book's title to underscore the fairytale and horror tropes that are in play.",
"According to Dissent magazine, \"What is shocking and memorable about the stories is not the sudden, supernatural junctures but the utterly bleak and believable details of the character’s lives.\"",
"The stories usually depict skillful adaptation and resilience culminating in forgiveness and love amidst the harsh realities of Soviet Russia.",
"According to ''The Independent'', Petrushevskaya's stories are considered to be honest and bleak but not political, which perhaps made them all the more subversive and officially unacceptable in the Soviet Union before Gorbachev and the Soviet Glasnost."
],
[
"Reviews",
"This collection of short stories has received positive reviews.According to the New York Times, \"Timeless and troubling, these “scary fairy tales” grapple with accidents of fate and weaknesses of human nature that exact a heavy penance.\"",
"The New York Times also says that these stories are \"short, highly concentrated, inventive and disturbing, her tales inhabit a borderline between this world and the next, a place where vengeance and grace may be achieved only in dreams.",
"\"Dissent magazine says: \"The collection’s atmospheric visions of ghosts and dreams mix with the harsh realities of injured soldiers and overworked mothers.",
"Petrushevskaya leverages the fantastical against the tangible—and utterly realistic—difficulties of life in both the USSR and contemporary Russia.",
"\"The Guardian says:\" A magnificent collection of urban folk tales from one of Russia's most accomplished writers...and dense with twists...the stories read like condensed Tim Burton or Terry Gilliam horror films, set in wintry Siberian forests and claustrophobic Soviet-era one-room apartments peopled by several generations and writhing with cats."
],
[
"Accolades",
"According to the publisher's website, this book received the following accolades: *New York Times Bestseller*The World Fantasy Award.",
"This award was also noted by ''The Independent''.",
"*One of New York magazine’s 10 Best Books of the Year*One of NPR’s 5 Best Works of Foreign Fiction."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* Book excerpt: \"Revenge\" (a short story that is part of this collection) by Lyudmila Petrushevskaya.",
"NPR.",
"December 4, 2009.",
"*\" Fountain House\" (short story) by Lyudmila Petrushevskaya.",
"The New Yorker.",
"August 24, 2009.",
"*\" A Withered Branch\" (short story) by Lyudmila Petrushevskaya.",
"The New Yorker.",
"April 11, 2011."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 in Dutch television"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a list of events taking place in 2024 relating to television in the Netherlands."
],
[
"Events",
"* 26 January – wins the 23rd season of ''''.",
"* 9 February – Michel Mulder wins the first season of ''Stars on Stage''."
],
[
"Debuts",
"* 5 January – '''', musical theatre performance show presented by Jamai Loman and * 1 February – ''Project Dans'', dance competition show* 13 February – ''We Gaan er Allemaal Aan (zelfs Valerio Zeno)'', documentary series presented by Valerio Zeno about the end of humanity* 10 March – ''De Oranjezondag'', talk show presented by Hélène Hendriks* 11 March – ''Bodem'', comedy-drama series created by Eva Crutzen* 11 March – ''Say Whut?!",
"'', quiz presented by Niek Roozen* 2 April – ''Corsokoorts in Sint Jansklooster'', reality series about preparations for the annual bloemencorso in Sint Jansklooster"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 in the Netherlands"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Australian Cobberdog"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Australian Cobberdog''' is a purebred dog breed developed in Australia by the Rutland Manor and Tegan Park Labradoodle Breeding & Research Centres.",
"The breed was created as a continuation of Wally Conron's efforts to create a definable and carefully researched labradoodle.",
"This effort was also in response to the increase in demand for labradoodles which had led to breeders referring to any combination of Labrador Retrievers and Poodles as labradoodles without temperament or hypoallergenic criteria.",
"The inconsistency of standards for labradoodles led to the distinction of Australian Labradoodle and the further distinction of Cobberdog attributed to a purebred dog breed with more strict standards for breeding, temperament, and appearance.The Australian Cobberdog was bred to be an ideal candidate for being therapy and service dogs.",
"Up until the creation of the Australian Cobberdog, no breed had been developed with the sole objective of having the ideal characteristics to serve as therapy and assistance dogs.",
"This is in part because therapy and assistance dogs are relatively modern.",
"Australian Labradoodles, as prescribed by the Australian Labradoodle Association of America, are derived from three breeds of previously purebred dog breeds.",
"Cobberdogs are meanwhile derived from a combination of at least eight existing breeds in order to achieve the desired temperament.The large pool for the development of the Australian Cobberdog led to the breed's disassociation with the Australian Labradoodle; this caused the involved research centres to approach the obscure kennel club Master Dog Breeders and Associates for cataloguing.",
"With a name change and the finalisation of the breed's DNA sequence the standards for physical and temperamental attributes were established and the Cobberdog was officially a pure breed and thus the only pure breed of labradoodle.Cobberdog breeders make the assertion that the Australian Cobberdog was an attempt to reach the originally intended goals of the Labradoodle.",
"Prior to the explosion of the popularity of Labradoodles, they were carefully bred in an attempt to perfect the temperament and be hypoallergenic.",
"After the popularity of Labradoodles began less careful selection and a lack of breed standards led to the modern, unrecognized crossbreed.",
"Cobberdogs, as researchers state, are the product of continuing with the original goals of the Labradoodle project: a gentle, hypoallergenic dog with a calm demeanor and a tendency to comfort the people around them."
],
[
"History",
"A standard brown Labradoodle with the desired hypoallergenic coat=== The Labradoodle ===The term \"Labradoodle\" was first used in 1955 by Donald Campbell to describe his dog, a Labrador/Poodle cross.",
"The breed was not popular and was mostly unused as pets and/or service animals.",
"In the 1980s, Wally Conron, a Labrador Retriever breeder specializing in service dogs, received a request for a hypoallergenic guide dog.",
"The result of Conron's efforts was a hand-picked parentage mix between a Poodle and a Labrador Retriever.",
"Initially, the breed was again not popular leading to the rebranding of the dog as the \"Labradoodle\".",
"The Labradoodle then experienced an explosion of popularity and quickly lost breed conformity due to a lack of kennel club recognition and thus a lack of breed standards.In a 2019 interview, Conron said that he \"released a Frankenstein monster\" and that \"... the biggest majority (of Labradoodles) are either crazy or have a hereditary problem.\"",
"Brandi Hunter, the American Kennel Club's vice president of public relations and communications, mirrored Conron's concerns, saying that \"... there is a reason why we emphasize the time and research that goes into breeding purpose-bred dogs.",
"It matters in the long run.",
"\"Australian Labradoodle===The Australian Labradoodle===In an effort to standardize the Labradoodle and achieve breed recognition, the Labradoodle Association of Australia (LAA) was founded in 2000.The organization began taking steps to regain a careful selective breeding program and introduced new lines to both experiment with temperament and to introduce additional genetic diversity.",
"Over the subsequent five years, additional organizations formed and merged resulting in The International Australian Labradoodle Association (IALA).Australian Labradoodles are called Australian Labradoodles because the Australia-based breeders wished to avoid the breed being mistaken for the many Labrador Retriever/Poodle crosses being bred in a way the LAA deemed as unhealthy and irresponsible.",
"The Australian Labradoodle is a developing dog breed and not considered purebred.In the current, generally accepted Australian Labradoodle's heritage, there are as many as 22 unique purebred contributors.",
"The Australian Labradoodle generally primarily has Labrador Retriever and Poodle genetics, but recent efforts by the IALA, particularly the Australian Labradoodle Association of America (ALAA), have introduced the Irish Water Spaniel, Curly-coated Retriever and the English and American Cocker Spaniel.",
"These additions were to increase the breed's gene pool, achieve greater health, and attempt to perfect the temperament of the dog.",
"The IALA made the decision to abandon certain lines and that the Australian Labradoodle was a largely complete breed.",
"Officially, the Australian Labradoodle Association (ALA) mandates that the Australian Labradoodle must have exactly three progenitors: Poodle, Labrador Retriever, and Cocker Spaniel.The Australian Labradoodle is not recognized as a pure breed by any independent, non-regional kennel clubs or recognized registration organizations.",
"It is, instead, considered a mixed-breed.A white small medium Australian Cobberdog from Finland=== The Australian Cobberdog ===Beverly Manners, the co-founder of the International Australian Labradoodle Association, believed that the decision to limit the breed to exactly three progenitors betrayed the original goals of the project and prevented breeders' ability to adequately create a more ideal service animal and therapy dog.",
"In 2004 the Irish Soft-coated Wheaten Terrier was infused by Manners at Rutland Manor in Australia.",
"Two Irish Wheaten Terriers were infused, one of which was an Australian Champion.",
"That addition resulted in Manners' disassociation from the IALA and the beginning of the Australian Cobberdog's development.",
"Rutland Manor, in conjunction with Tegan Park, expanded their branch of Australian Labradoodles to eight total root breeds:* Miniature Poodle* Labrador Retriever* American Cocker Spaniel* English Cocker Spaniel* Irish Water Spaniel* Curly-coated Retriever* Poodle* Irish Soft-coated Wheaten TerrierThe goal of this new effort was a revision of the original Australian Labradoodle project's.",
"The mission of the effort was to breed a widely usable dog with a hypoallergenic coat which would be able to be used as exemplary therapy dogs, service animals, household pets, and/or companion dogs.",
"This dog would be bred with specific attention to coat and, most importantly, temperament.",
"Manners' goal was to achieve what Wally Conron had initially set out to do and breed a calm, intelligent and hypoallergenic dog.",
"Up until the initial creation of the Australian Cobberdog breeding program, no individual and/or purebred breed had been developed with the sole objective of creating an ideal candidate for being therapy and assistance dogs.",
"This is in part a result of the fact that assisted therapy and assistance dogs are relatively modern.In 2012, the Australian Cobberdog was accepted as a new pure breed by the semi-obscure Master Dog Breeders and Associates (MDBA) a worldwide breed registry.",
"With the breed's acceptance, a pedigree and breed standards were set.",
"The breed's unique DNA sequence was also categorized in order to establish the validity of a purebred Australian Cobberdog.One condition for the Cobberdog's entry into the MDBA was that the breed has a name which distinguishes it from the Labradoodle, thus distinguishing the new pure breed from a less recognized cross-bred and unregulated category of dogs.",
"The original project's name for the breed was Service Animal Australian Labradoodle.",
"The decision to name the breed the \"Australian Cobberdog\" was done to maintain the Australian identity of the breed; the latter half of the name, \"Cobberdog\", comes from the Australian term \"cobber\" which simply means \"friend\" or \"friendly\".",
"In total, the name Australian Cobberdog directly means \"friendly Australian dog\".Since the breed's acceptance, the number of MDBA-certified Cobberdog breeders has expanded to over 150 worldwide and the breed continues to become increasingly popular, although it is still a relatively unknown breed as of January 2024.The breed is touted as an ideal therapy dog with breeders and owners displaying that through a general standard practice of breeding dogs also being trained and used as Therapy dogs for hospitals, schools, retirement homes, and many other applications."
],
[
"Characteristics",
"=== Physical characteristics ===A profile view of a nine week old Australian Cobberdog==== Colours ====The Australian Cobberdog can have a very wide range of colours.",
"However, the MDBA standards mandate that in order for a dog to be considered a purebred Cobberdog it must contain no more than two colours and the colours should be solid.",
"A non-exhaustive list of the more common coat types is:* White – lightest possible coat colour, often accompanied by lemon eyes* Cream – white with a yellow tint of varying strength* Gold – a rich and deep yellow colour* Red – a rich colour resembling mahogany* Black – a pure black coat, sometimes fades to blue or silver with age* Silver – grey in colour, usually develops from a black dog over the first 1–3 years of life, often not solid* Blue – smokey grey-blue colour which can be initial or develop over the first 1–3 years of life* Brown – a solid brown colour, usually preceded by a puppy born with very deep brown hair* Café – a unique shade of brown which generally develops with age* Parchment – a cream/Café mix* Lilac – a pink to purple colouration which generally develops with age from brown dogs* Parti-colour – a mixture of two distinct colours* Phantom – the term to refer to the non-dominant colour of a parti-coloured dog* Sable – Black tipped hairs on a background of any other solid colour==== Coat ====The Australian Cobberdog has single coat hair which is low to no shedding and produces minimal dander.",
"This trait means that the dog is considered hypoallergenic.",
"Contrary to the belief that dog hair is the cause of an allergy to dogs, allergies are primarily caused by a hypersensitivity to a protein found in a dog's saliva, dandruff and chafing skin.",
"The Cobberdog has two principle coat types: fleece coats and wool coats.A fleece coat is a single coat of soft, thin fibres which appear silky and slightly wavy.",
"The coat's fibres generally create soft clusters called staples.",
"Fleece coats have minimal shedding and dander, making them minimally odorous and largely hypoallergenic.",
"Fleece coats require regular grooming to prevent matting.",
"Without regular brushing and consistent care the fleece coat is more susceptible to matting, the formation of dreadlocks, hair-borne conditions and the capture of dirt against the skin which can cause discomfort and/or chafing.",
"The lack of shedding also necessitates frequent trimming of the dog's hair as the hairs continuously grow and do not naturally maintain coat length.A wool coat is a single coat of coarse, thick fibres which are grouped together as small, tight curls.",
"Wool coats are non-shedding and low dander and they require attention similar to that of the fleece coat.",
"A true wool coat was deemed as \"highly undesirable\" by the MDBA and has become increasingly rare in Cobberdogs.",
"Instead of the original pure wool coat, the term has shifted to also apply to a curly variation of the fleece coat, again non-shedding and low dander, sometimes called the \"spiral wool coat\".",
"This coat usually appears as multiple long and loose spirals which are considerably larger than the fleece coat's staples.",
"This coat is similarly low odour and largely hypoallergenic.",
"This coat is caused by the presence of both fleece and wool coat genes.",
"The spiral wool coat, also called the curly fleece coat, is somewhat similar in appearance to the more common \"straight\" fleece coat and requires frequent grooming, trimming, and brushing in or to avoid matting.",
"This type of coat, both true wool and curly fleece, requires closer and more frequent care than the aforementioned straight fleece coat.==== Sizes ====There are generally four size categories for Cobberdogs: miniature, large mini/small medium, medium and standard''.''",
"Some breeders also include a \"large medium\" and/or \"standard XL\" category.",
"The MDBA only officially recognizes three size categories: miniature, medium and standard.",
"However, the MDBA does not prohibit additional categorisation by approved breeders.Cobberdog sizes are based solely on height as measured from floor to withers (top of the shoulder blade in quadrupeds).",
"While weight is often included in size categorisation, that is typically to aid in the visualisation of sizes and not to aid in the categorisation of a specific individual.+Four general size categoriesCategory nameHeight rangeWeight range (approx.",
")MiniatureLarge mini/small mediumMediumStandard==== Features ====A closer image of a white Australian CobberdogThe MDBA has created a set of breed standards which any dog must adhere to in order to be considered a purebred Australian Cobberdog.",
"In addition to these standards, general practice has created further preferences for the breed.",
"The official breed standards state that the sum of all the dog's features should portray \"A gracefully athletic and balanced dog, free of exaggeration, with a luxurious non-shedding, odourless coat.\"",
"In general, the breed's goal is to be a square and regularly dimensioned dog with the breeding process more focused on health and temperament.Notable distinctive features include floppy ears, standard pigmentation of nose and paw pads, an undocked tail and a non-shedding hypoallergenic coat.=== Behavioral characteristics ===The Cobberdog's original purpose for development was as an effort to breed a calm, compassionate and empathetic dog which is ideal for training as a therapy dog or service animal, the first pure breed with that as the initial purpose for breeding.",
"Additionally, the hypoallergenic coat and low saliva production is meant to broaden the Cobberdog's usefulness as it allows the dog to be a companion to or visit individuals with allergies to dogs, dander, dog saliva, and who should avoid the presence of residual hairs left behind by shedding dogs.Australian Cobberdogs are generally considered to be an intelligent breed which learns tricks and tasks more easily than most other breeds.",
"Additionally, they are known to very rarely bite with an intent to harm.",
"The Cobberdog barks less than most breeds and vocalization is generally limited to instances of extreme shock or distress.",
"These characteristics, in addition to the breed's respectful and unimposing nature, make them particularly ideal for therapies involving individuals with difficulties interacting such as victims of trauma, certain individuals with autism spectrum disorder and a myriad of other socially sensitive groups.Around other animals, the Cobberdog generally remains calm and unimposing.",
"It is uncommon for an individual of the breed to be involved in a fight as a result of the dog's natural inclination to retreat from conflict.",
"Oftentimes, the Cobberdog is uniquely capable of interacting with dogs which are generally incapable of cohabitation with other dogs.",
"The Cobberdog can cohabitate in some circumstances with animals such as cats, birds or rodents, although the breed is generally very curious and should be supervised to avoid unintended harm or intrusion.==== Roles ====As a result of the selective breeding and natural temperament of the Australian Cobberdog, the breed is considered ideal as therapy dogs, service animals, emotional support animals, companion dogs, and household pets.",
"These roles are greatly aided by the Cobberdog's unimposing nature, calm demeanor, and general sense of empathy."
],
[
"Health",
"=== Common medical issues and screening ===The Australian Cobberdog is generally considered as among the healthiest dog breeds and has received DNA screening for successive generations throughout the pure breeding process.",
"Carriers of known diseases are regularly removed from all MDBA-approved breeding programs.",
"The nature of pure breeding as a whole, however, does harbour some genetic conditions which can and should be screened for prior to any dog's use in a breeding program.",
"* '''Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)''' is a set of genetic eye diseases that frequently occur in Australian Cobberdogs and can lead to blindness.",
"The nerve cells at the back of the eye break down over time and will cause cataracts to form.",
"PRA frequently initially manifests as night blindness; this can progress to total blindness.",
"Surgery can correct this and health screening can determine if a dog is a carrier.",
"* '''Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)''' can be found in the Cobberdog in rare cases.",
"DM causes progressive hind limb muscle weakness and loss of coordination over time.",
"Affected dogs gradually become increasingly incontinent and lose the ability to walk.",
"The condition can be screened for before being passed on but is ultimately fatal to affected dogs.",
"* '''Exercise Induced Collapse (EIC)''' is a genetic disorder that causes otherwise healthy dogs to collapse after intense exercise.",
"Typically, 5 to 20 minutes of strenuous exercise with extreme excitement induces weakness and then collapse.",
"Although most affected dogs recover quickly, severe episodes of EIC can be fatal.",
"EIC is discoverable in screening.",
"* '''Eye anomalies:''' Microphthalmia, Anophthalmia & Coloboma (Wheaten Terrier Type) are genetic eye diseases that can affect Cobberdogs.=== Lifespan and aging ===According to some sources, Australian Cobberdogs have an average lifespan of either 12–14 or 13–15 years, however no evidence of a meaningful and verifiable study is shown.",
"They reach senior status at seven years of age and have a healthspan target of sixteen years.",
"In depth studies of the aging process specific to Cobberdogs and the effects on their activity, vitality, temperament, and/or health are yet to be published under official means.",
"This being the case, more information and observation is required for a verifiable and set standard."
],
[
"See also",
"* Dogs portal* List of dog breeds"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"United States v. Ogoshi"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''United States v. Ogoshi''''' is a pending case in the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.",
"It is considered part of Project Safe Childhood."
],
[
"Overview",
"=== Death of Jordan DeMay ===Jordan John DeMay (June 7, 2004 - March 25, 2022), a 17-year-old high school student from Marquette, Michigan, was found dead in his bed at his father's home on March 25, 2022.His mother Jennifer Buta received a late-night text message from Jordan reading \"Mother, I love you.\"",
"She wrote him back and got ready for work.",
"By the time she was ready to leave, Jennifer still hadn't heard from Jordan, which she thought was unusual so she reached out to one of Jordan's classmates, who told her Jordan wasn't in school.",
"Jennifer called Jordan's father John DeMay and asked him to check on Jordan around 7:30 a.m. John went to Jordan's room, where he found Jordan in his bed.",
"Jordan had died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound.",
"He had shot himself about four hours prior.After their son's death, John and Jennifer learned he'd been a victim of sextortion.",
"A group of men from Nigeria had posed a young woman on Instagram using the handle dani.robertss.",
"As Dani, they convinced Jordan to send explicit photos of himself to them.",
"After receiving the photos, they threatened to make them public if Jordan did not pay them.",
"His parents decided to go public to help raise awareness and garner support for the extradition of those involved.=== Legal proceedings ===In May 2022, indictments were issued against Samuel and Samson Ogoshi, brothers from Lagos, Nigeria.",
"Arrests were made by Nigerian police in January 2023.On July 20, 2023, the Honorable Justice B.F.M.",
"Nyako ordered they be turned over to the United States and on August 3, 2023, B.E.",
"Jedy Agba, the Solicitor-General of the Nigerian Federation, signed the surrender order.",
"The men involved, Samuel Ogoshi (22), Samson Ogoshi (20),and Ezekiel Ejeham Robert (19), were extradited from Nigeria to face criminal charges in the United States for their role in Jordan's death.",
"The Ogoshi brothers appeared before a federal judge at the Gerald R. Ford Federal Building in Grand Rapids, Michigan on Monday, August 14, 2023.They plead not guilty and are currently awaiting trial.",
"They were denied bond.==== Charges ====All three men are charged with conspiracy to sexually exploit minors, which carries a mandatory sentence of 15 years in prison, conspiracy to distribute child pornography, which carries a minimum sentence of 5 years in prison, and conspiracy to commit stalking through the internet, which has no minimum sentence but a maximum sentence of 5 years.",
"Samuel Ogoshi is additionally charged with Sexual Exploitation and Attempted Sexual Exploitation of a Minor Resulting in Death, which carried a mandatory sentence of 30 years in prison with the possibility of a life sentence.",
"Federal prosecutors released a statement saying they did not intend to seek the death penalty."
],
[
"See also",
"* Sextortion"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Sources"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sliven Valley"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''Sliven Valley''' () is situated in eastern central Bulgaria.",
"It is named after the city of Sliven, its main settlement.",
"It is the ninth of the eleven Sub-Balkan valleys in direction west–east and is the second largest of them, after the Sofia Valley."
],
[
"Geography",
"The Balkan Mountains seen from a marshy area in the Sliven ValleyThe valley is enclosed between the Balkan Mountains to the north and the Sredna Gora mountain range and the heights of Bakadzhitsite and Hisar to the south.",
"The Shivachevski Ridge separates it from the higher Tvarditsa Valley to the west, while the Terzijski Ridge of the Balkan Mountains and the Hisar Heights form the divide with the Karnobat Valley to the northeast.",
"The northern slopes are part of Sinite Kamani Nature Park.It spans a territory of 830 km2 and is thus the second largest of the Sub-Balkan valley by area.",
"It reaches a length of 70 km in direction west–east and is 15 km at its widest.",
"The average altitude is 150 m and is inclined in southern direction.",
"It is divided in two parts by the heights of Hamambair, the higher Sliven field to the west and the partially marshy Straldzha field to the east.Along its northern slopes there are many alluvial fans formed by the rivers streaming from the Balkan Mountains.",
"The valley is a one-sided graben filled with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments with depth of 150 m to 500 m. There are mineral springs at Slivenski Mineralni Bani.",
"The soils are mostly alluvial and cinnamon.",
"The Sliven Valley is in the transitional zone between the temperate continental climatic zone and the continental Mediterranean zone, with typical for the region northern winds.The valley is drained by the river Tundzha of the Aegean Sea basin and several of its left tributaries, including the Asenovska reka, the Sotirska reka and the Mochuritsa."
],
[
"Settlements",
"The City of Hall of SlivenAdministratively, the Sliven Valley falls in Burgas, Sliven and Yambol Provinces.",
"There are one city, one town and 42 villages.",
"In Sliven Province are located the city of Sliven and the villages of Blatets, Gavrailovo, Gergevets, Glufishevo, Glushnik, Gorno Aleksandrovo, Dragodanovo, Zhelyu Voyvoda, Zlati Voyvoda, Kaloyanovo, Kamen, Kovachite, Krushare, Malko Chochoveni, Mechkarevo, Panaretovtsi, Samoilovo, Selimovo, Sotirya, Strupets, Topolchane, Trapoklovo, Chintulovo and Chokoba.",
"All of them are part of Sliven Municipality.",
"Sliven is the eighth largest city in Bulgaria.In Yambol Province there are one town and 14 villages.",
"In Straldzha Municipality are located the town of Straldzha and the villages of Atolovo, Vodenichane, Dzhinot, Zimnitsa, Lozenets, Malenovo, Palauzovo and Charda.",
"In Tundzha Municipality are situated Veselinovo, Drazhevo, Zavoy, Kabile, Mogila and Hadzhidimitrovo.In Burgas Province, Karnobat Municipality are located four villages — Venets, Devetak, Devetintsi and Tserkovski."
],
[
"Transportation and economy",
"The ruins of KabileThe valley is served by six roads of the national network, as well as local roads.",
"In the southernmost reaches passes a section of the Trakia motorway.",
"From west to east from the village of Binkos to the river Mochuritsa it is traversed by a 69.4 km stretch of the first class I-6 road Gyueshevo–Sofia–Karlovo–Burgas.",
"From north to south between the Petolachakata junction and the village of Mogila passes a 21.2 km section of the first class I-7 road Silistra–Shumen–Yambol–Lesovo.",
"In the central parts of the valley in direction northwest–southeast is a 18 km section of the second class II-53 road Polikraishte–Sliven–Yambol–Sredets.",
"To the west in direction southwest–northeast between Sliven and Zlati Voyvoda runs a 14 km stretch of the second class II-66 road Sliven–Stara Zagora–Popovitsa.",
"From north to south in its eastern reaches is a 15.8 km section of the third class III-707 road Petolachakata–Aleksandrovo–Golyamo Krushevo.A section of railway line No.",
"3 Iliyantsi (Sofia)–Karlovo–Sliven–Karnobat–Varna served by the Bulgarian State Railways crosses the valley in direction west–east between the railway stations of Binkos and Tserkovski.",
"The valley is also traversed by a section of railway line No.",
"8 Plovdiv–Stara Zagora–Yambol–Karnobat–Burgas.",
"The two lines merge at the station of Zimnitsa.The valley's economic hub is the city of Sliven, which has longstanding industrial traditions.",
"The first modern factory on the territory of Bulgaria was established there in 1834 by the industrialist Dobri Zhelyazkov, producing textiles.",
"The importance of textiles in local industry has somewhat declined in the 21st century and machine building is the most important sector.",
"Sliven produces metal cutting machines, turning machines, column drilling machines, woodworking machines, etc.",
"There is a cable factory of Japanese compaby Yazaki that produces electronic components for automotive industry.",
"There are favourable conditions for agriculture, in particular orchards, vineyards and industrial crops.In the southernmost reaches of the valley, on the foothills the easternmost heights of Sredna Gora near the village of Kabile are the ruins of the ancient Thracian city of Cabyle, which was among the largest and most important settlements in ancient Thrace.",
"The foundations of the defensive walls, the agora, temples, churches, baths, barracks and public buildings have been excavated.",
"In 1969 the site was declared an archaeological reserve and is one of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria."
],
[
"Citations"
],
[
"Sources",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Michael Jahnn"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Michael Jahnn''' (died 1665) is a Habsburg prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of Duvno from 1658 to 1663.Warned several times by the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith for not taking care of his diocese, Jahnn was suspended in 1663.Jahnn served as the provincial of the Franciscan Province of Bohemia from 1650 to 1658, contributing to the renovation of churches and friaries after their devastation during the Thirty Years' War."
],
[
"Early life",
"Jahnn was born to a Protestant family from Pomerania at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century.",
"It is unknown when he converted to Catholicism or when he became a Franciscan.",
"He was a member of the Franciscan Province of Bohemia.",
"In 1634, he was appointed as a definitor and the guardian of the Our Lady of the Snows friary.",
"He was a guardian in other friaries, and he was appointed a definitor again in 1647.During the Thirty Years' War between the Catholics and the Protestants, Jahnn contributed largely to the Catholic side and the Habsburg monarchy.",
"For this reason, he was appreciated by Emperor Ferdinand III and his son Leopold I.",
"In 1650, he became the provincial of the Bohemian Province and contributed to the renovation of the Province and reconstruction of many friaries, especially the one in Brno demolished by the Swedes."
],
[
"Episcopate",
"For his contribution to the Church and the Habsburg monarchy, Cardinal Ernst Adalbert of Harrach the of archbishop of Prague proposed he be appointed a bishop in one of the dioceses in a territory under non-Catholic control.",
"At the same time, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith received the news that Pavao Posilović, the bishop of Duvno and administrator of Skradin had died.",
"Thus, at its session on 26 February 1657, the Congregation discussed Harrach's proposal to appoint Jahnn as the bishop of either Duvno or Skradin.",
"On 3 September 1657, after the nuncio in Vienna delivered information on the status of the dioceses and Jahnn's person, the Congregation proposed the Pope to appoint Jahnn the residential bishop of Duvno.",
"The Pope confirmed the appointment on 15 September.",
"Jahnn was officially promoted at a secret consistory held on 14 January 1658.The same year, he was consecrated in Prague with Harrach as his principal consecrator.The appointment as a residential bishop under the Ottomans was received unwillingly by Jahnn and those who proposed him as the bishop.",
"During his ''ad limina'' visit to Rome, the bishop of Bosnia Marijan Maravić informed the Congregation that a bishop cannot reside in the Diocese of Duvno due to devastation and exodus of the Catholic populace in the diocese.",
"Nevertheless, on 13 May 1658, the Congregation warned Jahnn for not taking over his diocese, which Jahnn wasn't willing to do.",
"At the end of spring 1659, Jahnn travelled to Dalmatia to visit the diocese and take it over.",
"During that time, the Venetians and the Ottomans were fighting the Cretan War, which devastated the diocese, while its population fled to the nearby mountains or Dalmatia.",
"Jahnn received information on the status of his diocese from the expelled Franciscans who brought with them some 3,000 Catholics from the areas of Livno, Duvno, Glamoč, Uskoplje and northern Neretva in 1659.The Franciscans from Rama itself brought 5,000 Catholic refugees.",
"Learning about the situation, Jahnn went to Senj from where he informed Francesco Barberini, the prefect of the Congregation on 24 July 1659 about the poor condition of his diocese, simultaneously asking him for the instructions.",
"The Congregation discussed his report on 22 November 1659 and instructed him to reside nearby.",
"While waiting for the answer, Jahnn returned to the court in Vienna, apparently to resolve the issue of his maintenance.",
"He never returned.",
"Ante Škegro also writes that it is possible that the Bosnian Franciscans were also unwilling to have a foreign bishop on the territory of the Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina during an ongoing war.",
"Thus, Škegro points out that Maravić, during his ''ad limina'' visit, failed to mention that the bishop could reside in some of the Franciscan friaries.On 26 March 1661, the State Secretary Cardinal Flavio Chigi complained about Jahnn to Nuncio Carlo Carafa della Spina, stating: \"He never wanted to hear a word about residing\".",
"He was warned several times for not taking over his diocese, so much so that 1662 he excused himself due to illness.",
"The Church didn't believe him, which led the nuncio to suspend him from his episcopal duties, which was confirmed by the Congregation on 5 June 1663.Dominik Mandić writes that Jahnn was indeed ill, as he was unable to move from his home in Bruck an der Mur from December 1662, when he was carried out on a stretcher to be seen by a papal delegate.",
"He died in 1665."
],
[
"Footnotes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Books ===* *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"David Halperin (political advocate)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''David Halperin''' engages in public advocacy work on a range of issues, including higher education, climate change, open government, and money in politics.",
"He also advises organizations on strategy, policy, communications, and legal matters, and he is of counsel to Public.Resource.org.Halperin was previously:* Founding director of Campus Progress and senior vice president at the Center for American Progress;* Senior policy advisor for Howard Dean's presidential campaign;* Founding executive director of the American Constitution Society;* White House speechwriter and special assistant for national security affairs to President Bill Clinton* Co-founder of the Internet company Progressive/RealNetworks; and* Counsel to the Senate Intelligence Committee.He writes at Republic Report, and his articles also have appeared in the New York Times, Washington Post, The Nation, Politico, Slate, Foreign Policy, and other outlets.Halperin serves on the board of directors of Public Citizen.",
"He graduated from Yale College and Yale Law School."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Eduard Reznik"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Eduard Reznik''' (born 14 June 1989) is a Ukrainian beach volleyball player."
],
[
"Career",
"In 2013, Eduard competed at the 2013 Confédération Européenne de Volleyball with his partner Iaroslav Gordieiev in team event, but they didn't reach a final.",
"That was his first participance in international competitions.From 2013 till 2018 he continued to compete at the different international competitions with Gordieiev and Medyanyk.",
"Since 2021, Sergiy Popov became his new partner.In 2022, Popov and Reznik competed at the Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour, where they won three silver and one bronze medals.Reznik and Popov competed for Ukraine at the 2023 European Beach Volleyball Championships, held in Vienna, where they won bronze medals.",
"That is the first achievement for Ukrainian national beach volleyball team at these European Championships.Reznik and Popov competed at the 2023 Beach Volleyball World Championships without reaching round of 16."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
" Eduard Reznik at FIVB Eduard Reznik at Beach Volleybox Eduard Reznik at Flash Score"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Space Odyssey (disambiguation)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Space Odyssey''' is a science fiction franchise created by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick beginning with the film ''2001: A Space Odyssey'''''Space Odyssey''', '''The Space Odyssey''', '''A Space Odyssey''', '''Space Odysseys''', may also refer to:"
],
[
"Stage and screen",
"* ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (film), a 1968 film directed by Stanley Kubrick, part of the ''Space Odyssey'' franchise, also known simply as \"A Space Odyssey\" or \"2001\"* ''Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets'', a 2004 fictional documentary TV series* ''Star Odyssey'', a 1979 Italian film also called \"Space Odyssey\"* \"A Space Odyssey\", a 1977 episode of the TV show ''We've Got Each Other''"
],
[
"Literature",
"* ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (novel), a 1968 novel by Arthur C. Clarke, part of the ''Space Odyssey'' franchise, also known simply as \"A Space Odyssey\" or \"Odyssey One\" or \"2001\"* ''Space Odysseys'' (book), a 1975 multi-author anthology overseen by Brian Aldiss* ''Space Odyssey'' (book), a book on making the film ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' by Michael Benson (filmmaker)"
],
[
"Music",
"* ''Space Odyssey'' (album set), an album series by Richard Andersson* ''The Space Odyssey Trilogy'' (album set), an album series by RanestRane* \"Space Odyssey\" (song), a song by Shogun featured on the 2011 compilation album ''Universal Religion Chapter 5''* \"Also sprach Zarathustra\" (tune), an 1896 song by Richard Strauss, also known as the \"2001: A Space Odyssey theme\", or simply \"2001\" or \"Space Odyssey\""
],
[
"Videogames",
"* ''Space Odyssey: The Video Game'', a 4X videogame* ''Starscape'' (), a 2002 videogame* ''K-2: Space Odyssey'', one of the 1978 Fairchild ''Channel F'' Videocarts"
],
[
"Other uses",
"* Space Odyssey, a science theatre at Science City, Kolkata, West Bengal, India* Space Odyssey, a space exhibit at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, US* SpACE Odyssey (yacht), a sailboat in the Half Ton class"
],
[
"See also",
"* \"Odyssey in Space\" (sculpture), a 1980 sculpture by Rodney Ripps* ''Other Space Odysseys'', a 2010 art exhibition curated by Giovanna Borasi* 2001: A Space Odyssey (disambiguation)* ''Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey'', a 2014 science documentary TV series* ''Rebirth of the Afronauts: A Black Space Odyssey'', a 2021 short film in the project ''21 Black Futures''* Odyssey (disambiguation)* Space Oddity (disambiguation)* Space (disambiguation)*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Mendes Wood DM"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Mendes Wood DM''' is a contemporary art gallery founded in São Paulo in 2010.The gallery is known for exhibiting sculpture and conceptual works and for representing Afro-Brazilian artists and 20th-century Brazilian works associated with self-taught artists and modernism.",
"The gallery has locations in São Paulo, Brussels, Paris, and New York City."
],
[
"History",
"Mendes Wood DM was founded in São Paulo in 2010 by Pedro Mendes, Matthew Wood, and Felipe Dmab.",
"Mendes and Wood, who met as philosophy of art students in Paris, initially began by representing the works of Brazilian sculptor Sônia Gomes in Paris.",
"In 2010, Mendes and Wood partnered with Dmab to open the Mendes Wood DM gallery in São Paulo, gaining visibility as early supporters of Lucas Arruda, Paulo Nazareth, and Marina Perez Simão, for representing works by Tunga, and for being one of the few Brazilian galleries, at the time, representing Afro-Brazilian artists within Brazil and internationally.In 2017, Mendes Wood DM opened a location in Brussels with founding partner Carolyn Drake Kandiyoti.",
"That same year, the gallery collaborated with a German gallery, Galerie Michael Werner, to open Hic Svnt Dracones, a project space on East 66th Street in New York City.",
"In 2018, Mendes Wood DM was incorporated as a mainstay in the Art Basel international art fair.",
"A permanent New York City branch was opened on Walker Street in 2022.The inaugural show was dedicated to Brazilian artist Paulo Nazareth.",
"Mendes Wood DM's collaborations with Nazareth, and other artists, have focused on post-colonial power relations and the socio-political facets of migration.In 2023, the gallery opened a branch in the Marais district of Paris in a renovated 18th-century building on the Place des Vosges.",
"The first Paris exhibition, curated by Fernanda Brenner and titled “I See No Difference Between a Handshake and a Poem” exhibited works by approximately 50 artists, including Tosh Basco, Michael Dean, and Marguerite Duras."
],
[
"Artistic Program",
"Mendes Wood DM exhibits 21st-century sculpture and conceptual works, works from several generations of Afro-Brazilian artists, and works from key figures in 20th-century Brazilian painting associated with self-taught artists and modernism.",
"The gallery currently represents approximately 45 artists, including Alma Allen, Lucas Arruda, Alvaro Barrington, Lynda Benglis, Heidi Bucher, Nina Canell, Adriano Costa, Michael Dean, Anna Bela Geiger, Sonia Gomes, Sanam Khatibi, Amadeo Luciano Lorenzato, Paulo Monteiro, Paulo Nazareth, Antonio Obá, Rosana Paulino, Kishio Suga, and Rubem Valentim.",
"The gallery's program includes several artistic collaborations with other galleries, notably Blum & Poe (now Blum), David Zwirner Gallery, and Pace Gallery."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Germaine Veyret-Verner"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Germaine Veyret-Verner''' (17 September 1913 - 12 August 1973) was a French geographer and one of the first female university professors in France, known for her work on the Alps, her role in the development of geography and her international recognition relating to the Institut de géographie alpine in Grenoble and the Revue de géographie alpine."
],
[
"Life",
"===Early life===Born Germaine Verner in Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz, she was the only daughter of two teachers from Savoie.",
"She studied under Anne Dorne at a lycée for young women in Chambéry from 1924 to 1931 - Dorne had links to the Institut de Géographie Alpine and encouraged Verner to join the Faculté des Lettres de Grenoble where she became \"pupil and spiritual daughter of Blanchard\".Germaine Verner joined the Institut de Géographie Alpine in 1932.and five years later attained her DES with a study on agriculture in the Grésivaudan, published in the Revue de Géographie Alpine (R.G.A).",
"Next she taught at lycées in Valence, Gap and Chambéry before becoming a researcher at the CNRS In 1938 at Challes-les-Eaux she married fellow geographer Paul Veyret (1912-1988), dean of the faculté des Lettres de Grenoble from 1963 to 1968, and director of the Institut de Géographie alpine until his wife's death.",
"Germaine Veyret-Verner was a major contributor to all her husband's achievements (the construction of the IGA and of the Saint-Martin d'Hères campus and the influence of the RGA), bringing \"the organisational sense and sense of initiative which allowed them to realise their great achievements, that art of public relations which so contributed to the influence of geography from Grenoble\".===Doctorate===She then gained a grant for her doctoral research.",
"and in 1948 defended a thesis on industry in the French Alps before a panel comprising rectors André Allix (her thesis supervisor) and Jules Blache and deans Raoul Blanchard (geographer), Jean-Marcel Jeanneney (economist), Robert Latouche (historian) and Maurice Pardé.",
"She was the second woman in France to gain a doctorate in geography, shortly after Jacqueline Beaujeu-Garnier.",
"Blanchard said of her subject:The Bastille at Grenoble on the Chartreuse mountain range, with at the centre the former university buildings of the Rabot and the student residence of the same name.In 1949 she succeeded Max Derruau, who had left for Clermont-Ferrand, and was made professor of geography at the faculté des lettres de Grenoble, making her the second woman (after Jacqueline Beaujeu-Garnier in Lille to take up such a role.",
"According to her husband, \"her teaching, drawn from original research in human and regional geography, played a considerable part in the Institut de Géographie Alpine's rise during this period\".",
"She was promoted in 1953 and gained a personal chair.===Rise===In 1954 the couple succeeded Blanchard as chief editors of the ''Revue de Géographie Alpine'' (R.G.A) a role she took particularly to heart.",
"She shifted the review towards economic, demographic and political questions and according to Anne Sgard \"the objective was clear - the geographer is in the city, he sic has to explain, suggest, advise, make himself heard ; and Germaine Veyret actively worked towards it, as well as maintaining the links with the political and industrial world established by Blanchard\".From 1961 to 1068 she was president of the Commission du Comité national français de géographie (CNFG) de géographie industrielle, then from 1969 to 1972 president of the Commission de Géographie urbaine du Comité national de géographie.",
"She also took an active part in the work and congress of the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism, becoming president of its French section.",
"Renowned for her great intelligence and her engagement with her students, she and her husband set up the Institut de Géographie Alpine on the Le Rabot slope in 1961===Later life===Her family graveShe is closely associated with the influence of the Institut and of the ''Revue de Géographie Alpine'' and was a member of the Grenoble group of the Association française des femmes diplômées des Universités She died of a heart attack in Grenoble and is buried in the cemetery in her birthplace."
],
[
"Work",
"The station at Val-d'IsèreShe initially worked on Alpine issues within regional geography before extending her reflections to all territories.",
"She also worked on agricultural and industrial questions before specialising on questions of urbanism, population, tourism and planning.",
"General and Alpine population geography formed a major part of her work.",
"She analysed the major world population boom after the Second World War, as well as the rural flight in the Alps which seemed to lead to the abandonment of the mountains.",
"She created an index of vitality which put the emphasis on the population's composition sorted by age and rectified fertility.From 1956 onwards she also wrote on tourism - that year she published « Le tourisme au secours de la montagne : l'exemple de Val-d'Isère ».",
"In 1959, in her article « La deuxième révolution économique et démographique des Alpes du Nord : les sports d'hiver.",
"», she theorised on the links between winter sport tourism and demographics in mountain areas - for her tourism was less an independent activity than a means to maintain or bring back to the mountains the people who had abandoned them, guaranteeing them a decent life.In the 1960s widespread urban growth led her to look at urban geography.",
"Using Alpine examples, she questioned hasty generalisations on the phenomenon and defended small- and medium-sized towns against excessive urbanisation.",
"These reflections led her to become involved in questions about planning and land use.",
"She also played a major part in organising the second Alpine Economy Congress at the Institut de Géographie Alpine from 18 to 21 April 1963, joined the Comité d'Expansion économique de l'Isère et au bureau du Comité régional and took an active part in the fifth and sixth tourism plans.",
"Her article « Aménager les Alpes : Mythes et réalités » summed up her theoretical contribution to the subject."
],
[
"Main works",
"* ''L'industrie des Alpes françaises, étude géographique'', Grenoble, Arthaud, 1948, 371 p.* ''Population.",
"Mouvements, structures, répartition'', Grenoble, Arthaud, 1959, 266 p.* ''Grenoble et ses Alpes...'' (ill. Samivel), Grenoble, Arthaud, 1962, 298 p.* ''Moyennes et petites villes des Alpes'', Grenoble, Impr.",
"Allier, 1964, 131 p.* ''Au coeur de l'Europe, les Alpes'', Paris, Flammarion, 1967, 548 p.* ''Grenoble, capitale alpine'', Grenoble, Arthaud, 1967, 247 p. (co-authored with her husband and Félix Germain)* ''Les Grandes Alpes ensoleillées'', Paris, Arthaud, 1970, 131 p. (co-authored with her husband)* ''Atlas et géographie des Alpes françaises'', Genève-Paris, Famot - Flammarion, 1979, 316 p. (co-authored with her husband)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Andy Woodward (chess player)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Andy Austin Woodward''' is an American chess player and prodigy."
],
[
"Chess career",
"Woodward earned his first IM norm in the 2021 North American Junior Championship in Charlotte, North Carolina.",
"He earned four more IM norms in Novi Sad, Serbia.In October 2022, Woodward earned his first GM norm at the 1000GM Hollywood Masters with a score of 6.5/9, defeating GM Illia Nyzhnyk and GM Gergely Kántor.",
"Right before this, he made into the knock out stage of the FIDE FISHER RANDOM qualifiers as the youngest player.In January 2023, Woodward was named to the age 11 section of the All-America Chess Team.",
"He has been part of the All-America Chess Team since 2020.In April 2023, Woodward earned his second GM norm at the Vezerkepzo GM April tournament with a score of 7.0/9, defeating GM Kaido Külaots and GM Valeriy Neverov.In September 2023, Woodward defeated Hans Niemann during their encounter in the World Junior Chess Championship.In December 2023, Woodward won the 17th Annual SPICE (Susan Polgar Institute for Chess Excellence) Cup ahead of Aram Hakobyan, Yasser Quesada, and Safal Bora.",
"Woodward's performance exceeded the 2600 requirement needed for a grandmaster norm, however did not qualify due to a lack of foreign opponents.In January 2024, Woodward made it to the finals of the Puzzles World Championship, but lost to defending champion Ray Robson.On January 30, 2024, Woodward earned his final GM norm at the Jeddah International Chess Festival with a score of 6.0/9 after losing his first two rounds against Yağız Kaan Erdoğmuş and Volodar Murzin.",
"With this, he became one of the youngest grandmasters in history by fulfilling the requirements for the title at the age of 13 years, 8 months, and 28 days.",
"He is also the second youngest grandmaster in U.S. history, only behind Abhimanyu Mishra."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Diógenes (footballer, born 2001)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Diógenes Vinicius da Silva''' (born 6 January 2001), simply known as '''Diógenes''', is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Santos."
],
[
"Career",
"Born in Itapecerica da Serra, São Paulo, Diógenes began his career as a centre-back, but soon moved to goal.",
"He played for the youth sides of Taboão da Serra, Internacional and Avaí before agreeing to join Santos in August 2020; he was only registered in October, after the club's transfer ban was lifted.Promoted to the first team in February 2021, Diógenes became a third-choice in July, behind João Paulo and John.",
"On 13 August, after becoming an immediate backup as John suffered an injury, he renewed his contract with the club until the end of 2024.Diógenes ended the 2021 season as third-choice after the arrival of Jandrei, and remained in that role in the following year, after John recovered.",
"In September 2022, he was separated from the first team squad due to \"indiscipline\", but was reintegrated into the squad in the following month.After spending the 2023 season behind João Paulo and Vladimir, Diógenes was one of the several players deemed surplus to requirements for the 2024 campaign, after the club's first-ever relegation.",
"On 15 January 2024, however, he was again reintegrated, being now second-choice."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"ClubSeasonLeagueState LeagueCupContinentalOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsSantos2021Série A000000002020202200000000—00202300000000—002024Série B0000———00'''Career total'''000000002020"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Primo de Rivera made a speech before the kings in 1927, during the commemoration of the 25th anniversary of Alfonso XIII's accession to the throne.The '''fall of the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera''' took place on January 28, 1930, when General Miguel Primo de Rivera was forced to present his resignation to the King of Spain, Alfonso XIII, which he accepted, giving way to the Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer.",
"The end of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship was the culmination of a process that began several months earlier.Historian Genoveva García Queipo de Llano places the beginning of the crisis of the dictatorship in mid-1928, when several factors converged: the worsening of the dictator's diabetes, which shortly after leaving power would lead to his death; the failure of the dictatorship to establish a new regime; and the growing role of the opposition, which was joined by a sector of the Army that organized several armed conspiracies against the regime.",
"Ángeles Barrio Alonso situates it a slightly earlier, at the end of 1927, when with the constitution of the National Consultative Assembly it became clear that Primo de Rivera, in spite of the fact that from the beginning he had presented his regime as \"temporary\", had no intention of returning to the situation prior to the coup d'état of September 1923.For his part, Alejandro Quiroga delays the beginning of the crisis to January 1929 when the insurrection led by José Sánchez Guerra took place and, despite its failure, \"managed to show the cracks in a regime with less support than it claimed\".",
"\"Certainly, until the beginning of 1929 there was nothing to indicate that the primorriverist regime was in crisis\", adds Alejandro Quiroga.",
"Francisco Alía Miranda agrees with Quiroga: \"Since the January 1929 uprising, things were never the same again for the dictatorship.",
"Primo de Rivera himself would confess it after his resignation to the Buenos Aires newspaper ''La Nación'': \"...they gave me the discouraging impression that the Army, that with so much correctness, loyalty and citizenship had been on the side of the dictatorship, was distancing itself from it\"."
],
[
"Loss of support: rupture of the \"alliance of 1923\".",
"The social and political sectors that had initially lent their support to the Dictatorship —forming the \"alliance of 1923\", as Shlomo Ben-Ami called it— gradually withdrew their support: the peripheral nationalisms when the dictatorship failed to fulfill its promise of \"decentralization\" and ended up dissolving the Mancomunitat of Catalonia; the business organizations dissatisfied with the UGT's increased influence in labor relations —\"the UGT strengthened its organizations and began to extend them to agriculture, which subverted the traditional relations between day laborers and employers in the countryside.",
"In the cities, where small and medium-sized employers were dominant, the rise of union power translated into obligations with respect to schedules, hierarchies of trades, definition of tasks and salaries to which they were not accustomed\", states Santos Juliá; the intellectual and university sectors that abandoned their \"benevolent expectations\", disillusioned with their conservative \"regenerationism\"; various liberal social and political groups that saw how the Dictatorship intended to perpetuate itself in power, failing to fulfill its promise of being a \"temporary regime\"; etc.",
"Likewise, the progressive loss of social and political support caused the king, according to Santos Juliá, to begin \"to consider that perhaps the Crown ran some risk if it continued to be tied to the figure of the dictator\".=== Employers ===The protectionist and interventionist economic policy of the Dictatorship harmed the interests of certain economic sectors which therefore gradually withdrew their support.",
"This was the case of the owners of the commercialized agricultural sector who complained about the policy of high tariffs because it harmed the exports of oil, wine and oranges —this was expressed, for example, by the Chamber of Commerce of Valencia as early as October 1923—.",
"Or that of the merchants, since the protectionist policy meant high prices in the domestic market, limiting their volume of activity and reducing their profits —however, Primo de Rivera blamed them for the rise in prices, blaming it on the \"excessive luxury\" of their stores—.Small and medium-sized enterprises also protested against the interventionist policy which they considered to be aimed at favoring the large and monopolistic companies and also harmed the consumer because \"free competition is an indispensable condition for a better quality and cheaper production\", as the Superior Council of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation stated at the end of 1925, and reiterated at the beginning of 1929: \"The government has long since abandoned its harmonizing function.",
"It now invades a field which, due to the natural demands of economic life, should remain closed to any official intervention\".",
"The ''Confederación Gremial Española'', the association of small producers which had enthusiastically supported Primo de Rivera's coup, also criticized \"the actions of the regulatory committees of national production\" and \"the granting of monopolies, of whatever kind\", since \"only with absolute freedom in the establishment of business will individual initiative be stimulated and the improvement of production be pushed forward\".Eduardo Aunós, Minister of Labor and main promoter of the National Corporate Organization.The increase in taxes, an \"obstacle to the normal development of production\", according to the employers, and the measures against tax fraud, such as the obligation to keep a \"daily book of sales\", were also the object of protests.",
"One employers' organization complained that it was \"a constant nightmare for traders and industrialists to be presented as the only tax fraudsters\", despite the fact that they were the ones who had received the full \"weight of the tax reform\".",
"The large companies also complained about the high taxes and in 1929 they also began to criticize the interventionist economic policy, which had benefited them so much until then, because of the tax burden it entailed.Employers and businessmen were even more opposed to the regime's social policy, which, according to them, had \"multiplied the advantages of social legislation\" and was being carried out at their expense, as they were forced to pay more taxes to finance it.",
"The Joint Committees of the National Corporate Organization were the object of a harsh campaign against them on the part of the employers' associations which demanded their elimination or their reform, a campaign in which the conservative and Catholic press took an active part, especially when these sectors perceived that the great beneficiaries of the corporate system, which they had always defended, were not the Free Trade Unions but the socialists of the UGT.",
"The employers complained that the Joint Committees were not bodies exclusively dedicated to conciliation and arbitration, but that they dealt with matters which until then had been the exclusive monopoly of the employers, such as, for example, discipline or the organization of work.",
"They went so far as to say that in the joint committees \"the most serious class struggle in our history is currently taking place\".",
"The Minister of Labor Eduardo Aunós replied that the joint committees were a key instrument in Primo de Rivera's \"revolution from above\", the only one that could avoid \"a catastrophic and anarchic revolution from below\", whose main victims would be the propertied classes.=== Army: artillery rebellion and coup d'état attempts ===The unity shown by the Army during Primo de Rivera's coup d'état, as soon as he obtained the King's support, was not maintained for long and \"in fact, the opposition of important sectors of the Army was one of the determining factors in Primo's fall\", pointed out Alejandro Quiroga.",
"\"When the social order was no longer immediately threatened, the Moroccan problem had been solved and the king began to show unequivocal signs of disliking the dictatorship, a growing alienation of the armed forces from Primo de Rivera became evident\", affirmed Shlomo Ben-Ami.",
"According to Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja, the military policy of the Dictatorship had a great influence in this, which \"turned out to be chaotic and contradictory\" as could be seen in the question of Morocco —first defending the \"''abandonista''\" position, supported by the military ''junteros'' and questioned by the military ''Africanists'', and then the interventionist one, defended by the ''Africanists'' and criticized by the juniors— and in the promotion policy, turned into \"the reign of contradiction and arbitrariness\".",
"An opinion shared by José Luis Gómez Navarro: \"From September 1925 onwards, all the military policy of the dictatorship, from the development of the war in Morocco with the landing of Al Hoceima to the changes in the promotion systems, meant the triumph of the spirit and the model of the Africanist army over the juniors, reopening and aggravating this confrontation\".King Alfonso XIII, in the uniform of Captain General, inspecting the troops.",
"Behind him the dictator Primo de Rivera and to his left General Joaquín Milans del Bosch, Captain General of Catalonia and, later, head of the King's Military Household.The management of promotions had always been a very controversial issue, especially in the Infantry, since the ''junteros'' defended that only seniority should be taken into account, while the ''Africanists'' supported war merits.",
"Progressively, the Dictatorship took control of the Board of Classification of Generals and Colonels, so it was Primo de Rivera who ultimately decided the promotions, rewarding the like-minded military and punishing the critics.",
"A Royal Decree of 4 July 1926 established that it was not necessary to communicate the reasons why certain chiefs and officers had not been promoted and furthermore denied them any possibility of appeal.",
"The resulting arbitrariness in promotions —which became evident especially after the landing of Al Hoceima in which a flood of promotions for war merits took place— motivated the distancing of some chiefs and officers who began to conspire against the Dictatorship by contacting politicians of the parties of the turn dislodged from power.",
"\"Many of the memoirs and political works written by military officers during these and later years reveal personal grievances, rather than an anti-dictatorial militancy based on deep ideological convictions\", said Gonzalez Calleja.",
"\"The concentration of power in the hands of the Marquis of Estella (something habitual in his way of governing) and his arbitrariness when exercising it (also a classic primorriverista), decreeing dazzling promotions within the Army, generally of Africanists, led numerous generals and colonels to gradually position themselves against the dictator\", emphasized Alejandro Quiroga.In this context of internal confrontations, on February 20, 1927, it was decreed the reestablishment of the General Military Academy, which had already existed in Toledo between 1882 and 1893, with the aim, not only of improving the training of the officers, but also of reestablishing \"the unity of the military family by promoting comradeship\", according to Eduardo González Calleja.",
"This same historian interprets the appointment of General Franco as its director \"as a gesture of reconciliation with the Africanists, achieved after the operations of the summer of 1925\".",
"Alejandro Quiroga makes a similar assessment: \"The appointment of Francisco Franco as director of the General Military Academy of Zaragoza only confirmed the Africanist bias of the dictator in the eyes of many peninsular chiefs and officers close to the Juntas\".",
"Javier Moreno Luzón and José Luis Gómez-Navarro also agree.Coat of arms of the Artillery Academy of Segovia, which was closed by order of Primo de Rivera during the conflict with the Artillery Corps.The main military conflict that the Dictatorship had to face was the rebellion of the Artillery, which opposed the suppression, by a Royal Decree of June 9, 1926, of the closed scale —promotions by seniority— which was in force in that Corps, as well as in the rest of the more technical corps of the Army —Engineers and Military Health—.",
"The protests were immediate and reached the king, to whom they asked for the repeal of the decree and the dismissal of Primo de Rivera.",
"The king intervened, which had its effects, since the dictator was forced to agree on a verbal pact with the artillerymen, also to prevent them from joining the coup d'état that General Aguilera was plotting, and which would be known as the ''Sanjuanada'': promotions for war merits would only be granted exceptionally and would be subject to appeal before the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court.However, the truce only lasted a month because the government, having overcome the danger of the \"Sanjuanada\", approved on 26 July 1926 a Royal Decree granting the power to grant \"special\" promotions in certain circumstances, which again raised the protests of the artillerymen, since it established the principle of promotion by election.",
"On September 4, the active chiefs and officers initiated a \"plante\" consisting of voluntary reclusion in their barracks.",
"The following day Primo de Rivera decreed a state of war throughout Spain, closed the Artillery Academy of Segovia and suspended from employment, salary and privileges all active officers —some 1200— except those stationed in Morocco, while taking control of the Artillery Parks.",
"These measures, which had the full backing of the king, meant the ''de facto'' dissolution of the Artillery Corps.",
"The artillerymen finally gave in and in December they were reinstated in their functions after accepting the reform and committing themselves to be loyal to the king and the Government.",
"However, \"the indignation against the regime and the king was long-lasting\", since the artillerymen participated from then on in all the anti-dictatorial plots, such as the one that exploded in Ciudad Real and Valencia at the beginning of 1929.After the failure of the plot, Primo de Rivera again dissolved the Artillery Corps and definitively closed the Artillery Academy of Segovia, which deepened the distancing of the artillerymen from the regime.Although Alfonso XIII supported Primo de Rivera, the conflict with the artillerymen seriously damaged the relationship between the king and Primo de Rivera, since when the monarch tried to mediate, the latter was radically opposed, threatening to resign and reminding the king that the Army was under his command.",
"On the other hand, the king's acceptance of the dissolution of the army was interpreted by the artillerymen as a connivance between Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera.",
"Thus, \"the conflict with the artillerymen did not fail to have repercussions in the following years, and the most important of them was that it accentuated the progressive distancing from the king\".",
"On the other hand, the dissolution also \"increased the distancing from the Dictatorship of broad sectors of the aristocracy who were appalled to see how a body with a large number of nobles among its members was being closed\" and of other closed scale bodies such as Engineers and Military Health.There were two coup d'état attempts to oust Primo de Rivera from power and return to the constitutional system.",
"The first was known as the ''Sanjuanada'' because it was planned for June 24, 1926.The conspiracy involved the liberal generals Valeriano Weyler and Francisco Aguilera, and prominent members of the \"old politics\" such as Melquiades Álvarez, who drafted the manifesto ''A la Nación y al Ejército de Mar y Tierra'' (To the Nation and the Army of Land and Sea).",
"The liaison officer with the anarchists was Captain Fermín Galán, who would lead the Jaca uprising of December 1930, during the ''Dictablanda'' of Dámaso Berenguer.",
"\"The indecision, the varied composition of the conspirators —a mosaic, in the dictator's words— and the lack of clear and concrete objectives led to the failure of the ''Sanjuanada''\", said Francisco Alía Miranda.",
"\"In reaction to this attempted coup, the dictator handed out fines left, right and centre\".The second coup attempt took place in January 1929 and its main scenarios were Valencia and Ciudad Real.",
"The civilian leader of the movement was the conservative politician José Sánchez Guerra and the military leader was General Eduardo López Ochoa, although the real mastermind of the conspiracy was Miguel Villanueva.",
"The artillerymen were the protagonists of the uprising in the La Mancha city.",
"They took control of the city with great ease, but gave up when they realized that they were alone, since none of the garrisons committed had joined the ''pronunciamiento.''",
"In spite of the failure, \"the news of the uprising of the artillerymen from La Mancha was published in the most important national and international newspapers, which gave signs of uneasiness inside the country and discredit abroad.",
"The courts of justice which imposed light sentences and even acquitted some of those involved, such as Sánchez Guerra himself gave the dictator the final blow\".Primo de Rivera decided to punish the artillerymen for the participation of some of them in the coup d'état and in a council of ministers held on February 19 presided over by Alfonso XIII a decree was approved by which the corps was again disbanded.",
"\"The king, in favor of less drastic and more clement measures, was opposed; but, after a long discussion, he ended up signing the decree\".",
"A royalist artillery general wrote in a letter to Primo de Rivera: \"Several generations must pass before the artillerymen forget what the king promised them without fulfilling it\".",
"Another artilleryman, Antonio Cordón, this one a Republican, wrote in his memoirs ''Trayectoria (memories of an artilleryman''): \"The indignation of the artillerymen against Primo de Rivera also extended to the sovereign, since the majority, even many monarchists, considered that the King should not have signed the decree\".Attempted coups d'état were a novelty that had legitimized the Dictatorship itself —it was lawful to resort to military force (as the old ''pronunciamiento'') to overthrow a government and change a regime— and \"in this sense, the Dictatorship was like a return to 19th century politics\", said Santos Juliá.",
"An observation shared by Javier Moreno Luzón: \"The victory of the 1923 coup, validated by Alfonso XIII, had reopened the box of thunder, since it legitimized the use of violence, or armed threats, with the aim of upsetting the political situation.",
"The insurrectionary customs of the 19th century, which had been cornered —or at least diminished— during the almost fifty years of the Restoration, returned with 20th century updates\".In fact, the attempted coup d'état of January 1929, although it failed, \"showed the whole country that Primo did not have total control of the Army, no matter how much he boasted about it\".",
"This was confirmed when the Superior Council of War and Navy lowered the initial sentences and annulled the death sentences and life sentences imposed in a court martial on the Ciudad Real artillerymen.",
"Even more so when in October 1929 the military tribunal that tried him absolved José Sánchez Guerra, arguing that his actions had been lawful because they were directed against an unlawful regime.",
"\"Primo flew into a rage\".On the other hand, internal frictions \"encouraged the process of radicalization of a minority sector of the Army\", especially after the frustrated coup of January 1929 led by Sánchez Guerra.",
"In May General Weyler, directly involved in the coup, wrote to Socialist leader Indalecio Prieto that it was necessary to \"act without hesitation or weakness\" against \"the reaction that has us immobilized\".",
"\"The state of things in Spain moves my spirit to despair.",
"I declare that I have never known such a fierce and tenacious threat against our democratic ideology\", he also told him.",
"Shortly afterwards, a group of officers, among them Ramón Franco, Juan Hernández Sarabia, Arturo Menéndez, Fermín Galán and Ángel García Hernández —the last two led the Jaca uprising; the first three held important posts during the Second Republic— founded the clandestine ''Unión Militar Republicana'' (Republican Military Union).",
"The manifesto they made public stated: \"We want to go to an essentially democratic Republic by means of a popular movement supported by the Army\".José Luis Gómez-Navarro pointed out that \"the result of the military policies of the dictatorship and the involvement of Alfonso XIII in them, either in an active and leading role, or as the ultimate political leader of the regime and with the power to sign or not the decrees submitted to him, had lethal consequences for the relations between Alfonso XIII and the armed forces....",
"The figure of the soldier-king, the king defender of the armed forces, was pulverized for these sectors harmed by Primo de Rivera's military policy throughout the dictatorship.",
"Thus, these sectors of the army drifted from an anti-dictatorial sentiment to an anti-monarchist, or at least anti-Alfonso sentiment.",
"...",
"In 1923 there was a relatively united army, albeit fragile, and at the service of the king.",
"On the contrary, in 1930, the army suffered from a deep division and important sectors of it felt very distanced from the monarchy and some were even openly fighting for republicanism.",
"This transformation was undoubtedly an effect of the dictatorship\".=== University rebellion ===The first student protests took place in the spring of 1925, promoted by the recently created ''Unión Liberal de Estudiantes'' (ULE), which grouped the republican students.",
"The most serious incident was led by the students of the School of Agricultural Engineers, headed by Antonio María Sbert, who did not attend a ceremony presided over by the king in protest because Primo de Rivera rejected the petition they wanted to present to him for not being made \"through the regulatory process\".",
"The dictator's reaction was to expel Sbert from the School and confine him to Cuenca.Central University of Madrid on San Bernardo Street.At the end of 1926 Sbert and two other students created in Madrid the ''Federación Universitaria Escolar'' (FUE), as an alternative to the hitherto hegemonic ''Asociación de Estudiantes Católicos'' (AEC).",
"The first important strike called by the FUE was in March 1928 in protest against the case brought against Professor Luis Jiménez de Asúa for a lecture he gave at the University of Murcia on birth control, but the most important movement promoted by the FUE was the protest against the ''Callejo Law'' enacted in May 1928, article 53 of which allowed the two private higher education centers then existing in Spain, both owned by the Catholic Church —the Augustinians of El Escorial, and the Jesuits of Deusto— to issue university degrees.",
"In principle, as Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja has pointed out, it was \"a self-defense response of the students who were heading towards liberal professionals against the plethora of graduates coming from the denominational educational establishments\".Eduardo Callejo de la Cuesta, Minister of Public Instruction, promoter of what is known as the Callejo Law, which provoked protests by university students mobilized by the ''Federación Universitaria Escolar'' (FUE).The protest against the ''Callejo Law'' became more intense in 1929 —in that year there were already 60,000 students enrolled when in 1923 there were only 22,000—.",
"In fact, \"the resumption of the university revolt in March 1929 was the first great act of opposition to the regime after the attempt of Ciudad Real and Valencia\".",
"On February 27 an assembly of student associations called a strike for March 7.The Government responded with the expulsion from the university (and from all Spanish universities) of FUE leader Sbert, which further inflamed tempers.",
"On the scheduled date, riots and street demonstrations took place, which had a great public impact, as they were the first to be held in the interior of Spain against the Dictatorship and the Monarchy.",
"The students invaded the faculties, smashed effigies of the king —whom they ironically nicknamed \"Alfonso the university student\" or \"Alfonso the wise\"— and waved the red flag of the FUE while they clashed with the police.",
"On the façade of the Royal Palace appeared the expressive graffiti \"For Rent\" and a statue of Alfonso XIII was decapitated and stained with red paint with the appearance of blood.",
"There were also demonstrations and riots in other universities, where sometimes, as in Madrid, \"We are not artillerymen!\"",
"was shouted.",
"On March 9 Primo de Rivera dismissed the rector of the University of Madrid and the deans of all the faculties, being replaced by a Commissariat Regia.",
"On the 10th the police and the Civil Guard stormed the university buildings, while the students stoned the dictator's house and the headquarters of the conservative newspaper ABC.",
"On the 11th Primo de Rivera ordered the Army to occupy the faculties and threatened all students who persisted in the strike with the loss of their tuition.",
"Only those who supported the Association of Catholic Students (5%) returned to class.",
"The following days the students continued the strike and erected barricades in the center of the capital and burned kiosks of the Catholic newspaper ''El Debate''.",
"On the 13th there were serious incidents in Valladolid and Valencia.",
"On March 16 the government closed the Central University of Madrid, followed by the closure of six others throughout Spain.",
"More than one hundred professors and lecturers showed their solidarity with the students and some of them, such as José Ortega y Gasset, Luis Jiménez de Asúa, Felipe Sánchez Román, Fernando de los Ríos and Alfonso García-Valdecasas, resigned their professorships.After a period of some calm, on April 9 the riots resumed and the universities were closed again.",
"They reopened on April 24 and most students returned to class.A week earlier the University of Barcelona was closed after clashes between students and youths of the Patriotic Union (''Juventudes de Unión Patriótica, JUP'') who had been mobilized by the Dictatorship to end the strike and who had been authorized to carry revolvers (although this permission was later revoked).",
"On May 19 Primo de Rivera began to concede by reinstating the academic authorities in their functions and annulling the sanctions against the students, and finally on September 21 he repealed the controversial article 53 of the ''Callejo Law''.Ibero-American Exposition of Seville inaugurated by King Alfonso XIII and the dictator on May 9, 1929.Ensuring its success, as well as that of Barcelona, was one of the reasons that led Primo de Rivera to finally surrender to the student rebellion.Primo de Rivera's final capitulation to the student movement was also due to pressure from the business world and the need to ensure the holding of the Barcelona and Seville expositions.",
"The Chamber of Commerce of Madrid asked the government to give in to the student demands \"for the benefit of commerce\", and the conservative newspaper ''ABC'' asked for \"indulgence\" towards the students \"in order to guarantee the success of the international exhibitions\" of Seville and Barcelona which were inaugurated at the beginning of May of that year.",
"Primo de Rivera was also mindful that student unrest could jeopardize not only the exhibitions, but also the meeting of the Assembly of the League of Nations Assembly that was to be held in Madrid.",
"\"The question of his reputation abroad obsessed Primo\", warned Alejandro Quiroga.",
"An example of the dictator's concern was the publication, at the height of the student revolt, of a leaflet from the Spanish Tourist Office in London in which it was stated that \"the British public was the victim of alarmist information deliberately promoted by ... the revolutionary scum with the intention of making the Barcelona and Seville exhibitions fail, as part of a calculated maneuver for their own benefit\".Alejandro Quiroga has pointed out that \"if the university revolt demonstrated anything, it was the very limited influence of the JUP among university students and, by extension, among urban middle-class youth.",
"Unlike the Italian young fascists... the JUP proved inept at stopping the anti-dictatorial mobilizations\".",
"Nor did the propaganda deployed by the official media, such as the newspaper ''La Nación'', accusing the students of being manipulated by the \"bad Spaniards\" and by the \"enemies of the Regime\" and the mobilization of the Patriotic Union and the celebration of numerous acts in homage to the dictator, in which Primo de Rivera himself participated on many occasions, to \"highlight before foreigners the true national opinion\", put an end to the revolt.",
"In this sense, \"the exhibitions in Barcelona and Seville acquired an even more relevant propagandistic character than they already had for Primo\".",
"On May 9, King Alfonso XIII, accompanied by the dictator, inaugurated the one in Seville and ten days later the one in Barcelona.The repeal of Article 53, however, did not stop the student protest —\"a dictatorship that capitulates is a defeated regime, and the students were well aware of this\", stated Ben-Ami—.",
"The FUE demanded the rehabilitation of Sbert, the lifting of sanctions against professors and the recognition of students' freedom of association.",
"Thus student agitation resumed on January 22, 1930.",
"\"On January 28, Primo de Rivera presented his resignation to the king, the echo of the student clamor still ringing in his ears\", comments Shlomo Ben-Ami.=== Opposition from the intellectuals ===As Shlomo Ben-Ami has pointed out, Primo de Rivera \"did not make the slightest effort to win over the intellectuals.",
"A man of action, he despised the \"semi-intellectuals\", men of letters and words, for whom he said he felt a mixture of pity and disdain\".",
"In fact, \"intellectuals were a real headache for the dictator\", said Francisco Alía Miranda.The first conflict of the Dictatorship with the intellectuals took place a few weeks after the coup and had as its epicenter the Ateneo de Madrid when in mid-November 1923 the Board chaired by Angel Ossorio resigned and suspended the planned activities in protest that a government delegate was present at each of the events to be held, to avoid criticizing the Directory as had already happened in the conference delivered on November 7 by the former deputy Rodrigo Soriano entitled \"''Yesterday, today and tomorrow''\".",
"On January 31, 1924, elections were held, winning the candidacy presided by the \"conciliatory\" Armando Palacio Valdés, but he resigned three weeks later when political debates reappeared within the institution, which was closed on February 22 by order of Primo de Rivera.",
"The same thing happened the following year, for example, to the Ateneo de Ciudad Real.",
"Miguel de Unamuno exiled in Paris (1925).The next conflict had as its protagonist the writer and professor Miguel de Unamuno, who was banished on January 21, 1924, to the island of Fuerteventura for having published in the Argentine weekly ''Nosotros'' a letter in which he described the dictator as a \"botarate with no more brains than a cricket\".",
"A month later, on February 22, 1924, the same day of the closing of the Ateneo de Madrid, the press published the suspension of Unamuno's employment and salary and the loss of all his academic positions at the University of Salamanca.",
"Months later Unamuno did not avail himself of the amnesty decreed on July 4, 1924, by the Directory and went into self-exile in France —when leaving Fuerteventura he said: \"I will return, not with my freedom, which matters nothing, but with yours\"—, becoming, as Eduardo González Calleja has pointed out, \"the most enduring myth of the movement of intellectual opposition to the regime\".",
"There he joined the criticism of the republican writer Vicente Blasco Ibáñez who published two pamphlets against the Dictatorship and against the king —one of them entitled ''Alphonse XIII demasqué'' ('Alfonso XIII unmasked')— which were clandestinely introduced in Spain.Shortly after the sanctioning of Unamuno, the first collective protest of intellectuals against the Dictatorship took place.",
"It was a manifesto of March 1924 against the persecution of the Catalan language, which had been written by Pedro Sáinz Rodríguez.",
"Three months later a new manifesto critical of the Dictatorship appeared on the occasion of the creation of the ''Unión Patriótica'' and was signed by 175 people, among them Sáinz Rodríguez and José Ortega y Gasset.",
"The latter was answered with a scornful \"official note\" from Primo de Rivera, which \"was the first sign of the violent anti-intellectualism that from 1926 onwards would grip the dictator and irreversibly erode his relations with the Spanish intelligence elite\", states González Calleja.The next conflict also involved Professor Sáinz Rodríguez, who criticized the Dictatorship at the opening of the 1924–1925 academic year at the Central University.",
"On October 27, 1924, a banquet was organized in his honor at the Palace Hotel which was attended by 300 diners, among them prominent politicians of the parties of the time.",
"It was dissolved by the police amidst shouts in favor of freedom, after several anti-dictatorial speeches were made.",
"Among those arrested were Generals Dámaso Berenguer and Leopoldo Sarabia, who had also attended the banquet.Ramón y Cajal in the Retiro Park in Madrid, whose inauguration on April 24, 1926, provoked a new confrontation between Primo de Rivera and the intellectuals critical of his regime.The definitive confrontation between Primo de Rivera and the intellectuals critical of his regime took place on the occasion of the inauguration of a monument in homage to Santiago Ramón y Cajal in the Retiro Park in Madrid on April 24, 1926.When the dictator knew that a parallel ceremony was going to be organized, he published an unofficial note against those who \"call themselves intellectuals\".",
"A few days later the students protested against the filling of the chair that Unamuno had left vacant at the University of Salamanca, with whom the professor Luis Jiménez de Asúa expressed his solidarity, for which he was deported to the Chafarinas Islands on April 30, from where he was able to return on May 18 thanks to the amnesty dictated on the occasion of the King's fortieth birthday.From then on there was a proliferation of essays critical of the Dictatorship and the Monarchy and demanding the establishment of a democratic regime.",
"Likewise, in June 1928 the Liga de Educación Social (Social Education League) was founded, made up of the most prominent intellectuals opposed to the regime: Luis Jiménez de Asúa, Gregorio Marañón, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán, Ramón Pérez de Ayala and Manuel Azaña.",
"On the contrary, other intellectuals supported the Dictatorship, adopting anti-democratic and anti-liberal positions, such as Ramiro de Maeztu and Eugenio D'Ors, which brought them closer to the traditional extreme right, represented by José María Pemán and José Pemartín.",
"In April 1929 Federico García Lorca and Pedro Salinas, two outstanding poets of the so-called ''Generation of '27'' whose members had not interfered in political issues (they would do so during the Second Republic, mostly in favor of it), published an open letter to intellectuals in which they expressed their opposition to \"apoliticism\" and appealed to men with a liberal sensibility.According to Eduardo González Calleja,The persecution suffered at the hands of the Dictatorship by a prominent sector of the Spanish intelligentsia led it to recreate the liberating phraseology inherited from the French Revolution, and to transform itself —sometimes, much to its regret— into a guide for the people.",
"... With the ''Dictablanda'' of Dámaso Berenguer, intellectuals such as the well-known cases of Ortega and Azorín took the definitive step from a critical attitude towards the Monarchy to a militant commitment to the Republic.=== Conflict with the Catalan clergy ===The only conflict the Dictatorship had with the Catholic Church was over the resistance of the Catalan bishops, led by the archbishop of Tarragona, Francesc Vidal i Barraquer, and the bishop of Barcelona Josep Miralles, to order parish priests to preach in Spanish.",
"Primo de Rivera pressured the Holy See to force them to obey, even threatening to create a ''national Church'' if they did not.",
"Finally Rome gave in and between the middle of 1928 and the beginning of 1929 the Catalan prelates received five decrees with indications on the use of Catalan in the liturgy and on the rules of conduct they should follow in political matters —Primo de Rivera had accused the Catalan clergy of favoring \"separatism\"—."
],
[
"Monetary and financial crisis",
"peseta banknote issued by the ''Banco de España'' in 1928.One of the key points of the Dictatorship's propaganda had been that it had managed to reestablish the value of the peseta —the \"depreciation of the currency\" had been one of the reasons given to justify the coup d'état—.",
"When Primo de Rivera came to power, the exchange rate of the dollar was 7.50 pesetas, and in the following years the Spanish currency was revalued against both the dollar and the pound sterling.",
"In 1927 the exchange rate of the dollar was 5.18 pesetas —and that of the pound sterling a little less than 28 pesetas—.",
"The problem was that the revaluation of the peseta was largely artificial, since it was mainly due to the speculative movements of foreign capital attracted by the high interest rates and by the bullish perspectives of the currency —which responded to the decrease in the deficit of the balance of trade and, above all, to the consolidation of the dictatorial regime with the victory in the Rif War and the changeover from the Military Directory to the Civil Directory in December 1925—.The revaluation of the peseta, on the other hand, alerted the exporting sectors, headed by the Catalan industrialists, who protested because it made foreign sales more difficult.",
"Francesc Cambó accused the government of encouraging speculation on the currency.",
"Primo de Rivera and his Finance Minister, José Calvo Sotelo, on the other hand, saw the rise of the peseta as \"the symbol of resurgence of the nation\", and stressed that it was approaching its parity with gold fixed at 25.22 pesetas per pound sterling.",
"\"Parity with gold for the peseta!",
"Long live Spain!\"",
"they said, which further fueled speculation on the Spanish currency.Primo de Rivera's Civil Directory in December 1925.In the front row, from left to right, Eduardo Callejo (Public Instruction), José Yanguas (State), José Calvo Sotelo (Treasury), Severiano Martínez Anido (Interior), Miguel Primo de Rivera (President), Count of Guadalhorce (Public Works), Honorio Cornejo (Navy) and Eduardo Aunós (Labor).But in 1928 the speculative movement changed its sign —foreign capital began to leave the country— and a progressive depreciation of the peseta began, fed by doubts about the continuity of the regime and by the high budget deficit of the State, which in 1928 exceeded 1000 million pesetas —the public works program, which had been another of the achievements highlighted by the propaganda of the Dictatorship, was being financed with the issue of public debt, since the income of the State had not increased as no fiscal reform had been implemented—.",
"The response of Finance Minister José Calvo Sotelo was to create in June 1928 an Exchange Intervention Committee (CIC) with a fund of 500 million pesetas to intervene in the London market and support the peseta, bringing it to parity with gold —\"for Calvo Sotelo, an unstable peseta or a stable peseta at a devalued rate... was \"incompatible with the vigor of the Motherland\", states Ben-Ami—.",
"But it was soon proven that the measure was insufficient —Calvo Sotelo even blamed the \"enemies\" of the regime for the loss of value of the peseta—.",
"The next one was agreed in December 1928 —a half-point increase in interest rates— which did not work, nor did the attempt to restrict imports to reduce the balance of trade deficit.peseta bill issued by the Banco de España in 1928.In October 1929 the foreign exchange intervention policy was suspended because the 500 million pesetas of the CIC had already been spent and had been of no use, since the peseta had continued to fall —a pound cost 35 pesetas at that time—.",
"The following month it was decided to tackle one of the basic problems, the high budget deficit, and the Extraordinary Budget, the accounting artifice that Calvo Sotelo had devised to increase public expenditure without apparently increasing the deficit, was put to an end, but Calvo Sotelo still refused to devalue the peseta, because he considered it an \"unpatriotic\" decision —it also implied recognizing the weakness of the Dictatorship—.",
"His alternative was to issue a new loan for 350 million pesetas to be subscribed by Spanish banks, trusting, according to Eduardo González Calleja, \"that the patriotism of Spanish capitalism would cover the issue\".",
"But the loan failed miserably and Calvo Sotelo had no choice but to resign on January 21, 1930, only a week before the resignation of Primo de Rivera.",
"The parity of the peseta had fallen to 40 pesetas per pound, \"a difficult reality to digest\", commented Ben-Ami.Regarding the influence of the monetary and financial crisis in the fall of Primo de Rivera, historian Eduardo González Calleja states the following:The withdrawal of confidence of the economic forces also had its influence on the fall of Primo, who had recognized at the end of the year 1929 the bankruptcy of his monetary policy.",
"Given the primorriverist obsession with identifying the foreign exchange situation with the soundness of the regime, the devaluations contributed decisively to the discredit of the Dictatorship.According to Shlomo Ben-Ami,As the financial failures of the regime became evident, the loss of confidence of the wealthy in their political future became more pronounced.",
"It was a vicious circle, as the economic association ''Sociedad de Amigos del País'' of Barcelona explained in a public manifesto.",
"The regime's lack of political perspective, it claimed, could not inspire confidence in the money market.",
"But confidence among Spanish capitalists, \"alarmed\" and \"panic-stricken\", could only be restored by a political stabilization which they did not see coming.",
"...",
"The fluctuations of the exchange rate of the peseta became the nightmare of the businessmen...",
"The Superior Council of the Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation protested in very angry terms: \"There is a deep alarm produced by the fact that the oscillations of the peseta with a progressive tendency is no longer daily, but rather sharp by the hour.",
"The seriousness of the case and the damage it causes justify the nervousness of the great mass of producers and merchants, and, above all, of the commerce obliged to bear the variations in the international value of the peseta, which neither for buying nor for selling abroad allow adopting a firm position, or one that, at least, promises not to destroy the prospect of any business deal\"."
],
[
"Growth of the opposition",
"Francisco Alía Miranda locates the growth of the opposition to the dictatorship in the interior of the country from 1926 when it took over from the exterior opposition organized from Paris, since between 1923 and 1925 \"all the opposing political forces remained in the shadows, waiting for a good occasion to resuscitate\", \"given the enormous popularity of the dictatorship\" during those three years.",
"From the constitution of the Civil Directory in December 1925 it was clear that the dictatorship intended to perpetuate itself in power by abandoning its initial promise of having a \"provisional character\".=== Monarchists ===José Sánchez Guerra in 1932.The parties of the turn, the Conservative Party (Spain) and the Liberal Party, practically disappeared as a consequence of their removal from power, the closing of the Cortes and the policy of \"''descuaje del caciquismo''\".",
"\"His clientele dispersed in a few days\".",
"A good part of his notables, who at the beginning of the Dictatorship had remained in expectation, broke with the king when they verified that Alfonso XIII firmly supported it without caring about violating the Constitution of 1876.Among these was the conservative José Sánchez Guerra, who became the symbol of constitutional legalism —he refused to be a \"monarchist of the absolute Monarchy\"—.",
"On the other hand, other politicians decided to collaborate with the Dictatorship, such as the conservative Juan de la Cierva or the Maurists (José Calvo Sotelo, José Antonio Gamazo, César de la Mora or César Silió, although Antonio Maura broke with Primo de Rivera in 1924.Others, such as the conservative Gabino Bugallal, adopted a passive attitude, trusting that it would be the king himself who would put an end to the dictatorship and reestablish the validity of the Constitution.The former members of the parties of the turn most critical of Alfonso XIII, such as Sánchez Guerra or Manuel de Burgos y Mazo, of the conservative party, or Santiago Alba, of the liberal party, joined the Constitutional Bloc founded by the reformist Melquiades Álvarez, who advocated the abdication of the king and the convocation of Constituent Courts.",
"Others would go even further and openly join the Republican camp, such as Niceto Alcalá-Zamora and Miguel Maura Gamazo, who founded the Republican Liberal Right.Shortly after Primo de Rivera announced on September 5, 1926, his firm intention to institutionalize his regime —\"Why are we going to resurrect that artifice or contraption called Parliament?",
"the dictator declared—, Sánchez Guerra sent a letter to the king in which he told him that the calling of the projected National Consultative Assembly would mean \"the definitive rupture and the immediate removal of the Monarch, if not of the Monarchy, of all the constitutional monarchical men of Spain\", an idea that he reiterated when he met with him on September 22 in San Sebastián —the Assembly meant \"the definitive and total abrogation of the parliamentary regime and of the Constitution\", he told him again—.",
"For Sánchez Guerra, the convocation of the Assembly was \"an illegitimate and factious act\" and he promised that if this event finally took place he would exile himself from Spain, a promise he kept the following year, September 12, 1927, the same day that Alfonso XIII, after resisting for more than a year, signed the decree of convocation.",
"In the manifesto made public by Sánchez Guerra, in which he included the letter he had sent to the king a year earlier, he proposed the calling of a Parliament through which \"the sovereign nation would freely dispose of its destiny and establish the rules within which the future rulers would have to move and develop their action\".",
"Several prominent members of the \"old politics\" adhered to the manifesto, such as Miguel Villanueva, the Count of Romanones, Francisco Bergamín, Manuel de Burgos y Mazo, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora and Joaquín Chapaprieta.",
"The reformist Melquiades Álvarez and some members of the Republican Alliance such as Alejandro Lerroux or Melquiades Álvarez, and even the anarchist Ángel Pestaña, also joined in.",
"A French diplomat communicated to his government the following month, October 1927: \"the feeling of hostility against the king is amplified in an incredible way\".",
"Around that time two biographies of Ferdinand VII were published, \"a clear subterfuge to criticize the king and evade censorship\", according to Miguel Martorell Linares.",
"One was entitled ''El rey felón y los seis años inicuos'' (The felon king and the six iniquitous years); the other ''Los seis años malditos'' (The six cursed years).Fifteen months after the manifesto in which he proposed the convocation of Constituent Courts without giving them that name, Sánchez Guerra led the attempted coup d'état of January 1929.If the military cost of this failed coup d'état was high, \"due to the division of the Army and the strengthening of the pre-republican current in it, especially on the part of the artillerymen, the political cost was no less negligible.",
"Most of the political leaders from the Restoration involved distanced themselves definitively from Alfonso XIII and many from the monarchy, declaring themselves not only anti-Alfonso, but openly republican\".",
"Therefore, since then \"things were never the same again for the dictatorship\".=== Republicans ===Manuel Azaña in 1932 when he was president of the government during the Second Spanish Republic.The Republicans were strengthened by the appearance of a new party, ''Acción Republicana''.",
"Its promoter was Manuel Azaña, a former member of the Reformist Party of Melquiades Álvarez.",
"Azaña, like most of the personalities who left the party after Primo de Rivera's coup d'état, had given up the reformist project of achieving democracy within the Monarchy, and was already betting on the Republic, as he stated in the manifesto ''Apelación a la República'' (Appeal to the Republic) which he made public in May 1924.To achieve it, he proposed to create \"a new republican-socialist conjunction capable of opposing to the overwhelming block of the obscurantist forces, the resistance first, the counter-offensive later of the latent liberal will under the lying resignation of the country\".Azaña criticized the old republicans such as Alejandro Lerroux or Vicente Blasco Ibáñez and proposed a new republicanism.",
"This initiative took shape in May 1925 with the birth of the so-called \"Republican Action Group\", which was made up of intellectuals, some of them, like Azaña, from the Reformist Party, such as Ramón Pérez de Ayala or José Giral, and others not, such as Luis Jiménez de Asúa, Luis Araquistain, Honorato de Castro or Martí y Jara.The union between the ''new'' and the ''old'' republicanism was reached on February 11, 1926, with the foundation of the Republican Alliance, the same day in which the anniversary of the First Spanish Republic was celebrated.",
"The old Radical Republican Party of Alejandro Lerroux and the Federal Democratic Republican Party were part of the Alliance, together with the new formations of Azaña's Republican Action and the Catalan Republican Party, founded by Marcelino Domingo and Lluís Companys.The manifesto made public by the Republican Alliance on the same day it was created called for the convocation of \"a Constituent Cortes elected by universal suffrage, in which we will fight for the proclamation of the republican regime\".",
"The manifesto was widely supported by the republican centers, some 450, which claimed to group about 100,000 people.",
"All the signatory parties pledged to remain united until the fall of the Dictatorship.",
"The Provisional Board of the Alliance was formed by Manuel Hilario Ayuso Iglesias, Roberto Castrovido, Marcelino Domingo, Alejandro Lerroux and Manuel Azaña.Alejandro Lerroux.The same year of the foundation of the Republican Alliance a letter of Alejandro Lerroux was circulated in which he explained the reasons for the \"painful disappointment\" which had resulted from the dictatorship:The military dictatorship, which could have and should have been a savior, a solution to so many difficult national problems, has turned out to be nothing but a painful disappointment, which has sterilely consumed the collective moral energy in which the hope of a messianic people in a providential redeemer consists.",
"...",
"Soon after the dictatorship was set in motion, it showed its incompetence, consuming the prestige with which it was surrounded, ''and not having been willing to submit to the King''.",
"It has not achieved independence from the Palace.",
"At the present time, even though the Directory has been entirely depopularized, its worst enemy is the King, who constantly conspires against Primo de Rivera.According to historian Ángeles Barrio Alonso, \"the importance of the Alliance lay in the fact that it represented a renewal of republicanism capable of achieving, as was demonstrated as a result of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, what had not been possible until then: to attract to the political project of the Republic a mainly urban, middle and lower middle class social base, as well as broad sectors of the workers\".The Alliance participated in the failed coup d'état of June 1926, known as the ''Sanjuanada''.",
"In April the Alianza Republicana Committee met in a private home in Madrid with General Francisco Aguilera to give him its support.",
"It also actively supported the attempted coup d'état of January 1929 led by José Sánchez Guerra.",
"In the following months the federal republicans left the Alliance and Lerroux's Radical Party suffered a split on the left led by Álvaro de Albornoz, who was joined by Marcelino Domingo, who created the Radical-Socialist Republican Party, with a workerist, anti-clerical and secularist ideology.",
"However, these defections did not weaken the Alliance, which in July 1929 claimed to have some 200,000 members.According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, the growth of republicanism was closely related to the discontent of the middle classes with the Dictatorship.",
"Republicanism \"began to embrace and provide a voice for the small urban bourgeoisie, for small businessmen threatened with bankruptcy by the tax burden and by the regime's favoritism towards monopolies, for merchants who had had to reduce the scope of their business because of the dictatorship's policy of high tariffs.",
"It is revealing that the programs of most of the Republican parties spoke of free trade and the defense of small businesses, as opposed to the expansionism and protectionism of the large companies.",
"These parties also attracted the professional classes, especially in the provinces, where teachers, doctors, engineers and lawyers found it increasingly difficult to earn a decent living, due to the constant rise in prices and, from 1929 onwards, the scarcity of new job opportunities.",
"\"Going to the pious mountain\" had already become customary for middle-class housewives eager to keep up appearances of a \"decent\" standard of living\".=== Catalan, Basque and Galician nationalists ===Lluís Nicolau d'Olwer, leader of ''Acció Catalana''.The two Catalan nationalist organizations that were most active in their opposition to the dictatorship were ''Acció Catalana'' and, above all, ''Estat Catalá''.",
"Regarding the former, as Montserrat Baras has pointed out, during this period \"we can only speak of isolated actions by individuals or groups of notables and the maintenance of connections based mainly on personal relationships\" because Acció Catalana was not strictly speaking a political party, but an ''aplec de patriotes'' 'gathering of patriots', which also explains why its leaders acted in different ways.",
"While its president Jaume Bofill i Mates went into voluntary exile in Paris, Lluís Nicolau d'Olwer took the \"Catalan case\" to the League of Nations and Antoni Rovira i Virgili, leader of the most republican and socially advanced sector, founded in 1927 a newspaper of his own, ''La Nau'', from which a new party called ''Acció Republicana de Catalunya'' would emerge shortly after the fall of Primo de Rivera.As for ''Estat Català'', led by Francesc Macià, it decidedly opted for the insurrectional path, creating the ''escamots'' and raising funds for the purchase of arms.",
"In January 1925 Macià founded in Paris the Pact of the Free Alliance, which was joined by the CNT and the Basque and Galician nationalists, creating a General Revolutionary Committee, or Action Committee, which would lead the simultaneous uprising in Catalonia and the Basque Country.In June 1925 clandestine groups of Estat Catalá and Acció Catalana organized the so-called Garraf plot, a failed attempt against the kings of Spain in the railroad tunnels of the Garraf coast through which the train that was to take them to Barcelona was to pass.Francesc Macià (right) with his lawyer (left) about to leave Paris after the trial for the failed plot of Prats de Molló.After the failure of the ''Sanjuanada'' coup d'état of June 1926, Macià set in motion the planned invasion of Catalonia by a small army composed of ''escamots'' that after crossing the border through Prats de Molló, would take Olot and then fall on Barcelona, where simultaneously the general strike would be declared, and with the collaboration of a part of the garrison the Catalan Republic would be proclaimed.But the so-called Prats de Molló plot was a disaster because one of the participants, the Italian Riciotti Garibaldi, was a double agent of Mussolini, who alerted Primo de Rivera.",
"So the French police, who were also on the alert, had little difficulty in arresting near the Spanish border, between November 2 and 4, most of the men engaged in the invasion (115).",
"Macià was also arrested and taken with seventeen others involved to Paris for trial.",
"The trial was held in January 1927 and they were condemned to very light prison sentences and banished to Belgium.The plot and the trial had a wide international echo which gave \"origin to the persistent myth of ''l'Avi'' Macià, precisely at the moment of lowest popularity of the Dictatorship and its accomplices in Catalonia\".",
"Macià developed from then on a feverish propaganda activity for the \"Catalan cause\", especially in Latin America, which culminated in Cuba, where in October 1928 he convened a self-styled Constituent Assembly of Catalan Separatism, from which the ''Partit Separatista Revolucionari Català'' would emerge and where the Provisional Constitution of the Catalan Republic was approved.Cover of July 20, 1923 of the ''Aberri'' newspaper, official organ of the Basque Nationalist Party.As for the Basque nationalists, the most radical ''Aberrian'' sector which then controlled the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and which was the most harshly persecuted by the Dictatorship —while the moderates of the Basque Nationalist Communion were relatively tolerated—, opted like ''Estat Català'' for the insurrectional path.",
"In November 1924 twelve ''Aberrians'' met in Ordizia with the Irish activist Ambrosse Martin, but they were all arrested, the same thing happened to the leader of the ''Aberrians'' Elías Gallastegui when on May 3, 1925, he led an act of nationalist affirmation, although he finally managed to flee to the French Basque Country, where at the end of the year he founded a Committee for Basque Independence, which published the newspaper ''Lenago Il'' ('First to Die'), self-titled ''Official Organ of the Basque Volunteer Army''.",
"Like the Catalan nationalists, the Aberrians also presented the \"Basque case\" before international organizations and participated in the Pact of the Free Alliance promoted by Macià.",
"An operation was planned which consisted of the landing in Bilbao of 300 armed combatants who would carry out an uprising like the one in Dublin in 1916.On the other hand, the Basque ''gudaris'' did not participate in the Prats de Molló plot.",
"Gallastegui, like Macià, made a trip through Latin America and the United States touring the Basque centers.",
"In Mexico he founded the magazine ''Patria Vasca'', in Argentina he launched the newspaper ''Nación Vasca'' and in New York he edited ''Aberri'' again.Conservative Galician nationalism headed by Vicente Risco and Antonio Losada had welcomed the arrival of the Dictatorship with certain hopes, but when they were pressured to join the single party of the Dictatorship, the Patriotic Union, both Risco and Losada moved to the ranks of the opposition.",
"However, the ''Irmandades da Fala'' only began to act in 1928.The following year the ''Irmandade da Fala de A Coruña'' led by Antonio Villar Ponte joined the republicans of Santiago Casares Quiroga, which would lead to the creation of the ORGA after the fall of the Dictatorship.=== Socialists (and communists) ===Francisco Largo Caballero (1927).Collaboration with the Dictatorship fractured Spanish socialism between those in favor of it —led by Francisco Largo Caballero, Julián Besteiro and Manuel Llaneza— and those opposed to it —led by Indalecio Prieto and Teodomiro Menéndez—.",
"When, on October 25, 1925, Francisco Largo Caballero took possession of a seat on the Council of State, as a member of the Labor Council which had absorbed the Institute of Social Reforms, the rift deepened because that same day Indalecio Prieto resigned from his position on the executive committee of the PSOE in protest.Indalecio Prieto in 1936.After the UGT joined the National Corporate Organization created in November 1926, the internal debate was reopened on the occasion of the invitation made by Primo de Rivera to the socialists to participate in the National Consultative Assembly which was to debate a new draft of the Constitution.",
"Now it was a clearly political collaboration, and the sector opposed to participation headed by Indalecio Prieto managed to impose itself in the Extraordinary Congresses of the PSOE and UGT on October 7–8, 1927, so the socialists announced that they would not attend the National Consultative Assembly, which caused Primo de Rivera deep disappointment and constituted a fundamental step in the distancing of the socialists from the Dictatorship.The definitive break with the Dictatorship took place in 1929 on the occasion of the draft of the new corporative and authoritarian Constitution presented by the National Consultative Assembly on July 6.Both the PSOE and the UGT rejected it and demanded an authentically democratic Constitution, which they believed was only possible with the advent of the Republic.",
"In a last attempt to integrate the Socialists into his project, Primo de Rivera offered them five seats in the Assembly designated by them, but the Socialists rejected them in a manifesto entitled A la opinión pública made public on August 13.Largo Caballero, who had distanced himself from Julián Besteiro —who continued to defend collaboration—, proclaimed the will to \"realize our aims to a republican state of freedom and democracy, where we can reach the fullness of political power that corresponds to our growing social power\".",
"After the fall of the Dictatorship, the PSOE and the UGT joined the Pact of San Sebastian from which emerged the \"revolutionary committee\" that after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931 became the Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic, which had three socialist ministers.For its part, the Communist Party of Spain, unlike the PSOE, positioned itself from the first moment against the Dictatorship, although due to its limited strength, the arrest of some of its leaders was enough to deactivate it inside the country.",
"Abroad, its activity was centered in Paris, where they carried out acts of protest on the occasion of Primo de Rivera's visit to the French capital on July 14, 1926.Together with the French communists they published two manifestos entitled ''Against Fascism and For Freedom''.=== Anarcho-syndicalists ===The relentless repression to which the Dictatorship subjected the CNT —it was outlawed in May 1924— gave rise to an internal debate between syndicalists such as Joan Peiró and Ángel Pestaña, who advocated seeking formulas that would allow the CNT to act within the law, and the \"pure\" anarchists like Diego Abad de Santillán and Emilio López Arango, who accused Peiró and Pestaña of being \"reformists\" and who defended \"direct action\" and the revolutionary spontaneism of the masses.",
"The latter found broad support among the cenetistas exiled in France, who in February 1924 constituted in Paris a Committee of Anarchist Relations which proposed the assault on the State by means of a \"Revolutionary Army\", for which they were nicknamed by the syndicalists with the derisive nickname of \"anarcho-bolsheviks\".The anarchist Juan García Oliver in 1936 when he was Minister of Justice in the government of the Second Republic at the beginning of the civil war.",
"During the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera he defended \"direct action\" to overthrow it.The first \"direct action\" was an attempted invasion of Spain from France through Vera de Bidasoa (Navarra) and the Catalan border, which took place in early November 1924, and which was accompanied by an attempted assault on the Atarazanas Barracks and the Artillery Headquarters in Barcelona.",
"The two operations turned out to be a complete failure, because apparently the Spanish police were informed of them.",
"On November 7 there was an armed confrontation in Vera de Bidasoa in which two civil guards, a ''carabinero'' and three insurrectionists were killed, and three more were wounded.",
"Fourteen revolutionaries were arrested, and the rest managed to flee to Hendaye, where the ''Gendarmerie'' arrested twenty Spaniards and one Frenchman.",
"As for the group that was to invade Spain through Catalonia, led by Francisco Ascaso and Juan García Oliver, it was intercepted by the ''Gendarmerie'', which had been alerted by the Spanish police.",
"When they tried to cross the border 22 insurrectionists were arrested, while the rest managed to escape.",
"The anarchist leaders who managed to flee left France and sought refuge in Belgium or Latin America.",
"The latter was the destination of Francisco Ascaso and Buenaventura Durruti, \"''Los Errantes''\", where they developed \"an extensive work of anarchist propaganda plagued with violent actions bordering on common crime\".The failure of the Vera de Bidasoa attempt opened the debate on the participation of the CNT in political conspiracies to overthrow the Dictatorship, which deepened the differences between the syndicalists and the \"pure\" anarchists.",
"In the first discussion that took place in the National Congress held clandestinely in Barcelona in April 1925, the former won when the proposal of collaboration \"with as many forces tending to the destruction of the current regime by violent means\" was approved, although with the proviso that \"these pacts do not imply that commitments of any kind are contracted to limit the scope and development of the revolution which, at all times, we must promote to its radical and positive extremes\".",
"The result of this agreement was the entry of the CNT into the Libre Alianza created by the Catalan nationalist leader Francesc Macià and which would organize the frustrated plot of Prats de Molló.Ángel Pestaña, defender of the \"syndicalist way\", in 1922 together with the liberal politician Count of Romanones (right).In 1927 the rupture of the syndicalist sector began when Ángel Pestaña proposed as a mean to recover legality to participate in the elections for the Joint Committees of the recently created by the Dictatorship National Corporate Organization, in which the workers' representation was being monopolized by the UGT, but the proposal was rejected by the majority headed by Joan Peiró, since it broke with the \"apolitical\" principles that defined the CNT since its foundation.",
"The rupture between Peiró and Pestaña was consummated when the latter founded in Barcelona in October 1929 a Local Union of Trade Unions and Workers' Associations located outside the CNT's Local Federation of Single Unions of Barcelona, and also approached Catalan nationalists and republicans to form an anti-dictatorial front.",
"The rupture did not last long because the resignation of Primo de Rivera in January 1930 prevented Pestaña's organization from participating in the OCN, and so in March he and Peiró reconciled.The fracture in the syndicalist sector favored the growth of the \"pure\" anarchist sector which defended the organic coordination between the CNT and the anarchist organizations.",
"Specifically Diego Abad de Santillán in his work ''El anarquismo en el movimiento obrero'' (1925) proposed resorting to the tactic of \"trabazón\" applied by the Argentine FORA —which consisted in the establishment of liaison bodies between the workers' unions and the specifically anarchist groups— to ensure libertarian predominance in the CNT.",
"The specific organization of anarchist character that would apply in Spain the tactic of \"interlocking\" was the FAI.The Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI) was founded in Valencia on July 24–26, 1927 from the fusion of the Uniâo Anarquista Portuguesa, the Federación Nacional de grupos Anarquistas de España and the Federación de grupos Anarquistas de Lengua Española, founded in France for the organization of the exiled cenetistas (exiled cenetistas).",
"The FAI advocated the establishment of forms of organic representation of the FAI in the governing bodies of the CNT —the ''trabazón''— to ensure the anarcho-consyndicalist character of the Confederation.",
"According to historian Eduardo González Calleja, \"the declared objective was the conversion of the FAI into the inspiring vanguard of the union\" so \"its members acted as shock militants, and met in \"affinity groups\" of three to ten members, organized on a federal scale parallel to the CNT, with which they coordinated through the committees of relations and the mistos CNT-FAI committees of action\".Following the tactic of \"trabazón\", the FAI controlled the Action Committee of the CNT based in Badalona, which came into conflict with the National Committee presided by Peiró and based in Mataró, because the FAI proposed to launch an insurrectionary movement on its own, counting on the support of some like-minded military officers such as Captain Fermín Galán, while the National Committee was in favor of participating in the conspiracy headed by the conservative José Sánchez Guerra, which would culminate in the attempted coup d'état of January 1929.The failure of the coup forced the National Committee to resign, being replaced by an informal National Committee formed by Pestaña."
],
[
"Response of the Dictatorship: increased repression.",
"General Severiano Martínez Anido, Minister of the Interior and Primo de Rivera's right-hand man, directed the repressive policy of the regime, applying the same \"resolute\" methods as those he had employed during the \"social war\" in Catalonia (1919-1923) from his post as civil governor of Barcelona.The Dictatorship restructured and expanded the police service, whose budget increased considerably, and took special care of police action abroad, which was coordinated by the ambassador in Paris, since most of the Spanish exiles and refugees lived in France.",
"Ambassador José María Quiñones de León, in addition to pressuring the French authorities to deport them, such as Francesc Macià, and to obtain the collaboration of the Sûreté, created a propaganda office in Paris.After the ''Sanjuanada'', a Royal Decree published on July 3, 1926, granted the dictator discretionary powers to impose \"the sanctions that are within his powers and proposing to me those that exceed it, including the banishments and deportations that he deems necessary, whatever their number and the quality of the persons who deserve it\", with no other limit than \"that which the circumstances and the good of the country indicate and his righteousness and patriotism inspire him\".",
"It was also established that those sanctioned could not appeal to the courts of justice.On June 17, 1928, another Royal Decree imposed the permission of the governmental authority for the celebration of political acts, which was accompanied by arbitrary confinements, exorbitant fines and violations of correspondence.The new Penal Code approved in September 1928, and which would be repealed by the Second Spanish Republic, included in the crime of rebellion strikes and work stoppages, as well as considered as an attack on authority the aggression against members of the Somatén, even if they were not exercising the functions of their office.San Sebastian in 1927.On December 22, 1928, the last remaining legal obstacles to the government's complete control of the judiciary were removed.",
"From then on the Civil Directory could \"separate, dismiss, suspend or transfer magistrates, judges and judicial officials without the need for files or prior report, and without the possibility of appeal or recourse\", says Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja.After the failed coup d'état led by Sánchez Guerra in January 1929, the Civil Directory toughened repressive measures.",
"A few days later, on February 4, it created a Special Tribunal linked to the General Directorate of Security, which virtually placed judicial power in the hands of the government.",
"The Tribunal would be presided over by a military judge and would investigate cases affecting the security of the State, and could open rapid indictments for crimes of conspiracy, rebellion, etc., which meant in practice that the government could, for example, suspend from employment and salary those civil servants who were hostile to the regime.",
"The creation of the Special Court was accompanied by a Circular of the Presidency of the government of February 8, which empowered the police to supervise conversations or acts that could lead to disturbances of public order, gave police tasks to the Patriotic Union and the Somatén, and it threatened with government fines of up to 25,000 pesetas and fourteen-day detentions to \"any person who in a public place predicted evils for the country or censured the ministers of the Crown or high authorities for purposes of defamation or undermining their authority and prestige\".",
"Likewise, a registry of officials would be created in which, among other things, would appear if \"with publicity and scandal, they manifest themselves as enemies of the regime and seek to discredit and undermine it\".",
"Finally, press censorship was made even more restrictive, expressly prohibiting any type of criticism of the government's administration, and newspapers were obliged to insert the \"unofficial notes\" of the Civil Directory.In April 1929 a draft Law of Public Order was discussed, which expanded the discretionary powers of the government to suppress constitutional guarantees, to proceed with arrests and searches without a warrant, as well as the expulsion of dangerous foreigners, and to declare a state of war.",
"This reform was opposed by the king, which, according to González Calleja, \"precipitated Primo's resignation in January 1930\"."
],
[
"Progressive deterioration of relations with the king.",
"King Alfonso XIII and the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera.",
"Relations between the two deteriorated from 1927 onwards.As Alejandro Quiroga has pointed out, \"the tensions between the monarch and the dictator were a determining factor in the end of the Primo Rivera regime\".",
"According to Javier Moreno Luzón, \"after the regenerative and imperialist euphoria of the early days, Alfonso XIII felt the need to find a legal solution to the state of exception.",
"Or, what was the same, to walk towards normality\".",
"José Luis Gómez-Navarro has pointed out that \"Alfonso XIII's position before the primorriverist regime and with the dictator himself went through different stages\".",
"A first one that extends until the beginning of 1924 during which \"Alfonso XIII is enthusiastic about the regime, in which he sees the possibility of realizing his thoughts and desires\".",
"A second one, from the first months of 1924 to the beginning of 1926, in which the monarch continued to give \"total support to the regime and its most important policies\", \"although without the initial overflowing enthusiasm\".",
"A third, beginning in December 1925, in which \"the king continued to support the dictatorship, but without ardent and enthusiastic defenses, while marking distances and gently pressuring it to \"restore normality\".",
"The fourth and last stage, in which Alfonso XIII proposed to \"get rid of the dictator\", began after the failed coup d'état of January 1929.The first serious confrontation between Alfonso XIII and General Primo de Rivera took place in 1927 on the occasion of the creation of the National Consultative Assembly, to which the king was initially opposed, but which he finally accepted and signed the decree of convocation in September, after having resisted for more than a year, aware that it meant the definitive break with the Constitution of 1876 which he had sworn to fulfill and enforce —hence the nickname of \"the perjured king\" which began to spread—.",
"\"From then on, and until the beginning of 1929, Alfonso XIII would support the Dictatorship in a \"passive\" way, with a high degree of complicity between the monarch and the dictator on the ideological level, but with a gradual distancing on the personal level\".",
"The distancing of the king became evident on September 13, 1928, when Alfonso XIII did not attend the multitudinous commemoration of the fifth anniversary of the \"movement\" that started the Dictatorship.A new clash occurred at the beginning of February 1929 when the king, advised by his mother María Cristina de Habsburgo, resisted signing the decree granting extraordinary powers to the Government, the somatén and the single party ''Unión Patriótica'' for the repression of \"subversive\" activities after the failed coup d'état of the previous month led by Sánchez Guerra.",
"Three days after he signed the decree, María Cristina died, which deeply affected the king.",
"Javier Tusell and Genoveva García Queipo de Llano have pointed out, on the other hand, that the failed coup d'état gave Alfonso XIII \"the definitive sensation that the weakness of the regime was patent and that important questions about the future were opening up.",
"The dictator could gamble his political destiny, but the King had every reason to see confirmed from that moment on the imminent dangers that his Crown was undergoing\".María Cristina de Habsburgo in 1924.Maria Cristina repeatedly advised her son on political matters.",
"Her death, on February 6, 1929, was a hard blow for the king.The next confrontation between Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera occurred only two weeks later when the king opposed the dissolution of the artillery corps and the application of severe sanctions to its chiefs and officers, who had confronted Primo de Rivera over the question of promotions.",
"After a bitter discussion in the Council of Ministers presided over by the monarch, Alfonso XIII compromised again and signed the decree dated February 19, 1929.",
"\"Once again, the confrontation ended with Primo's victory.",
"However, relations between the two had been deteriorating, to the point that the king began to think that the dictator did not have the support of the army nor that of popular opinion.... To cap it all, the acquittal of Sánchez Guerra by a military court gave an idea that sectors of the army no longer supported the dictatorship.",
"All this must have convinced the king of the convenience of getting rid of the dictator\".",
"\"In the autumn of 1929 the dictatorial regime had clearly shown its incapacity to fulfill the two conditions for which the king had supported it.",
"In the first place, it had ceased to be a strong government.",
"Public order problems were occurring (uprisings in Ciudad Real and Valencia, new student conflicts, etc.).",
"Secondly, the government was incapable of agreeing on the draft of the new Constitution and on the methods of approving it.",
"The king, aware that Primo and his regime had less and less support in the army and in public opinion, withdrew his support\".",
"The British ambassador communicated to his government at the end of 1929: \"The only substantial power in which country that has not been annulled, that of the king, is increasing to the same extent that that of the dictator is diminishing\"."
],
[
"Final collapse",
"=== From August 1929 to January 1930 ===According to Javier Tusell and Genoveva García Queipo de Llano, \"the final decline of the dictatorial regime dates back to the summer of 1929\".",
"In August, in response to the harsh criticism of the draft Constitution presented the previous month by the National Constituent Assembly, Primo de Rivera, who had not liked the project very much either, proposed to debate a consensual solution to the Dictatorship within the Assembly, to which he requested the incorporation of personalities from the \"old politics\", representatives of the Royal Academies, the Universities and the Bar Associations, and the UGT, but all of them refused to participate, which, according to Eduardo González Calleja, \"broke all the bridges for an institutional solution to the Dictatorship\" and accentuated \"the terminal crisis of the regime\".",
"Furthermore, by questioning the preliminary draft of the Constitution \"Primo was putting his regime in a dead end\", pointed out Alejandro Quiroga.In October, the military court acquitted José Sánchez Guerra, for having led the coup d'état in January, arguing that his actions had been lawful because they were directed against an illegal regime.",
"\"Primo flew into a rage.",
"He knew the damage that in the eyes of broad sectors of public opinion the acquittal of Sánchez Guerra was doing to his regime, by showing that the Marquis of Estella was incapable of punishing those who rose up against the Dictatorship.",
"To curb the image of weakness, he declared then that he would remain in power until the culmination of his \"work\".",
"In an official note he affirmed: \"No deadlines, therefore, and, for the moment, a halt in the march towards normalization\".",
"Javier Tusell and Genoveva García Queipo de Llano attach great importance to \"the sentence that exonerated Sánchez Guerra of any responsibility for his uprising\" because \"it made the regime illegitimate\".According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"the last months of the dictatorship were the agony of a bewildered dictator\".",
"\"Overwhelmed by the accumulating difficulties, the dictator definitively lost confidence in himself and consequently formed a series of confused and often contradictory transition plans\", but \"none found a favorable reception\".",
"Primo's objective was to \"pass power in an orderly manner\" and \"that the legacy and institutions of the dictatorship be respected\".",
"Javier Tusell and Genoveva García Queipo de Llano have affirmed that \"the collapse of the Dictatorship would not have taken place had it not been for its own strategic confusion, to which was added, in the final stretch, the pure and simple desire, almost physical, of Primo de Rivera to abandon power by any means necessary\".",
"However, Alejandro Quiroga has warned that \"the dictator never specified when he was going to leave\".",
"As late as November 26 he declared that \"the moment has not yet arrived\".",
"\"It would be weakness and desertion improper of men who accepted to govern under very difficult conditions... to allow themselves to be impressed and depressed by clandestine small talk emanating from discontented sectors, stubborn in rebellion, which neither in quantity nor in quality represent a hundredth part of the Spanish people\", he added.",
"Alejandro Quiroga points out: \"Now, unlike in previous years, the possibility of Primo abandoning power began to become more real in 1929, simply because the diabetes suffered by the dictator worsened\".Lhardy restaurant where Primo de Rivera met with his government in early December 1929 to agree on the transition plan that would be named after the restaurant, located on Carrera de San Jerónimo in Madrid.His final transition plan was discussed at a government working dinner, also attended by the president of the National Consultative Assembly José Yanguas Messía, held at the Lhardy restaurant on December 3 in commemoration of the fourth anniversary of the constitution of the Civil Directory.",
"There Primo de Rivera confirmed his intention to propose to the king the appointment of a transitional government, which would be \"neither dictatorial nor constitutional\", presided over by a civilian \"of a right-wing cut\", who could be Count Guadalhorce, although he did not rule out remaining in power himself.",
"Primo explained to them his plan \"which involved the reopening of the National Assembly in January, the prompt holding of municipal elections, which would be followed by provincial elections, with the certainty that the Patriotic Union would win in both, and in the autumn of 1930 other elections for the formation of a unicameral semi-corporate Parliament\".",
"The plan was leaked to the press, which opened a debate on when the dictator would leave, which \"did not please\" Primo de Rivera, who declared that he would remain in his post \"whatever it took\" until a \"serious and reassuring\" situation was re-established.In the midst of this controversy, a banquet was held on the night of December 7, the eve of the patron saint of the infantry weapon, presided over by the king and Primo de Rivera, during which the military who attended treated the dictator coldly, which, according to Alejandro Quiroga, \"did not go unnoticed by Alfonso XIII, who understood that the Dictatorship had lost much of the support of the Army and public opinion\", nor by Primo de Rivera.",
"\"The king then turned to the old politicians looking for a replacement for the Marquis of Estella, but they refused to offer a solution without a prior convocation of the Cortes\".On December 31, 1929, the Council of Ministers presided by the king debated the \"Lhardy plan\", but \"Alfonso XIII asked for a few days to reflect..., which meant a tacit withdrawal of the royal confidence and the official opening of the last crisis of the regime\", says González Calleja.",
"José Calvo Sotelo, Minister of Finance, later wrote: \"On that day the death sentence of the dictatorship was signed\".",
"According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, during the meeting of the Council of Ministers, the king \"could not fail to notice that he was faced with an incoherent government, led by a bewildered dictator, who was presenting him with a plan made up of patches.",
"The monarch also noticed that, in spite of the facade of solidarity they were trying to present, the ministers did not support Lhardy's plan or, at least, they were divided about it\".Primo de Rivera after the Council of Ministers with the king declared:The aristocratic classes... hate me...",
"The conservatives refuse to join the dictatorship... Those who maintain more affinities with the Church neither assist the dictatorship nor applaud its purposes... And the banking and industries because they pay... more strictly the taxes....",
"The employers' class because the dictatorship is interested in ensuring that the workers do not lack welfare laws or social justice..., the civil servants (because they are required to be more punctual)..., as well as other sectors..., do not warmly support the dictatorship..., they unconsciously join those who say that it is already old, that it is exhausted.Around the same time, a military conspiracy to overthrow the Dictatorship began to take form, which had its epicenter in Andalusia and was taking place almost in the public light.",
"The conspiracy was led by the same constitutionalist committee presided over by Miguel Villanueva that had organized the failed coup d'état of January 1929.They counted on General Manuel Goded, military governor of Cadiz, who was ready for a \"repetition of the march of Alcolea\" which was to begin in Cadiz on February 15, and also with the acquiescence of King Alfonso XIII, who, as Gonzalez Calleja has pointed out, \"had finally understood that getting rid of Primo as soon as possible was the only chance he had to save his own situation and that of the Monarchy\".",
"In fact, on January 18, Prince Carlos de Borbón, Captain General of Andalusia and a good friend of General Goded, asked his cousin to dismiss Primo de Rivera —and this in turn asked the King to accept his relief because he considered him an accomplice of the \"Andalusian conspiracy\", which Alfonso XIII refused—.",
"The same thing was said to the King by the son of Count de Romanones sent by the latter, in order to stop the coup which was being prepared and whose consequences were unpredictable.On January 21 the Minister of Finance José Calvo Sotelo resigned due to the resounding failure of his monetary and financial policy.",
"Primo de Rivera replaced him with the Count of the Andes, a man of the King's confidence, in an attempt to regain the support of the monarch, but he did not succeed.",
"The following day, January 22, a new strike began in all the universities, which already had a markedly republican character and was supported by the unions.",
"Three days later, on January 25 at 9:30 in the evening, Primo de Rivera declared to the journalists he had summoned to his office: \"I assure you that what I am not willing to do is to have power taken away from me, more than anything else, and above all considerations, because of the symptom of anarchic decomposition that this would reveal\".",
"A few hours later he drafted the consultation with the Army and the Navy on his continuity in power.",
"At that moment Primo de Rivera knew that the insurrection that General Goded was going to lead had been brought forward to January 28.Or between February 5 and 8.=== Sunday, January 26 ===Primo de Rivera around 1930.Alfonso XIII in 1930.On January 26, 1930, Primo de Rivera made a last attempt to stop the coup that was being prepared against him, and whose date Goded had brought forward, and also to face the pressure of Alfonso XIII to resign.",
"That day he announced by means of an \"unofficial note\" that he was going to consult the ten general captains (and the chiefs of the three maritime departments and of the Moroccan forces and the directors of the Civil Guard, Carabinieri and Invalides), so that they could evaluate the work of the Dictatorship and so that with their authority they could settle the \"high and low intrigues\" that were taking place at that time.",
"They had to make a \"brief, discreet and reserved exploration\" among his chiefs of units and services to let him know if he still \"deserved the confidence and good concept of the Army and Navy\".",
"If the answer was negative, Primo would return \"the powers of the head of the Dictatorship and the Government\" to Alfonso XIII.According to Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja, \"the famous survey to the Army was a false step in several aspects.",
"In the first place, it was a tacit recognition that the ultimate legitimacy of the regime remained in the Army, not in ghostly popular plebiscites or in pseudo-parliamentary fictions.",
"Secondly, it placed the Armed Forces, beset by a serious crisis of internal discipline, in the uncomfortable position of having to judge the work and legality of a regime that had survived almost exclusively thanks to its institutional support.",
"In the third instance, it was a final snub to the king, who had provoked the crisis of confidence, but who, as in September 1923, was placed before a fait accompli that nullified his power of arbitration, which had disappeared de facto with the rupture of the constitutional consensus\".",
"This last consideration is shared by Shlomo Ben-Ami: \"Primo de Rivera's appeal to the generals was an impossible attempt at a counter-coup, this time against the king.",
"Primo de Rivera's claim that the opinion of the military had been the source of his elevation to power was an affront to the crown and a violation of the political framework in which the sovereign was the supreme source of power\".",
"It is also shared by Alejandro Quiroga —\"Primo appealed directly to the high command of the Army, whom he recognized as the only legitimate instance of his dictatorship, and deprived the king of his power to dismiss him\"— and by Javier Moreno Luzón —\"this maneuver was intolerable for Don Alfonso, since by including another decision-making instance he called into question the royal prerogative of liberty\"—.While waiting for the response of his fellow generals, Primo de Rivera met with the king around three o'clock in the afternoon, although the meeting did not transcend and it is not known what they talked about.",
"According to Alejandro Quiroga, it is probable that the dictator \"tried to calm the anger of Alfonso XII, who realized perfectly well what the movement of the Marquis of Estella implied.",
"The monarch understood that Primo was striking a \"blow\" against his ability to appoint and dismiss the ministers of his Government\".",
"At night Primo de Rivera drafted a manifesto \"To the People and the Army\" that was never made public and whose content was only known almost a hundred years later, in 2016.In the manifesto he asked that \"the King cease to be King and with his family immediately leave the country\" and \"then it will be necessary to proclaim the republic and raise to his presidency a good, wise, equanimous and just man to whom we all Spaniards, even those with more monarchical feelings and stronger ties to the Royal Family, will loyally assist.",
"The homeland is above all\".",
"\"With this King neither could the former politicians, nor could the future ones, if I do not complete my work by clearing Spanish political life of this obstacle\", was also stated in the manifesto.=== Monday, January 27th ===On January 27 Primo de Rivera received the ambiguous answers of the general captains which were due, according to Shlomo Ben-Ami, to his desire to distance the Army from the Dictatorship, \"a sinking ship\" and to the fact that most of them were friends of the king or very loyal to him as sovereign.",
"All of them reiterated their total obedience to the king and to the government that had his confidence.",
"The most explicit in his reply was the captain general of Catalonia, General Emilio Barrera, a close collaborator and personal friend of Primo de Rivera, who openly criticized the consultation, considering that \"it has the appearance of another coup d'état\" (against the king), adding: \"the consultation means weakness on the one hand and on the other, mixing the army in political matters, from which it should stay away.",
"... Then on September 13, 1923 the intervention of the army was logical; in today's case it already has the meaning of wanting to mix it in what is not its function...\".",
"The only ones who showed him unconditional support were General Sanjurjo, Director General of the Civil Guard, and the Captain General of the Balearic Islands, Enrique Marzo Balaguer.=== Tuesday, January 28: Primo de Rivera resigns ===According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, Primo de Rivera, despite the response he had received from his comrades-in-arms, was not willing to resign.",
"The king commissioned the new Minister of Finance and man of his confidence, the Count of the Andes, to persuade the dictator, but in the end it was the intervention of General Severiano Martínez Anido, his friend and Minister of the Interior, who convinced him not to try to resist.",
"At half past ten in the morning Primo de Rivera, accompanied by Martínez Anido, went to the Palacio de Oriente and presented his resignation to the king.",
"In that interview he suggested to Alfonso XIII that he should appoint generals Martínez Anido, Emilio Barrera or Dámaso Berenguer to succeed him as head of the Presidency of the Government.",
"However, when Primo de Rivera left the Palace he did not declare to journalists that he had resigned and limited himself to saying that a council of ministers would be held in the afternoon.",
"The resignation would not be formalized and would not be made public until 8:45 p.m. after a new visit to the Palace.",
"At the exit Primo de Rivera announced that he had resigned \"for personal and health reasons\" and that Alfonso XIII had entrusted \"to form a Government to General Dámaso Berenguer, a discreet and reserved man in his judgments, of serene character and very well liked in the country\".According to Genoveva García Queipo de Llano and Javier Tusell, Primo de Rivera's resignation was due to \"his poor health and to the desire he had to abandon the exercise of his responsibilities\".",
"This assessment is not shared by other historians such as Shlomo Ben-Ami or Alejandro Quiroga.",
"The latter considers that the consultation with the captains general \"was not a kind of intentional political \"suicide\", but rather a rather risky gamble to stay in office.... Another thing is that Primo de Rivera miscalculated, as was the case\".Saint Germain-des-Prés district.",
"General Primo de Rivera died there on Sunday, March 16, 1930.After his resignation, he left Spain —passing through Barcelona where he met with his friend Captain General Emilio Barrera, to whom, as Eduardo Aunós revealed fourteen years later, he proposed him to lead a coup d'état, which he refused— and shortly afterwards he died at the Pont Royal Hotel in Paris.",
"According to Ángeles Barrio Alonso,The feeling of frustration and abandonment that Primo de Rivera must have felt when, after his forced resignation in January 1930, he moved to Paris, probably accelerated his death, which took place two months later in complete solitude.",
"Neither he nor his most direct collaborators —among whom, besides Calvo Sotelo or Aunós, we should mention his own son, José Antonio Primo de Rivera— could understand the little benevolence of the citizenship with what they considered a very positive balance of a regime, which would have freed Spain from separatism, trade unionism, deficit and war.Alejandro Quiroga holds a similar view to that of Ángeles Barrio:Primo left Spain hurt and sick..... Primo felt that many social sectors did not recognize him for the, in his opinion, great work he had done for Spain, although he remained convinced until his last days that the Spanish people were with him.",
"The injustices and betrayals he believed he had suffered made him a melancholy and somewhat resentful man.",
"\"Alfonso XIII, who had been for six years a king without a Constitution, appointed General Dámaso Berenguer then head of the king's military household president of the government with the purpose of returning to constitutional normality\", says Santos Juliá.",
"According to González Calleja, \"the designation of Berenguer as the new Prime Minister left the political expectations of the constitutionalists, which were based on the formation of a Cabinet presided over by José Sánchez Guerra, who would call Constituent Courts, in a mockery.",
"Such a solution was flatly rejected by Don Alfonso, who seemed willing to \"go ahead\" and not to go backwards, since he considered that \"the first day of the Constituent Courts would be the last of my reign\"\"."
],
[
"See also",
"* 1923 Spanish coup d'état* Military Directory of Primo de Rivera* Civil Directory of Primo de Rivera"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* * * * * * * * * * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lists of countries and territories by official language"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a '''list of lists of countries and territories by official language'''.",
"* List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages* List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language* List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language* List of countries and territories where English is an official language* List of countries and territories where French is an official language* List of countries and territories where German is an official language* List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language* List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language* List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language* List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language* List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language* List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language* List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language* List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language* List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language"
],
[
"See also",
"* List of official languages by country and territory"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"South Korea–South Africa relations"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''South Africa–South Korea relations''' refers to the diplomatic relationship between South Africa and South Korea.",
"Their bilateral interactions focus largely on economic ties and promoting cross-cultural exchanges.Formal diplomatic relations began on December 1, 1992.The two governments signed accords regulating taxes, aviation, and investment.",
"High-level visits followed.",
"In July 1995, South African President Nelson Mandela visited Seoul to meet with South Korean president Kim Young-sam.",
"To institutionalize these visits, in 1997 the two nations agreed to hold regular Policy Consultative Meetings, where working groups focused on particular subjects of the relationship convene to negotiate shared rules and regulations.",
"In 2005, Seoul hosted the Korea–South Africa Joint Committee on Science and Technology to promote cross-border scientific collaboration."
],
[
"Economic relations",
"South Africa is South Korea’s largest African trading partner, and South Korea is South Africa’s fourth largest Asian trading partner.",
"South Africa largely exports unprocessed minerals, like ferro-chromium or platinum; semi-processed inputs like steel; and foodstuffs like sugar.Two growing areas of modern exchange include green energy, where South Korean and South African firms exchange solar energy and rare earth elements,and bilateral investment."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Elgood"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Elgood''' is a surname.",
"Notable people with the surname include:* Bernard Elgood, (1922–1997), English first-class cricketer and British Army officer* Cornelia Elgood (1874–1960), British physician* Cyril Elgood (1893–1970), British physician* George Samuel Elgood (1851–1943), English artist and illustrator* John Hamel Elgood (1909–1998), British ornithologist* Leonard Alsager Elgood (1892–1987), British army officer"
],
[
"See also",
"* Elgood, West Virginia* Elgood's Brewery"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Minrose Gwin"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Minrose Gwin''' (born November 9, 1945) is an American novelist, memoirist, literary and cultural scholar, teacher, and editor, whose works focus primarily on the American South.",
"Like the characters in her novel ''Promise'', she was born in Tupelo, Mississippi."
],
[
"Education",
"Gwin received her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in English from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.",
"She also attended Mississippi University for Women."
],
[
"Writing career",
"Gwin began her writing career as a general assignment news reporter, working at the ''Press-Register'' in Mobile, Alabama; United Press International in the Atlanta and Nashville bureaus, where she covered the civil rights movement; and the ''Knoxville News-Sentinel'', where she worked the night police beat.Gwin turned to freelance writing while in graduate school, then began writing scholarly books and articles after receiving her Ph.D. She is the author of four books of literary and cultural criticism and many articles and lectures.",
"Her work focuses on issues of race, gender, sexuality, and region.",
"She was one of the first scholars to write about southern women's slave narratives, as well as William Faulkner’s treatment of gender and the spatial dynamics of women’s fiction.",
"In 2013, she published ''Remembering Medgar Evers: Writing the Long Civil Rights Movement'', which brought together journalistic accounts, poetry, fiction, and song about the slain Mississippi Civil Rights leader, with a cover endorsement from his widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams who called the book “a treasure.” Gwin has also edited or coedited books, anthologies, and journals in the field of Southern literature.In 2004, Gwin published the memoir ''Wishing for Snow'' about the collision of poetry and psychosis in her mother's life.",
"The memoir marked her turn to creative writing.",
"Her debut novel, ''The Queen of Palmyra'' (2010), was a finalist for the John Gardner Fiction Book Award and a Barnes and Noble Discover Great New Writers selection.",
"Her second novel, ''Promise'' (2018), was shortlisted for the Willie Morris Award in Southern Literature; her third, ''The Accidentals'' (2019), received the Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters Award for Fiction.",
"Her fourth novel, ''Beautiful Dreamers'', will be published in 2024 by Hub City Press.",
"Lee Smith has called ''The Queen of Palmyra'' \"the most powerful and also the most lyrical novel about race, racism and denial in the American South since ''To Kill a Mockingbird'',\" and ''Kirkus Reviews'' has described \"Gwin's prose as profound and Faulknerian in tone.\""
],
[
"Teaching career",
"Minrose Gwin has taught as a professor at universities across the United States, including Virginia Tech (1983-1990), the University of New Mexico (1990-2001), Binghamton University (2001-2002), Purdue University (2002-2005), and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she was Kenan Eminent Professor of English and Comparative Literature (2005-2018).",
"She has given readings and lectures at universities, conferences, and other venues across the country.",
"She is now retired from teaching."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Minrose Gwin website* Hub City Press* ''Bayou Magazine'' interview with Minrose Gwin\t* ''The Shoofly Magazine'' on ''Promise''* A Good Blog is Hard To Find: Q&A with Minrose Gwin"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ponte di San Vito"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Roman''' '''Bridge of San Vito''' (), also locally known as the '''Pontaccio''' (, ), was a Roman bridge in San Vito, a on the borders of Rimini, Santarcangelo di Romagna, and San Mauro Pascoli, in the region of Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy.Dating to the reign of emperor Augustus, the bridge was on a route of the Via Aemilia, the ancient Roman road running between (modern Rimini) and (Piacenza).",
"The bridge crossed the river , which now flows a few metres to the east.",
"In the 14th century, Galeotto I Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, replaced the bridge; an arch of the medieval bridge remains extant above the Augustan stones.",
"The stones of the bridges, prized for their excellent quality, were quarried over subsequent centuries, contributing also to restorations of Rimini's Ponte di Tiberio.",
"In October 2022, Rimini's municipal government incorporated the extant arch into a public park.The Augustan bridge was likely monumental, with a total length of approximately , and numbering eight or more arches.",
"In recent centuries, Riminese historians have claimed the bridge as the place where Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon."
],
[
"History",
"=== Construction and collapse ===The Ponte di San Vito was almost certainly built during the reign of Roman emperor Augustus, given both the stones and a milestone recovered a few metres from the bridge in 1949, which attributes the restoration of the road to Augustus' commission in 2 BC.",
"It was built on the Via Aemilia, an ancient Roman road between (modern Rimini) and (Piacenza) that dates to Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 187 BC.",
"The section of the Via Aemilia between Savignano sul Rubicone and Santa Giustina, now known as the Via Emilia Vecchia, replaced an earlier routing of the road through Santarcangelo di Romagna.",
"The Augustan bridge likely replaced an earlier bridge.",
"It crossed the river , which flows from , a of Novafeltria, to the Adriatic Sea in Bellaria–Igea Marina.",
"The river now flows a few metres to the bridge's east.In the 14th century, Galeotto I Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, replaced the Augustan bridge in an effort to reduce the importance of Santarcangelo, which had become a vicariate under the Avignon popes.",
"An arch of the medieval bridge remains extant above the Augustan stones.In later centuries, following the medieval bridge's collapse, San Vito was renowned as a quarry, using the stones from the Augustan bridge, which were notable for their excellent quality.",
"The stones were used to repave the floor of Rimini's Santa Colomba cathedral, and may also have been used for the construction of the Tempio Malatestiano.",
"In 1550, Leandro Alberti wrote in his that \"there was anciently here on the Via Emilia a stone bridge ... of which the vestiges appear to this day\".In 1680, Agostino Martinelli, entrusted with restoring an arch of Rimini's Ponte d'Augusto, recovered blocks of white Aurisina limestone from the river at San Vito; the blocks were identical to those of the Riminese bridge.",
"In 1735, Giulio Alberoni allowed further \"marbles that remain of the ancient ruins ... that are now uselessly underwater\" to be removed for the restoration of the Ponte d'Augusto.Until the Second World War, during dry seasons, the remains of a limestone block, known as , rose from the Uso's riverbed; the block was used by San Vito's women to wash clothes.",
"It was located a few dozen metres from the extant arch.",
"In 1959, an excavation by identified the bridge as medieval.=== Modern excavation and preservation ===In 1988, local historian Giovanni Rimondini published a collection of evidence for the Augustan bridge.",
"The collection was followed by an archaeological excavation in 2004, commissioned by Rimini's municipal government and led by local archaeologist Marcello Cartoceti, at the urging of the local parish priest.",
"The excavation uncovered the remains of the Augustan bridge underneath the surviving medieval arch.",
"The first trench of the excavation proceeded from an extant structure towards the river, uncovering only earth and gravel.",
"A second trench towards the village church uncovered a breakwater spur that suggested that the startpoint was a pier.",
"Exposing the upstream part of the spur, the excavation uncovered regularly-shaped stones from the Roman bridge, and a medieval pier a few centimetres below the original trench.An illustration of the extant arch, May 2021Beginning in the 2000s, Rimini's municipal government purchased the area around the arch in two stages.",
"In 2021, it announced that it would redevelop the area, providing it with public access and enabling summer recreational initiatives.",
"Local residents had requested that the bridge become a cultural space for over twenty years.",
"The following year, excavations associated with the redevelopment recovered paving of the Via Aemilia.",
"On 16 October 2022, the redevelopment was inaugurated Jamil Sadegholvaad, Rimini's mayor.",
"The extant arch is surrounded by a circular walkway, and is accessible from the village church.",
"The paths are lit by night."
],
[
"Architecture",
"The bridge is made of white limestone blocks from Aurisina, known as Istrian stone.",
"It also used ammonitic red limestone blocks from Verona, similar to those used as a foundation slab in the Augustan bridge at Savignano sul Rubicone.The bridge's total length was likely approximately , longer than Rimini's Ponte di Tiberio, as also suggested by the number of recovered stones.",
"In 2019, to explain the bridge's length, Rimondini hypothesised that there may have been two bridges, crossing the Uso at different meanders, to which Cartoceti replied that, locally, the Romans more commonly built one large bridge over wide rivers than two separate ones.An 1825 sketch by local engineer Maurizio Brighenti indicated the area where the foundations of the bridge's piers would emerge from the riverbed during dry seasons.",
"The sketch suggested that the bridge numbered eight or more arches, ending on the right bank of the present-day Uso.",
"After being published by Rimondini, Brighenti's sketches were lost in Forlì's state archives.The 2004 excavation suggested that two arches had a diameter of at least , while the pier had a thickness of ."
],
[
"Rubicon hypothesis",
"=== Overview ===An illustration of Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon in ''History of Julius Caesar'' (1849) by Jacob AbbottFor historians that identify the Uso with Julius Caesar's historic crossing of the Rubicon in 49 BC, which opened Caesar's civil war, the Ponte di San Vito would have been the point of Caesar's crossing.",
"With the exception of , most Riminese local historians favoured the Uso's claim over that of Savignano di Romagna's Fiumicino and the Pisciatello, a tributary of the Fiumincino that flows nearer Cesena.",
"Local historians and archaeologists have advocated further archaeological excavation of the Ponte di San Vito to understand these uncertainties.Other supporters of the Uso's claim contend that the point of Caesar's crossing was not San Vito, but by a pine forest near the Uso's mouth at Bellaria, along the Via Popilia.=== History ===Writing about San Vito in 1681, Martinelli, who restored the Ponte di Tiberio, marvelled that such a grand bridge had been built for \"a small stream to be crossed with jumps\".",
"He opined:In Alberoni's 1735 grant for more stones to be removed from the quarry, the bridge at San Vito is called \"the ancient ruins of the Bridge of the Rubicon River vulgarly called the Uso that are uselessly underwater\".On 4 August 1933, the government of Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator, by the decree of Victor Emmanuel III, renamed Savignano as Savignano del Rubicone, according government support to the Fiumicino's claim.",
"Despite the official support for the Fiumincino, which was renamed the Rubicon, local historians continued to debate the site of the ancient river, believing that the decision was arbitrary and politically motivated.",
"In the post-war years, , a local historian who wrote on the Via Emilia, expressed interest in San Vito's claim.In the early 21st century, interest in the Ponte di San Vito revitalised support for the Uso's claim.",
"In March–April 2013, an article by Rimondini in , the local history and culture publication of Rimini's Rotary Club, revisited San Vito's claim.",
"Coincidentally, Daisuke Konishi, a journalist from Kyodo News, was finishing a report on the Rubicon's historical claimants.",
"San Vito's claim was consequently featured in several reports in the national and international press, including ''Avvenire,'' ''Il Resto del Carlino'', ''La Voce'', and several Japanese newspapers.",
"In August 2013, the different river's claimants were showcased in a mock trial in San Mauro Pascoli, leading to further press coverage.In July 2018, a play on Caesar's trial was reenacted at the bridge.",
"In November 2019, Rimini's Rotary Club hosted a conference on San Vito's claim in Rimini's Museo della Città.=== Supporting evidence ===French archaeogeographer identified the Uso as the western bank of the Marecchia's alluvial fan, and suspected that this was likely the extremity of Rimini's centuriation, and therefore the borders of the Roman between its foundational years of 286 BC and 171 BC.",
"The Rubicon was the (limit) of Cisalpine Gaul.Detail of the around the RubiconThe milestone recovered in 1949 records 7 Roman miles from .",
"In the , the Rubicon is marked between (identified with San Giovanni in Compito) on its left bank and 12 Roman miles on its right bank.",
"Assuming that both markers refer to , then if the label for is understood to refer to a settlement on the western bank of the Rubicon, then the Fiumicino between San Giovanni in Compito and Savignano is a prime candidate for the Rubicon.",
"If instead the label is understood to refer to a settlement at a jump in the road further west of the Rubicon rather than a settlement by the Rubicon, then the Rubicon would lie halfway between and , for which the Uso at San Vito would be a coincidental candidate.The milestone suggests that the road through San Vito was restored in 2 BC, long after Caesar's crossing.",
"Nevertheless, it is unclear why Augustus rerouted the Via Aemilia through San Vito, which cut out Santarcangelo di Romagna on the preceding Via Aemilia route, with little discernible saving in journey times.",
"Indeed, the river was wider at San Vito than it was near Santarcangelo, where it was crossed by a stone bridge.",
"Commemorating Caesar's crossing in San Vito could be one reason for the road's rerouting, particularly given the monumental nature of the bridge.San Vito's parish church is first recorded between 889 and 898.Its proximity to the river, which is liable to heavy flooding, suggests it may have guarded some important area considered historically important or sacred.''''"
],
[
"See also",
"* List of Roman bridges* Roman architecture* Roman engineering"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"V.A.N (song)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''V.A.N'''\" (an acronym for \"Violence Against Nature\") is a song by American band Bad Omens and American singer-songwriter Poppy.",
"The song was released through Sumerian Records on January 25, 2024.It served as the lead single from the band's upcoming reissue album ''Concrete Forever''.The song premiered on SiriusXM's Octane radio station hours before its official release."
],
[
"Background",
"\"V.A.N\" was performed entirely by Poppy (pictured in 2018).In September 2023, Poppy announced that she would be supporting Bad Omens across Europe for their Concrete Forever Tour, ahead of her own Zig Tour in support of her fifth album ''Zig'' (2023).",
"In January 2024, Bad Omens deleted all of their Instagram posts and began posting video teasers that featured Poppy."
],
[
"Composition",
"\"V.A.N\" is an industrial metal song that features lead vocals from Poppy only.",
"The sci-fi-themed song includes inspiration from Bad Omens' comic book Concrete Jungle.",
"It tells a story of an artificial intelligence entity that would destroy humanity.Speaking about the song, Sebastian elaborated:"
],
[
"Music video",
"The music video for \"V.A.N\" was released alongside the song, and was directed by Garrett Nicholson and Poppy.",
"The visuals were inspired by the video game ''Portal'', the film ''Ex Machina'', and the TV show ''Stranger Things''."
],
[
"Live performance",
"Bad Omens and Poppy debuted the song live in Berlin on January 27, 2024."
],
[
"Charts",
"+Chart performance for \"V.A.N\" Chart (2024) Peakposition UK Singles Downloads (OCC) 81 UK Singles Sales (OCC) 88 UK Rock & Metal (OCC) 25"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Her Majesty's Gaol and Labour Prison, Alice Springs"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The gaol soon after construction, as seen from Billy Goat Hill, Alice Springs, c 1938The main cell block, c 1938The corridor of the main cell block, c 1938'''Her Majesty's Gaol and Labour Prison''' was a government run prison in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory which operated between 1938 and 1996.It was preceded by Stuart Town Gaol and replaced by the still operating Alice Springs Correctional Centre.It is now the location of the Women's Museum of Australia."
],
[
"History",
"Builders began work on the gaol in 1936 and was the replacement for the, significantly smaller, Stuart Town Gaol and it was designed by CE Davies who displayed an understanding of arid zone principles.",
"It was opened in November 1938 and housed men and women; until 1964 male prisoners were segregated by race.",
"The gaol was originally designed to house 22 prisoners and prisoners sentenced to longer sentences were regularly transferred to Fannie Bay Gaol or prisons in South Australia.The first Warden, also called Keeper, of the gaol was Philip Francis (Phil) Muldoon who was a long serving Northern Territory police officer; he was appointed by the then Administrator Aubrey Abbott.",
"He worked there alongside his wife, Bertilla Muldoon, who was the de facto (unpaid) matron and also cared for the female prisoners.",
"During the Muldoons' management, the gaol was neatly maintained with substantial vegetable, fruit and flower gardens.",
"It also had an ant-bed tennis court constructed by Phil Muldoon.For this reason it gained the nicknames 'Vatican City' (in reference to their Catholicism) and 'Muldoon's Guest House'.",
"The prisoners often called it Greenbush and this name is still in use by the Greenbush Art Group which operates from the Alice Springs Correctional Centre in partnership with Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education.",
"Phil Muldoon left the role when he retired in 1960.During World War II one of the women's call blocks, with had been set aside for 'European' women (non-Aboriginal) women was acquired by the Army for military prisoners including, for two months, German and Italian internees; they were then transferred to Tatura, Victoria.",
"Also during World War II the gaol was the only correction facility in the Northern Territory from 1942 until the end of the war during the Bombing of Darwin.One famous former prisoner is Olive Pink who, after being denied an inspection, intestinally entered an Aboriginal Reserve (without permission) so that she would be arrested.",
"She was found guilty in court and was required to pay a fine or spent 5 days in prison.",
"She was furious when the Warden Phil Muldoon paid her fine rather than have her in the gaol.",
"Albert Namatjira also spent a number of night there before being transferred to serve his sentence in Papunya; after his death a protest camp of approximately 250 people camped at the gates of the gaol.In 1956 Telka Williams began working in the women's section and worked there until her retirement in 1984.Telka Williams, who was an advocate for disability care in the Northern Territory, spoke out about the imprisonment of 'mental defectives' within the prison and said:Telka Williams husband, Joseph (Taffy) Williams, who was Superintendent of the gaol during some of the period Telka worked there called it a \"black mark on the administration in the Northern Territory\".Prisoner numbers rose sharply from the mid-1960s onwards and the gaol received criticism for its high levels of incarceration of Aboriginal people and for housing juvenile offenders within the main prison population.",
"To meet the needs of this increasing prison population there were many alterations made to the complex.In June 1993, three years before it was closed, the original gaol buildings were given heritage status as part of the Alice Springs Heritage Precinct and the Precinct, including the gaol, was entered on the Register of the National Estate in May 1996.The gaol closed two months later.In 1997, despite heritage protection, the site was set to be developed and a locally formed protest group was formed called 'Save the old gaol\".",
"After much lobbying, and a petition with over 2,000 signatures, the gaol was not developed.",
"Instead it was leased to the National Pioneer Women's Hall of Fame, now known as the Women's Museum of Australia.",
"The Women's Museum has maintained the original gaol buildings and gaol stories, including the fight to save the building, are shared.",
"The museum was founded by Molly Clark and opened in 2007."
],
[
"External links",
"* Her Majesty's Gaol and Labour Prison, Alice Springs (1938 - 1996) on Find & Connect"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Nuclear Orthodoxy"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Symbol of Nuclear Orthodoxy, created by .",
"The slogan \"Orthodoxy or death!\"",
"is written around the nuclear symbol.",
"'''Nuclear Orthodoxy''' (), also sometimes referred to as '''Atomic Orthodoxy''', is a Russian eschatological political concept which believes that Russia must build up its military, particularly its nuclear arsenal, in order to prepare for the Second Coming.",
"First conceived in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Nuclear Orthodoxy has become an integral part of the ideology of the Russian Orthodox Church and an important part of Putinism."
],
[
"History",
"Nuclear Orthodoxy was first formulated in the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union among Eurasianist political circles.",
"The term was first coined by , who published a painting of a nuclear submarine with Christian imagery at the NovoNovosibirsk exhibition in Paris in 1999.The concept gradually became part of the Russian world ideology.",
"In 2005, Fyodor Ushakov was recognised as patron saint of Russia's nuclear arsenal.President Vladimir Putin first invoked Nuclear Orthodoxy in a 1 February 2007 press conference, where he stated that the Russian Orthodox Church and Russia's nuclear arsenal were \"the components that strengthen Russian statehood and create the conditions for ensuring the country's internal and external security.\"",
"Putin has continued to invoke Nuclear Orthodoxy on various occasions, such as a 2018 claim that Russians would \"go to heaven as martyrs\" and foreigners would \"simply drop dead.",
"\"Nuclear Orthodoxy was further elaborated upon by Eurasianist ideologue in 2009, where he argued that Russia must secure dominance over the West through military methods and nuclear blackmail.",
"The same year, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow visited the city of Sarov, home to the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics and birthplace of Saint Seraphim of Sarov, where he said that Russia's nuclear weapons programme was the will of God.Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Nuclear Orthodoxy has gained increased attention, particularly as a result of heightened nuclear threats."
],
[
"Beliefs",
"Kholmogorov outlined the principles of Nuclear Orthodoxy in a June 2007 lecture at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, where he stressed the Christian and eschatological nature of the ideology.",
"As stated in the lecture, Nuclear Orthodoxy is focused on ensuring that the Holy Spirit is received by Russians, that demons are exorcised from Russia, and that Russia is prepared to maintain the Holy Rus' in preparation of the Second Coming, and that nuclear weapons will defend Russia from the forces of Satan.According to Kholmogorov, three \"straitjackets\" were imposed upon humanity by God as a reaction to Satan's power.",
"These \"straitjackets\" are mortality (in accordance with the fall of man), the disobedience of nature to man (in accordance with the Flood myth), and humanity's fragmentation along ethnic lines (in accordance with the Tower of Babel).",
"Kholmogorov argued that there are three methods to overcoming these limitations: through the path of grace and humility, through the path of law and progress, and through the path of rebellion through occultism.",
"Humility is considered by Kholmogorov to be positive and occultism negative, while progress is considered as neutral so long as it does not cross over with occultism.Kholmogorov additionally argues that Russia's uniquely Christian nature was established by Sergius of Radonezh, and Russia later turned to autocracy under Ivan the Terrible in reaction to conflict with the Western world.",
"He argues that the city of Sarov played a critical role in preventing Russia from becoming part of the west, both as the origin of Saint Seraphim and due to its role in producing nuclear weapons.Kholmogorov has lastly categorised Nuclear Orthodoxy as a form of \"hagiopolitics\", a term also used by the Russian Orthodox Church to justify its support for nuclear proliferation.",
"According to the ROC, nuclear weapons are a necessity to ensure the safety of Moscow, third Rome against the forces of evil.",
"Nuclear Orthodoxy has been linked to similar ideas of by researchers, such as Maria Engström of Uppsala University, and been compared to jihadism for its emphasis on holy war."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Vasiliki Skreta"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Vasiliki Skreta''' is a Greek and American economist, Chair of Microeconomics at University College London, a fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research, and the Leroy G. Denman Regents Professor of Economics at the University of Texas at Austin.",
"She is a theoretical microeconomist whose research interests include mechanism design and market intervention."
],
[
"Education and career",
"Skreta studied economics at the Athens University of Economics and Business, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1995.She completed a Ph.D. in 2001 at the University of Pittsburgh, supervised by Philip J. Reny.She became an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota from 2002 to 2004, at the University of California, Los Angeles from 2004 to 2008, and at the New York University Stern School of Business from 2008 to 2013.In 2013, she moved to University College London as a full professor of economics.",
"In 2017 she added a second affiliation professor of economics at the University of Texas at Austin.",
"The University of Texas gave her the Leroy G. Denman Regents Professorship in 2021."
],
[
"Recognition",
"Skreta was elected as a Fellow of the Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory in 2021, as a Fellow of the European Economic Association in 2022, and as a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 2023."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Home page*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Chris Casey (American football)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Christopher Casey''' (born ) is an American college football coach.",
"He is the head football coach for George Fox University, a position he has held since 2013.Casey played college football as a linebacker for Mt.",
"Hood Community College (1977–1978) and Linfield College (1979–1981).",
"He began his coaching career from 1982 to 1984 at The Dalles Wahtonka High School—now known as The Dalles High School.",
"He returned to Linfield as an assistant coach from 1985 to 1994.From 1994 to 2004, he was an assistant coach at Whitworth.Casey was the head football coach for Aloha High School from 2004 to 2012.He led Aloha to the OSAA Class 6A championship in 2010.In February 2012, Casey was hired as head football coach at George Fox, though on the condition that he would remain at Aloha for the 2012 season and then join George Fox in 2013 and restart the foootball program for the 2014 season."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Casey's brother, Pat, was the head baseball coach for George Fox University and Oregon State University."
],
[
"Head coaching record",
"===College======High school==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* George Fox profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023–24 UTEP Miners women's basketball team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023–24 UTEP Miners women's basketball team''' represents the University of Texas at El Paso during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.",
"The Miners, led by Keitha Adams in the first season of her second stint as head coach, and 17th season overall, play their home games at the Don Haskins Center in El Paso, Texas as a member of Conference USA."
],
[
"Previous season",
"The Miners finished the 2022–23 season 20–12, 12–8 in C-USA play to finish in a tie for fourth place.",
"As the #4 seed in the C-USA tournament, they defeated #5 seed Louisiana Tech in the quarterfinals, before falling to top-seeded and eventual tournament champions Middle Tennessee in the semifinals.",
"They received an at-large bid into the WNIT, where they would lose in the first round to Texas Tech.On April 5, 2023, head coach Kevin Baker announced his resignation, after six years at the helm.",
"On April 11, 2023, it was announced that Wichita State head coach Keitha Adams, who coached the Miners from 2001 to 2017, would be returning as the team's next head coach."
],
[
"Roster"
],
[
"Schedule and results",
" Exhibition Non-conference regular season C-USA regular seasonC-USA tournamentSources:"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sévaré hotel attack"
],
[
"Introduction",
"On August 7, 2015, jihadists from Al-Mourabitoun and Katiba Macina attacked the Byblos Hotel in Sévaré, Mali.",
"The attack was one of the largest attacks against civilians in Mopti Region during the Mali War, and led to the deaths of thirteen people, including five civilians."
],
[
"Background",
"Jihadist groups like Ansar Dine and al-Mourabitoun have been fighting the Malian government since the Tuareg rebellion broke out in 2012.In late 2014 and early 2015, these groups expanded westward, gaining footholds into Tombouctou Region and Mopti Region, and sometimes conducting attacks in major western Malian centers such as a restaurant in Bamako in March 2015 and Nara that June.On August 3, just four days before the attack in Sévaré, militants from Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb attacked Malian forces in the riverine town of Gourma-Rharous, Tombouctou region, killing eleven soldiers."
],
[
"Attack",
"On August 7, a small group of jihadists was dispatched to the Byblos Hotel in Sévaré, locally known as a place for former pilots and mechanics working for MINUSMA.",
"The first attack was on a bus carrying the expatriates to the Mopti Airport, when a jihadist opened fire on the bus driver, who fled on foot.",
"The jihadist then threw a grenade into the bus, killing two people.",
"Afterwards, the perpetrator fled into the Byblos Hotel.Due to Sévaré's proximity to the Malian military base in Mopti, a large number of Malian soldiers were quickly dispatched to Sévaré.",
"The Malian government surrounded the hotel, engaging in a shootout that lasted for several hours.",
"Three soldiers were killed in a vehicle bombing during the shootout.",
"That night, Malian gendarmerie teams launched an assault on the hotel at around 4 or 5 am.",
"No shots were fired, and the Malian forces discovered the bodies of two expatriates.",
"The last jihadist in the hotel was killed.The French army, while stationed at the nearby airport, did not intervene with the exception of a few fly-bys over the hotel by French planes."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"=== Casualties ===The Malian government released a statement on August 7 announcing the provisional death toll of five Malian soldiers, two wounded, two jihadists killed, and seven suspects arrested.",
"This statement was amended two days later, with the updated toll being four soldiers killed, four jihadists killed, and five MINUSMA contractors killed.",
"Eight Malian soldiers were injured, and seven suspects were arrested.",
"The United Nations stated in its September 2015 report that four Malian soldiers were killed and ten were injured, along with four MINUSMA contractors and one civilian.Four hostages were rescued, including two Ukrainians, two Russians, and a South African.",
"The five MINUSMA contractors killed included a Malian driver, a South African, two Ukrainians, and a Nepali.",
"Reuters reported the deaths of four other civilians, but this was nor corroborated by other news agencies.",
"RFI reported that the four hostages were never actually taken hostage by the attackers; they instead managed to stay hidden within the hotel.",
"The Malian army was tipped off to the seven suspects by locals who claimed they provided logistics and intelligence to the attackers, but all seven suspects were released.",
"Anti-terrorism experts arrived in Sévaré on August 9 to assess the situation.=== Perpetrator ===On August 8, the Malian government suspected Mopti region's Ansar Dine affiliate Katiba Macina for the attack.",
"In an August 10 press release given to Al Jazeera, Al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack.",
"That same day, Souleyman Mohamed Kennen, a close confidant of Katiba Macina leader Amadou Koufa, claimed responsibility for the attack.",
"Kennen claimed to have fought with Mokhtar Belmokhtar, leader of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, in 2012.Kennen and al-Mourabitoun's claims established a level of connection between the two groups.The Coordination of Azawad Movements, a Tuareg-dominated coalition of rebels that had fought the Malian government from 2012 until an August 2015 peace deal, dubbed the hotel attack as \"terrorist attacks\" and expressed their condolences."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"List of councils of government"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a list of lists of councils of government in the United States."
],
[
"List",
"=== Arizona ===* Arizona Association of Counties* Maricopa Association of Governments=== California ===* Association of Bay Area Governments* San Bernardino Associated Governments* San Diego Association of Governments* League of California Cities=== Connecticut ===The eight planning regions of Connecticut* Capitol Planning Region, Connecticut* Greater Bridgeport Planning Region, Connecticut* Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region, Connecticut* Naugatuck Valley Planning Region, Connecticut* Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut* Northwest Hills Planning Region, Connecticut* South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut* Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut* Western Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut=== Georgia (state) ===* Atlanta Community Relations Commission* Atlanta Regional Commission=== North Carolina ===* Triangle J Council of Governments=== Oklahoma ===The area served by the South Western Oklahoma Development Authority* Kiamichi Economic Development District of Oklahoma* South Western Oklahoma Development Authority=== Texas ===* Alamo Area Council of Governments* Ark-Tex Council of Governments* Brazos Valley Council of Governments* Capital Area Council of Governments* Central Texas Council of Governments* Coastal Bend Council of Governments* Concho Valley Council of Governments* Deep East Texas Council of Governments* East Texas Council of Governments* Golden Crescent Regional Planning Commission* Heart of Texas Council of Governments* Houston-Galveston Area Council* Lower Rio Grande Valley Development Council* Middle Rio Grande Development Council* Nortex Regional Planning Commission* North Central Texas Council of Governments* Panhandle Regional Planning Commission* Permian Basin Regional Planning Commission* Rio Grande Council of Governments* South East Texas Regional Planning Commission* South Plains Association of Governments* South Texas Development Council* Texoma Council of Governments* West Central Texas Council of Governments=== Other ===* Central Iowa Regional Association of Local Governments* Chesapeake Bay Commission* Council of Energy Resource Tribes* Denver Regional Council of Governments, Colorado* East-West Gateway Council of Governments* Houston-Galveston Area Council* Kansas City SmartPort* Kentucky League of Cities* Metropolitan Council* Mid-America Regional Council* New Jersey State League of Municipalities* Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments* State rural development councils* Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments* Virginia Planning District Commissions* Warren-Morris Council of Governments"
],
[
"See also",
"* :Category:Councils of governments* Lists of counties* List of administrative divisions by country"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Freestyle skiing at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Men's halfpipe"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''men's halfpipe''' event in freestyle skiing at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics took place on 31 January at the Welli Hilli Park."
],
[
"Qualification",
"The qualification was started at 10:15.Rank Bib Name Country Run 1 Run 2 Best Notes 1 Luke Harrold 2 Finley Melville Ives 3 Ben Fethke 4 Hunter Maytin 5 Moon Hee-sung 6 Su Shuaibing 7 Kashu Sato 8 Liam Richards 9 Shin Dong-ho 10 Alan Bornet 11 Alois Panchaud 12 Quincy Barr 13 Li Hongzu 14 Trent Morozumi"
],
[
"Final",
"The final was started at 13:30.Rank Bib Name Country Run 1 Run 2 Best Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Freestyle skiing at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Women's halfpipe"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''women's halfpipe''' event in freestyle skiing at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics took place on 31 January at the Welli Hilli Park."
],
[
"Qualification",
"The qualification was started at 10:15.Rank Bib Name Country Run 1 Run 2 Best Notes 1 4 Chen Zihan 74.25 '''89.00''' '''89.00''' Q 2 1 Liu Yishan '''86.75''' 83.25 '''86.75''' Q 3 2 Kathryn Gray '''81.50''' 24.50 '''81.50''' Q 4 3 Piper Arnold 64.25 '''66.50''' '''66.50''' Q 5 5 Grete-Mia Meentalo '''60.25''' 59.75 '''60.25''' Q 6 6 Lee So-young 31.25 '''32.00''' '''32.00''' Q"
],
[
"Final",
"The final was started at 13:30.Rank Bib Name Country Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best 1 Liu Yishan 89.75 '''92.25''' 86.50 '''92.25''' 4 Chen Zihan '''83.75''' 77.00 24.50 '''83.75''' 2 Kathryn Gray 75.00 78.75 '''79.25''' '''79.25''' 4 3 Piper Arnold '''60.75''' 58.75 60.00 '''60.75''' 5 5 Grete-Mia Meentalo 53.50 21.75 '''55.50''' '''55.50''' 6 6 Lee So-young 18.25 '''20.25''' 19.00 '''20.25'''"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lycanthrope Leo"
],
[
"Introduction",
" is a Japanese manga series written by and illustrated by .",
"It was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine ''Young Sunday'' from 1991 to 1993, with its chapters collected in four volumes."
],
[
"Publication",
"Written by and illustrated by , ''Lycanthrope Leo'' was serialized in Shogakukan's manga magazine ''Young Sunday'' from 1991 to 1993.Shogakukan collected its chapters in four volumes, released from July 4, 1992, to November 5, 1993.In North America, the manga was published in an American comic book format by Viz Communications, with seven issues released in 1994.It was later published in graphic novel format; however, it was canceled after releasing one volume.===Volumes==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"John Goelz"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''John Goelz''' is an American baseball coach who is the current head coach of the Sonoma State Seawolves.",
"His career head coaching record is 1,150–810–5, as of the end of the 2023 season.",
"Prior to his coaching career, Goelz played college baseball at San Francisco State.",
"He was a pitcher for the Gators in the mid-1970s.",
"He was named Northern California Athletic Conference Coach of the Year four times and was California Collegiate Athletic Association Coach of the Year in 2001, 2007 and 2008.Goelz has been recognized nationally by receiving awards from American Baseball Coaches Association and National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association by being named NCAA Division II West Region Coach of the Year a total of five times.He began coaching as an assistant at his alma mater, San Francisco State from 1977 to 1982.He then became the varsity coach at Albany (HS).",
"In 1986, he became the head coach at Sonoma State, replacing Steve Blateric.",
"On April 25, 2015, Gelz earned his 1,000th career victory.",
"Goelz has managed former Major League Baseball players Daniel Barone, Tommy Everidge, O'Koyea Dickson and Scott Alexander.",
"Seattle Mariners hitting coach Tony Arnerich also worked under Goelz as an assistant coach in 2006.As of 2023, 41 players have been selected in the Major League Baseball draft under Goelz."
],
[
"Head coaching record",
"Below is a table of Goelz's yearly records as an NCAA Division II head baseball coach."
],
[
"See also",
"* List of college baseball coaches with 1,100 wins"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"César Award for Best Documentary Short Film"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''César Award for Best Documentary Short Film''' () is an award presented annually by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma from 1977 to 1991 and again since 2022."
],
[
"Background",
"The César Award for Best Documentary Short Film was first awarded in 1977 and presented annually until 1991.It was replaced by the integrated César Award for Best Short Film (1992–2021).In September 2021, the governing association of the César Awards voted to create two new awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Documentary Short Film, both of which were introduced in the 47th ceremony (2022).",
"The documentary short category was established with the desire to \"reveal emerging documentary filmmakers.\""
],
[
"Winners and nominees",
"===1970s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Director(s)''' 1977(2nd) '''''The Football Incident''''' '''''Une histoire de ballon - lycée n° 31 - Pékin''''' '''Marceline Loridan''' and '''Joris Ivens''' ''L'Atelier de Louis'' Didier Pourcel ''L'Éruption de la Montagne Pelée'' Manuel Otéro ''Hongrie vers quel socialisme?''",
"Claude Weisz ''Les Murs d'une révolution'' Jean-Paul Dekiss ''Women Reply'' ''Réponses de femmes'' Agnès Varda 1978(3rd) '''''Le Maréchal-ferrant''''' '''Georges Rouquier''' ''Benchavis'' Jean-Daniel Simon ''La Loterie de la vie'' Guy Gilles ''Naissance'' Frédéric Le Boyer ''Samara'' Rafi Toumayan 1979(4th) '''''L'Arbre vieux''''' '''Henri Moline''' ''Chaotilop'' Jean-Louis Gros ''Tibesti too'' Raymond Depardon===1980s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Director(s)''' 1980(5th) '''''Petit Pierre''''' '''Emmanuel Clot''' ''Georges Demenÿ'' Joël Farges ''Panoplie'' Philippe Gaucherand ''Le Sculpteur parfait'' Rafi Toumayan 1981(6th) '''''Le Miroir de la terre''''' '''Daniel Absil''' and '''Paul de Roubaix''' ''Abel Gance, une mémoire de l'avenir'' Laurent Drancourt and Thierry Filliard ''Insomnies'' Peter Schamoni 1982(7th) '''''Reporters''''' '''Raymond Depardon''' ''Ci-gisent'' Valérie Moncorge ''Solange Giraud née Tache'' Simone Bitton 1983(8th) '''''Junkopia''''' '''Chris Marker''' ''L'Ange de l'abîme'' Annie Tresgot ''Los Montes'' José Martin Sarmiento ''Sculptures sonores'' Jacques Barsac 1984(9th) '''''Ulysse''''' '''Agnès Varda''' ''Je sais que j'ai tort, mais demandez à mes copains, ils vous diront la même chose'' Pierre Lévy ''La Vie au bout des doigts'' Jean-Paul Janssen 1985(10th) '''''La Nuit du hibou''''' '''François Dupeyron''' ''L'Écuelle et l'assiette'' Raoul Rossi ''Hommage à Dürer'' Gérard Samson 1986(11th) '''''New York N.Y.''''' '''Raymond Depardon''' ''La Boucane'' Jean Gaumy ''C'était la dernière année de ma vie'' Claude Weisz ''Un petit prince'' Radovan Tadic 1987(12th) ''No award given''.",
"1988(13th) '''''L'Été perdu''''' '''Dominique Théron''' ''Pour une poignée de kurus'' Gilbert Augerau and Christian Raimbaud 1989(14th) '''''Chet's romance''''' '''Bertrand Fèvre''' ''Classified people'' Yolande Zauberman ''Devant le mur'' Daisy Lamothe===1990s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Director(s)''' 1990(15th) '''''Chanson pour un marin''''' '''Bernard Aubouy''' ''Le Faucon de Notre-Dame'' Claude-Christine Farny 1991(16th) '''''La Valise''''' '''François Amado''' ''Tai Ti Chan'' Chi Yan Wong===2020s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Director(s)''' 2022(47th) '''''Maalbeek''''' '''Ismaël Joffroy Chandoutis''' ''America'' Giacomo Abbruzzese ''Antelopes'' ''Les Antilopes'' Maxime Martinot ''The End of Kings'' ''La Fin des rois'' Rémi Brachet 2023(48th) '''''Maria Schneider, 1983''''' '''Elisabeth Subrin''' ''Churchill, Polar Bear Town'' Annabelle Amoros ''Listen to the Beat of Our Images'' ''Écoutez le battement de nos images'' Audrey Jean-Baptiste and Maxime Jean-Baptiste 2024(49th) ''L'Acteur, ou la surprenante vertu de l'incompréhension'' Hugo David and Raphaël Quenard ''How I Got My Wrinkles'' ''L'Effet de mes rides'' Claude Delafosse ''The Mechanics of Fluids'' ''La Mécanique des fluides'' Gala Hernández López"
],
[
"See also",
"*Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film*Goya Award for Best Documentary Short Film"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * César Award for Best Documentary Short Film at ''AlloCiné''"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Michael O'Donovan (Gaelic footballer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Michael O'Donovan''' (born 29 May 1976) is an Irish Gaelic football coach and former player.",
"At club level he played with Dohenys and at inter-county level with the Cork senior football team."
],
[
"Early life",
"Born and raised in Dunmanway, County Cork, O'Donovan first played Gaelic football as a schoolboy with Coláiste Chairbre.",
"His performances at school level resulted in his selection for the Cork vocational schools' team, and he won an All-Ireland VSFC title after a 0–13 to 0–07 defeat of Donegal in 1994."
],
[
"Club career",
"O'Donovan began his club career at juvenile and underage levels with the Dohenys club in Dunmanway.",
"He progressed through the ranks before making his adult debut with the Dohenys intermediate team in 1995.O'Donovan's debut season was a successful one as he claimed a Cork IFC medal after an 0–11 to 0–07 defeat of Kilmurry in the final.After a decade in the Cork SFC, Dohenys qualified for the 2006 final against Nemo Rangers.",
"O'Donovan kicked a point from centre-back but ended on the losing side after a 1–11 to 0–07 defeat.",
"He brought his club career to an end in 2010."
],
[
"Inter-county career",
"O'Donovan first appeared on the inter-county scene with Cork as a member of the junior team in 1996.He won a Munster JFC medal that year after a 1–10 to 1–08 defeat of Kerry in the provincial decider.",
"O'Donovan ended the campaign with an All-Ireland JFC medal after Cork beat Metah by 4–11 to 0–10 in the All-Ireland final.",
"He spent one unsuccessful season with the Cork under-21 team in 1997.O'Donovan later earned a call-up to the senior team and he made his debut during the 1998–99 National League.",
"He claimed his first silverware with Cork after a defeat of Dublin in the league final.",
"O'Donovan made his Munster SFC debut against Waterford two weeks, but lost his place on the starting fifteen in all subsequent games.",
"He was a non-playing substitute when Cork beat Kerry in the 1999 Munster final.",
"O'Donovan came off the bench as a substitute when Cork suffered a 1–11 to 1–08 defeat by Meath in the 1999 All-Ireland final.As a peripheral player on the team over the following few years, O'Donovan collected a second Munster SFC winners' medal as a substitute after a defeat of Tipperary in the 2002 Munster final replay.",
"His inter-county career ended shortly afterwards."
],
[
"Inter-provincial career",
"O'Donovan's performances at inter-county level resulted in a call-up to the Munster inter-provincial team.",
"He spent two consecutive years with the team, culminating with the winning of a Railway Cup medal in 1999."
],
[
"Management career",
"In retirement from playing, O'Donovan became involved as a selector with Dohenys."
],
[
"Honours",
";Dohenys*Cork Intermediate Football Championship: 1995;Cork*Munster Senior Football Championship: 1999, 2002*National Football League: 1998–99*All-Ireland Junior Football Championship: 1996*Munster Junior Football Championship: 1996;Munster*Railway Cup: 1999"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sabine Fischer (political scientist)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Sabine Fischer in 2021'''Sabine Fischer''' (born 1969) is a German political scientist.",
"She currently works at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs as a specialist in Russian foreign and security policy, EU-Russia relations, unresolved conflicts in the east region of the EU, and regional relations between East Europe and Eurasia.",
"She has published several books, articles and studies on her core topic of Eastern Europe.",
"She advises the German Federal Government, and her expertise was and is often sought in interviews and television appearances, especially during the Russian invasion of Ukraine."
],
[
"Life and career",
"Fischer completed her doctorate in 2002 with a thesis about ''The Importance of Identity Discourses for Russian Foreign Policy'' at the Goethe University Frankfurt.Fischer worked from 1997 to 2006, initially at the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, then at the Mannheim Center for European Social Research, and for the Institute for East European Studies of Free University of Berlin.",
"From 2007 to 2012, Fischer worked as a Research Fellow at the European Union Institute for Security Studies in Paris.",
"From 2012 to 2018, she was the leader of the East Europe and Eurasia Research Group at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs in Berlin.",
"In May 2015, she worked at the Carnegie Moscow Center, as a Visiting Fellow.",
"From 2012 to 2018, Fischer was the team leader of the \"Public Diplomacy.",
"EU and Russia\" project in collaboration with the Goethe-Institut in Moscow.",
"She has worked as a Senior Fellow of the East Europe and Eurasia Research Group of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs in Berlin since May 2021.Fischer has been a member of the Executive Board of the German Association for East European Studies (DGO) since 2014 and its Managing Director since 2021.She has been a member of the Petersburger Dialogs e.V.",
"since 2015, and a member of the advisory board of the \"FES Regional Office for Cooperation and Peace in Europe\" of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Vienna since 2016.Since 2017, she has been a member of the scientific advisory board of the Russian Analytical Digest published by several German Eastern European institutes (University of Bremen, German Association for East European Studies, Leibniz Institute) and since 2021 she has been a member of the Europe/Transatlantic Advisory Board of the Heinrich Böll Foundation."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Individual dressage at the 2005 European Dressage Championships"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The individual dressage at the 2005 European Dressage Championships in Hagen, Germany was held at Hof Kasselmann from 29 to 31 July 2005.The Netherlands's Anky van Grunsven won Grand Prix, the Grand Prix Special and the Grand.",
"Prix Freestyle and was crowned as overall European Champion.",
"Hubertus Schmidt representing Germany won a silver medal, becoming second in the Grand Prix, second in the Grand Prix Special and third in the Grand Prix Freestyle.",
"Jan Brink of Sweden won a bronze medal overall.",
"after becoming third in the Grand Prix, fifth in the Grand Prix Special and second in the Grand Prix Freestyle.",
"Germany won the golden team medal, The Netherlands won silver and Spain and Sweden won bronze with an ex-aequo result."
],
[
"Competition format",
"The team and individual dressage competitions used the same results.",
"Dressage had three phases.",
"The first phase was the Grand Prix.",
"Top 25 individuals advanced to the second phase, the Grand Prix Special which was part of the individual overall ranking.",
"The set of medals at the 2005 European Dressage Championships was awarded after the third phase, the Grand Prix Freestyle where the top 15 combinations competed, with a maximum of the three best riders per country."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+1) Date Time RoundThursday, 28 July 2005 10:30Grand Prix (Day 1)Friday, 29 July 2005 10:30Grand Prix (Day 2)Saturday, 30 July 2005 10:00'''Grand Prix Special'''Sunday, 31 July 2005 11:00'''Grand Prix Freestyle'''"
],
[
"Results",
"RiderNationHorseGP scoreRankGPS scoreRankGPF scoreRankAnky van GrunsvenSalinero 77.417 1 '''Q''' 76.160 1 '''Q''' 83.000 1Hubertus SchmidtWansuela Suerte 74.625 2 '''Q''' 75.720 2 '''Q''' 80.525 3Jan BrinkBjörsells Briar 899 74.292 3 '''Q''' 73.720 5 '''Q''' 81.000 2Ann Kathrin LinsenhoffSterntaler Unicef 74.250 4 '''Q''' 73.360 7 '''Q''' 72.350 13Edward GalLingh 72.917 5 '''Q''' 73.560 6 '''Q''' 76.650 6Heike KemmerBonaparte 72.833 6 '''Q''' WD - Carl HesterEscapado 72.792 7 '''Q''' 74.320 3 '''Q''' 74.675 11Karen TebarFalada M 72.292 8 '''Q''' 73.280 8 '''Q''' .",
"72.350 14Beatriz Ferrer-SalatBeauvalais 71.833 9 '''Q''' 73.840 4 '''Q''' 75.375 8Juan Antonio JimenezGuizo 71.792 10 '''Q''' 70.600 13 '''Q''' 79.550 4Silvia IkleSalieri CH 71.583 11 '''Q''' 71.360 10 '''Q''' 75.775 7Andreas HelgstrandBlue Horse Cavan 71.542 12 '''Q''' 70.760 12 '''Q''' 77.450 5Lone JoergensenHardthof's Ludewig G 70.833 13 '''Q''' 67.560 20 Laurens van LierenHexagon's Ollright 70.833 13 '''Q''' 70.280 15 '''Q''' 75.050 9Kyra KyrklundMax 70.500 15 '''Q''' 71.720 9 '''Q''' 75.000 10Tinne VilhelmsonJust Mickey 70.208 16 '''Q''' 71.240 11 '''Q''' 72.925 12Alexandra KorelovaBalagur 69.708 17 '''Q''' 70.600 13 '''Q''' 70.375 15Fiona BigwoodMr.",
"G de Lully 69.708 17 '''Q''' 67.840 19 Ignacio RamblaDistinguido 2 69.500 19 '''Q''' 69.920 17 Victoria Max-TheurerFalcao 69.417 20 '''Q''' 67.400 21 Klaus HusenbethPiccolino 69.250 21 '''Q''' 67.360 22 Hubert PerringDiabolo St Maurice 68.958 22 '''Q''' 65.360 24 Emma HindleWie Weltmeyer 68.792 23 '''Q''' 66.120 23 Louise NathorstGuinness 68.625 24 '''Q''' 69.960 16 Christian PlägeRegent 68.375 25 '''Q''' 69.840 18 Elena KalininaRoyal Black Label 68.000 26 Fie Christine SkarsoeMünchhausen TSF 67.875 27 Wayne ChannonLorenzo CH 67.708 28 Caroline Kottas-HeldenbergExupery 67.208 29 Dominique d'EsméRoi de Cour GFD 66.833 30 Nathalie zu Sayn-WittgensteinRigoletto 66.792 31 Sven RothenbergerBarclay II 66.667 32 Miguel DuarteOxalis da Meia Lua 66.667 32 Marie-Line WettsteinLe Primeur 65.708 34 Carlos PintoNovatel JCL Puy du Fou 65.542 35 Jose Ignacio Lopez PorrasNevado Santa Clara 64.917 36 Jeroen DevroePaganini 64.333 37 Mieke LunskensJade 64.333 37 Katarzyna MilczarekLecantos 64.083 39 Renate VoglsangDavidoff 63.917 40 Claudia MontanariDon Vittorio 63.792 41 Heike HolsteinWelt Adel 63.792 41 Nina StadlingerEgalite 63.583 43 Vera MinaevaGepard 63.458 44 Jaroslaw WierzchowskiWieland 63.417 45 Nuno VicenteNostradamus do Top 63.042 46 Marcela Krinke-SusmeljFibrin 62.833 47 Tanja YlikoskiRoi du Ballet 62.333 48 Constance MenardLianca 62.292 49 Zaneta SkowronskaRomeo 61.708 49 Andre ParadaLandim 61.042 50 Svetlana YevshchikDombai 60.958 52 Halina ZotavaVerona 60.083 53 Philippe JorissenPikante Pia VD Bergerhoeve 58.792 54"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ryan Slowik"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ryan Slowik''' (born ) is an American football coach and former player who is the defensive backs coach and pass game specialist for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL).",
"he played college football for the Youngstown State Penguins and Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans and has had stints with the Green Bay Packers, Wisconsin–Oshkosh, Denver Broncos, Arizona Cardinals, New York Jets, Cleveland Browns, Tennessee and the Webb School of Knoxville."
],
[
"Early life",
"Slowik is the son of coach Bob Slowik and brother of coach Bobby Slowik.",
"He grew up in Gainesville, Florida, and played college football as a safety for the Youngstown State Penguins from 1999 to 2000, before transferring and playing from 2001 to 2003 with the Wisconsin–Oshkosh Titans."
],
[
"Coaching career",
"Slowik began his coaching career in 2003 as a personnel intern for the Green Bay Packers.",
"He then returned to Wisconsin–Oshkosh in 2004 as assistant secondary coach.",
"In 2005, he became a defensive assistant with the Denver Broncos.",
"Two years later, he was named assistant special teams coach, and then in 2008, he was the team's assistant defensive backs coach.Slowik became the defensive quality control coach for the Arizona Cardinals in 2009.He was promoted to outside linebackers coach in 2012.He then was the team's assistant defensive backs coach and a defensive assistant from 2013 to 2014.In 2015, he served as the assistant defensive line coach for the New York Jets.",
"He then joined the Cleveland Browns in 2016 as outside linebackers coach, but was one of several staff members fired after the season.",
"Slowik served as a defensive analyst for the Tennessee Volunteers in 2017, and spent 2018 as the head of operations at a sports training facility.",
"He became an assistant coach at the Webb School of Knoxville in 2019.In 2022, Slowik joined the Miami Dolphins as senior defensive assistant.",
"He was promoted to outside linebackers coach in 2023.He was reported as among the candidates for the team's defensive coordinator role in 2024."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"White Hart, Southwark"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Philip Norman.The '''White Hart Inn''' was a coaching inn located on Borough High Street in Southwark.",
"The inn is first recorded in 1406 but likely dates back to the late fourteenth century as the White Hart was the symbol of Richard II.",
"At the time Southwark was separate from the City of London north of the River Thames.",
"In 1450 the inn was the headquarters of Jack Cade's rebellion.",
"The earlier inn was destroyed in the Great Fire of Southwark in 1676, but was rebuilt.",
"It was located close to other coaching inns including The Tabard and The George Inn, and like the George had a galleried structure.",
"It was demolished in 1889.A separate pub of the same name, its building still dating from the Victorian era, opened some distance to the west on Great Suffolk Street in 1882.It appears in William Shakespeare's 1591 play ''Henry IV, Part 2'', which concerns Cade's rebellion.",
"In the 1836 novel ''Pickwick Papers'' by Charles Dickens, the White Hart is where Samuel Pickwick encounters Samuel Weller and employs him as his manservant.",
"The inn's name survives in the street White Hart Yard, its former courtyard."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Borer, Mary Cathcart .",
"''The British Hotel Through the Age''.",
"Lutterworth Press, 2021* Dailey, Donna & Tomedi, John.",
"''London''.",
"Infobase Publishing, 2005.",
"* Flude, Kevin & Herbert, Paul .",
"''The Citisights Guide to London: Ten Walks Through London's Past''.",
"Virgin Books, 1990.",
"* Muirhead, Finlay.",
"''London and Its Environs''.",
"Macmillan & Company, Limited, 1922.",
"* Wheatley, Henry Benjamin.",
"''London, Past and Present: Its History, Associations, and Traditions, Volume 3''.",
"John Murray, 1891.",
"* Willes, Margaret.",
"''Liberty over London Bridge: A History of the People of Southwark''.",
"Yale University Press, 2024."
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Emily Patterson-Kane"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Emily Patterson-Kane''' is a Kiwi-American animal psychologist who specializes in animal welfare science.Patterson-Kane was born in Hamilton, New Zealand and obtained a master's degree from University of Waikato.",
"She obtained a PhD in animal psychology from the Victoria University of Wellington in 1999.She did postdoctoral research in animal science at Purdue University and studied sustainable livestock systems at Scottish Agricultural College.",
"She was an assistant professor in psychology at Bradley University and Victoria University.",
"In 2007, she accepted position of animal welfare scientist for the American Veterinary Medical Association's Animal Welfare Division.Patterson-Kane has co-authored ''The Sciences of Animal Welfare'' (2008) and ''Rethinking the Animal Rights Movement'' (2022).",
"She is currently Director of Research of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)."
],
[
"Selected publications",
"*''The Sciences of Animal Welfare'' (2008, with David Mellor and Kevin J. Stafford)* ''History, Philosophies, and Concepts of Animal Welfare'' (2013, with Gail C. Golab)*''Rethinking the American Animal Rights Movement'' (2022, with Michael P. Allen and Jennifer Eadie)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Dryocora"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Dryocora''''' is a genus of beetle in the family Prostomidae.",
"It was discovered in 1686 by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe and is found in Southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand."
],
[
"Taxonomy",
"''Dryocora'' has the following three synonyms:*''Adelostela'' Ganglbauer, 1883*''Adelostella'' Broun, 1880*''Bessaphilus'' Waterhouse, 1877The genus has the following four species:*''Dryocora cephalotes'' (Waterhouse, 1877)*''Dryocora howitti'' Pascoe, 1868*''Dryocora simoni'' (Grouvelle, 1893)*''Dryocora walkeri'' Lea, 1904Larva of ''Dryocora howitti''"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Nike of Megara"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''''Nike of Megara''''' () is a large ancient Greek marble sculpture of the late fourth or early third century BC.",
"The Hellenistic statue depicts Nike, the winged Greek goddess of victory; its arms, wings and head are not preserved.",
"The statue was discovered in the nineteenth century near Megara, a town near Athens, Greece.",
"It is kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, although in storage, and not in exhibition."
],
[
"History",
"Based on stylistic comparisons, the work canbe dated to around 300 BC, during the Hellenistic period.",
"Due to the circumstances of its excavation, there is little documented interpretation as to the Nike's origins.",
"Its massive size indicates that it was made as a public dedication in a shrine.",
"It has been proposed that the statue served as a votive monument commemorating a military victory that must have taken place in the area, not unlike two more famous Nike statues, the ''Winged Victory of Samothrace'' from Samothrace and the ''Nike of Paionios'' in Olympia.=== Discovery ===The Nike of Megara was found at the outset of the Greek War of Independence in 1821 in the acropolis of Megara a town due west of Athens by a Corinthian man named Theochares Rentis.",
"Two more colossal female statues were also found alongside it.",
"In June 1827, Rentis's widow sold all three statues to Karl Wilhelm von Heideck, agent of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, just a month after the Provision of the Third National Assembly at Troezen that banned the sale and export of antiquities.",
"Heideck thus was not allowed to export the three statues.One of them was eventually sold by some Greeks the following month to an American captain, who donated it to the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia where it was destroyed in 1937.The second statue was moved to the National Museum on the island of Aegina where it was recorded and given an accession number in the museum's catalogue of antiquities.",
"It has been identified with a colossal female statue in the museum of Aegina (inv.",
"no.",
"2253), though this identification has been met with doubt (but not dismissal).This meant that the Nike alone stayed in Megara, until 1840 when it was transferred to the “Central Public Museum for the antiquities” that had been housed since 1835 in the Temple of Hephaestus in the agora of Athens, incorrectly then identified as the Theseum.",
"The work was then transported to a new location, the National Archaeological Museum, in 1889.It has never been exhibited to the public.",
"In 2018, after more than a hundred years that the statue had spent in storage, the municipality of Megara asked the NAMA for the return of the Nike so it might be displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Megara; the museum rejected the offer, and claimed that their intention was to exhibit the Nike in the central hall of the National Archaeological Museum for the bicentennial anniversary of Greek independence in 2021; this however never happened, and the ''Nike of Megara'' remains in storage.",
"The museum of Megara displays a copy of an 1847 engraving of it instead."
],
[
"Description",
"Even without the head and the wings, the height of the statue exceeds 2,5 meters (98 in), making it over lifesize.",
"The ''Nike of Megara'' was carved in white marble.The colossal statue, whose separately made head, arms and wings are missing and not preserved, depicts the goddess striding, with her right foot stepping on the plinth while the left one is advanced, trying thus to capture a sense of flight, while the upper part of her body is twisted in the opposite direction.",
"The Nike wears a chiton, which only has the sleeves visible, and a peplos with a long ''apoptygma'', or an overfold, girt high around the goddess's waist that accentuates her body's contour.",
"The garment she wears enhances the impression that she is flying, as it clings to her legs and billowes in the wind on either side of Nike.",
"This is also achieved with the sideways movement of the ''apoptygma'' folds.In 1840, the statue was installed on a cylindrical pedestal as shown in a 1842 coloured engraving by Andrea Gasparini.",
"It has been said of the Nike of Megara that, although she would have been even more magnificent when complete with her missing head and spread wings, she does not lack the monumentality of the more celebrated Nike statues of the classical and Hellenistic antiquities."
],
[
"See also",
"* Victoria Romana* Nike of Paros* Nike of Epidaurus* Nike of Marathon"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"*"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1970 Wittenberg Tigers football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1970 Wittenberg Tigers football team''' was an American football team that represented Wittenberg University in the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) during the 1970 NCAA College Division football season.",
"In their second year under head coach Dave Maurer, the Tigers compiled a perfect 9–0 record (5–0 against OAC opponents) and shared the OAC championship with .",
"The team led the nation's small colleges with an average of 40 points per game.",
"The 1970 season was Wittenberg's second consecutive undefeated season.Eight Wittenberg players were selected as first-team players on the all-Ohio Athletic Conference football team.After the season, the OAC vacated all nine of Wittenberg's victories after Wittenberg's administration disclosed that senior offensive tackle Rick Mako had not registered for classes and was therefore ineligible.",
"Wittenberg claimed that its faculty and staff were unaware that Mako had not registered and was not attending classes.",
"Mako stated unpaid bills from the prior academic year prevented him from registering on time and that he panicked, claiming it was \"just a mix-up.\""
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Church of the Epiphany, Austwick"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The church, in 2004The '''Church of the Epiphany''' is the parish church of Austwick, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.The church was funded by Charles and E. A. Ingleby, and was constructed between 1839 and 1840.It was consecrated in 1841.A chancel was added in 1883, and stained glass designed by Lavers and Westlake was inserted between 1880 and 1890.The rose window was replaced in 1990.In 2017, the bapistry was converted into a kitchen, and the former bier house was demolished and replaced by toilets.",
"The church was grade II listed in 1988.View from the nave into the chancelThe church is built of rubble, with stone dressings, and a slate roof.",
"It consists of a four-bay nave, an apsidal chancel, a western bapitstry, a south porch, and a north vestry.",
"The windows are lancets, while the entrance has a Tudor arch.",
"There is a bellcote at the western end, with a ball finial.",
"There is a king post roof.",
"Inside, the pews are made of wood from Lawkland Wood, and some have racks designed for top hats beneath them."
],
[
"See also",
"*Listed buildings in Austwick"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Callater Burn"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Callater Burn''' is a river in the Scottish council area of Aberdeenshire.",
"Queen Victoria's last excursion with her husband Prince Albert, who died in 1861, is said to have taken place on 16 October of the same year through Glen Clunie to Glen Callater, which Albert is said to have admired for its beauty."
],
[
"Geography",
"The Callater Burn flows on its northwest bank from Loch Callater, located at an altitude of in the central Grampian Mountains.",
"It initially flows for two kilometers in a primarily northwesterly direction.",
"It then turns north for another before flowing northwest again.",
"Three kilometers south of Braemar, after a total of around six kilometers, the Callater Burn flows from the right into the Clunie Water, which drains into the North Sea via the River Dee.",
"The Callater Burn passes the Creag nan Gabhar, the Creag an Loch and the Meall an t-Slugain.Its valley, Glen Callater, also includes Loch Callater and its main tributary, the Allt na Loch.",
"It leads to the Tolmount near the Angus border.",
"The banks of the Callater Burns are unpopulated.",
"Near its mouth, Auchallater Bridge, a modern bridge along the A93, spans the river."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Heyford Park School"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Heyford Park School''' is a free school in Upper Heyford, England.",
"The school was opened in November 2020 after the Heyford Park Free School was closed in September 2020.In the school's most recent inspection (October 2023) Ofsted rated it as good.",
"The school is a part of the Eynsham Partnership Academy Trust."
],
[
"History",
"Heyford Park School was originally established as Heyford Park Free School in September 2013.After receiving an Ofsted rating of inadequate in September 2019, the school closed and reopened as Heyford Park School, joining the Eynsham Partnership Academy Trust.The school was built on an old US Air Force base, which was originally an RAF bomber station, and utilises a lot of the buildings of the base."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Grande Prêmio Derby Paulista"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Grande Prêmio Derby Paulista''' is a Group 1 flat horse race in Brazil open to three-year-old colts run over a distance of on the turf at Hipódromo de Cidade Jardim in São Paulo.",
"It is the third and final leg of the São Paulo Triple Crown."
],
[
"History",
"The Grande Prêmio Derby Paulista was first run in 1917 in the Hipódromo da Mooca.",
"In 1941, the race moved to its current location at the Hipódromo de Cidade Jardim.Originally, the Grande Prêmio Derby Paulista was limited to only horses bred in São Paulo and Paraná.",
"In 1963, it was opened to all Brazilian-breds.By 1998, the race was open to all horses.In 2019, the race was closed to fillies and restricted to colts only."
],
[
"Records",
"'''Speed record:'''* 2:24.299 – Tenarin (2009)'''Largest margin of victory (since 2005):'''* 5 lengths – Halston (2018)'''Most wins by a jockey (since 1961, incomplete):'''* 3 – E. Le Mener Filho (1975, 1978, 1979)'''Most wins by a trainer (since 1961, incomplete):'''* 3 – Amazilio Magalhães (1971, 1984, 1996)* 3 – A. S. Ventura (1975, 1978, 1981)* 3 – A. Cabreira (1977, 1979, 1983)'''Most wins by an owner (since 1961):'''* 3 – Haras Faxina (1971, 1984, 1994)'''Most wins by a breeder (since 1961):'''* 4 – Haras Malurica (1979, 1982, 1990, 1998)* 4 – Haras Santa Maria de Araras (1987, 1988, 2006, 2011)* 3 – Haras Faxina (1971, 1984, 1994)* 3 – Haras Bandeirantes (1995, 1996, 2000)* 3 – Haras Valente (2001, 2004, 2013)"
],
[
"Winners since 1961",
"YearWinnerJockeyTrainerOwnerBreederTimeMarginRef2023Cold HeartJ.",
"SeveroM.",
"F. GussoFazenda MondesirFazenda Mondesir2:25.065 head2022Karl MarxF.",
"LarroqueEmerson GarciaStud MagiaStud Magia2:29.261 length2021PlanetarioW.",
"BlandiL.",
"EstevesStud Red RafaStud Red Rafa2:26.4421 lengths2020Own ThemAlex MotaEdgar AraújoCastellano Stud & Stud My Hero DadCastellano Stud2:30.6202 lengths2019Não da MaisC.",
"LavorA.",
"F. BarbosaHaras PhillipsonHaras Phillipson2:27.3613 lengths2018HalstonN.",
"A. SantosD.",
"L. AlbresHaras CifraHaras Cifra2:25.6825 lengths2017Galope AmericanoA.",
"L. SilvaD.",
"L. AlbresStud GalopeHaras Cifra2:28.9261 lengths2016Vettori KinV.",
"LealEmerson GarciaStud TNT & Haras Old FriendsHaras Old Friends2:30.9283 lengths2015Reality BitesA.",
"MesquitaW.",
"G. TostaRamiro Curi de LemosHaras Interlagos2:30.537 length2014BonaparteV.",
"LealV.",
"NahidStud TNTStud TNT2:28.5934 lengths2013FixadorA.",
"QueirozM.",
"F. GussoStud VicenzaHaras Valente2:28.226 head2012GoberN.",
"A. SantosR.",
"SoaresStud Red RafaStud Red Rafa2:28.537 length2011VeraneioF.",
"LeandroN.",
"SouzaStud Power FiveHaras Santa Maria de Araras2:25.6031 lengths2010Xiu Xu LinA.",
"C. SilvaE.",
"PetrochinskiJosé Renato Cruz e TucciHaras Pirassununga2:28.2666 lengths2009TenarinF.",
"LeandroA.",
"L. CintraStud C&TFazenda e Haras Calunga Agro Pec.2:24.59Multiple lengths2008Negro da GaitaM.",
"CardosoDulcino GuignoniCoudelaria JéssicaStud Mega2:31.80Head2007Mr.",
"UniversoA.",
"M. SouzaS.",
"LoboStud Farda AmigaHaras Old Friends2:29.6342 lengths2006Quick RoadNelito CunhaJoão MacedoStud JCMHaras Santa Maria de Araras2:28.4391 lengths2005Core BusinessGeraldo AssisE.",
"RoldãoStud PiccollinoHaras Santa Verônica2:29.91 length2004UrodonalAlex MotaPedro Nickel FilhoHaras ValenteHaras Valente2:28.32003CoquetelC.",
"G. TavaresStud RenatoHaras J.",
"B. Barros2:25.02002GuachoO.",
"JeronimoGianni Franco SamajaHaras Novo Mossoró2:28.02001RoxinhoStud Taj-MahalHaras Valente2:28.62000Expressivo WillieAmazilio Magalhães FilhoAgropasotril RicciHaras Bandeirantes2:25.31999Puerto-MaderoS.",
"LoboHaras MoemaHaras Guaiuvira2:26.381998BallxizaJosé Martins AlvesHaras Terra Branca/Leon Friedberg RozlawkaHaras Malurica2:26.91997Quari BravoE.",
"SampaioBenjamin SteinbruchHaras Phillipson2:27.11996Alvo CertoAmazilio MagalhãesAntonio de Toledo Lara NetoHaras Bandeirantes2:26.131995Ze CorredoAmazilio Magalhães FilhoHaras BandeirantesHaras Bandeirantes2:31.61994Franz PostLuiz Antonio SingnorettiHaras FaxinaHaras Faxina2:28.61993Pia-VovoJoão C. AvilaHaras PetinHaras Rio das Pedras2:29.21992PalemonM.",
"OlguinStud Gold RedHaras São Luiz2:32.41991Pour HenriA.",
"AndrettaStud CrespiHaras Calunga2:27.11990Thignon LafreA.",
"OliveiraHaras MaluricaHaras Malurica2:28.31989Cacique NegroL.",
"V. CamargoHaras Porto SeguroHaras Porto Seguro2:34.01988TroyanosW.",
"P. LavorHaras Santa Maria de ArarasHaras Santa Maria de Araras2:29.41987SatyrI.",
"C. SouzaHaras Santa Maria de ArarasHaras Santa Maria de Araras2:32.11986JabbleM.",
"R. CamposStud ArtungHaras São Luiz2:30.11985GrimaldiW.",
"CarvalhoJ.",
"B. NogueiraDelmar Biazoli MartinsHaras Morumbi2:29.91 length1984RabatG.",
"MenesesAmazilio MagalhãesHaras FaxinaHaras Faxina2:29.5Neck1983Immensity ƒA.",
"BolinoA.",
"CabreiraHaras Ponta PorãHaras Ponta Porã2:29.41 length1982KigrandiL.",
"SaldanhaA.",
"OliveiraStud TevereHaras Malurica2:34.34 lengths1981Del GarboJ.",
"SilvaA.",
"S. VenturaStud MontecatiniHaras São Quirino2:30.0 length1980CampalI.",
"QuintanaP.",
"NickelHaras Rio das PedrasHaras Rio das Pedras2:28.93 lengths1979†Hérsio KiddL.",
"A. PereiraA.",
"AndrettaHaras MaluricaHaras Malurica2:32.1Dead heatDark BrownE.",
"Le Mener FilhoA.",
"CabreiraHaras Rosa do SulHaras Rosa do Sul1978BalealE.",
"Le Mener FilhoA.",
"S. VenturaStud MontecatiniAgro-Pastoril Haras São Luiz S.A.2:35.0 length1977ChubascoI.",
"QuintanaA.",
"CabreiraArmando AnastacioHaras Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso)2:37.05 lengths1976AgenteR.",
"PenachioO.",
"UlloaAgrícola e Comercial Haras João JabourAgrícola e Comercial Haras João Jabour2:29.91 length1975Fitz EmiliusE.",
"Le Mener FilhoA.",
"S. VenturaRoberto Gabizo de FariaHaras São Lazaro2:32.21 lengths1974Grão de BicoJ.",
"PintoJ.",
"A. LimeiraCourdelaria F.A.N.Courdelaria F.A.N.2:31.42 lengths1973UleantoJ.",
"BorjaEdmundo Campozani FilhoAugusto BoveHaras Jahu e Rio das Pedras2:32.21 lengths1972NichoJ.",
"P. MartinsWalter MarracciniStud Ouro AzulHaras Mondesir2:35.61 lengths1971EylauO.",
"NobreAmazilio MagalhãesHaras FaxinaHaras Faxina2:28.13 lengths1970Don JurandirE.",
"M. BuenoAnisio AndrettaAntonio ZenHaras Rio Verde2:33.94 lengths1969CastãoJ.",
"FagundesMilton SignorettiStud HannaHaras Rio Verde2:30.52 lengths1968QuizA.",
"BarrosoJoaquim Amorim FilhoHaras São BernardoHaras São Bernardo2:34.42 lengths1967GiantErmelinoSampaioPedro NickelHaras PalmitalHaras Palmital2:35.62 lengths1966DilemaJoão Manoel AmorimJorge Oliveira Jr.Stud MaioralHaras Terra Branca1:31.71 length1965KacônioJosé AlvesJoaquim Bueno GonçalvesStud JaraguáHaras São Luiz1:30.23 lengths1964EgoismoCarlito TabordaMário de AlmeidaZélia G. Peixoto de CastroHaras Mondesir1:32.61 length1963QuiborJosé AlvesRaul UrbinaStud Otro LanceHaras Paraná1:37.31 lengths1962FulgenteAlekisiam ArtinWaldemar de Paula MendosStud GuarãHenrique Basto Filho1:32.2Nose1961EmersonFrancisco IrigoyenF.",
"DávilaRoberto e Nelson SeabraRoberto e Nelson Seabra1:32ƒ designates a filly† In 1979, Hérsio Kidd and Dark Brown finished in a dead heat"
],
[
"Earlier winners",
"* 1917: Sunrise II* 1918: Jaccuse ƒ* 1919: Diavolo* 1920: Bronzino* 1921: Fandango* 1922: Paulistano* 1923: Heru* 1924: Fortunio* 1925: Boi Tata* 1926: Karatan* 1927: Gil-Glas* 1928: Eldorado* 1929: Festeiro* 1930: Jequitiba* 1931: Xyleno* 1932: Young* 1933: Jacutinga ƒ* 1934: Veneziano* 1935: Organdi ƒ* 1936: Funny Boy* 1937: Malfa ƒ* 1938: Negus ƒ* 1939: Amilcar* 1940: Big Shot* 1941: Carim* 1942: Vatapa* 1943: El Faro* 1944: Estouvado* 1945: Flying Wonder* 1946: Helíaco* 1947: Juazeiro* 1948: Jabuti* 1949: Falindor* 1950: Faaimbe* 1951: Ninho* 1952: Jaceguay* 1953: Joiosa ƒ* 1954: Adil* 1955: Timão* 1956: Caporal* 1957: Vandalo* 1958: Guadeamus* 1959: Farwell* 1960: Garboletoƒ designates a filly"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Strolling Down the Road of Life"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Strolling Down the Road of Life''''' () is the second Cantonese studio album recorded by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng, released via Polygram Records on May 18, 1983.The album was supported with the single of the same name, which is a Cantonese remake of Miyuki Nakajima's 1980 single \"Hitori Jouzu\"."
],
[
"Background and release",
"''Strolling Down the Road of Life'' was released as Teng's second and final Cantonese-language album on May 18, 1983.In English, the album and title track are also alternately referred to as \"Strolling Down the Path of Life\" and \"Walking Down the Road of Life\", amongst other translations.",
"The title track is a remake of Miyuki Nakajima's single \"Hitori Jouzu\" (ひとり上手), which was originally released on October 21, 1980, for her album ''Ringetsu'' (1981).",
"The Cantonese lyrics were penned by Cheng Kwok-kong."
],
[
"Reception",
"''Strolling Down the Road of Life'' was a commercial success, receiving a platinum certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Hong Kong (IFPIHK) in 1984.It became her fifth consecutive album to be awarded platinum, setting a record among all singers in Hong Kong.",
"In 1985, Teng was awarded a special medal by PolyGram Hong Kong for having sold more than five million copies in the territory with all of her albums since 1975.In a 2010 survey of Teng's greatest songs organized by the Teresa Teng Cultural and Educational Foundation, Pop Radio and more than 20 other radio stations, \"Strolling Down the Road of Life\" ranked at number 10 with 1.2% of the 20 million total votes.",
"In 2011, the Guangdong Radio and Television and Music FM Radio Guangdong named \"Strolling Down the Road of Life\" one of the 30 greatest Cantonese songs in the past 30 years."
],
[
"Performances",
"Teng held six straight sold-out concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum in December 1983 and January 1984 as part of her 15th Anniversary Concert Tour; it broke various records and played to a combined total audience of about 100,000 people.",
"On New Year's Eve 2022, a hologram of Teng was created for New Year's countdown show in China, which was broadcast through Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation.",
"Chinese singer Zhou Shen appeared alongside the hologram and performed \"Small Town Story\" and \"Strolling Down the Road of Life\"."
],
[
"Track listing"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"RoRo (singer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''RoRo''' is a singer-songwriter from Barbados.",
"In 2023 her single \"Good Love\", which she co-wrote and performed with Hannah Laing, spent 26 weeks in the UK Singles Chart.",
"It peaked at number 7, and was certified BPI Gold.",
"Roro has been regularly played on both BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 6, with her 2020 release \"Mood Forever\" earning her the \"New Name\" slot on the Annie Mac show.",
"Her music has been described as \"laid back R&B\" influenced by calypso and soca, and as \"distinctive Caribbean ingrained pop\"."
],
[
"Discography",
"===Singles===* \"Mine\" (2019)* \"Black - Palace of Me\" (2020)* \"Callin’ In Thicc\" (2022)* \"Good Love\" (with Hannah Laing, 2023, WUGD)===EPs===* \"Mood Forever\" (2020)* \"Meet Me Where I’m At’\" (2022)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Qatar and the Israel–Hamas war"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The State of Qatar has been conducting on-going diplomatic negotiations with Israel, Hamas, the United States, and other parties to de-escalate the Israel–Hamas war, including proposals for a new ceasefire.",
"These talks also have the goal of release of Gazan prisoners held by Israel and hostages held by Hamas."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Yore Mill"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The mill, in 2009'''Yore Mill''' is a historic building in Aysgarth, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.The mill lies on the River Ure, by Yore Bridge.",
"In the late Mediaeval period, the site housed a fulling mill, which was replaced in the late 18th century by a cotton mill.",
"This burned down in 1853, and the current mill was completed in 1854, originally a combined corn and woollen mill, but by the end of the century, it only ground corn.",
"In 1937, the waterwheel was replaced by turbines, and a roller plant installed.",
"In 1969, the mill instead became a carriage museum, which closed in 2003.By 2019, the building was in disrepair, unsafe to enter due to the poor condition of the roof.",
"In 2022, permission was granted to convert it into apartments and holiday lets.",
"The building has been Grade II listed since 1981.The building is constructed of rubble, with a stone slate roof.",
"It is four storeys high and eight bays wide, with a T-shaped plan.",
"Most of the windows are 14-pane sashes, and on the east elevation, the central bay of each floor has a door.",
"The gable has a bell turret.",
"Inside, the structure is supported by cast iron pillars with H-shaped sections, which support timber beams.",
"To the north-west of the mill, the former mill offices survive from the Georgian building.",
"Also built of stone, they are two storeys high with a basement, below which is an arch through which the mill race flows.",
"The offices are connected to the mill by a two-storey timber framed extension, and are Grade II listed.",
"They are in commercial use."
],
[
"See also",
"*Listed buildings in Aysgarth"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Raehills House"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Raehills House''' is a mansion located near the Scottish town of Johnstonebridge in the council area of Dumfries and Galloway.",
"In 1971, the building was first included in Category B in the Scottish monument lists.",
"The upgrade to the highest monument category A took place in 1988.Furthermore, the property is listed in the Scottish register for landscape gardens."
],
[
"History",
"In the early 18th century, the lands of Raehills came into the possession of William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale.",
"It was inherited within the family.",
"George Vanden-Bempde, 3rd Marquess of Annandale commissioned the architect Alexander Stevens to build Raehills House around 1786.After his death, it passed to James Hope-Johnstone, 3rd Earl of Hopetoun.",
"That year, he commissioned the gardens and parks.",
"Architect William Burn was responsible for the redesign and expansion around 1830.Raehills House continues to be inherited within the family."
],
[
"Description",
"Raehills House is located in the northeast of Dumfries and Galloway approximately four kilometers northwest of Johnstonebridge.",
"The Kinnel Water runs a few hundred meters to the east .",
"Raehills House originally had an L-shaped floor plan, but after the extensions it is more of an elongated area.",
"Stevens' style was based on Robert Adam's work .",
"This is how Raehills House is designed with all-round battlement reinforcement, which largely hides the slate-roofed roofs behind it.",
"The edges of the building are also passed by corner tourists .",
"The arched portalon the south side was designed by Burns and was integrated into a three-story tower.",
"On the south side, a further, column-supported balcony emerges."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"A Little Loving"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''A Little Loving''' is a 1964 song recorded by The Fourmost, written by Russ Alquist.",
"The song peaked at number six on the Official Singles Chart in 1964.The song was highest-charting song released by the band."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Circle of thirds"
],
[
"Introduction",
"In music theory, the '''circle of thirds''', also known as the '''cycle of thirds''', is a way of organizing pitches, and is a foundational pattern in music.",
"This cycle is expressed through a series of 24 keys and therefore notes.",
"These keys are changed by shifting up or down by a major or minor third.",
"This will lead to a noticeable visual pattern (a circle) and an auditory pattern(interconnected pitches), which are derived from the chromatic scale.",
"Starting from C, the cycle goes as follows: C, Em, G, Bm, D, F♯m, A, C♯m, E, G♯, B, D♯m, F♯/G♭, B♭m, D♭, Fm, A♭, Cm, E♭, Gm, B♭, Dm, F, Am, and back to C. The circle of thirds is formed by placing the notes of a major or minor scale in order of thirds, instead of in their ascending order of scale degrees.",
"When in a key other than C, the sequence will not start from C, but it will still be in the same overall order when viewed as a circle."
],
[
"History",
"=== Origins ===The concept of a \"circle of thirds\" is relatively new in the history of music.",
"Although certainly not the first to use it, a popular American jazz musician named John Coltrane often used a cycle composed of a sequence of major thirds for his unique key changes, hence the namesake for \"Coltrane changes\".",
"His popularity during the 1960s, especially with his albums such as ''Bags & Trane'', brought much light to the augmented triads.",
"At the same time, the concept of a cycle of thirds was mainly inspired by this, albeit more developed.Although the exact date when the term \"circle of thirds\" was coined is not known, it was likely that it was shortly after John Coltrane's death in 1967.Nevertheless, the circle of thirds and Coltrane changes continue to be used in many jazz songs to this day, and by extent all of music."
],
[
"Structure and modern usage",
"=== Structure and importance ======= Scales ====The circle of thirds, although not nearly as popular as the circle of fifths, nevertheless has potential as a useful tool.",
"In particular, this cycle can be used as a visual tool that help one remember the order of thirds, minor and major in a scale, and by extension the notes of any chords on any given major or minor scale.",
"It can also be a useful tool on understanding the connection between relative keys.",
"Because as mentioned below, the cycle of thirds is just the major keys of the circle of fifths integrated with their relative minors, and those relative keys all have common key signatures.",
"For that reason, its includes all relative keys, and can every key signature.",
"==== Chord structure and creation ====The C major triad mentioned on the left, as seen in traditional sheet music.In music, the circle of thirds can be a useful asset for creating chords, and thence triads and arpeggios.",
"This is because many chords are built on minor and major thirds.",
"For instance, major chords are constructed by the unity of the major third and minor third intervals, while minor chords are based on a minor third and a major third, diminished chords are two minor thirds, and augmented chords are two major chords.For a more practical example, consider the C major triad, which is just the sum of the notes C, E, G. The distance(interval) between C and E is four half steps, thus a major third.",
"The interval distance between E and G is 3 half steps, thus a minor third.",
"As mentioned in the paragraph below, the combination of a minor third and major third is the same as a perfect fifth, therefore completing all that is necessary for creating a C major triad, which is the root note, major third, and perfect fifth.",
"This applies to the other chord kinds mentioned earlier, the only differences being how their constructed.This is an example of how the circle of fifths can act as a subset of the circle of thirds.",
"If you combine the major keys of the circle of fifths, and the minor third pattern seen here, you get the circle of thirds."
],
[
"Other uses",
"=== Circle of fifths as a subset and relative keys ===The circle of fifths can act as a subset of the circle of thirds.",
"This is because combining a major third (4 half steps/2 whole steps) with a minor third (3 half steps), will create a perfect fifth (7 half steps).",
"Therefore, a sequence of counting every other note in the pattern in cycle of thirds, will constitute the circle of fifths.",
"In other words If one integrates the major keys with their relative minors (which are minor thirds), one will get a model of the circle of thirds with the circle of fifths included."
],
[
"See also",
"* Circle of fifths* Major third* Minor third* Chromatic scale* Coltrane changes* Chord progression"
],
[
"References",
"=== Citations ====== Notes ==="
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Korowai gecko"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''korowai gecko''' ('''''Woodworthia korowai'''''), also known as the '''Muriwai gecko''', is a gecko found on the west coast of the Auckland Region of New Zealand.",
"First discovered on Oaia Island in 1954, the species was recognised as distinct from ''Woodworthia maculata'' in 2016, and was formally described in 2023.Only 32 individuals are known to exist as of 2023, all within a very restricted range, on Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, Muriwai Beach, Muriwai Regional Park and Oaia Island."
],
[
"Etymology and taxonomy",
"The species name was gifted by Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara, who named the species after their habitat, Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, and after (traditional cloaks), as their striped patterns are reminiscent of some traditional patterns seen on .",
"The species is most closely related to ''Woodworthia maculata'', and is distinct morphologically and genetically.",
"The scientists who described the korowai gecko estimate the two species diverged in the mid to late Pliocene era.",
"Before the species was formally described, it was referred to as the Muriwai gecko, and in scientific texts ''Woodworthia'' aff.",
"''maculata'' \"Muriwai\".The holotype was collected by Stephen Thorpe in 2003, and is stored at the Auckland War Memorial Museum.",
"This holotype was originally identified as ''Woodworthia maculata''."
],
[
"Description",
"The korowai gecko is a grey or sandy brown colour, and has an inverted \"v\" marking between its eyes, and have lighter stripes on the back halves of their bodies.",
"The species grows to a length of up to from its nose to the base of its tail.The korowai gecko can be distinguished from ''Dactylocnemis pacificus'' due to separation of the nostrils and rostral scale, and from ''Woodworthia maculata'' due to having shorter final sections of their legs (distal phalanges)."
],
[
"Geographic distribution and habitat",
"The species has a restricted range, primarily living in sand dunes around Muriwai Beach As of 2023, only 32 individuals are known to exist, and the species is exclusively found on the west coast of the Auckland Region, New Zealand, at Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, Muriwai Beach, in Muriwai Regional Park and on Oaia Island.",
"Korowai gecko primarily live in sand dunes.",
"Auckland Council senior ecologist Melinda Rixon is concerned that off-road vehicle access in the gecko's habitat on Muriwai Beach may be adversely affecting the species.The species is exclusively found on the west coast of the North Island, while ''Woodworthia maculata'' is found on the east coast.",
"The two coastal species are likely separated geographically by the Pacific gecko, whose range is primarily inland."
],
[
"Behaviour",
"''Woodworthia korowai'' scales found at Muriwai Beach at the base of coastal toetoe (''Austroderia splendens'')The species is nocturnal."
],
[
"New Zealand lizard history",
"''Woodworthia'' geckoes were first identified as living on the west coast of the Auckland Region in 1954 when geckoes were found living on Oaia Island; then identified as ''Woodworthia maculata''.",
"The korowai gecko was first recognised as a distinct species in 2016.It was formally described in 2023, by herpetologists Dylan van Winkel, Sarah Jane Wells, Nicholas Harker and Rod Hitchmough, based on morphological and genetic differences."
],
[
"Conservation status",
"As of 2021 the Department of Conservation (DOC) classified the korowai gecko as Threatened - Nationally Vulnerable under the New Zealand Threat Classification System."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Patron"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Patron''''' (French: '''''La patronne''''') is a 1950 French comedy film directed by Robert Dhéry and starring Annie Ducaux, André Luguet and Jean Carmet.",
"The film's sets were designed by the art director Roger Briaucourt."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"The aviatrix Agnès de Louvigny accidentally crashes her plane into the roof of the villa of the fashion designer Martial Sumonet, causing it to become a tourist attraction to the irritation of its owner."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Annie Ducaux as \tL'aviatrice Agnès de Louvigny* André Luguet as \tLe grand couturier Martial Sumonet* Jean Carmet as \tLe brigadier* André Gabriello as \tArgenteuil* Lucien Callamand as J.P. Otin* Gérard Calvi as \tLe chef d'orchestre* José Casa as \tBauginet\t\t* Pierre Dudan as \tLe Brésilien* Jacques Emmanuel as \tLe directeur du journal\t* France Gabriel as \tCorinne* Denise Kerny as \tLa première* Jacques Legras as \tUn témoin* Rosine Luguet as \tLa petite amie* Emma Lyonel as \tClémence* Lita Recio as \tL'Anglaise* Pierrette Rossi as \tLe mannequin* Roger Saget as \tUn témoin* Alain Terrane as \tLechâtellier"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Goble, Alan.",
"''The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film''.",
"Walter de Gruyter, 1999.",
"* Rège, Philippe.",
"''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.",
"Scarecrow Press, 2009."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Battle of Falagountou"
],
[
"Introduction",
"On January 28, 2023, suspected Islamic State jihadists attacked Burkinabe soldiers and Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP) militiamen in the city of Falagountou, Burkina Faso."
],
[
"Background",
"The Burkinabe government has been fighting a jihadist insurgency in northern Burkina Faso since 2015, when Ansarul Islam militants captured swathes of territory along the Burkinabe-Malian border.",
"This escalated in 2017, when Malian jihadist group Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin allied with Ansarul Islam, and began fighting in Burkina Faso as well.",
"In January 2022, Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba overthrew President Roch Kaboré due to the latter's inefficiency in fighting the jihadists.",
"Damiba himself was overthrown that September by Ibrahim Traoré, who ramped up conscription of VDPs, pro-government militiamen.",
"Traore has used VDPs as cannon fodder, with loose training that has seen many casualties.On January 11, 2023, unknown jihadists attacked several VDP posts near Goulgountou before killing several civilians at the town's mosque.",
"Burkinabe forces announced counter-terrorist operations in the area, which included most of Falagountou Department, following the attack.",
"This counteroffensive recaptured most of Falagountou Department.",
"The Islamic State – Sahil Province (ISGS) is active in the Falagountou area."
],
[
"Battle",
"Jihadists attacked the VDP base in Falagountou on January 28, in preparation for an attack on the village on January 30.Clashes broke out between the jihadists and the VDP, along with the Burkinabe Army.",
"The Burkinabe government stated that twelve people were killed in the attack, including ten soldiers and two VDP.",
"One civilian was killed in the crossfire.",
"The press release also stated that ten soldiers were still missing and five were injured.",
"The Burkinabe government also claimed the deaths of fifteen jihadists."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"No group claimed responsibility for the attack on Falagountou, although Burkinabe journalists suspected the Islamic State due to its presence nearby.",
"On February 15, a Burkinabe army counteroffensive in the department arrested sixteen men in Ekeou village, and two more in Goulgountou, before summarily executing at least ten of them at the VDP base in Falagountou."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Deep Water (upcoming film)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Deep Water''''' is an upcoming horror disaster film directed by Renny Harlin, written by Pete Bridges, and starring Aaron Eckhart and Ben Kingsley."
],
[
"Premise",
"A group of international passengers en route from Los Angeles to Shanghai are forced to make an emergency landing in shark-infested waters.",
"Now they must work together in hopes to overcome the frenzy of sharks drawn to the wreckage."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Aaron Eckhart* Ben Kingsley"
],
[
"Production",
"Following the release of ''Bait 3D'', a sequel about a plane en route from China to Australia crashing in the Pacific Ocean under the title ''Deep Water'' was planned, but was scrapped in March 2014 due to \"uncomfortable similarities\" to the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.In May 2023 however, it was announced Gene Simmons along with Arclight Films' chairman Gary Hamilton had formed Simmons/Hamilton Productions with the first film from the company being the previously shelved ''Deep Water'' with Renny Harlin set to direct.",
"By December of that year, Aaron Eckhart and Ben Kingsley were shooting scenes on the film in Gran Canaria with prior shooting done in New Zealand."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's double sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The men's double sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held from 16 to 19 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Wednesday, 16 December 1998 07:00 Heats Thursday, 17 December 1998 07:00 Repechages Saturday, 19 December 1998 07:00 Finals"
],
[
"Results",
";Legend*'''DNS''' — Did not start=== Heats ===* '''Qualification:''' 1 → Final A ('''FA'''), 2–5 → Repechages ('''R''')==== Heat 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Lee HoLee In-soo6:34.48 FA2Alekseý ÇmatkowDmitriý Morozow6:37.86 R3Mikhail GarnikYevgeniy Latypov6:39.19 R4Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi7:02.62 R5Surachai RomyasamitSarayut Soomboon7:06.74 R==== Heat 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Cui YonghuiLi Yang6:25.25 FA2Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:27.03 R3Muhammad AnwarLasmin6:41.94 R4Azmat JavedMuhammad Farooq6:59.74 R5Kim Sun-yongRi Kye-jun7:00.20 R=== Repechages ===* '''Qualification:''' 1–2 → Final A ('''FA'''), 3–4 → Final B ('''FB''')==== Repechage 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Kim Sun-yongRi Kye-jun6:36.05 FA2Muhammad AnwarLasmin6:39.33 FA3Alekseý ÇmatkowDmitriý Morozow6:52.69 FB4Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi7:23.70 FB==== Repechage 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:46.19 FA2Mikhail GarnikYevgeniy Latypov6:48.44 FA3Azmat JavedMuhammad Farooq6:54.58 FB4Surachai RomyasamitSarayut Soomboon7:06.76 FB=== Finals ======= Final B ====RankTeamTime1Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi6:55.592Alekseý ÇmatkowDmitriý Morozow6:55.833Azmat JavedMuhammad Farooq7:17.284Surachai RomyasamitSarayut Soomboon7:22.30==== Final A ====RankTeamTimeCui YonghuiLi Yang6:39.05Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:41.64Kim Sun-yongRi Kye-jun6:50.274Muhammad AnwarLasmin6:50.705Mikhail GarnikYevgeniy Latypov7:01.046Lee HoLee In-soo7:04.32"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Mike Millward"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Mike Millward''' (9 May 1942 – 7 March 1966) was an English guitarist and singer.",
"He was an original member of The Fourmost, being their rhythm guitarist from 1961 until his death in March 1966."
],
[
"Biography",
"Millward was born in Bromborough in 1942.In November 1961, he left The Undertakers to join the Four Jays, who in October 1962, changed their name to The Fourmost.",
"In 1963, Brian Epstein became their manager and the band had a number of songs enter the UK charts such as \"Hello Little Girl\", \"A Little Loving\", \"I'm in Love\", and \"Baby I Need Your Loving\"; \"A Little Loving\" charting the highest at six.Millward was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1964, and a year later diagnosed with leukemia.",
"He died of the illness at Clatterbridge Hospital in Bebington on 7 March 1966 aged 23.The band carried on without him, and a special show, ‘A Night for Mike’, was presented at Liverpool's Grafton Ballroom on 5 April 1966.Mike's place was filled by George Peckham."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 McNeese Cowboys football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 McNeese Cowboys football team''' will represent McNeese State University in the 2024 NCAA Division I FCS football season.",
"The Cowboys play their home games at Cowboy Stadium in Lake Charles, Louisiana, and compete in the Southland Conference.",
"They are led by third–year head coach Gary Goff."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"Game summaries",
"===Southern======@ Texas A&M (FBS)======@ Tarleton State======Alcorn State======@ Weber State======Texas A&M–Commerce====== @ Incarnate Word ====== @ Nicholls ====== Southeastern Louisiana ======@ Houston Christian====== @ Northwestern State ====== Lamar === (Rivalry)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Loch Vrotachan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Loch Vrotachan''', also known as '''Loch Brodichan''' or '''Loch Brothacan''', is a freshwater lake on the southwestern edge of the Scottish council area of Aberdeenshire.",
"It is located in the Grampian Mountains about south of Braemar."
],
[
"Geography",
"The lake lies at an altitude of 748 meters above sea level.",
"Loch Vrotachan has a maximum length of 0.51 kilometers and a maximum width of 0.20 kilometers, resulting in an area of 9 hectares and a circumference of one kilometer.",
"The lake has a volume of 642,076 kiloliters.",
"Its catchment area is 67 hectares.",
"Loch Vrotachan has an average depth of 6.9 meters.",
"On the western bank flows the Allt Loch Vrotachan, which flows into the Baddoch Burn, which drains into the North Sea via the Clunie Water and the River Dee.The Loch Vrotachan catchment area extends eastwards to the slopes of the 933 meter high The Cairnwell, which marks the border with the neighboring Perth and Kinross council area or the traditional county of Perthshire.",
"The shores of Loch Vrotachan are uninhabited.",
"The Glen Shee ski area begins east of the lake."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kaifeng"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Sacred Heart Cathedral''' is a Catholic cathedral in Kaifeng, Henan, China.",
"Completed in 1919, it is the largest Catholic church in the province.",
"The cathedral complex includes a bell tower and the episcopal residence, and is listed as a province-level cultural heritage and protected site."
],
[
"History",
"The history of Catholicism in Kaifeng traces back to the 17th century, when Jesuits including Giulio Aleni and Nicolas Trigault visited the city in search of the Kaifeng Jews.",
"In 1629, Francesco Sambiasi founded the first Catholic church in Kaifeng, but it was destroyed by the flood of the Yellow River in 1642.In 1916, the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Honan was established in Kaifeng, and the Italian was its inaugural apostolic vicar.",
"In the autumn of 1916, Tacconi went to the United States to raise funds for a cathedral because European countries were involved in World War I.",
"He also sought people from Shanghai and Tianjin to design and build the cathedral.",
"After he returned to Kaifeng in 1917, he purchased local residences around Lishiting Street (理事厅街) for the site of the cathedral, and went to Tianjin to hire a French building company.",
"The construction began in 1917 and commenced in 1919.In 1937, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese forces conducted airstrikes in Kaifeng.",
"Tacconi made four large flags, including two flags of Italy and two flags of Vatican City.",
"When the air-raid siren sounded, workers would hoist a flag to the top of the cathedral's bell tower to prevent attacks on the cathedral.In August 1946, during the Chinese Civil War, the Communist forces took control of northern Henan, southern Hebei, and eastern Shandong.",
"Some clergy and believers from these areas fled to Kaifeng and lived in the dormitory building of the cathedral complex.",
"On 13 April 1947, was consecrated as the bishop of Kaifeng at the cathedral by Antonio Riberi, Apostolic Internuncio to China.",
"In May 1948, during the First Battle of Kaifeng, , commander of the communist forces, set up his headquarters at the cathedral and used the bell tower of the cathedral to observe and direct combat.",
"Kuomintang forces also hit the bell tower with two mortar shots.During the Cultural Revolution, the cathedral was damaged: stained glass windows were broken, and the roof tiles were disarranged.",
"In the 1990s, the cathedral was renovated.",
"In 2006, it was recognised as province-level cultural heritage protected site (省级文物保护单位)."
],
[
"Current state",
"=== Cathedral building ===The cathedral seen from the south-eastern corner, with the bell tower behind it.The cathedral is the largest Catholic church building in Henan.",
"It is in basilica form, long, and wide.",
"The total floor area is : the ground floor is , and the choir loft is .",
"The altar is placed at the north under a semispherical dome, with an altar to the Virgin Mary on its east and an altar to Saint Joseph on its west.The cathedral is made of bricks and timber.",
"It has twelve cylindrical pillars separated by arches.",
"Its ceiling height along the nave is .",
"The roof used to be covered with special tiles from Tianjin that were stringed by copper wires from the back, but during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards removed the wires.",
"In the 1990s, the old tiles were replaced with roof tiles made in Kaifeng.The main façade of the cathedral faces south.",
"On the façade, there are several windows topped with pointed arches.",
"The five windows in the center of the façade used to feature five images, with the Sacred Heart of Jesus at the center, Saint Peter and Saint Paul to the left and right, and Francis Ferdinand de Capillas and John Gabriel Perboyre on the far left and far right.",
"De Capillas and Perboyre were martyred in China because of the Qing prescription against Christianity.",
"The stained glass windows were shattered during the Cultural Revolution, and were later replaced with plain glass.=== Associated buildings ===The bell tower is situated behind the cathedral.The bell tower stands independently to the north of the cathedral.",
"It has four floors, with an entrance to the south.",
"It is topped by a cement cross.",
"The bell tower is made of bricks with cement floor boards.There is a large bronze bell the top of the bell tower, with a diameter of .",
"It has a pulley with ropes reaching to the ground floor of the tower for bell ringers.",
"The bell was made in 1921.It is decorated with patterns of fauna and flora, and with the Latin inscription by Tacconi:The former episcopal residence, with a statue of Mary in the front.The former episcopal residence is to the west of the cathedral.",
"It has two storeys above the ground and one basement to store the wine for the Eucharist.",
"It is long and wide, with a total floor area of .",
"Currently, the ground floor is used for reception and dining, and clergy members live on the floor above."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Citations ====== Academic theses ===* === Book chapters ===* *"
],
[
"Further reading",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2003 Buffalo Destroyers season"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2003 Buffalo Destroyers season''' was the 5th season for the franchise and the 5th in Buffalo, New York.",
"They finished with a 5–11 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs."
],
[
"Coaching",
"Ron Selesky started his first season as head coach of the Destroyers."
],
[
"Regular season schedule",
" Week Date Opponent Home/Away Result 1 February 1 Grand Rapids Rampage Home '''L''' 36–54 2 February 9 Carolina Cobras Home '''W''' 44–16 3 February 14 Arizona Rattlers Home '''W''' 49–45 4 February 22 Georgia Force Away '''W''' 63–43 5 March 1 Chicago Rush Home '''L''' 13–40 6 March 8 Tampa Bay Storm Away '''L''' 27–52 7 March 14 San Jose SaberCats Away '''L''' 41–58 8 March 23 Las Vegas Gladiators Home '''L''' 32–50 9 March 30 Detroit Fury Home '''L''' 14–34 10 April 6 New York Dragons Away '''W''' 46–39 11 April 11 Orlando Predators Away '''L''' 23–66 12 April 18 Los Angeles Avengers Away '''L''' 14–65 13 April 26 Indiana Firebirds Home '''W''' 36–35 14 May 1 Detroit Fury Away '''L''' 48–50 15 May 11 New York Dragons Home '''L''' 30–49 16 May 18 Las Vegas Gladiators Away '''L''' 38–55"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rich Duncan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Rich Duncan''' (born ) is an American college football coach.",
"He is the head football coach for Rhodes College, a position he has held since 2021.He was the head football coach for Aurora University from 2005 to 2011.He was the head baseball coach for the University of Wisconsin–Platteville from 1998 to 2000.He also coached for Manchester, UMass Lowell, Capital, Loras, and Berry.",
"He played college football and baseball for Bethany (WV)."
],
[
"Head coaching record",
"===Football======Baseball==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Rhodes profile* Berry profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1982 All-East football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1982 All-East football team''' consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press as the best players at each position among the Eastern colleges and universities during the 1982 NCAA Division I-A football season."
],
[
"Offense",
"===Quarterback===* Todd Blackledge, Penn State (AP-1)* Doug Flutie, Boston College (AP-2)===Running backs===* Bryan Thomas, Pitt (AP-1)* Curt Warner, Penn State (AP-1)* Jaime Covington, Syracuse (AP-2)* Jon Williams, Penn State (AP-2)===Tight end===* Mike McCloskey, Penn State (AP-1)* Mark Raugh, West Virginia (AP-2)===Wide receivers===* Dwight Collins, Pitt (AP-1)* Kenny Jackson, Penn State (AP-1)* Andrew Baker, Rutgers (AP-2)* Jon Schoen, Boston College (AP-2)===Tackles===* Jim Covert, Pitt (AP-1)* Bill Fralic, Pitt (AP-1)* Bill Contz, Penn State (AP-2)* Rich Spitzer, Rutgers (AP-2)===Guards===* Ron Sams, Pitt (AP-1)* Pete Speros, Penn State (AP-1)* Rob Fada, Pitt (AP-2)* Steve Lively, Boston College (AP-2)===Center===* Jack Belcher, Boston College (AP-1)* Mark Battaglia, Penn State (AP-2)===Placekicker===* Paul Woodside, West Virginia (AP-1)* Alex Falcinelli, Rutgers (AP-2)"
],
[
"Defense",
"===Ends===* Walker Lee Ashley, Penn State (AP-1)* Darryl Talley, West Virginia (AP-1)* Larry Carroll, Army (AP-2)* Al Wenglikowski, Pitt (AP-2)===Tackles===* Todd Campbell, West Virginia (AP-1)* Mike Charles, Syracuse (AP-1)* Greg Gattuso, Penn State (AP-2)* Dave Puzzuoli, Pitt (AP-2)===Middle guard===* J. C. Pelusi, Pitt (AP-1)===Linebackers===* Steve DeOssie, Boston College (AP-1)* Jim Dumont, Rutgers (AP-1)* Andy Ponseigo, Navy (AP-1)* Dennis Fowlkes, West Virginia (AP-2)* Scott Radecic, Penn State (AP-2)* Keith Woetzel, Rutgers (AP-2)===Defensive backs=== * Mark Robinson, Penn State (AP-1)* Mike Williams, Army (AP-1)* Anthony Young, Temple (AP-1)* Tim Agee, West Virginia (AP-2)* Vic Crawford, Boston College (AP-2)* Tom Flynn, Pitt (AP-2)* Harry Hamilton, Penn State (AP-2)===Punter=== * Ralph Giacomarro, Penn State (AP-1)* Joe Sartiano, Army (AP-2)"
],
[
"Key",
"* AP = Associated Press"
],
[
"See also",
"* 1982 College Football All-America Team"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Nantahala black-bellied salamander"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Nantahala black-bellied salamander''' or '''southern black-bellied salamander''' ('''''Desmognathus amphileucus''''') is a species of lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae.",
"It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is only known from the southern Appalachian Mountains.It is known from southwestern North Carolina, extreme western South Carolina, extreme southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia.",
"It is restricted to the Blue Ridge Mountains subrange, with its range being roughly bordered by the Great Smoky Mountains to the north and the French Broad River to the east.",
"Isolated populations are known from the Piedmont of Georgia and South Carolina that may have resulted from introductions via fishing bait buckets.Initially described in 1941 as a subspecies of the blackbelly salamander (\"''D.",
"quadramaculatus''\"), a 2022 study found significant genetic divergence within the species, but also found that the name ''D.",
"quadramaculatus'' had in fact been coined for the northern dusky salamander rather than the blackbelly salamander.",
"''D.",
"amphileucus'', already having previously received a name, was uplifted as a distinct species."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ulverston Town Hall"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ulverston Town Hall''' is a former municipal building on Queen Street, Ulverston, a town in Cumbria, England.",
"The building has been converted for residential use."
],
[
"History",
"The building was commissioned by a local merchant and banker, George Shaw Petty, who adapted a barn, erected some years earlier, and extended it to create a house in 1825.Apart from the barn the site had previously been undeveloped.",
"In the 1870s, the bank was taken over by Wakefield, Crewdson and Company of Kendal, and in the late 19th century, the bank was extended, closing up with the other structures to form a single building on the site.",
"Wakefield, Crewdson and Company merged with Bank of Liverpool in 1893.Following significant population growth, largely associated with its status as a market town, Ulverston became an urban district in 1894.In this context, the new council purchased the bank for use as a town hall.",
"Conversion work started in 1902.The work was carried out to a design by James Wright Grundy in the neoclassical style, involved the provision of a cement render finish and was completed in 1904.The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of eight bays facing onto Queen Street.",
"The left hand section of five bays (the original structure) was slightly projected forward and flanked by full-height Doric order pilasters.",
"The third bay from each end featured a round headed entrance door flanked by pilasters supporting imposts and archivolts.",
"The other bays on the ground floor and all the bays on the first floor were fenestrated by wooden sash windows.",
"At roof level, there was a modillioned cornice.",
"Internally, the principal room was a new council chamber which, together with a staircase, was inserted into the structure.The building continued to serve as the local seat of government until the enlarged South Lakeland District Council was formed at Kendal in 1974.It subsequently served as the offices and meeting place of Ulverston Town Council until the building became dilapidated and the town council had to relocate to the Coronation Hall in County Square in 2014.By that time, the building had also become underused.",
"South Lakeland District Council declared it surplus to requirements and it was sold to South Lakes Housing Association for a nominal sum.Work began in 2018 to convert the building into 17 apartments some of which were intended to be available for rent at affordable prices.",
"The works, which were undertaken by Leck Construction and financed by Homes England, the housing association and the district council, also involved the restoration of the wooden sash windows and entrance doors.",
"The conversion was completed in August 2020."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's lightweight quadruple sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The women's lightweight quadruple sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held on 18 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Friday, 18 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
"RankTeamTimeFan RuihuaShen SenpingPeng YingLiu Bili6:39.74Aiko AsanoYoshie SugiyamaJunko KanoAkiko Iwamoto6:44.74Kim Mi-sunRim Kum-sukMun Won-okRi Son-yong6:57.704Phimpaka ThednumWisutta MaensittiroteBussayamas PhaengkathokSuparat Koset7:07.705Chen Tzu-iLai Hung-wenChuang Yen-chunChen Yi-yin7:09.03"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sergiy Popov (beach volleyball)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Sergiy Popov''' (born 6 August 1991) is a Ukrainian beach volleyball player."
],
[
"Career",
"Sergiy competed for Ukraine at the 2009 FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships, held in Alanya, where he won a gold medal with Valeriy Samoday.Popov and Samoday won a gold medal at the 2011 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships, held in Halifax.",
"They also won bronze medals in men's event at the 2011 Summer Universiade.In the next year, they represented Ukraine at the 2012 European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships, where Samoday and Popov also won gold medals.At the next year, Popov/Samoday competed at the 2013 Beach Volleyball World Championships, but they didn't reach a final (17th place).",
"They also competed at the 2013 European Beach Volleyball Championships without reaching a final.In 2014, Popov and his new partner Illia Kovalov competed at the European Tour in Antalya and World Tour in Anapa without reaching a final.In the following years, he reached a gold medal in Poreč and a bronze medal in Vaduz at the 2018 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour with Vladyslav Iemelianchyk.Popov with his partner Iaroslav Gordieiev competed at the 2019 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour and 2020 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour without reaching any medals.Since 2021, Eduard Reznik is a partner of Sergiy Popov.In 2022, Popov and Reznik competed at the Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour, where they won three silver and one bronze medals.Reznik and Popov competed for Ukraine at the 2023 European Beach Volleyball Championships, held in Vienna, where they won bronze medals.",
"That is the first achievement for Ukrainian national beach volleyball team at these European Championships.Reznik and Popov competed at the 2023 Beach Volleyball World Championships without reaching round of 16."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Sergiy Popov at Beach Volleybox* Sergiy Popov at Flash Score* Sergiy Popov at CEV"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Berlin Conference (November 2–6, 1917)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Berlin Conference, held from November 2 to 6, 1917''', consisted of a series of meetings between German and Prussian ministers, followed by meetings between German and Austro-Hungarian representatives.",
"The conference was held in Berlin just a few days before the outbreak of the October Revolution.",
"At the same time, the antagonisms between Chancellor Georg Michaelis, supported by State Secretary Richard von Kühlmann, on the one hand, and the military, mainly the Dioscuri, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, on the other, reached a climax, prompting the military to call for the Chancellor's resignation, formalizing their disagreements over the program for internal reform of the Reich.",
"These differences between political and military leaders also had at stake the definition of a new program of war aims for the Reich, and the concessions the Germans would be prepared to make to their allies, principally the Dual Monarchy, exhausted by more than three years of conflict, but hostile to any excessive reinforcement of German control over Central and Eastern Europe."
],
[
"Context",
"=== Situation of the Central Powers in the fall of 1917 ===In the fall of 1917, the military situation of the Central Powers was mixed: major successes had been achieved, but these were not enough to decide the outcome of the conflict, since the armies of the Quadruple Alliance were suffering increasing handicaps, leading to an increasingly pronounced weakening as the months went by.Since the defeats it suffered in 1916 at Verdun and on the Somme, the German army has been facing a manpower crisis, with losses increasing slowly but surely as the months go by.",
"However, this weakening, untenable over the long term, did not prevent partial successes: the armies of the Quadruple Alliance were still capable of halting Allied offensives, calling into question their preparation and depriving the Allies of any offensive capability in Italy.",
"As the months went by, the Quadruple Alliance's losses became more and more difficult to make up, and they were no longer in a position to win.",
"However, backed by the Reich, the Dual Monarchy was able to inflict an almost total defeat on the Italians on the Isonzo, while the tenacity of the German soldiers deprived the British, French and Belgians of a strategic victory in Flanders.These partial successes enabled the Dual Monarchy to improve the military situation it had to face: the decomposition of the Russian army, amplified by the failure of the Kerensky offensive launched on July 1, in 1917, removing any danger of a Russian offensive return to Austro-Hungarian Galicia; in the Balkans, despite appreciable tactical successes, the Allies did not yet have offensive capabilities likely to threaten the cohesion of the Austro-Bulgarian front in 1917.This military recovery, impossible without the support of the Reich, did not, however, mask the seriousness of the Dual Monarchy's domestic situation, which had already given cause for concern when the report entitled \"Austro-Hungarian Military Power on the Way to Disintegration\" was submitted to Emperor Charles I on April 13, 1917.Finally, aware of this exhaustion, Austro-Hungarian officials multiplied their initiatives to end the conflict, with Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin proposing bilateral talks with Paul Painlevé, then President of the French Council.Finally, Austro-Hungarian and German strategic planners prepared multiple offensives to be launched in France and Italy during the spring of 1918; moreover, since October 26, German-Austro-Hungarian units have been engaged in the pursuit of the retreating Italian army on the Isonzo front.=== The Austro-German agreements of Kreuznach ===Romania's oil fields in 1917.On May 17, 1917, at the first official meeting between Wilhelm II and Charles I, a solution had been found to divide the continent into a German and an Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence, allocating Poland, Courland and Lithuania to the Reich and Romania, then occupied by the armies of the Quadruple Alliance, to the Dual Monarchy.On June 18, 1917, the Austro-Hungarians approved the terms of the final note on the Kreuznach negotiations of the previous May; the Council of Ministers of the Dual Monarchy accepted the Kreuznach program of war aims, defining the regions to be annexed to the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, as well as the zones under the control of independent states, but promised to strict German or Austro-Hungarian control.However, German officials soon showed an interest in Romania, particularly after a visit to the occupied kingdom by Wilhelm II in September 1917, after which the German emperor was won over by Romania's \"billions\", essentially its mining and agricultural wealth.=== The German program of October 7, 1917 ===Kreuznach, headquarters of the ''Oberste Heeresleitung'', hosted the conference of October 7, 1917.On October 7, 1917, a conference held in Kreuznach, then headquarters of the ''Oberste Heeresleitung'' (OHL, German High Command), brought together Reich Chancellor Georg Michaelis and State Secretary Richard von Kühlmann, under the chairmanship of Wilhelm II.",
"During this meeting, the military set out their objectives for the war after three years of conflict, in a 24-point memorandum; they clashed with the civilians, firm supporters of the devolution of the Polish crown to a Habsburg archduke.This 24-point program defines the new directions that the German military would like to see implemented in pursuit of their war aims.",
"The Dioscuri aspired to place Austria-Hungary under the strict tutelage of the Reich for a period of twenty years, as part of a defensive and offensive military alliance, an extended customs union within the framework of the constitution of Mitteleuropa; furthermore, they wanted the Dual Monarchy to lose interest in Romania, in exchange for Poland.",
"The German military also wanted to force the Habsburg monarchy to make a firm commitment to continue its involvement in the conflict until the Reich had won.At the end of a heated exchange between civilians and the military, the Chancellor reached a compromise between the positions defended by the Dioscuri and those by the Secretary of State: the differences related more to the form that German preeminence in Europe should adopt than to its validity or geographical extension.",
"Indeed, the participants in the October 7 meeting were in favor of resuming economic negotiations with the Dual Monarchy, with a view to concluding a customs union between the two empires.=== The directives of October 22, 1917 ===Ottokar Czernin, representing the Dual Monarchy in Berlin, accepted the terms of the Conference of Vienna of October 22, 1917.During the fall of 1917, German representatives took every opportunity to redefine the terms of the agreements negotiated the previous May at Kreuznach, attempting to exchange Poland, promised to the Reich but divided into German and Austro-Hungarian zones of occupation, for Romania, promised to Austria-Hungary.On October 22, 1917, Ottokar Czernin accepted, in the name of the Dual Monarchy, the \"directives\" proposed by Richard von Kühlmann at the end of a ministerial meeting in Vienna.",
"Czernin recognized the validity of the German demands on Belgium, Courland and Lithuania, while committing the German government \"not to stand in the way of a peaceful solution in the West\"; in exchange, Czernin managed to negotiate the maintenance of some of the Dual Monarchy's political, economic and commercial positions in the Polish regency, which was largely under German control.In exchange for the strengthening and perpetuation of ties between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy, the Germans were prepared to surrender the Polish throne to a Habsburg archduke, Charles Stephen, or even to accept the political integration of the kingdom in the process of being formed into the Dual Monarchy.",
"Nevertheless, this surrender was largely superficial: the agreements between the Kingdom of Poland and the Reich guaranteed a \"simple personal union without legal connection\" between Poland and the Dual Monarchy, but placed the restored kingdom under strict German political and economic control."
],
[
"Participants",
"Georg von Hertling, pictured here in 1908, prepares the conference on behalf of the Reich.The Berlin Conference actually consisted of several governmental meetings chaired by Georg von Hertling, the new Reich Chancellor and Minister-President of the Kingdom of Prussia.",
"Initially attended by members of the governments of the main federal states and the German military, the conference was later opened up to Austro-Hungarian representatives.=== German negotiators ===Karl Helfferich, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, pictured here in 1915, took an active part in this meeting.The conference was prepared by Georg von Hertling, the new Reich Chancellor, and his Vice-Chancellor, Karl Helfferich, under the strict supervision of Richard von Kühlmann and the military Dioscuri, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, who were present in Berlin for the duration of the talks, despite the hostility of the Reichstag deputies.The head of the German delegation, Hermann Johannes, Director of Economic Affairs of the ''Auswärtiges Amt'', was judged to be too timid, and was quickly sidelined by the Vice-Chancellor, Karl Helfferich, and the German Ambassador in Vienna, Botho von Wedel.",
"After some political scheming, Hermann Johannes was replaced by his colleague, the diplomat Paul Koerner, who was fully committed to the Vice-Chancellor's economic plans and had a reputation for great skill in trade negotiations.Vice-Chancellor Karl Helfferich chaired the meeting with the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, which opened on November 5, but he proved powerless in the face of the wide divergence between the Germans and the Austro-Hungarians on the question of war aims.Also present at the German Crown Council was Otto von Dandler, the last Minister-President of the Kingdom of Bavaria.=== Austro-Hungarian negotiators ===The presence of Ottokar Czernin, Foreign Minister of the Dual Monarchy and announced after October 22, in Berlin on November 5, 1917, prompted Chancellor Georg Michaelis to propose postponing for a few days the German-Austro-Hungarian talks originally scheduled for October 29 and 30, 1917."
],
[
"Negotiations",
"=== The continuation of the war ===The Chancellor, Georg von Hertling, and the military attempted to reinforce for the benefit of the Reich the arrangements previously negotiated with the Dual Monarchy at Kreuznach on October 7, and to obtain Austro-Hungarian agreement to revise the terms of the Kreuznach agreements from May.Thus, on November 3 and 4, before the arrival of the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, an agreement was reached among the German participants at the conference: they proposed continuing the conflict \"until the German war aims are achieved\", which Czernin accepted on his arrival in Berlin on November 5.=== Reaffirmation of war aims ===Polish crown to Archduke Charles Stephen, portrayed here by Wojciech Kossak, did not call into question German control over the restored kingdom.From November 2 onwards, the Reich's political and military leaders focused their debates on the question of the war aims of the Reich and its allies, both territorial war aims and the economic and commercial conditions for ending the conflict.Since the end of 1915, the respective places of Belgium and Poland in the structure of Mitteleuropa have been the main focus of Austro-German governmental conferences.The High Command and the government demanded guarantees which, in exchange for the evacuation of the country by German troops, called into question any real independence for the Belgian kingdom.",
"Negotiations between German officials confirmed the conclusions of the September 1917 talks: Belgium, although independent, was in fact promised strict economic supervision by the Reich.",
"Finally, the integrity of the formally independent kingdom would be guaranteed by the Reich,21 while the Belgian army would be more of a militia than a genuine national army.Another apple of discord between the Reich and the Dual Monarchy was the devolution of Russian Poland and the borders of the new kingdom.",
"Negotiations focused on the border strip annexed to the Reich and the delineation of the new frontier: the German negotiators demanded a border modification for Prussia such that a third of the Congress Kingdom fo Poland would be annexed to the Reich, calling into question any possibility of real independence for the restored kingdom.",
"On November 4, Prussian ministers set out their demands in Poland: independent and formally vested in the Habsburg-Lorraine family, restored Poland was in reality placed under the strict control of the Reich.",
"The new kingdom had to cede a wide border strip to the Reich, with a total surface area equivalent to a third of the Congress kingdom, while the canals and railroads were placed under Prussian control through the acquisition of a majority shareholding in the companies concerned; similarly, the new kingdom's central bank, which was supposed to issue the Polish marka, was derived from the deposit bank already operating in the territories administered by the Reich.",
"The harsh reality of this control was barely called into question by the devolution of the Polish throne to a cousin of Emperor-King Charles, Archduke Charles Stephen, the Austrian \"cherry on top\" of the Polish cake.=== Direct or indirect control?",
"===Since the outbreak of the war, different conceptions have shaped the Reich's war aims.",
"Some German officials, mainly members of the Imperial Cabinet, advocated strong economic control over the territories the Reich wished to control; others, close to the military and the nationalist right, advocated straightforward annexation of these territories.The civilian members of the Reich government tried to force the Dioscuri to implement a strategy based on the indirect control of the European continent.",
"The choice was driven by dual pressure: from Vienna, to get out of the conflict, and from the Reichstag, aware of the impossibility of justifying the continuation of the war by the pursuit of vast annexations.Faced with this disagreement over the form German hegemony in Europe should take, Wilhelm II did not make his position clear, allowing the crisis to develop until the summer of 1918: indeed, on July 2, 1918, in Spa, he arbitrated between the different positions, showing himself to be in favor of the establishment of an indirect, economic control by the Reich over formally independent states."
],
[
"Outcome",
"=== German Chimeras ===war aims defined by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (shown here in 1914) in September 1914.On the eve of the October Revolution, the Reich's political and military leaders expanded the war aims they wished to see achieved for their country, even if this program appeared unrealistic at this stage of the conflict.",
"However, the regime change in Russia gave the promoters of this maximalist program hope of its realization.The German program, based on the 24 points negotiated on October 7 at Kreuznach, was reformulated into thirteen points.",
"This program of the Reich's war aims, presented to the Austro-Hungarians, reiterated and deepened the arrengements enacted by Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg on September 9, 1914.At the talks held on November 2, 3 and 4, 1917, both military and civilian leaders agreed to strengthen German control over Poland, which had been formally handed over to the Dual Monarchy.",
"However, this reinforcement, like the wide border strip promised to be annexed by the Reich, aroused the hostility of the Austro-Hungarian negotiators, who advocated a Polish state integrated into Austrian Galicia.=== Maintenance of the Kreuznach arrangements ===Despite attacks from Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, the two Dioscuri, Hertling and his immediate collaborators managed to defend the outcome of the April 23rd agreements, wresting from the military an agreement mentioning a reduced annexation perimeter.Finally, the formulation of the program of war aims proposed by the Reich's representatives prompted the Austro-Hungarian representative to reject the German proposals, the fruit of a compromise negotiated within the German Crown Council upon his arrival in the Reich's capital on November 5.This categorical refusal enabled him to successfully defend the outcome of the previous spring's negotiations, under the terms of the joint German-Austro-Hungarian memorandum of June 18, 1917: Poland and the Baltic states remained assigned to the Reich, while Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Romania belonged to the dual monarchy."
],
[
"See also"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Bibliography ===* * * * * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Cherokee black-bellied salamander"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Cherokee black-bellied salamander''' or '''Smoky Mountains black-bellied salamander''' ('''''Desmognathus gvnigeusgwotli''''') is a species of lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae.",
"It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is only known from the southern Appalachian Mountains.It is known from extreme western North Carolina and southeastern Tennessee.",
"It is restricted mostly to the Great Smoky Mountains, with isolated records also known from the Unicoi, Great Balsam, and Bald Mountains.",
"This is the more common of the two species of \"blackbelly salamander\" known from Great Smoky Mountains National Park.",
"This species and the other blackbelly salamander from the range (the Pisgah black-bellied salamander, ''D.",
"mavrokoilus'') are the first new vertebrate taxa to be discovered in the park's all-taxa biodiversity inventory.Initially grouped with the blackbelly salamander (''D.",
"quadramaculatus''), a 2022 study found significant genetic divergence within the species, but also found that the name ''D.",
"quadramaculatus'' had in fact been coined for the northern dusky salamander rather than the blackbelly salamander.",
"The Smoky Mountains population was thus described as a new species, ''D.",
"gvnigeusgwotli''.",
"The specific epithet, ''gvnigeusgwotli'', roughly translates to \"black belly\" in the Cherokee language."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1990 Virginia Slims of Oklahoma – Doubles"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Lori McNeil and Betsy Nagelsen were the defending champions, but none competed this year.Mary Lou Daniels and Wendy White won the title by defeating Manon Bollegraf and Lise Gregory 7–5, 6–2 in the final."
],
[
"Seeds"
],
[
"Draw",
"===Draw==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official results archive (ITF)* Official results archive (WTA)"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Alisson (footballer, born 1995)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Alisson Machado dos Santos''' (born 8 June 1995), simply known as '''Alisson''', is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Criciúma."
],
[
"Career",
"Born in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Alisson represented Internacional and Figueirense as a youth.",
"Promoted to the latter's first team in January 2016, he only made his senior debut on 25 November 2017, starting in a 1–0 Série B home win over Paysandu.Rarely used by ''Figueira'', Alisson joined Paraná on 8 February 2019.Initially a backup option in his first year, he became a regular starter in his second.On 12 February 2021, Alisson was announced at Criciúma.",
"A backup to Gustavo, he was a part of the squad which achieved two promotions in three seasons."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"ClubSeasonLeagueState LeagueCupContinentalOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsFigueirense2016Série A000000——002017Série B100000——102018102000——30Total202000——40Paraná2019Série B503000——8020201908020——290Total24011020——370Criciúma2021Série C103010—40902022Série B1011000——1202023502000——702024Série A000000—0000Total7016010—40280Career total330290300040690"
],
[
"Honours",
"'''Figueirense'''*Campeonato Catarinense: 2018'''Criciúma'''*Campeonato Catarinense Série B: 2022*Campeonato Catarinense: 2023*Recopa Catarinense: 2024"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Katie Kitching"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Katie Kitching''' is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sunderland.",
"Born in England, she is a New Zealand international."
],
[
"Early life",
"Kitching is a native of Well, England."
],
[
"Education",
"Kitching attended the University of South Florida in the United States."
],
[
"Career",
"Kitching played for English side Sunderland, where she was described as \"bringing an impressive athleticism further ahead... nothing short of a revelation, a box-to-box midfielder who is outrunning just about every opponent in her path\"."
],
[
"Style of play",
"Kitching mainly operates as a midfielder and is known for her passing ability."
],
[
"International goals",
" No.",
"Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1.19 February 2024 FFS Football Stadium, Apia, Samoa '''9'''–1 11–1 2024 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament 2.",
"'''10'''–1"
],
[
"Personal life",
"Kitching was born to a New Zealand mother and English father."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Cocoon (manga)"
],
[
"Introduction",
" is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Machiko Kyō.",
"It was serialized in Akita Shoten's ''josei'' manga magazine ''Elegance Eve'' from March 2009 to May 2010.An anime adaptation produced by Sasayuri is set to premiere in Q3 2025."
],
[
"Media",
"===Manga===Written and illustrated by Machiko Kyō, ''Cocoon'' was serialized in Akita Shoten's ''josei'' manga magazine ''Elegance Eve'' from March 26, 2009 to May 27, 2010.The series is the first part of Kyō's trilogy of manga about war.",
"Its chapters were collected into a single book volume on August 5, 2010.A single ''tankōbon'' volume that consists of the series' chapters and a side-story was released on April 17, 2015.===Anime===An anime adaptation was announced on June 27, 2023.It is produced by Sasayuri, with Hitomi Tateno serving as animation producer.",
"It is set to premiere in Q3 2025 on NHK."
],
[
"See also",
"*''Mitsuami no Kami-sama'', another manga series by the same author"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Eğrigöz"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Eğrigöz''' is a village in Emet District of Kütahya Province, Turkey.",
"As of 2022, its population is 172.Eğrigöz is known for its old fortress, which is on a hill just east of the village.",
"It was also a district capital under Ottoman rule in the early modern period."
],
[
"Geography",
"The village of Eğrigöz is located just west of the Emet Çayı stream, on a saddle-like landform connecting two rocky hills.",
"The western hill is a cone-shaped rocky outcrop, while immediately above the village on the east is a steep rocky hill topped by a small plateau.",
"On this plateau is the old fortress.",
"Below the plateau is a rocky shelf that drops off sharply on the north, south, and east sides, making the fortress only accessible from the west side.",
"The Emet Çayı flows below the east side of this hill.Eğrigöz is 64 km west of Kütahya, the province capital."
],
[
"Fortress",
"The fortress of Eğrigöz consists of a series of walls enclosing the eastern hill's lower shelf on the west, south, and east sides.",
"There is no wall on the north side, but the drop-off here is extremely steep and the lower shelf is extremely narrow.",
"There are three towers: one on the west side, and then ones at the northeast and southeast corners.",
"There may have also been another watchtower on top of the plateau.",
"On the hill's east side, on the slope below the lower shelf, there are remains of a short section of wall along with a square tower; these were probably part of a lower ring of walls.",
"On the north side, there are three cisterns, variously made of brick or carved directly into the rock.",
"The fortress could only be accessed from the west side, and access was controlled by two gates on the steep western slope leading up to the lower shelf."
],
[
"History",
"Eğrigöz may possibly be identical to the medieval Byzantine place called '''Akrokos''' (), which was mentioned in the 9th century as a ''bandon'' in the theme of Opsikion.",
"(The ''bandon'' of Akrokos also included a town called Tiberiopolis, whose location is also unknown.)",
"It was later mentioned in 1113 in connection with the campaigns of the emperor Alexios I Komnenos.",
"However, contemporary references to Akrokos are vague about its location, and they seem to contradict each other, so the identification of it with Eğrigöz is highly uncertain.In 1381, Eğrigöz was one of several towns ceded from Germiyanid control to the early Ottoman Empire, as part of the wedding dowry of Devletşah Hatun, who was married to the Ottoman prince (and future sultan) Bayezid I.In 1442, Vlad the Impaler was briefly kept in the fortress of Eğrigöz as a hostage of the Ottoman sultan.The Tapu Defter #438, from the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent, listed Eğrigöz as a ''kazâ'' in the Sanjak of Kütahya."
],
[
"Gallery",
"File:Eğrigöz'de Bahar.jpg|Eğrigöz in springtime.",
"The two hills are visible on either side of the image.File:Eğrigöz..jpg|Satellite image of Eğrigöz.",
"Up is north.File:Eğrigözkaleön.jpg|View of the fortress hill in Eğrigöz.",
"One of the gates is visible at the bottom of the hill.File:Eğrigöz Kale Kapısı.jpg|Closer view of the same gateFile:Eğrigöz HAMAM.jpg|Ruins of an old hamam in Eğrigöz"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023 NBL Uganda season"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023 NBL Uganda season''' was the 27th season of the National Basketball League of Uganda, organised by the FUBA.",
"The season began on 19 March and ended on 25 October 2023.The City Oilers won a record-extending 9th consecutive national championship, after edging the KIU Titans 4–2 in the finals of the playoffs.",
"The season was marked by the withdrawal of second-seeded Namuwongo Blazers ahead of the playoffs."
],
[
"Team changes",
" Promoted from 2022 Division 1 Relegated from 2022 NBL Uganda seasonKampala RocketsRezlife SaintsTropical RoyalsVictoria University-SharingFalcons"
],
[
"Regular season",
"The regular season began on 19 March and ended 10 September 2023.The Namuwongo Blazers withdrew from the league ahead of the playoffs as a protest by the federation's decision that the winner of the previous season had already qualified for the 2024 BAL qualification.=== Standings ====== Results ==="
],
[
"Playoffs",
"The playoffs began on 16 September and ended 25 October 2023."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hamada Ould Mohamed Kheirou"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hamada Ould Mohamed Kheirou''' nom de guerre '''Abu Qum-Qum''' was a Mauritanian jihadist and the founder of the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO/MOJWA)."
],
[
"Biography",
"Kheirou was born in Ouad Naga and a descent of the marabout tribe of Tegounanett.",
"In 2005, He was arrested in Nouakchott for instigating violence in a mosque, which he claimed was teaching untrue Islam.",
"He escaped the city a few months later disguised as a woman.",
"Kheirou was arrested again on September 3, 2008, in Kita, Mali, but was released in April 2009 along with Idris Ould Mohamed Lemine in a prison exchange with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).",
"He was released on the behest of Canada for the Canadian diplomats Robert Fowler and Louis Gay, according to Franco-Beninese journalist Serge Daniel.",
"According to Jeune Afrique, Kheirou was released in 2010 for French hostage Pierre Camatte.Kheirou joined AQIM in 2009, supplying Mokhtar Belmokhtar's katiba in northern Mali along with making explosives.",
"During his time in AQIM, Kheirou criticized the leadership of Abdelmalek Droukdel and accused the group of being dominated by Algerians and an inequitable distribution of money gathered from hostage-taking and trafficking.",
"In late 2011, he founded the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa and established connection with Boko Haram.In MOJWA, Kheirou sponsored the Tamanrasset suicide bombing on March 3, 2012, killing twenty-three people.",
"When the Mali War broke out in 2012, MOJWA fought against moderate Tuareg rebels and the Malian government.Kheirou has been sanctioned by the United Nations and the United States, with the latter setting a $5 million bounty for his arrest.In 2014, he announced his allegiance to the Islamic State, and his refusal of the merger between MOJWA and Al-Mourabitoun.",
"Kheirou is believed to have fled to and lived in Sirte, Libya, when the city was controlled of the Islamic State.",
"In Libya, he fought with the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna before fleeing to Sirte.",
"Mauritanian media reported he was killed in a 2017 airstrike in Libya."
],
[
"References",
"=== Note ====== Citations ==="
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Nicholls Colonels football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Nicholls Colonels football team''' will represent Nicholls State University in the 2024 NCAA Division I FCS football season.",
"The Colonels play their home games at Manning Field at John L. Guidry Stadium in Thibodaux, Louisiana, and compete in the Southland Conference.",
"They are led by tenth–year head coach Tim Rebowe."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"Game summaries",
"=== @ Louisiana Tech (FBS) ====== @ LSU (FBS) ====== @ Sacramento State ====== Mississippi Valley State ====== Texas A&M–Commerce ====== @ Southern ====== @ Incarnate Word ====== McNeese ====== @ Houston Christian ====== Northwestern State ====== @ Lamar ====== Southeastern Louisiana ==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 AlUla Tour"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 AlUla Tour''' was a road cycling stage race that took place between 30 January and 3 February 2024 in Saudi Arabia.",
"The race was rated as a category 2.1 event on the 2024 UCI Asia Tour calendar and is the eighth edition of the Saudi Tour."
],
[
"Teams",
"Eighteen teams entered the race, which included nine UCI WorldTeams, five UCI ProTeams, three UCI Continental teams and the Saudi Arabian National Team.",
"All teams entered a full squad of seven riders, with the exception of , who only entered five.",
"In total, 111 riders started the race.",
"'''UCI WorldTeams'''* * * * * * * * * '''UCI ProTeams'''* * * * * '''UCI Continental Teams'''* * * '''National team'''* Saudi Arabia"
],
[
"Route",
"+ Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Stage winner 1 30 January Al Manshiyah Train Station to Al Manshiyah Train Station alt= Flat stage 2 31 January Winter Park to Sharaan Natural Reserve alt= Hilly stage 3 1 February Alula Airport to Camel Cup Track alt= Flat stage 4 2 February Hegra to Maraya alt= Hilly stage 5 3 February Al Ula Old Town to Skyviews of Harrat Uwayrid alt= Flat stage Total"
],
[
"Stages",
"=== Stage 1 ===;30 January 2024 — Al Manshiyah Train Station to Al Manshiyah Train Station, === Stage 2 ===;31 January 2024 — Winter Park to Sharaan Natural Reserve, === Stage 3 ===;1 February 2024 — AlUla International Airport to Camel Cup Track, === Stage 4 ===;2 February 2024 — Hegra to Maraya, === Stage 5 ===;3 February 2024 — Al Ula Old Town to Skyviews of Harrat Uwayrid,"
],
[
"Classification leadership table",
"+ Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Active rider classification Young rider classification Team classification 1 Casper van Uden Casper van Uden Unai Zubeldia Casper van Uden 2 Søren Wærenskjold Søren Wærenskjold Atsushi Oka Søren Wærenskjold 3 Tim Merlier Casper van Uden Polychronis Tzortzakis Casper van Uden 4 Tim Merlier Tim Merlier Atsushi Oka 5 Simon Yates William Junior Lecerf Final Atsushi Oka William Junior Lecerf"
],
[
"Classification standings",
" Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the active rider classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification=== General classification ===+ Final general classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 18h 37' 05\" 2 + 3\" 3 + 3\" 4 + 12\" 5 + 18\" 6 + 22\" 7 + 32\" 8 + 40\" 9 + 40\" 10 + 45\"=== Points classification ===+ Final points classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 39 2 39 3 25 4 22 5 17 6 15 7 13 8 12 9 11 10 11=== Active rider classification ===+ Final active rider classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 11 2 11 3 7 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 5 8 5 9 4 10 3=== Young rider classification ===+ Final young rider classification (1–10) Rank Rider Team Time 1 18h 37' 08\" 2 + 0\" 3 + 37\" 4 + 37\" 5 + 49\" 6 + 1' 11\" 7 + 1' 18\" 8 + 1' 49\" 9 + 1' 49\" 10 + 1' 55\"===Teams classification===+ Final team classification (1–10) Rank Team Time 1 55h 53' 03\" 2 + 25\" 3 + 46\" 4 + 52\" 5 + 1' 38\" 6 + 1' 39\" 7 + 1' 53\" 8 + 3' 04\" 9 + 3' 07\" 10 + 3' 54\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Shooli"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Dasht Shuleeg''' () also called '''Shooli''' is a small village in the Kech District, of the Makran Division of Balochistan province in Pakistan.",
"Population of this village is 2,219 per 2017 Census of Pakistan.The village is located in Dasht Tehsil of Kech District, in the western part of Balochistan.",
"It is situated north of the Gwadar District, close to the Iranian border."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's lightweight double sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The men's lightweight double sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held from 16 to 18 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Wednesday, 16 December 1998 07:00 Heats Thursday, 17 December 1998 07:00 Repechages Friday, 18 December 1998 07:00 Finals"
],
[
"Results",
";Legend*'''DSQ''' — Disqualified=== Heats ===* '''Qualification:''' 1 → Final A ('''FA'''), 2–5 → Repechages ('''R''')==== Heat 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Gao BingrongLiu Jian6:37.09 FA2Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:38.44 R3Piyadanai PantangthaiRuthtanaphol Theppibal6:54.09 R4Edgardo MaerinaJose Rodriguez6:59.30 R5JamaluddinRahmat7:08.81 R==== Heat 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Ri Chol-jinKim Song-chol6:52.73 FA2Shakeel Ahmed DarZahid Ali Pirzada7:01.77 R3Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi7:08.03 R4Jo Jun-hyungYoon Sang-jin7:08.12 R5Raihan OmarRoozaimy Omar7:44.33 R=== Repechages ===* '''Qualification:''' 1–2 → Final A ('''FA'''), 3–4 → Final B ('''FB''')==== Repechage 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:40.56 FA2Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi6:43.36 FA3Edgardo MaerinaJose Rodriguez6:47.15 FB4Raihan OmarRoozaimy Omar7:30.81 FB==== Repechage 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Shakeel Ahmed DarZahid Ali Pirzada6:48.71 FA2JamaluddinRahmat6:50.97 FA3Jo Jun-hyungYoon Sang-jin6:54.14 FB—Piyadanai PantangthaiRuthtanaphol TheppibalDSQ === Finals ======= Final B ====RankTeamTime1Edgardo MaerinaJose Rodriguez6:45.082Jo Jun-hyungYoon Sang-jin7:00.323Raihan OmarRoozaimy Omar7:23.40==== Final A ====RankTeamTimeGao BingrongLiu Jian6:24.04Kazuaki MimotoDaisaku Takeda6:26.55Ri Chol-jinKim Song-chol6:36.824Lo Sing YanLui Kam Chi6:42.715Shakeel Ahmed DarZahid Ali Pirzada6:53.836JamaluddinRahmat6:57.52"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Kanawha black-bellied salamander"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Kanawha black-bellied salamander''' or '''New River black-bellied salamander''' ('''''Desmognathus kanawha''''') is a species of lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae.",
"It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is only known from the south-central Appalachian Mountains.The northernmost member of the \"blackbelly salamander\" complex, it is primarily known from the Kanawha River basin of southwestern Virginia and southern West Virginia, but is also known from the upper Pee Dee River basin of northwestern North Carolina and southwestern Virginia, the upper Tennessee River basin of southwestern Virginia and northeastern Tennessee, the Roanoke River basin of north-central North Carolina and south-central Virginia, and the lower Chesapeake River basin of west-central Virginia.",
"It is currently unknown how far southwest and northeast this species ranges.Initially grouped with the blackbelly salamander (''D.",
"quadramaculatus''), a 2022 study found significant genetic divergence within the species, but also found that the name ''D.",
"quadramaculatus'' had in fact been coined for the northern dusky salamander rather than the blackbelly salamander.",
"The northern population was thus described as a distinct species, ''D.",
"kanawha'', after the Kanawha basin."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Thomas Langdon (Victorian politician)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Thomas Langdon''' (13 May 1832 − 27 May 1914) was an Australian politician."
],
[
"Biography",
"Langdon was born in Somerset, England, and arrived in Melbourne in 1853.He elected as a member of the Marong Shire Council in 1871, serving as president from 1877 until 1879.He also served on Swan Hill Shire Council.In 1880, Langdon was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Avoca.",
"When the seat was abolished in 1889, he attempted to win the new seat of Korong, but was unsuccessful.",
"He also unsuccessfully contested Dunolly at a by-election the following year.At the 1892 election, Langdon contested Korong again, and this time was successful.",
"Langdon joined the Bent ministry in 1907.This meant a by-election had to be held in his seat, however he contested and was re-elected.",
"Langdon left Bent's United Liberal Party in 1908, joining the Liberal Party.Langdon died in 1914, aged 82.The by-election in Korong was won by Achilles Gray."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
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