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[ [ "Emily Mariko" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Emily Mariko''' is a social media influencer who gained attention in the summer of 2021 for her cooking and lifestyle TikToks, particularly her salmon and rice bowls." ], [ "Early life", "Mariko was born in Los Angeles.", "She attended Columbia University in New York City and graduated in 2014 with a degree in neuroscience.", "She worked at L’Oréal and Facebook before leaving to become a full-time YouTuber." ], [ "Social media career", "When Mariko pursued social media part-time, she called her YouTube channel “Sharewear” and was focused on fashion and lifestyle content.", "When she left Facebook, she renamed her channel to her full name.", "She began posting on TikTok in March 2020, while already a full-time YouTuber.", "In the summer of 2021, Mariko gained attention for her salmon bowl recipe, which consists of leftover salmon, white rice, soy sauce, kewpie mayonnaise, nori, and kimchi.", "In videos, Mariko heated the rice in the microwave with an ice cube and parchment paper.", "At the height of the salmon videos' popularity, Mariko gained a million TikTok followers in several days.", "Mashable described her account's content as \"nearly mundane but soothingly organized\".", "She frequently posts about exercise, cleaning, and cooking.", "In 2024, she launched an online shop called Emily Mariko.", "Its first and only product was a large tote bag that was sold for US$120.Despite attracting attention for its high price, the tote bag quickly sold out." ], [ "Personal life", "Emily Mariko became engaged to her longtime partner, Matt Rickard, in October 2021.The couple married on July 22, 2023 in Rancho Palos Verdes, California in a venue that viewers recognized as the same venue as Caleb and Julie’s wedding in the television series ''The O.C.''", "Her wedding was widely discussed on social media and was noted for exemplifying \"quiet luxury\".", "The wedding was hailed as one of the top social media events of 2023 by ''The New York Times''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Perinoru Makan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Perinoru Makan''''' () is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language romantic family drama film directed by Vinu Anand and starring Bhagath Manuel, Saranya Mohan, and Innocent.", "The film received negative reviews from critics and was a box office failure causing Saranya Mohan to take a break from Malayalam films." ], [ "Cast", "Bhagath Manuel as Satheesan Saranya Mohan as BhamaInnocent as Harishchandran Guinness PakruSuraj VenjaramooduTini TomKPAC LalithaNiyazSudheeshVanitha Krishnachandran" ], [ "Reception", "A critic from ''Rediff.com'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that \"''Perinoru Makan'' is neither good nor bad; it's just indifferent\".", "A critic from ''The Times of India'' rated the film one out of five stars and wrote that \"The narrative is so over-crowded with filial affection, family feud, scheming relatives that the director finds it a bit too hard to put everything in place\"." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "** ''Perinoru Makan'' at Dool News" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chinyere Udoma" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chinyere Udoma''' (born 1976), is a Nigerian gospel musician, singer and songwriter best known for her Igbo musics.", "In 2018, she released the single \"Adim Well Loaded\"." ], [ "Early life and education", "Udoma had her education in mass communication from University of Nigeria although she was born in Ibadan.", "She is from Igbo descent.", "She started out as a chorister at St Mary's Catholic Church, Nnokwa where she garnered recognition.", "In 1999, she debuted her first song, \"Ị dịghị ajọ njọ.\"", "In 2018 during the Women of Praise inaugural concert, She was featured alongside Cece Winans to perform." ], [ "Personal life", "She is married to Ifeanyi Akaekpuchionwa whom she said had met in a crusade." ], [ "Accolades", "Her songs has been featured in CLIMA awards.", "Her debut, ''Agu N'eche mba,'' has been praised on African contemporary musical education calling it \"Christology.", "\"In 2022, The Stone Magazine awarded her the Gospel Artiste of the year for South East, Nigeria.She was nominated as the stage most outstanding music minister of the year for the 2023 CLIMA AFRICA Awards." ], [ "Discography", "=== Albums ===* ''WInd of Glory'' (2014)* ''Chinyere Udoma'' (2018)* ''Merciful God'' (2021)* ''The Marvelous God'' (2023)* ''Pure Paise 2'' (2023)=== EPs ===* ''Year Of Blessing'' (2024)=== Singles ===* ''Agu N'eche mba''* ''Adim Well Loaded'' (2018)* ''Pure Praise'' (2018)* ''Wind Of Glory'' (2022)* ''To You Be All The Glory'' * ''Jesus Surprise Me'' (2023)* ''Come and See'' * ''The Marvelous God'' (2023)* ''Jehovah Mara Over'' * ''Oke Ebube'' * ''Chimamaka'' * ''Imenem'' (2020)* ''Ebenebe''" ], [ "See also", "* List of Nigerian gospel musicians* List of Nigerian musicians" ], [ "References" ], [ "Work cited", "" ], [ "External links", " Chinyere Udoma archived songs" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ținutul Olt" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ținutul Olt''' (draft version: '''Ținutul Jiu''') was one of the ten Romanian ''ținuturi'' (\"lands\") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration.", "Roughly corresponding to the historical region of Oltenia and named after the Olt River and the Jiu River, it had its capital in the city of Craiova.", "''Ținutul Olt'' ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Axis powers and the king's abdication in 1940." ], [ "Coat of arms", "The coat of arms consists of six bars, three of gules and three of or, representing the former seven counties (''județe'') of Greater Romania (71 in total) which it had included.", "Over the bars there is an or lion rampant langued and armed sable, facing dexter (the symbol of Oltenia)." ], [ "Counties incorporated", "After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, out of the older 71 counties, Ținutul Olt incorporated 6 of them: Dolj CountyGorj CountyMehedinți CountyOlt CountyRomanați CountyVâlcea County" ], [ "See also", "* Historical administrative divisions of Romania* Sud-Vest (development region)* History of Romania" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Map" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ținutul Bucegi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ținutul Bucegi''' (draft version: '''Ținutul Argeș''') was one of the ten Romanian ''ținuturi'' (\"lands\") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration.", "Named after the Bucegi Mountains and extending over historical areas of Wallachia and South-Eastern Transylvania, it had its capital in the city of Bucharest.", "''Ținutul Bucegi'' ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania (Second Vienna Award) and the king's abdication in 1940." ], [ "Coat of arms", "The coat of arms consisted of ten bars, five of azure and five of argent, representing the former ten counties (''județe'') of Greater Romania (71 in total in 1938) included in it, charged with or eagle wings displayed facing dexter with an or Latin cross in the beak (elements taken from Wallachia's historical coat of arms) standing over five peaks argent representing the Bucegi Mountains." ], [ "Counties incorporated", "After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, out of the older 71 counties, Ținutul Bucegi incorporated 10:* Argeș County* Brașov County* Buzău County* Dâmbovița County* Ilfov County* Muscel County* Prahova County* Teleorman County* Trei Scaune County* Vlașca County" ], [ "See also", "* Historical administrative divisions of Romania* Sud (development region)* History of Romania" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Map" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Eugenia axillaris" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Eugenia axillaris''''', the '''white stopper''', is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae.", "It is native to central and southern Florida, the Caribbean, Bermuda, eastern Mexico, and Central America.", "An evergreen shrub or tree reaching but often shorter, it is typically found in partly shady coastal hammocks and other sandy areas." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1958–59 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1958–59 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy''' was the fifth edition of Pakistan's premier domestic first-class cricket competition.", "Matches were played from 18 December 1958 to 21 January 1959.In the final, Karachi defeated Combined Services by 279 runs at the Karachi Parsi Institute.", "These two teams had contested the 1954–55 final, also won by Karachi.The final is remembered for the death of Abdul Aziz, the Karachi wicket-keeper who was a 17-year-old student.", "Batting in the first innings, he was struck on the chest by a ball from Dildar Awan, who was a slow off break bowler.", "Given Dildar's slow pace, the blow had nothing like the severity of one caused by a fast bowler's delivery, and Abdul was ready to face the next ball when he suddenly collapsed.", "He did not recover consciousness and died en route to hospital.", "It is believed he had an undiagnosed heart condition and went into cardiac arrest after the ball hit him." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Darhe Jesarim" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Darhe Jesarim''' was a Black Jewish synagogue formed in Suriname.", "It is the earliest known synagogue in the African diaspora.", "The synagogue was later disbanded and Black and mixed-race Jews were integrated back into Suriname's predominantly white synagogues." ], [ "History", "By 1759, enslaved and free Afro-Surinamese Jews (sometimes referred to by scholars as \"Eurafrican Jews\") had formed their own brotherhood and called it ''Darhe Jesarim'' (\"Path of the Righteous\" in Hebrew).", "The synagogue was located in Sivaplein.", "Darhe Jesarim both educated Jews of color and provided a place where Afro-Surinamese Jews could worship without the inequities and distinctions made in Paramaribo's white-run Neveh Shalom and Tzedek ve-Shalom congregations.", "In 1817, Darhe Jesarim was disbanded and its members were absorbed back into the city's two white-run synagogues." ], [ "See also", "African-American JewsHistory of the Jews in SurinameRacism in Jewish communities" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Suriname, I Spy With Rebecca Gratz's Eye." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ținutul Dunărea de Jos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ținutul Dunărea de Jos''' (draft version: '''Ținutul Dunării''') was one of the ten Romanian ''ținuturi'' (\"lands\") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration.", "Named after the Danube River and extending over historical areas of Moldavia (into Moldavia-proper, as well as Budjak and Bessarabia), parts of Northern Dobruja (with the Danube Delta), and an area of Wallachia around Brăila.", "Its capital was the city of Galați.", "Ținutul Dunărea de Jos ceased to exist following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and the king's abdication in 1940." ], [ "Coat of arms", "The coat of arms consists of ten bars, five of azure and five of murrey, representing the former ten counties (''județe'') of Greater Romania (71 in total) which it included.", "Over the bars there is an argent bend, of wavy shape, reminding of the Danube." ], [ "Counties incorporated", "After the 1938 Administrative and Constitutional Reform, of the older 71 counties, Ținutul Dunărea de Jos included 10: * Brăila County* Cahul County* Covurlui County* Fălciu County* Ismail County* Putna County* Râmnicu Sărat County* Tecuci County* Tulcea County* Tutova County" ], [ "See also", "* Historical administrative divisions of Romania* Sud-Est (development region)* History of Romania" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Map" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hamas most wanted playing cards" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Hamas most wanted cards''' are decks of playing cards which include Hamas members wanted by the State of Israel." ], [ "Unofficial IDF deck", "As part of the Israel–Hamas war, an unofficial card deck of 54 wanted individuals were distributed to soldiers.", "The idea for the deck was inspired by the Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards created by the Defense Intelligence Agency with top wanted members of Saddam Hussein's regime after the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.The history of making such cards dates back to the American Civil War.More than 10,000 decks of the cards were distributed to Israeli soldiers to help the soldiers identify top Hamas targets and to unsettle Hamas officials.", "The hierarchy of various Hamas officials have been mixed around in the deck in order to attempt to embarrass more higher-ranking officials.As of January 17, 2024, 20 individuals from the list were killed (and the status of 4 more is unknown).IDF soldier holding a package of Hamas most wanted cards.=== List of cards ===+CardPersonPositionFateJOKERMohammed DeifHead of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam BrigadesJOKERSalah al-ArouriDeputy head of Hamas Killed on 2 January 2024A ♠Abu Obeida Spokesperson of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam BrigadesA ♣Marwan Issa Deputy of Mohammed DeifA ♦Ismail Haniyeh Head of Hamas Political BureauA ♥Khaled Mashal Former head of Hamas Political BureauK ♠Issam al-Da'alis Head of Hamas government in Gaza K ♣Chairman of the economic committee K ♦Khalil al-Hayya Deputy head of Hamas's political bureauK ♥Asem Abu RakabaHead of the air wingKilled on 28 October 2023Q ♠Member of Hamas's political bureau Q ♣Az al-Din Haddad Commander of Gaza City Division (al-Qassam Brigades)Q ♦Iman Tziam Head of the support array KilledQ ♥Yahya Sinwar Leader of Hamas in GazaJ ♠Mohammed Sinwar Commander of the Southern Gaza Strip Division (al-Qassam Brigades)J ♣Ayman NofalCommander of the Central Gaza Strip Killed on 17 October 2023J ♦Rafah Salama Commander of the Khan Yunis Brigade (al-Qassam Brigades)J ♥Ahmad GhandourCommander of the northern Gaza Strip Killed on 14 November 202310 ♠Youssef Abu al-Rish Deputy Health Minister10 ♣Fa'ez Baroud Commander in al-Qassam Brigades10 ♦Osama Hamdan Foreign relations officer10 ♥Mohammed Ouda Head of Hamas intelligence 9 ♠Ali al-Amoudi Activist in Hamas propaganda department9 ♣Muhammad AtzarHead of the anti-tank forces in Gaza Killed on 1 November 20239 ♦Zakaria Abu Maamar Senior member of Hamas's political bureauKilled on 10 October 20239 ♥Mahmoud al-Zahar Member of Hamas Political Bureau8 ♠Ahmed Shamali Deputy commander of Gaza City Brigade8 ♣Shadi Baroud Deputy head of intelligence Killed on 26 October 20238 ♦Mousa Abu Marzook Head of international relations office8 ♥Razi Abu Tama'ah Head of the combat support array7 ♠Imad AkelHead of rear headquarters7 ♣Deputy head of the West Bank region (successor of al-Arouri)7 ♦Abd al-Hadi Tziam Commander in the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades7 ♥Haitham KhuwajariCommander of Shati Brigade (al-Qassam Brigades)Killed on 4 December 20236 ♠Ibrahim Biari Commander of Jabalia center brigadeKilled on 31 October 20236 ♣Wissam FarhatCommander of Shuja'iyya brigadeKilled on 2 December 20236 ♦Wael Rajab Deputy commander of the northern Gaza StripKilled6 ♥Mohammed Shebana Commander of the Rafah brigade5 ♠Nasim Abu Ajina Commander of Beit Lahiya brigadeKilled5 ♣Ibrahim al-Sahar Commander of the explosive devices in the northern StripKilled5 ♦Jaber AzizCommander of a brigade5 ♥Hassam Badran Member of the executive committee4 ♠Taysir MabasherCommander of the northern Khan Yunis brigadeKilled on 25 October 20234 ♣Mustafa DalulCommander of Zabara brigadeKilled on 3 November 20234 ♦Fathi Hamad Head of office in the executive committee4 ♥Ra'ad Sa'adCommander in the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades3 ♠Yakub A'ashurCommander of the anti-tank system in Khan YunisKilled on 13 November 20233 ♣Razi HamadMember of Hamas's political bureau3 ♦Ismail SirajCommander of Nuseirat brigadeKilled on 6 January 20243 ♥Ra'ad ThabatMember of Hamas's political bureau2 ♠Madhat MabasherCommander of the West Khan Yunis brigadeKilled on 27 October 20232 ♣Mahdi KhuwaraCommander of Lahiya Brigade2 ♦Mohammed AlwadiaCommander of the anti-tank system of the Gaza City Brigade (al-Qassam Brigades)Killed on 18 October2 ♥Nizar AwadallahSenior member of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades" ], [ "Christian Cowboy unofficial deck", "A group of Christians who had come to volunteer in Israel in the aftermath of the October 7 attack, designed and printed another unofficial deck of playing cards with photos of the most wanted Hamas personalities and distributed the cards to Israeli soldiers in southern Israel and Gaza.", "The cards were designed and printed at Be'eri Printers at Kibbutz Be'eri, one of the hardest hit kibbutzim during the October 7 attack.The deck was printed in Hebrew, English, and Arabic, and included two joker cards and 12 Hamas personalities, including Haniyeh, Yahya Sinwar, Abu Obeida, Deif, Issa, al-Arouri, Mashal, Hamad, Sa'ad, Muhammad Sinwar.", "The depictions in these cards, from the drawings of the subjects to how their names were written in Arabic, are intended to mock the Hamas leaders.", "For example, Yahya Sinwar is written as Sinfar, a play on the Arabic word \"alfar\" for mouse, and his picture depicts him as a mouse." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rukn al-Dawla Da'ud''' (ruled 1114–1144 CE) was a Turkoman emir of the Artuqid dynasty in the early 12th century.", "He was a son of Sökmen and succeeded his brother Ibrahim of Ḥiṣn Kaifā (ruled 1104–1109)." ], [ "Origin", "His grandfather was Artuk, a commander in the Seljuk Empire.", "He was ruler of Hisn Kayfa, a city on the Tigris River in the northern Jazira region (modern Turkey)." ], [ "Rule", "After the passing of his brother, Ibrahim, Da'ud ascended as bey of Hisn Kayfa in 1109.Despite his position, he consistently acknowledged the authority of his uncle Ilghazi, even dispatching soldiers to him on multiple occasions.", "However, in 1122, he refused to yield the same deference to Husam al-Din Timurtash.", "Seizing the opportunity presented by Belek Ghazi's demise in 1124, Da'ud swiftly captured Harput.", "Yet, his ambition to control Mayyafariqin was delayed, leading to a rivalry with his cousin Timurtash.", "Ibn al-Athir noted the loyalty of the Turkmen of Amida to Da'ud over Timurtash, although they recognized Timurtash's tactical prowess.Between 1123 and 1125, Da'ud joined the ruler of Ahlat in a campaign against the Kingdom of Georgia, according to Matthew of Edessa.", "In 1126, when Imad al-Din Zengi besieged Nusaybin, he sought Da'ud's assistance, eventually promising him the city.", "Zengi's cunning interception of a messenger pigeon led to the surrender of Nusaybin to his forces, enhancing his power.", "Subsequent victories, including the conquest of Aleppo in 1128/1129, compelled the Artuqid emirs to unite with other Turkmen leaders.In 1130, Da'ud forged an alliance with Ilaldi, the ruler of Amida, and other Turkmen chiefs against Zengi, but their combined forces suffered defeat against the Atabeg in Saruj, who later managed to extend his influence over the region including Dara.", "The alliance with Timurtash dissolved, leading to a focus on internal affairs, with Timurtash acknowledging Zengi's dominance.In 1131, Da'ud expanded his control by occupying several fortresses south of Lake Van, including Qatalbas and Batasa, and the city of Siirt.", "However, in 1134, he faced defeat against Timurtash and Zengi near Amida.", "Da'ud's subsequent campaign against Timurtash compelled the demolition of Mayyafariqin's suburbs due to the inability to defend them against rival incursions.", "In 1141/1142, an agreement was brokered between Da'ud, Timurtash, and the County of Edessa, which Zengi opposed.Da'ud passed away in 1144, succeeded by his son Kara Arslan." ], [ "Plate of Rukn al-Dawla Dawu", "A famous decorated plate in Byzantine style was dedicated to Rukn al-Dawla Dawu, with the following mention: The plate was probably a royal gift for Rukn al-Dawla Dawud, from Christian Byzantium, or Georgia, or another region under Byzantine cultural influence." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* * " ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ross Awa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ross Awa''' (born March 18, 1990) is a football coach from Guam.", "He is the current head coach of the Guam national football team." ], [ "Career", "Awa has held various coaching roles with the Guam Football Association.", "He worked as team manager and head of the football school for the Guam national team from 2014 to 2019.He then served as Assistant Technical Director from 2020 to 2022 before taking over as interim head coach of the Guam women's national team in 2022–2023.In 2023, Awa served as Technical Director for Guam and then being appointed head coach of the Guam men's national team in July 2023." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Huriyyah Al-Shamrani" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Huriyyah Hamdan Al-Shamrani''' (; born 14 July 2004) is a Saudi footballer who plays as a Defender or a Winger for Saudi Women's Premier League side Al-Ahli and the Saudi Arabia national team." ], [ "Club career", "Huriyyah started her football journey playing with her sisters at home.", "Yet, she practiced and got better playing with the 'Tigers.'", "Later, she joined the White Lion Football Club in Jeddah and became their captain.", "Later, she joined the Jeddah Pride Female Football Club and played in the first edition of the Saudi Women's First Division League with them.", "She also took part in a training camp with the Spanish team Levante.===Al-Ahli===On 8 December 2022, Al-Ahli announced the signing of Huriyyah in the winter transfer window, adding her to their squad for the second half of the 2022–23 season.", "She debuted for the team on 9 December 2023, in a two-nil win over Eastern Flames.", "On 4 February 2023, she scored her first goal for the club scoring in the 54th minute in a 3–6 loss to Al Hilal." ], [ "International career", "Huriyyah got her first call-up for the senior national team in February 2023, to participate in friendlies against Indonesia.", "On 22 February 2023, she made her debut for the team against Indonesia." ], [ "Career statistics", "===Club===+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClubSeasonLeagueCupContinentalOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsJeddah Pride2022–23SWFDL24––——24Total24––——24Al-Ahli2022–23SWPL71––——712023–248020——100Total15120——171Career total17520——195===International===+Appearances and goals by national team and yearNational teamYearAppsGoalsSaudi Arabia202370202410Total80" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*** Huriyyah Al-Shamrani at GoalZz*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Head Harbour Lighthouse" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Head Harbour Lighthouse''', also known as '''East Quoddy Head Light''' (to differentiate the Canadian beacon from its American counterpart, West Quoddy Head Light,) is a lighthouse and station on Campobello Island, New Brunswick.", "Erected in 1829 by the provincial government, its purpose was to aid navigation for ships in the Bay of Fundy.", "While West Quoddy Light stands at the mouth of the narrows around Lubec, Maine, East Quoddy was built on the north side of Campobello, on a small tidal islet connected to the primary landmass, guiding entry into Passamaquoddy Bay.", "Today, the light and its accessory structures are a historically designated heritage site, supported by an independent preservation group." ], [ "Description", "The lighthouse itself is a 51 foot octagonal tower of heavy timber; the structure is painted a highly-visible white and marked with a large red cross.", "This is the St. George's Cross, associated with the English, and more broadly British, heritage of the province.", "The lighthouse was built rapidly in 1829, being completed by the end of the same year in which its construction was approved by the House of Assembly of New Brunswick which financed it.The other buildings at the light station, including a keeper's residence built in 1840, a fog alarm building built during World War I, a workshed completed by 1915, and a boathouse built in 1947, are similarly painted white with roofs and doors in a bright red.The rocky outcropping on which the lighthouse stands is cut off from Campobello Island during high tide.The station is situated on a small islet which is accessible by land only during low tide.", "Roads have connected the station to the rest of Campobello Island since 1830, but communication between the lighthouse and the outside continued to be conducted primarily by boat until the late 19th century.", "This was due both to the intermittency of conditions and the lack of direct connection between Campobello and mainland Canada, (the overland route required traveling through Lubec.A third-order fresnel lens, installed in 1887, is located in the lantern room, with the original fog bell." ], [ "History", "The United States Congress had authorized and appropriated funds for the construction of West Quoddy Head Light in 1806, seeing the stout, striped lighthouse completed two years later in 1808.While this light aided sailors in the southern region of the Bay of Fundy, most of Passamaquoddy Bay lies north of Campobello Island, far from the range of the American beacon.", "In February 1829 the provincial government of New Brunswick, in the interest of \"defraying the expense of building a Light House on the northern head of Campo Bello Island\", designated £400 () to see Harbour Head Lighthouse erected.", "The timber structure was completed quickly, with operations beginning before the new year.", "The station's first keeper was John Snell, who received an annual salary of £120; Snell and his underlings lived in the lower chamber of the tower until the keeper's residence was built in 1840.The lantern room was overhauled in 1842 to permit for a larger light source and lens structure.", "This year also saw the initial painting of the tower's iconic red cross.", "The modern fresnel lens was installed in 1887.The first steam-powered foghorn and alarm system was established in 1877, but did not function properly.", "A renewed system, \"the loudest and best sounding fog-alarm in the Bay of Fundy,\" according to one observer, was operational by 1885.During the First World War, a number of improvements to the station were made, including the erection of a dedicated fog alarm building and workers' shed.", "The new fog alarm building was outfitted with a class-C diaphone fog signal.The Canadian Coast Guard operated the station as a functional beacon until 1986.In 1988, proceedings for preserving the site as a piece of New Brunswick's historical heritage began; the \"Friends of The Head Harbour Lightstation\" organization was established in 2000 to manage the station as a historical and tourism site.", "Full control of the site was transferred to the group in 2006." ], [ "See also", "Lighthouses in CanadaLighthouses in Maine*Head Harbour Light Station at Wikimedia Commons" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Edmundo Bossio" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Edmundo Bossio Dioko''', or also '''Edmundo Dioco Bosio''' (Rebola, 22 November 1922 – Malabo, 21 February 1975), was an Equatoguinean farmer and politician, first Vice President of Equatorial Guinea after the independence of the country.", "He was characterized by the defense of the interests of the Bubi sociocultural group." ], [ "Biography", "He was born on 22 November 1922 in Rebola on Fernando Poo Island, where he began his primary studies to later graduate as a primary school teacher.", "In his youth he was assigned to the Río Muni Province to practice his profession in different locations, where he would also graduate in teaching.", "After his return to Fernando Poo, he dedicated much of his time to competing with the Spanish landowners in the exploitation of his family's cocoa plantations, to which he joined others on a lease basis.In October 1962, he was awarded the Silver Medal of the Order of Africa by Luis Carrero Blanco.Between August 1966 and April 1967 he became one of the main representatives of Bubi nationalism, as president of the Agrarian Chamber of Fernando Poo, while performing the function of procurator in the Cortes Españolas, since in the elections held in the on 16 November 1967 he obtained 4,125 votes out of 6,731 cast.", "He participated in the (1967–1968) that drafted the 1968 Constitution of Equatorial Guinea.He led the formation of the group , which later became a political party, with which he obtained 5,000 votes in the first round of the September 1968 presidential elections.Supporter of the self-determination of Bioko Island or, failing that, of its integration as a state within a federation, he nevertheless supported the IPGE party of Francisco Macías Nguema against its main adversary, the party of Bonifacio Ondó Edú.He was the first vice president of the recently formed Republic of Equatorial Guinea, taking office on 12 October 1968.He maintained a strong friendship with President Macías.", "After the establishment of the dictatorship in 1969, Bossio did not suffer any type of retaliation.", "He frequently took charge of government functions when Macías traveled outside the country.On 2 March 1974, Bossio was removed from office and replaced by Miguel Eyegue.At the end of 1974, he was investigated by the Information Services (after an official portrait of Macías posted on the door of his home was destroyed) and subjected to house arrest.", "According to allegations by the Guinean opposition in exile, the portrait incident was actually orchestrated by regime officials.", "Bossio was arrested and summarily executed in the Black Beach prison on 21 February 1975.His death was officially justified as a suicide by barbiturate overdose." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Clayrocksu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bianca Okorocha''', known professionally as '''Clayrocksu''' or '''Clay''', is a Nigerian Alternative rock/Afro Rock artiste." ], [ "Career", "Clayrocksu fuses Igbo language and local pidgin folk elements with punk rock.", "Her debut single ''Ogadisinma'' was nominated for Nigeria Music Video Awards in the best alternative category.", "Her single ''Amin'' won the Best Rock category at the 2022 All Africa Music Awards.", "She won the Top Naija Music Awards for the Best Record of the Year category for ''Dancing in the Sun'' featuring Vector Tha Viper won.", "Clay has performed at Rocktoberfest, and Ake Festival." ], [ "Discography", "* 2012 - ''Dancing in the Sun'' featuring Vector Tha Viper.", "* 2018 - ''The One'' featuring Johnny Drille.", "* 2021 - Amin" ], [ "Awards", "+YearAwardCategoryWorkResult2011Nigeria Music Video AwardsBest Alternative2012Top Nigerian Music AwardBest Record of the Year2022All Africa Music AwardsBest Rock category" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2023–24 Dhaka First Division Cricket League" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2023–24 Dhaka First Division Cricket League''' is a 2023–24 season of Dhaka First Division Cricket League.", "This is a 50 over cricket competition that is being held in Bangladesh.", "It is being played by the 20 club teams.", "The tournament started on 17 January 2024 to 12 March 2024.Champion team will be promoted to 2024–25 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League.", "Gazi Tyres Cricket Academy were champion of previous season." ], [ "Teams", "SourceAgrani Bank Cricket ClubAxiom Cricketers Azad Sporting ClubDhaka Spartans Cricket ClubDhaka Leopards Dhaka Assets Gulshan Cricket ClubKhelaghar Samaj Kallyan SamityKala Bagan Krira ChakraKakrail Boys Club Indira Road Krira Chakra Kalindi Krira Chakra Old DOHS Sports ClubOrient Sporting Club Lalmatia Club Prime Doleshwar Sporting ClubSurjo Torun Cricket ClubSheikh Jamal Cricketers Uttara Cricket Club Udayachal Club" ], [ "League Stage", "===Group A===The four top-ranked teams will qualify for the Advance to Super League The two Bottom-ranked teams will qualify for the Advance to Relegation League====Match Summary====Below is a summary of results for each team's nine regular season matches in chronological order.", "A team's opponent for any given match is listed above the margin of victory/defeat.", "Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Khelghar (KSKS)Agrani Bank (ABCC) Gulshan Cricket Club (GCC) Orient Sporting Club (OSC) Azad Sporting Club (ASC)Old DOHS (OLD)Prime Doleshwar (PDSC)Kakrail Boys Club (KBC)Indira Road Krira Chakra (IRKC)Udayachal Club (UDC) Team's results→ '''Won''' ''Tied'' Lost ''''===Group B===The four top-ranked teams will qualify for the Advance to Super League The two Bottom-ranked teams will qualify for the Advance to Relegation League====Match Summary====Below is a summary of results for each team's nine regular season matches in chronological order.", "A team's opponent for any given match is listed above the margin of victory/defeat.", "Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Dhaka Leopards(DLP)Surjo Torun Club (STC) Dhaka Assets (DAS)Lalmatia Club (LMC)Kalabagan (KBKC)Kalindi Krira Chakra (KKC)Uttara Cricket Club (UCC)Dhaka Spartans Cricket Club (DSCC)Sheikh Jamal Cricketers (SJC)Axiom Cricketers (AXC) Team's results→ '''Won''' ''Tied'' Lost ''''" ], [ "Relegation League", "'''Relegation League''' Team relegated to the 2024–25 Dhaka Second Division Cricket League===Match Summary===Below is a summary of results for each team's nine regular season matches in chronological order.", "A team's opponent for any given match is listed above the margin of victory/defeat.", "Team 1 2 3 '''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''' Team's results→ '''Won''' ''Tied'' Lost ''''" ], [ "Super League", "'''Point Table''' Promoted to 2024–25 Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League.=== Match Summary ===Below is a summary of results for each team's nine regular season matches in chronological order.", "A team's opponent for any given match is listed above the margin of victory/defeat.", "Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7'''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''''''TBD''' Team's results→ '''Won''' ''Tied'' Lost ''''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bung Karno-class corvette" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Bung Karno'' class''' is a class of corvettes in service with the Indonesian Navy.", "The class were built by PT Karimun Anugrah Sejati shipyard in Batam, Riau Islands." ], [ "Design", "The lead ship ''Bung Karno'' has a length of , beam of , and displacement of .", "The corvette is powered by two diesel engines generating .", "The ship has a top speed of and cruising speed of .", "''Bung Karno'' has a complement of 55 personnel.The ship was planned to be armed with one Leonardo's OTO Marlin 40 turret, two 20 mm autocannons and MBDA SIMBAD surface-to-air missiles.", "The corvette was planned to be fitted with torpedo and sonar in the future.", "''Bung Karno'' also able to carry a Eurocopter AS565 Panther helicopter and has a flight deck similar to .In its role as presidential yacht, the ship was planned to have bulletproof VVIP accommodation and able to function as command ship in times of emergency." ], [ "History", "''Bung Karno'' was designed to meet the needs of a new presidential ship that were also capable to be utilized as a warship in wartime.", "The previous presidential ship, , is a patrol boat built by Lürssen and was launched in 1995.After 27 years of service as presidential ship, the Navy saw it needed to be replaced.", "The 300 billion rupiah contract for the new presidential ship/corvette was awarded to PT Karimun Anugrah Sejati shipyard in Batam, Riau Islands on 25 May 2022.The steel cutting and keel laying for the presidential ship were done on 9 June 2022.On 20 June, the ship was officially named as ''Bung Karno''.", "The ship was launched on 19 April 2023 and commissioned on 1 June 2023.During the commissioning ceremony of ''Bung Karno'', the Chief of Staff of the Navy Admiral Muhammad Ali stated that a sister ship to ''Bung Karno'' was planned to be built.", "The unnamed second ship would have better weaponries than ''Bung Karno''.", "The contract for the second ship was signed on 25 January 2024 at PT Karimun Anugrah Sejati shipyard.", "On the same day, the steel cutting and keel laying ceremony was held." ], [ "Ships in the class", "NameHull no.BuilderLaid downLaunchedCommissionedStatus369PT Karimun Anugrah Sejati9 June 202219 April 20231 June 2023ActiveTBATBA25 January 2024Under construction" ], [ "See also", "* List of active Indonesian Navy ships" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Koryakovka (lake)" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Koryakovka''' () is a salt lake in Pavlodar District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.The lake lies to the northeast of Pavlodar town.", "Koryakovka village lies close to the southern lakeshore." ], [ "Geography", "Koryakovka lake is part of the Irtysh basin.", "It lies in a tectonic depression of the Kulunda Plain, to the east of the course of the Irtysh.The lake usually dries in the summer season.", "When it has water it generally has a pink tint.", "The shore is flat.", "The water of the lake is highly saline.", "Table salt has been mined at lake Koryakovka since the late 18th century." ], [ "Flora and fauna", "The lake is surrounded by steppe vegetation, including fescue, feathergrass and wormwood.", "Among the birds that may be found at the Koryakovka lakeshore, sandpipers and ducks deserve mention." ], [ "See also", "List of lakes of KazakhstanPink lake" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "** The famous pink lake in the Pavlodar region has become shallow (in Russian)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nyangia" ], [ "Introduction", "A mountain Range in KaramojaThe '''Nyangia''' community are a tribe in North-eastern Uganda.", "They live on the slopes of Nyangea Mountains, west of Kidepo Valley National Park, along the Ugandan border with South Sudan.", "The Nyangia are also called Nyang'i, Nyangea or Nyangiya and historically they are part of the Nilotic ethnic group largely found in Karenga Districtt in Karamoja." ], [ "Language", "The people in Nyangia community speak a language known as the \"Nyangiya\" or \"Nyang'i\"" ], [ "Location", "Nyangia community are a tribe found in Karenge District and along the slopes of Nyangea Mountains parallel to Uganda's boarders with South Sudan.", "Its found at Latitude 3.7292° N, and Longitude 33.7071° E" ], [ "History", "The Nyangia tribe are among the Five Indigenous Minority Groups in Karamoja Sub-Region.", "A census conducted in 2014 buy Uganda National Bureau of Statistics indicates that 9,634 Nyangia people existed in the Karamoja Sub-Region.", "Majority of the Nyangia people live in Karenga District." ], [ "Culture", "Nyangia tribe are predominantly farmers and they grow crops like maize, sorghum, millet, vegetables, beans among others.", "Traditionally, the Nyangia tribe emulates a dress code related to the Maasai people which involves wearing beads for the women and Maasai Shuka for the men.", "The Nyangia people are great hunters and gather wild fruits as well as hunting animals for food." ], [ "See also", "* Banyaruguru* Buganda people* Lango people" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marcos Portillo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Marcos Ezequiel Portillo''' (born 31 January 2000) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Talleres de Córdoba in the Argentine Primera División." ], [ "Career", "From Banana Villa, Rosario in the Santa Fe Province of Argentina, Portillo came through the academy at Newells Old Boys after joining the club in 2015, following spells as a youth with Tiro Federal until 2024, and Unión de Alvarez in 2015.In 2021, he signed his first professional contract with the club.", "He made his debut for the club in the Argentine Primera Division against San Lorenzo on 12 December 2021.For Newells, Portillo made more than 50 senior appearances, and featured in the Copa Sudamericana.", "In January 2024, he signed for Talleres de Córdoba.", "He made his debut that week against Gimnasia, and scored his first league goal for the club that week in a 2-1 win over Huracán on 30 January 2024." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vice President Lee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vice President Lee''', '''Vice President Li''' or '''Vice President Yi''' may refer to:Lee Teng-hui (1923–2020), 7th Vice President of the Republic of ChinaLee Yuan-tsu (1923–2017), 8th Vice President of the Republic of ChinaLi Yuanhong (1864–1928), Provisional Vice President of the Republic of ChinaLi Zongren (1890–1969), 1st Vice President of the Republic of ChinaYi Si-yeong (Lee Si-yeong; 1868–1953), 1st Vice President of the South Korea" ], [ "See also", "Lee (surname)President Lee (disambiguation)Prime Minister Lee (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Following distance" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Following distance''' is the space between the back of a vehicle and the front of the following vehicle in traffic." ], [ "National recommendations", "===Australia===In the Australian state of New South Wales, 3 seconds of following distance is recommended.", "In Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia, 2 seconds is recommended.===Europe===In the European Union, the two-second rule is recommended, and in some European countries there are penalties for maintaining lower distances.===United Kingdom===In the UK, it is recommended that 2 seconds of following distance is maintained.===United States===United States motor vehicle deaths per yearIn the US, for safety it is recommended that 3-4 seconds of following distance is maintained.", "Extra time should be added for wet, rainy, slippery, foggy or other weather situations accordingly.", "For heavy duty commercial vehicles it is recommended 4-6 seconds following distance for speeds under 30 MPH, and 6-8 seconds following distance for speeds over 30 MPH.", "Rear-end collisions are the number one type of traffic collisions." ], [ "See also", "* Assured clear distance ahead* Braking distance* Hydroplaning* Road collision types* Tailgating* Two-second rule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Josef Mareš (police officer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Josef Mareš''' (born 25 February 1964) is a Czech screenwriter and former police officer.", "He was the head of the homicide department of the regional directorate of the Police of the Czech Republic in Prague.", "He is the co-author of the scripts for the television series ''Případy 1.oddělení'', ''Nineties'' and ''Docent''." ], [ "Biography", "Mareš was born on 25 February 1964 in Prague.", "In the years 1983–1988, he studied technical cybernetics at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague.He started with the Police of the Czech Republic in 1990 as an investigator at the District Office of Investigation in Prague 4.He worked at the homicide department from 1992 until 30 November 2019, when he retired to civilian life after disagreements with his superior Radka Drexlerová.", "In 2001–2006, he was the head of the 1st department of the Prague murder party, then he served as deputy commander of the Criminal Police and Investigation Service (2006–2009).", "In 2010–2019, he once again served as the head of the homicide department.The most famous cases, in which he participated in the investigation, were the case of Orlík killers, the murder of Ludvika Jonáková, the wife of the controversial businessman , murders connected with the illegal trade in light heating oils, and the murder of Anna Janatková.", "In 2022, he played Ensign Jan Vetchý in the series ''Nineties''.", "He is a big fan of AC Sparta Prague.", "On 20 October 2022, he published his first book, Josef Mareš: My cases from the 1st department.", "On 16 January 2023, he was nominated for the Film Fans Award, for the ''Nineties'' series.", "On 4 February 2023, he was nominated for a Film Critics Award, but did not win the award.", "In 2023, he apppeared in the series ''Docent'' as Marek Tomášek.In 2020, he started working at the Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Theresa Onuorah" ], [ "Introduction", "''' Theresa Onuorah''' is a Nigerian musician popularly known for her influence to Egedege Dance, the Igbo cultural music." ], [ "Life", "She is a Native of Unubi, Anambra State." ], [ "Discography", "=== Albums ===* ''Onye Akpala Aku Nnadi Ga Eli'' (2019)* ''Egedege'' (2021)=== Singles ===* ''Egedege'' (2021)* ''Egwú ndị Eze'' (2017)* ''Ugochi Nyerem'' (2017)* ''Ojemba Enwilo'' (2017)* ''Onwunwa Munachi'' (2017)* ''Ekene Dili Anambra Na Imo Medley''* ''Nye Bere'' (2019)* ''Onye Ejila Ihe Uwa Gwa Medley''* ''Ijerem Irue Medley''* ''Egedege'' (featured Larry Gaaga, Flavour, Phyno, Pete Edochie, 2021)" ], [ "See also", "* Egedege Dance" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marasmius plicatulus" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Marasmius plicatulus''''', also known as the '''red pinwheel''' or '''pleated marasmius''', is a species of fungus.", "According to the Fungi of California website, \"This handsome ''Marasmius'' is recognized by its velvety mahogany cap, slender stature, widely spaced pallid to pinkish gills, and shiny, thin, wiry stipe.\"", "The red pinwheel is often found in association with oak trees or conifers, and flushes most commonly during the winter months of November to January.", "Of the ''Marasmius'' species found on the Pacific coast of North America, the pleated is physically the largest.", "The red pinwheel appears to be predominantly known from western/coastal North America, although it has been observed as far inland as Idaho." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Aryna Sabalenka tennis season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Aryna Sabalenka tennis season''' officially began on 31 December 2023, with the start of the Brisbane International in Brisbane." ], [ "Yearly summary", "===Early hard court season=======Brisbane International====Sabalenka entered Brisbane as the top seed.", "She did not lost a set on her way to the final.", "However, she lost the final in the straight sets 0–6, 3–6 to the second seed, Elena Rybakina.====Australian Open====Sabalenka won the 2024 Australian Open without losing a set and became the first woman to defend her title there since Azarenka in 2013.Sabalenka received praise for her consistent and dominant performances throughout the tournament.", "Notable victories included wins against former world No.", "2 Barbora Krejčíková (9th seed), reigning US Open champion Coco Gauff (4th seed) and Zheng Qinwen (12th seed) who was playing in her first Grand Slam final.", "Gauff had previously defeated Sabalenka a few months prior in the final of the 2023 US Open.", "In the final itself, she did not commit any double faults, in stark contrast to previous performances at major tournaments." ], [ "All matches", "This table chronicles all the matches of Aryna Sabalenka in 2024.===Singles matches=== Tournament Match Round Opponent Rank Result Score – 1R Bye 1 2R Lucia Bronzetti 52 Win6–3, 6–0 2 3R Zhu Lin (15) 33 Win6–1, 6–0 3 QF Daria Kasatkina (5) 18 Win6–1, 6–4 4 SF Victoria Azarenka (8) 23 Win6–2, 6–4 5 F Elena Rybakina (2) 4 '''Loss''' 0–6, 3–6 6 1R Ella Seidel (Q) 173 Win6–0, 6–1 7 2R Brenda Fruhvirtová (Q) 107 Win 6–3, 6–2 8 3R Lesia Tsurenko (28) 33 Win 6–0, 6–0 9 4R Amanda Anisimova (PR) 442 Win 6–3, 6–2 10 QF Barbora Krejčíková (9) 11 Win6–2, 6–3 11 SF Coco Gauff (4) 4 Win7–6(7–2), 6–4 12 F Zheng Qinwen (12) 15 '''Win (1)'''6–3, 6–2 – 1R Bye 13 2R Donna Vekić" ], [ "Schedule", "Per Aryna Sabalenka, this is her current 2024 schedule (subject to change).===Singles schedule===DateTournamentLocationTierSurfacePrev.resultPrev.pointsNewpointsResult31 December 2023 – 7 January 2024 Brisbane InternationalBrisbane, AustraliaWTA 500Hard325Final (lost to Elena Rybakina 0–6, 3–6) 14 January 2024–28 January 2024 Australian Open Melbourne, Australia Grand Slam Hard '''W''' 2000 2000 '''Champion''' (defeated Zheng Qinwen 6–3, 6–2) 12 February 2024–18 February 2024 Qatar Open Doha, Qatar WTA 1000 Hard 0 Withdrew 19 February 2024–25 February 2024 Dubai Tennis Championships Dubai, UAE WTA 1000 Hard QF 190" ], [ "Yearly records", "=== Head-to-head match-ups ===Sabalenka has a WTA match win–loss record in the 2024 season.", "Her record against players who were part of the WTA rankings top ten at the time of their meetings is .", "'''Bold''' indicates player was ranked top 10 at the time of at least one meeting.", "The following list is ordered by number of wins:* Lucia Bronzetti 1–0* Zhu Lin 1–0* Daria Kasatkina 1–0* Victoria Azarenka 1–0* Ella Seidel 1–0* Brenda Fruhvirtová 1–0* Lesia Tsurenko 1–0* Amanda Anisimova 1–0* Barbora Krejčíková 1–0* '''Coco Gauff''' 1–0* Zheng Qinwen 1–0* '''Elena Rybakina''' 0–1===Top 10 wins=======Singles==== # Opponent Rank Tournament Surface Round Score 1.Coco GauffNo.", "4Australian Open, AustraliaHardSF7–6(7–2), 6–4No.", "2===Finals=======Singles: 2 (1 titles, 1 runner-ups)==== Legend Grand Slam tournaments (1–0) WTA Tour Championships (0–0) WTA Elite Trophy (0–0) WTA 1000 (0–0) WTA 500 (0–1) WTA 250 (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (1–1) Clay (0–0) Grass (0–0) Finals by setting Outdoor (1–1) Indoor (0–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent ScoreLoss0–1Jan 2024Brisbane International, Australia WTA 500Hard Elena Rybakina 0–6, 3–6Win 1–1 Australian Open, AustraliaGrand Slam Hard Zheng Qinwen 6–3, 6–2===Earnings==='''Bold''' font denotes tournament win '''Singles''' Event Prize money Year-to-dateBrisbane InternationalA$135,000$88,858'''Australian Open''' A$3,150,000$2,194,633 $2,194,633 '''Doubles''' Event Prize money Year-to-date $0 '''Total''' '''$2,194,633'''Figures in United States dollars (USD) unless noted." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Coming of the Light Festival" ], [ "Introduction", "All Saints Anglican Church on Erub (Darnley Island) in the Torres Strait.The '''Coming of the Light Festival''' is celebrated in the Torres Strait Islands on 1 July each year.", "It commemorates the arrival of the London Missionary Society in Torres Strait at Erub (Darnley Island) on 1 July 1871, introducing Christianity to the region.", "The predominantly Christian Torres Strait Islanders hold religious and cultural ceremonies across Torres Strait and mainland Australia to celebrate the day." ], [ "Origins", "In 1871 representatives of the London Missionary Society (LMS) arrived in the Torres Straits on the schooner ''Surprise'', which had been chartered by the LMS, after the French Government had demanded their removal from the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia in 1869.They decided to expand into the Torres Straits and New Guinea.", "They were represented by two Englishmen, Revs S. Macfarlane and A.W.", "Murray, and eight Lifu (Loyalty Islander) evangelists: Tapeso, Elia, Mataika, Guchong, Kerisidui, Wauaded, Sevine and Josaia, and their wives.The missionaries reached Erub (Darnley Island) on 1 July 1871, an event that came to be known as the \"Coming of the Light\".", "Dabad, one of the tribal elders of the island, met them at Kemus Beach.", "Dabad befriended the missionaries and introduced them to Amani, another tribal elder, and the rest of the Erub Islanders.", "His role in the bringing of Christianity to the Torres Straits is memorialised by Dabad's Monument at Badog." ], [ "Related", "Christianity in AustraliaIndigenous Australians*All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island" ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Aval Appadithan (soundtrack)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Aval Appadithan''''' is the soundtrack to the 1978 film of the same name directed by C. Rudraiah starring Sripriya, Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan.", "The soundtrack featured three songs composed by Ilaiyaraaja that spans around 10 minutes and released under the label of EMI Records." ], [ "Development", "''Aval Appadithan'''s soundtrack and background score were composed by Ilaiyaraaja.", "Despite his busy schedules, he agreed to compose for ''Aval Appadithan'' at the insistence of Rudhraiya and Haasan.", "After the recording session of \"Ninaivo Oru Paravai\" from ''Sigappu Rojakkal'' (1978), Ilaiyaraaja asked Haasan to record \"Panneer Pushpangale\" that same afternoon.", "During the recording session, Ilaiyaraaja suggested that Haasan tone down the opening notes; when Haasan sang perfectly as per his suggestion, Ilaiyaraaja accepted Haasan's next rendition of the song.", "Ilaiyaraaja wanted Vanna Nilavan to write the lyrics for \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\", but since Vanna Nilavan had difficulties in writing the lyrics, he opted out.", "He was subsequently replaced with his brother Gangai Amaran." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Reception", "B. Kolappan of ''The Hindu'' reviewed the film's soundtrack.", "Regarding \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\", he added that the song \"poignantly captures the vulnerable moments in the life of a woman\", while \"Panneer Pushpangale\" and \"Vaazhkai Odam Chella\" had a \"philosophical touch.\"", "According to Swarnavel Eswaran Pillai, author of the article ''The 1970s Tamil cinema and the post-classical turn'', the songs were used \"to punctuate the interiority of the characters rather than as a spectacle or as a device to move the plot forward.\"", "Nandhu Sundaram of ''The News Minute'' added that Ilaiyaraaja's score \"is in perfect sync with the film's seriousness\" and \"hints at what is to come even while trying to capture the inner life of the primary characters\"; he further said that both \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\" and \"Panneer Pushpangale\" were \"radio favourites\".", "Rakesh Thara of ''ABP Live Tamil'' described \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\" as \"a song that gives hope\".", "On Ilaiyaraaja's 80th birthday (2 June 2023), ''Mathrubhumi'' listed \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\" as one of Ilaiyaraaja's best compositions saying \"the melody of the maestro is complemented by the lyrics\"." ], [ "Legacy", "In June 2013, A. Muthusamy of Honey Bee Music enhanced the songs from their original version on the film's soundtrack album to 5.1 surround sound.", "The song \"Uravugal Thodarkathai\" was reused in the film ''Megha'' (2014)." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bright Data" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bright Data''' (previously as Luminati Networks), is an Israeli technology company that offers web data collection and proxy services to B2B companies.", "The company's headquarters are located in Israel, with an additional office in New York.", "Since 2018, the CEO of Bright Data is Or Lenchner." ], [ "History", "The company was founded under the name Luminati Networks as a division of the Hola VPN company in 2014.In 2017, Luminati Networks was sold separately from Hola to EMK Capital, a private investment fund from London, at a value of approximately 200 million dollars.", "In March 2021, Luminati Networks was renamed to Bright Data.In May 2021, Bright Data founded an organization called The Bright Initiative with the aim of making data available at no cost to non-profits, organizations and research bodies.", "The organization serves more than 700 companies, including 300 academic institutions.In September 2022, the company acquired the Israeli start-up Market Beyond, which works in the analysis of e-commerce data based on artificial intelligence.In June 2023, Bright Data joined the Amazon Web Services ISV Accelerate program.In July, X Corp, formerly known as Twitter, sued Bright Data for scraping data from Twitter, violating its terms of service.", "This followed a similar lawsuit by Meta Platforms against Bright Data for data harvesting from Facebook and Instagram in January of the same year.", "Bright Data countersued, asserting its commitment to making public data accessible, claiming legality in its web data collection practices.In January 2024, Bright Data won a legal dispute with Meta.", "A federal judge in San Francisco declared that Bright Data did not breach Meta's terms of use by scraping data from Facebook and Instagram, consequently denying Meta's request for summary judgment on claims of contract breach.", "This court decision in favor of Bright Data’s data scraping approach marks a significant moment in the ongoing debate over public access to web data, reinforcing the freedom of access to public web data for anyone.At the same time, Bright Data, in collaboration with the Molly Rose Foundation charity, released a research report titled \"''Preventable yet Pervasive: The Prevalence and Characteristics of Harmful Content, Including Suicide and Self-Harm Material, on Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest''.\"", "This study provided insights into the extent and nature of harmful content on these social media platforms." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "John Philip Kemble as Cato" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''John Philip Kemble as Cato''''' is an 1812 portrait by the English artist Thomas Lawrence of the actor John Philip Kemble.", "Part of the Kemble dynasty he was, along with his sister Sarah Siddons, one of the most celebrated actors of the period.", "Lawrence had established himself as the leading portrait painter of the Regency era and had previously painted Kemble as Hamlet in 1801.Kemble is shown in the role of Cato from Joseph Addison's 1713 play ''Cato, a Tragedy''.", "It was exhibited at the Royal Academy's Summer Exhibition.", "Today it is in the National Portrait Gallery in London having been purchased in 2009 with assistance from the Art Fund and Garrick Club." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Holmes, Richard.", "''Thomas Lawrence Portraits''.", "National Portrait Gallery, 2010.", "* Levey, Michael.", "''Sir Thomas Lawrence''.", "Yale University Press, 2005.", "* O'Quinn, Daniel.", "''Corrosive Solace: Affect, Biopolitics, and the Realignment of the Repertoire, 1780-1800''.", "University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.", "* West, Shearer.", "''The Image of the Actor: Verbal and Visual Representation in the Age of Garrick and Kemble''.", "Palgrave Macmillan, 1991." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Composite Creatures" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Composite Creatures''''' is a science fiction novel by English poet and novelist Caroline Hardaker.", "It is her debut novel and was first published in the United Kingdom in April 2021 by Angry Robot.", "It is set in the near future on an Earth-like world that has been damaged by climate change.", "''Composite Creatures'' was shortlisted for the 2022 Kitschies Award for Best Debut Novel.", "It was also selected by Silvia Moreno-Garcia and Lavie Tidhar as one of the best science fiction, fantasy and horror books of 2021 for ''The Washington Post''." ], [ "Plot introduction", "An Earth-like world in the near future is beset with pollution and global warming.", "All animal life except humans have died out, and those remaining are reliant on medical technology and artificially produced food to survive.", "A cancer-like disease called \"greying\" is spreading rapidly and shortens people's life spans dramatically.A private healthcare provider, Easton Grove has developed a solution to extend the lives of a select few, and Norah is one of the lucky ones chosen to receive their treatment.", "They select a partner of compatible biology for her, a writer named Arthur, and a pet named Nut.", "Nut is an ovum organi, a strange cat-like creature Easton Grove has created for Norah's and Arthur's treatment." ], [ "Background", "Hardaker said the inspiration for ''Composite Creatures'' came from a collection of science fiction poems she had been asked to write for an Edinburgh magazine.", "While looking around her house for ideas, Juno, her cat, walked in, and watching her movements and behaviour prompted Hardaker to write a poem about her.", "This poem later became the precursor to ''Composite Creatures''.", "Hardaker wrote in the book's \"Acknowledgements\":Hardaker explained that ''Composite Creatures'' is about microplastic and chemical pollution in the near future on a world similar to ours.", "She researched the effects of such pollution and global warming, and found striking parallels between the direction this world was taking and what could happen here on Earth.", "She said, \"there’s a huge moral question there, and whether humanity goes down that road is still up for debate, thank goodness.\"" ], [ "Critical reception", "In a review of ''Composite Creatures'' in ''Booklist'', Nell Keep wrote that Hardaker's \"dystopian world of poisoned soil and privatized health ... has ... prose that feels as precise and clinical as her subjects' lives.\"", "She recommended the novel for readers of Jeff VanderMeer and other writers of climate change dystopian fiction.", "A review in ''Publishers Weekly'' described ''Composite Creatures'' as a \"strange dystopian world\" that is \"as thought-provoking as it is chilling.\"", "The reviewer said it \"delves unabashedly into the surreal, consistently catching the reader off guard with eerie imagery and delightful twists on expectations.", "\"Sam Tyler described ''Composite Creatures'' as \"eerie, yet familiar\", with \"a strange unerring feel to it\".", "Writing in ''SF Book Reviews'' Tyler stated that the book's strength is Hardaker's \"poetic world building\", but hidden beneath the poetry and the everyday lives of Norah and Arthur is \"shocking Science Fiction and Horror\".", "Tyler said ''Composite Creatures'' is not an easy read, with its \"florid language and slightly out of step feel\", but if the reader is patient and reads between the lines, it is all revealed in the end in a way \"that is not quite like anything else you are likely to have read.", "\"David Hebblethwaite wrote in ''Strange Horizons'' that while first impressions of ''Composite Creatures'' are that the setting \"does not feel strictly plausible\", after a while, it becomes apparent that it \"doesn’t have to be plausible\" because \"it is so solidly imagined.\"", "He said the book is full of secrets: Norah's and Art's \"businesslike\" relationship, the sinister Easton Grove, and the mysterious Nut (the \"perfect little ball of fur\").", "But as one digs deeper, more and more \"details come into focus\", and in the end, when all is explained, Hebblethwaite stated, \"you can appreciate the breadth and depth of what Hardaker has imagined.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* ''Composite Creatures'' homepage* ''Composite Creatures'' at Angry Robot** ''Composite Creatures'' at FantasticFiction" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Malaysia Open T20 Championship" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Malaysia Open T20 Championship''' is a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament, that is scheduled to take place in Malaysia in March 2024.The tournament will be contested by the men's national teams of Malaysia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Tanzania and Vanuatu.", "All five teams will remain in Malaysia to play in this T20I tournament, having taken part in the 2024 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League Play-off competition." ], [ "Squads", "* Haider Ali (c)* Sohail Ahmed* Sarfaraz Ali* Imran Anwar* Junaid Aziz* Ahmer Bin Nisar (wk)* Rizwan Butt* Ali Dawood* Abdul Majid Abbasi* Abdul Majid Malik* Ubaid Minhas* Umer Toor (wk)* Sathaiya Veerapathiran* Abdul Wahab* Mohammed Aslam (c)* Usman Patel (vc, wk)* Ilyas Ahmed* Mohammad Amin* Clinto Anto* Meet Bhavsar (wk)* Adnan Idrees* Shiraz Khan* Yasin Patel* Shahrukh Quddus* Ravija Sandaruwan* Mohamed Shafeeq* Bilal Tahir* Abhik Patwa (c)* Ramesh Alluri* Akhil Anil* Laksh Bakrania* Mohamed Issa* Zamoyoni Jabeneke* Salum Jumbe* Ally Kimote* Omary Kitunda (wk)* Kassim Nassoro* Yalinde Nkanya* Johnson Nyambo* Ivan Selemani* SanjayKumar Thakor* Joshua Rasu (c)* Ronald Tari (vc)* Jarryd Allan (wk)* Tim Cutler* Junior Kaltapau* Andrew Mansale* Patrick Matautaava* Williamsing Nalisa* Nalin Nipiko* Simpson Obed* Apolinaire Stephen* Clement Tommy (wk)* Jamal Vira (wk)* Darren Wotu* Womejo Wotu" ], [ "Round-robin", "===Points table======Fixtures===------------------------------------" ], [ "3rd Place play-off" ], [ "Final" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vice President Xiao" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vice President Xiao''' may refer to:Sonny Xiao, vice-president of Nenking GroupHsiao Bi-khim (蕭美琴; pinyin: Xiāo Měiqín; born 1971), 16th Vice President of the Republic of ChinaVincent Siew (蕭萬長; pinyin: Xiāo Wàncháng; born 1939), 12th Vice President of the Republic of China" ], [ "See also", "Xiao (surname)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Unomattina in famiglia" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Unomattina in famiglia''' is an Italian television programme, a spin-off of Unomattina, broadcast on Rai 2 from 1989 to 2010 and on Rai 1 since 2010.Since 2023 it has been hosted by Beppe Convertini, Ingrid Muccitelli and Monica Setta.The programme has taken on numerous titles over the years: in 1989 it began with the title Mattina 2, and from 1993 to 2010 it took the name Mattina in Famiglia (with the exception of the 2003–2004 season, which resumed the old title In Famiglia - Mattina 2), while since 2010, with the move from Rai 2 to Rai 1, it has become Unomattina in Famiglia.The programme is broadcast from the historic Studio 1 in Via Teulada in Rome, shared with I fatti vostri.", "It currently airs on Saturdays from 8.30 am to 10.30 am and on Sundays from 6.30 am to 9.30 am." ], [ "History of the programme", "The programme, created by Michele Guardì and broadcast on Saturday and Sunday mornings, began on 9 December 1989 initially with the title ''Mattina 2'', the ideal continuation of the Unomattina container broadcast from Monday to Friday on Rai 1.", "''Mattina 2'' , hosted by Alberto Castagna from 1989 to 1992 first with Sofia Spada and then with Isabel Russinova from 1990 to 1992, later replaced by Alessandro Cecchi Paone and Paola Perego, presents itself as a container full of columns for the whole family.", "In these first editions, however, the program received a low level of approval from the public.On September 25, 1993, the program changed its title to '''''Mattina in famiglia'''''.", "The morning broadcast hosted by the reconfirmed Alessandro Cecchi Paone and Paola Perego, including some short editions of TG2, remains unchanged, continuing to offer numerous features dedicated to nature, cooking, sport, television, fashion, the Italian language, science and religion and to the psychological consultancy curated by Ottavio Rosati.", "With the arrival of Massimo Giletti in 1994, supported by Paola Perego in the two television seasons 1994/95 and 1995/96.the program becomes a real family game show, with games, interviews with famous people and spaces dedicated to weather forecasts.", "Some telephone games are also introduced for the audience at home, such as ''Il gioco del topo'' (translates to The mouse game), present for numerous seasons from 1994/95 to 2002/03.In these two television seasons 1994/95 and 1995/96 the program finally managed to obtain considerable consensus from the public.After Giletti's abandonment in 1996, the baton was taken over by Tiberio Timperi, host of the program from 1996 to today (with the exception of the 2004/2005 and 2018/2019 seasons), and some variations arrived in the lineup; however, the program does not achieve the desired success, especially compared to the great following obtained by the two previous editions, and this causes the program to return to the previous formula.", "Over the years from 1996 onwards, Timperi has been supported by various presenters: Barbara D'Urso, Simonetta Martone, Roberta Capua, Livia Azzariti, Adriana Volpe, Miriam Leone, Francesca Fialdini, Ingrid Muccitelli, Monica Setta and co-host Marcello Cyril.", "In the autumn of 2010, the Board of Directors of RAI decided to promote a single program on Rai 1 over the weekend and to save on the costs of only one program of the company, decided to maintain only one program, opting to promote the formula of the Rai 2 and moving it to Rai 1, still with the same title of '''''Mattina in famiglia''''' (replacing ''Unomattina week-end''), renaming it the following season 2011/12 with the name of ''Unomattina in famiglia''.During the live broadcast on Saturday, 26 November 2011, with the firefighters of Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, due to the flood in Messina, they make a gaffe announcing the recovery of a missing person (when in reality he dies) and the presenter Miriam Leone asks the firefighters \" How are you?\"", "(question referring to the missing person) as you believe that the missing person may still be alive.In autumn 2018 Timperi was replaced by Luca Rosini, supported by Ingrid Muccitelli.", "After two editions, from the 33rd edition, Muccitelli returned." ], [ "Theme song", "Since 7 January 2012, the theme song for Unomattina in famiglia is Another Sunrise by Planet Funk.", "However, from subsequent editions, the theme song of the programme returned to being the historical one, first in a rearranged version and then in the original version.", "In the 2021 - 2022 and 2022 - 2023 editions, the theme song before and after the commercial breaks and the TG1 editions was a jingle based on the song Ma stasera by Marco Mengoni.", "From the 2023 - 2024 season the opening theme and before and after the commercial breaks is an instrumental version of Forever Young by Alphaville." ], [ "Seasons", "SeasonTitlePeriodPresenterChannel/NetworkStartEnd1ª''Mattina 2''9 December 198924 June 1990Alberto CastagnaSofia Spada –Rai 22ª6 October 199030 June 1991Isabel Russinova3ª5 October 199116 February 199222 February 199228 June 1992Alessandro Cecchi Paone4ª3 October 199227 June 1993Paola Perego5ª''Mattina in famiglia''2 October 199329 May 19946ª1 October 19944 June 1995Massimo Giletti7ª30 September 199526 May 19968ª28 September 199625 May 1997Tiberio TimperiBarbara D'Urso9ª27 September 199731 May 1998Simonetta Martone10ª3 October 199830 May 1999Roberta Capua11ª2 October 199928 May 200012ª30 September 200027 May 200113ª29 September 200126 May 200214ª28 September 20021 June 2003Adriana Volpe15ª''In famiglia - Mattina 2''27 September 200330 May 200416ª''Mattina in famiglia''18 September 200429 May 2005Dario LaruffaLivia Azzariti17ª10 September 20054 June 2006Tiberio Timperi18ª16 September 20063 June 2007 –19ª15 September 20071 June 200820ª13 September 20087 June 200921ª26 September 20096 June 2010Miriam Leone22ª18 September 201029 May 2011Rai 123ª''Unomattina in famiglia''24September 20113 June 201224ª15 September 20122 June 201325ª7 September 2013 1 June 2014Francesca Fialdini26ª20 September 201431 May 2015Ingrid Muccitelli27ª26 September 201529 May 201628ªSeptember 24, 2016June 11, 2017 29ª16 September 20173 June 201830ª15 September 201816 June 2019 Luca Rosini31ª14 September 201928 June 2020Tiberio TimperiMonica Setta32ª12 September 202027 June 202133ª18 September 20215 June 2022Ingrid Muccitelli34ª17 September 202218 June 202335ª14 September 2023''in progress''Beppe Convertini" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tati West" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tati West''' is a constituency in the North-East District represented in the National Assembly of Botswana since 2019 by Simon Moabi a BDP MP.The constituency existed between 1965 and 1974, when it was replaced by North-East after two elections.", "It was restored in 2002 for the 2004 elections and acquired its current boundaries in 2012." ], [ "Constituency profile", "In the 1965 and 1969 elections the constituency voted for the opposition BPP candidate, Kenneth Nkhwa.", "After its re-establishment in 2004, it has remained a generally marginal seat for the BDP, with BPP (later an UDC coalition member) as main challenger.", "In 2019 its MP Biggie Butale defected from the BDP to become president of the Botswana Patriotic Front, but he decisively lost the seat in the same year election.", "The constituency, predominantly rural, encompasses the following villages:# Vukwi# Kalakamati# Botalaote# Toteng# Mulambakwena# Zwenshambe# Nlapkhwane# Mapoka# Moroka# Jackalas 1# Ramokgwebana# Kgari# Pole# Mosojane# Letsholathebe# Gulubane# Matenge# Masingwaneng# Mambo# Sechele# Makaleng# Gambule# Gungwe# Mbalambi# Sekakangwe# Masunga" ], [ "Members of Parliament", "'''Key:''' Election Winner Kenneth Nkhwa Mbiganyi Charles Tibone Biggie Butale Simon Moabi" ], [ "Election results", "===2019 election======2014 election======2009 election======2004 election======1969 election======1965 election===" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vice President Chen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vice President Chen''' may refer to:Chen Cheng (1898-1965), 2nd Vice President of the Republic of ChinaChen Chien-jen (born 1951), 11th Vice President of the Republic of China" ], [ "See also", "Chen (surname)Trần Văn Hương (陳文香, pinyin: Chén Wénxiāng, 1902–1982), 3rd Vice President of South Vietnam" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Biblins Bridge" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Biblins Bridge''' is a footbridge which crosses the River Wye between England and Wales, near Symonds Yat.", "The present structure dates from 1957, although there has been a crossing at this point since the early 20th century." ], [ "History and description", "A crossing at the point on the River Wye where Biblins Bridge now stands existed in the early 20th century and was used for the transportation of logs across the river.", "In 1924, this crossing point was replaced with a footbridge.", "In 1957 the Forestry Commission rebuilt the footbridge and this replacement is largely what stands today, although it has twice been the subject of major restoration, firstly in the 1990s, and again in 2020, after damage caused by Storm Desmond.", "Land slippage due to flooding again impacted the bridge in 2021.The bridge is constructed primarily of timber, with a steel walkway.", "The walkway is strung between two wooden towers, and has a distinct sway.", "The bridge is popular with walkers exploring the Wye Valley and the Forest of Dean.", "There is a limit of six pedestrians using the bridge at any one time.", "The bridge is the only crossing point for a stretch of the Wye, between Huntsham in Herefordshire to the north, and the Wye Bridge at Monmouth to the south." ], [ "Gallery", "Children crossing Biblins Bridge, c.1958 - geograph.org.uk - 3646221.jpg\|The bridge in 1958, a year after constructionAbout to step onto the bit that sways - geograph.org.uk - 796337.jpg\|Approach to the bridgeWye footbridge at Biblins - geograph.org.uk - 4010504.jpg\|View along the bridgeRiver Wye from Biblins Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 2368760.jpg\|River Wye from the bridge" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "" ], [ "External links", " Study of Biblins Bridge (2007)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Labor–Greens coalition" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Labor–Greens coalition''' is an alliance between the Labor Party and the Greens in the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly.Unlike what generally happens with the Liberal–National Coalition, Labor and the Greens contest ACT elections on separate tickets.", "As of 2024, three Greens MLAs are members of the Barr ministry, while the other three effectively sit on the backbench." ], [ "History", "Following the 2001 election, Labor was supported by the Greens and Democrats in a minority government.", "Labor won a majority in 2004, but after losing it in 2008 they were again supported by the Greens.At the 2012 election, Shane Rattenbury was the only Greens MLA to retain his seat in the Legislative Assembly, and entered into a power sharing arrangement to allow the Labor Party to once again form minority government.", "The Labor Caucus agreed to appoint Rattenbury as a minister in Katy Gallagher's five-member cabinet, and to support 100 Greens policies.Rattenbury was re-elected at the 2016 election and joined by party colleague Caroline Le Couteur, taking the Greens tally to 2 out of 25 total seats.", "As a result, Rattenbury joined the second Barr ministry, although he reserved the right to withdraw from Cabinet discussions on divisive issues and vote independently in the Assembly.Labor was re-elected with 10 seats of their own in 2020, while the Greens won a record 6 seats.", "On the night of the election, Andrew Barr confirmed Labor would again seek to enter into an arrangement with the Greens.", "Since November 2020, Rattenbury, Rebecca Vassarotti and Emma Davidson have served as Greens ministers, making up a third of the Barr ministry." ], [ "See also", "*Labor–Green Accord" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Osmar (footballer, born 1961)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Osmar dos Santos Machado''' (born 18 April 1961), simply known as '''Osmar''', is a Brazilian former professional footballer and manager, who played as a forward." ], [ "Career", "Osmar began his career at EC Ypiranga at the age of 20, and also played for Galícia EC until arriving at Bahia in 1983.He suffered a tibia injury that sidelined him for three years, but returned in style during the 1987 season, being the team's main scorer.", "In 1988 he made history, being top scorer in the state and Brazilian champion with Bahia.In the following years he was successful in football in Ceará, winning for Fortaleza and Ceará.", "He also defended Fluminense de Feira on several occasions, and Paraná Clube, where he was state champion twice more in 1986 and 1987.In 2013, he had experience as a manager at Atlético Alagoinhas." ], [ "Honours", ";BahiaCampeonato Brasileiro: 1988Campeonato Baiano: 1987, 1988, 1991;FortalezaCampeonato Cearense: 1992;CearáCampeonato Cearense: 1993;ParanáCampeonato Paranaense: 1996, 1997;Individual1988 Campeonato Baiano top scorer: 19 goals1992 Campeonato Cearense top scorer: 17 goals" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Osmar at ogol.com.br" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nonetheless" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Nonetheless''''' is the upcoming fifteenth studio album by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, scheduled to be released on 26 April 2024 through the band's own label x2 and Parlophone.", "It was produced by James Ford and mostly recorded at his East London studio.", "Their first album for Parlophone since ''Elysium'' in 2012, its four-year gap with ''Hotspot'' (2020) marks their longest period between studio albums to date.", "It was preceded by the single \"Loneliness\", released alongside the album announcement." ], [ "Background", "In a statement, the Pet Shop Boys expressed that they wanted the album, both its dance tracks and ballads, \"to be a celebration of the unique and diverse emotions that make us human\", and called the 10 tracks \"the strongest indicators of where we are today\".", "They also expressed that producer James Ford had \"dared\" them to make their \"sometimes quite complicated\" demos more minimal in arrangement.", "Singer Neil Tennant also shared that \"every track has an orchestra on it ... with electronics\"." ], [ "Release", "The album will be released on 26 April 2024 in a variety of formats, including digitally, and physically on CD and multiple variants of coloured vinyl.", "The 2-CD and double white vinyl editions will include a four-track EP titled ''Furthermore'' with new recordings of \"Heart\", \"Being Boring\", \"Always on My Mind\" and \"It's a Sin\"." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ytterbium(III) nitride" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ytterbium nitride''' is a binary inorganic compound of ytterbium and nitrogen with the chemical formula ." ], [ "Synthesis", "Reaction of ytterbium hydride and ammonia at 800°C:::Reaction of ytterbium and nitrogen with an admixture of hydrogen under pressure at 500–600°C::::" ], [ "Physical properties", "YbN forms black powder.", "The compound is notable for its high melting point." ], [ "Uses", "YbN holds potential applications in the fields of electronics and optics.Also used as an additive for special alloys, ceramic materials, semiconductors." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ronaldo Passos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ronaldo Vieira Passos''' (born 26 November 1959), better known as '''Ronaldo''' or '''Ronaldo Passos''', is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper." ], [ "Career", "Born in Salvador, Ronaldo played for the state's two big teams, from 1979 to 1990 for Bahia and from 1990 to 1997 for Vitória, managing to become state champion several times, and most importantly, being the goalkeeper in the finals of the 1988 Brazilian title." ], [ "Honours", "'''Bahia'''Campeonato Brasileiro: 1988Campeonato Baiano: 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988'''Vitória'''Campeonato Baiano: 1992, 1995, 1996" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Ronaldo at ogol.com.br" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Annakili (soundtrack)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Annakili''''' is the debut soundtrack album composed by Ilaiyaraaja to the 1976 film of the same name.", "The film is directed by Devaraj–Mohan and written by Panchu Arunachalam from a story by R. Selvaraj, and stars Sivakumar and Sujatha with S. V. Subbaiah, Srikanth, Thengai Srinivasan and Fatafat Jayalaxmi in supporting roles.", "The soundtrack featured five songs written by the screenwriter Arunachalam and released under the HMV (now Saregama) label.Prior to his debut, Ilaiyaraaja worked as a technician and instrumentalist for several composers and assisted G. K. Venkatesh, before Arunachalam's interest on a debutant composer.", "Ilaiyaraaja was eventually suggested by Selvaraj, who had presented all of the tunes before scripting the film which led Arunachalam to develop the screenplay based on the songs he had composed.", "The soundtrack was considered to be a blend of Indian and Western classical music with the Tamil folk.Upon release, the soundtrack was appreciated for its composition and the musical styles and genres, which were much different from earlier Tamil film music and eventually became popular after its release, besides attributing to the film's success.", "It further established Ilaiyaraaja as a leading composer in the Tamil film industry who would later work on several films" ], [ "Background and development", "Before his debut as a composer in ''Annakili'', Ilaiyaraaja worked as a session guitarist, keyboardist, and organist for film music composers and directors such as Salil Chowdhury from West Bengal.", "After being referred by Master Dhanraj, he assisted Kannada film composer G. K. Venkatesh during the early-1970s, who helped him to orchestrate melodic outlines developed by Venkatesh and learned composing under his guidance.", "He eventually wrote and composed background music for Muslim devotional songs rendered by Nagore E. M. Haniffa.At that point, when Arunachalam wanted a debutant composer who could provide new kind of music, it was Selvaraj who suggested Raaja's name.", "Arunachalam added \"Ilaiya\" () as prefix in his name Raaja and he named as \"Ilaiyaraaja\" to differentiate from the already established composer A. M. Rajah.", "During a meeting with Ilaiyaraaja, Arunachalam asked if he had composed any songs for the film, he casually sang a bunch of songs, one of them was \"Annakili Unnai Theduthe\" and \"Machanai Paartheengala\" using harmonium.", "Arunachalam eventually wrote the film's screenplay based on the film's songs." ], [ "Production", "Ilaiyaraaja applied the techniques of modern popular film music orchestration to Tamil folk poetry and folk song melodies, which created a fusion of Western and Tamil idioms.", "According to historian S. Theodore Baskaran, the compositions were \"a blend of Indian classical music, Western classical music and folk music of the Tamils\".The song \"Machanai Paartheengala\" was originally composed and sung at a marriage by Ilaiyaraaja and his orchestra even before the film's release.", "The song \"Sonthamillai Banthamillai\" is based on Nadanamakriya raga.", "Arunachalam revealed he wrote lyrics for the song \"Sondhamillai\" even before its tune was composed while lyrics for songs \"Machanai\", \"Annakili Unnai\" and \"Suttha Samba\" were written after its tunes were composed.", "The song \"Sonthamillai Banthamillai\" was deleted during the first release of the film; however after fans demanded the song it was later again added into the film.When the song \"Annakili Unnai\" was being recorded, during the first take the studio faced a power cut though it was recorded in second take but the song was not recorded clearly as the recorder's assistant forgot to plug in the switch but it was improvised in the third take.", "Initially, Ilaiyaraaja wanted S. P. Balasubrahmanyam to sing the title track, but as Balasubrahmanyam was unwell during that time, he then approached T. M. Soundararajan to perform the sad version of the song." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Reception", "According to Baskaran, the songs were \"authentically folksy and it changed the way the film music was composed\".", "Randor Guy, writing for ''The Hindu'' called Ilaiyaraaja's music as a \"major highlight\" and described \"Machaana Pathingala\" as an \"evergreen melody\".", "Nandhu Sundaram of ''The News Minute'' attributed Ilaiyaraaja's music being much different from M. S. Viswanathan's works with \"the harmonics, the beats and the lyricism are all radically different\" and \"just like the folksy tunes, it is the background score that makes ''Annakili'' a really great watch.\"" ], [ "Impact", "The soundtrack was critically acclaimed and its success and popularity, established Ilaiyaraaja as a leading composer in Tamil cinema.", "The soundscapes, composition, orchestration and instrumentation were praised by critics attributed it being much different from earlier Tamil films, and also attributed that Ilaiyaraaja had revolutionized Tamil film music by providing wide range of genres and musical styles.", "During the film's 100th day of theatrical run, audience applauded to Ilaiyaraaja's name in the title card, and danced to the song \"Machaana Pathingala\".", "Trade analysts described that the songs were instrumental in the film's success, besides the story and screenplay.", "Since then, ''Annakili'' has been regarded as one of Ilaiyaraaja's best works in his career, with ''News18'' called \"Machaana Pathingala\" as one of the \"best songs to date\".In an interview to Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''The Hindu'' during 2018, Ilaiyaraaja recalled that he used to go for walks on the Santhome Beach, and used to hear the radio announcement of the airplay of the film's songs in his neighbour's house, where \"the person inside used to shout, 'Annakili varudhu' (They're playing ''Annakili'' songs) to his neighbour.", "By the time I walked to the end of the street, radios in every house would be playing the same song.", "It was a wonderful experience.\"", "Critic Sujatha Narayanan attributed the success of \"Machaana Pathingala\" which led to the emergence of dappankuthu numbers in films during the 1980s; she felt the song was \"rustic\" in the beat and lyrics, yet \"melodious\" in the tune." ], [ "Popular culture", "The violin portions of the title song were used by K for the \"Bar Anthem\" in ''Mugamoodi'' (2012).", "The song \"Machaana Pathingala\" was parodied in ''Japanil Kalyanaraman'' (1985), in a comedy subplot featuring Goundamani and Kovai Sarala, as they were lost during a visit to Japan.", "It was featured in ''Padikkadavan'' (2009), in a sequence where Rocky's (Dhanush) parents go to their native town to get him engaged to his niece Thirukkani (Aarthi); the song \"Adi Rakkayi\" was played in another sequence during Rocky and Assault Arumugam's (Vivek) visit to Thoravi, a fictional town in Andhra Pradesh." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "***" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ries Coté" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ries Coté''' (2 December 1946 – 1 January 2024) was a Dutch professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Elinkwijk and Utrecht." ], [ "Career", "Coté played for Elinkwijk between 1964 and 1970, and later for Utrecht until 1978." ], [ "Death", "Coté died in Almere on 1 January 2024, at the age of 77." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Profile at Ererat.nl" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Denial of the 7 October attacks" ], [ "Introduction", "According to Elizabeth Dwoskin of the ''Washington Post'', the October 7 attack was among the most well-documented terror attacks in history, including evidence from smartphone cameras and GoPros of attacking Hamas militants.", "Dwoskin states that conspiracy theories exist stating that the attacks did not occur at all, or that they were false-flags.", "Dwoskin writes that some Jewish leaders and researchers have compared denial of the events on October 7 to Holocaust denialism.An Israeli legislative proposal approved by the Israeli Ministerial Committee for Legislative Affairs aims to impose five-year prison sentences for individuals found denying the events of or supporting the October 7 attacks." ], [ "Background", "According to the ''Washington Post'', the October 7 attack was among the most well-documented terror attacks in history, including \"a crush of evidence\" from smartphone cameras and GoPros of attacking Hamas militants.", "By January 2024, there was a small, but growing group that denied basic facts of the attacks and spread falsehoods and misleading narratives that minimized the violence that occurred or disputed its origins.According to Haaretz, malign actors, \"In accordance with the disinformation playbook\" have purposefully decontextualized their reporting to \"falsely claim that Haaretz corroborated the false theory that the IDF committed mass killings of its own people.\"", "According to Shayan Sardarizadeh, BBC Verify's disinformation expert, the \"denialist narrative\" that “it was Israel that killed its own civilians on 7 October, not Hamas,” has \"sadly become prominent online.", "\"Furthermore, Hamas officials rejected the accusations of rapes and gender based crimes by its militants as “unfounded lies\", and claimed they were part of “Zionist campaigns which promote unfounded lies and allegations to demonize the Palestinian resistance.”" ], [ "Spread", "Jennifer V. Evans has tied the denialism surrounding October 7 to Holocaust denial.", "Researchers see parallels to disinformation surrounding the 9/11 attacks, which some fringe groups argue was perpetrated by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad.", "Joel Finkelstein of NCRI stated that \"there's a built-in audience that wants to deny that Jews are the victims of atrocity and further the notion that Jews are secretly behind everything.\"", "He said efforts to say Israeli was responsible for October 7 are part of a broader strategy by antisemitic extremists to undermine Jewish suffering.The claims were found across the internet, including on the Reddit subforum LateStageCapitalism and on publications critical of Israel like Electronic Intifada and The Grayzone.", "They have also been popularized by right-wing Holocaust deniers like Owen Benjamin and far-right conspiracy theorists.", "The claims are based on cherry-picked evidence to push misleading narratives.Emerson Brooking from the Digital Forensic Research Lab at the Atlantic Council pointed to Holocaust denial as what may happen to October 7, despite copious real-time documentation of the attacks." ], [ "Denial claims", "According to Elizabeth Dwoskin of the ''Washington Post'', the the October 7 attack was among the most well-documented terror attacks in history, including \"a crush of evidence\" from smartphone cameras and GoPros of attacking Hamas militants.\"", "However, \"A small but growing group denies the basic facts of the attacks, pushing a spectrum of falsehoods and misleading narratives that minimize the violence or dispute its origins.\"", "Dwoskin writes that some scholars and experts have compared denial of the events on October 7 to Holocaust denialism." ], [ "Responses", "=== Legal action ===On February 5, 2024, the Israeli Ministerial Committee for Legislative Affairs approved a bill aimed at penalizing denial of the October 7 attacks, imposing up to five years in prison for such acts.", "The bill, initiated by Yisrael Beiteinu MK Oded Forer, is aimed at individuals who deny the occurrence of the massacre or attempt to justify, praise, or support the acts carried out during the event." ], [ "See also", "* Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ahmet Yıldız (politician, born 1964)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ahmet Yıldız''' (born 23 January 1964, Denizli), Turkish politician, diplomat and deputy foreign minister." ], [ "Life and career", "He is a graduate of Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of International Relations.", "From 1989 onwards he took on duties in Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "He took duty in Embassy of Damascus between 2000-2002 and 2005-2006 and in Embassy of Damascus during 2004–2005, as first secretary.", "From 2006 to 2008 he was consul-general in Jeddah.", "During 2008-2009 he was the president of Iraq Office, in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and consul general in Mosul from 2009 to 2011.He was ambassador in Sarajevo between 2011 and 2014.From July 1, 2014, onwards he was a senior counsellor of prime ministry.", "With the election of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan as president, he became the senior counsellor of the presidency in charge of foreign affairs.", "During senior counselling he was also a member of Foreign Policy Advisory Board.", "As of June 29, 2016 he became deputy foreign minister, but resigned from duty on April 26, 2018, to run as a candidate for the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.", "He has represented Denizli during the 27th term of TBMM, from Justice and Development Party and became vice-president and president of the Turkish Group in Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.", "On June 22, 2023, he became deputy foreign minister again." ], [ "Personal life", "He is married and has 3 children.", "He knows English and Arabic." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Park Soon-tae" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Park Soon-tae''' or '''Park Sun-tae''' (born 10 January 1967) is a South Korean football manager, currently managing the East Timor national football team.He was previously a long-time manager of the Daegu University football team from 2002 to 2018.In 2023, Park took over as manager of the East Timor national team.", "In his first two matches in charge, East Timor lost 0-3 and 0–4 to Chinese Taipei in the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Neil O'Donnell (disambiguation)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Neil O'Donnell''' (born 1966) is an American former football player.", "'''Neil O'Donnell''' may also refer to:Neil O'Donnell (Scottish footballer) (1949–2022), Scottish footballerNeil O'Donnell (basketball) (1914–1996), American basketball player" ], [ "See also", "Niall O'Donnell (born 1998), Irish Gaelic footballer Niall Ó Dónaill (1908–1995), Irish lexicographer" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bornean swamp babbler" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Bornean swamp babbler''' ('''''Pellorneum macropterum''''') is a species of bird in the ground babbler family Pellorneidae that is found in northern and central Borneo and Banggi Island.", "It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the white-chested babbler, now renamed the Malayan swamp babbler (''Pellorneum rostratum'')." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The Bornean swamp babbler was formally described in 1868 by the Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori based on a specimen collected in Borneo.", "He placed it with the shortwings in the genus ''Brachypteryx'' and coined the binomial name ''Brachypteryx macroptera''.", "The specific epithet is from Ancient Greek ''makropteros'' meaning \"long-winged\" (from ''makros'' meaning \"long\" and ''pteron'' meaning \"wing\".", "The Bornean swamp babbler is now placed in the genus ''Pellorneum'' that was introduced in 1832 by the English naturalist William Swainson.", "It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the white-chested babbler (renamed the Malayan swamp babbler) (''Pellorneum rostratum'') but based on vocal and genetic differences it is now treated as a separate species and is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fergus James" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fergus James Lupton''' (born ), who performs as '''Fergus James''' is an Australian singer-songwriter-guitarist.", "He is known for his singles \"Golden Age\" and \"What Are We Waiting For\" as well as opening for Ed Sheeran on his ÷ Tour in 2018.", "\"Golden Age\" reached No.", "12 on ARIA's Hitseekers Singles and No.", "19 on Australian Artists Streaming charts.", "In late 2019 he played on the main stage at Splendour in the Grass." ], [ "Biography", "Fergus James Lupton, born in in Armidale, attended the local high school until he transferred to Newtown High School of the Performing Arts in 2016.In November of that year he was encouraged by Justin Timberlake to consider a music career.", "Timberlake had commented, \"Your voice is really special.", "I'd put that on the radio now.", "\"James' debut single, \"Golden Age\", was issued in early 2018, which received support from national youth radio Triple J.", "\"Golden Age\" is co-written by the artist with Mark Lizotte ( Diesel) and Joel Quartermain (of Eskimo Joe).", "It peaked at No.", "12 on ARIA Hitseekers Singles chart and No.", "19 on related Australian Artists Streaming charts.In March 2018 James supported Ed Sheeran on the Australia leg of the latter's ÷ Tour.", "James issued his debut extended play, ''All of the Colours'', in November 2019.Its lead single, \"What Are We Waiting For\", appeared in late 2018.It was produced by Philip \"Pip\" Norman (ex-TZU), who co-wrote it with James and Michael Bywaters.", "The EP provided four more singles, all released in 2019.In March of that year the singer undertook his first headlining tour including dates in Armidale, Sydney and Melbourne.", "After winning a Triple J Unearthed competition, James performed on the main stage at Splendour in the Grass later that year.The artist signed with Mushroom Group's label 100s + 1000s, which released his non-album single, \"Good Man\", in May 2020.It was co-written with its producer Frequency (as Bryan Fryzel) and Nat Dunn.", "He covered Benee's 2018 single \"Soaked\" for Triple J's ''Like a Version Volume Sixteen'', (2020).", "''Music Feeds'' Laura English described it as \"absolutely insane\" as he \"twists it into an indie-rock\" rendition.", "''A Slow Separation'' (2021), the singer-songwriter's second EP provided six singles.", "\"Trouble\" (2022) from the EP is described as \"synth-inflected pop-rock\" by ''Beat Magazine''s writer." ], [ "Discography", "=== Extended plays ===* ''All of the Colours'' (November 2019)* ''A Slow Separation'' (2021)=== Singles ===+TitleYearAlbum\"Golden Age\"2018\"What Are We Waiting For\" ''All of the Colours''\"Back to Life\" 2019\"Mistakes\"\"Old Stars\"\"Alive\"\"Good Man\" 2020 \"Soaked\"''Like a Version Volume Sixteen''\"Backseat\"2021 ''A Slow Separation''\"Slow Separation\"\"Fall Short\"\"Saving Grace\"\"Better This Time\"2022\"Trouble\"\"Waking up with You\" 2023 ''Let It Go''\"Let It Go\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * Tait McGregor \| Fergus James Interview" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Perai Free Industrial Zone" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Perai Free Industrial Zone''' (Perai FIZ) is a free trade zone within Seberang Perai in the Malaysian state of Penang.", "Located within the suburb of Perai and south of Butterworth, the Perai FIZ was established in 1980 with the aim of becoming a major manufacturing hub for bulk items, leveraging its proximity to the Port of Penang and the railway line that links it to the rest of western Peninsular Malaysia.The zone has since attracted numerous multinational companies such as Mattel, Flex, Sanmina, JinkoSolar and Honeywell.", "In 2022, the Perai FIZ, along with other industrial estates within Central Seberang Perai, received RM1.05 billion of foreign direct investments (FDI), accounting for nearly 11% of Penang's total FDI that year." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Premier Zhang" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Premier Zhang''' may refer to:Zhang Qun (1889–1990), 9th Premier of the Republic of ChinaZhang Shaozeng (1879–1928), Premier of the Republic of China" ], [ "Others", "Chang Chun-hsiung (張俊雄; pinyin: Zhāng Jùnxióng; born 1938), 17th and 21st Premier of the Republic of ChinaChang San-cheng (張善政; pinyin: Zhāng Shànzhèng; born 1954), 27th Premier of the Republic of China" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hüseyin Yıldız (politician, born 1967)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hüseyin Yıldız''' (born 2 Şubat 1967, Kiğı), Turkish politician." ], [ "Life and career", "Yıldız born on 2 February 1967 in the district of Kiğı, Bingöl to Süleyman and Humar Yıldız couple.", "He lives in Didim and is a graduate from high school.", "Yıldız is married and father to a child.", "He knows intermediate-level English.", "He began his political career in the youth section of the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) in 1985.After the merger of SHP ve Republican People's Party (CHP) he continued his political career in CHP.", "In June 2015 and November 2015 Turkish general elections he entered into the parliament as a CHP deputy from Aydın.Before 2018 Turkish parliamentary election he switched to İYİ Party with 14 deputies from CHP, to allow İYİ Party creating a group in the Parliament.", "With the statement made on 10 May 2018 he returned to the CHP." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Valdiléia Martins" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Valdileia Martins''' (born 19 September 1989) is a Brazilian athlete who specialises in the high jump.", "She represented her country at the 2023 World Championships in Budapest without qualifying for the final.", "In addition, she has won multiple medals on regional level.Her personal bests in the event are 1.88 metres outdoors (São Bernardo do Campo 2016) and 1.85 metres indoors (Cochabamba 2024)." ], [ "International competitions", "Representing 2007South American Junior ChampionshipsSão Paulo, Brazil2nd1.70 mPan American Junior ChampionshipsSão Paulo, Brazil8th1.65 m2010South American GamesGuadalajara, Mexico1st1.83 mIbero-American ChampionshipsSan Fernando, Spain5th1.80 m2011Pan American GamesGuadalajara, Mexico5th1.84 m2016Ibero-American ChampionshipsRio de Janeiro, Brazil1st1.84 m2018South American GamesCochabamba, Bolivia2nd1.83 m2019South American ChampionshipsLima, Peru2nd1.84 mPan American GamesLima, Peru5th1.78 m2020South American Indoor ChampionshipsCochabamba, Bolivia1st1.82 m2021South American ChampionshipsGuayaquil, Ecuador2nd1.86 m2022Ibero-American ChampionshipsLa Nucía, Spain2nd1.84 mSouth American GamesAsunción, Paraguay1st1.87 m2023South American ChampionshipsSão Paulo, Brazil1st1.84 mWorld ChampionshipsBudapest, Hungary27th (q)1.85 mPan American GamesSantiago, Chile5th1.78 m2024South American Indoor ChampionshipsCochabamba, Bolivia1st1.85 m" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Grace Warren" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Grace Warren''' (born 1929) is an Australian doctor known for her work in the area of leprosy care and treatment, especially in Asia." ], [ "Early life", "Warren was born in 1929 in Sydney, New South Wales.", "Her parents were Anglican missionary Hubert and Ellie Warren.", "She was one of four children.", "An older sibling was David Warren.", "Their father was killed in a plane crash into Bass Strait in 1934." ], [ "Medical career", "Warren's first education was in obstetrics, the only surgical discipline open to women in the 1950s at the University of Sydney.", "She then earned a Diploma of Tropical Medicine and spent 18 months at a women's hospital run by the Australian Presbyterian Mission at Pusan in South Korea.", "She had developed interest in treating leprosy, so her next position was at the leprosy hospital on Hayling Chau island in Hong Kong.", "She became permanent staff in 1962 having become an expert in the treatment of deformities caused by leprosy.", "She submitted her research to the University of Sydney and was awarded a Master of Surgery in 1972.When the Hei Ling Chau Leprosy Hospital closed in 1975, she continued to work throughout Asia on behalf of The Leprosy Mission International.", "She worked by visiting leprosy hospitals and teaching all staff to use what they had available, rather than sending a senior medical officer away from the hospital to a Leprosy Teaching Center.", "She officially retired in 1989, but continued to operate overseas for months each year until 2012.She also shared her experience at hospitals in Australia for treating other forms of neuropathy, such as caused by diabetes.", "She continued to consult into her mid-eighties.", "She identified Paul Brand as a mentor, due to his earlier work on leprosy treatment in India, they both sought to reduce the stigma that leprosy is a life-long disease.Warren became a Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in 1977, at which time she advocated that Australia should follow World Health Organization recommendations to treat leprosy the same as other infectious diseases, instead of specific laws about leprosy.Warren received an honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Sydney on 2 May 1985." ], [ "Community", "Warren was created a Member of the Order of Australia in the 1986 Australia Day Honours for her international work on leprosy.", "She was awarded the Star of Pakistan in 2006.Warren is the namesake for Warren House at William Clarke College in northwestern Sydney." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Premier Yu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Premier Yu''' may refer to:Yu Hung-chun (born 1948), 6th Premier of the Republic of ChinaYu Kuo-hwa (1842-1922), 11st Premier of the Republic of China" ], [ "Others", "*You Si-kun (1842-1922), also romanized Yu Shyi-kun, 18th Premier of the Republic of China" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maria do Carmo (fado singer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maria do Carmo Fontes Páscoa Bernardo''', better known as '''Maria do Carmo''' (1884 – 1964), was a popular Portuguese fado singer in Lisbon and Brazil." ], [ "Early life", "Carmo was born on 11 January 1884 (although not all sources agree on the year), in the parish of São João Baptista in the town of Moura, in the Alentejo region of Portugal.", "She was the daughter of Francisco António Páscoa and Madalena Augusta Fontes, both local farmers.", "At the age of three she moved to Lisbon, in the Estrela area.", "Teófilo Braga, a future president of Portugal, who lived in the house opposite hers, encouraged her to sing popular songs.", "She started attending fado events when she was 11 years old and responded with pleasure to requests to sing.", "Later, she became an apprentice shirtmaker, where she acquired the skills that would allow her to set up her own business at home.", "She began her career as a fado singer while having this business to fall back on if things went badly." ], [ "Career", "In 1921/22 she went to Brazil, planning to set up a sewing shop but, faced with difficulties, she started a small pension that she called ''Pensão Familiar'', a place where traditional Portuguese cuisine was served.", "30 months later, Carmo returned to Lisbon where she once again organized her business.", "At the same time, she continued to sing at fado locations.", "She became a professional in 1926, the year in which she returned to Brazil, when she was hired to sing fado at the ''Cinema Central'' in Rio de Janeiro, although she soon returned to Portugal.", "Alfredo Marceneiro and Maria do CarmoIn 1928, she became a member of the ''Ferro de Engomar'' fado club, sometimes accompanying herself on the Portuguese guitar, which she had learned to play at a young age, also having as accompanists the guitarist Júlio Ferreira and the violist António Sobral.", "In addition to her performances at Lisbon clubs and restaurants, she performed throughout the country and at aristocratic and charitable parties.", "Some of the Lisbon fado locations where she was a regular presence were ''Águia Roxa'', ''Caliça'', ''Pedralvas'', ''Nova Sintra'', ''Magrinho'', ''Manuel dos Passarinhos'', ''Bacalhau'', ''Perna de Pau'', ''Quebra- Bilhas'', ''Tia Helena'', ''Montanha'', ''Charquinho'', and ''José dos Pacatos'', in addition to the ''Feira da Luz'', in Carnide.Carmo recorded albums for Columbia Records and collaborated, together with Maria Alice, Ercília Costa, and Teresa Gomes, among others, in the musical comedy ''Mouraria'' (29 August 1929) and in the operetta ''História do Fado'' (30 June 1930), presented by ''Companhia Maria José das Neves'' at the ''Coliseu dos Recreios'' and ''Teatro Maria Vitória'', respectively, the former taking place during a party in her honour.In 1934, she travelled again to Brazil, joining the ''Embaixada do Fado'' (Fado Embassy), a group of Portuguese artists including Filipe Pinto and Joaquim Pimentel.", "Of the fado songs in her repertoire: the song ''É Tão Bom Ser'' (It's So Good To Be) stood out.", "Back in Portugal, Carmo continued to be in great demand to perform at parties, in casinos, on the radio and in fado houses.", "She also participated in some shows in Spain.", "She often performed with Alfredo Marceneiro.Carmo was part of a comedic bullfighting group called ''Charlot, Max and D. José'', with which she sang for three years in various bullrings across the country.", "She also formed the Maria do Carmo Fado Artistic Group.", "She was one of the artists who collaborated in the 1957 ''Grande Concurso de Fados'', organized by the newspaper A Voz de Portugal.", "In 1963 she wrote her memoirs: ''Maria do Carmo, Memórias de uma Fadista'', published the following year.", "Her nickname, ''Alta'' (Tall), was due to her stature." ], [ "Personal life", "At the age of 18 Carmo married Martinho da Assunção, a painter, on 29 June 1902, in Lisbon.", "They divorced on 30 January 1929.She remarried in 1962 with Joaquim Bernardo, with whom she had been living for several decades." ], [ "Death", "Carmo died on 21 December 1964, at the age of 80, at her residence on Avenida da Liberdade, in Lisbon, of heart failure.", "She was buried in the Benfica Cemetery in Lisbon." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nazareno Sasia" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nazareno Uriel Sasia''' (born 5 January 2001) is an Argentine athlete specialising in the shot put.", "He represented his country at the 2023 World Championships in Budapest without qualifying for the final.", "In addition, he has won multiple medals on regional level.His personal bests in the event are 20.74 metres outdoors (Concepción del Uruguay 2023) and 19.79 metres indoors (Cochabamba 2024).", "He also has a best of 57.26 metres in the discus (Cascavel 2022)." ], [ "International competitions", "Representing 2018South American U18 ChampionshipsCuenca, Ecuador1stShot put (5 kg)21.40 m2ndDiscus throw (1.5 kg)57.19 mYouth Olympic GamesBuenos Aires, Argentina1stShot put (5 kg)43.19 m12019South American U20 ChampionshipsCali, Colombia1stShot put (6 kg)19.13 m3rdDiscus throw (1.75 kg)53.91 mPan American U20 ChampionshipsSan José, Costa Rica4thShot put (6 kg)19.88 m8thDiscus throw (1.75 kg)55.37 m2021South American ChampionshipsGuayaquil, Ecuador2ndShot put19.79 m4thDiscus throw53.56 mSouth American U23 ChampionshipsGuayaquil, Ecuador1stShot put19.11 m3rdDiscus throw55.24 mJunior Pan American Games (U23)Cali, Colombia1stShot put20.08 m5thDiscus throw55.69 m2022South American U23 ChampionshipsCascavel, Brazil1stShot put19.76 m1stDiscus throw57.26 mSouth American GamesAsunción, Paraguay3rdShot put19.73 m2023South American ChampionshipsSão Paulo, Brazil2ndShot put19.75 mWorld ChampionshipsBudapest, Hungary26th (q)Shot put19.51 mPan American GamesSantiago, Chile6thShot put19.69 m2024South American Indoor ChampionshipsCochabamba, Bolivia2ndShot put19.79 m1Aggregate of 21.94 and 21.25" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chon Young-ae" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chon Young-Ae''' (; ; born 1951) is a literary scholar and poet from South Korea.She is an honorary professor emeritus in the Department of German Language and Literature at Seoul National University, specializing in German poetry.", "She held the position of department head from 2005 to 2007.She also served as the president of the Korean Goethe Society from 2006 to 2008.Furthermore, in recognition of her contributions to numerous translations of German literature to the Korean language, she was appointed as the Director of the Literature Translation Institute of Korea in 2012.Apart from her academic achievements, Chon has been recognized as an accomplished poet as well.", "She published six volumes of poetry, including some written in German.", "Her most notable accomplishment is translating all of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's poems into Korean in 2009, which earned her the Golden Goethe Medal from the Weimar Goethe Society in 2011.Chon is currently working on developing a community known as \"Goethe Village\"." ], [ "Life", "Chon was born in Yeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea in 1951, and went to Gyeonggi Girls' Middle School and Gyeonggi Girls' High School.", "Later, she enrolled in the College of Liberal Arts at Seoul National University despite the contemporary prejudice against women's education.", "There, she earned her bachelor’s degree in German Language and Literature, in 1973.Chon continued and received her master’s degree, in the same department, with her thesis ''R.", "M. Rilke의 事物詩 (Dinggedicht): 新詩集을 中心으로 ''(R.M.", "Rike의 사물시 (Dinggedicht): 신시집을 중심으로; English: R. M. Rike’s thing poem (Dinggedicht): Focusing on the new poetry collection) in 1975.Chon further pursued her studies at the University of Tübingen and the Kiel University in Germany around 1980, but soon returned to her homeland for her young child.", "After returning to South Korea she revisited her studies at Seoul National University and received her Ph.D., in German Literature and Language, with her dissertation ''파울 첼란의 詩에 나타난 苦痛의 形象化 ''(파울 첼란의 시에 나타난 고통의 형상화; English: The Embodiment of Pain in Paul Chelan's Poem) in 1986.From 1985 to 1996, Chon served as a professor at Kyungwon University.", "Over the years, she achieved numerous research accomplishments, serving as the president of the Korean Society of Goethe, as a senior researcher at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies in Germany, and as a researcher at the Weimar Classical Foundation.", "From 1996 to 2016, she worked as a professor at the Department of German Language and Literature at Seoul National University.", "After her retirement, Chon has served as an honorary professor at Seoul National University.Chon has dedicated herself to promoting German literature in South Korea.", "Currently, she is working on setting up a \"Goethe Village,\" including a building resembling the Weimar Haus, where Goethe stayed in his later years.", "In an interview with Korea Times, Chon mentioned that she was working to finish translating all remaining written works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, other than poetry she has already translated, within ten years." ], [ "Career", "* 1987–1996 Professor at Kyungwon University* 1996–2016 Professor in the Department of German Language and Literature at Seoul National University * 2005–2007 Head of the Department of German Language and Literature at Seoul National University * 2006–2008 President of Korean Goethe Society (한국 괴테학회 / Koreanische Goethe-Gesellschaft)* 2006–2010 Director of Woosan Scholarship Association (우산육영회)* 2008 Instructor at the University of Munich, Germany* 2008–2010 Researcher at Freiburg University, Germany* 2012–2015 Director of the Literature Translation Institute of Korea (한국 문학 번역원)* 2016 to present Honorary Professor in the Department of German Language and Literature at Seoul National University==Achievements== ===Literary works=== Chon has currently completed more than 60 translations of German literature into the Korean language, including the complete poems in the first volume of ''Hamburger Ausgabe, Dichtung und Wahrheit'' ''/Poetry and Truth (Part I &II)'' by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, ''Demian (Die Geschichte von Emil Sinclairs Jugend)'' by Hermann Hesse, and ''Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung)'' by Franz Kafka.", "These three translations are notable for being the first complete translations of German literature into Korean.Chon also wrote poetry and books in both the German and Korean languages.", "She attempted various poetic variations, using common poetic features, such as relationship between God and humans, nature and family, and compassion and pain as the themes of her poetry.", "One of Chon’s well-known original works is ‘Kafka My Kafka’ published in 1994, which was written after she completed the translation of two of Kafka's works.", "In this work, Chon wrote about her journey to Prague, Kafka's hometown, and transformed it into a poem.", "This work serves not only as an expression of her musings on Kafka but also as a depiction of her own literary realization.", "She translated this work into German with the German title Kafka mein Kafka.===Golden Goethe Medal=== Chon won the Golden Goethe Medal ( Goldene Goethe-Medaille) from the Weimar Goethe Society in Germany, in 2011.The Golden Goethe Medal is renowned as being the most honorable award for those working in the field of German literature and is awarded to researchers biennially; most of the winners have been Germans.", "Chon was awarded this honorable medal as the first Asian woman in recognition of her many meaningful studies on German literature and translations.", "In one of her interviews, Chon mentioned that “It was the result of a comprehensive evaluation of all of my translations, papers, and writings.” In her acceptance speech, she humbly promised to continue to make a contribution to the translation and studies of German literature to become more qualified for the award.", "Besides the Golden Goethe Medal, Chon received several awards both in Germany and South Korea throughout her career, such as the Reiner Kunze Award and the Women's Creation Award.", "The Women's Creation Award is an award given to the most influential females in the field of literature in South Korea.===New teaching methods===She received the Excellence in Teaching Award from Seoul National University for introducing new teaching methods such as debate, joint recitals, weekend membership training, and creating \"one's textbook\".", "The adaptation of these new teaching methods aimed to encourage the active participation of students during class.", "Throughout her years as a professor, Chon hosted a class (titled “Understanding Masterpieces in German Literature”), where she led students to develop creative ways for peer teaching and acted as a facilitator instead of an instructor.", "This teaching style was not common during that time in Korean classrooms, where students were expected to listen quietly to the lecturing instructor.", "===Yeobaek Academy Complex (여백서원)===One of Chon's most remarkable achievements is building the Yeobaek Academy Complex (여백서원), which is a place where everyday citizens can experience literature.", "She intended the Complex to serve as a place where people could come at any time to take a breath, look back on themselves, and look back on the world.", "She has been solely responsible for the management of the complex.She is also designing a new initiative called \"Goethe Village.\"", "The Goethe Village is an extended version of the Yeobaek Academy that includes a Goethe gallery and an astronomical observatory.", "The village also consists of small bungalows for meditation and features a building that resembles the Weimar Haus, the place where Goethe spent his final years.", "Once completed, the Goethe Village is expected to offer a first-hand experience for visitors to explore the life and works of Goethe.", "This complex will be open to anyone who wants to experience the traditional Korean literary customs and the classical German literary world." ], [ "Selected publications", "Some of Chon’s well-known works include the following:===Monographs===* ''The Portrayal of Suffering in Paul Celan's Poetry.''", "(어두운 시대와 고통의 언어 - 파울 첼란의 시, 1986) * ''Kafka, My Kafka'' (카프카 나의 카프카, 1994) * ''Contemporary German Literature: Reflections on the Division and Unification of the Country.''", "(독일의 현대문학: 분단과 통일의 성찰, 1998) * ''A Letter from Weimar, Goethe's City'' (괴테의 도시 바이마르에서 온 편지, 1999) * ''Rainbow for Franz Kafka.''", "(프란츠 카프카를 위한 무지개/ Regenbogen für Franz Kafka., 2005) ''Goethe and Ballade'' (괴테와 발라데, 2007) ''Poet’s House'' (시인의 집, 2015) ===Translations===* ''Poems'' (all poems in the first volume of the Hamburg edition / Gedichte) by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe* ''Poetry and Truth'' by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe* ''Faust'' by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe* ''Lindennacht'' by Reiner Kunze* ''Poems'' by Reiner Kunze* ''Sensitive Ways & The Wonderful Years'' by Reiner Kunze* ''The notes of Malte Laurids Brigge'' by Rainer Maria Rilke* ''Reflections on Christa T''.", "by Christa Wolf* ''The Divided Heaven'' by Christa Wolf* ''Germany.", "History in Pictures'' by André Maurois* ''Demian'' by Hermann Hesse* ''Metamorphosis'' by Franz Kafka" ], [ "Awards", "* 2011 Golden Goethe Medal ( Goldene Goethe-Medaille) from the Weimar Goethe Society * 2011 Excellence in Teaching Award from Seoul National University SNU Awards 학술연구 교육상(교육 부문)* 2020 Women's Creation Award from Samsung Happiness for Tomorrow Awards 삼성행복대상 여성창조상* 2022 Reiner Kunze Award in German 라이너 쿤체상* 2022 11th Li Mirok Award from Korean-German Society 제11회 이미륵상 – 한독협회" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Battle of Gagra (1919)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Battle of Gagra (1919)''' was fought between the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the White Army.", "It ended with the victory of Georgia." ], [ "Background", "The Sochi district, which Tsarist Russia annexed to Gagra in 1904, was a disputed territory between Southern Russia (white movement) and Georgia.", "After the Allies' victory in the First World War, the Caucasus became part of the British sphere of influence based on the British-French treaty of December 1917.Both the Whites and Georgia welcomed the arrival of British soldiers in the region.", "Anton Denikin, a supporter of the White Army and the Allies, hoped that Britain would support the idea of a \"united and indivisible Russia\".", "Meanwhile, Georgia relied on Harold Wilson's principle of self-determination.", "Britain aimed to maintain the status quo in the region until Russia's future was decided at the Paris Peace Conference.", "The goal was to unite anti-Bolshevik forces against Bolshevism.", "The representatives sent by London to the Caucasus republics and to Denikin often acted as proxies for their respective governments.", "This lack of a clear political stance made London's policy appear inconsistent to the parties involved.", "In December 1918, Denikin capitalized on the Armenian-Georgian conflict and seized several villages in the Sochi district that were previously occupied by Georgia without any resistance.", "However, Britain supported the status quo, which dictated that Denikin should not advance further south.", "Denikin was upset that Britain was \"disposing of Russian territory\" without his consent and turning a blind eye to Georgia's alliance with Germany.", "Despite this, he disobeyed Britain and crossed the Loo River on February 6.He was able to take the entire Sochi district in just four days and push Georgia back to the Bzif River.Denikin never forgave Britain for siding with its enemies, and Georgia blamed Britain for allowing the Russians to attack, which undermined British authority.", "Although the parties understood that Britain wanted to maintain the status quo, it became clear that Britain would not take action to restore it if it was changed by force.", "The White Army and the People's Guard of Georgia faced each other on the Bzif River, with Britain placing its garrison along the riverbank.", "On April 9, General Milne, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force, requested that Georgia move its troops to the Bzif River line.", "However, British authority was already weakened at that time.After capturing the Sochi district, the White Guards immediately began restoring the \"pre-revolutionary order\".", "This included returning lands to their previous owners, carrying out several mobilizations, organizing requisitions of goods, fodder, and transports, and conducting punitive operations.", "In response, local peasants in the Sochi district formed green armies, and a partisan movement developed.", "On April 12, 1919, 1,500 White Army soldiers carried out punitive operations against the local population in Sochi and Adler.", "In response, Georgia mobilized the regular army, 8 battalions of the People's Guard, Colonel Giorgi Ximshiashvili's Cavalry Division, and Colonel Kargareteli's 4th Artillery Battery on the Bzif River.", "They decided to launch an offensive operation in the direction of the Mekhadir River in the Gagra region.", "Foreign Minister Yevgeny Gegechkor sent letters regarding the operation to British Expeditionary Force representative General Thomson and, upon his advice, to General Milne.", "The operation received a positive response from General Thomson.", "Thomson believed that Georgia should not act without British consent, and they were given freedom of action if the White Army did not comply with Thomson's proposal to retreat within 48 hours.", "General Aleksandre Gedevanishvili, the commander of the Georgian Armed Forces, was the last to rely on Denikin to retreat to the Mekhadir River." ], [ "Battle", "On April 16, the People's Guard and regular army units launched an attack on the Bzif River.", "The attack involved all three types of troops: infantry, artillery, and cavalry.", "To increase maneuvering space, the Georgians constructed a new bridge on the upper reaches of the Bzif River and forced the river.", "On April 17, at 1 o'clock, Giorgi Lomtadze's third battalion captured Gagra for the first time without any losses and took 500 prisoners.", "On April 18, at 9 AM, the People's Guard Division crossed the Mekhadir River.", "The White Army retreated near the village of Vesioloe.", "On April 19, Georgian units reached the Mzimti River and approached Adler.", "Along with the Georgian units' attack, the Green Army rebellion broke out in Sochi and Adler, behind the White Army.", "The Green Army and Georgian units acted in a coordinated manner.", "The White Army retreated.Before the start of the second phase of the operation, both General Thomson and General Milne of the British command protested against Georgia.", "Thomson assessed the operation as a \"hostile move\" towards Britain.", "Thomson's change of attitude may have been due to the robbery and murder of a British captain and doctor in Tiflis.", "Additionally, in Akhalkalaki, a Georgian soldier shot a British lieutenant colonel, which Thomson strongly criticized in an official note.", "Georgia stopped advancing towards Sochi and Adler to avoid worsening the situation.", "Georgian forces withdrew to the Psou River.", "Denikin prepared the Black Sea troops to launch an offensive to fully capture Sochi and take the Sukhumi district.", "However, General Briggs, the British representative with Denikin, convinced him that negotiations could lead to Georgia agreeing to retreat.", "According to an alternate version, Denikin called off the offensive because he was unable to mobilize sufficient forces.", "This was due to the fact that the majority of his troops were engaged in fighting the Bolsheviks on the main front.Negotiations between the government of Georgia and \"South Russia\" began in Tiflis on May 21, 1919.British Generals Briggs and Beach, who were British military representatives to Denikin, participated in these negotiations on behalf of Denikin's government.", "General Briggs advised Georgia that Britain would soon withdraw from the South Caucasus, and therefore it would be better for Georgia to sort out relations with Denikin's government.", "The negotiations ended without results on May 23.On May 24, a second meeting was held with representatives of the Denikin government.", "General Beach warned that Denikin would attack if he did not retreat, but Noe Zhordania argued that such an attack would be seen as one with British assistance.", "Georgia refused to surrender Gagra." ], [ "Literature", "* Kenez, Peter (2014).", "Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920* University of California Press, pg.", "202–212.ISBN 9780520327795* A. Chachkhian, 1919 Gagri Offensive Operation and Tactical Analysis of Battles, Annals: Scientific Center for the Study of History, Ethnology, Religion and Propaganda, Publishing House \"Universal\".", "(11) Tbilisi.", "2015." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Premier Yan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Premier Yan''' may refer to:Yan Huiqing (1877–1950), Premier of the Republic of ChinaYan Xishan (1883–1960), 4th Premier of the Republic of China" ], [ "Others", "*Yen Chia-kan (嚴家淦; pinyin: Yán Jiāgàn; 1905–1993), 2nd President of the Republic of China" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Desmodium perplexum" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Desmodium perplexum''''' is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.", "It is native to eastern North America.", "The specific name ''perplexum'' refers to the confusion surrounding this species since its initial description in 1950.", "''Desmodium perplexum'' is similar in appearance to ''Desmodium glabellum''.", "The two species remained a source of confusion for botanists until a more reliable identification key became available in 2020.Consequently, much of the information published prior to that date tends to be misleading." ], [ "Description", "''Desmodium perplexum'' is a herbaceous perennial plant.", "It has trifoliate leaves with petioles at least long.", "Its fruit is a type of legume called a loment that separates into single-seeded segments with hooked hairs that stick to fur and clothing.", "''Desmodium perplexum'' is morphologically similar to ''Desmodium glabellum''.", "The two species may be distinguished by a combination of fruiting and vegetative characters: ''Desmodium glabellum'' ''Desmodium perplexum'' '''Fruit shape''' The lower (ventral) margins of most segments are straight to slightly convex (angular segments) The ventral margins of most segments are concave (rounded segments) '''Leaf arrangement''' Going up the stem, the leaves are gradually but noticeably reduced in size and petiole length, often with small leaves extending onto the flowering branches Going up the stem, the leaves are mostly the same size and do not (or slightly) extend onto the flowering branches (the few leaves that do extend onto the flowering branches are reduced in size but abruptly so) '''Leaf shape''' Terminal leaflets are lanceolate to broadly ovate (most specimens, especially of full sun habitats, are on the narrow end of this range), broadest nearer the base than the middle Terminal leaflets are narrowly ovate to broadly elliptic-ovate (most specimens are on the wider end of this range), broadest nearer the middle than the base" ], [ "Taxonomy", "''Desmodium perplexum'' was first described by the American botanist Bernice Schubert in 1950.The type specimen was collected by Fernald and Long in Sussex County, Virginia in September 1945.The specific name ''perplexum'' refers to the \"perplexity of botanists\" concerned with the taxon known as ''Desmodium dillenii'' As \"the least clearly understood species of the genus\", Schubert declared ''Desmodium dillenii'' to be a ''nomen confusum'' (i.e., a \"confusing name\") and then attempted to resolve the confusion by splitting the taxon into two distinct taxa, one of which became ''Desmodium perplexum'' The other taxon was given the name ''Desmodium glabellum'' The name ''Desmodium dillenii'' is a synonym for ''Desmodium glabellum'', not ''Desmodium perplexum''.", "''Desmodium perplexum'' is a member of the ''Desmodium paniculatum'' complex, a group of closely related taxa that also includes ''Desmodium paniculatum'' ''sensu stricto'', ''Desmodium glabellum'', ''Desmodium fernaldii'', and the synonym ''Desmodium dillenii''.", "Alternatively, some botanists lump these taxa into a single polymorphic species, ''Desmodium paniculatum'' ''sensu lato'', in which case ''Desmodium perplexum'' becomes a synonym of ''Desmodium paniculatum''." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "''Desmodium perplexum'' is native to eastern North America." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * " ], [ "External links", " * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Obelisk (biology)" ], [ "Introduction", "An '''obelisk''' is a \"viroid-like element\" of a type first described in a January 2024 preprint, whose authors say that \"Obelisks form their own distinct phylogenetic group\", as their RNA sequences, discovered by computer-aided metatranscriptomics, are not homologous with the genetic code of any other life form.With their relationship to other organisms being unknown, they are an example of the ''incertae sedis''." ], [ "Distribution and pathology", "Obelisks have been found in human stool samples, and inside specimens of ''Streptococcus sanguinis'', a species of bacteria, taken from human mouths.", "Some human subjects harboured obelisks for more than 300 days.", "The initial study showed the presence of obelisks in about 7 percent of the stool samples, and about 50 percent of saliva samples, from individuals living on all continents.The effect of obelisks on human health, if any, is yet to be determined, as are issues such as their life cycles, and what factors their replication depend on." ], [ "Genetics and biochemistry", "Other features of obelisks include circular RNA genome assemblies with around 1000 base pairs, rod-like secondary structures which encompass the entire genome.", "In contrast to viroids, their RNA is translated into proteins, tentatively called \"'''oblins'''\".", "The two proteins listed in the preprint have been named Oblin-1 and Oblin-2.First structural predictions say that Oblin-1 can bind metal ions and thus could be involved in cellular signalling.", "Oblin-2 features a binding site which is typical for protein complexes; Oblin-2 could therefore bind to enzymes of its host cells." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of Indian films of 1988" ], [ "Introduction", "Provided below is the list of Indian films released on 1988." ], [ "Box office collection", "The list of highest-grossing Indian films released in 1988, by worldwide box office gross revenue, are as follows: * Denotes films still running in cinemas worldwide+Highest worldwide gross of 2023.Rank Title Director Language Worldwide gross Ref 1''Tezaab''N.", "ChandraHindi 2''Shahenshah''Tinnu AnandHindi3''Paap Ki Duniya''Shibu MitraHindi 4''Sathyaa''Suresh KrissnaTamil 5''Khoon Bhari Maang''Rakesh RoshanHindi 6''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak''Mansoor KhanHindi 7 ''Yamudiki Mogudu''Ravi Raja PinisettyTelugu8''Dayavan''Feroz KhanHindi9''Yateem''J.", "P. DuttaHindi10''Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi''Sachin PilgaonkarMarathi" ], [ "Lists of Indian films of 1988", "* List of Bengali films of 1988* List of Gujarati films of 1988* List of Hindi films of 1988* List of Kannada films of 1988* List of Malayalam films of 1988* List of Marathi films of 1988* List of Odia films of 1988* List of Punjabi films of 1988* List of Tamil films of 1988* List of Telugu films of 1988" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Víctor Bascuñán" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Víctor Eduardo Bascuñán Catrileo''' (born 16 June 1973) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a centre-back for clubs in Chile and Paraguay." ], [ "Career", "A product of Universidad de Chile, Bascuñán made his debut in 1991 and was a member of the two-champion squad of the Chilean Primera División in 1994 and 1995, taking part in the 1995 Copa Libertadores in the 3–2 win against the Colombian club Millonarios.", "A member of them until 1995, he also had stints loaned out to Cerro Corá in the Paraguayan top division and Santiago Wanderers in the Chilean Segunda División.After Universidad de Chile, he played for Unión Española in the top division and Santiago Morning in the Primera B, his last club.At international level, he was a member of both Chile U17 in 1990 and an under-23 squad made up by players from the Segunda División." ], [ "Post-retirement", "Bascuñán graduated as a lawyer at .Strongly bound to Club Universidad de Chile, he has been a member of both Consejo Azul (Blue Council), an entity made up by people bound to the club from different spheres, and Más Allá del Horizonte (Beyond The Horizon), the association of former players.He has also taken part in friendly matches of historical players of Universidad de Chile alongside former players such as Sergio Vargas, Cristián Castañeda, Mauricio Aros, Mariano Puyol, among others." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Víctor Bascuñán at PlaymakerStats.com" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hamda Taryam Al Shamsi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hamda Taryam Al Shamsi''' (1999/2000 – 27 January 2024) was an Emirati professional drag racer, philanthropist and businesswoman.", "Hamda was known for philanthropic efforts, particularly in African nations, including Uganda.", "She was a founder of Hamda Vocational and Social Institute, and Hamda Foundation for charitable projects.", "She is a professional motorcycle driver and racer, Hamda Mattar was the first Emirati car racer, as she began her journey in the racing world in 2020 because of her dedicated father, after she turned 18." ], [ "Career", "Hamda Taryam was starting her career and known for her skills in car and motorcycle racing, becoming the first Emirati female car racer.", "Her journey in the automotive world began in 2020.She shared her passion for racing on her Instagram account, where she had amassed a following of 136,000 followers." ], [ "Notable works and philanthropy", "Hamda Taryam was a well-known philanthropist in Uganda who initiated various charitable projects through her foundation, the Hamda Foundation for Charitable Investments.", "In March 2022, at the Emirates Custom Show exhibition, a new project for a vocational institute in Uganda's Maska region was announced, called the Hamda Vocational and Social Institute, to support Ugandan orphans.", "This institute, a continuation of the 'Taryam School' project for orphans, is part of a group of humanitarian projects previously completed by the foundation.", "The project for orphans provides free education to 350 male and female students at all levels.The foundation also completed a non-profit hospital project for the city, which cost over Dh800,000.The hospital began operating on November 11, 2020, and has treated about 300,000 patients free of charge, as well as performed 5,000 births." ], [ "Death", "Hamda Taryam died of fatal incident at a private hospital in Abu Dhabi, on 27 January 2024, at the age of 24.His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, Member of the Supreme Council and Ruler of Sharjah, attended her funeral service in Wasit===Reactions and tributes===Arab Emirates and Masaka Uganda) reacted to Hamda death with grief and thousands of tributes poured in through social media platforms.", "Thousands of people paid their respects during his funeral processionSheikh Dr Sultan offered his condolences to the Taryam family during a visit to a mourning council in the Wasit district of Sharjah" ], [ "Media and television show", "* Netflix Show '''The Fastest''' Hamda Taryam gained global acclaim after she had featured in the Netflix show ‘The Fastest’, the first Arabic reality show which highlighted the region's love of motorsport.Year Show Channel Notes2022 ''The Fastest'' Netflix" ], [ "See also", "*Women in Arab societies" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marlborough RFC" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Marlborough Rugby Football Club''' is an English rugby union club based in Marlborough, Wiltshire.", "The first XV team currently plays in Regional 1 South Central.", "The club also operates a second XV, a colts side and junior teams for both boys and girls.When league rugby began in 1987, Marlborough was placed in Dorset & Wilts 1 North and over the years, the club has up the leagues and now play in the fifth tier of the English rugby union system." ], [ "Honours", "* Regional 2 South East champions 2022-23* Dorset & Wilts 1 North champions 2009–10, 2014-15* Dorset & Wilts 2 North champions 2006–07, 2012-13* Southern Counties North/Southern Counties South play-off winners 2017-18" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official Club Website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Companhia Telefônica Brasileira" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Companhia Telefônica Brasileira''' (CTB) was a Brazilian fixed-line telephone company that provided services to the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, as well as Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo through its subsidiaries CTMG and CTES.", "Between 1972 and 1976, CTB belonged to the Telebras system." ], [ "Origin", "=== Predecessors ======= Rio de Janeiro ====On November 15, 1879, Pedro II granted Charles Paul Mackie, Bell Labs' representative in Rio de Janeiro, the first authorization in Brazil to operate telephone services through Decree No.", "7,539.On April 17, 1881, the Telephone Company of Brazil was licensed to operate.", "By 1883, five stations with 1,000 subscribers each had been installed in Rio de Janeiro.In the 1880s, several companies became involved in providing telephone services in Rio de Janeiro: Companhia União Telefônica do Brasil (1885), Empresa Obras Públicas do Brasil (1889), Companhia Telefônica Industrial (1890), Siemens & Halsk (1897) and Brasilianische Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (1899); the latter was acquired in 1905 by the Canadian-owned Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company and was renamed Rio de Janeiro Telephone Company in 1907.In 1897, the Central, Largo do Machado, São Clemente, Estácio de Sá, São Cristóvão, Engenho Novo, Andaraí and Santa Teresa stations, located in Rio de Janeiro, were closed after the cancellation of the contract with Companhia Telefônica Industrial, the firm responsible for operating the service.", "In February, a deal was signed with a German company, which provisionally installed a telephone exchange in the city until the Central Station was inaugurated on November 3, 1899, in a building on Tiradentes Square.", "On March 9, 1906, a fire destroyed the exchange's facilities, which reopened in September 1906.In 1910, the Interurban Telephone Company was created and began operating in Niterói and Petrópolis.==== São Paulo ====In 1883 the first telephone station was installed in Santos and had 75 subscribers.", "On January 5, 1884, the Empresa Telefônica Campineira, the first company in the state of São Paulo, was created in Campinas.", "On January 7, 1884, the Companhia Telégrafos Urbanos installed the first 22 telephones in the city of São Paulo.", "However, the firms did not possess exclusive rights to the services.In 1891, the São Paulo and Santos lines, which belonged to the Companhia União Telefônica do Brasil, were transferred to the Companhia Telefônica do Estado de São Paulo, a firm that also acquired the Campinas lines in 1911.In 1896, the Rede Telefônica Bragantina, which lasted 15 years and served 98 cities in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, was created in Bragança Paulista.", "By the end of 1916, the Companhia Telefônica do Estado de São Paulo had established six telephone stations in the city of São Paulo (Central, Brás, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Água Branca and Cidade), one in Campinas and one in Santos.==== Company unification ====In 1912, the Canadian holding company Brazilian Traction Light and Power Company Ltd. was created.", "It controlled the São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company and the Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and Power Company in the energy sector, as well as the Rio de Janeiro Telephone Company in the telecommunications sector.In 1914, the firm acquired the Interurban Telephone Company and, in 1916, became the manager of the Companhia Telefônica do Estado de São Paulo and the Rede Telefônica Bragantina through the Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo Telephone Company, authorized to operate by Decree No.", "11,500 of February 23, 1915.It also merged the Companhia de Telefones Interestaduais, a telephone operator that worked in several cities in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.", "In 1919, Companhia Telefônica do Estado de São Paulo and Rede Telefônica Bragantina were definitively incorporated.=== Creation of CTB ===On January 15, 1923, at a meeting held by the board of directors of the Brazilian Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd. in Toronto, managers decided that the Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo Telephone Company would change its name to the Brazilian Telephone Company.", "Decree No.", "16.222 of November 28, 1923 authorized the company to continue operating in Brazil and allowed the translation of the name into Portuguese as Companhia Telefônica Brasileira (CTB)." ], [ "First period (1923-1966)", "In 1923 Brazil had 100,000 telephones; 75% of which were controlled by CTB.", "On March 25, 1929, the company registered 100,000 installed telephones.", "In December 1936, it operated 166,000 telephones, including 99,000 automatics, 63,000 in Rio de Janeiro (with 16,000 manuals remaining) and 22,000 in São Paulo (with 19,000 manuals remaining).", "In February 1937, CTB reached 100,000 automatic telephones installed.", "On July 25, 1939, it reached 200,000 telephones installed by CTB.", "At the firm's request, the inauguration ceremony was held at the Catete Palace and attended by President Getúlio Vargas and Minister of Foreign Affairs Oswaldo Aranha, who called Carlos Martins, the Brazilian ambassador in Washington.=== Operational structure ======= Administrative headquarters ====Detail of the facade of the Sete de Abril Building, listed in 1992.The administrative headquarters were located in the city of Rio de Janeiro.", "The headquarters of the São Paulo Operations Directorate (DOSP) was based in the Sete de Abril Complex, whose main block is the Sete de Abril Building, an ''art deco'' property designed by Ramos de Azevedo in partnership with Severo & Villares in the renowned Ramos de Azevedo Office, and inaugurated on September 24, 1938.Its facade became a heritage site in 1992.Currently closed, the complex is the second in the city of São Paulo to receive a permit to perform a retrofit within the rules of the Requalifica Centro Program.", "It will be reopened under the name Basílio 177 as an apartment complex with an open gallery of stores and restaurants.=== Telephone exchanges ======= Federal District ====Until 1929, all telephone exchanges in the city of Rio de Janeiro were manual.", "On December 31, with the inauguration of the North automatic telephone exchange, CTB made the first change to the city's telephone lines, giving the numbers of the main exchanges a one-digit prefix to identify them and forming a five-digit set: Central (\"2\" station), North automatic (\"3\" station), North manual (\"4\" station), Beira Mar (\"5\" station), Sul (\"6\" station), Ipanema (\"7\" station), Vila (\"8\" station), Ramos (\"8-8\" station), Piedade (\"8-9\" station) and Jardim (\"9\" station).", "On January 13, 1935, the number 2 was added to the beginning of each telephone prefix.The manual telephone exchanges in Jacarepaguá, Marechal Hermes, Bangu, Campo Grande, Santa Cruz, Ilha do Governador and Paquetá became automated in 1965 when they began to be operated by Companhia Estadual de Telefones da Guanabara (CETEL).", "* December 31, 1929 - inauguration of the city's first automatic telephone exchange;* 1930 - automation of Ipanema (\"7\" Station, changed to \"27\") and Engenho de Dentro (\"9\" Station, changed to \"29\") and inauguration of Cascadura satellite (\"9-8\" Station, changed to \"29-8\" to replace the Piedade manual);* 1931 - automation of Tiradentes (\"2\" Station, changed to \"22\");* 1934 - inauguration of Ramos satellite (\"9-6\" Station, changed to \"48-6\" to replace the Ramos manual);* 1935 - inauguration of Maracanã (\"48\" Station);* 1936 - automation of Floriano (\"43\" Station, replacing the manual \"24\", formerly \"4\") and Botafogo (\"26\" Station, formerly \"6\"), and inauguration of Tiradentes (\"42\" Station) and Ipanema (\"47\" Station);* 1938 - automation of Maracanã (\"28\" Station, former \"8\");* 1939 - inauguration of Grajaú (\"38\" Station) and Ramos (\"30\" Station to replace Ramos satellite);* 1940 - automation of Flamengo (\"25\" Station, formerly \"5\");* 1946 - inauguration of Tiradentes (\"32\" Station), Copacabana (\"37\" Station) and Engenho de Dentro (\"49\" Station);* 1948 - inauguration of Flamengo (\"45\" Station) and Botafogo (\"46\" Station);* 1949 - inauguration of Tiradentes (\"52\" Station) and Grajaú (\"58\" Station);* 1953 - inauguration of Maracanã (\"54\" Station) and Copacabana (\"57\" Station);* 1954 - inauguration of Maracanã (\"34\" Station);* 1956 - inauguration of Copacabana (\"36\" Station);* 1959 - inauguration of Tiradentes (\"31\" Station).==== Rio de Janeiro ====Inauguration of automatic telephone exchanges:* 1930 - Petrópolis;* 1931 - Campos dos Goytacazes;* 1941 - Niterói;* 1947 - Teresópolis and Resende;* 1948 - Vassouras;* 1951 - São Gonçalo.==== City of São Paulo ====Palmeiras telephone exchange, where the first automatic office in São Paulo was installed (1928).Until the beginning of 1928, the city of São Paulo only had manual telephone exchanges.", "On January 7, CTB added a digit before the numbers of the four main telephone exchanges, to form a set with five digits: Central (\"2\" Station), Cidade (\"4\" Station), Avenida (\"7\" Station) and Brás (\"9\" Station).", "* July 14, 1928 - inauguration of Palmeiras (\"5\" Station), the city's first automatic telephone exchange;* 1929 - automation of Benjamin Constant (\"2\" Station), renamed \"32\" in 1951;* 1931 - inauguration of the Lapa satellite (\"5-0\" Station) to replace the Água Branca manual and the Penha manual;* 1935 - Inauguration of the Ipiranga satellite (\"3-0\" Station) to replace the Cambuci manual, and transfer to the city of the Santo Amaro manual;* 1936 - inauguration of Jardins (\"8\" Station, altered to \"81\" in 1966);* 1938 - inauguration of Benjamin Constant (\"3\" Station, modified to \"33\" in 1951 to replace the Brás manual), Tatuapé satellite (\"3-9\" Station, modified to \"9-0\" in 1944 to replace the Penha manual) and Santana satellite (\"3-8\" Station) to replace the Santana manual;* 1939 - inauguration of Benjamin Constant (\"4\" Station), changed to \"34\" in 1951 to replace the Cidade manual;* 1944 - reopening of Brás (\"9\" Station), changed to \"93\" in 1961;* 1946 - inauguration of Benjamin Constant (\"6\" Station), changed to \"36\" in 1951;* 1948 - inauguration of Palmeiras (\"52\" Station);* 1951 - inauguration of Vila Mariana (\"70\" and \"7\" stations, altered to \"71\" in 1966), and Benjamin Constant (\"35\" Station), and change of prefix of Avenida (\"31\" Station);* 1952 - inauguration of Jardins (\"80\" Station);* 1953 - inauguration of Benjamin Constant (\"37\" Station) and Santo Amaro (\"61\" Station) to replace Santo Amaro manual;* 1955 - inauguration of Ipiranga (\"63\" Station) to replace Ipiranga satellite;* 1956 - inauguration of Perdizes (\"62\" Station) and Itaquera, São Miguel Paulista and Guaianases manuals;* 1960 - inauguration of Perdizes (\"65\" Station);* 1961 - inauguration of Brás (\"92\" Station).==== Interior of São Paulo ====Inauguration of automatic telephone exchanges:* 1930 - inauguration of automatic telephone service in Campinas.", "In 1962, it was extended with \"8\" Station.", "The telephone numbering of the first exchange was changed to \"9\".", "In 1964, \"2\" Station was launched;* 1930 - Jaú;* 1934 - Inauguration of the automatic telephone service in Santos.", "In 1948, it was expanded by cutting the area and the \"4\" Station was launched.", "The telephone numbering of the Brás Cubas exchange was changed to \"2\" Station, serving the center and the port region;* 1940 - Marília;* 1941 - Pompéia;* 1959 - Araraquara and Lins;* 1961 - Rio Claro and São João da Boa Vista;* 1963 - São José dos Campos and Taubaté;* 1964 - Bauru and Guarujá;* 1965 - Taboão da Serra.==== Minas Gerais ====* 1931 - inauguration of automatic telephone service in Belo Horizonte.==== Espírito Santo ====* 1954 - inauguration of automatic telephone service in Vitória.=== Services ======= Public telephones ====The first coin-operated public telephones were installed in Santos in March 1934 and in Rio de Janeiro in 1935.Later, they were installed in bars, pharmacies and grocery stores.", "In order to facilitate use, telephone tokens began to be used instead of coins.==== Direct distance dialing (DDD) ====In 1958, CTB inaugurated the first long-distance automatic direct dialing system (DDD) in Latin America between the cities of São Paulo and Santos using coaxial cables.", "The following year, the system was inaugurated between the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói.==== Telephone directories ====The first telephone directory produced by CTB was launched in 1918, when it belonged to the Rio de Janeiro & São Paulo Telephone Company.", "It continued to be published by the company until 1946, when LTB-Listas Telefônicas Brasileiras, founded by businessman G. J. Huber, former director of CTB's directory department, began its activities as a supplier of telephone directories for Rio de Janeiro.", "Huber, in exchange for the exclusive rights to sell advertisements, offered to publish the list of subscribers and the Yellow Pages free of charge.In 1954, CTB sold its shares in LTB to another company, which allowed LTB to produce lists for other concessionaires, while maintaining the contract to publish CTB lists.==== Publications ====In 1928, the ''Sino Azul'' magazine, a monthly periodical distributed free of charge to CTB employees, was launched.", "The magazine dealt with subjects such as news, cultural aspects, activities in the telephony sector and social notes related to the company.", "Considered one of the first national business publications, it followed the evolution of telephony in Brazil and was published continuously until 1989." ], [ "Crisis and nationalization", "Due to the global economic crisis and World War II, telephone equipment stopped arriving in Brazil.", "From 1940 onwards, the queues for lines increased; in 1945, the queue in Rio de Janeiro amounted to 29,000 people and in São Paulo to 21,000 people.", "The crisis worsened due to the high import tariffs on equipment.", "The authority to set prices remained divided between the three branches of government and prevented the uniform establishment of technical and economic criteria.", "By 1956 the waiting list had reached 139,000 people in Rio de Janeiro and 151,000 in São Paulo.", "The high demand for telephone lines represented a serious problem in the main urban centers.Long-distance calls required hours of waiting.", "Telephone communications with the rest of the world also failed to meet the international needs of Brazil's expanding economy.", "The cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Brasília were interconnected via microwave links.", "Communication to most of the states was via radiotelegraph and radiotelephone services, mostly run by foreign concessionaires (Telégrafo Nacional, Radiobrás, Radional, Western, All América and Italcable).=== Changes and loss of concessions ===The holding company Brazilian Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd. established telephone services in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais by founding Companhia Telefônica do Espírito Santo (CTES) in 1951 and Companhia Telefônica de Minas Gerais (CTMG) in 1953, both subsidiaries of CTB.", "In 1955, CTB served 175 cities in the state of São Paulo, but automated service was only available in the capital and five other towns.", "Dissatisfaction with the service provided led the government to authorize the creation of local telephone companies in several cities with the intention of implementing automatic exchanges.In 1958, the Companhia Telefônica da Borda do Campo (CTBC) assumed responsibility for services in the municipalities of ABC Region, as the inadequacy of the telephone connection between these cities and São Paulo had serious economic consequences for the region, which was experiencing fast industrial growth.During the same period, CTB lost coverage in important cities such as Piracicaba to Telefônica Piracicaba, Jundiaí to Telefônica Jundiaí, Sorocaba to Cia Rede Telefônica Sorocabana, Osasco to Cia Telefônica Suburbana Paulista, Guarulhos to Cia Telefônica de Guarulhos, Mogi das Cruzes to Telefônica Mogi das Cruzes, Jacareí to Telefônica Jacareí, Pindamonhangaba to Cia Telefônica de Pindamonhangaba, Guaratinguetá to the S.", "M.T.A., São Vicente to Cia Telefônica do Litoral Paulista, São Carlos to Telefônica Central Paulista and Franca to Cia Telefônica de Franca; all of which inaugurated automatic exchanges.", "It also lost licences in Caçapava to COTESP, Cubatão and Suzano to CTBC, and in other cities such as Aparecida, Atibaia, Cotia, Itanhaém and Ourinhos.=== Nationalization ===CTB strike in 1964.On November 28, 1956, during the Kubitschek government, the Brazilian Telephone Company was nationalized and officially named Companhia Telefônica Brasileira by Decree No.", "40,439.Its headquarters were transferred to Rio de Janeiro and its capital divided between seven shareholders: six native Brazilians, each holding a single share, and the holding company Brazilian Traction Light and Power Co. Ltd, now known as Brascan - Brasil Canada Ltda, with almost a million shares.In 1962, the Brazilian Telecommunications Code was instituted by President João Goulart amid a strong nationalist campaign against the Brascan group and other foreign companies.", "On March 31, 1962, the federal government, in contact with CTB's management since December 1961 regarding its purchase, decreed intervention in the company for a period of six months, which was extended successively until 1966.Although the Castelo Branco government expressed an interest in opening up opportunities for private capital to participate in the sector, it ended up nationalizing CTB after extensive negotiations with the Brascan group.", "In March 1966, Embratel, which was responsible for two-thirds of the Brazilian telephone system and operated in an area containing 45% of the Brazilian population, took control of CTB." ], [ "New CTB (1966-1976)", "Manhole with the CTB logo.In 1966, CTB had 584,000 installed telephone terminals in its coverage area, excluding subsidiaries, including 245,000 in Guanabara, 183,000 in São Paulo, 77,000 in the interior of São Paulo and 34,000 in the state of Rio de Janeiro.", "529,000 terminals were in service and 817,000 telephones had been installed.", "The Brazilian Constitution of 1967 created the Ministry of Communications, which surveyed the telephony situation in Brazil, launched a plan for emergency and long-term solutions and divided CTB's area of operation, assigning it the responsibility of serving the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro.CTB presidents during this period:* 1966-1969: Landry Sales Gonçalves;* 1969-1974: José de Siqueira Meneses Filho;* 1974-1976: José Nunes Camargo.=== First expansion plan ===Between 1966 and 1971, CTB launched its first major expansion plan through the system of self-financing telephone lines.", "Initially, the project focused on the long queue of subscribers who had been waiting to be called since the 1940s and 1950s.", "The rotary-type electromechanical stations installed in the city of Rio de Janeiro and the uniselector type in the city of São Paulo, which had not yet reached their maximum capacity, were expanded.", "From then on, the new exchanges installed were electromechanical crossbars.==== Guanabara ====Telephone centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro (1976).Between 1966 and 1971, 129,000 telephone terminals were installed, rotary exchanges were expanded and new Pentaconta 1000 (Standard Electrica) crossbar exchanges equipped for the DDD system were set up.", "The plan's first telephone exchange was inaugurated in December 1966 in Copacabana (\"56\" Station) and the first crossbar exchange was installed in July 1968 in Engenho Novo (\"61\" Station).", "10 existing telephone exchanges were renovated and the Engenho Novo telephone exchange was inaugurated in 1968.In 1969, telephone numbers in Rio de Janeiro received the digit 2 at the beginning of their prefixes.", "The plan was finalized in 1971 with the installation of the Tiradentes (\"224\" Station), Copacabana (\"255\" Station), Engenho Novo (\"281\" Station) and Ipanema (\"287\" Station) exchanges.==== São Paulo ====The Pinheiros telephone center stands to the right.Between 1966 and 1970, more than 205,000 telephone terminals were installed in two stages: expansion of the uniselector exchanges and installation of new ARF (Ericsson) crossbar exchanges equipped for the DDD system.", "The project began in March 1966 with the extension of the Ipiranga telephone exchange (\"63\" Station).", "The first crossbar exchange was installed in March 1967 in Jardins (\"282\" Station), the first time a three-digit prefix was used in Brazil.", "Between 1968 and 1970, 16 new telephone centers were opened:* First stage: Jabaquara, Lapa (deactivating the Lapa satellite exchange), Penha (deactivating the Tatuapé satellite exchange), Santa Ifigênia, Santana (deactivating the Santana satellite exchange), Anhangabaú, Casa Verde, Consolação, Liberdade and Paraíso (deactivating the Avenida satellite exchange);* Second stage: Pinheiros, Santo Amaro (the telephone center inaugurated in 1953 was renamed Campo Belo), Ermelino Matarazzo, Guaianases, Itaquera and São Miguel Paulista.The plan was finalized in September 1970 with the installation of the Brás telephone exchange (\"292\" Station).", "'''Interior of São Paulo'''CTB coverage area in the state of São Paulo (1973).Between 1967 and 1971, 35,000 telephone terminals and new automatic exchanges were installed in different cities.", "Contracts were signed for the installation of automatic networks in 36 cities, including 19 where the telephone system was automated with 5005 crossbar exchanges (Plessey) equipped for DDD and one-digit prefixes.In 1968, the Embu automatic exchange was inaugurated, and in 1971 \"3\" Station in Santos was installed in a new building on Washington Luiz Avenue.", "Construction work was finished on the telephone exchanges in Amparo, Carapicuíba, Ibitinga, Indaiatuba, Lorena, Salto, São Manuel, São Roque, Sertãozinho and Taquaritinga, but these were only activated later by Telesp.=== One million phone plan ===On December 31, 1971, 899,000 telephone terminals, excluding subsidiaries, were in operation, with a total of 1,125,000 telephones in service.", "In October 1971, CTB and its subsidiaries launched the plan for the installation of one million telephones by 1975, a priority target for the federal government in the telecommunications sector; 855,000 telephone terminals would be allocated to the CTB area.", "In 1972, the plan was updated to 920,000 terminals, distributed as follows:* Guanabara - 234,000 telephone terminals.", "In 1972, the Flamengo (\"285\" Station), Grajaú (\"288\" Station), Ramos (\"280\" Station) and Tiradentes (\"244\" Station) telephone centers were inaugurated.", "In 1975, the Leblon telephone exchange was launched, as were the Leme and Santa Rita stations in 1976.Work has begun on the Arcos (the largest in Latin America with a final capacity of 200,000 terminals) and Cidade Nova telephone centers;* Rio de Janeiro - 136,000 telephone terminals;* São Paulo - 375,000 telephone terminals.", "In 1972, 6,600 terminals were installed in the Jabaquara, Paraíso, Pinheiros and São Miguel telephone centers.", "In 1973, Telesp inaugurated the telephone exchanges in Campo Belo (\"241\" Station), Paraíso (\"289\" Station), Penha (\"296\" Station), Pinheiros (\"210\" Station) and Santo Amaro (\"246\" Station), and continued work on the Guarani telephone center (\"271\" Station) and the projected telephone centers in Jaguaré, Tremembé and Vila Gustavo;* Interior of São Paulo - 175,000 telephone terminals.", "Automatic exchanges were installed in Jacareí, Piracicaba, Votuporanga (managed network) and Promissão, and other stations were expanded.", "Construction was concluded on the telephone exchanges in Birigui, Barretos, Bebedouro, Piraju, Capivari, Laranjal Paulista, Matão, Paulínia, Pirajuí, Poá and Porto Feliz, which were all activated by Telesp.500,000 Ericsson terminals, 300,000 Standard Electrica terminals and 160,000 NEC Brasil terminals have been contracted to implement the plan.=== Public telephones ===In 1970, after the implementation of the expansion plan, CTB launched the \"''vilafones''\", public telephones placed in commercial houses and residences situated in low-income neighborhoods.", "The first public payphones in Brazil were inaugurated on January 20, 1972, in the city of Rio de Janeiro and on January 25, 1972, in the city of São Paulo.=== Operational integration ===In 1972, Telebrás was created as a holding company to implement the new telecommunications policy.", "In the same year, CTB transferred control of its subsidiaries CTMG and CTES to the firm.", "Ordinance No.", "331 of May 26, 1972 accredited CTB as a pole company in the states of São Paulo, Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro, in accordance with the guidelines and policy of unifying the telephone system adopted by the Ministry of Communications.", "Consequently, CTB incorporated or began to manage several telephone companies:==== Rio de Janeiro ====* Incorporations: S.T.M.", "Nova Friburgo, Cia.", "Telefônica Fluminense (Nova Iguaçu), Cia.", "Telefônica Duque de Caxias, Cia.", "Telefônica Barra Mansa, Cia.", "Telefônica Meriti, Telefônica Valença, Telefônica Cambuci, Cia.", "Telefônica Laje do Muriaé and Telefônica Miracema, Cia.", "Telefônica de Itaperuna and Cia.", "Telefônica de Cachoeiras de Macacu, Cia.", "Telefônica de Itaocara, Telefônica de Miguel Pereira and Cia.", "Telefônica Paduana.", "'''Interior of São Paulo'''* Incorporations: S.T.M.", "Paulínia, S.T.M.", "Tabatinga and S.T.M.", "São José dos Campos, S.M.T.A.", "Araraquara, S.M.T.A.", "Taubaté, S.M.T.A.", "Guarujá and Soc.", "Telefônica da Estância (Serra Negra), S.T.M.", "Aguaí, S.T.M.", "Porto Ferreira, S.M.T.A.", "Rio Claro and Telefônica Lemense;* Managed networks: S.M.T.A.", "Guaratinguetá, S.M.T.A.", "Lins, S.M.T.A.", "São João da Boa Vista, Cia.", "Rede Telefônica Sorocabana, Cia.", "Telefônica de Guarulhos, Telefônica Jacareí, Cia.", "Telefônica Rio Preto, Cia.", "Paulista de Telecomunicações (Piracicaba), Telefônica Jundiaí, Cia.", "Telefônica Média Mogiana (Casa Branca) and Empresa Telefônica Paulista (Presidente Prudente).CTB also tried to incorporate Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo (COTESP), which covered a large area of the state of São Paulo, but was unsuccessful.=== DDD/IDD systems ===TV Tupi (1970).In 1969, the Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) system was introduced throughout Brazil.", "Between 1969 and 1973, the system was integrated into the following CTB areas:* Guanabara: city of Rio de Janeiro;* Rio de Janeiro: cities of Niterói, Araruama, Barra do Piraí, Barra Mansa (managed network), Cabo Frio, Campos, Itaboraí, Itaguaí, Itatiaia, Magé, Petrópolis, Resende, São Gonçalo, São Pedro da Aldeia, Teresópolis and Volta Redonda;* São Paulo: the cities of São Paulo (with an official inauguration in July 1970 broadcast live by TV Tupi), Santos, Guarujá and Cubatão (incoming only), and Presidente Prudente (managed network).The International Direct Dialing (IDD) system was implemented in these cities by Telerj and Telesp." ], [ "Coverage area: Rio de Janeiro", "Locations served by CTB in the state of Rio de Janeiro transferred to Telerj in 1976:Telephone centerAutomatic control panelRotaryCross barsTiradentes* 221 (1959)* 222 (1931)* 242 (1936)* 232 (1946)* 252 (1949)* 221 (1969)* 224 (1971)* 244 (1972)Engenho Novo* 261 (1968)* 281 (1971)* 201 (1974)Floriano* 223 (1929)* 243 (1936)Santa Rita* 233 (1976)* 253 (1976)* 263 (1976)* 293 (1976)Cidade Nova* 273* 293Maracanã* 234 (1954)* 254 (1953)* 228 (1938)* 248 (1935)* 264 (1969)* 284 (1974)Leblon* 274 (1975)* 294 (1975)* 239* 259Flamengo* 225 (1940)* 245 (1948)* 265 (1969)* 285 (1972)* 205 (1974)Copacabana* 236 (1956)* 256 (1966)* 237 (1946)* 257 (1953)* 235 (1969)* 255 (1971)Leme* 275 (1976)* 295Botafogo* 226 (1936)* 246 (1948)* 266 (1970)* 286 (1976)Ipanema* 227 (1930)* 247 (1936)* 267 (1969)* 287 (1971)Grajaú* 238 (1939)* 258 (1949)* 268 (1969)* 288 (1974)* 208 (1976)Engenho de Dentro* 229 (1930)* 249 (1946)* 269 (1976)* 289 (1976)Chile Avenue (Arcos)* 220* 240* 262* 282Ramos* 230 (1939)* 260 (1969)* 280 (1972)* 270" ], [ "Coverage area: São Paulo", "Locations served by CTB in the state of São Paulo transferred to Telesp in 1973:=== City of São Paulo ===Telephone centerAutomatic control panelUniselectorCross barsSanta Ifigênia* 220 (1968)* 221 (1969)Anhangabaú* 227 (1969)* 228 (1970)Benjamin Constant* 32 (1929)* 33 (1938)* 34 (1939)* 35 (1951)* 36 (1946)* 37 (1953)* 239 (1967)Palmeiras* 51 (1928)* 52 (1948)Consolação* 256 (1969)* 257 (1970)Lapa* 260 (1968)Campo Belo* 61 (1953)* 267 (1967)* 241Perdizes* 62 (1956)* 65 (1960)* 262 (1969)Casa Verde* 266 (1969)Santo Amaro269 (1969)246Vila Mariana* 70 (1951)* 71 (1951)Guarani* 271Ipiranga* 63 (1955)* 273 (1969)* 274 (1969)Jabaquara * 275 (1968)* 276 (1970)Liberdade* 278 (1969)* 279 (1970)Jardins* 80 (1952)* 81 (1936)* 282 (1967)Pinheiros* 286 (1969)* 210Paraíso* 287 (1969)* 288 (1969)* 289Brás* 92 (1961)* 93 (1944)* 292 (1970)Penha* 295 (1968)* 296São Miguel Paulista* 297-0 (1970)Ermelino Matarazzo* 297-4 (1970)Itaquera* 297-6 (1970)Guaianases* 297-8 (1970)Santana* 298 (1968)* 299 (1969)=== Interior of São Paulo ===LocationTelephone exchangeYearAguaíautomatic1962Águas da PratamanualÁguas de LindóiamanualAgudosmanualAltairmanualAlto AlegremanualAmérico BrasiliensemanualAmparomanualAnalândiamanualArandumanualAraraquaraautomatic1959AreiasPSAreiópolismanualAvaímanualAvanhandavamanualAvaréautomatic1970Barra Bonitaautomatic1970BarretosmanualBarrinhamanualBaruerimanualBauruautomatic1964BebedouromanualBernardino de CamposmanualBertiogamanualBocaínamanualBoituvamanualBotucatuautomatic1970Bragança Paulistaautomatic1970BrotasmanualCabrália PaulistamanualCafelândiamanualCajobimanualCampinas - \"2\" Stationautomatic1964Campinas - \"8\" Stationautomatic1962Campinas - \"9\" Stationautomatic1930Cândido RodriguesmanualCapivarimanualCarapicuíbamanual (shared with Barueri)Cerqueira CésarmanualCerquilhomanualCesário LongemanualChavantesmanualColinamanualConchamanualCorumbataímanualCravinhosmanualCristais PaulistasmanualCruzeiroautomatic1970DobradamanualDois CórregosmanualEmbuautomatic1968Enseadaautomatic1969Fernando PrestesPSFerraz de VasconcelosmanualFrancisco MoratomanualFranco da RochamanualGáliamanualGarçaautomatic1970GlicériomanualGuaiçaramanualGuaracimanualGuarantãmanualGuararemamanualGuaribamanualGuarujáautomatic1964HerculânciamanualIbatémanualIbitingamanualIcémmanualIgaraçu do Tietêmanual (shared with Barra Bonita)IndaiatubamanualIpaussumanualItapecerica da SerramanualItapetiningaautomatic1970Itapevaautomatic1970ItapeviPSItapiraautomatic1970ItápolismanualItapuímanualItaquequecetubamanualItatibaautomatic1970ItatingamanualItarapinamanualItuautomatic1980JaborandimanualJaboticabaíautomatic1970JandiramanualJaúautomatic1930JeriquaraPSJoanópolismanualLaranjal PaulistamanualLavrinhasmanualLemeautomatic1962Lençois Paulistasautomatic1970LindóiamanualLorenamanualMairinquemanualMandurimanualMaracaímanualMaríliaautomatic1940MatãomanualMineiros do TietêmanualMococaautomatic1970Mogi Guaçuautomatic1970Mogi Mirimautomatic1970Monte Alegre do SulmanualMonte Azul PaulistamanualOlímpiamanualOrientemanualOrindiúvamanualPardinhomanualPaulíniamanualPaulo de FariamanualPederneirasmanualPedreiramanualPenápolisautomatic1970PereirasmanualPiedadeautomatic1970PiracaiamanualPirajumanualPirajuímanualPirapora do Bom JesusPiratiningamanualPitangueirasmanualPoámanualPompéiaautomatic1941PontalmanualPorto FelizmanualPradópolismanualPresidente AlvesmanualPromissãoautomatic1972QueluzmanualQuintanamanualQuiririmmanualRafardmanual (shared with Capivari)RestingamanualRibeirão BonitomanualRincãomanualRio Claroautomatic1961RiolândiamanualRoseiramanualSaltomanualSanta Cruz do Rio PardomanualSanta GertrudesmanualSanta LúciamanualSanta Maria da SerramanualSanta Rosa do ViterbomanualSantana de Parnaíba''vilafone''Santos - \"2\" Stationautomatic1934Santos - \"3\" Stationautomatic1971Santos - \"4\" Stationautomatic1948São José da Bela VistamanualSão José do BarreiromanualSão José dos Camposautomatic1963São ManuelmanualSão PedromanualSão RoquemanualSão SimãomanualSarutaiámanualSerra AzulmanualSerra Negraautomatic1967SerranamanualSertãozinhomanualSeveríniamanualSilveirasPSSocorromanualSousasmanualTabatingamanualTaboão da Serraautomatic1965TaiúvamanualTaquaritingamanualTatuíautomatic1970Taubatéautomatic1963Terra RoxamanualTietêmanualTorrinhamanualTremembémanualVera CruzmanualVicente de Carvalhoautomatic1969Viradouromanual" ], [ "End of business", "In April 1973, Telecomunicações de São Paulo (Telesp) was created.", "The following month, CTB transferred all its assets in the state to the new company, as had already been determined years earlier by the Ministry of Communications.", "CTB began to concentrate on expanding and modernizing services in the area formed by the states of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro.", "After the merger of the two states in 1975, CTB was abolished and incorporated by Telecomunicações do Rio de Janeiro (Telerj) in February 1976.At the time, CTB operated 649,400 telephone terminals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, distributed over 57 exchanges installed in 14 telephone centers.The telephone exchange buildings built by CTB, including the oldest ones that were not demolished, are still used today by Vivo in the state of São Paulo and Oi in the state of Rio de Janeiro." ], [ "See also", "TelespTelebrás*Telefônica Brasil" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chukhanlu carpets" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chukhanlu carpets''' - are a type of carpet with a rich and ancient history belonging to the Shirvan group of Azerbaijan's Guba-Shirvan carpet weaving center." ], [ "Production", "These carpets were primarily produced in carpet weaving centers, predominantly in the ancient district of Shamakhi, known as Gobustan.", "The name of the carpet is derived from the village of Çukhanlu, located 13 km southeast of Shamakhi.", "Formerly known as \"Kabristan,\" \"Gabristan,\" \"Maraza,\" or \"Chukhan,\" these carpets gained fame as \"Chukhanlu\" from the second half of the 18th century onwards." ], [ "Artistic features", "While \"Chukhanlu\" carpets share compositional similarities with \"Sorsor\" carpets in terms of the central field, they exhibit some differences in the shape of the motifs.", "One artistic feature of the \"Chukhanlu\" carpet is the cross-matching of colors in the vertical and horizontal directions of these motifs.", "The characteristic square strips of Shirvan carpets, especially the central border known as \"hürük,\" are fully applied in Chukhanlu carpets.", "The influence of Azerbaijan's ancient carpet centers, Muğan and Gobustan carpets, has played a significant role in the development of \"Chukhanlu\" carpets." ], [ "Technical specifications", "The dimensions of these carpets range from 120x180 cm to 160x260 cm.", "Occasionally, they are also produced in the form of rectangular kilims (usually long, narrow carpets running along the wall).", "Loop density: from 40x40 knots per square decimeter to 50x50 knots (from 160,000 knots to 250,000 knots per square meter).", "The pile height is 4–6 mm." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Eko-Okna" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Eko-Okna S.A.''' is a Polish company established in 1998.Eko-Okna is Europe's largest producer of aluminum and uPVC windows, doors, and shutters.With manufacturing facilities located in southern Poland in Kornice and Wodzisław Śląski it employs approximately 13,000 employees, Eko-Okna products already accessible on 40 foreign markets." ], [ "History", "Eko-Okna was created in 1998.New plant in Kornice was open in 2009.In 2023 they open next factory in Wodzisław Śląski.", "Thanks to this investment, the company significantly increased its production capacity, employment." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Company website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Anssi Vanjoki" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anssi Markku Kaleva Vanjoki''' (born 13 September 1956) is a Finnish businessman who was Executive Vice President of Nokia Corporation and member of the Executive Board from 1998 to 2010.)", "Vanjoki is the director of Rantakesä-RKBS Oy, which provides business management consulting services, and the CEO of Aqsens Oy, which manufactures measurement, testing and navigation equipment.", "He serves on the board of the Järvelä-based wood processing company Koskinen and the Helsinki-based patent company Atacama Labs Oy.", "In addition, Vanjoki has served as the chairman of the board of Amer Sports, on the boards of the Oulu earlight company Valkee Oy and the Basware software company from Espoo.", "Vanjoki has served as chairman of the board of Oriola in 2015–2020 and chairman of the board of Elisa since 2019." ], [ "Career", "Vanjoki served on the board of Nokia Corporation since 1998 and he worked for Nokia since 1991.He worked, among other things, as director of the Markets unit, director of the Multimedia business group and director of Nokia Mobile Phones.", "Vanjoki was a member of the group assembled by CEO Jorma Ollila, the so-called \"dream team\".", "Vanjoki has been the chairman of the board of Amer Sports Oyj and a member of the board of Sonova Holding AG.", "Vanjoki has a master's degree in business administration.Vanjoki is the former director of Nokia's wireless services unit.", "Vanjoki left the company in September 2010.He was nominated as Nokia's new CEO to replace Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, but the company chose Canadian Stephen Elop as its director.", "Vanjoki started at Lappeenranta University of Technology as a professor (Professor of Practice) in the fall of 2013.After Nokia, at the end of 2010, Vanjoki invested in the earlight company Valkee Oy company.", "In January 2011, Vanjoki invested in Apple's iPhone Game Book service intended for golf players, and at the same time became a board member of Free Drop Innovations Oy Ltd. Vanjoki considered Nokia's alliance with Microsoft in autumn 2011 unnecessary.", "In 2012, he gave up Nokia's stock.", "He considered the transfer of Nokia's phone unit to Microsoft in September 2013 shameful." ], [ "Personal life", "In October 2001, Vanjoki received a fine for speeding, i.e.", "690 000 marks (about 116 000 euros).", "The fine sparked a social debate and, among others, according to the Minister of Justice Johannes Koskinen, \"the entire system of fines has to be revised due to the shortcomings written into the law\".", "In February 2002, the Helsinki District Court reduced Vanjoki's fine to 35 000 marks (about 5 900 euros), because according to the salary statements submitted by Nokia, Vanjoki's income had decreased.Vanjoki is the father of basketball players Anselmi and Viljami Vanjoki." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Dalrymple baronets of Cranstoun (1698)" ], [ "Introduction", "Escutcheon of the Dalrymple baronets of CranstounThe '''Dalrymple baronetcy''' of Cranstoun was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 28 April 1698, for James Dalrymple, second son of James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, a clerk of the Court of Session and antiquarian.", "The 5th baronet, Sir John, succeeded as eighth Earl of Stair (and 9th baronet of the 1664 creation) in 1840, and the titles remain merged." ], [ "Dalrymple baronets, of Cranstoun (1698)", "Sir James Dalrymple, 1st Baronet (1650–1719)Sir John Dalrymple, 2nd Baronet (1682–1743)Sir William Dalrymple, 3rd Baronet (1704–1771)Sir John Dalrymple Hamilton, 4th Baronet (1726–1810)*Sir John Hamilton Dalrymple, 5th Baronet (1771–1853), succeeded as 8th Earl of Stair in 1840.See Earl of Stair for subsequent holders." ], [ "Notes" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "SER Santa Cruz" ], [ "Introduction", "'''We Are Energy to Renew Santa Cruz''' (), better known by its short name, '''SER Santa Cruz''' (also meaning \"Being Santa Cruz\") is a provincial political party in the Santa Cruz Province of Argentina.", "It was founded in 2019 by oil workers' union leader Claudio Vidal, in opposition to then-governor of Santa Cruz, Alicia Kirchner.It is a regionalist (provincialist) and peronist party in ideology.Originally part of the Frente de Todos (FDT) coalition, ahead of the 2021 legislative election SER split in order to compete against the FDT for representation in the Argentine National Congress.", "It found support in the oil-producing regions of the province.", "In the 2023 provincial elections, Vidal was elected governor of Santa Cruz." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nabua Church" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nabua Church''', also known as '''Holy Cross Parish Church''', is a Roman Catholic church located in Nabua, Camarines Sur.", "First built in 1578, it suffered a fire incident and natural disasters in the 17th century, and was rebuilt several times.", "The current church building was completed in 1700.The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) declared it a national landmark and installed a historical marker on the church's facade in 1939.The church experienced flooding following the onslaught of Typhoon Usman in late 2018." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Church of Nabua historical marker.jpg\|PHC historical markerFile:Holy Cross Church Nabua inside (National Road, Nabua, Camarines Sur; 04-16-2023).jpg\|Church interior in 2023File:Retablo of Holy Cross Parish, Nabua, Camarines Sur.jpg\|Retablo in 2015" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Second Alexander Frick cabinet" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''second Alexander Frick cabinet''' was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 8 March 1951 to 31 December 1957.It was appointed by Franz Joseph II and chaired by Alexander Frick." ], [ "History", "The cabinet succeeded the First Alexander Frick cabinet on 8 March 1951 with Alexander Frick continuing as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein.", "The cabinet remained following the February 1953, June 1953 and 1957 general elections.", "The government's term was characterized by the transformation of Liechtenstein into a modern welfare state.", "In 1952 it succeeded in introducing pensions and survivors insurance via a referendum on the subject despite resistance from local businesses and agricultural establishments, followed by the introduction of family compensation in 1957.The cabinet was dissolved on 31 December 1957 and succeeded by the Third Alexander Frick cabinet." ], [ "Members", "'''Picture''''''Name''''''Term''''''Party'''Prime Minister114x114pxAlexander Frick8 March 1951 – 31 December 1957Progressive Citizens' PartyDeputy Prime Minister120x120pxFerdinand Nigg8 March 1951 – 13 July 1957 †Patriotic UnionJosef Büchel17 July 1957 – 31 December 1957 Patriotic UnionGovernment councillorsFranz Xaver Hope8 March 1951 – 9 July 1953Progressive Citizens' PartyJoseph Meier9 July 1953 – 31 December 1957Progressive Citizens' PartyMarzell Heidegger8 March 1951 – 13 July 1957Patriotic Union" ], [ "See also", "* Politics of Liechtenstein" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Astri Ekengren-Larsson" ], [ "Introduction", "Astri Ekengren-Larsson'''Astri Cecilia Ingeborg Ekengren-Larsson''' (7 June 1898 – 26 April 1990) was a Swedish visual artist, craftsman, and silversmith.", "She painted portraits, still lifes, landscapes, street scenes, and sometimes surreal." ], [ "Biography", "Born on 7 June 1898 in Överselö parish, Södermanland County, Sweden, Astri Ekengren-Larsson was the daughter of merchant Carl Ekengren and his wife Johanna Svensson.In the beginning, she learned art from Märta af Ekenstam, a silversmith, in Malmö.", "Between 1919 and 1926, she had a craft studio in Eskilstuna and was active there in her own arts.", "From 1926 to 1928, she studied arts and crafts in the museums in Moscow.", "Between 1934 and 1938, she was a private pupil of Hugo Carlberg (1880–1943), Swedish artist and painter, in Lund.", "In 1940, she also learned paintings from the Skånska painting school in Malmö.On several occasions, she exhibited her art works separately in various places including Hässleholm and Linköping, and also participated in some of the exhibitions with the Östgöta art association.In 1926, she was married to engineer Erik Larsson (1883–1948).She spent most of her life in Vittsjö, Skåne County, and did her artist works.She died on 26 April 1990 in Vittsjö." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kikatapula" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kikatapula''' ( – 13 May 1832) was a leading Indigenous figure during the British invasion and colonisation of Van Diemen's Land, later known as Tasmania.", "Also called '''Kickerterpoller''' or '''Black Tom Birch''', he spent part of his youth living with the colonists, learning English and being baptised as a Christian.", "During the 1820s, he withdrew from British ways, and became a feared and formidable leader of Indigenous resistance during the early stages of the Black War.He was eventually caught and jailed and, with limited options, he agreed to act as a guide for a roving party of armed colonists to capture other Aboriginal Tasmanians or Palawa as they are also known.", "Kikatapula was then ordered to accompany George Augustus Robinson on his 'friendly mission' to round up the remaining Indigenous people and exile them to Flinders Island.", "After the successful removal of the most notable Palawa (including himself), Kikatapula died guiding Robinson during a later expedition in 1832." ], [ "Early life", "Kikatapula was born around the year 1800 into the Paytirami clan of the Oyster Bay people from Eastern Tasmania.", "As a young child, he witnessed the arrival of the first European sailing vessel his clan had seen.", "It anchored off Maria Island, with his people running away from it, not knowing what it could be.British sealers arrived in the region soon after, rapidly obtaining a reputation for brutality and the kidnapping of young Palawa women and girls to be used as their sex slaves.", "Some of Kikatapula's female kin were abducted in this manner, and his clan destroyed the sealers' furs and huts in revenge.By the 1810s, convict bushrangers and pastoral settlers had entered the Oyster Bay region, bringing further violence and displacement upon his people.", "Kikatapula also experienced conflict with displaced traditional enemy tribes, such as the Tyerrernotepanner while still a youth.", "He bore a large notable scar in the middle of his forehead, inflicted from an unknown source during his harsh upbringing." ], [ "Household of Thomas Birch", "At some stage during his adolescence, Kikatapula became closely associated with Thomas Birch, a prominent British colonist who arrived in Hobart in 1808.Birch had significant whaling and sealing interests in eastern Tasmania, having an outpost at Grindstone Bay in the heart of Kikatapula's Paytirami homeland.", "In late 1818, there was severe conflict between the Paytirami and Birch's men, and it seems that Kikatapula arrived or was taken to Hobart around this time, as he is recorded as being in the hospital at Hobart in early 1819.Thomas Birch and his wife Sarah, took a keen interest in and became quite fond of Kikatapula.", "They accommodated him in their Hobart mansion, teaching him to read and write English, letting him take care of their children, and baptising him in the Christian faith.", "He was given his patron's name of Tom Birch, but was more commonly known as Black Tom.In 1820, the Birches put Kikatapula to work on their Duck Hole Farm near Richmond and he also briefly worked as a guide for a British surveying team.", "In 1821, Thomas Birch died and with it Kikatapula lost one of his main sources of protection in the colonial world that he was transplanted into.", "He was subsequently treated poorly by the other workers at the farm.In late 1822, an Aboriginal man from New South Wales who had been sent to Van Diemen's Land for resisting British occupation in the Sydney region, camped at Duck Hole Farm.", "His name was Musquito, and he was the leader of a group of refugee Palawa men and women called the \"tame mob\".", "Musquito convinced Kikatapula to leave the British lifestyle, return to his people and join his mob." ], [ "Insurgency against the British", "With their combined grievances against the British, and having a gang of Aboriginal followers which at times numbered over 100 Oyster Bay, Big River and Bruny Island people; Musquito and Kikatapula came to be a significant force against the colonists.In November 1823, their \"tame mob\" were camped back at Grindstone Bay, which had been a favourite hunting ground for the Oyster Bay people but was now part of Silas Gatehouse's sheep property.", "Musquito bartered with the stockmen there and arranged for three Aboriginal women to provide sexual services for the stockmen in exchange for food.", "When the women were returned, a stockmen shot one of them in the back.", "The \"tame mob\" exacted their revenge by killing two of the stockmen and severely wounding another.A punitive expedition tracked down and dispersed the mob near Swansea.", "By December though, they managed to regroup and raid a settler property at Mayfield Bay, setting fire to the house and killing a servant.", "They then raided farms at Cranbrook before retreating into the interior.", "Musquito encouraged Kikatapula to leave the mob and return to Hobart, perhaps so that he could avoid further responsibility for their attacks.", "On arriving in the town, Kikatapula was arrested and it was organised for him to be transported to the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station in the remote west of the colony.", "However, Sarah Birch intervened on his behalf and he was released from custody.", "He immediately fled the settlement and returned to rejoin Musquito and his mob.", "The gang of insurgents then continued raiding farms and killing settlers throughout the southeast and central parts of the island, with Kikatapula being clearly identified as a leader.In June 1824, the gang were preparing to ransack the homestead at Lovely Banks near Colebrook, when Sarah Birch came out of the house and begged Kikatapula to desist.", "Unaware that Sarah had moved there from Hobart, Kikatapula broke off the attack.", "Sarah convinced him to leave the gang and join her at Lovely Banks as a farmhand.", "Kikatapula agreed and stayed at the property.", "Musquito and the gang continued raiding but in August 1824, Musquito was finally captured and held in custody at Old Hobart Gaol.Hearing of Musquito's incarceration, Kikatapula left Lovely Banks in October, and was almost certainly the leader of a group of 64 members of the Oyster Bay tribe who courageously entered Hobart to solicit Musquito's release.", "Although Governor George Arthur was receptive to their entreaties and ordered some huts to be built at Kangaroo Point to accommodate them, Musquito remained incarcerated and the disappointed Oyster Bay people soon returned to the bush and continued their insurgency.After Musquito and another Aboriginal man named Black Jack were both found guilty and hanged to death in February 1825, followed by another two of Kikatapula's kinsmen being executed in 1826, Kikatapula became furious.", "With the concurrent continued violent expansion of the British into Palawa lands, Kikatapula and other leaders of the resistance stepped up their operations resulting in the conflict becoming even more bloody, evolving into what is known as the Black War." ], [ "Capture and release", "Kikatapula considered his people who had died at the hands of the British as martyrs and was determined that it was his patriotic duty to inflict injury upon the white man.", "Throughout 1825 and 1826 he led many raids against the colonists, which resulted in over a dozen settlers being killed, some of which Kikatapula had personal emnities with.By late 1826, colonial newspapers were calling not only for his capture, but for the extermination of all 'the natives' from the island, and large punitive expeditions were massacring dozens of Palawa.In November of that year, a detachment of constables and soldiers of the 40th Regimentcaught up with Kikatapula's gang at Bank Head Farm near Orielton.", "In a morning attack, the soldiers killed 14 Palawa and captured another 10, including Kikatapula.Kikatapula was placed in Richmond Gaol, where Governor Arthur came to visit him.", "Probably because Kikatapula spoke English quite well and had been baptised making him eligible to give evidence under oath at court, Arthur was reluctant to charge him with any crime.", "If Kikatapula was placed on trial, he would give sworn statements of the widespread killings of Aboriginal people by the colonists which would embarrass and in turn bring legal chargesagainst those in authority.", "Arthur therefore, to the ire of the colonial press, released Kikatapula without charge in January 1827." ], [ "Continued conflict and re-imprisonment", "Kikatapula returned to the war-zone and continued the fight against colonisation throughout 1827.In a skirmish with the British in April that possibly killed 30 Palawa, Kikatapula was reported as being shot dead, but this proved false and the raids continued.In November 1827, at Bryn Estyn near New Norfolk, Kikatapula was recaptured by local constables and transferred to Hobart Gaol.", "The same problems of charging him with any crimes and his giving of disturbing evidence still existed, so the authorities held him without charge.In the meantime, the Black War continued to worsen during his incarceration, with Governor Arthur declaring that 'the natives' should be driven from settled districts altogether.", "Bands of armed 'roving parties' were deployed to extirpate the Palawa from wherever they were found.", "Other Palawa leaders such as Tongerlongeter, Montpelliatta and Umarrah took the fight up against the British.On 17 July 1828, just he was previously, Kikatapula was formally discharged from custody.", "This time though, with the hostile intent of the colonists at large being overt and probably assuming he would be shot dead on the streets of Hobart, Kikatapula refused to leave the jail.", "He petitioned Governor Arthur to send him to England, where he would be safe from colonial retribution, but instead Arthur kept him locked up.While continuing his stay in jail, Kikatapula met with George Augustus Robinson, an English builder and evangelical Christian, who would regularly minister the prisoners, with Kikatapula assisting him in church services.", "Robinson helped Kikatapula to become conciliated with British rule and when Governor Arthur suggesed that Kikatapula become a mediator between the remaining Palawa and the colonists, Kikatapula agreed.", "Arthur then installed the former resistance leader in the role of a guide to one of the 'roving parties' tasked with capturing his former comrades." ], [ "'Roving party' guide", "Kikatapula was posted to guide the 'roving party' of Gilbert Robertson, the son of a wealthy Scottish plantation owner and his black slave mistress.", "With six soldiers of the 40th Regiment, Robertson and Kikatapula set out from Richmond in November 1828 to hunt down 'the blacks'.They soon tracked a group of Palawa near Little Swanport and after a brief skirmish, captured five people, including Umarrah who was a leading figure of the Tyerrernotepanner tribe.", "It is perhaps not surprising that Kikatapula led the soldiers to these people who were his traditional enemies.", "Governor Arthur was pleased with Kikatapula and this outcome, and held Umarrah in jail not as a criminal but as a prisoner of war.Kikatapula continued to be a guide for Robertson's 'roving party' for much of 1829, but being employed to track down and capture his own people became disconcerting to him.", "He therefore became non-compliant and obstructive in guiding the soldiers to Palawa hideouts.", "Much to the frustration of Robertson, his 'roving party' failed to capture a single Aborigine for the whole of 1829.Blame was directly placed on Kikatapula and the other Palawa guides for being duplicitous and Kikatapula was removed from the role in December 1829." ], [ "'Friendly mission' guide", "Kikatapula was then immediately transferred to the position of a guide for George Augustus Robinson's 'friendly mission'.", "This mission was planned to act as conciliatory expedition to make amicable contact with Palawa in the remote western areas of Van Diemen's Land.", "But during its progress, it developed into an expedition to herd all Palawa remaining in Tasmania out of their country and into enforced exile on the small islands of Bass Strait.Robinson and his mission set out from Hobart in January 1830 with Kikatapula and eleven other Palawa guides to act as envoys in contacting the Indigenous peoples.", "The other eleven Palawa included Truganini, Umarrah, Wurati and Kikatapula's future wife Pagerly.", "They first travelled with difficulty through the rugged southwest region of the island, meeting some Ninene people from around the Port Davey area.", "They then proceeded north along the west coast toward Cape Grim, encountering more Palawa, but having Umarrah abscond along the way.", "The Van Diemen's Land Company had appropriated a large area of land at Cape Grim and Robinson was told of the Cape Grim massacre of Aboriginal people by the company's workers.", "The mission managed to rescue a young Palawa man named Tunnerminnerwait from the sealers located at nearby Robbins Island.In July 1830, they reached Circular Head where Robinson was informed of Governor Arthur's new proclamation of a bounty of £5 for each Palawa captured.", "Robinson quickly changed the goal of the mission from one of friendly meetings to coercive assembly.The mission arrived in Launceston in October, where they heard of the Black Line, which was Governor Arthur's next plan to remove the Aboriginal people of Van Diemen's Land by having a line of thousands of colonists many miles long, drive the remaining Palawa southeast into the Forestier Peninsula.", "Robinson's mission was to join the Black Line operation but instead continued northeast to try and locate Palawa there.", "Robinson soon established a base at Swan Island to place all the Palawa he had rounded-up.", "After staying here several weeks, Kikatapula became listless and although considered married to Pagerly, began womanising.", "Robinson was unhappy with this behaviour and took Kikatapula with him to Hobart in January 1831 to discuss finalising the plans for the exile of all Palawa onto Flinders Island." ], [ "Tracking down the last remaining Oyster Bay/Big River people", "In Hobart, Governor Arthur gave permission for Robinson to take his Palawa guides and round-up the last of the Oyster Bay and Big River people still holding out in central and eastern Van Diemen's Land.", "Robinson first took all the Palawa living and imprisoned in Hobart back to Swan Island, where he moved the site of exile firstly to Gun Carriage Island, then to Flinders Island.In June 1831, Robinson with Kikatapula and his other guides set out to collect the estimated 76 Indigenous people left in the whole of the eastern half of Tasmania.", "Kikatapula, by this stage having resided upon the barren islands reserved for their exile, had no inclination of turning over his remaining people to the British.", "His indifference forced Robinson to obtain the services of another Palawa man named Mannalargenna to help guide him.With Mannalargenna's aid, the mission found Umarrah and his associates in late August and finally toward the end of the year, they located the last hold-outs of the Oyster Bay / Big River people just north of Lake Echo in the central highlands.", "This group of only 16 people which included the resistance leaders Tongerlongeter and Montpelliatta was all that was left of a population that numbered over a thousand only a few decades previously." ], [ "Last expedition and death", "After a brief return to Hobart with their captives, Kikatapula and the forty other Palawa were hastily shipped off to Flinders Island for their enforced exile.", "The Black War was over and Van Diemen's Land had been almost completely ethnically cleansed of its Indigenous population.Kikatapula, however, soon rejoined with Robinson in Launceston to undertake a further expedition back to the northwest of Tasmania to gather the few remaining Palawa there and take them to Flinders Island.", "Robinson was to be paid £1,000 for this.", "Kikatapula, for all his work for the government over the last few years had been promised a boat, but he never saw it.In April 1832, they set out from Launceston but Kikatapula soon fell ill.", "He continued on, but his condition worsened through April and in May Robinson had to leave him at Emu Bay.", "Around 13 May, Kikatapula died and was buried at the back of the Van Diemen's Land Company store.", "His was the first Christian burial at what is now Burnie.", "His unmarked grave is located in the park between West Beach and North Terrace at the top end of Wilson Street." ], [ "See also", "* List of Indigenous Australian historical figures" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Europium(III) nitride" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Europium(III) nitride''' is a binary inorganic compound of europium and nitrogen with the chemical formula ." ], [ "Synthesis", "Europium(III) nitride can be produced via the reaction of elemental europium in an ammonia stream in corundum boats in silica glass tubes.", "The reaction takes place at 700 °C.", "::In this reaction, europium is oxidized and the hydrogen in ammonia is reduced." ], [ "Physical properties", "Europium(III) nitride shows Van Vleck paramagnetism and crystallizes in the rock salt structure with a = 501.779(6) pm.", "Thin films of rare earth nitrides, including europium(III) nitride, tend to form oxides in the presence of oxygen.", "The enthalpy of formation of EuN is: ΔH0 = 217.6±25.1 kJ/mol.", "The band gap for europium(III) nitride was calculated to be 2.08 eV.Europium(III) nitride forms black crystals and reacts with water." ], [ "Uses", "EuN is a semiconductor." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marwan Moussa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Marwan Moussa''' is an Egyptian rapper, producer, and EDM Trap artiste.", "He won the award for Best Artiste in African Hip-Hop at the All Africa Music Awards in 2022." ], [ "Career", "Moussa's career began in 2017 and released his hit song ''Nhayt El 3alam'' in 2019.He performed the 27th Men's Handball World Championship Cup 2021.On 18 August 2022, ''Coke Studio'' released an African fusion remix of Pasoori featuring Ali Sethi singing a modified version of the song along with Marwan and Reekado Banks.In 2023, Spotify data showed he was the third top-streamed Arab hip-hop artist of all time across the MENA region.", "He was featured in Rajieen alongside 24 other artists from 11 Middle Eastern and North African countries.", "The single was to raise awareness of the suffering of the Palestinian population amid the 2023 Israel-Hamas war." ], [ "Discography", "+YearSongNotesRef2022''Batal 3alam''2023'''Rajieen''' Featured=== Albums ===2020 - Bel Monasba2022 - Florida Dark Mode" ], [ "Awards", "Moussa won awards for the best African Rapper, Breakthrough Artist of the Year, and Best Artist in African Hip-Hop in the All Africa Music Awards." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Agniya Kuznetsova (writer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Agniya Aleksandrovna Kuznetsova''' (February 11, 1911, Irkutsk – November 12, 1996 in Moscow) was Russian Soviet children's writer." ], [ "Life", "She graduated from high school and the Faculty of History and Philology of the Saint Petersburg State University.", "She worked as a literary employee for children's and youth newspapers in Saint Petersburg and Novosibirsk, and at the Irkutsk Radio Committee.", "In 1943 to 1946 she was executive secretary of the Irkutsk branch of the RSFSR SP.", "The first book of her stories was published in 1932 in Novosibirsk.She was published in the anthology “New Siberia”, the magazines Roman-Gazeta, “Youth” and other periodicals.", "Throughout her creative career, she wrote about children and youth.", "Author of essays, stories and stories.She worked on the Pushkin theme; the book “My Madonna” brings together stories about Natalya Goncharova and Pushkin's children.", "The works were translated into foreign languages.", "She was buried at the Troyekurovskoye cemetery." ], [ "Awards", "* Medal \"For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\" (1979)* Order of the Red Banner of Labour* Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984)* Order of the Badge of Honor" ], [ "Selected bibliography", "* В Чулымской тайге.", "Иркутск, 1939* Чёртова дюжина.", "Иркутск, 1946* Твой дом.", "Новосибирск, 1951* Жизнь зовёт.", "Красноярск, 1958* Честное комсомольское, 1959* Свет-трава , 1967* Мы из Коршуна.", "1970* Ночевала тучка золотая, 1971* Много на земле дорог.", "1972* Земной поклон.1977* Земной поклон: Повести: Советский писатель, 1979* Под бурями судьбы жестокой.", "Пермь, 1979* Достоинство: Повести.", "Молодая гвардия, 1980* Собрание сочинений: В 3-х томах.", ": Детская литература, 1982–1984." ], [ "Literature", "* Писатели Москвы: Биобиблиографический справочник / Сост.", ": Е. П. Ионов, С. П. Колов.", "Московский рабочий, 1987* Абрамович А. Ф. А. А. Кузнецова: Биогр.", "очерк // Литературная Сибирь.", "Иркутск: Вост.-Сиб.", "кн.", "изд-во, 1971.", "* Писатели Восточной Сибири: Биобиблиографический указатель.", "Иркутск: Вост.-Сиб.", "кн.", "изд-во, 1973.", "* Разумневич В. А. Проводы в совершеннолетие: Очерк творчества А.", "Кузнецовой.1974.", "* Розова И. А. Кузнецова Агния // Русские детские писатели XX века: Биобиблиографический словарь.", "Флинта; Наука, 1997.С.", "247–248.— ISBN 5-02-011304-2." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Reuven (name)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Reuven''' or Reuben is the eldest son of Jacob in the Bible.", "It is a Biblical masculine first name from the Hebrew רְאוּבֵן (''Re'uven''), meaning \"behold, a son\", as well as a surname.", "Bearers of the name include:" ], [ "Given name", "* Reuven Abergel (born 1943), Moroccan-Israeli social and political activist* Reuven Agami (born 1965), Dutch cancer researcher* Reuven Amitai (born 1955), Israeli-American historian, writer and Hebrew University of Jerusalem dean* Reuven Arazi (1907–1983), Israeli politician* Reuven Atar (born 1969), Israeli football manager and former player* Reuven Avi-Yonah, tax attorney, academic and author* Reuven Azar (born 1967), Israeli ambassador* Reuven Barkat (1906–1972), Israeli politician born Reuven Borstein* Reuven Bar-On (born 1944), Israeli psychologist* Reuven Brenner (born 1947), Romanian-born Israeli-Canadian economics professor* Reuven Bulka (1944–2021), Canadian rabbi, writer, broadcaster and activist* Reuven Carlyle (born 1965), American politician and businessman* Reuven Dafni (1913–2005), British Second World War officer, member of the Haganah and Israeli diplomat* Reuven Elbaz (born 1944), Sephardi Haredi rabbi and rosh yeshiva* Reuven Feldman (1899–1990), Israeli politician* Reuven Feuerstein (1921–2014), Romanian-born Israeli psychologist* Reuven Frank (1920–2006), American journalist and broadcast news executive, twice president of NBC News* Ruby Goldstein (1907–1984), American boxer and referee* Reuven Hammer (1933–2019), American-Israeli Conservative rabbi, scholar of Jewish liturgy, author and lecturer* Reuven Katz (1880–1963), rabbi and rosh yeshiva* Reuven Niemeijer (born 1995), Dutch footballer* Reuven Oved (born 1983), Israeli former footballer* Reuven Ramaty (1937—2001), Hungarian astrophysicist* Reuven Rivlin (born 1939), Israeli politician, lawyer and former president of Israel* Reuven Rubin (1893–1974), Romanian-born Israeli painter and Israel's first ambassador to Romania* Reuven Rubinstein (1938–2012), Israeli mathematician* Reuven Shari (1903–1989), Russian-born Israeli politician* Reuven Shefer (1925–2011), Israeli stage and film actor* Reuven Shiloah (1909–1959), first director of the Mossad, Israel's national intelligence agency* Reuven Snir (born 1953), Israeli professor at the University of Haifa* Reuven Tal (1932–1967), Israeli footballer* Reuven Tsur (1932–2021), professor emeritus of Hebrew literature and literary theory at Tel Aviv University* Roby Young (born 1942), Israeli former footballer* Reuven Yudalevich (1862–1933), a funder and founder of the city of Rishon Le Zion, Israel" ], [ "Surname", "* Hen Reuven (born 1992), Israeli footballer* Lior Reuven (born 1980), Israeli former footballer" ], [ "See also", "* Caspar Reuvens (1793–1835), Dutch historian and archaeologist" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mehmet Saçaklioğlu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mehmet Saçaklıoğlu''' (January 8, 1982, Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish-Ukrainian entrepreneur and volunteer." ], [ "Biography", "Saçaklıoğlu was born on January 8, 1982, in Istanbul, Turkey, into a business family.", "In 2001, Saçaklıoğlu moved to Kyiv, where he studied at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv during 2002–2008, obtaining a bachelor's and then a master's degree in international relations." ], [ "Career", "Mehmet Saçaklıoğlu is a third-generation representative of the Saçaklıoğlu family.", "He started his career in the family business in Istanbul.In 2017–2019, he was a member of the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey (DEIK).", "Since 2019, a board member at the International Turkish Ukrainian Businessmen Association (TUID).Since 2021, a member of the Congress of the Fenerbahçe football club and the 1907 Fenerbahçe Association.In 2019, he founded the investment and development company \"Bosphorus Development\" in Ukraine, specializing in the construction of residential complexes, offices, business centers, hotels, and shopping centers in Turkey, Ukraine, and internationally.In October 2022, \"Bosphorus Development\" led by Saçaklioğlu was part of the delegation representing Ukraine at the Real Estate Fair and Conference in Munich." ], [ "Private life", "Saçaklıoğlu is married and has two daughters." ], [ "Philanthropy", "Since 2022, Bosphorus Development has been supporting the Ukrainian military purchasing and donating cars, helmets, body armor, thermal imaging cameras, and medical supplies during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "Saçaklıoğlu has organized rehabilitation programs for Ukrainian children at the Istanbul Aquarium in Turkey.", "Also, more than 150 Ukrainians received shelter and support at the Crowne Plaza Istanbul Florya hotel, which was built and is owned by a group of family companies affiliated to the Saçaklıoğlu family." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "John Francis Flynn" ], [ "Introduction", "'''John Francis Flynn''' is an Irish singer and multi-instrumentalist whose work traverses the worlds of traditional and contemporary folk music.", "He is a founder member of the Traditional Irish folk band Skippers' Alley.", "His solo work combines traditional material with influences from the worlds of post-punk, electronica, improvisation and contemporary music.He released his solo debut ''I Would Not Live Always'' in 2021.It received widespread favourable reviews and was named Folk Album of the year in The Guardian newspaper.", "It spent 11 weeks on the Folk Albums Chart in the United Kingdom reaching number 8.His second album ''Look Over the Wall, See the Sky'' was released in 2023 and also garnered very favourable reviews.", "In ''The Quietus'' Albums of the Year 2023 it was rated 5th best album of 2023.In the ''Nialler9'' blog it was rated 6th best album of 2023.In the ''Loud and Quiet'' magazine it was rated 9th best album of 2023; in ''The Atlantic'' it was rated number 10.Editors at ''The Fader'' chose it as the 31st best album of the year.", "It was shortlisted for both the ''RTÉ'' Choice Prize Irish Album of the Year 2023 and the Best Folk Album in the 6th ''RTÉ'' Radio 1 Folk Awards.In the 2021 ''RTÉ'' Radio 1 Folk Awards he won Best Folk Singer and Best Emerging Artist.He was featured in the award-winning 2022 documentary film North Circular, directed by Luke McManus." ], [ "Discography", "''I Would Not Live Always'', 2021 (River Lea Recordings)''Look Over the Wall, See the Sky'', 2023 (River Lea Recordings)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "***" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tugun railway station" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tugun railway station''' was a railway station in Tugun, Queensland, Australia." ], [ "History", "The station name Tugan, meaning \"sea waves\" was approved in October 1910.A request for a good siding was made in July 1912.Further requests for a platform and station supervision in February 1922.By July 1924, platform had been raised and station master dwelling and office erected.At 1am on 18 December 1930, a guard was killed and heavily mutilated while being dragged after falling under a wagon during shunting operations at the station.The station was broken into in September 1955.In December 1947, a passenger was injured after being dragged while attempting to alight from a train." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania venusta" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania venusta''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off Lyttelton and off Chatham Rise." ], [ "References", "* Powell, A. W. B.", "(1926).", "Mollusca from 100 fathoms off Lyttelton, with descriptions of four new species, and also a new Pliocene fossil.", "Scientific Results of the New Zealand Government Trawling Expedition, 1907.Records of the Canterbury Museum.", "3: 43–50* Powell, A.W.B.", "1979 New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells, Collins, Auckland * Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A.", "& Willan, R.C.", "(2009).", "Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca.", "Pp 196-219.in: Gordon, D.P.", "(ed.)", "New Zealand inventory of biodiversity.", "Volume one.", "Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.", "Canterbury University Press, Christchurch." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Girl soldiers" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Girl soldiers''' (formally '''girls associated with an armed force or armed group''', abbreviation GAAFAG, also referred to as '''female child soldiers''') have been recruited by armed forces and groups in the majority of conflicts in which child soldiers are used.", "A wide range of rough estimates of their percentage among child soldiers is reported in literature, but scarcity of high-quality data poses problems for establishing their numbers.Many girl soldiers are abduction victims or forcibly recruited by armed groups and forces, while others join armed groups and forces for a variety of reasons ranging from survival and escape from poverty or domestic violence to ideological.", "They face high rates of sexual violence, sexual slavery and forced marriage.", "Although commonly depicted as exclusively used in combat service support and sexual roles, many are trained for and take direct part in hostilities, including in some cases as suicide bombers.In comparison to male child soldiers, female child soldiers are less studied, receive less support during reintegration, have low rates of participation in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs, and face a number of additional health, psychosocial and socio-economic effects." ], [ "Research", "Female child soldiers are paid less attention in scholarship and policy than male child soldiers, are at risk of invisibility, and are marginalized both during conflict and in post-conflict rehabilitation and reintegration strategies.", "They have low rates of participation in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs, especially so in African conflicts, and as a result data and statistics derived from these programs face a similar under-representation of girl soldiers.", "In general, there is a scarcity of high-quality data, and most of the research that has been published on girl soldiers is qualitative rather than quantitative.Scholarship from the 1980s and 1990s on child soldiers focused primarily on the experiences and needs of boy soldiers, and research from the era on women and girls associated with armed groups and forces focused primarily or exclusively on their role as victims in armed conflict, failed to recognize them as active participants and combatants in conflict, and accorded them little to no agency.", "In research since, there has been more attention to the varied roles and experiences of girls and women, including recognition of being both victims and actors in conflict, and growing awareness that recognition of their agency, although often limited by circumstance, is important for reintegration.", "However, the majority of attention on girls and women associated with armed forced and groups remains on their position as victims.===Data and statistics===Girl soldiers are present in most conflicts where child soldiers are used.", "Due to a lack of high-quality data, it is impossible to reliably calculate the number of girl soldiers worldwide, with numbers derived from participation lists of DDR programs described by Leena Vastapuu as misleading as a result of known low participation rates of female soldiers.", "Rough estimates of the number of girl soldiers as being between one tenth and one third, 6 to 50%, or up to 40% of all child soldiers have been given.", "It is, however, often unclear how these estimates were arrived at.", "===Low DDR participation===Several different causes that play a role in the low participation rates of girl soldiers in DDR programs have been given in literature, including:* Shame and social stigmas faced by girl soldiers for loss of virginity, having given birth to children of their captors, and for being ex-combatants;* Being forced, pressured or expected to stay with their forced sexual partner/\"war husband\";* Later release by armed forces and groups than their male counterparts;* Lack of awareness by girl soldiers of the existence of DDR programs, or of their eligibility to participate;* Discriminatory and exclusionary approaches to DDR, including: DDR programs being predominantly aimed at boys and men, with insufficient planning for the existence, numbers or needs of girl soldiers; Active discrimination and exclusion from some DDR programs, such as in the aftermath of the Mozambique civil war;** Failure to take into account the specific circumstances of release of girl soldiers, as with DDR programs requiring individual possession and surrender of a weapon for access to the program, such as the initial weapons-for-cash approach used in the aftermath of the Sierra Leone Civil War." ], [ "Recruitment into armed forces and groups", "The methods and context of recruitment vary.", "Girl soldiers have been abducted or forcibly recruited by armed forces and groups in many conflicts.", "Some are born to women within an armed group or force.", "Others choose or are pressured to join for a variety of reasons, including having family members in the armed force or group, economical circumstances, escape from abusive homes or arranged marriages, looking for empowerment, revenge, and ideological agreement with the group or force.", "There is significant inter-conflict variance: almost all girl soldiers were abducted or otherwise forcibly recruited in the Sierra Leone civil war and Angola civil war, whereas girl soldiers in Eritrea report comparatively higher rates of having volunteered." ], [ "Participation and roles in conflict", "Although the perception of girl soldiers being exclusively or near-exclusively used in combat service support and sexual roles rather than combat roles is widespread, and has in some cases been furthered by the manner in which post-conflict war crime prosecution was conducted, girl soldiers frequently serve multi-faceted, fluid roles involving aspects of multiple or all of these.", "In many cases, they are trained for and take direct part in hostilities, and are both victims of and active agents in these conflicts.", "In some conflicts, they have also been used as suicide bombers and human shields.The likelihood of a girl soldier to be a direct rather than exclusively indirect participant in hostilities is variable and context-dependent, with factors that play a role including age, physical strength and maturity, as well as the ideology of the armed group or force with which they are associated.", "Research has shown a connection between girl soldiers recruited through abduction and higher rates of sexual exploitation, and between groups with Marxist ideology and lower rates of sexual exploitation." ], [ "Rehabilitation", "Girl soldiers face significant barriers during the reintegration process, and have lower rates of participation in DDR programs than boy soldiers.", "In several conflicts, girl soldiers have received very little support during reintegration.===Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration===Girl soldiers have in the aftermath of various conflicts—such as the Angola civil war, the Mozambique civil war or the Sierra Leone civil war—received very little support for reintegration.", "In Angola and Mozambique, DDR programming was planned entirely around male combatants, and girl soldiers were largely or entirely excluded from demobilization benefits.", "In Sierra Leone, the weapons-for-cash approach to DDR initially used also largely excluded girls, and many girls had not yet been released from their captors at the time of official demobilisation." ], [ "Impact", "In comparison to male child soldiers, girl soldiers face a number of additional difficulties both during conflict and rehabilitation, including health, psychosocial, social and economic effects.", "Among others, these include high rates of health complications from wartime sexual violence, sexually transmitted diseases, and complications from pregnancies, abortions and/or having given birth.", "They also face additional social stigmas their male counterparts do not, may face higher rates of post-conflict rejection by their communities, and experience significant socio-economic marginalization." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rano (Emirate)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rano Emirates''' is one of the four new emirates created in Kano State, Nigeria in 2019.It is also one of the oldest settlements in Northern Nigeria, dating back to the 6th century AD.", "Rano Emirates has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, with historical monuments such as rocks, walls, and palaces.", "Rano Emirates was once part of the Kano Emirate, which was a Muslim state that emerged from the Fulani jihad in the early 19th century.", "Rano Emirates has had three ruling dynasties: the Kwararrafawa, the Habe, and the Fulani.", "The current emir of Rano Emirates is Alhaji Kabiru Muhammad Inuwa, who was appointed in 2020 after deceased of first emir of Rano Alhaji Tafida Abubakar Ila." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bulaksumur petition" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bulaksumur petition''' (Indonesian: ''Petisi Bulak Sumur'') was a document signed by academics of Gadjah Mada University on 31 January 2024, which demanding President Jokowi to stop the irregularities occurring in the Indonesian government." ], [ "Background", "President Jokowi has committed various acts of irregularities during his tenure in the fields of politics and democracy.", "Some of these irregularities included: ethical violations at the Constitutional Court, involvement of law enforcement officials in the election process, as well as contradictory statements regarding the neutrality and involvement of public officials in political campaigns.", "On 31 January 2024, Gadjah Mada University (UGM) held an academic pulpit activity at Senate Hall which was attended by UGM academics, students, and lecturers.", "During the event, Professor of the Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, Koentjoro, who served as spokesperson for the Academic Platform, read Bulaksumur's petition which contained regret for the deviant acts that occurred during Jokowi's administration, who is also part of the Gadjah Mada University extended family.", "Head of the UGM Pancasila Study Center, Agus Wahyudi, who was the initiator of the petition, said that the document was the result of dialogue between professors, lecturers and students.", "He added that these notes were one of the accumulated documents relating to the decline of democracy in Indonesia and added that UGM had no intention of impeaching Jokowi, and only wanted to provide a warning for his actions in playing political games and violating the limits of democracy.", "UGM also demanded that the People's Representative Council and the People's Consultative Assembly take action to deal with the political unrest that occurred during 2024 Indonesian presidential election." ], [ "The petition", "The document details events that have occurred in the Indonesian political sector in recent years and highlights several incidents of irregularities such as deviations from the moral principles of democracy, deviations against the people, and deviations from social justice committed by high-ranking state officials.", "It also regrets President Jokowi's actions in allowing these irregularities to occur during his administration, thus damaging the honor of Gadjah Mada University alumni.", "The petition was then read by Koentjoro, Professor at the Faculty of Psychology, Gadjah Mada University, accompanied by a number of professors and the Chair of the KM Student Executive Board, Gielbran M. Noor, as the student representative.He added that Jokowi should always remember his promise as the alumni of UGM which read: Kuntjoro then ended his speech by urging all law enforcement officers, state officials and politicians to always prioritize the functioning of democracy in Indonesia." ], [ "Notable attendant", "Zainal Arifin Mochtar, Constitutional Law expertSofian Effendi, former rector of Gadjah Mada UniversityBambang Hudayana, UGM AnthropologistPM Laksono, UGM AnthropologistRochmat Wahab, former rector of Yogyakarta State UniversityGielbran M. Noor, Chairman of KM UGM Student Executive Board" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania verconiana" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania verconiana''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 2 mm, its diameter 1.25 mm.", "(Original description) The small shell is ovate, thin and translucent.", "Its colour is white.", "It contains four rounded whorls, parted by deep sutures.", "Sculpture: First whorl and a half are smooth The next show about twenty-five sharp though delicate radial ribs.", "These increase towards the body whorl.", "They amount to about forty.", "Below the periphery they fade gradually.", "Different individuals vary in the development and number of these radials.", "On the body whorl there are eight or ten spirals equal in grade to the radials that override them, thus enclosing rectangular meshes.", "On the upper whorls the spirals gradually vanish, so that on the base are spirals alone and on the upper whorls radials alone.", "A secondary microscopic sculpture of close spiral scratches is most conspicuous in the meshes of the body whorl.", "The aperture is subcircular and angled above.", "The outer lip is fortified by a slight external varix.", "The columella margin is expanded and reflected over a small umbilical furrow." ], [ "Distribution", "This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off South Australia and Western Australia." ], [ "References", "* Ponder, W.F.", "1985.A review of the genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea).", "Records of the Australian Museum suppl.", "4: 1-221" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Battle of Kalnyk" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Battle of Kalnyk''' took place on 21 October 1671, during the Polish-Cossack-Tatar war of 1666-1671.The Polish crown hetman Jan Sobieski defeated the Cossack-Tatar army, which was coming to the aid of Kalnik, besieged by the Poles.", "Despite the victory, Sobieski failed to take Kalnik and retreated to Bratslav." ], [ "Background", "After the victory in the battle of Bratslav, the Polish crown hetman Jan Sobieski decided to seize the territory between the Southern Bug and the Dniester.", "On 11 September 1671 he sent 2 thousand soldiers to capture Vinnitsa, which was taken at dawn on 14 September.", "The townspeople and Cossacks, locked in the Jesuit monastery (there were no other fortifications), put up stubborn resistance.", "Only after 6 hours of storming, when most of the defenders were killed, the monastery fell.", "However, 120 Cossacks, sheltered under the roof of the church, continued to fight until morning.", "When 23 were left alive, they decided to surrender: the centurion and seven chiefs were sent to Bar, the rest were beheaded.", "The town was destroyed, and a significant part of women and children were taken prisoner by the soldiers (by order of J. Sobieski they were later released).Sobieski's successful actions were facilitated by diversions against the Belgorod Tatars by Mikhail Khanenko and Ivan Serko and the defection of Colonel Mikhail Zelensky and Colonel Pavel Lisitsa of Bratslav to his side.The military council of the Polish command on 29 September 1671 adopted a plan of attack deep into Ukraine.", "On 1 October Jan Sobieski went to Mogilev.", "Having received information about his approach, O. Gogol on 3 October expressed readiness to surrender the city.", "Having learned that Bratslav had surrendered to Khanenko, the crown hetman sent the main forces of the army there, and himself with 1200 horsemen arrived in Mogilev on 7 October.", "Leaving the garrison there, he went to Bratslav and on 12 October held a meeting under its walls with the participation of M. Khanenko, I. Serko, M. Zelensky and P. Lisitsa, at which M. Khanenko's proposal to occupy Kalnik was accepted." ], [ "Battle", "The Polish army's attempts to seize Kalnik on 17-18 October failed, and Jan Sobieski began its blockade.", "The soldiers burnt all the surrounding farms and bread fields.", "Doroshenko sent 1 thousand Cossacks led by Colonel Yarema Petranovski and 2 thousand Tatars to help the Kalnyk people, who arrived on 20 October.The next day the Polish cavalry defeated the Tatars near the town.", "In the battle for the dam near the town, 500 out of 2000 Tatars were killed or drowned in the deep pond.", "Despite the victory, the Poles failed to capture Kalnik - the Polish army retreats to Bratslav." ], [ "Consequences", "On 27 October in the Polish camp near Ilyintsi 1 thousand Cossacks held a council, which elected a new hetman.", "Mikhail Khanenko became the new hetman.", "He was presented with kleinodes sent by the king, although some of those present wished to see Ivan Sirko in his place.", "Having learnt that Nuradin-sultan Safa-Girey was coming to Doroshenko's aid, and the expected Lithuanian army would not come to his aid, Jan Sobieski went to Bratslav, where on 1 November he announced the end of the campaign.", "Surrendering the command to Dmitry Vishnevetsky, he left for Lviv.", "In turn, the Polish hetman handed over the leadership of the Kiev army to the Kiev chorunge Stanislav Vizhytsky.The invasion of the Poles into Cossack Ukraine and the siege of Bratslav became a challenge for the Ottoman Empire.", "Already in October Mehmed IV warned the king not to attack \"the Cossack power with all its districts\", demanded to withdraw troops, threatening to start a war.At the very end of the year Doroshenko received solid help from his Tatar allies: 26000 Tatars and several thousand Turks came.", "Having received help, Doroshenko started to reclaim Podolia.", "He started severe repressions against those who had voluntarily defected to the Poles." ], [ "Literature", "* Leszek Podhorodecki, «Chanat Krymski i jego stosunki z Polską w XV-XVIIIw.», Warszawa 1987, ISBN 83-05-11618-2, str.", "214* Наталія Яковенко, Нарис історії України з найдавніших часів до кінця XVIII ст.", "Розділ V. КОЗАЦЬКА ЕРА--§ 2.Руїна (1658—1686)--Андрусівське розполовинення* Смолій В. А., Степанков В. М. Українська національна революція XVII ст.", "(1648—1676 рр.).", "— (Сер.", "Україна крізь віки) Т.7.— К.: Альтернативи, 1999.— 352 с. ISBN 966-7217-26-4* ДМИТРО ДОРОШЕНКО НАРИС ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ 1966 Видавництво «ДНІПРОВА ХВИЛЯ» — Мюнхен/«ГЛОБУС» КИЇВ 1992 Том 2, розділ 4* Літопис Самовидця.", "видання підготував Я. І. Дзира.", "— Київ: «Наукова думка», 1971.— 208 с* Літопис гадяцького полковника Григорія Грабянки / Пер.", "із староукр.", "— К.: Т-во «Знання» України, 1992, — 192 с* Величко С. В. Літопис.", "Т.", "1./ Пер.", "з книжної української мови, вст.", "стаття, комент.", "В. О. Шевчука; Відп.", "ред.", "О. В. Мишанич.— К.: Дніпро, 1991.— 371 с.; Літопис.", "Т.", "2./ Пер.", "з книжної української мови, комент.", "В. О. Шевчука; Відп.", "ред.", "О. В. Мишанич.— К.: Дніпро, 1991.— 642 с." ], [ "Links", " Официальный сайт села Кальник и Кальницкого казацкого полка" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Losing Ground (2023 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Losing Ground''''' (; ) is a 2023 Burmese short documentary film about the situation of young citizens in Yangon, Myanmar after the country's coup d'état in 2021.Directed by an anonymous filmmaker from Yangon after his release from prison, it premiered at the 54th Visions du Réel in Nyon, Switzerland in late April 2023.The film was later screened in Japan as an entry to the \"New Asian Currents\" section of the 18th Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival (YIDFF) on 9 October 2023, where it won the Ogawa Shinsuke Prize, the section's highest award." ], [ "Production", "An anonymous male filmmaker from Yangon made the film ''Losing Ground'' after his release from prison, with his eight-month-long imprisonment being due to his participation in the nationwide protest movement after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état." ], [ "Accolades", " Award Ceremony date Category Recipient(s) Result Visions du Réel 28 April 2023 Jury Prize for the Best Short Film ''Losing Ground'' Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival 19 October 2023 Ogawa Shinsuke Prize ''Losing Ground''" ], [ "See also", "*''Rays of Hope'', a 2023 autobiographical documentary by director Ko Pauk about his life during the Myanmar civil war" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Josephine Ruby Trevorrow" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Enche’ Besar Hajah Khalsom binti Abdullah''' (born '''Josephine Ruby Trevorrow'''; 2 December 1935 – 1 June 2018) was the first wife of Sultan Iskandar and mother of Sultan Ibrahim, who is the current Sultan of Johor and then the seventeenth Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) since 31 January 2024.One of her daughters Tunku Azizah married Sultan Abdullah, the current Sultan of Pahang who also became the sixteenth Yang di-Pertuan Agong.She was born on 2 December 1935 in Cornwall in England, the daughter of Reginald George Trevorrow and Ruby May Alderman.", "She met Iskandar while he was studying in England.", "After that she converted to Islam and changed her name to '''Khalsom binti Abdullah''', they married on 5 January 1956.On 8 May 1959, after her husband proclaimed the title of Tunku Mahkota (Crown Prince) of Johor, she was then known as '''Yang Amat Mulia Che’ Puan Khalsom Abdullah'''.", "This royal couple had four children:* Tunku Puteri Kamariah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (b.", "11 July 1956), the Tengku Puan Laksamana of Selangor* Tunku Besar Zabedah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (b.", "20 October 1957)* Sultan Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar (b.", "22 November 1958), the seventeenth Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) and the fifth Sultan of modern Johor.", "* Tunku Hajah Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah (b.", "5 August 1960), the fifth Tengku Ampuan of Pahang and the sixteenth Raja Permaisuri Agong (Queen consort of Malaysia)On 9 June 1962 they divorced, shortly after Iskandar's second marriage to Tengku Zanariah, and she returned to England.", "Later in 2010, her son Ibrahim, who had just become the Sultan of Johor, bestowed upon her the honorific form of address as '''Yang Amat Mulia Enche’ Besar Hajah Khalsom Abdullah''', D.K., S.M.I.J.", "She died aged 82 on 1 June 2018 at King Edward VII's Hospital in London and was buried on 6 June in the Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum in Johor Bahru." ], [ "Honours", "* 50px First Class of the Royal Family Order of Johor (DK I) (22 November 2010)* 50px Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor (SPMJ) (30 March 2015) '''Datin Paduka''''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Golgotha Monastery" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Golgotha Monastery''' is a monastery located on the Orkney island of Papa Stronsay.", "The monastery was founded in 1999, after the monastic community of the Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer purchased the island that year from farmer Charles Ronald Smith." ], [ "History", "After the island was purchased for £250,000 by the Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer in 1999, a congregation of Catholic monks established the Golgotha Monastery.", "The Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer was established in 1988 by the Redemptorist priest Michael Mary Sim, and was previously affiliated with the Society of Saint Pius X.The population of Papa Stronsay as of the 2020s is approximately 26, consisting entirely of the monks who reside within the Golgotha Monastery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pfenning group (KMP Holding)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pfenning group (KMP Holding)''', based in Heddesheim, Germany, is an international group specializing in supply chain and contract logistics solutions for all industrial branches.", "The administrative umbrella is KMP Holding GmbH." ], [ "History", "=== Founding period ===The origins go back to an entry in the \"Trade Diary of the City of Viernheim\" dated September 16, 1899.This entry documents the dairy business of Martin Faber, the grandfather of the current owner Karl-Martin Pfenning, and attests thus the existence of the company.", "The Pfenning company was actually founded in Viernheim after World War II came to an end.", "Faber's daughter Elisabeth, one of the first women in Germany with a truck driver's license who used to help her father in her early 20s, took over the main business of transporting milk together with her future husband, Johann Pfenning in the late 40s.", "When the National Socialists came to power and the Second World War began, Johann was conscripted.", "Between 1933 and 1944, three forced laborers were employed in the company.=== After World War 2 ===When Johann returns home from captivity as a prisoner of war, the company still has one vehicle.", "In the post-war period, Pfenning rebuilds the milk collection business.", "From the 1950s and 1960s, milk transportation provided a good income.", "New orders, such as deliveries of building materials, increase the radius of action and bring growth.", "In 1969, Pfenning receives the license for long-distance transport up to 150 km and in 1972 the permit for unlimited long-distance freight transport.", "One year later, external warehouses are rented for the first time.", "When Johann's son, Karl-Martin Pfenning, joins the company in 1970, he builds storage space for the first time.", "In 1978, Pfenning builds the first warehouse on behalf of a customer.=== Germany's first logistics cooperation ===When the logistics market fragmented into many small companies at the beginning of the 1980s, Pfenning decided to join forces with like-minded smaller forwarding companies.", "In the 1980s, he founded Logsped, the first logistics cooperation in Germany.", "There is a uniform logo, a joint market presence and a common new logistics concept with defined standards for the entire network.", "Logsped is able to serve major customers such as the Rewe Group, which took over 500 former consumer stores from the former East German combine after reunification in 1990.=== Entry into contract logistics and foundation of KMP ===The Logsped chapter ends in 1996.The company starts from zero.", "In Germany, the Logsped parts of the old Pfenning business are continued.", "After the founding of the contract and trade logistics company, the old Pfenning Spedition is bought back in 1997.In 1998, KMP (Karl Martin Pfenning) Holding GmbH was founded as an administrative umbrella6 Pfenning expanded into Eastern Europe during this time.", "With the integration of the Berlin-based forwarding company Erck in 2005 and the entry into JIT plant supply in Bremen, the company successfully entered the automotive sector the following year.", "Acquisitions in the metal construction sector and the establishment of its own temporary employment agency expand the Group's range of services from 2010.=== Move to Heddesheim ===In 2012, the company built and relocated to the self-developed Multicube Rhein-Neckar logistics concept in Heddesheim.", "In 2018, the Multicube Rheinhessen in Monsheim was inaugurated.", "Germany-wide expansion began in 2019.By 2021, locations were also opened in Hungary, Sweden, Poland and France.", "In 2022, the third and fourth generation family business will employ 7,000 people at 110 locations, including 55 production sites, in Europe." ], [ "Group structure", "Pfenning Group is part of the KMP Holding GmbH.", "KMP is the holding company of a several companies that serve as supply chain service providers for all manufacturing and retail industries.", "Other divisions of the company are logistics real estate development, personnel service providers, metal construction and car dealerships." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Website von Pfenning Logistics* Website Sonima Group* Website HFL Frischelogistik* Website HTH* Website b4work* Website Metallbau Nick" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Roman Sergejev" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Roman Sergejev''' (born 15 October 1975) is an Estonian chess player, Estonian Chess Championship winner (1997)." ], [ "Chess career", "In the second half of the 1990s, Roman Sergejev was one of the strongest young chess players in Estonia.", "He twice participated in World Junior Chess Championships (1994, 1995).", "In 1997 in Tallinn, Roman Sergejev won the Estonian Chess Championship and the following year shared 3rd place in this tournament.Roman Sergejev played for Estonia in the European Team Chess Championship:* In 1997, at fourth board in the 11th European Team Chess Championship in Pula (+1, =7, -1).In recent years, he rarely participates in chess tournaments." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "** *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Giro d'Italia Women" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Giro d'Italia Women''' will be the 35th edition of the Giro d'Italia Women, a women's road cycling stage race in Italy.", "The race will take place from 7 to 14 July 2024 and will be the 21st race in the 2024 UCI Women's World Tour calendar.", "The race is organised by RCS Sport, which also organises the men's Giro d'Italia." ], [ "Route", "In December 2024, the route was announced by new organisers RCS Sport.", "The race will start in Brescia, Lombardy in northern Italy with an individual time trial, before heading south through the Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Umbria and Abruzzo regions.", "The final two stages will be in the southern Apennines mountains, with the ''queen stage'' on stage 7 with a summit finish at Blockhaus at an elevation of .", "As the highest climb of the race, Blockhaus will award the \"Cima Alfonsina Strada\" – a prize named after Italian cyclist Alfonsina Strada, who took part in the men's Giro d’Italia in 1924.The total race distance of will be the shortest since 2013, with the previous 10 editions of the race averaging over in length.Following criticism of previous editions of the race, the 2024 route was considered to be \"impressive\" and a \"positive step\", with praise for the last two mountain stages.", "As with the previous editions, the route required a waiver from the Union Cycliste Internationale, as Women's WorldTour races have a maximum race length of six days.+Stage characteristicsStageDateCourseDistanceType17 JulyBrescia20x20pxIndividual time trial28 JulySirmione to Volta Mantovana20x20pxFlat stage39 JulySabbioneta to Toano20x20pxHilly stage410 JulyImola to Urbino20x20pxHilly stage511 JulyFrontone to Foligno20x20pxHilly stage612 JulySan Benedetto del Tronto to Chieti20x20pxHilly stage713 JulyLanciano to Blockhaus20x20pxMountain stage814 JulyPescara to L'Aquila20x20pxMountain stageTotal" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alienacanthus" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alienacanthus''''' () (meaning \"Alien spine\") is a genus of selenosteid placoderm from the Famennian Ostrówka Quarry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Poland, and Kowala Quarry along with the Maïder Basin in the Anti-Atlas, Morocco.", "The type and only species is '''''A'''''.", "'''''malkowskii''''', known from a handful of specimens." ], [ "Description", "''Alienacanthus''' holotype, '''MZ VIII Vp-45''', was referred to ''A''.", "''malkowskii'' in 1957 by Kulczycki, (1957).", "It consists of what were originally interpreted as \"fragments of large osseous spines\".", "However two epitypes described by Jobbins ''et al''., (2024) that preserve more material shows that what Kulczycki, (1957) interpreted as \"spines\" are in fact fragmentary inferognathals.", "The epitypes, '''PIMUZ A/I 5239''' and '''MCD 201''', both comprise \"a nearly complete articulated skull with all gnathal elements.\"", "and \"left side of partially preserved skull with all gnathal elements.\"", "respectively.", "The combination of a short upper jaw and elongated lower jaw is a striking case of convergent evolution with halfbeaks." ], [ "Etymology", "The generic name, ''Alienacanthus'' (), derives from the Latin 'aliena' which means alien, and 'canthus' which means spine, referring to what Kulczycki, (1957) thought were spines.", "The specific name, ''malkowskii'' (), is named after Prof. St. Malkowski, the former Director of the Muzeum Ziemi in Warsaw; Poland." ], [ "Classification", "Orgiginally, Kulczycki, (1957) described ''Alienacanthus'' as a putative placoderm, noting that the traits the holotype possessed did not belong in either Selachii or Acanthodii.", "Jobbins ''et al''., (2024) ran a parsimony analysis utilising a character matrix based on 98 characters for 28 taxa.", "The analysis resulted in ''Alienacanthus'' being recovered in Selenosteidae in a polytomy with ''Amazichthys'', and a polytomic clade comprising ''Melanosteus'', ''Enseosteus'', ''Walterosteus'', and ''Draconichthys''.", "Their results are shown below:" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Magarao Church" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Magarao Church''', also known as '''Saint Anne Parish Church''', is a Roman Catholic church located in Magarao, Camarines Sur.", "The first church was destroyed during an earthquake in 1811.The second church, built with nipa and bamboo, was destroyed in 1826.The present church is completed in 1849.The National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) declared it a national landmark and installed a historical marker on the church's facade in 1939." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bryttania" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bryttania''' is a six-piece heavy metal band from the Orkney Islands of Scotland, formed in 2017.The lineup comprises drummer Ewan Howe, lead guitarist Tom Kennaugh, lead vocalist Conal Caithness, bassist Keaghan Barnett, co-lead guitarist Charlie Kennaugh, and rhythm guitarist and keyboardist Julian Beale." ], [ "History", "Bryttania was originally formed as 'Agents Öf Fortune' in 2017 by drummer Ewan Howe and lead guitarist Tom Kennaugh, in the city of Kirkwall, capital of the Orkney Islands.", "The band's name was changed in April 2019 after a mutual decision involving Howe, Kennaugh, and bassist Keaghan Barnett who had joined the band in March.Vocalist Conal Caithness rejoined the band in April 2019, after a short affiliation with the band under their previous alias in 2018.In 2019, Bryttania made their first appearance at the annual Orkney Rock Festival in Kirkwall, and have since appeared at the festival every year since.", "Rhythm guitarist Julian Beale joined the band in November 2020, making Bryttania a five-piece band for the first time.", "In August 2022, Beale left the band and was replaced by Tom Kennaugh's younger brother Charlie, with his final performance with the band taking place at the annual Loud N' Live festival in Kirkwall.", "Beale however returned to the band in July 2023.In October 2022, the band released a short live EP, recorded at the St. Magnus Centre in Kirkwall in March 2022.Bryttania's official social media accounts announced that in late 2023, the band had made the move to a new recording studio located in South Ronaldsay, Orkney." ], [ "Band members", "===Current members===* Ewan Howe – drums (2017–present), backing vocals (2020–present), lead vocals (2017–2019) * Tom Kennaugh – lead guitar (2017–present), backing vocals (2017–2019)* Conal Caithness – lead vocals (2019–present), rhythm guitar (2018, 2019)* Keaghan Barnett – bass (2019–present), backing vocals (2023–present)* Julian Beale – rhythm guitar/keyboards (2020–present)* Charlie Kennaugh – co-lead guitar (2022–present)===Former members===* Joe Smith – bass (2018)" ], [ "Discography", "* ''Live at the St. Magnus Centre'' (2022)" ], [ "References", "Richard Clubley, ‘''Orkney: A Special Way of Life''’, (Luath Press Ltd, 2021)" ], [ "External links", "* Bandcamp page* Encyclopaedia Metallum page* Discogs page* ReverbNation profile" ] ]	wikipedia

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