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[
[
"Pisgah black-bellied salamander"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Pisgah black-bellied salamander''' or '''Blue Ridge black-bellied salamander''' ('''''Desmognathus mavrokoilius''''') is a species of lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae.",
"It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it is only known from the southern Appalachian Mountains.It ranges throughout the Blue Ridge Mountains of much of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee north to extreme southwest Virginia, being bordered to the south by the eastern Great Smoky Mountains and southeastern Great Balsams, and to the north by Mount Rogers.Initially grouped with the blackbelly salamander (''D.",
"quadramaculatus''), a 2022 study found significant genetic divergence within the species, but also found that the name ''D.",
"quadramaculatus'' had in fact been coined for the northern dusky salamander rather than the \"blackbelly salamander\".",
"Its specific epithet, ''mavrokoilus'', is Greek for \"dark-bellied\"."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Kolagalam"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Kolagalam''''' () is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy drama film directed by P. G. Surendran and starring Amal and Saranya Mohan.",
"The film was released to mixed-to-negative reviews."
],
[
"Cast",
"As per the film's opening credits:"
],
[
"Soundtrack",
"The music is composed by Bharani.",
"Song Lyrics Singer(s)\"Minda Disturb\" Bharani Mano\"Kannula Unna\" Viveka Sriram Parthasarathy, Sumithra \"Sema Sema\" Karthik\"Yelaea Yelae\" Anuradha Sriram, Mukesh"
],
[
"Reception",
"A critic from ''The New Indian Express'' wrote that \"The director probably wanted to highlight women-power, but that hardly registers.",
"''Kolakalam'' hardly has anything to entice a viewer\".",
"A critic from ''Dinakaran'' praised the comedy scenes and felt that the music and cinematography were average.",
"In a more positive review, a critic from ''Dinamalar'' wrote that \"All in all, if the first half had been a blast, ''Kolakalam'' would have been a blast\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The strange Miss Sylvia"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The strange Miss Sylvia''''' () is a 1945 German romantic comedy film of mistaken identity.",
"Paul Martin was the director.",
"Shot under the Nazi Party regime, the film was not finished or premiered before the end of the Second World War."
],
[
"Plot",
"So excited is young pianist Hans Peters at being offered a tour with the famous Frank Witte dance band that he slips on the stairs and sprains his arm.",
"HIs upcoming musical commitment, later that evening, is in jeopardy now as he is prescribed two weeks of rest.",
"His sister convinces him to let go on tour disguised as Hans.",
"When she shows up in place of Hans, Frank is instantly annoyed with the limited musical talent of this \"Hans\".",
"Sylvia decides to run away.",
"Just as she has ditched her disguise, she runs into Frank, who instantly falls in love with his new musician's sister.",
"Sylvia takes advantage of the opportunity and persuades Frank to give \"Hans\" a chance.",
"Thus begins Sylvia's exhausting double life.",
"In the day, she is the sister of the musician Hans, and in the evening she is the musician \"himself\".",
"Sylvia explains to Frank she can't meet him after the performance because she works as a telephone operator at the time.",
"Frank finds an operator named Peters through the phone book, and goes overboard in sending her flowers.",
"Her fiancé is miffed and confronts Frank, leading to Sylvia's double life finally being exposed.",
"But things turn out well, for everyone.",
"A healed Hans can play in Frank's band and Frank gets the undisguised Sylvia around the clock."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Helen Monkivitch"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Helen Monkivitch''' RSM (born 1942) is an Australian medical administrator and religious sister.",
"She was the first female to be elected president of the Australian College of Health Service Executives and has been recognised for her work in aged care."
],
[
"Career",
"Helen Monkivitch was born in 1942.She trained as a nurse then midwife at Mercy Private Hospital in Victoria in 1964 and then took vows with the Sisters of Mercy.",
"In 1971 she transferred to Mercy Maternity Hospital, initially as a charge sister, then supervisor before being promoted to deputy director of nursing in 1976.She completed a Bachelor of Arts, followed by a Masters of Health Administration in 1983.The following year she was promoted to sister administrator at Mercy Maternity Hospital.",
"This led to her appointment as CEO of the Mercy Hospital for Women in 1986.In the same year she played a pivotal role in the establishment of Catholic Health Australia and was a founding director.In 1988 Monkivitch was the first female to be elected president of the Australian College of Health Service Executives.She became director of Mercy Health and Aged Care in 1997."
],
[
"Awards and recognition",
"Monkitvitch was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours for \"service to the community, particularly through the establishment of major health, aged and palliative care facilities in Victoria, and to the Catholic Church\".",
"She was inducted onto the Victorian Honour Roll of Women in 2014."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's coxless four"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The men's coxless four competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held from 16 to 19 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Wednesday, 16 December 1998 07:00 Heats Thursday, 17 December 1998 07:00 Repechage Saturday, 19 December 1998 07:00 Finals"
],
[
"Results",
";Legend*'''DNS''' — Did not start=== Heats ===* '''Qualification:''' 1 → Final A ('''FA'''), 2–4 → Repechage ('''R''')==== Heat 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Zhang BingguiNie JunliangSun JunDai Haizhen6:04.75 FA2Shinpei MuraiYukuo OkamotoTatsuya MizutaniTatsunori Nishioka6:09.03 R3Shin Hyun-munJung Jung-hoLee Jae-yoonBaek In-ho6:11.74 R4Benjamin TolentinoRennan John ReyesNicanor JasminHarvey Regalado6:32.40 R==== Heat 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Bahadir DavletyarovVladimir GrishenkoTimur GanievDmitriy Tikhonov6:11.15 FA2Birbal SinghTarlochan SinghJohnson XavierJagjit Singh6:18.53 R3Alexandr UssachevMikhail GarnikGeorgiy BartenevVladimir Belonogov6:20.66 R4Yuttana HoihemSurachai BudsathienTheerasak PisamaiPatsabodi Khummee6:54.51 R=== Repechage ===* '''Qualification:''' 1–4 → Final A ('''FA'''), 5–6 → Final B ('''FB''')RankTeamTimeNotes1Shinpei MuraiYukuo OkamotoTatsuya MizutaniTatsunori Nishioka6:12.66 FA2Birbal SinghTarlochan SinghJohnson XavierJagjit Singh6:17.54 FA3Alexandr UssachevMikhail GarnikGeorgiy BartenevVladimir Belonogov6:17.94 FA4Shin Hyun-munJung Jung-hoLee Jae-yoonBaek In-ho6:21.60 FA5Benjamin TolentinoRennan John ReyesNicanor JasminHarvey Regalado6:24.20 FB6Yuttana HoihemSurachai BudsathienTheerasak PisamaiPatsabodi Khummee7:27.51 FB=== Finals ======= Final B ====RankTeamTime1Benjamin TolentinoRennan John ReyesNicanor JasminHarvey Regalado6:41.682Yuttana HoihemSurachai BudsathienTheerasak PisamaiPatsabodi Khummee7:08.27==== Final A ====RankTeamTimeZhang BingguiNie JunliangSun JunDai Haizhen6:15.97Shinpei MuraiYukuo OkamotoTatsuya MizutaniTatsunori Nishioka6:21.15Birbal SinghTarlochan SinghJohnson XavierJagjit Singh6:25.284Shin Hyun-munJung Jung-hoLee Jae-yoonBaek In-ho6:29.945Bahadir DavletyarovVladimir GrishenkoTimur GanievDmitriy Tikhonov6:30.286Alexandr UssachevMikhail GarnikGeorgiy BartenevVladimir Belonogov6:34.57"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate''' (in Latin: '''''Congregátio Filiórum Sanctæ Maríæ Immaculátæ'''''; in Italian: ''''' Figli di Santa Maria Immacolata''''') is a male religious institute of pontifical right: the members of this clerical congregation is also known with the acronym '''SHMI''' or '''FSMI'''.Venerable Joseph Frassinetti, the founder of the Congregation"
],
[
"History",
"The congregation originates from a pious union of three young devotees to the Immaculate Conception , founded in Genoa in 1861 by the priest Giuseppe Frassinetti (1804-1868), prior of Santa Sabina: the members of the fraternity, after a pilgrimage to the Santuario della Madonnetta, on January 14, 1866, they began to lead a common life and welcomed young aspirants to the priesthood into their home without the financial means to support their studies.The fraternity received new impetus from the direction of Antonio Piccardo, Frassinetti's successor, and the Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate was established as a congregation only on the 8th of December 1903.The institute, of pontifical right since 21 May 1904, received definitive approval from the Holy See on the 4th of June 1910 and its constitutions on the 17th of May 1931."
],
[
"Activities and apostolate",
"The religious of the congregation are dedicated to the education of youth and the promotion of religious vocations.",
"They are also active in missionary work.In addition to Italy, they are present in Latin America (Argentina, Chile and Mexico), Poland, and the Philippines.",
"The general headquarters is in Rome."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Milton Mouse"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Milton Mouse and Rita from ''The Office Boy'' (1930)'''Milton Mouse''' is an animated character created at Fables Studios for Paul Terry's cartoon series ''Aesop's Fables'' (later ''Aesop's Sound Fables'').",
"The character was introduced in 1921, and appeared in dozens of cartoon shorts through 1931.Milton often appeared alongside a girlfriend mouse, usually named Rita.In 1929, animator John Foster redesigned Milton and Rita to look more like Mickey and Minnie Mouse, who had become incredibly popular following the 1928 release of the Walt Disney cartoon ''Steamboat Willie''.Milton's new, Mickey-inspired design debuted in the cartoon ''A Close Call'', released in 1929.Further cartoons released in 1930 included ''Western Whoopee'', ''Circus Capers'' and ''The Office Boy''.",
"A lawsuit filed by Walt Disney in 1931 claiming copyright infringement put a stop to Milton's appearances."
],
[
"History",
"Paul Terry and Amadee J.",
"Van Beuren established Fables Pictures in 1920, and began producing ''Aesop's Fables'' cartoons in 1921.Terry has been credited with being the first animator to use mouse characters, in the July 26, 1921 film ''Mice in Council'', which told the story of mice tying a bell to a cat's neck.",
"The next film, July 31's ''Country Mouse and City Mouse'', established that Terry's mouse characters wore gloves and boots.The character of \"Milton Mouse\" has been credited to Terry employee William Ferguson in 1921.The September 27, 1922 cartoon ''The Fable of the Romantic Mouse'' was the first to establish a female mouse character, who in this picture was called Lizzie.Later films called Milton's girlfriend Rita or Mary.Milton Mouse and his girlfriend appeared in dozens of cartoons made under the supervision of Paul Terry.",
"At first, Milton was a mischievous character trying to find treasure or steal food, in appearances including ''The Fable of the Fortune Hunters'' (Nov 1922), ''The Fable of Cheating the Cheaters'' (Dec 1922) and ''The Pearl Divers'' (July 1923).",
"Later, Milton played the hero, rescuing Rita from villainous cats and other threatening animals, in films including ''Sink or Swim'' (Jan 1927), ''The Big Tent'' (Sept 1977), ''Saved By a Keyhole'' (Nov 1927), ''Our Little Nell'' (July 1928), ''A Lad and His Lamp'' (March 1929) and ''The Enchanted Flute'' (July 1929).Terry directed most of the Fables Pictures films until 1929, when he was fired by Van Beuren over disputes related to disagreements about sound synchronization and financial profits.",
"Terry formed his own studio, Terry-Toons, and animator John Foster took Terry's place.===Milton's redesign===Once Terry left the studio, Van Beuren renamed the enterprise Van Beuren Productions.",
"The boss allowed Foster to change the character designs of Milton and Rita, to make them look more like the increasingly popular Mickey and Minnie Mouse.According to Hal Erickson, author of a book on the Van Beuren studio: \"Beginning with ''A Close Call'' in December 1929, Milton and his sweetie took on a rounder, cuter look, especially in the vicinity of the nose and ears.",
"Milton also acquired a pair of white shorts while his lady friend wore a frilly white dress.",
"When the two mice make their first appearance in ''A Close Call'' skipping through a field of musical flowers, one is startled by their strong resemblance to Mickey and Minnie Mouse.",
"\"As Van Beuren continued to release Milton cartoons in 1930, the design grew even more Mickey-like.",
"Further cartoons included ''Singing Saps'' (February 1930), ''Western Whoopee'' (April 1930), ''Hot Tamale'' (August 1930), ''Circus Capers'' (September 1930), and ''Stone Age Stunts'' (December 1930).The November 1930 cartoon ''The Office Boy'' is seen as a particularly vulgar use of the Mickey and Minnie clones.",
"In this short, Milton works as the janitor and receptionist at E.X.Y.",
"Railroad, a job that entails him sitting on a stool outside the president's door, greeting approaching guests.",
"Rita, the president's gum-chewing secretary, carries on a flirtation with Milton, and they type love notes to each other on Rita's typewriter.",
"The boss also flirts with Rita, and Milton sees through the keyhole that the pair are dancing in the office.",
"The boss tries to kiss Rita, and we see in silhouette Rita's attempts to fight him off.",
"When the president's battle-axe wife approaches, Milton is happy to usher her into the office to catch her husband in a compromising position.",
"Milton and Rita sneak away as the married couple battles in the office.",
"In ''Mickey's Movies'', Gijs Grob writes: \"In this cartoon, the designs and animation of Milton and Rita are terrible, but too close for comfort, and some of Mickey's mannerisms have clearly been copied.\"",
"This cartoon would lead to trouble for the Van Beuren studio.===Lawsuit===On January 28, 1931, Walt Disney saw ''The Office Boy'' at the Orpheum Theater in Los Angeles, and took umbrage at the flagrant use of his characters.",
"Disney filed suit against the Van Beuren Corporation in March, charging them with copyright infringement.",
"Disney sought an injunction to keep Van Beuren from using characters \"in any variation so nearly similar as to be mistaken\" for Mickey and Minnie Mouse, and alleged that the mouse was portrayed in a \"jerky and amateurish style, ugly, unattractive and lacking in personality.\"",
"A United Press wire service story noted that Mickey and Minnie had been copyrighted in 1928 by Disney, and alleged that Van Beuren had made one million dollars from their use of the ersatz mouse.On April 30, a temporary court injunction was filed against the Van Beuren company, charging character infringement.In court, Van Beuren argued that Milton Mouse had appeared in films as early as 1921, and therefore pre-dated Mickey.",
"Disney's lawyers held that the Van Beuren mice were redesigned to look exactly like Mickey and Minnie after the pair had become famous.",
"Several animators filed affidavits to address the proposed infringement.In August 1931, Federal Judge George Cosgrave ruled that Disney's copyright had been infringed, and prohibited Milton's creators from \"employing or using or displaying the pictorial representation of 'Mickey Mouse' or any variation thereo so nearly similar as to be calculated to be mistaken for or confused with said pictorial representation of 'Mickey Mouse'.\"",
"The parties settled the lawsuit on Sept 2, 1931.Despite the claims that Van Beuren had profited on the use of Mickey's image, the Disney studio simply asked Van Beuren to stop making any further cartoons featuring Milton and Rita.",
"Roy O. Disney later said: \"We just stopped him.",
"That's all we were out to do.",
"We didn't ask any damages.",
"We even let him finish marketing his pictures.",
"We wanted to establish our right.",
"That's what we were after.",
"To establish a copyright like that is a big thing and that's an important thing to do.",
"\"Milton Mouse wasn't the only cartoon character of the time to copy Mickey's look; in 1931, former Disney employees Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising introduced a character named Foxy, a fox character who looked very much like Mickey but with slightly pointed ears and a fluffy tail.",
"Foxy and his Minnie-lookalike girlfriend appeared in three 1931 cartoons: ''Lady, Play Your Mandolin!",
"'', ''Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!''",
"and ''One More Time''.",
"Walt Disney personally asked Ising to stop using the lookalike character, and Ising acquiesced."
],
[
"Selected filmography",
"The following are the Milton Mouse shorts produced after the Mickey Mouse-resembling redesign:* ''A Close Call'' (December 1, 1929)* ''Singing Saps'' (February 7, 1930)* ''Western Whoopee'' (April 13, 1930)* ''Hot Tamale'' (August 3, 1930)* ''Circus Capers'' (September 28, 1930)* ''The Office Boy'' (November 23, 1930)* ''Stone Age Stunts'' (December 7, 1930)* ''Toy Time'' (January 27, 1931)* ''Cowboy Blues'' (February 15, 1931)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's lightweight coxless four"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The men's lightweight coxless four competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held on 18 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Friday, 18 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
"RankTeamTimeLiu ZewuZhou GuoyangWang XutaoMao Zhixing5:56.32Yoshitomo KitanoueAtsushi ObataHiroya SatoKazushige Ura6:00.13B.",
"K. K. ThankachanRampal SinghPappi SinghKasam Khan6:11.484Kim Kyong-jinYon Jong-hyokKim Kyong-sulKim Kwang-ho6:13.605Alvin AmpostaJoseph MendozaNestor CordovaJoel Bagasbas6:24.686Chaiwut EamsamaiNophadol SanenanT.",
"PongsrapangSomjit Kangnok6:38.56"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Wearne's Air Service"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Wearne's Air Service (WAS)''', established in 1937, is an early Malayan airline.Based in Kallang Airport, Singapore, it emerged as one of the earliest airlines in the region.",
"WAS operated a diverse range of air services, including scheduled passenger flights, charter operations, aerial photography, land surveying, cargo and air mail transportation.",
"Additionally, the airline is alternatively referred to as '''Wearne's Air Services''' or '''Wearnes Air Services'''."
],
[
"History",
"===Founding===Charles Wearne's aviation dream takes flight as he unveils the Avro Avian plane, assembled at Malayan Motors in 1929The inception of Wearne's Air Service dates back to 1906, initiated by Australian siblings Charles Frederick Foster Wearne and Theodore James Benjamin Wearne.",
"Their establishment, C.F.F.",
"Wearne & Company, initially concentrated on the automotive sector, evolving into Wearne Brothers Limited by 1912.Specialising in renowned automobile brands including Oldsmobiles, Rolls-Royces and Fords, the company diversified its operations to encompass motorized services throughout Southeast Asia.",
"In tandem with this expansion, subsidiary automotive companies were established to manage Wearne's various agencies, starting with Malayan Motors.In 1929, the aspiration for air transport took root when Charles Wearne envisioned providing air services in Malaya.",
"To realise this dream, he imported an Avro Avian plane to be assembled by the mechanics at Malayan Motors.",
"The unveiling of the plane at Malayan Motors' showroom generated significant interest, marking a significant step towards the realization of Charles Wearne's vision.A crucial development unfolded with the establishment of Kallang Airport in 1937.This new aviation hub not only provided essential infrastructure but also played a pivotal role in laying the groundwork for the emergence of local airlines.",
"Inspired by a vision for airborne transportation, Charles Wearne turned his attention to aviation, ultimately leading to the Wearne's Air Service.===Delivery, test flight and inauguration===A gathering of enthusiasts and onlookers in front of the De Havilland Dragon Rapide aircraft, showcasing the excitement and anticipation during Wearne's Air Service's early aviation events in 1937Wearne's Air Service (WAS) commenced its historic journey on June 20, 1937, with the reception of its first aircraft, the de Havilland Dragon Rapide named ''Governor Raffles''.",
"This inaugural aircraft, symbolising the onset of a new era for the airline, was formally announced during the delivery ceremony commemorating its arrival from England, led by Charles Wearne, the director of Wearne's Air Services.",
"The notable flight, piloted by Flight Lieut.",
"J.",
"B. W. Pugh, the company's chief pilot, accompanied by his wife and Mr. J.G.",
"Boehm, the company's chief ground engineer, included a delivery journey lasting 17 days from England, with stops in various locations such as Benghazi, Cairo, Calcutta, Victoria Point, Penang, and Malacca.",
"The airline's objective was to design a route connecting Singapore to Penang, strategically incorporating a stopover in Kuala Lumpur.Malaya Tribune, June 21, 1937, featuring a historic report on the arrival of the new aircraft from EnglandDuring the aircraft delivery ceremony, Charles Wearne shared the visionary plans for the airline's expansion.",
"He revealed that once suitable landing fields became available, the flight itinerary would be extended to include destinations such as Kota Bharu, Ipoh, Malacca, Fraser's Hill, Cameron Highlands and other key centers in both Malaya and Borneo.",
"The new service shortened travel times, making Singapore accessible within 1½ hours of Kuala Lumpur and 3¼ hours of Penang, operating on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, returning on the same day.Two days before the scheduled inauguration of its service on June 29, 1937, Wearne's Air Service (WAS) executed a pivotal test flight on June 25, 1937.Departing from Singapore at 6:58 am with five passengers on board, the flight was bound for Penang via Kuala Lumpur.",
"In Kuala Lumpur, the aircraft showcased demonstration flights upon its arrival from Singapore.",
"The test flight concluded with the aircraft landing back in Singapore at 6:33 pm.",
"This pre-service test flight played a crucial role in verifying the aircraft's operational readiness, ensuring a seamless operation as WAS prepared for its historic scheduled service.On June 28, 1937, WAS achieved a significant milestone with the commencement of its first official service.",
"Utilizing the DH.89 Dragon Rapide aircraft, the flight traversed from Singapore to Penang with a stop in Kuala Lumpur.",
"Beyond its role in transporting airmail, the inaugural service also accommodated several passengers.inaugural flight cover, issued on June 28, 1937, commemorating the airline's landmark journey===Network and fleet expansion===During its inaugural month of operations, Wearne's Air Service (WAS) achieved a notable milestone by carrying a total of 142 passengers.",
"This early success laid the foundation for the airline's expansion, emphasized by the acquisition of a second aircraft, named ''Governor Fullerton'', which was transported to Singapore via a steamship.",
"Notably, this new aircraft arrived on August 24, 1937, enabling WAS to increase its service frequency to daily operations from September 25 onwards, except on Sundays.In a subsequent phase of development, WAS expanded its services to Alor Setar, inaugurating a weekly Saturday flight from April 2, 1938.Simultaneously, the airline broadened its network by introducing a daily flight to Ipoh later that year.",
"The airline had aspirations to enhance its network even more by including Johore, Port Swettenham and Setiawan among its growing list of destinations.Impressed by the efficiency of Wearne's Air Services, the government has deemed it justifiable to provide financial assistance to maintain the service.",
"The Colonial Secretary announced the decision of the Governor to grant an annual subsidy to the airline, with the subsidy for 1938 set at $25,000.",
"''Governor Raffles'', the iconic aircraft that marked the beginning of Wearne's Air Service journeyAs WAS continued its growth trajectory, the airline demonstrated signs of potential expansion by expressing interest in purchasing new aircraft.",
"Recognising the evolving demands of its expanding network, this move indicated WAS's strategic approach to securing the necessary resources for future growth.WAS received an additional two new de Havilland Express airliners on 14 July 1938.This significant fleet expansion marked a doubling of the company's aircraft.",
"The introduction of these larger four-engine aircraft, with a higher capacity of 12 passengers compared to the previous Rapide models' capacity of 8, facilitated the implementation of a daily flight between Singapore and Penang.",
"The newly acquired aircraft were named ''Governor Murchison'' and ''Governor Ibbetson'', respectively.Moreover, in response to the runway at Ipoh being deemed too short for the new aircraft, the airline temporarily suspended services to Ipoh.",
"Instead, Sitiawan was utilized as an alternative, with the airline providing motor transfer services to transport passengers, mail, and freight from Sitiawan to Ipoh.",
"''Governor Murchison'', a de Havilland Express during its 1938 delivery flight, marking a pivotal moment in the airline's fleet expansionDespite these expansion efforts, the financial report revealed a notable setback, with Wearne's Air Service incurring a $78,000 loss for the fiscal year from October 1, 1937, to September 30, 1938.This financial challenge persisted despite the annual subsidy of $25,000 provided by the Governments of the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States.",
"Nevertheless, the internal aerial transport system in Malaya, operated by Wearne's Air Service, is set to continue its operations.",
"This information was disclosed during the annual general meeting, chaired by Mr. Charles Wearne.===Regional connectivity===In another significant development, WAS undertook a survey flight to Sarawak on January 17, 1939, in response to an invitation from Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.",
"The purpose of the flight was to assess opportunities for establishing flights to the newly constructed Kuching Aerodrome.",
"The journey from Singapore to Sarawak took approximately hours, while the return leg, affected by headwinds, took 4 hours.",
"Both parties expressed optimism about the potential development of scheduled biweekly flights between Kuching and Singapore in the near future.",
"Notably, the Ranee of Sarawak was among the passengers on the return flight to Singapore, marking a significant achievement in Sarawak's aviation history as it represented the inaugural operations at the newly established Kuching aerodrome.A 1938 advertisement highlighting Wearne's Air Services new De Havilland Express airlinerIn a subsequent development, WAS introduced Taiping on February 16, 1939.The daily flight from Singapore-Kuala Lumpur-Ipoh/Setiawan-Penang would now operate three times daily, while the remaining four days would be directed to Singapore-Kuala Lumpur-Taiping-Penang.",
"Nonetheless, from June 27, 1939, the company announced the resumptipon of a regular stop in Ipoh instead of Taiping.Expanding its network further, Kota Bharu was introduced on April 3, 1940.This addition meant that the flight from Penang to Kota Bharu would significantly reduce the current land service time from 27 hours to just 1¼ hours.",
"Before the introduction of this flight, the journey from Penang to Kota Bharu was accomplished through the Siamese railway service, taking 27 hours.===Wartime challenges and adaptations===Wearne's Air Service timetable from 1940, showcasing the expanded network connecting key destinations in Malaya.This period also highlighted Wearne's Air Services Ltd. as an essential service in a war-affected region, recognising its financial struggles and near-break-even achievement by the end of the last fiscal year.",
"However, facing renewed losses due to decreased returns and rising operational expenses, Charles Wearne, the company's chairman, emphasized the need for a strategy to prevent further losses.",
"In addition, he advocated for substantial government support, viewing it not merely as a subsidy but as a strategic investment, particularly in light of the essential public service rendered by Wearne's Air Services.In a notable turn of events, the four-engined de Havilland aircraft is being proposed for sale to China to serve as an air ambulance.",
"The cost of these pre-owned airplanes is £4,500 lower than purchasing new ones.",
"Nevertheless, the impact of the war took a toll on the Malayan internal air service.",
"As the war commenced, there was a substantial decline in traffic according to the chairman of Wearne's Air Company.",
"Furthermore, there was a significant rise in the price of petrol.",
"In the midst of these challenging circumstances, both of de Havilland Express aircraft eventually sold to W.R. Carpenter Airlines of Australia in 1940.On May 4, 1940, a tragic incident occurred during a Wearne's Air Service passenger plane's journey from Ipoh to Kuala Lumpur.",
"The aircraft crashed into a rubber estate, claiming the lives of all passengers and crew on board.",
"This event marked the first fatal accident for both Wearne's Air Service and Malaya.",
"In the aftermath of the crash, schedule adjustments became necessary.",
"The total loss of one of its two remaining aircraft led to the suspension of the daily service.",
"Thus, the sole remaining aircraft operates on alternate days.In August 1940, Wearne's Air Services developed plans to acquire a new DH 89 Rapide aircraft from China National Airways Corporation (CNAC) with the aim of reinstating its daily service.",
"Following the required arrangements and the acquisition of the new aircraft from CNAC, the daily service was successfully reinstated in December 1940.===End of an era===Wearne's Air Service underwent a significant shift in its trajectory when the government assumed control of the airline just before the Japanese attack on Malaya in 1941.During World War II, WAS adapted its operations to support wartime efforts, focusing on flying charters for the army and RMAF.",
"This strategic move was a response to the complex circumstances of wartime conditions and geopolitical changes.In World War II, the two aircraft from Wearne's Air Service become part of the Malayan Volunteers Air Force.The Japanese occupation of Singapore and the Malay Peninsula marked a significant downturn for Wearne's Air Service, leading to the end of its operations during the war.",
"The two remaining aircraft were absorbed into the Malayan Volunteers Air Force.",
"Unfortunately, one of the aircraft met a tragic end in Ipoh on December 18, 1941, destroyed on the ground after being struck by a fragmentation bomb upon landing, resulting in the loss of both occupants on board.",
"Another aircraft faced a comparable fate in Palembang, Sumatra, on February 10, 1942, when it was destroyed and written off after its starboard wings were sheared off by a Hawker Hurricane during an air raid.Despite the cessation of military control after the war in 1945, the airline did not resume its services, marking the closure of an era in Southeast Asian aviation history.===Post-war aviation resurgence===After the challenging wartime experience and subsequent termination of Wearne's Air Service, a new chapter began in the Southeast Asian aviation landscape.",
"The absence created by the discontinuation of Wearne's Air Service provided an opportunity for renewal.The achievements of Wearne's Air Service in the 1930s garnered notable attention, prompting a collaborative effort between the Imperial Airways (later known as the British Overseas Airways Corporation or BOAC), Straits Steamship Company, and Ocean Steamship Company of Liverpool.",
"This alliance culminated in the establishment of Malayan Airways (MAL) on October 12, 1937.Nonetheless, MAL experienced a period of inactivity as its leadership recognised the inherent difficulties in competing with Wearne's Air Service's already established dominance, additionally heightened by the relatively small market size.",
"Moreover, amid the impending European conflict, the prospect of war reaching Malaya loomed large.",
"In response, a strategic decision was made to conserve resources, deferring market entry until more favorable circumstances arose.Capitalising on this opportunity, Malayan Airways commenced operations on 1 May 1947, representing a significant moment in the region's aviation history.",
"Starting operations post-World War II, Malayan Airways played a key role in shaping the aviation landscape, laying the groundwork for the emergence of two carriers – Malaysia Airlines and Singapore Airlines."
],
[
"Former Fleet",
"+Wearne's Air Services Fleet'''Aircraft''''''Introduced''''''Retired''''''Total''''''Passengers'''de Havilland Dragon Rapide1937194138de Havilland Express19381940212"
],
[
"Destinations Served",
"Historically, Wearne's Air Service provided scheduled air travel services to the listed destinations:* '''Selangor''' – Kuala Lumpur* '''Penang'''* '''Perak''' – Ipoh, Setiawan, Taiping* '''Kelantan''' – Kota Bharu* '''Kedah''' – Alor Setar* '''Singapore'''"
],
[
"Accidents and incidents",
"*20 May 1938: A Wearne's Air Services plane had a nose-first landing during takeoff from Ipoh Aerodrome to Singapore due to a failed engine.",
"The plane touched down on a bank, bounced, and landed on its nose near the field's edge.",
"The pilot and five passengers were unharmed.",
"*28 June 1938: Wearne's Air Service Ltd. has won a case against Dutch pilot Casper Hernrich Balke in the Singapore Civil District Court.",
"Balke, a member of the Island Flying Club, damaged one of Wearne's planes by recklessly flying beyond the designated 3-mile radius from the aerodrome, colliding with a coconut tree over Bukit Timah.",
"The court awarded Wearne's Air Service Ltd. $200 in compensation for the incurred damages.",
"*3 May 1940: a Wearne's Air Services aircraft, en route from Penang to Singapore via Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur, tragically crashed amid a severe storm.",
"The incident occurred on the Waterfall Estate rubber plantation near Rawang, Selangor.",
"This incident marked the first fatalities involving air transport in Malaya, resulting in the loss of all three individuals on board.",
"*April 1941: A Wearne's Air Service plane en route from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore made a forced landing at Senggarang Aerodrome in Batu Pahat due to insufficient fuel.",
"The aircraft, carrying five passengers, including three women, arrived in Singapore at 8:30 the next morning."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Absolute Power (game)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Absolute Power''''' is an open-ended, science fiction play-by-mail (PBM) game."
],
[
"History and development",
"Silver Dreamer was the game's first publisher.",
"The game launched in 1996.By 2000, Jade Enterprises was publishing the game.",
"It was mixed-moderated and open-ended.",
"Nicky Palmer thought the game a mix between ''Where Lies the Power'' and ''En Garde''.",
"By 2002, the publisher had revised the game to ''Absolute Power 2''.",
"It was then published by Alan Crump of Silver Dreamer."
],
[
"Gameplay",
"''Absolute Power'' was a science fiction PBM power game.",
"Players roleplayed a noble family on a set of alien worlds.",
"These worlds were called Capitol, Dentribe, Gaiea, Sahara, and Wisdom.",
"Each turn encompassed one year of game time.Nicky Palmer used ''Absolute Power'' as an example of the type of play that can only be found in PBM, with a player developing and cultivating a religious group (during gameplay) to combat a well-entrenched power group."
],
[
"Reception",
"Jeremy Wasden reviewed the game in the September–October 1996 issue of ''Flagship''.",
"He stated, \"The game is deep and well-balanced.",
"The options and the ways to achieve power are limitless.\"",
"He highly recommended the game."
],
[
"See also",
"* List of play-by-mail games"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* * * * *"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Archopterus"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Archopterus''''' is an early form of sea scorpion (Eurypterid) from the family of Chelicerata, is a genus in the family Adelophthalmidae, represented by one species.",
"It was discovered in the Wenchang Formation of Tianfucun, Anji County, Zhejiang Province, South China.",
"This genus is represented by a single species ('''''Archopterus anjiensis''''') from the Ordovician, the oldest species from China and also of its family."
],
[
"Description",
"The adelophthalmid was likely a predator that fed on small mollusks, crustaceans and worms."
],
[
"Fossil importance",
"The only known fossil, found with various sponges, graptolites, and nautiloids in deep-water shale, now extends the range of the family of Adelophthalmidae from the early Silurian to late Ordovician.",
"This also now supports the theory of the evolution of eurypterids in Gondwana."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Teeraporn Pannimit"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Teeraporn Pannimit''' (Thai: ธีระพร พรรณนิมิตร; born August 10, 1992) is a Thai professional boxer who is a former two-time WBO female mini flyweight champion.",
"==Boxing career== Teeraporn Pannimit became the first WBO female mini flyweight champion when she defeated Eun-Young Huh by unanimous decision on April 2, 2010.Pannimit made one successful title defense against Jujeath Nagaowa on November 22, 2010, winning by unanimous decision.",
"She was later stripped of the title in 2011.She unsuccessfully challenged Susi Kentikian for the WBA and WBO female flyweight championships on October 21, 2011.Pannimit lost by unanimous decision.",
"Pannimit faced Gretchen Abaniel for the vacant WBO title on April 25, 2012.She reclaimed the title by unanimous decision.",
"Pannimit dropped the title to Su Yun Hong by unanimous decision on June 28, 2012."
],
[
"Professional boxing record",
"ResultRecordOpponentTypeRound, timeDateLocationNotes29Loss20–9 Eva Voraberger TKO8 (10), Sep 26, 2015 28Loss20–8 Raja AmashehUD10Mar 6, 2015 27Win20–7 Benjamat PhakraPTS8 Dec 4, 2014 26Win19–7 Namwan UdomdechPTS6 Oct 3, 2014 25Win18–7 Ketkaew Sor SamakkeePTS6Jul 19, 2013 24Loss17–7 Anne Sophie Da CostaUD10Oct 20, 2012 23Win17–6 Sumalee TongpootornPTS6Jul 28, 2012 22Loss16–6 Su Yun HongUD10 Jun 28, 2012 21Win16–5 Gretchen AbanielUD10Apr 25, 2012 20Win15–5 Benjamat PhakraUD8 Mar 23, 2012 19Loss14–5 Jessica ChávezTKO5 (10), Jan 14, 2012 18Loss14–4 Susi KentikianUD10Oct 21, 2011 17Win14–3 Benjamat Phakra PTS6Apr 25, 2011 16Win13–3 Nucharin Yoohanngoh TKO3 (6) Dec 29, 2010 15Win12–3 Jujeath Nagaowa UD10Nov 22, 2010 14Win11–3 Noriko TsunodaPTS6Jul 30, 2010 13Win10–3 Eun Young HuhUD10Apr 2, 2010 12Win9–3 Nongkluay Sor PenprapaKO4 (6)Jan 8, 2010 11Loss8–3 Momo KosekiUD10Nov 29, 2009 10Win8–2 Yokdam KwanjaisrikodTKO3 (6)Jul 25, 2009 9Win7–2 Saoyentafour Chor Ekkhunsuk PTS6May 2, 2009 8Win6–2 Nungrudee SithmanascKO3 (6) Mar 6, 2009 7Win5–2 Petchsurin NonglamphunKO1 (6) Feb 6, 2009 6Win4–2 Chirawadee Srisuk UD6Jan 2, 2009 5Loss3–2 Marnelle VeranoUD6Sep 13, 2008 4Win3–1 Deeday Sor SamakkiPTS6Aug 25, 2008 3Win2–1 Tukta Pakabbuth PTS6May 22, 2008 2Loss1–1 O A Lookkaerai PTS6Sep 22, 2007 1Loss0–1 Momo KosekiUD6Jun 16, 2007"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1985 Worcester State Lancers football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1985 Worcester State Lancers football team''' was an American football team that represented Worcester State University as an NCAA Division III independent during the 1985 NCAA Division III football season.",
"In their first year of existence under head coach Brien Cullen, the Lancers compiled a perfect 5–0 record.Worcester State entered 1985 as an independent in its first year as a varsity football team.",
"In 1984, the school finished 11–0 and were named national club champions.",
"In May 1985, Worcester State announced they were joining the New England Football Conference (NEFC) in 1986 as the conference's twelfth member."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Alexander the Great's edict to Priene"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Alexander the Great issued an edict, probably in the summer of 334 BC, to the city of Priene.",
"On the Temple of Athena Polias a section of the edict was inscribed across four marble blocks \"near the top of the east face of the north anta of the pronaos.\"",
"It was inscribed in Koine Greek the 280s BC during the reign of Lysimachus.",
"The same engraver inscribed a decree and letter of Lysimachus.",
"Above the edict is the temple's dedicatory inscription in the Ionic dialect, which was erected by Alexander himself.",
"All these inscriptions are now in the British Museum.The fragmentary inscription reads:Of those residing in Naulochon, as many as are Prienians are to be independent and free, possessing the land and all the houses in the city and the countryside like the Prienians themselves; ...",
"But the ... ?villages of the Myrseloi and the Pedieis and the countryside I decree to be mine, and those dwelling in these villages are to pay the tribute; I release from the ''syntaxis'' the city of (the) Prienians, and the garrison ...Naulochon was the port of Priene.",
"Susan Sherwin-White interpreted the edict as confirming that those Prienians who resided at Naulochon retained the same rights as those living in Priene, identifying those villages around Priene that owed tax to the king and confirming Priene's exemption from taxation.",
"Peter Thonemann interprets the edict as confirming the freedom and autonomy of the Greeks of Naulochon who were not Prienian citizens.",
"He rejects Sherwin-White's reading \"Pedieis\", a term from the native inhabitants of the plain of the delta of the Maeander, believing that only native villages in the vicinity of Naulochon were listed.",
"For Thonemann, the significance of the edict is that it \"marks the moment at which ‘being Greek’ in Asia Minor and the Levant ceased to be solely a matter of cultural prestige\" and became \"a matter of maximizing public finances\", since Alexander had granted \"wide-ranging fiscal privileges\" to Naulochon, \"but only for 'as many of them as are Greeks'.\"",
"This policy helps explain the rapid Hellenization of Asia Minor after 334 BC."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"**"
],
[
"External links",
"* British Museum, no.",
"1870,0320.88"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Colleen G. Koch"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Colleen Gorman Koch''' is an American cardiothoracic anesthesiologist and academic administrator serving as the tenth dean of the University of Florida College of Medicine since 2021."
],
[
"Life",
"Koch received a M.D.",
"from the University of Cincinnati.",
"She conducted anesthesiology training at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.",
"She completed a M.S.",
"in clinical research design and statistical analysis at the University of Michigan School of Public Health.",
"She earned a M.B.A. from the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University.Koch is a cardiothoracic anesthesiologist.",
"she worked at the Cleveland Clinic for 22 years.",
"In 2014, she joined the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as a professor and chair of the department of anesthesiology and critical care medicine.",
"Koch was the anesthesiologist-in-chief of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.",
"On January 10, 2021, she became the tenth dean of the University of Florida College of Medicine.",
"She is the first woman to serve in the role.",
"Koch is the Folke H. Peterson Dean's Distinguished Professor."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Statue of Jackie Robinson (Wichita, Kansas)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"In 2021, a bronze statue of Jackie Robinson, created by John Parsons, was installed in Wichita, Kansas by League 42, a youth baseball league, in McAdams Park.",
"In January 2024, the statue was stolen, cut off from its ankles by a group of vandals.",
"It was found dismantled and burnt a few days later."
],
[
"History",
"League 42, a non-profit organization which promotes youth baseball for children in Wichita and was named after Jackie Robinson's jersey number, raised $50,000 for a life-sized statue of Robinson in McAdams Park where their baseball field was located.",
"The statue was dedicated in 2021 in honor of Robinson, the first African-American player to break the color line in Major League Baseball, who had played for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro leagues prior to his historic debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers.=== Theft and destruction ===According to the Wichita police, the statue went missing during the morning hours of January 25, 2024.The statue was cut from its ankles, with only the statue's base and Robinson's cleats remaining.",
"Surveillance video was released the following day showed multiple people hauling the sculpture away in the dark.Joe Sullivan, the chief of police in Wichita stated in a press conference:Five days after the statue was stolen, its remains were found burning in a trash can.",
"Bob Lutz, head of League 42, said afterwards that they would try to either salvage the statue or replace it with a new one.A week after the theft occurred, on what would have been Robinson's 105th birthday, all 30 Major League Baseball teams announced that they would help replace the vandalized statue.",
"MLB also announced they would provide funding for League 42's youth baseball program, to help it achieve its academic and on-field goals.On February 12, 2014, police arrested 45-year-old Ricky Alderete in connection with the theft.",
"They said there was no evidence it was a \"hate-motivated crime\" and that intent was to sell the metal for scrap.",
"The police chief said it was \"only the first arrest\"."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Biggest Tour I Have Done So Far Tour"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Biggest Tour I Have Done So Far Tour''' is a 2016 concert tour from American singer-songwriter Ben Rector.",
"Aptly named, it was his largest tour at the time."
],
[
"Background",
"In 2015 Ben Rector released the album ''Brand New''.",
"The album, especially the single of the same name, was a commercial success and brought Rector to more mainstream attention; the album peaked at 9th on ''Billboard 200'', and the song \"Brand New\" had 41 million streams on Spotify by 2019 and saw over 40 television and movie placements.",
"His headlining tour, The Brand New Tour spanning two legs, was equally successful; the first leg having 15 sold-out shows and selling over 41,000 tickets.In support of the touring success he followed up The Brand New Tour with The Biggest Tour I Have Done So Far Tour, the second headlining tour for ''Brand New'' spanning an additional 20 shows.",
"The tour featured opening acts from Jacob Whitesides and Colony House.",
"Bandmates that performed alongside Rector included Cody Fry and Cory Wong.",
"Crew for the tour included tour manager Jordan Powell, production manager Jake Hartfield, and lighting director Daniel Rehbein.",
"It was Rector's largest-scale tour at the time.",
"Having found that with prior tours were \"out of control\" despite his efforts, he felt more relaxed and willing with The Biggest Tour I Have Done So Far Tour.",
"Touring for ''Brand New'' spanned 73 dates, and due to the additional touring efforts for The Biggest Tour I Have Done So Far Tour, his following album ''Magic'' was postponed until 2018.It was the longest release gap between two of Rector's albums."
],
[
"Setlist",
"The following setlist was obtained from the concert held on October 23, 2016, at the State Theatre in Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.# \"Fear\"# \"Let the Good Times Roll\" # \"Loving You is Easy\" / \"ABC\" # \"When a Heart Breaks\"# \"Crazy\"# \"30,000 Feet\"# \"Sailboat\"# \"I Like You\"# \"When I'm With You\"# \"Forever Like That\"# \"I Wanna Dance With Somebody\" # \"The Beat\"# \"Cha Cha Slide\" # \"White Dress\";Encore# \"Brand New\"# \"The Men That Drive Me Places\""
],
[
"Tour dates",
"DateCityVenueNorth AmericaAugust 24, 2016Columbus, OhioNewport Music HallAugust 25, 2016Louisville, KentuckyPalace TheatreAugust 26, 2016Tuscaloosa, AlabamaTuscaloosa AmphitheaterAugust 27, 2016Nashville, TennesseeAscend AmphitheaterSeptember 3, 2016Freeport, MaineL.L.",
"Bean Discovery ParkSeptember 22, 2016Charlottesville, VirginiaJefferson TheaterSeptember 23, 2016Charlotte, North CarolinaCharlotte Metro Credit Union AmphitheatreSeptember 24, 2016Raleigh, North CarolinaRed Hat AmphitheaterSeptember 29, 2016Norfolk, VirginiaThe NorVaSeptember 30, 2016Atlanta, GeorgiaChastain Park AmphitheatreOctober 6, 2016Tulsa, OklahomaTulsa TheaterOctober 7, 2016Edmond, OklahomaOklahoma Christian UniversityOctober 9, 2016College Station, TexasRudder AuditoriumOctober 10, 2016Dallas, TexasState Fair of TexasOctober 14, 2016New Orleans, LouisianaHouse of BluesOctober 15, 2016Memphis, TennesseeMinglewood HallOctober 16, 2016Knoxville, TennesseeTennessee TheatreOctober 21, 2016Chicago, IllinoisChicago TheatreOctober 22, 2016Indianapolis, IndianaOld National CentreOctober 23, 2016Minneapolis, Minnesota State Theater"
],
[
"See also",
"* The Old Friends Acoustic Tour"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* \"Ben Rector // Live in Minneapolis Oct 23, 2016 (Cory's In-Ear mix)\" via Cory Wong's YouTube channel"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Shinmei Line"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The was a Japanese railway line in Hokkaido operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) which connected Fukagawa Station in Fukagawa and Nayoro Station in Nayoro."
],
[
"Stations",
"Stops legend: ●: Train meet possible X:Train meet impossibleNo.Station nameJapaneseBetween(km)Distance(km)StopTransfersNotesLocation深川0.0● Hakodate Main LineFukagawaMaruyama円山4.74.7X 上多度志6.110.8X 多度志3.214.0X 宇摩5.419.4X 幌成2.922.3X 下幌成1.824.1X 鷹泊3.227.3X 沼牛10.637.9XUryu DistrictHorokanai新成生2.039.9X 幌加内3.843.7● 上幌加内3.146.8X 雨煙別4.351.1XAll trains passed this station between December 1 and April 20.Closed 10 March 1990 政和温泉5.156.2XAll trains passed this station between December 1 and April 20.Closed 10 March 1990政和2.558.7X 新富5.564.2XClosed 1 September 1990添牛内4.468.6X大曲3.672.2XClosed 1 February 1976共栄3.375.5X朱鞠内3.378.8●Meiu Line (Uncompleted)Kohan湖畔1.980.7X宇津内4.385.0XClosure date unknown蕗ノ台4.589.5XAll trains passed this station between December 1 and April 30.Closed 10 March 1990白樺4.193.6XAll trains passed this station between December 1 and April 30.Closed 10 March 1990北母子里5.499.0X天塩弥生15.6114.6XNayoro西名寄3.2117.8X名寄4.0121.8●Nayoro Main Line (Abolished 1 May 1989) Sōya Main Line"
],
[
"History",
"Uryū Line began construction in 1922, to connect Shumarinai and Fukagawa.",
"The construction was split in 6 phases and the construction was completed by 1932.The line was renamed to Horokanai Line in 1931.Meiu Line (名雨線) began construction in 1935 to connect Nayoro to Shumarinai.",
"The line was completed in 1939, and the 2 lines were renamed to Shinmei Line, taking letters from the two terminus.===Post war===In 1960s, due to the decline of coal mines and introduction of cheaper foreign woods, the economy of the nearby municipalities began to decline.",
"This led to the slow decrease in the population.",
"Population in Horokonai decreased to 7,283 by 1970 compared to 12,016 in 1960.In areas close to Shirakaba station and Fukinodai, settlements itself disappeared, and with the ongoing Motorization and the improvements in roads, the amount of users fell to one-third of its peak.Following the huge drop in users and Operating ratio hitting 2,785, the line was listed as one of the Deficit 83 Lines movement and later Specified local lines.",
"However, due to lack of replacement roads, it was not closed by the movement, the line continued to operate untill 1995, when it was closed and switched to bus service by JR Hokkaido Bus Company."
],
[
"Rolling stock",
"6 JNR Class C11s were used in the line from 1941 to 1949.JGR Class 8620 and JNR Class 9600 were used untill the 1970s.KiHa 01 series was used from August 1955, but were slowly replaced by KiHa 05 which were used by 1966.After 1966, KiHa 21 and KiHa 22 DMU made for Hokkaido were used.From March 1986, KiHa 53, KiHa 54, KiHa 40 was used until the closure of the entire line."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Man In My Basement"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Man In My Basement''''' is an upcoming thriller film directed and written by Nadia Latif (in her feature directorial debut), and based on the novel of the same name by Walter Mosley.",
"It stars Corey Hawkins, Willem Dafoe and Anna Diop.The film is scheduled to be released on Hulu."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Corey Hawkins as Charles Blakey* Willem Dafoe as Anniston Bennet* Anna Diop as Narciss Gully"
],
[
"Production",
"In March 2022, it was announced that an adaptation of the novel by Walter Mosley titled ''The Man In My Basement'' was in development, with Nadia Latif making her directorial debut as well as writing the screenplay.",
"Jonathan Majors had been cast as Charles Blakey and that he would also serve as an executive producer.",
"In August 2022, Willem Dafoe joined the cast of the film portraying Anniston Bennet.In 2023, following Majors's arrest in March 2023 and subsequent assault allegations, he was fired from the film.",
"In January 2024, Corey Hawkins was cast to replace Majors.",
"In February, Anna Diop joined the cast of the film playing Narciss Gully.===Filming===Principal photography began on January 30, 2024, in Cardiff, Wales."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Scott Campbell (journalist)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Scott Campbell''' (born August 1995) is a Scottish journalist and communications consultant.",
"He founded the news website Net News Daily at the age of 13 before going on to launch a Scottish spin-off version, and as a teenager subsequently worked for newspapers including The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Mail and the Daily Express.He is currently the editor-in-chief of ''Middle East Traveller'', a website focusing on the Arab market in Gulf Cooperation Council countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.Campbell was also a press photographer for Getty Images and the Associated Press.He is a descendant of the pioneering British-German electrical engineer and inventor Magnus Volk."
],
[
"Career",
"Campbell began his journalism career at the age of 13, writing for BBC News about the anniversary of the Sony Walkman from a teenager's perspective.",
"The article was covered extensively around the world, including in Wired magazine, CNET and NPR, where Campbell gave an interview to host Scott Simon about his experiences.At the time of the BBC piece, Campbell was \"doing pieces here and there\" as an intern for TechCrunch after emailing the website to ask if he could write for them."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"KE-W"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''KE-W APFSDS''' (Kinetic Energy, Tungsten) round is a type of armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) ammunition designed for tank guns."
],
[
"Overview",
"The KE-W round is known for its exceptional armor-penetrating capabilities, utilizing kinetic energy to defeat armored targets.",
"It is commonly used by modern main battle tanks as their primary anti-tank ammunition.",
"The round is mainly used on the NATO 120x570mm cannons.",
"The main users are the American Abrams tank, and the German Leopard tank."
],
[
"Design and components",
"The round consists of a sub-calibre penetrator made of tungsten, enclosed in a discarding sabot.",
"The sabot provides stability during the initial stages of flight and is discarded upon exiting the barrel, allowing the penetrator to continue towards the target with high velocity."
],
[
"Performance",
"Due to its high muzzle velocity and dense tungsten penetrator, the KE-W APFSDS round can penetrate thick armor, making it effective against heavily armored vehicles.",
"The kinetic energy transfer upon impact contributes to its effectiveness in defeating armored targets."
],
[
"Usage",
"The KE-W APFSDS round is widely used by various military forces around the world.",
"It is a crucial component of a tank's ammunition loadout, providing the capability to engage and destroy enemy armored vehicles at extended ranges.",
"It is also used by the M1 Abrams Main battle tank."
],
[
"See also",
"* Armor Piercing Discarding Sabot* Tungsten Alloys in Ammunition* Main Battle Tank"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* official documentation"
],
[
"Further reading",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's single sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The women's single sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held from 16 to 19 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Wednesday, 16 December 1998 07:00 Heats Thursday, 17 December 1998 07:00 Repechage Saturday, 19 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
"=== Heats ===* '''Qualification:''' 1 → Final A ('''FA'''), 2–4 → Repechage ('''R''')==== Heat 1 ====RankAthleteTimeNotes17:50.93 FA28:02.70 R38:23.90 R48:30.75 R==== Heat 2 ====RankAthleteTimeNotes18:04.94 FA28:30.16 R39:03.26 R=== Repechage ===* '''Qualification:''' 1–4 → Final A ('''FA''')RankAthleteTimeNotes18:31.11 FA28:31.27 FA38:33.71 FA48:37.59 FA58:41.55 === Final ===RankAthleteTime7:48.588:01.148:06.4248:30.9558:47.9668:52.29"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ted Allen (wrestler)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ted Allen Lipscomb''' (November 17, 1955 – August 19, 2010) was an American professional wrestler known as \"Nightmare\" Ted Allen who worked in the Southern Territories."
],
[
"Professional wrestling career",
"Allen began wrestling in 1975 for Georgia Championship Wrestling.",
"He also worked for Continental Championship Wrestling, NWA Mid-America and Continental Wrestling Association.In 1985, he teamed with Eddie Gilbert to win the Mid-South Tag Team Titles.From 1993 to 1995 Allen worked for Smoky Mountain Wrestling.His last match was on August 5, 2010, when he lost to his student, Kyle Matthews by disqualification."
],
[
"Death",
"Allen died from a heart attack at his home in Cartesville, Georgia at 54.From 2011 to 2012 memorial events A Nightmare To Remember were held by the LN Promotions in Villa Rica, Georgia.",
"The proceeds from the event were donated to Allen's mother, Karen Allen, and the Gulf Coast Wrestlers Reunion's \"Ted Allen Sunshine Fund\".",
"The inaugural show raised over $56,000.Additional concessions sales went towards Bay Springs Middle School in Villa Rica, Georgia.The event was covered by WXIA in Atlanta.",
"Terry Lawler, credited as \"the driving force behind the event\", was voted by his peers to receive the Ted Allen Mentorship Award (2011) from the GeorgiaWrestlingHistory.com website.",
"In a live report of the final \"Nightmare To Remember\", Larry Goodman of GWH.com praised the event calling it \"a sweet show, befitting the man it honored\" with the event \"filled with laughter and warm feelings, both in the arena and in the locker room\"."
],
[
"Legacy",
"On October 1, 2016, Allen was inducted into the Alabama Professional Wrestling Hall Of Fame.Allen trained many wreslters; Big Bossman, Scotty Riggs, Kyle Matthews and others."
],
[
"Championships and accomplishments",
"*'''Deep South Wrestling'''**DSW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Nightmare #1 (3) *'''NWA Tri-State / Mid-South Wrestling Association / Universal Wrestling Federation'''**Mid-South Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Eddie Gilbert*'''Great Championship Wrestling'''**GCW United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times) **GCW Tag Team Championship – with Sonny Siaki"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"****"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's lightweight single sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The women's lightweight single sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held on 18 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Friday, 18 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
";Legend*'''DNS''' — Did not startRankAthleteTime7:47.347:59.058:06.9348:30.5958:45.51—DNS"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023–24 Liberty Lady Flames basketball team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023–24 Liberty Lady Flames basketball team''' represents Liberty University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.",
"The Lady Flames, led by 25th-year head coach Carey Green, play their home games at Liberty Arena in Lynchburg, Virginia as first-year members of Conference USA."
],
[
"Previous season",
"The Lady Flames finished the 2022–23 season 24–9, 16–2 in ASUN play to finish in second place.",
"As the #2 seed in the ASUN tournament, they defeated #7 seed Kennesaw State in the quarterfinals, and #3 seed Lipscomb in the semifinals, before falling to top-seeded Florida Gulf Coast in the championship game.",
"They received an automatic bid into the WNIT, where they would fall to Bowling Green in the first round.",
"This was their last season as members of the ASUN Conference, as they became members of Conference USA, effective July 1, 2023."
],
[
"Roster"
],
[
"Schedule and results",
" Non-conference regular season C-USA regular seasonC-USA tournamentSources:"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Meyenia"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Meyenia hawtayneana''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae.",
"It is a liana native to India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Vietnam.",
"It is the sole species in genus '''''Meyenia'''''."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Chiripá people"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Chiripá''' are an Guaraní indigenous people who live mainly in Paraguay in the area bounded by the Paraná River and the Acaray and Jejuí Rivers, while in Brazil they coexist with other Guarani groups in villages in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul (where they are simply called Guarani), Paraná and São Paulo.",
"The term ñandéva is used in Paraguay to refer to the tapietes.",
"In Argentina they are found in small groups living among the Mbyas in the province of Misiones.",
"They are highly acculturated but maintain their dialects and religious traditions."
],
[
"Demographics",
"In Paraguay, around 2002, there were about 6918 people of this ethnic group (1900 speakers of the language).",
"According to the results of the III National Population and Housing Census for Indigenous Peoples of 2012, there were 17,697 Avá Guaranis, 9,448 in whom live in the Canindeyú Department, 5,061 in the Alto Paraná Department, 1,524 in the San Pedro Department, 946 in the Caaguazú Department, 379 in Asunción and the Central Department, and 142 in the Concepción Department.In Argentina, The Avá Guaraní live in small groups among the Mbyá in Misiones Province.",
"In the village of Fortín Mbororé, near Puerto Iguazú, there is an important group that lives with a Mbyá majority.",
"They are highly adapted but retain their dialects and religious traditions.",
"The 2010 Argentina census revealed the existence of 422 people who identified themselves as Avá Guaraní in the province of Misiones and 104 in the province of Corrientes, but it is impossible to distinguish how many of them may belong to the Chiriguano group.There are still about 4,900 Avá Chiripá (also Avakatueté or Avá katú eté), Tsiripá or Apytaré (also Ñandéva) in Brazil.",
"The Ñandéva language is spoken in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, on the Iguatemi River and its tributaries, equally near the confluence of the Paraná and Iguatemi Rivers."
],
[
"Footnotes"
],
[
"Notes"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Topeka Daily Herald"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Topeka Daily Herald''''' was a daily newspaper published in Topeka, Kansas from 1901 through 1907.Its first publication date was on July 1, 1901.It was founded by Dell Keizer who served as the paper's publisher and manager.",
"His father in-law, longtime Kansas newspaperman J. K. Hudson, was the paper's editor.",
"The paper declared bankruptcy in July 1907 and was placed into the receivership of former Topeka city attorney Charles F. Spencer.",
"The paper ceased publication at this time.",
"The newspaper's publications are held in the Library of Congress.",
"·"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Pierre Chassigneux"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Pierre Claude Georges Chassigneux''' (25 December 1941 – 22 January 2024) was a French businessman and government official."
],
[
"Biography",
"Born in Neuilly-sur-Marne on 25 December 1941, Chassigneux's parents were doctors.",
"He attended secondary school at the and the Lycée Louis-le-Grand before graduating from the Faculty of Law of Paris, Sciences Po, and the École nationale d'administration.",
"After university, he joined the Ministry of the Interior in 1969 and became chief of staff to Bernard Couzier.Chassigneux was appointed secretary-general of Orne in 1976 and then Manche the following year.",
"He became deputy chief of staff to Prefect of Police in 1980.He served as from 1982 to 1983, directed the Direction centrale des renseignements généraux from 1983 to 1986, served as from 1986 to 1988, and was from 1988 to 1992.From 1992 to 1995, he was Director of the under François Mitterrand.After Mitterrand left the Élysée Palace in 1995, Chassigneux served as president of the ''Association technique de l'importation charbonnière'' until 2001.There, he supervised the privatization of the ''''.",
"He joined the board of directors of Aéroports de Paris the day after the September 11 attacks with the objective of strengthening airport security.",
"In 2003, he became president of the Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France (SANEF), succeeding Pierre Chantereau.",
"He was also vice-president of the ''Association des sociétés françaises d'autoroutes et d'ouvrages à péages'' and treasurer of the .",
"In 2007, he became president of Taxis bleus, owned by his old acquaintance André Rousselet.",
"In December 2011, he ended his mandate as president of SANEF.",
"As president of Taxis bleus, he fought against the rise of the vehicle for hire industry during the 2010s.Pierre Chassigneux died on 22 January 2024, at the age of 82."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"David Dows"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''David Dows III''' (August 12, 1885 – August 13, 1966) was an American politician from New York who served in South Carolina Republican politics.",
"He served as Chair of the South Carolina Republican Party from 1956 to 1958."
],
[
"Early life",
"Dows was born on August 12, 1885, in Irvington, New York, the son of David Dows II and Jane Strahan.",
"He attended Yale University where he graduated in 1908.He served in World War I with the rank of Captain on the Western Front."
],
[
"Political career",
"Dows began his political career in local New York, where he served as Sheriff of Nassau County and a member of the New York Racing Commission.",
"In South Carolina, he was a Republican Candidate for Congress in 1952.He served as a delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention, and responsible for patronage during the Eisenhower administration.",
"He was elected chair of the South Carolina Republican Party on March 28, 1956 and served until he resigned on March 26, 1958."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Throughout his life, he was an avid sports enthusiast.",
"He died on August 13, 1966, in Hot Springs, Virginia, a day after his 81st birthday due to a heart attack.",
"He was survived by his wife, Emily Weller Schweizer, daughter, and three stepchildren.",
"His son was killed in a plane accident on November 25, 1964.He is interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in New York."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Louis Colombani"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Louis Colombani''' (5 May 1931 – 29 January 2024) was a French commercial trader and politician of the Republican Party (PR) and the Union for French Democracy (UDF)."
],
[
"Biography",
"Born in Toulon on 5 May 1931, Colombani was first elected to the National Assembly in 1988.Re-elected in 1993, he was eventually defeated in the first round in 1997, ultimately succeeded by .Louis Colombani died on the Spanish island of Menorca on 29 January 2024, at the age of 92."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Matthew Kessel"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Matthew James Kessel''' (born June 23, 2000) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL)."
],
[
"Playing career",
"Kessel first played junior hockey for the Fargo Force of the United States Hockey League (USHL) in 2017–18, moving to the Chicago Steel later that season.",
"In 2018, he moved to the Sioux Falls Stampede.After juniors, he played for the UMass Minutemen, beginning in the 2019–20 season.",
"He finished his college career in the 2021–22 season, becoming an alternate captain that season.He was selected by the St. Louis Blues in the fifth round, 150th overall, in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft.",
"After completing his junior season with the Minutemen, Kessel concluded his collegiate career in signing a two-year, entry-level contract with the Blues on March 28, 2022.He was assigned to complete the 2021–22 season with the team's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Springfield Thunderbirds.During the tail end of the season, Kessel was recalled and made his NHL debut with the Blues on April 2, 2023 against the Boston Bruins.",
"He played just one more game, two days later, before being sent down to the AHL.For the season, Kessel was again assigned to begin the year with the Thunderbirds.",
"On December 30, 2023, he was recalled to the Blues.",
"On February 13, 2024, he recorded his first NHL point, an assist on a goal by Alexey Toropchenko."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"Regular seasonPlayoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 2017–18 Fargo Force USHL 32 0 3 3 18 — — — — — 2017–18 Chicago Steel USHL 20 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 2 2018–19 Sioux Falls Stampede USHL 62 2 17 19 38 12 1 3 4 14 2019–20 UMass-Amherst HE 34 7 4 11 48 — — — — — 2020–21 UMass-Amherst HE 29 10 13 23 16 — — — — — 2021–22 UMass-Amherst HE 37 6 11 17 22 — — — — — 2021–22 Springfield Thunderbirds AHL 15 0 3 3 8 18 1 1 2 6 2022–23 Springfield Thunderbirds AHL 71 5 28 33 66 2 0 0 0 0 2022–23 St. Louis Blues NHL 2 0 0 0 0 — — — — —NHL totals 2 0 0 0 0 — — — — —"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Javon Foster"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Javon Foster''' is an American football offensive tackle.",
"He played college football for the Missouri Tigers."
],
[
"High school career",
"Foster attended West Bloomfield High School in West Bloomfield, Michigan.",
"He committed to the University of Missouri to play college football."
],
[
"College career",
"Foster played at Missouri from 2018 to 2023.He redshirted his first year in 2018 and played in two games in 2019 and nine games with two starts in 2020.In 2021, he became the starting left tackle and started 39 games from then until his senior year in 2023.He was named a first team All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) as a senior in 2023."
],
[
"Professional career",
"Foster participated in the 2024 Senior Bowl."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Missouri Tigers bio"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's lightweight double sculls"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The women's lightweight double sculls competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held from 16 to 19 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Wednesday, 16 December 1998 07:00 Heats Thursday, 17 December 1998 07:00 Repechage Saturday, 19 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
"=== Heats ===* '''Qualification:''' 1 → Final A ('''FA'''), 2–4 → Repechage ('''R''')==== Heat 1 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Fan RuihuaOu Shaoyan7:07.14 FA2Ri Son-yongMun Won-ok7:35.06 R3Myla BabiloniaConcepcion Fornea7:41.38 R4Chen Tzu-iChuang Yen-chun7:46.94 R==== Heat 2 ====RankTeamTimeNotes1Akiko IwamotoYoshie Sugiyama7:25.62 FA2Chan Hok YanLai Wing Sze7:56.08 R3Tanatcha TansiadeeNamthip Wanyen8:08.76 R=== Repechage ===* '''Qualification:''' 1–4 → Final A ('''FA''')RankTeamTimeNotes1Ri Son-yongMun Won-ok7:35.47 FA2Chen Tzu-iChuang Yen-chun7:48.35 FA3Myla BabiloniaConcepcion Fornea7:50.39 FA4Chan Hok YanLai Wing Sze7:51.04 FA5Tanatcha TansiadeeNamthip Wanyen8:10.09 === Final ===RankTeamTimeFan RuihuaOu Shaoyan7:26.08Akiko IwamotoYoshie Sugiyama7:34.99Ri Son-yongMun Won-ok7:43.604Chan Hok YanLai Wing Sze8:01.685Myla BabiloniaConcepcion Fornea8:04.826Chen Tzu-iChuang Yen-chun8:14.42"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lemberg Medal"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Lemberg Medal''', named after Max Rudolf Lemberg, the first president of the Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB), is awarded annually to a scientist who has been a member for five or more years and who has \"demonstrated excellence in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and who has made significant contributions to the scientific community\".",
"The winner presents the '''Lemberg Lecture''' at the following ASBMB annual conference."
],
[
"Recipients",
"Source: Lemberg Medallists, Australian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyYearRecipient1968Frank William Ernest Gibson1969Norman Boardman1970Alexander George Ogston1971Gordon Leslie Ada1972No award1973Anthony William Linnane1974Marshall Davidson Hatch1975William Herdman Elliott1976George Ernest Rogers 1977Lawrence Walter Nichol1978William James Peacock1979Burt Zerner1980D.",
"B. Keech1981Robert Gerard Wake1982No award1983Joan Mary Anderson1984J.",
"F. Williams1985Robert Henry Symons1986Jerry McKee Adams1987J.",
"F. Morrison1988Peter Malcolm Colman1989Julian R. E. Wells1990Thomas John Martin1991Alfred James Pittard1992W.",
"Gerlach1993Graeme Barry Cox1994F.",
"J. Ballard1995Suzanne Cory1996Bruce Ernest Kemp1997Robert Charles Baxter1998Elizabeth Salisbury Dennis1999Philip William Kuchel2000John C. Wallace2001Phillip Nagley2002Philip G. Board2003John Hopwood2004Nicholas Hoogenraad2005Ian Young2006Alan Frederick Cowman2007Colin Wesley Ward2008David Laurence Vaux2009Peter Koopman2010Richard Paul Harvey2011Michael Parker2012Douglas James Hilton2013Sharad Kumar2014Marilyn Anderson2015Christina Anne Mitchell2016Jane Visvader2017John Mattick2018Jamie Rossjohn2019Maria Kavallaris2020Trevor Lithgow2021Merlin Crossley2022Leann Tilley2023Michael T. Ryan"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Central Michigan Chippewas football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Central Michigan Chippewas football team''' will represent Central Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.",
"The Chippewas are led by Jim McElwain in his sixth year as the head coach.",
"The Chippewas will play home games at Kelly/Shorts Stadium, located in Mount Pleasant, Michigan."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Gaborone Central"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Gaborone Central''' is a constituency in Gaborone City represented in the National Assembly of Botswana since 2019 by Tumisang Healy, a BDP MP."
],
[
"Constituency profile",
"The constituency was originally created in 1994, as part of an increase in the number of Gaborone constituencies from two to four.",
"Since that is in general a stronghold for the opposition parties, first the BNF and later the BCP, becoming the seat of its leader, Dumelang Saleshando, from 2004 to 2014.Since its creation the BDP has only won the constituency twice (1999 and 2019) in both with less than 50% of the votes.The urban constituency encompasses the following locations:# Station Mall # Main Mall # Botswelelo # Phologolo # Madibeng# Partial # Tshimotharo# Ginger# Maruapula# Broadhurst # Extension 39# Village # Badiri # Government Enclave"
],
[
"Members of Parliament",
"'''Key:''' Election Winner Michael Dingake Margaret Nasha Dumelang Saleshando Phenyo Butale Tumisang Healy"
],
[
"Election results",
"=== 2019 election ====== 2014 election ====== 2009 election ====== 2004 election ====== 1999 election ====== 1994 election==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rowing at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's coxless four"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The women's coxless four competition at the 1998 Asian Games was held on 19 December 1998 at Map Prachan Reservoir, Chonburi province."
],
[
"Schedule",
"All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)DateTimeEvent Saturday, 19 December 1998 07:00 Final"
],
[
"Results",
";Legend*'''DSQ''' — DisqualifiedRankTeamTimeLiu LijuanYang LimeiSun GuangxiaLiu Xiaochun7:07.75Irina DmitriyevaNatalya OrlovaVera NabiyevaVera Filimonova7:18.67Chen Li-chaoYu Chen-chunFeng Mei-huaChiu Hui-chen7:26.864Nataliya BogitovaZarifa SisinbaevaAnastasiya OrehovaSevara Ganieva7:45.695Piyaporn PanyawongWisutta MaensittirotePrakaykaew SimaneeKhuntong Fongta7:52.43—Kim Mi-raYang Choong-sukPark Sun-youngLim Sun-kyoDSQ"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Results"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Eastern Michigan Eagles football team''' will represent Eastern Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.",
"The Eagles are led by Chris Creighton in his eleventh year as the head coach.",
"The Eagles will play home games at Rynearson Stadium, located in Ypsilanti, Michigan."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Driver (Ferron album)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Driver''''' is a folk-rock album by the Canadian singer-songwriter Ferron.",
"It was originally released in 1994 on her own Cherrywood Station label, and distributed by Earthbeat!, a division of Warner Brothers.",
"Stephen Holden of ''The New York Times'' named it one of the top 10 albums of 1994: \"These expansive confessional road songs by the husky-voiced Canadian singer and songwriter communicate a lifetime's wisdom with a bone-deep honesty.\"",
"According to Ferron, the album was \"the completion of an intention to create a whole body of work.\""
],
[
"Production",
"The songs on the album were informed by the positive feelings generated by Ferron's relationship and family, which by 1994 included a baby daughter named Maya.",
"Relegated to a drawer marked \"g\" for \"garbage,\" Ferron considered the songs too personal to record until she auditioned them for guitarist Shelly Jennings.Some of the album was recorded Ferron's garage on Vashon Island, using portable equipment.",
"\"It's very peaceful,\" Ferron told ''The Province''.",
"\"But not sleepy.",
"I went through a lot of emotion putting that record out.\"",
"\"There's supposed to be a question mark at the end of the title, but everyone thought it looked stupid,\" she told ''The Vancouver Sun''.",
"\"But I think the question mark is important--because who ever really knows?",
"It may feel like driving, but we all take wrong turns, we all screw up all the time, but we all keep going.",
"\"The song \"Maya\" was inspired by a dream about Joni Mitchell.",
"\"Borderlines\" had previously appeared on Ferron's 1977 debut album.",
"\"Girl on a Road\" has become one of her signature songs.",
"According to a 2017 interview, only one line of the song is strictly autobiographical: \"My momma was a waitress, my daddy was a truck driver/ the things that kept their power from them slowed me down a while.\"",
"The song was written quickly, in Chicago, while waiting for a sound check.",
"She cried while writing it.",
"When recording the song for the album, she asked the musicians to refrain from distracting flourishes in order to maintain focus on the core message.",
"The song also inspired the title of a 2009 documentary about the musician by filmmaker Gerry Rogers."
],
[
"Critical reception",
"\"...an expansive sigh of joy from this nomadic folkie who has finally found her mate and settled into a rustic idyll in the Pacific Northwest,\" said ''The New York Times''.",
"\"The songs, the best of which recall the dreamy mood of Van Morrison's most enraptured reveries, take stock of life and love in language and music that is startlingly intimate, honest and inspiring.",
"\"''The Philadelphia Daily News'' called ''Driver'' \"an arty gem,\" singling out \"Girl on a Road,\" \"Independence Day\" and \"Maya\" as favorites.Geoffrey Himes in ''The Washington Post'' considered ''Driver'' a return to form, appreciating the \"chamber-folk\" arrangements and the work of producer Don Benedictson.",
"\"Ferron is less interested in pat platitudes than in life's most elusive riddles,\" said Himes.",
"\"She pursues them with the tenacity of her fellow Canadians, Joni Mitchell and Neil Young.",
"\"\"A richly produced, moody meditation on turning 40, accepting aloneness, and learning how to love,\" according to ''The Advocate''."
],
[
"Track listing",
"All songs written by Ferron # \"Breakpoint\"# \"Girl on a Road\"# \"Call Me\"# \"Cactus\"# \"Love Loves Me\"# \"Borderlines\"# \"Sunshine's Lament (Prologue)\"# \"Sunshine\"# \"Sunshine's Lament (Epilogue)\"# \"Independence Day# \"A Name for It\"# \"Maya\""
],
[
"Personnel",
"===Musicians===*Ferron - acoustic guitar, lead vocals*Shelly Jennings - acoustic guitar, electric guitar, synthesizer *Craig Kaleal - drums*Adrienne Torf - piano, synthesizer pads*Calvin Cairns - accordion, violin*Chris Webster - background vocals*Darryl Havers - clavinet, melodica, Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer*Don \"DB\" Benedictson - fretless bass, background vocals*John Hudson - log drums*Steve Hilliam - soprano saxophone*Larry Tuttle - chapman stick (tracks: 2, 9)*Denny Fongheiser - drums, percussion*Jim Lang - keyboards*Steve Reid - percussion*Novi Novog - viola ===Technical===* Don \"DB\" Benedictson – producer, engineer*Craig Arnatt - engineer* Sheldon Zaharko - mixing* Paul Stubblebine - mastering"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lee Jung-woo"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lee Jung-woo''' (; 16 April 1931 – 29 January 2024) was a South Korean lawyer and politician.",
"He served as Minister of Justice from 1992 to 1993.Lee became a judge in 1960.In 1981, he became a Supreme Court justice.",
"After retiring as a judge, he was appointed a justice minister, serving from 1992 to 1993.Lee died on 29 January 2024, at the age of 92."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Karangahape Rocks"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Karangahape Rocks''''', also known as the '''''Karangahape Road Fountain''''' is a public sculpture located in Pigeon Park on Karangahape Road in Auckland, New Zealand, created by New Zealand sculptor Greer Twiss as his first large-scale public commission.",
"The sculpture, formerly a working fountain, depicts three bronze spherical shapes and two seated figures.",
"Unveiled in 1969, the piece is one of the earliest contemporary public sculptures in Auckland."
],
[
"Commission",
"After sculptor Greer Twiss returned from England to New Zealand in 1966, the Auckland City Council commissioned Twiss to create an artwork for Pigeon Park that incorporated water.",
"The cost associated with the council commissioning the artwork drew controversy among Aucklanders at the time.",
"The piece was Twiss' first large-scale public artwork."
],
[
"Design and construction",
"Close-up of the seated figures and internal space where water flowsThe artwork features one large and two smaller bronze \"rocks\", or spherical discs.",
"Two figures are seated on the larger disc, gazing out at their surrounding environment.",
"The sculpture incorporates water elements; but compared to typical fountains, Twiss wanted to create a work where water was fully enclosed in the piece, that would not spray into the surrounding area on windy days.",
"The sculpture incorporates small grooves, which are intended as a space where water flows.",
"Twiss was inspired by the form of water-smoothed stones of a river or foreshore when creating the spherical shapes.Twiss described the construction process for the work as \"traumatic\".",
"Creating the casts for the piece took Twiss from 1966 until the middle of 1967 to complete, made harder as there were no available bronze casting facilities available in New Zealand.",
"Twiss injured himself twice during the construction process, first breaking ribs and later damaging his foot when a piece of the sculpture fell on him.",
"Twiss felt unable to visit the sculpture due to the difficult creation process, first visiting the sculpture in 1970, a year after it was unveiled.",
"When asked about the piece, Twiss described the work as \"a rocky seaside of water and rocks, with people sitting beside them\", and \"a memory of sitting by a rocky bank, a soft gurgle of flowing water.\"",
"For the sculpture's water element, Twiss wanted to \"get away from the conventional idea of a fountain as a piece of sculpture set in a pool\"."
],
[
"History",
"The sculpture was unveiled in Pigeon Park in April 1969, in a ceremony where mayor Dove-Myer Robinson switched on the fountain.",
"It was one of the first contemporary public sculptures unveiled in New Zealand, and was pivotal in establishing Twiss' career as a sculptor in New Zealand.",
"''Karangahape Rocks'' marked a turning point in Twiss' career, moving away from figurative works towards literal works.Over time, the bronze piece has weathered, creating a green patina on the surface of the sculpture.",
"The piece's water feature broke in the late 1980s.",
"Plans for the water elements of the piece to be restored began in 2005, and the sculpture was repaired in 2012.Local historian Edward Bennett notes that when the piece was broken, few people realised that ''Karangahape Rocks'' was a fountain, as its water elements were so hidden."
],
[
"Reception",
"''Karangahape Rocks'' was described by art historian Robin Woodward as \"one of the most successfully integrated sculptures in any urban environment in the country.\"",
"Both art historian Michael Dunn and local historian Edward Bennett identified influences of English sculptors Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth; Dunn likening the work to Moore's ''Seated Figure Against Curved Wall'' (1957).",
"Dunn believed that by perforating the discs, Twiss was more able to integrate ''Karangahape Rocks'' with the surrounding environment.",
"Art advocate Roy Dunningham and writer Andrew Paul Wood both interpret the figures as people waiting for a bus, with Wood likening the scene to the play ''Waiting for Godot''.Artist Lisa Reihana cited ''Karangahape Rocks'' as one of her favourite Auckland sculptures."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Western Michigan Broncos football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Western Michigan Broncos football team''' will represent Western Michigan University in the Mid-American Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.",
"The Broncos are led by Lance Taylor in his second year as the head coach.",
"The Broncos will play home games at Waldo Stadium, located in Kalamazoo, Michigan."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Masters Hockey World Cup"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Masters Hockey World Cup''' is an upcoming field hockey event for World Masters Hockey.",
"The event comprises a series of tournaments in both male and female competitions."
],
[
"Age Groups",
"Across both the men's and women's tournaments, a total five age groups are played:===2024 World Cup Cape Town===12-21 October; Hartleyvale Stadium, Cape Town'''Men'''*Over 35's*Over 40's*Over 65's *Over 70's*Over 75's*Over 80's'''Women'''*Over 35's*Over 40's===2024 World Cup Auckland===7 November - 16 November, NZ National Hockey Centre, Auckland'''Men'''*Over 45's*Over 50's*Over 55's*Over 60's'''Women'''*Over 45's*Over 50's*Over 55's*Over 60's*Over 65's*Over 70's"
],
[
"Venues",
"Following is a list of all venues and host cities.Cape TownAucklandHartleyvale StadiumNZ National Hockey CentreCapacity: 3,000Capacity: 200px125px"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* 2024 World Cup Cape Town* 2024 World Cup Auckland"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Jha'Quan Jackson"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Jha'Quan Jackson''' (born May 15, 2000) is an American football wide receiver.",
"He played college football for the Tulane Green Wave."
],
[
"High school career",
"Jackson attended Hahnville High School in Boutte, Louisiana.",
"He played wide receiver and quarterback in high school.",
"He committed to Tulane University to play college football."
],
[
"College career",
"Jackson played at Tulane from 2019 to 2023.After recording two receptions his first year at Tulane in 2019, he led the team with 31 receptions for 425 yards and eight touchdowns in 2020.He had 17 receptions for 294 yards and one touchdown in 2021 and 33 receptions for 554 yards and three touchdowns in 2022.As a senior in 2023, Jackson had 26 receptions for 439 yards and four touchdowns over 10 games."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Tulane Green Wave bio"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Cho Gyeong-sik"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Cho Gyeong-sik''' (; 2 October 1936 – 29 January 2024) was a South Korean economist, academic and politician.",
"He served as Minister of Environment from January to September 1990 and was Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries from 1990 to 1992.Cho died on 29 January 2024, at the age of 87."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Brad Tapp"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Bradley Tapp''' (born 16 January 2001) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Central Coast Mariners."
],
[
"Career",
"Tapp began his footballing journey by playing his junior football at Baulkham Hills Kookaburras, before he was signed to the academy of National Premier Leagues NSW club Blacktown City.",
"Tapp was part of Blacktown City's U18s team who were crowned champions of the NPL NSW U18s competition in 2019.===Central Coast Mariners===Following his success with Blacktown City in the U18s, Tapp was scouted and signed by the Central Coast Mariners to join their academy set up.",
"Tapp was named captain of the Mariners NPL first grade side for the 2022 season, competing in the newly renamed NSW League One competition, the second tier in the National Premier Leagues NSW system.",
"Under Tapp's captaincy, the team won the Premiership for finishing top of the table and achieved promotion to the top flight for the 2023 season.",
"Tapp also made his first team debut for the Central Coast Mariners in the 2022 Australia Cup, coming off the bench in a defeat on penalties to Sydney FC at Leichhardt Oval.Tapp suffered an anterior cruciate ligament injury in the 2022 NSW League One Grand Final, ruling him out of the entire 2023 season in which he was supposed to captain the Mariners NPL side in the top flight of NSW football following their promotion.In the 2023-24 A-League season, Tapp made his breakthrough into a full time member of the Mariners first team squad.",
"Tapp made his return from his ACL injury in a 9–1 defeat of Filipino side, Stallion Laguna, in the 2023-24 AFC Cup, while making his A-League debut a few weeks later against Macarthur FC.",
"On 29 December 2023, Tapp was upgraded to a full A-League contract, his first professional contract, after impressing for the club across the first half of the season."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Jeff Gabrielson"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Jeffrey Louis Gabrielson''' (born August 11, 1958) is an American former gridiron football linebacker who played five seasons professionally.",
"After playing college football at Ripon College, he was a member of the Montreal Alouettes (1981), Ottawa Rough Riders (1982) and Toronto Argonauts (1982) of the Canadian Football League (CFL), then playing for the Philadelphia Stars (1983–1984), Chicago Blitz (1984) and Orlando Renegades of the United States Football League (USFL)."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Portland Sunday Telegram"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Portland Sunday Telegram''''' was a newspaper published in Portland, Maine.",
"It was founded in 1888 by C. B. Anderson and was first published on May 1, 1888, by C. B. Anderson & Company.",
"Its first editor was George B. Bagley.",
"Bagley, who was concurrently the publisher of ''The Portland Globe'', acquired the ''Portland Sunday Telegram''' from Anderson not long after the newspaper started publishing.",
"At this point Thomas J. Flaherty became editor and manager of the paper; a position he maintained until his death in 1927.In 1928 the ''Portland Sunday Telegram'' merged with the ''Portland Press Herald'' to form the ''Portland Sunday Telegram and Sunday Press Herald''."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"G1117 Suihua–Bei'an Expressway"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''G1117 Suihua–Bei'an Expressway''' (), also referred to as the '''S15 Suibei Expressway''' (), is an expressway in Heilongjiang, China that connects Suihua to Bei'an via Wangkui County and Hailun.",
"The expressway was opened to traffic on 30 September 2011, and was later designated as a national expressway on 4 July 2022."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Petre Alexandrescu"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The Union of PrincipalitiesPortrait of Mrs. Hagiad'''Petre Alexandrescu''' (1828, Bucharest18 July 1899, Brăila) was a Romanian painter and lithographer."
],
[
"Biography",
"Although Bucharest is generally cited as his birthplace, he may have been born in Craiova.",
"Having displayed an early aptitude for art, he was already working as a drawing teacher at the age of seventeen.",
"His talents were noted by the nobleman, Barbu Știrbei, who provided the means for him to study abroad, on the condition that he would become a teacher in the public schools.He Initially expressed a preference for Vienna, and went there in 1851 to discuss the options that were available.",
"After concluding that his knowledge of German was insufficient, he was advised to choose Paris or somewhere in Italy, and chose Rome.",
"He was there from 1851 to 1856, and may have studied at the Accademia di San Luca.",
"After that, he moved to Paris, where he was a student of Léon Cogniet.",
"He made lithographs of some of the paintings he produced there, as well as works by Gheorghe Tattarescu.",
"In 1859, he returned to Craiova to join his family.In 1860, he went to Bucharest to become a drawing teacher at the Gheorghe Lazăr Gymnasium.",
"The following year, he served on a commission to create regulations for the establishment of schools and museums.",
"His best-known student was Ion Andreescu.During his time there, he painted portraits, allegories and decorations for several churches.",
"His work at the Antim Monastery attracted the attention of , the Bishop of Buzău, who commissioned him to paint portraits of himself and numerous other bishops.",
"In 1867, he moved from Bucharest to Brăila, gave up painting, and went into business.",
"Several art historians have speculated on the reason for this, but nothing is known for certain."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* Theodor Cornel (Ed.",
"): ''Figuri contemporane din România'', biographical dictionary.",
"Familia Lens, 1911"
],
[
"External links",
"* Brief biography @ Vatra"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023–24 Jacksonville State Gamecocks women's basketball team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023–24 Jacksonville State Gamecocks women's basketball team''' represents Jacksonville State University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.",
"The Gamecocks, led by eleventh-year head coach Rick Pietri, play their home games at the Pete Mathews Coliseum in Jacksonville, Alabama as first-year members of Conference USA."
],
[
"Previous season",
"The Gamecocks finished the 2022–23 season 16–14, 9–9 in ASUN play to finish in eighth place.",
"As the #8 seed in the ASUN tournament, they were defeated by #7 seed Kennesaw State in the first round.",
"This was their last season as members of the ASUN Conference, as they became members of Conference USA, effective July 1, 2023."
],
[
"Roster"
],
[
"Schedule and results",
" Exhibition Non-conference regular season C-USA regular seasonC-USA tournamentSources:"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Si Mustapha-Müller"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Si Mustapha-Müller''' (born \"Winfried Müller\"; 19 November 1926 – 9 October 1993) was a German-Algerian revolutionary who supported the National Liberation Front in the Algerian War.",
"At various points in his life, he also worked as a journalist, interpreter, nature conservationist, and filmmaker."
],
[
"Life",
"Mustapha-Müller was born as Winfried Müller on November 19, 1926, in Wiesbaden.",
"He attended school in Oberstdorf and worked as a laborer after graduation.",
"In 1941 he moved to the village of Götzens.",
"In May 1943 Mustapha-Müller was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo in Innsbruck.",
"The Gestapo transferred him to the Reich Labor Service; he was later transferred to the Kreigsmarine.",
"By January 1944, Mustapha-Müller was a naval artilleryman on the Baltic Sea, but was soon hospitalized in Kiel.",
"He was then transferred to a penal battalion near Toruń in Poland.",
"While serving with the penal battalion, Mustapha-Müller was arrested for desertion.",
"During his transfer to a court-martial, he was able to escape near Danzig and made his way to a Red Army bridgehead.",
"After lengthy interrogations, he met Willi Bredel, and served as a representative of the National Committee for Free Germany.",
"Mustapha-Müller then worked as a frontline helper for the committee and returned to Germany with the advancing Red Army.After the conclusion of the Second World War, Mustapha-Müller was sent to a Red Army training school.",
"He then worked in Ukraine and Belarus looking after and repatriating Austrian prisoners of war.",
"Afterwards Mustapha-Müller moved to Vienna, working briefly in the editorial department of an Austrian-Soviet magazine.",
"He then returned to Tyrol, the region where he had lived between 1941 and 1943.He was not well received by locals due to efforts to expose former Nazis living in the region.",
"Mustapha-Müller then moved to Kleinmachnow in 1947 in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany.",
"In January 1948, he joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), and completed a course in social sciences at the Parteihochschule Karl Marx.",
"After this, Mustapha-Müller worked for the SED in Wiesbaden, but ran afoul of party officials, being accused of being a Titoist.",
"On January 9, 1951, he was expelled from the SED.In March 1951, Mustapha-Müller joined the Independent Workers' Party of Germany in Worms.",
"In Worms, he met Sonja Klare.",
"They married on January 12, 1952, and had a son.",
"In 1953, Mustapha-Müller left the German Democratic Republic for Yugoslavia to avoid prosecution for forgery.In 1954, Mustapha-Müller traveled to Paris, where he became a sympathizer of the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN).",
"He then began to assist the FLN with their underground activities in Metropolitan France.",
"His involvement with the FLN was discovered by French authorities and he was ordered to leave the country before the end of 1956.In order to continue his work with the FLN, he left for Morocco in the fall of 1956.After his arrival in Morocco, Mustapha-Müller initially had difficulty finding a place in the FLN.",
"While working as an interpreter during the interrogation of deserted Foreign Legionnaires, he devised the idea of using psychological warfare against soldiers of the French Foreign Legion.",
"The inspiration for this plan was Mustapha-Müller's work with the National Committee for a Free Germany during the Second World War, in which they used psychological warfare against Wehrmacht soldiers.",
"In October 1956, the FLN decided to create an official repatriation service known as the ''Service de Rapatriement des Legionnaires Étrangères''.",
"The organization would convince Foreign Legionnaires to desert, then repatriate then to their home countries.",
"Mustapha-Müller became its director; and was joined by another German, Mourad Kusserow, in 1959.The organization's headquarters were located in a villa in Tétouan, Morocco.",
"The repatriation project was a great success, assisting in the desertion of 4,111 legionnaires over its six years of operation.",
"These included over 2,700 soldiers from Germany, over 400 from both Spain and Italy and over 100 from Hungary.",
"The organization relied on a strong network of FLN sympathizers, particularly in German-speaking countries.",
"While working for the repatriation service, Mustapha-Müller survived many attacks on him by the French secret service.",
"These included an assassination attempt in Meknes in 1957, a letter bomb attack in March 1960; and being fired at with a submachine gun in Frankfurt.After the conclusion of the Algerian War, and the independence of Algeria in 1962, Mustapha-Müller was employed by the Algerian government.",
"He found work for Algerian Ministry of Youth, Sports and Tourism, headed by his acquittance Abdelaziz Bouteflika, promoting tourism to Algeria from Germany.",
"In August 1963, Mustapha-Müller fell ill and travelled to Madrid for treatment.",
"In July 1964 he was granted Algerian citizenship and received a job at the Ministry of Information.",
"He worked there for ten years and was responsible for the overseeing German-language press in the country.After concluding his work for the Ministry of Information, Mustapha-Müller moved to Tikjda, a ski resort town.",
"He helped found the Algerian Ski Association and was involved in a serious skiing accident around this time.In 1978 he oversaw the founding of Djurdjura National Park in Kabylia.",
"After his time in Djudjura National Park, Mustapha-Müller was inspector general of all Algerian national parks from 1983 to 1986.His last official position was as director of another national park, Tassilin National Park, from 1986 to 1988.He then produced a few nature documentary films together with the National Forestry Institute.",
"At the beginning of the 1990s, after an examination by a Viennese heart specialist, he returned to Algeria and continued filming a documentary about the Hoggar Mountains.",
"He died of a heart attack on October 9, 1993, in Tamanrasset.",
"Mustapha-Müller was buried in Tassilin National Park."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"List of LGBT holders of political offices in New Zealand"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Georgina Beyer was the first openly transgender mayor and Member of Parliament in the worldThis is a list of LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex) holders of political offices in New Zealand.Charles Mackay, who served as Mayor of Whanganui for a non-consecutive period from 1906 to 1920, is the first known gay mayor.",
"Mackay resigned from his position in 1920 after the attempted murder of poet D'Arcy Cresswell, who allegedly blackmailed him and threatened to publicly expose his homosexuality.",
"Most mentions of Mackay were removed from Whanganui due to the controversy, including having streets renamed, his official portrait removed, and his name sanded off the foundation stone of the Sarjeant Gallery.",
"The first openly lesbian councillor in New Zealand was Margaret Magill, who served on the Eastbourne Borough Council from 1931 for around 30 years, including as deputy mayor of Eastbourne.The first known LGBTQIA+ member of the New Zealand Parliament was Marilyn Waring, who served in parliament from 1975 to 1984.Waring was outed by the press in 1975, but openly acknowledged her sexual orientation only after leaving parliament.",
"The first openly LGBTQIA+ politician was Chris Carter, who was elected to the Te Atatū electorate in 1993, serving until 2010.Carter and Tim Barnett established Rainbow Labour, the LGBT branch within the New Zealand Labour Party, in 1997.Georgina Beyer became the world's first openly transgender mayor in 1995, when she became the Mayor of Carterton.",
"Beyer later represented Wairarapa in the New Zealand Parliament from 1999 to 2005, becoming the world's first openly transgender Member of Parliament.After the 2020 New Zealand general election, the New Zealand parliament had thirteen openly LGBTQIA+ MPs, making it the country with the highest proportion of LGBTQIA+ politicians serving in government in the world.",
"Currently, there are six LGBTQIA+ MPs in the New Zealand parliament.Grant Robertson is the longest serving LGBTQIA+ member of parliament, having been elected in 2008.Robertson served as the first LGBTQIA+ Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand from 2020 to 2023, and was the first openly gay deputy prime minister in New Zealand."
],
[
"Members of Parliament",
" Name Image Party SeatTerm in Office NotesMarilyn Waring75px National Party Raglan 1975 1978 Outed by a tabloid newspaper in 1976, Waring openly acknowledged her sexual orientation after leaving parliament.",
"Waipa 1978 1984Chris Carter75px Labour Party Te Atatū 1993 2010 First openly gay member of Parliament, and cofounder of Rainbow Labour.",
"Independent 2010 2011Tim Barnett75px Labour Party Christchurch Central 1996 2008 Cofounder of Rainbow Labour.Georgina Beyer75px Labour Party Wairarapa 1999 2005 First openly transgender Member of Parliament in the world, and first takatāpui Member of Parliament.Chris Finlayson75px National Party List 2005 2019 First openly gay member of a right-wing party.Maryan Street75px Labour Party List 2005 2014 First openly lesbian Member of Parliament.Charles Chauvel75px Labour Party List 2006 2013 Grant Robertson75px Labour Party Wellington Central 2008 2023 First openly gay deputy prime minister in New Zealand.",
"List 2023 PresentLouisa Wall75px Labour Party List 2008 2008 Wall introduced the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, which made same-sex marriage legal in New Zealand.",
"List 2011 2011 Manurewa 2011 2020 List 2020 2022 Kevin Hague 75px Green Party List 2011 2016 Jan Logie 75px Green Party List 2011 2023 Paul Foster-Bell 75px National Party List 2013 2017 Claudette Hauiti National Party List 2013 2014 Meka Whaitiri75px Labour Party Ikaroa-Rāwhiti 2013 2023 First LGBT Māori electorate MP Independent 2023 2023Tāmati Coffey75px Labour Party Waiariki 2017 2020 List 2020 2023Kiri Allan75px Labour Party List 2017 2020 East Coast 2020 2023Chlöe Swarbrick75px Green Party List 2017 2020 Auckland Central 2029 PresentGlen Bennett75px Labour Party New Plymouth 2020 2023 Shanan Halbert75px Labour Party Northcote 2020 2023 List 2024 PresentTangi Utikere75px Labour Party Palmerston North 2020 PresentAyesha Verrall75px Labour Party List 2020 PresentElizabeth Kerekere75px Green Party List 2020 2023 Independent 2023 2023Ricardo Menéndez March75px Green Party List 2020 Present Todd Stephenson ACT List 2023 Present ==Mayors== *Georgina Beyer – Mayor of Carterton (1995–1999)*Charles Mackay – Mayor of Wanganui (1906–1912, 1912–1913, 1915–1920)*Jenny Rowan – Mayor of Kāpiti Coast (2007–2013)"
],
[
"Councillors",
"*Steve Broad – Invercargill City Council (2023–present)*Richard Hills – Auckland Council (2016–present)*Margaret Magill – Eastbourne Borough Council (1931–1950s)"
],
[
"See also",
"* Stephen Berry – right-wing perennial candidate, running from 2002 to 2020.",
"* Damian Light – while not entering parliament, Light became the first openly gay leader of a political party in New Zealand in 2017.",
"* Heather Simpson – chief of staff for Prime Minister Helen Clark, who stood for election in 1987 and 1993.",
"* List of the first LGBT holders of political offices"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Crisis of the Piast dynasty"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Crisis of the Piast dynasty''' was a period of constant wars, invasions and rebellions, lasting from the death of Bolesław the Brave in 1025 until the reunification of the Polish lands by Casimir the Restorer.",
"During the crisis, Poland suffered very severe material and demographic losses, the Polish capital Gniezno was completely destroyed, Lusatia and Milsko were taken over by the Germans and Bełz by Kievan Rus.",
"This period ended in 1058 after Casimir the Restorer unified the country, but the Polish state was greatly weakened."
],
[
"Death of Bolesław the Brave (1025)",
"After the death of Bolesław the Brave in 1025, his second son Mieszko II Lambert became the new ruler of Poland, to the displeasure of his two brothers.",
"Both, overlooked by his father, his older son Bezprym and his younger son Otto Bolesławowic laid claim to a share in power.",
"Mieszko II immediately crowned himself second king of Poland, a move that was not enthusiastically welcomed in the Holy Roman Empire, where the vision of a strong Polish kingdom independent of the Empire was disliked among the elite there.201x201pxMieszko inherited a vast state from his father, encompassing Lusatia, which was claimed by the Empire, the Cherven Cities, which Kievan Rus was trying to regain, and perhaps Moravia, which the Bohemians wanted to regain.",
"Relations with Hungary were also hostile after the wars fought during his father's reign.",
"Independent since about 1005, pagan Western Pomerania, Prussia and Polabia, remembering Bolesław's attempts to seize them, were also hostile to Christian Poland, so Mieszko had enemies himself on all borders.",
"Also in the country, the number of the king's opponents was growing.",
"In addition to the brothers mentioned earlier who were jealous of the throne, there was also a growing class of magnates, reluctant to have a strong central authority, over the pagan population imposed from above by the ecclesiastical institutions managed at the time largely by foreigners who did not speak the native language.Despite the problems, however, Mieszko tried to continue the policy of Bolesław, meddling in the internal affairs of the Holy Roman Empire, establishing cooperation with the opposition there, thus emphasizing his independence."
],
[
"Turmoil in the Holy Roman Empire",
"After the death of Henry II, Conrad II of the Salian dynasty was elected and crowned as the new German king in Mainz on September 8, 1024.Although the election was unanimous, several vassals delayed paying tribute to the new ruler.",
"Among them was the Duke of Lorraine.",
"In 1026, Conrad II traveled to Italy for the imperial coronation.",
"His absence increased the activity of the anti-Emperor opposition in Germany, centered around Ernest II, Duke of Swabia, and Frederick II of Lorraine.",
"Conrad II's opponents tried to find favor with foreign rulers, including the French King Robert II the Pious.=== Mieszko's raid on Saxony (1028) ===In January 1028, Polish troops invaded Saxony.",
"Mieszko's team struck Meissen, where his sister, Margravine Regelinda, probably ruled.",
"In addition to loot, a considerable number of captives were abducted, including the captured bishop of Brandenburg, Luizon, who probably died in Polish captivity.",
"Mieszko II obtained the help of Count Siegfried, son of the Margrave of the Eastern March Odo, in the fighting.",
"Mieszko's goal was to exploit antagonisms between German lords."
],
[
"First German invasion of Poland (1029)",
"The emperor accused the Polish ruler of an illegitimate coronation and declared him a usurper.",
"Despite the treaty that was supposed to ensure peace between Poland and Germany, Conrad II soon organized a retaliatory expedition against Mieszko.",
"The invasion must have also affected the lands of the Slavic tribe of the Veleti.",
"In October 1028, their envoy arrived at the state convention in Pöhlde, asking the emperor for protection from Mieszko II's incursions and promising support in the fight against the Polish ruler.",
"In the autumn of 1029, the army of Conrad II entered Lusatia and laid siege to Bautzen, but the German army did not receive the promised support from the Veleti and the expedition failed - the Polish garrison held the city despite heavy losses.",
"Threatened by the Hungarians, the Emperor was forced to retreat.=== German-Bohemian-Ruthenian-Hungarian coalition against Mieszko II (1030-1031) ===It is likely that after Mieszko II took power, his two brothers were still in Poland for a short time.",
"Soon both Otto and Bezprym found themselves outside the country.",
"Either they were exiled by Mieszko II when he detected that they were conspiring against him with Emperor Conrad II, or they left Poland voluntarily.",
"According to one hypothesis, Otto went to Germany probably to his sister, Regelinda, and Bezprym went to Ruthenia.",
"It was probably Bezprym who first took advantage of Mieszko II's plight and assembled a German-Ruthenian-Hungarian-Bohemian coalition against him.",
"The two went, probably in 1029, to Ruthenia, where they informed the Ruthenian prince Yaroslav the Wise of the military weakness of the Polish state and prompted him to attack and recapture the territories seized earlier during Bolesław the Brave's expedition to Ruthenia, and then brokered an alliance with the emperor.=== Mieszko's second raid on Saxony (1030) ===In 1030, Mieszko II formed an alliance with Hungary, after which he again invaded Saxony.",
"Count Siegfried, who fought on the side of the Polish king, was killed in this campaign.",
"Meanwhile, Mieszko's southern ally attacked Bavaria, temporarily occupying Vienna in Austria.",
"In response, the emperor began to organize another retaliatory expedition against the Polish king, this time organizing a broader coalition.",
"The Germans probably supported Prince Otto Bolesławowic in his claim to the Polish throne, while the Ruthenians supported Bezprym.=== Capture of Bełz by Kievan Rus' (1030) ===According to one of the oldest Old Ruthenian Chronicles, \"''Primary Chronicle'',\" in 1030 Yaroslav the Wise went on the offensive in the east, seizing the border town of Bełz with great success."
],
[
"German-Bohemian-Ruthenian invasion of Poland (1031)",
"The emperor in 1031 made peace with Hungary, at the time allied with Mieszko II.",
"It is likely that Stephen I, who ruled there, occupied Slavonia in return.",
"Conrad II no longer had to fear an attack from the south and in the autumn of 1031 launched an offensive on Lusatia and Milsko.",
"This time the German invasion was successful, and Mieszko II was forced to relinquish some lands.",
"As a result, Bolesław the Brave's conquests, over which he had waged years of war with Henry II fell away from Poland.While Mieszko II was busy defending Lusatia in the west, an armed expedition was coming from the east, led by Yaroslav the Wise and Mstislav the Brave, supported by the future Norwegian king Harald III.",
"In 1031, they captured the strongholds of the Lachs\" as far as the San and annexed the Cherven Cities to their country.=== Mieszko II's escape to Bohemia (1031) ===Threatened by invaders, Mieszko was forced to flee the country.",
"He was unable to flee to Hungary, as the way was blocked by Ruthenian troops, and King Stephen of Hungary was not in his favor.",
"Deprived of alternatives, Mieszko set out for Bohemia.",
"There he was imprisoned and castrated at the behest of Prince Oldřich, as punishment for Bolesłav the Brave's blinding of Bohemian Prince Boleslaus III the Red.206x206px=== Bezprym's rule (1031-1032) ===Mieszko's escape and imprisonment effectively marked the end of the conflict and the defeat of Poland.",
"The invaders installed Bezprym, who was favorable to them, on the Polish throne, and immediately returned the royal crown to Conrad II, which meant the marginalization of the Piast state back to the role of a duchy, and the status of the kingdom would only be restored almost half a century later by Mieszko II's grandson Bolesław the Bold.As a result of losing the war, Poland lost the territories of Lusatia, Milsko to Germany, Cherven Cities to Kievan Rus and probably Moravia to Bohemia and Slovakia to Hungary.The defeat was also the beginning of a crisis that almost led to the collapse of the barely established Piast state.",
"After Mieszko II fled and Bezprym seized power, Mieszko's wife Richeza went into exile in Germany with her sons, taking with her the Insignia of the monarch, sent back to the Emperor by Bezprym.Poland in 1032=== Assasination of Bezprym (1032) ===According to sources, Bezprym's short reign was marked by extraordinary cruelty, the authority of the government collapsed.",
"The state, as a result of his actions, was significantly weakened.",
"The influence of the Holy Roman Empire on Polish affairs increased.",
"According to the ''Hildesheim Annals'', he died murdered in the spring of 1032, probably inspired by Otto and Mieszko.After Bezprym's death, as agreed at the Merseburg congress, Poland was divided into three parts that year.",
"Mieszko II regained power as prince of one of the three districts.",
"After the death of Otto and Bezprym, he reunited the state in 1033, but failed to regain the crown or restore stable structures of monarchical power.During his reign, the so-called pagan reaction took place."
],
[
"Pagan Uprising (1032)",
"=== Religion in Poland prior to christianization ===Polytheism, worship of Svarog, the sky god, prevailed in the Polish lands before the adoption of Christianity.",
"The forces of nature identified with many deities were worshipped, as well as the spirits of ancestors.",
"Some deities occurred simultaneously among many tribes, while others, with a local scope, were given special reverence only within a single tribe or even a neighboring association.",
"Similarly, each family had its own ancestral spirits.",
"Professing polytheism, the Slavs believed that the god of a foreign tribe was just as real as the god of their tribe.",
"The practice of Slavic religion allowed for the possibility of abandoning the worship of a particular deity in favor of another if that deity were to prove stronger.Baptism of Poland was primarily political, and Mieszko I's behavior at the time testifies to his great discernment and foresight.",
"In the short term, it allowed him to solidify his alliance with Bohemia, and in the long term, it had the effect of consolidating his power by religiously legitimizing it and, at the same time, helped solidify the independent position of the Polish state in Christian Europe.Slavic PagansAfter the adoption of Christianity, clergy began to be drawn to Poland.",
"This was beneficial for the development of the country, as they were the best educated people of the time.",
"They taught the new religion, and also introduced Latin writing to Poland.",
"This gave rise to written literature in the Polish lands.",
"Monasteries and churches were centers of intellectual and artistic life.",
"The clergy also knew the secrets of farming.",
"They taught the Polans how to drain wetlands, introduced new tools and the two-field system, which led to the development of farming.",
"The adoption of Christianity contributed to the development of construction.",
"Romanesque stone churches were built, which initiated a new style in architecture previously unknown in the Polish lands.",
"Sacred painting and sculpture appeared.",
"In time, cathedral schools were also established, which educated young people.On the other hand, however, for the inhabitants of settlements far from the centers, brought up in pagan culture, the Christian faith remained foreign despite baptism.",
"In 966, apart from Mieszko, only his immediate circle was baptized.",
"After the arrival of Jordan's mission, mass baptisms of the members of Mieszko's team and the inhabitants of the suburbs were arranged.",
"However, despite the Christianization missions - including even the later ones carried out by Otto of Bamberg in 1124-1125 and 1128 - the majority of the population in practice still remained pagans.There was practically no time for individual persuasion and explanation of the principles of the new faith.",
"The old Christian catechesis - the time of learning the faith and individual maturation for baptism - was neglected, being limited to pre-baptismal sermons that showed the greatness of Christianity and the impotence of pagan gods - which was further proven by destroying their temples and statues.",
"Slavic deities were identified by Christians with devils.",
"The practice of faith included attendance at Sunday mass, observance of fasts, and reception of several sacraments.",
"Guarding their observance was the state authority, sometimes using coercion.",
"According to Thietmar, teeth were knocked out in Poland for breaking the fast.Bolesław the Forgotten, leader of the pagan uprisingWhile tribal-wide cults were eliminated easily, sacred and magical forms of family life were deeply rooted in consciousness and culture.",
"As late as the 12th century, residents of mid-forest settlements burned their dead by pagan custom on stakes, rather than burying them as Christians did.=== Pagan Uprising (1032) ===In times of crisis, or when oppression by the state, the magnates and the Church increased, riots broke out in the Polish lands.",
"We do not have detailed information on their course.",
"According to the historian Gerard Labuda, it is possible that some group of pagan priests led by Bolesław the Forgotten, operating underground, took advantage of the discontent of the population and pointed out as the enemy - the God of the Christians.",
"Yearbooks of the time often write in one sentence that the people rose up against the mighty and Christianity, without elaborating.",
"Some historians suggest that \"abandonment of the Christian faith\" played a secondary role in the uprisings, and their purpose was to fight against the exploitation of the magnates, including the clergy, and state institutions.",
"According to surviving accounts, in 1038, when the Czechs entered riot-stricken Poland, they found the temples of Krakow, Gniezno and other cities intact.",
"There was no indication that there had been a revival of paganism in Poland.",
"Perhaps chroniclers of the time called the insurgents pagans to discredit them in the eyes of the Christian public."
],
[
"Miecław's rebellion (1037)",
"Following the death of Mieszko II Lambert, King of Poland, in 1034, and the exile of his son, Casimir I the Restorer, to the Kingdom of Hungary, the Duchy of Poland fell into a period of destabilization that led to the start of a peasant uprising in 1038.Seizing the opportunity, around 1038,Miecław, the king's cup-bearer, declared the independence of his own state in Masovia from the rest of Poland, and started his own royal dynasty."
],
[
"Peasant uprising (1037-1038)",
"Poland in 1038Due to the thinness and fragmentary nature of the sources, we do not know exactly how the uprising took place.",
"It probably erupted in 1038 and was a reaction to the imposition of heavy burdens on the population, which it had to bear for the benefit of the state, the magnates and the Catholic Church.",
"After the period of confusion following the Ruthenian invasion and the weakening of monarchical power, the state was no longer able to suppress the discontent of the population, which found an outlet in an uprising directed against the magnates and Christianity.",
"Supporters of the pre-Christian religion found a wide and positive public resonance, especially since Christianity in Poland at that time was very young and superficial.Information of similar content regarding the revolt of peasants and slaves can be found in the ''Kievan Chronicle''.The unrest bypassed only Mazovia, where Mieszko II's former heir-apparent Miecław (Masław) proclaimed himself prince.Bretislav I"
],
[
"Bretislav's invasion (1038-1039)",
"Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia, observing events in Poland, realized that the state of anarchy and interregnum that prevailed there was a opportunity for him to regain Silesia and Lesser Poland, once lost to Bolesław, and at the same time weaken his neighbor.",
"In the summer of 1038, a Czech army crossed the Polish border.",
"Deprived of leadership, the Polish forces probably offered little resistance.",
"Bretislav easily occupied Silesia and moved further north.Casimir I the RestorerAlso in riot-ridden Greater Poland, cities and towns fell almost without a fight before the invading army.",
"The attackers captured Poznań, Gniezno and Giecz, among others, and, according to Kosmas, also Kraków, but the latter fact is disputed by historians.Bretislav did not intend to annex Greater Poland to Bohemia, as he did with Silesia.",
"Instead, however, he decided to ravage it to the point of destroying the power of its northern neighbor once and for all.",
"Above all, he stripped the district of its ecclesiastical treasures, which fell into his hands.",
"Bishop Severus of Prague, who was present with the king, also seized valuable relics - the bodies of St. Adalbert, Gaudentius and the corpses of the Five Brothers Martyrs, which were transported from Gniezno to Prague and ceremoniously deposited in St. Vitus Cathedral in Hradcany.",
"The booty of the Czechs in Gniezno also included a gold cross donated by Mieszko I, golden tablets set with jewels and many other valuables.",
"In addition, Bohemian soldiers demolished the religious buildings in Poznan that had been erected by Mieszko I to celebrate the baptism of Poland, and ransacked the tomb of that ruler.",
"Bretislav also ruined a castle and a stone church on the island of Lednickie Lake in Greater Poland.As Gall Anonymous wrote: \"And so long did the said towns remain abandoned, that in the church of St. Adalbert the Martyr and St. Peter the Apostle wild animals found lairs.",
"\"In addition to the destruction and plunder, Bretislav began the slaughter of the Polish population.",
"Inhabitants of Greater Poland's lands were taken as slaves and then driven to Bohemia and settled there as labourers.",
"From Giecz, whose population surrendered without a fight, Bretislav resettled numerous craftsmen to Bohemia, to a place henceforth called Hedčany.=== Consequences of Bretislav's invasion ===Return of Casimir I the Restorer to PolandBretislav's invasion was one of the greatest tragedies that befell the Polish lands during the Middle Ages, and its effects seriously threatened the continued existence of the Polish state.",
"Gdańsk Pomerania also separated.",
"The situation was complicated by Prussian and Pomeranian incursions into Greater Poland, which was gripped by anarchy.However, the complete disintegration of the Polish state and the rise of the power of Bohemia was not in the interest of the emperor, Henry III, who did not want any eastern state to become too strong.",
"At the end of 1039, Casimir returned to the country with armed German assistance.",
"In addition, he received help from Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus, who also did not want to allow permanent anarchy to prevail in Poland.",
"With this help, Casimir regained power in Greater Poland, where the population accepted him as a legitimate monarch.",
"With the help of German and Ruthenian troops, he also broke Mazovian separatism and regained Gdansk Pomerania.",
"Later, he resumed the war with Bohemia by regaining Lesser Poland and Silesia, from which, however, he had to pay tribute to Bohemia."
],
[
"Reunification of the country (1039-1050)",
"=== Battle of Pobiedziska (1041) ===Expecting the attack from Rus', Miecław formed alliances with the Duchy of Pomerelia and the Yotvingians.",
"In the spring of 1041, he began the campaign against Polish forces.",
"Miecław's forces met the army led by Casimir and Yaroslav in the Battle of Pobiedziska.",
"The battle ended with a decisive Polish victory and the destruction of Miecław's army and led to the signing of a truce between both sides.223x223px=== Battle between Miecław and Casimir I and the fall of Miecław's State (1047) ===In 1047 Casimir I, together with Yaroslav, had organized the attack on Masovia, which lead to the battle of their forces against the forces of Miecław and Pomerelia.",
"The location of the battle remains unknown, though it was known to the 11th-century historian, Gallus Anonymus, according to whom, it took place near the river, with the bluff edge.",
"The battle was probably initiated by Casimir I, who hoped to win before the arrival of the Pomerelian army.",
"The battle itself was fierce, with numerous casualties on Miecław's side.",
"The battle ended with Polish victory, following which, Miecław's state was reincorporated into Poland.Casimir had almost died in the battle but was saved by a soldier, who later had been rewarded for his actions.",
"According to Gallus Anonymus, Miecław had died in the battle.",
"However, according to Wincenty Kadłubek in his ''Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae'', he had escaped to Prussia, where he was murdered.According to Gallus Anonymus, Miecław's forces had 30 divisions of cavalry, while Casimir, 3 divisions.",
"It is probable that he did not account for the forces of Yaroslav the Wise, and that both sides, in fact, had a similar number of forces."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"In 1050, Casimir the Restorer again ventured into Silesia and eventually occupied it.",
"This prompted a complaint from Bretislav I to Emperor Henry, which led to a congress at Goslar in November of the same year, at which Casimir averted the threat of German intervention.",
"The dispute over these lands was finally settled at the Quedlinburg congress.",
"Silesia remained with Poland, and Casimir the Restorer pledged to pay an annual tribute to the Czechs of 500 mints of silver and 30 mints of gold.In 1046, he renewed the bishopric of Krakow.",
"Aron, a monk, became the new bishop.",
"In 1051, the bishopric of Wrocław was renewed with its seat in Ryczyn, which was probably placed under the authority of the Metropolitan of Magdeburg.",
"Jerome became the new bishop of Wrocław.",
"In 1051 Casimir supported Emperor Henry in an expedition against Andrew I of Hungary, during which Polish troops took part in the Battle of Rabanica.Casimir, however, failed to renew the archbishopric of Gniezno.",
"He is credited with the foundation of the Benedictine monastery in Tyniec, circa 1044, and the foundation of the Benedictine abbey monastery in Mogilno circa 1045.Instead of maintaining a permanent troop of warriors, he initiated the custom of granting land to knights in exchange for military service.",
"His efforts to rebuild the country after the crisis earned Casimir the nickname Restorer.Casimir the Restorer died on March 19, 1058 in Poznań and was buried in the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul there.",
"During his long reign, which lasted eighteen years, he led the restoration of Polish statehood and regained for the Piasts the state within such boundaries as he had received from Mieszko II Lambert."
],
[
"See also",
"* Mieszko II Lambert* Casimir I the Restorer* Otto Bolesławowic* Bezprym* German-Polish War (1028-1031)* Conrad II* Miecław's State* Yaroslav the Wise* Bretislav I* Battle of Pobiedziska* Battle of 1047 between Casimir I and Miecław"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Tanner McLachlan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Tanner McLachlan''' is an American football tight end.",
"He played college football for the Southern Utah Thunderbirds and Arizona Wildcats."
],
[
"Career",
"McLachlan attended Lethbridge Collegiate Institute in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.McLachlan played wide receiver and tight end at Southern Utah University from 2018 to 2021 and totaled 15 receptions for 168 yards.",
"In 2022, he transferred to the University of Arizona as a walk-on.",
"In his first year at Arizona in 2022, McLachlan started seven of 12 games and had 34 receptions for 456 yards and two touchdowns.",
"As a senior in 2023, he recorded 45 catches for 528 yards and four touchdowns.",
"He finished his career with 79 receptions which broke Rob Gronkowski's school record for career receptions by a tight end."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Southern Utah Thunderbirds bio* Arizona Wildcats bio"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Pablo Varela Server"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Pablo Varela Server''' (2 July 1942 – 6 January 2024) was a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church.",
"He served as auxiliary bishop of Panamá from 2004 to 2019.He was also the titular bishop of Macomades Rusticiana until his death."
],
[
"Biography",
"Varela was ordained a priest on 28 June 1970.In 1972, he went to Panama and became a lecturer at the seminary in the capital city.",
"In 1998, he became the rector of this university, and shortly afterwards he took up the same office at the Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua.On 26 February 2004, Varela was appointed by Pope John Paul II as auxiliary bishop of Panama, with the titular see of Macomades Rusticiana.",
"On 17 April 2004, he was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop José Dimas Cedeño Delgado.",
"He resigned from his post as auxiliary bishop of Panama in 2019, which was accepted by Pope Francis on 26 April.Varela died in Panama City on 6 January 2024, at the age of 81."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lori Stegmann"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lori Stegmann''' is an American politician currently serving as a member of the Multnomah County Commission in Oregon representing the 4th district which covers East Multnomah County and parts of East Portland.A Moderate Democrat, Stegmann was a Republican until 2018 when she switched party affiliation citing the Trump administration as her reason for switching."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Stegmann was born in Seoul, South Korea and was abandoned by her parents on the steps of city hall.",
"She was adopted from an orphanage by a Gresham family.",
"She grew up in the Rockwood neighborhood.Stegmann attended Mt.",
"Hood Community College and received her bachelor's degree in business from Portland State University."
],
[
"Career",
"Stegmann runs Lori Stegmann Insurance Agency, and affiliate of Farmers Insurance Group.",
"She served as vice-chair of the Gresham Planning Commission and a member of the Gresham Redevelopment Commission Advisory Committee and Rockwood Stakeholders Group before being elected to the Gresham city council in the 2010 elections where she served for 6 years.In 2016, Stegmann ran for and was elected to the Multnomah County Commission.",
"She was the only Republican on the commission before changing her party affiliation to Democratic in 2018.In 2022, Stegmann ran for County Chair.",
"She came in fourth in the primary with 12.56% of the vote."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Nikola Bijanković"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Nikola Bijanković''' (15 August 164510 August 1730) was a Croatian and Bosnian-Herzegovinian prelate of the Catholic Church who served as the bishop of Makarska from 1699 to his death in 1730.While being a bishop of Makarska, Bijanković also administered the dioceses of Duvno and Skradin under the Ottoman occupation."
],
[
"Early life",
"Bijanković was born in Split, at the time part of the Republic of Venice to father Dominik from the isle of Šolta and mother Laura née Nadalin, a Venetian.",
"He finished grammar school and philosophical and theological studies at the Illyrian Accademy in his home town, where he was ordained as a priest on 15 June 1669, as a member of the Oratorians.",
"Afterwards, he was a parish priest in Kaštel Sućurac from 1669 to 1672 a canon of the Archdiocese of Split and a lecturer in the Split seminary from 1672.Bijanković was a close associate of Archbishop Stephanus Cosimi of Split and helped him with the seminary's founding.",
"In 1673, he was appointed an apostolic missionary for the territories of the Archdiocese of Split under the Ottoman occupation, a post he held until 1676 and again from 1680 to 1696.1676, he established the Oratorian community and built an oratory in Split.",
"In between, he served as a vicar general of the Diocese of Nin from 1676 to 1680.He was also a vicar general of the Archdiocese of Split from 1684 to 1695.On 3 September 1686, he was appointed as an apostolic vicar of the dioceses of Makarska and Skradin.",
"Not long after he received a decree on his appointment, Bijanković went for a visit to the two dioceses, reporting to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith on their status.",
"During the Morean War fought between 1684 and 1699 he was a military chaplain in all of the major battles against the Ottomans."
],
[
"Episcopate",
"On 5 March 1695, the Venetian government nominated him as the bishop of Makarska, which was confirmed by the Pope on 19 December 1698.He was installed on 10 May 1699, with Giovanni Alberto Badoer, the patriarch of Venice as the principal consecrator and Leonardo Balsarini, the titular archbishop of Corinth and Giovanni Vincenzo de Filippi, the bishop of Cephalonia and Zakynthos as the co-consecrators.",
"Bijanković paid special care to the poor and sick and established several brotherhoods in Makarska and surrounding areas.",
"Through his commitment, the Diocese of Makarska received Jesuit missionaries, while his efforts to reorganise the parishes in line with the Council of Trent led him into a dispute with the Franciscans.Bijanković also administered the Diocese of Duvno and is the most creditable for the conservation of the Catholic population there during the Great Turkish and the Morean War.",
"He regularly visited the areas of the Diocese of Duvno and other parts of his dioceses under the Ottoman occupation, staying there for several weeks and risking his life.",
"In the cases when he was unable to visit them, he would empower other priests, like when he did in 1703 for the areas of Mostar, Duvno and Rama.",
"In July 1706, he visited the areas of Duvno, Rakitno, Roško Polje and Vinica; he visited again in July 1710, staying in Vinica, Roško Polje, Vojkovići, Buško Blato, Bukovica, Kongora, Zvirnjača, Blidinje, Rakitno and Studenci.",
"On the invitation of an Ottoman captain from Duvno to his wedding, Bijanković revisited the wider area of Duvno in 1713.Not long after the Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718) ended, Bijanković revisited the Diocese of Duvno on the invitation of the beys from the Kopčić family.",
"The last time he visited the Diocese of Duvno was in August 1723, when he stayed in Vinica, Roško Polje and Duvno.",
"Bijanković was well received by the local Muslims, including the beys from the Kopčić and Izakagić families, with local Muslim families asking him to perform Catholic rites in their homes and land.",
"Bey of Roško Polje Ahmed Izakagić asked Bijanković to appoint a parish priest for Roško Polje and gifted a horse and scholarship for his priest Grga Kardunović.Considered to have died in sainthood, a process for his beatification started in 1881."
],
[
"Works",
"Bijanković translated ''Naredbe od zbora darxave splitske'' (Orders of the Synod of the Diocese of Split) from Latin.",
"The work contains decisions of a diocesan synod held by Archbishop Cosimi in Split in 1688.The work was published in Venice in 1699.According to Fancev and Ostojić, Bijanković translated the catechism authored by Cardinal Robert Bellarmine under the title ''Nauk krstjanski kratak složen'' (The Christian teachings in short), while Jurišić and Vidović state that Bijanković authored the work.",
"The 1st volume was published in 1708 and the 2nd in 1724, both in Venice.",
"As a member of the Illyrian Academy, Bijanković wrote a recension for the translation of the work of Dominique Bouhours translated by Ivan Petar Marchi under the title ''Misli karstjanske za svaki dan od miseca'' (Christian thoughts for every day in a month), published in Venice in 1704."
],
[
"Footnotes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Books ===* * === Journals ===* === Websites ===* *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Seattle Storm season"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The 2024 season for the Seattle Storm, a professional American basketball team based in Seattle, Washington, will be their 25th season in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).",
"It will be their third full season with Noelle Quinn as head coach.",
"The Storm play their home games at Climate Pledge Arena in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle; the 2024 season will be their first at a new training facility, the Seattle Storm Center for Basketball Performance in Interbay.The team's regular season schedule begins on May 14 and includes 40 games against the other eleven teams in WNBA.",
"Four games will be played against five teams from the Western Conference and two teams from the Eastern Conference; the Storm will play three games each against the remaining four teams from the Eastern Conference.",
"Five regular season games in early June will be played against teams in the same conference to determine qualification for the WNBA Commissioner's Cup, an in-season tournament first played in 2021.The Storm will play 10 road games out of their first 15 games and return to Seattle for nine consecutive games at home from June 23 to July 14.The 2024 WNBA season includes a month-long break for the Summer Olympic Games that begins after the WNBA All-Star Game on July 20 in Phoenix, Arizona."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official team website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"G1116 Yichun–Bei'an Expressway"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''G1116 Yichun–Bei'an Expressway''' (), also referred to as the '''Yibei Expressway''' (), is an expressway in Heilongjiang, China that connects Yichun to Bei'an via Qing'an County and Suiling County.",
"The expressway was opened to traffic on 28 September 2012 as a part of '''Heilongjiang Provincial Expressway S12''', and was later designated as a national expressway on 4 July 2022."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Bhageerathi Murulya"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Bhagirathi Murulya,''' 48, is the member of legislative assembly of Sullia assembly 16th constituency.",
"She is a member of the Women and Children Welfare Committee.",
"Prior to Bhagirathi, S. Angara consequently won the last six assembly election in Sullia legislative assembly.",
"She belongs to Tulu speaking Adi Dravida (Scheduled Cast) community.",
"Her financial background was very poor with total assets worth Rs 28.25lakh and she worked as a tailor and a teacher before becoming an MLA.",
"She took take oath in the name of her family deity.Bhagirathi Murulya, the BJP candidate from the Sullia Assembly constituency in Dakshina Kannada, secured the seventh consecutive victory for her party in Sullia, marking her as the first Dalit woman from Tulu Nadu to enter the Legislative Assembly.",
"Sullia, among the 19 Assembly segments in coastal Karnataka, was the sole reserved constituency for a Scheduled Caste candidate.",
"In a notable electoral achievement, she defeated her closest rival, G. Krishnappa from the Congress, by a substantial margin of 30,864 votes.",
"Murulya garnered 93,902 votes (57.04%), while Krishnappa received 63,038 votes (38.29%).",
"Both candidates were political newcomers.",
"Murulya had previously served as a member of Dakshina Kannada Zilla Panchayat and Sullia Taluk Panchayat."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Love in Hong Kong"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Love in Hong Kong''''' (Chinese: 香港之戀; pinyin: ''Xiānggǎng zhī liàn''), also titled ''Love Songs of Island, Vol.",
"4: Love in Hong Kong'', is a Mandarin studio album recorded by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng.",
"It was released via Polygram Records on December 19, 1977.The album spawned the single \"The Moon Represents My Heart\", which went on to become a Mandopop classic and Teng's most recognizable work internationally."
],
[
"Background and release",
"''Love in Hong Kong'' was released through Polygram Records on December 19, 1977.The release under Kolin Records was titled ''Love Songs of Island, Vol.",
"4: Love in Hong Kong'' (Chinese: 島國之情歌第四集：香港之戀), serving as the fourth record for her \"Love Songs of an Island\" album series.",
"The album spawned the single \"The Moon Represents My Heart\" (月亮代表我的心), a cover of Taiwanese singer Chen Fen-lan's 1973 song of the same name.",
"It was written by Sun Yi and composed by Weng Cheng-hsi."
],
[
"Reception",
"''Love in Hong Kong'' experienced commercial success upon its release; it received a platinum certification from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Hong Kong (IFPIHK) in 1979.At the 1978 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards held in Hong Kong, the ceremony's first edition, \"Love in a Small Village\" was one of the Top 10 Songs Award winners."
],
[
"Legacy",
"Teng's music began to spread rapidly across mainland China in 1978, when the country instituted the open door policy that allowed gangtai cultural products to enter its borders.",
"Professor of East Asian Studies Nimrod Baranovitch wrote that \"'The Moon Represents My Heart' was the antithesis of the songs that people on the mainland had been listening to and singing in the previous thirty years or so\".",
"Its lyrics were centered around love and romance, \"a theme that had almost disappeared from the popular music scene on the mainland after 1949 because of its association with 'decadent' 'bourgeois individualism.'\"",
"Upon the gradual opening of China's music market to gangtai artists following the Cultural Revolution, Baranovitch noted that many of the most famous songs were those sung by Teng."
],
[
"Track listing"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Miguel Eyegue"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Miguel Eyegue Ntutumu''' (Micomeseng, May 1933 – Malabo, 29 September 1979) was an Equatoguinean politician."
],
[
"Biography",
"His brother was Ángel Masié Ntutumu, first minister of the Interior of Francisco Macías Nguema.",
"In 1941, he was sponsored by .",
"In 1947 he entered the Provincial Higher School, without finishing his studies.",
"In 1948 he joined the Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea, which he left in 1950 to enter the commercial sector.",
"After the independence of Equatorial Guinea from Francoist Spain, he served since October 1968 as President of the and since July 1971 as civil governor of Río Muni.During the dictatorship of Macías he served as a prison official, being responsible for the execution of many political prisoners.After the dismissal of Edmundo Bossio in 1974, Eyegue took office on March 2 of that year as ''acting'' Vice President of Equatorial Guinea.",
"He was dismissed, imprisoned and tortured after being implicated in the .After the 1979 coup d'état led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Eyegue was tried alongside Macías and other defendants for crimes committed during the dictatorship.",
"He was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad on 29 September 1979, at the age of 46."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Bill Farmer (politician)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''William Farmer Jr.''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2003 to 2013.Farmer was first elected in 2002 when the 88th district in Harlan County was eliminated and redrawn in Lexington.",
"He did not seek reelection in 2012 and was succeeded by Robert Benvenuti.",
"When Benvenuti retired in 2018, Farmer ran for the seat again, losing to Democrat Cherlynn Stevenson."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Commission for Provenance Research"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Commission for Provenance Research''' is an institution of the Republic of Austria for provenance research, based in Vienna.",
"Created in February 1998 at the Federal Ministry responsible for culture at the time - which is now the Federal Ministry for Art, Culture, the Civil Service and Sport.",
"Its members work as provenance researchers in the various federal museums and collections."
],
[
"Background and mission",
"After Austria merged with Nazi Germany in the Anscluss of 1938, Jews in Austria were persecuted, forced to flee or murdered.",
"Their property was seized or appropriated with or without a verneer of legatlity under anti-Jewish race laws.",
"Under the Austrian Art Restitution Act of 1998, the Republic of Austria has the mandate to proactively research movable art and cultural assets that were seized from their owners during the National Socialist era (e.g.",
"in the form of art theft, looted gold or the Aryanization of property carried out by the Nazi state) in the federally owned collection holdings and to transfer them to the former owners or their legal successors.",
"The Commission for Provenance Research is responsible for systematically researching the collection holdings.",
"The results are forwarded to the Art Restitution Advisory Board, which then makes recommendations to the responsible federal minister (restitution) regarding non-returns or returns.If a positive restitution decision is made by the Ministry, the current owners or legal successors may be sought and contacted by the Commission.The website contains information on investigations, research opportunities and the Commission's series of publications since 2008."
],
[
"Nazi looting organisations",
"The present-day Austrian collections had acquired art objects under various cover names:* Special commission Linz (the so-called Führer Museum/the so-called Linz Picture Gallery; Führer's reservation of June 18, 1938)* Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna - where questions of citizenship, immigration law, foreign currency, so-called Aryanization and property taxation were \"coordinated\" from the perspective of the NSDAP.",
"It was the only authority authorized to issue exit permits for Jews from Austria (1938-1941).",
"* Instructions from the Reich Ministry of Finance from the beginning of November 1941, so-called Action 3* \"M-Aktion\", confiscations of (especially valuable) furnishings by the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, in France and the occupied Benelux countries under the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg."
],
[
"Weblinks",
"* Website der österr.",
"Kommission (provenienzforschung.gv.at)"
],
[
"See also",
"* The Holocaust in Austria* Anschluss* Unser Wien* Claims for restitution for restitution for Nazi-looted art"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Kris Mitchell"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Kris Mitchell''' (born November 2, 2000) is an American football wide receiver for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.",
"He previously played for the FIU Panthers."
],
[
"High school career",
"Mitchell attended Mandarin High School in Jacksonville, Florida.",
"As a senior, Mitchell totaled eleven touchdowns, helping lead Mandarin to a state title, before committing to play college football at Florida International University."
],
[
"College career",
"=== FIU ===After redshirting in 2019 and playing sparingly the following two seasons, Mitchell recorded 23 receptions for 348 yards and four touchdowns in 2022.Against Maine during the 2023 season, he hauled in a career-high 201 receiving yards and two touchdowns en route to a 14–12 victory.",
"Mitchell finished the season with an FIU school-record for receiving yards in a season with 1,118 yards to go along with 64 receptions and seven touchdowns.",
"On November 28, 2023, Mitchell announced that he would be entering the transfer portal.=== Notre Dame ===On December 5, 2023, Mitchell announced that he would be transferring to the University of Notre Dame to play for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.===College statistics=== Season GP Receiving Rec Yds Avg TD FIU Panthers 2020 4 4 39 9.8 0 2021 10 9 158 '''17.6''' 12022 '''12''' 23 348 15.1 42023 '''12''' '''64''' '''1,118''' 17.5 '''7''' Notre Dame Fighting Irish2024 Career 38 100 1,663 16.6 12"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* FIU Panthers bio"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1900 college football rankings"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1900 college football season rankings''' included a ranking by New York City newspaper ''The Sun''."
],
[
"''The Sun''",
"In December 1900, New York City newspaper ''The Sun'' published a top-five ranking of the big Eastern elevens.",
"Rank Team Record 1 Yale 12–0 2 Harvard 10–1 3 Penn 12–1 4 Columbia 7–3–1 5 Lafayette 9–2"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Yohanna (film)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Yohanna''''' is a 2024 international co-produced drama film written, directed, and produced by Razka Robby Ertanto.",
"It stars Laura Basuki as the titular role.It had world premiere at the 53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam on 28 January 2024, competing for the VPRO Big Screen Award."
],
[
"Premise",
"Yohanna, a young nun, gets drawn into the underworld of child labour in Sumba.",
"It restores her faith and purpose of life."
],
[
"Cast",
"*Laura Basuki as Yohanna*Kirana Putri Grasela*Videlis Siprianus Diki*Iqua Tahlequa"
],
[
"Production",
"The principal photography took place in Sumba, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia and wrapped in May 2022.Ertanto conceived the idea of ''Yohanna'' after being saddened to see child laborers in a visit to Sumba."
],
[
"Release",
"''Yohanna'' had its world premiere at the 53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam on 28 January 2024 during the Big Screen section, competing for the VPRO Big Screen Award."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Appu's Cafe"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Appu's Cafe''' is a Mexican-Indian restaurant in Long Beach, California serving healthy foods.",
"It was founded in 2013 and is located on the ground floor of a medical building.",
"It frequently appears on Yelp's annual Top 100 U.S.",
"Restaurants list, placing 12th in the 2023 edition."
],
[
"History",
"Vinod \"V.R.\"",
"Venkataraman was a jazz drummer in his homeland of India.",
"After studying math, he went to medical school and moved to the United States to start his own business.",
"While starting his practice in the U.S., Venkataraman dipped his feet into art, started a family, performed in many venues, and spoke at colleges such as the Berklee College of Music about the similarities between his medical work and drumming.",
"He retired in 2013 and opened Appu's Cafe at Woodruff Medical Center, where his wife still works.",
"It opened a second location in June 2023, with more parking space and a larger kitchen."
],
[
"Menu",
"The restaurant's menu is of its founder, V.R.",
"'s, creation.",
"He wanted to mix dishes from his Indian heritage with vegetarian recipes from other cultures.",
"Most of the recipes are seasonal and change to each illness that becomes common during that time.",
"Soups include a vegan mushroom soup, minestra di ceci, lentil soup, maharani soup (a combination of the former two), and spinach soup.",
"Indian-Mexican fusions consist of burritos and tacos filled with Indian foods.",
"It also has paneer and mushroom tikka masala, saag paneer, mango lassi, cinnamon crisps, grass chai, gulab jamun, and Indian flatbread.Appu's Cafe is popular with building staff as it is the only nearby place serving coffee."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Birigui (footballer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Marcos Antônio Gomes''' (born 1 April 1958), better known as '''Birigui''', is a Brazilian former professional footballer and manager, who played as a goalkeeper."
],
[
"Playing career",
"Graduated in the Guarani youth categories, Birigui was a substitute goalkeeper at the 1977 FIFA World Youth Championship.",
"The club for which he stood out most during his career was Santa Cruz FC, where made 257 appearances, being state champion in 1983, 1986 and 1987, and is considered the greatest goalkeeper of all time.",
"He also played for Famalicão and clubs in the interior of the state of São Paulo."
],
[
"Managerial career",
"As a coach Birigui managed numerous clubs, especially in the state of Mato Grosso, where he was state champion in 2005 with Vila Aurora and in 2007 with Cacerense.",
"He also won titles with Uberaba SC and Vilhena EC.",
"In his latest work he has the help of his son, Marcos Menali, with whom he shared the coaching task.",
"Alongside him, he finished runner-up in the 2022 second division with Cacerense."
],
[
"Honours",
"===Player==='''Guarani'''*Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 1981'''Santa Cruz'''*Campeonato Pernambucano: 1983, 1986, 1987===Manager==='''Vila Aurora'''*Campeonato Mato-Grossense: 2005'''Cacerense'''*Campeonato Mato-Grossense: 2007*Copa Governador do Mato Grosso: 2006'''Uberaba'''*Taça Minas Gerais: 2009, 2010'''Vilhena'''*Campeonato Rondoniense: 2014"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Birigui at ogol.com.br"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1885 Belovodoskoe earthquake"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1885 Belovodoskoe earthquake''' occurred on 2 August, in the Chüy Region, Russian Turkestan (now Kyrgyzstan), with a moment magnitude of 6.7–7.6.It had an epicenter in the west of Bishkek.",
"This earthquake damaged 2 villages and caused 54 deaths.",
"The maximum MSK-64 intensity was estimated at IX–X (''Devastating'')."
],
[
"Earthquake",
"The earthquake was assigned a maximum Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale of IX–X.",
"The surface rupture had an area about 20 km length between the Sokuluk and Aksu rivers, parallel to the mountain front, and a width between 0.2 and 2.1 m. The earthquake was felt over a large area.",
"It caused caused numerous fractures and surface cracks, including a 20-km-long and up to 2-m-wide fracture between the Sokuluk and Aksu rivers.",
"It also initiated rockfalls and landslides, some of which temporarily blocked the Sokuluk and Aksu rivers.",
"Heavy liquefaction was reported from the area around the Aksu river.An earthquake catalogue compiled by Kondorskaya and Shebalin assigned the earthquake magnitude as 6.9, but did not specify the subtype.",
"This was calculated from the seismic intensity data.",
"The maximum intensity was IX–X on the Rossi–Forel scale.",
"In 2014, Bindi and others determined a moment magnitude of 6.7±0.4 based on an equation to calculate from seismic intensity data on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale.The earthquake may have produced uplift across a riverbed, expressed as a scarp, discovered following a topographic survey finding published in 2001.In Belek, no evidence of surface rupture were found.",
"The estimated magnitude was 6.9–7.4.In 2018, Krüger and others reassessed the moment magitudes of major earthquakes in Central Asia; they determined 7.6±0.15 for the Belovodoskoe earthquake."
],
[
"Impact",
"Two villages from Kara-Balta and Belovodskoye were damaged, and 54 people died from the earthquake."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Punctularia atropurpurascens"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Punctularia atropurpurascens''''', also known as '''violet crust''' or '''purple fuzz''', is a species of fungus.",
"Purple fuzz is a saprotrophic crust fungus.",
"The preferred nutrient source of purple fuzz is the wood of deciduous trees.",
"Purple fuzz is prone to guttation and weeps red.",
"Purple fuzz appears to be a fairly widespread fungus capable of adapting to a variety of climates."
],
[
"See also",
"* Corticioid fungi"
],
[
"References",
"category:Corticiales"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Otto Retowski"
],
[
"Introduction",
"thumb'''Otto Ferdinandovich Retowski''' (; 30 November 1849 – 29 December 1925) was a Prussian and later Russian malacologist, entomologist and numismatist."
],
[
"Life and work",
"Ex LibrisRetowski was born in a noble family in Danzig and was given an early education at home.",
"He then went to the Johannisschule at Danzig and went in 1868 to the University of Königsberg where he studied natural history.",
"In 1874 he qualified as a school teacher and worked as a teacher of German.",
"He served as a translator during the Franco-Prussian war.",
"In 1872 he moved to Russia where he worked as a private tutor and in 1877 he received Russian citizenship and joined as a director at the museum in Theodosia in Crimea.",
"He went on travels to collect specimens including to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.",
"In 1884 he went to the Abkhazia and Kuban region on behalf of the Senckenberg Society for Natural Research.",
"He donated his insect collection to the museum in Simferopol.",
"He described a number of new species of beetles and orthoptera.",
"In 1900, on the recommendation of the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, he moved to head the numismatics department of the Hermitage museum in St. Petersburg where he worked until 1924.He died a year later following an illness.",
"The ammonite ''Retowskiceras'' is named in his honour."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Yanuar Dwi Priasmoro"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Yanuar Dwi Priasmoro''' (born 11 January 1989), is an Indonesian basketball coach for the Bima Perkasa Yogyakarta of the Indonesian Basketball League (IBL), the Indonesia national team and was also a former player."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Asia-basket.com player profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1986 Talladega 500"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1986 Talladega 500''' was the 17th stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 18th iteration of the event.",
"The race was held on Sunday, July 27, 1986, before an audience of 105,000 in Lincoln, Alabama at Alabama International Motor Speedway, a 2.66 miles (4.28 km) permanent triangle-shaped superspeedway.",
"The race took the scheduled 188 laps to complete.In a race plagued by high temperatures, by the final laps of the race, few cars remained.",
"Of the ones that did, a battle for the lead between Stavola Brothers Racing's Bobby Hillin Jr., Hendrick Motorsports' Tim Richmond, and Ricky Rudd, who at the time was replaced by Rusty Wallace, was created that stretched out into the final lap of the race.",
"At the finish, Hillin Jr. was able to defend the two, securing his only career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory, his only win of the season, and at the time, the record for the youngest driver to win in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series.",
"To fill out the top three, Richmond and Rudd finished second and third, respectively."
],
[
"Background",
"Alabama International Motor Speedway, the venue where the race was held.",
"'''Talladega Superspeedway''', originally known as '''Alabama International Motor Superspeedway (AIMS)''', is a motorsports complex located north of Talladega, Alabama.",
"It is located on the former Anniston Air Force Base in the small city of Lincoln.",
"The track is a tri-oval and was constructed in the 1960s by the International Speedway Corporation, a business controlled by the France family.",
"Talladega is most known for its steep banking and the unique location of the start/finish line that's located just past the exit to pit road.",
"The track currently hosts the NASCAR series such as the NASCAR Cup Series, Xfinity Series and the Camping World Truck Series.",
"Talladega is the longest NASCAR oval, a tri-oval like the Daytona International Speedway, which also is a tri-oval.=== Entry list ===* '''(R)''' denotes rookie driver.#DriverTeamMakeSponsor0Delma CowartH.",
"L. Waters RacingChevroletHeyward Grooms Construction1Sterling MarlinEllington RacingChevroletBull's-Eye Barbecue Sauce2Rodney CombsHarrington RacingChevroletSoldier Seal, Gunk3Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingChevroletWrangler4Rick WilsonMorgan–McClure MotorsportsOldsmobileKodak5Geoff BodineHendrick MotorsportsChevroletLevi Garrett6D.",
"K. UlrichU.S.",
"RacingChevroletU.S.",
"Racing7Kyle PettyWood Brothers RacingFord7-Eleven8Bobby Hillin Jr.Stavola Brothers RacingChevroletMiller American9Bill ElliottMelling RacingFordCoors11Darrell WaltripJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevroletBudweiser12Neil BonnettJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevroletBudweiser14A.",
"J. FoytA.",
"J. Foyt RacingOldsmobileCopenhagen15Ricky RuddBud Moore EngineeringFordMotorcraft Quality Parts17Pancho CarterHamby RacingChevroletKmart18Tommy EllisFreedlander MotorsportsChevroletFreedlander Financial22Bobby AllisonStavola Brothers RacingBuickMiller American23Michael Waltrip '''(R)'''Bahari RacingPontiacHawaiian Punch25Tim RichmondHendrick MotorsportsChevroletFolgers26Joe RuttmanKing RacingBuickQuaker State27Rusty WallaceBlue Max RacingPontiacAlugard28Cale YarboroughRanier-Lundy RacingFordHardee's29Grant AdcoxAdcox RacingChevroletAdcox Racing33Harry GantMach 1 RacingChevroletSkoal Bandit35Alan Kulwicki '''(R)'''AK RacingFordQuincy's Steakhouse43Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesPontiacSTP44Terry LabonteHagan EnterprisesOldsmobilePiedmont Airlines47Morgan ShepherdRace Hill Farm TeamChevroletRace Hill Farm Team48Ronnie ThomasHylton MotorsportsChevroletHylton Motorsports52Jimmy MeansJimmy Means RacingPontiacJimmy Means Racing54Eddie BierschwaleGray RacingChevroletKodak55Benny ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobileCopenhagen64Connie SaylorLangley RacingFordSunny King Ford66Phil ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobileSkoal67Buddy ArringtonArrington RacingFordPannill Sweatshirts70J.",
"D. McDuffieMcDuffie RacingPontiacRumple Furniture71Dave MarcisMarcis Auto RacingPontiacHelen Rae Special73Phil BarkdollBarkdoll RacingFordHelen Rae Special75Jim SauterRahMoc EnterprisesPontiacNationwise Automotive77Ken RaganRagan RacingChevroletMcCord Gasket79Derrike CopeRazore RacingFordPeterbilt81Chet Fillip '''(R)'''Fillip RacingFordCircle Bar Truck Corral88Buddy BakerBaker–Schiff RacingOldsmobileEvinrude Outboard Motors90Ken SchraderDonlavey RacingFordRed Baron Frozen Pizza98Ron BouchardCurb RacingPontiacValvoline"
],
[
"Qualifying",
"Qualifying was split into two rounds.",
"The first round was held on Thursday, July 24, at 2:00 PM EST.",
"Each driver had one lap to set a time.",
"During the first round, the top 20 drivers in the round were guaranteed a starting spot in the race.",
"If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Friday, July 25, at 2:00 PM EST.",
"As with the first round, each driver had one lap to set a time.",
"For this specific race, positions 21-40 were decided on time, and depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two provisionals were given.Bill Elliott, driving for Melling Racing, won the pole, setting a time of 45.817 and an average speed of in the first round.Four drivers failed to qualify.=== Full qualifying results ===Pos.#DriverTeamMakeTimeSpeed19Bill ElliottMelling RacingFord'''45.817''''''209.005'''23Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingChevrolet46.027208.052325Tim RichmondHendrick MotorsportsChevrolet46.141207.538455Benny ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobile46.171207.40351Sterling MarlinEllington RacingChevrolet46.218207.19267Kyle PettyWood Brothers RacingFord46.242207.084712Davey AllisonJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevrolet46.408206.34484Rick WilsonMorgan–McClure MotorsportsOldsmobile46.441206.197944Terry LabonteHagan EnterprisesOldsmobile46.466206.086105Geoff BodineHendrick MotorsportsChevrolet46.495205.9581114A.",
"J. FoytA.",
"J. Foyt RacingOldsmobile46.519205.8511288Buddy BakerBaker–Schiff RacingOldsmobile46.523205.834138Bobby Hillin Jr.Stavola Brothers RacingBuick46.537205.7721447Morgan ShepherdRace Hill Farm TeamBuick46.652205.2651511Darrell WaltripJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevrolet46.665205.2071666Phil ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobile46.677205.155172Rodney CombsHarrington RacingChevrolet46.713204.9961875Jim SauterRahMoc EnterprisesPontiac46.763204.7771928Cale YarboroughRanier-Lundy RacingFord46.803204.6022015Ricky RuddBud Moore EngineeringFord46.852204.388Failed to lock in Round 12122Bobby AllisonStavola Brothers RacingBuick46.905204.1572227Rusty WallaceBlue Max RacingPontiac46.929204.0532326Joe RuttmanKing RacingBuick46.971203.8702443Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesPontiac47.124203.2092581Chet Fillip '''(R)'''Fillip RacingFord47.124203.2092618Tommy EllisFreedlander MotorsportsChevrolet47.151203.0922798Ron BouchardCurb RacingPontiac47.285202.5172835Alan Kulwicki '''(R)'''AK RacingFord47.302202.4442971Dave MarcisMarcis Auto RacingPontiac47.344202.264300Delma CowartH.",
"L. Waters RacingChevrolet47.371202.1493173Phil BarkdollBarkdoll RacingFord47.386202.0853233Harry GantMach 1 RacingChevrolet47.442201.8463317Pancho CarterHamby RacingChevrolet47.501201.5963423Michael Waltrip '''(R)'''Bahari RacingPontiac47.529201.4773590Ken SchraderDonlavey RacingFord47.563201.3333648Ronnie ThomasHylton MotorsportsChevrolet47.615201.1133767Buddy ArringtonArrington RacingFord47.616201.1093854Eddie BierschwaleGray RacingChevrolet47.633201.0373952Jimmy MeansJimmy Means RacingPontiac47.867200.0424077Ken RaganRagan RacingChevrolet47.913199.862Failed to qualify416D.",
"K. UlrichU.S.",
"RacingChevrolet -* -*4229Grant AdcoxAdcox RacingChevrolet -* -*4364Connie SaylorLangley RacingFord -* -*4470J.",
"D. McDuffieMcDuffie RacingPontiac -* -*WD79Derrike CopeRazore RacingFord - - Official first round qualifying results Official starting lineup"
],
[
"Race results",
"FinSt#DriverTeamMakeLapsLedStatusPtsWinnings1138Bobby Hillin Jr.Stavola Brothers RacingBuick18816running180$60,0552325Tim RichmondHendrick MotorsportsChevrolet18819running175$34,34532015Ricky RuddBud Moore EngineeringFord1880running165$29,255451Sterling MarlinEllington RacingChevrolet1889running165$15,7505455Benny ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobile1882running160$12,81561447Morgan ShepherdRace Hill Farm TeamBuick1880running150$9,1707712Davey AllisonJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevrolet18813running151$17,82082326Joe RuttmanKing RacingBuick1880running142$10,495967Kyle PettyWood Brothers RacingFord1882running143$12,570102122Bobby AllisonStavola Brothers RacingBuick1872accident139$13,7201184Rick WilsonMorgan–McClure MotorsportsOldsmobile1877accident135$5,040121875Jim SauterRahMoc EnterprisesPontiac1872accident132$8,835131666Phil ParsonsJackson Bros. MotorsportsOldsmobile1871running129$4,350143423Michael Waltrip '''(R)'''Bahari RacingPontiac1861running126$4,780153952Jimmy MeansJimmy Means RacingPontiac1841running123$8,380163648Ronnie ThomasHylton MotorsportsChevrolet1830running115$7,800172798Ron BouchardCurb RacingPontiac1740accident112$3,730184077Ken RaganRagan RacingChevrolet1691accident114$3,71019172Rodney CombsHarrington RacingChevrolet1694accident111$3,710201288Buddy BakerBaker–Schiff RacingOldsmobile1633overheating108$4,130213767Buddy ArringtonArrington RacingFord1620running100$6,935223233Harry GantMach 1 RacingChevrolet1595accident102$12,05023105Geoff BodineHendrick MotorsportsChevrolet15919accident99$11,140241928Cale YarboroughRanier-Lundy RacingFord1590accident91$2,930251511Darrell WaltripJunior Johnson & AssociatesChevrolet1573accident93$13,6702623Dale EarnhardtRichard Childress RacingChevrolet15354engine95$15,3552719Bill ElliottMelling RacingFord1525valve87$15,185282581Chet Fillip '''(R)'''Fillip RacingFord1500accident79$3,62529300Delma CowartH.",
"L. Waters RacingChevrolet1400engine76$2,565301114A.",
"J. FoytA.",
"J. Foyt RacingOldsmobile1190wheel bearing73$7,010313590Ken SchraderDonlavey RacingFord1131engine75$7,010322835Alan Kulwicki '''(R)'''AK RacingFord1122clutch72$2,485333173Phil BarkdollBarkdoll RacingFord1002overheating0$3,225342618Tommy EllisFreedlander MotorsportsChevrolet860engine61$2,365352227Rusty WallaceBlue Max RacingPontiac700engine58$5,410362971Dave MarcisMarcis Auto RacingPontiac610head gasket55$5,210372443Richard PettyPetty EnterprisesPontiac515accident57$5,08038944Terry LabonteHagan EnterprisesOldsmobile378oil pressure54$9,440393854Eddie BierschwaleGray RacingChevrolet370valve46$1,990403317Pancho CarterHamby RacingChevrolet291engine48$4,680Failed to qualify416D.",
"K. UlrichU.S.",
"RacingChevrolet4229Grant AdcoxAdcox RacingChevrolet4364Connie SaylorLangley RacingFord4470J.",
"D. McDuffieMcDuffie RacingPontiacWD79Derrike CopeRazore RacingFord Official race results"
],
[
"Standings after the race",
";Drivers' Championship standings Pos Driver Points 10px 1 Dale Earnhardt 2,585 10px 2 Darrell Waltrip 2,424 (-161) 10px 3 Tim Richmond 2,400 (-185) 10px 4 Bobby Allison 2,327 (–258) 10px 5 Ricky Rudd 2,293 (–292) 10px 6 Bill Elliott 2,182 (–403) 10px 7 Rusty Wallace 2,138 (–447) 10px 8 Terry Labonte 2,063 (–522) 10px '''1''' 9 Harry Gant 2,060 (–525) 10px '''2''' 10 Bobby Hillin Jr. 2,059 (–526) Official driver's standings* '''Note''': Only the first 10 positions are included for the driver standings."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"María Teresa Pérez"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''María Teresa Pérez''' is a Venezuelan politician, deputy of the National Assembly for the Lara state and the Progressive Advance party."
],
[
"Career",
"María Teresa is a surgeon graduated from Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado, in Barquisimeto.",
"As of 10 January 2013, she replaced Ileana Guarenas as regional health director of the Lara state governor's office.",
"She was elected as deputy for the National Assembly for the 2016-2021 period, as candidate for circuit 1 of Lara state in the 2015 parliamentary elections, representing the Democratic Unity Roundtable for the Progressive Advance party.",
"She has been a member of the Parliamentary Commission of Integral Social Development."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Battle of Broxton Bridge"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Battle of Broxton Bridge''' took place during the American Civil War on 2 February 1865 and coincided with the Battle of Rivers' Bridge along the Salkehatchie River in Bamberg County, South Carolina.",
"The battle concluded in a Union victory and resulted in the destruction of the last Confederate defensive line before the Union Army went on to Capture Columbia later that month."
],
[
"Pre-Battle Situation",
"The Union Army took part in the Carolinas campaign by departing Savannah, Georgia for Columbia, South Carolina on 1 February 1865.The Confederate Army attempted to halt the Union Army's advance by setting up several defensive positions along the Salkehatchie River such as Rivers’ Bridge, Buford's Bridge, and Broxton's Bridge."
],
[
"The Battle",
"When the Union Army under the command of Major general William Tecumseh Sherman reached the Confederate defenses on 2 February, Sherman decided to send his left wing, consisting of the Army's First Division under the command of Major General Joseph A. Mower, to march on Broxton Bridge while the rest of the XVII Corps would attempt to capture Rivers' Bridge which lay upstream.",
"The Salkehatchie River was the final defense line before the Union Army could march on Columbia, so the capture of at least one crossing proved crucial if the campaign was to succeed.The first skirmish of the battle occurred between a Union infantry battalion of the First Division and the Confederate Cavalry, in which the Union forces proved victorious as the Confederate Cavalry retreated behind the Broxton Bridge.",
"Seeing this retreat Major General Mower ordered an attack on Broxton Bridge, but was repelled by the Confederates.",
"Following this loss, Mower ordered his troops to instead march six miles upstream to assist his comrades in the Battle of Rivers' Bridge.",
"As a full frontal charge was deemed impossible due to the Confederates strongly entrenched positions, an attack was delayed until the next day when the Union forces crossed the Rivers' Bridge by plowing through a nearby swamp.",
"At the same time a small Union force had returned to Broxton Bridge to engage the enemy again in a flanking maneuver.",
"This time the attack proved successful, and as a result forced the Confederate Army to abandon their positions and retreat toward Columbia."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"The Union victories at Broxton Bridge and Rivers' Bridge led to the occupation of the countryside North of the Salkehatchie River by the Union Army, as well as the ability to cut of the South Carolina Railroad, an important supply line, from the Confederate defenders.",
"The defeat of the Confederate Army at Salkehatchie River also ultimately led to the Capture of Columbia later that month.",
"The Union casualties were recovered shortly after the battle and were buried in the National Cemetery at Beaufort, South Carolina.Currently, the Broxton Bridge location still bears the scars of the battle that took place in 1865.Some breastworks are still wel preserved as well as remnants of the Confederate defense lines.",
"A re-enactment of the battle takes places yearly near the old battlefield."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Uganda Journal"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Uganda Journal''''' is a bi-annual scholarly publication of the Uganda Society (previously the Uganda Literary and Scientific Society) with its first publication in 1934.The journal's focus is on documenting and disseminating knowledge about Uganda and has been a platform for scholarly research, discussions, and insights related to various aspects of Uganda's history, culture, and society."
],
[
"History and establishment",
"The Uganda Literary and Scientific Society which later changed its name to The Uganda Society was founded in Entebbe in 1923 with the aim of fostering intellectual exchange and promoting research on topics relevant to Uganda.",
"Its main activities included presenting papers and delivering lectures on a wide range of subjects related to the country.In January 1934, the society launched the first issue of ''The Uganda Journal'', in order to document and disseminate the findings of marking the beginning of a valuable scholarly endeavor and four issues per year were published starting then.",
"The journal includes articles, photographs and maps.",
"Some of the renown authors who published in the journal included Sir Albert Ruskin Cook, Ham Mukasa, Apolo Kagwa , Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard"
],
[
"Content and contributions",
"''The Uganda Journal'' covers diverse range of topics, including anthropology, archaeology, history, linguistics, natural sciences, and cultural studies.",
"Over the years, it has featured articles, essays, and research papers authored by both local and international scholars."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* University of Florida digital collection of the Uganda Journal issues 1934 - 1973* Africa Journal Online - Archive - digitised copies of the Uganda Journal issues 1999 - 2002"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hisham Mohd Hanifah"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hisham bin Mohd Hanifah''' (born May 1967) or sometimes spelled '''Hisyam''', is a Bruneian politician and civil servant from who was previously appointed as the Deputy Minister of Finance from 2015 to 2018, alongside Amin Liew Abdullah."
],
[
"Education and early career",
"Hisham was born in May 1967.In 1991, he received his Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Accounting from Lancashire Polytechnic in the United Kingdom.",
"Following his August 1991 enlistment in the government, he has held a number of positions.",
"They included an accountant from the Ministry of Finance's Deputy Permanent Secretary, an accountant from the Revenue Division, an accountant from the Treasury Department, and an assistant director of the budget division.",
"He served as the Ministry of Finance's Permanent Secretary (Policy and Investment) before taking on his current role."
],
[
"Ministerial career",
"Hisham began serving as the Deputy Minister of Finance on 22 October 2015.He was present in the Malaysian Food Festival, which was organised by Royal Brunei Catering (RBC) and Malaysian Tourism from 6 April to 6 May 2017.After ending his tenure on 30 January 2018, he was appointed as the permanent secretary (fiscal)."
],
[
"Other positions",
"Hisham holds positions as a committee or board member in various organisations, including the National Security Committee, Institut Teknologi Brunei, Semaun Holdings, Brunei Darussalam Central Bank (BDCB), Khazanah Satu, Royal Brunei Airlines from 2008 to 2018 (RBA).",
"Additionally, he was the chairman of other organisations including RBC, RBA Golf Club, Mulaut Abattoir, Telekom Brunei (Telbru), Makan Ceria, National Syariah Financial Supervisory Board, and the deputy chairman of the investment committee of the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Foundation."
],
[
"Honours",
"He has earned the following honours: * 50x50px Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei First Class (SPMB; 15 July 2017) – ''Dato Seri Paduka''; Second Class (DPMB; 15 July 2015)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"María Verónica Rengifo"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''María Verónica Rengifo''' is a Venezuelan politician, currently an alternate deputy of the National Assembly for the Aragua state."
],
[
"Career",
"She was elected as alternate deputy for the National Assembly for Aragua state for the 2016–2021 term in the 2015 parliamentary elections, representing the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD).",
"In 2017 she joined the newly created parliamentary fraction ''16 de Julio''.",
"Rengifo participated in the national protests that year against the government of Nicolás Maduro, and on 19 June she was wounded in the leg by three pellets during a protest in El Paraíso, Caracas, fired from a checkpoint of the Bolivarian National Guard."
],
[
"Personal life",
"During the 2017 nationwide protests, Rengifo's mother and brother were also injured by buckshot fired by Aragua state police officers."
],
[
"See also",
"* IV National Assembly of Venezuela"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* * * * * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Gaborone North"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Gaborone North''' is a constituency in Gaborone City represented in the National Assembly of Botswana since 2019 by Mpho Balopi, a BDP MP."
],
[
"Constituency profile",
"The constituency was originally created in 1984, following the division of the single constituency of Gaborone and has undergone multiple changes in its size and composition.",
"Gaborone North was a safe seat for the BNF between 1984 and 2004.In the 1989 and 1994 elections it became the constituency where the BNF won by the largest margin.",
"In 2004 it became a competitive seat between the BDP and the BNF (and later the UDC).The urban constituency encompasses the following locations:# Tsholofelo # Tawana # Tshweneng # Phiring # Ledumang # Phokoje# Gaborone West Block 10 # Tsholofelo Extension # Marapoathutwa – Block 8 # Glen Valley# Sebele# Phakalane# Gaborone North# Sir Seretse Khama Airport# Ledumadumane"
],
[
"Members of Parliament",
"'''Key:''' Election Winner Maitshwarelo Dabutha Michael Mzwinila Keletso Rakhudu Haskins Nkaigwa Mpho Balopi"
],
[
"Election results",
"=== 2019 election ====== 2014 election ====== 2009 election ====== 2004 election ====== 1999 election ====== 1994 election ====== 1989 election ====== 1984 election==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Horses in Brittany"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Breton mare decked out in the colors of Brittany.",
"'''Horses in Brittany''' have a clear historical, economic and cultural importance, since their introduction often attributed to the Celts.",
"In Brittany, the horse, generally a Breton bidet, was mainly used as a saddle animal until the middle of the 19th century.",
"As roads improved, most breeders specialized in draft horses and carriage horses.",
"They mainly settled in the west, in Basse-Bretagne, Trégor and Léon.",
"The Breton draft horse, a renowned working animal, was exported in large numbers from Landivisiau in the early 20th century.Horse breeding in Brittany also involved light breeds, notably the racehorses that sprang up with the proliferation of racecourses, in particular the Corlay horse.",
"While Breton draft horse breeding remains predominant, equestrian sports are now well established.",
"Once the draft horse of farmers and an auxiliary of the armed forces, the horse's role has changed, but it still evokes a strong attachment.",
"Brittany boasts five equestrian centers, including the Haras Nationaux de Lamballe and d'Hennebont.",
"The horse is at the heart of many Breton traditions, including pardons, tales, legends and songs."
],
[
"History",
"There are several theories about the arrival of the first ''Equus (ferus) caballus'' in Brittany.",
"According to popular literature, the species was brought to Brittany by Aryan migrations from Asia over 4,000 years ago.",
"One variant states that these Asian horses mingled with a local equine population.",
"Whatever the case, the domestic horse arrived in Europe as part of Indo-European migrations, bringing with it profound cultural changes.",
"Its presence in Armorica is certain around −750 / -1000; it probably increased around -500.Brittany is renowned for the important place it has always held for the horse, and for its history as a land of equine breeding, just like Normandy, with which it frequently competed.",
"Today's Finistère department (historic Basse-Bretagne) has the strongest connection with the horse, particularly the Pays de Léon.",
"Throughout its history under the Ancien régime, Brittany has always exported horses.",
"A number of sources are biased, as they emanate from the administration of the French national stud farms.",
"According to Daniel Roche, these sources often refer to Brittany's horse population in terms of \"abundance\" and \"mediocrity\", despite the fact that local animals primarily met the needs of farmers living in Brittany.",
"The general opinion at stud farms is that Bretons love horses, but don't know how to breed them.=== Antiquity ===Small horses were bred by Celtic warriors before they conquered Great Britain.",
"There is very solid evidence of the importance of the horse among Celtic civilization, domesticated rather than hunted.",
"Mainly a military animal, it became established in Armorica, as attested by numerous coins bearing its effigy, although there are no estimates of the horse population at the time.On the other hand, Roman sources (notably Caesar) mention dietary taboos among Armorican tribes.",
"Hippophagy was probably sacrilegious or illegal.",
"The Romans were not a cavalier people.",
"However, their cavalry units, mainly of foreign origin, particularly from North Africa, may have left their mark on the Breton horse.=== Middle Ages ===Seal of John I, Duke of Brittany.In the Middle Ages, the horse became the symbol of an aristocratic elite, due to its high cost of purchase and maintenance.",
"Breeding efforts were undertaken to obtain the best possible animals, if necessary by importing foreign breeding stock at great expense.",
"Well-documented breeding from the year 1,000 onwards was almost entirely in the hands of the seigneuries and religious communities, who competed with each other (peasants probably owned no more than one or two mares).",
"The Duchy of Brittany was self-sufficient, even exporting.",
"It gave birth to mounts whose quality is attested to by numerous sources.",
"The ''palafre de Bretanha'' (in English Brittany's palfrey), was renowned beyond its borders.",
"Throughout the Middle Ages, Brittany required large numbers of horses for military purposes.",
"Only males were used, while females were put to stud.",
"These animals were bred semi-feral, in forests and on moors, which probably made them very hardy.",
"They are rounded up when needed by the subjects living on the breeding lands, as a chore.",
"The lord chooses his animals first.Around the year 1000, the Redon Abbey had its own stud farm.",
"In 1108, the Vannes archives record that the abbot offered a horse to a certain Alain Fergent for 300 sous, an enormous sum at the time.",
"In 1213, the House of Rohan (which also took a particular interest in horse breeding) obtained nine Egyptian stallions and placed them in the Quénécan and Poulancre forests.",
"Olivier I de Rohan banned all exports of male horses from these Arab stallions.",
"In 1225, Alain III de Rohan donated half of Quénécan's semi-feral horses to the Abbey du Bon Repos, which he had founded near Gouarec in 1184.A little later, the abbey was granted grazing rights on the same land.",
"A chronicle states that Jean le Roux bought the town of Brest around 1260, in exchange for a white haquenée and 100 pounds of rent.",
"In a deed signed in 1269, Aliénor de Porhoët, dame de la Chèze, ceded her wild studs in the Loudéac forest to the Rohans.",
"The lands were distributed to some of their vassals to establish stud farms, so that by the end of the Middle Ages, the House of Rohan owned wild studs in Léon, Porhoët and Lanoué.",
"In 1479, they owned 500 horses in the Loudéac forest alone.",
"In 1300, the lord of Loudéac, Sevestre de la Feuillée, built his fortune partly on the horse trade.",
"During the War of the Two Joan, 300 of Joanna of Flanders' knights' mounts came from Brech.",
"The House of Laval also established stud farms, whose existence was confirmed in 1467, in the forest of Brecelien (Paimpont).",
"In 1481, the Quimper nobility show counted over 4,000 horses.",
"The Dukes of Brittany certainly encouraged the breeding and use of horses among their vassal lords, as chivalry required the possession and mastery of this animal.Brittany's nobility often took great care to record gifts and bequests of horses in writing, giving details of their appearance, coat and name.",
"For example, the Duke of Lancaster gave Bertrand du Guesclin a horse to thank him for his prowess at the siege of Dinan.",
"It was on a Breton destrier that Du Guesclin is said to have overthrown sixteen opponents at the Place des Lices tournament in Rennes in 1338.On his death in 1380, his mounts were blessed by the imposition of the bishop's hands.=== 16th and 17th centuries ===The end of feudalism and the Wars of Religion in the 16th century led to a decline in horse breeding.",
"Despite some evidence of continued breeding at the end of the 16th century, it seems that wild stud farms were in decline.",
"Only a small group of horses was reported in the forest of Loudéac in 1613.A few wealthy landowners made their stallions available free of charge to their farmers and sharecroppers to perpetuate the species, but the attraction of court life in Paris led to the abandonment of these stud farms.",
"From the 17th century onwards, the French influence was clearly felt.",
"Until the end of the 19th century, many horses were imported to Brittany to \"improve\" the local stock, from Denmark, Holstein, Spain, Normandy and England.",
"The shortage of horses in the kingdom of France became such that the National Studs were established to remedy the situation.",
"In 1664, Jacques de Solleysel wrote that \"every year, eight to ten thousand fairly common horses leave Basse-Bretagne; but the best ones come from the three bishoprics: Tréguier, Léon and Cornouaille; especially Tréguier, because it is considered certain that there are more than twenty thousand cavales in this bishopric alone.",
"Judge from this that if we had had good stallions, instead of horses used for tidal chases and vans, we would have bred horses fit for war, hunting, and the crews of great lords; from which the individual and the public would derive a notable advantage, and three times that which they have had up to now\".",
"Two years later, on January 10 1666, an edict from Colbert officially established national stud farms in Brittany:The measure was belatedly passed by the Parliament of Brittany in 1685.Around 20,000 pounds were invested to buy stallions abroad, then entrust them to stallion guards scattered throughout the province.",
"Gabriel Calloet-Kerbrat criticized local breeders for feeding their animals Vegetables and plants instead of oats and hay, and for breeding them too early.",
"He recommended crossing the Breton mare with stallions from Germany and England, noting that 7,000 to 8,000 animals were exported every year.",
"This theory of crossbreeding to improve breeds was in line with the ideas of the time.",
", a member of Brittany's Royal Academy of Agriculture, was highly critical of Breton horses, finding them undistinguished and too small (between 1.15 m and 1.52 m).",
"He proposed a plan to ensure trade for the province, including the establishment of horse racing based on the English model.",
"Similarly, in 1700, the general manager of the Pontchartrain stud farm pointed out the difficulty of finding good animals.",
"The regulations governing the stud farms to \"improve\" the horses were applied by imposing constraints on the premises.",
"In 1689, Desclouzeaux, intendant of the Brest stud farm, spoke of the \"light fines\" he imposed on owners of \"mediocre\" bidets caught roaming and covering mares.Horse exports doubled between the 17th and 18th centuries.",
"Statistics compiled in 1690 show that 334 national stallions were distributed, including 109 in the bishoprics of Saint-Pol-de-Léon, Tréguier and Nantes, resulting in the birth of 8,500 foals in the same year.=== 18th century ===Breton lord out hunting.In the 18th century, horse-drawn vehicle developed rapidly.",
"Adapted infrastructures were created: inns and post riders, which required spare horses.",
"The improvement of roads in Brittany led to the modification of the bidet, considered a bad horse, to make it faster and stronger, better suited to traction: these were the beginnings of Breton draft horse breeding.",
"In 1758, the main roads were established in the province, and in June 1776, a regular horse-drawn transport service provided stagecoach connections between various towns in Brittany.",
"Breeders became leaders in workhorse breeding.",
"This flourishing production made the Pays de Léon, in what is now northern Finistère, one of the region's finest producers.",
"In 1715, a stud farm inspector visited Léon and reported that horses were bred \"wild\" and thrifty, left to roam freely on vast pastures in all weathers: they were still bred wild on uncultivated moors.",
"In 1768, 28,000 horses were exported from Brittany.",
"Other sources, from Gallois de la Tour and the Intendant de Nointel, each mention around 12,000 horses exported each year.",
"Two types emerge: the \"cheval de Léon\", or Léonais, bulkier and closer to the draft horse, and the \"cheval du Conquet\", lighter and more courser-like.",
"At the end of the Ancien Régime, Chabert reveals the changes in breeding conditions in the Léon region.",
"Henceforth, horses lived in \"crèches\", sheltered from the elements.",
"Breeding evolved from a wild system to an artificial one.",
"The number of horses also rose sharply in the mid-18th century, from 164,000 in the 1733 census to 201,868 in the 1754 census.==== Stud farm administration under the Ancien Régime ====In his memoirs, the Duc d'Estrées refers to the birth of 24,000 horses each year in Brittany, and to the French government's annual investment of 30,000 pounds in this breeding program until 1717.The regulations governing the administration of provincial stud farms were published in 1717, with the preamble stating that Brittany was the region of the kingdom of France \"most suitable for breeding and feeding horses\".",
"French state intervention was very strict towards local breeders, who were fined if their mares were not presented to inspectors, or if their own stallions were caught roaming free.",
"After the death of Louis XIV, the Estates of Brittany protested against the financing of foreign stallions.",
"Eager to regain their independence, they demanded to choose their own inspectors and stallions.",
"The funds were abolished, then re-established in 1727.Stud horses were marked with an ermine on the buttock, surmounted by the initial of the bishopric where they were stationed.",
"From 1727 to 1761, hundreds of foreign stallions were imported to influence the Breton herd.",
"No changes were visible, and crossbreeding was often a failure.",
"The 1.65 m stallions acquired abroad were unable to breed with local \"bidettes\" averaging 1.32 men, ruining farmers whose foals sold poorly.",
"By 1755, the importance of choosing the right broodmare had been established, and 250 foreign mares were brought to Brittany.",
"Despite all this cross-breeding, most of Brittany's horses regained their ancestral characteristics.",
"However, in 1762, Fleuriot de La Fruglaye lamented the disappearance of the Cornouaille Breton bidet due to crossbreeding.This situation created a distaste for the stud farm administration and foreign stallions.",
"The national stud farms gradually lost interest in the mountainous regions of inland Brittany, where no imported stallions were available.",
"However, in 1762, an order was issued to suppress the stallions of local farmers who bred bidets: the report by Monseigneur l'évêque de Vannes advocated the distribution of premiums to the most beautiful 3- and 4-year-old foals in each Breton bishopric, discriminating against local bidets to force farmers to breed another breed.",
"In 1756, an edict ordered breeders to trim or cut off an ear to differentiate superior quality animals.",
"A memorandum submitted in 1774 attests to the numerous instances of resistance to this coercive regulation by the stud farms.",
"In 1781, Intendant Caze de la Bove blamed \"the laziness and routine of the Bretons who do not seek to crossbreed\".",
"From 1785 to 1787, deliberations led to the creation of 9 new stud farms in Brittany, distributed among the various bishoprics.",
"In 1789, a stud established in Saint-Pol-de-Léon was populated with Neapolitan horses.==== Revolutionary period ====On January 29, 1790, stud farms were abolished in Brittany, as in the rest of France, much to the relief of farmers, many of whose grievances have been preserved.",
"When the French Revolution came, the large number of requisitions and the abandonment of breeding by the nobility dealt a heavy blow to this economy.",
"The royal stallions were auctioned off by the Estates of Brittany.",
"The district of Saint-Brieuc was the first to sell all its stallions, on December 1, 1790.The Dinan district sold one stallion out of three at the beginning of 1791, leaving the remaining two-thirds to be used by the parishes.",
"In Brest, seven stallions were sold on January 3.The Constituent assembly dissolved the stud farms without proposing any replacement, against a backdrop of increasing demand and declining livestock production.",
"Requisitions followed one another.",
"In 1793, the mass levy gave rise to the Chouannerie movement.",
"Breton municipalities and farmers were torn between the demands of the Republic and Chouanne resistance.",
"On 10 Germinal An VIII (March 31, 1800), a requisition decided in Rennes demanded 962 horses from the Côtes-du-Nord department alone.",
"Resistance was organized, with horse dealers buying horses from farmers for resale in neighboring regions.",
"A new order extended the requisition to horses aged 4 years and measuring less than 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m).",
"The price paid to farmers was low, given the value of the animals.",
"This severity is undoubtedly linked to the repression of the Chouannerie.",
"It led Breton farmers to prefer small horses, which were of no value to the army.",
"From 1802 onwards, the Prefect of Brittany regularly reported that there were no good horses left, even though the region was ideal for breeding.",
"From then on, requests to re-establish the stud farms poured in, notably from Saint-Pol-de-Léon, Moustoir-Ac, Pont-Scorff and Rochefort-en-Terre.",
"On Ventôse 24, Year XII (March 14, 1804), the Morbihan Agricultural Society requested four stallions for the department, in view of the ruinous state of equine breeding.=== 19th century ===In 1831, 41,500 horses were registered in the Morbihan département alone.==== Re-establishment of national stud farms and requisitions under the First Empire ====Now hard to find, Brittany's horses had a good military reputation.",
"They were mainly used to pull artillery.",
"For this reason, Napoleon I commissioned his minister Chaptal to establish new national stud farms in Brittany, to supply his armies.",
"Rather ignorant of horse breeding, Chaptal chose the Morbihan département.",
"He chose two potential sites: Château de Crévy and Château de Josselin.",
"During prairial year XII (May–June 1804), a survey identified four other sites on the lands of the Dukes of Rohan.",
"On June 21, the sub-prefect of Pontivy proposed Langonnet.",
"Thanks to its central location, the site was immediately selected.",
"The stud farm was created in the Langonnet abbey.",
"The setting was grandiose, and the sub-prefect of Pontivy demanded immediate work.",
"The stud was to be populated with Norman, Navarrin, Barbet and Limousin horses, as well as the best double-bidets in Finistère.",
"After a succession of complaints, Langonnet's manager was ousted in March 1810.In his three years of service, however, he had acquired many fine horses at fairs in Brittany and abroad.",
"His successor encountered difficulties due to his isolation.",
"The roads were unsafe, and it was not uncommon for commission agents en route to Langonnet to be attacked.Between 1807 and 1814, 4,800 foals were born in the Breton departments, thanks to the stallions and mares of the national stud farm.",
"Napoleon's administration also introduced incentives, distributed at the main fairs in Brittany.",
"However, Brittany benefited little from these efforts, particularly from the good foal births in 1812.The horses needed by Napoleon's armies for the wars of the Empire were always requisitioned from local farmers, who actively resisted.",
"The result was an \"appalling degeneration in the size and strength of the mares\": the forced requisitions took away all the mares capable of carrying a soldier, and farmers were only willing to use the \"small, defective mares\" they were sure to keep.",
"The horses requisitioned in Brittany were appreciated by the armies for their stamina during the Russian campaign.==== Changing needs ====Anglo-Breton half-blood horse in Leon, 1825.Although unreliable, statistics compiled throughout the 19th century show a clear predominance of draft horse breeding.",
"Developments in breeding methods probably led to better socialization of mares.",
"Whereas they were left in a semi-feral state in the Léon region at the beginning of the previous century, their proximity to man coincided with the development of ploughing teams, to the detriment of oxen.",
"According to Jacques Charpy, horse-drawn ploughing developed strongly between the French Revolution and the beginning of the 19th century.In 1819, the director of the Haras National de Langonnet commented on his difficulties in finding good stallions in the region.",
"Ephrem Houël ran the Langonnet stud from 1838 to 1847.In his ''Traité complet de l'élève du cheval en Bretagne'' (1842), he testifies to the central place this animal occupies in Breton life.",
"Even the poorest peasants are obliged to own at least one horse.",
"Farming, public carriages, road transport and city services are all carried out by local horses.",
"Peasants go to pardons, christenings, funerals, pleasures and family affairs on horseback.",
"According to Houël, riding is especially de rigueur at weddings.",
"In the mountainous regions of inland Brittany, where roads are poor, the use of packhorses remains important.",
"In the middle of the century, Jean-François Brousmiche testifies to the care these farmers lavished on their horses: it was not uncommon for them to be sheltered in the house in winter.",
"They prepared the animals' feed \"with as much or even more care than their own\".",
"Horse-drawn vehicle was often harsh.",
"Some horses die between their harnesses.",
"In the hills, stagecoach passengers dismount to relieve the animals.",
"Animals pulling as far as Saint-Brieuc are sometimes \"doped\" with Calvados.",
"In the mountains of central France, racehorse breeding developed and reached its apogee with the birth of the leading stallion Corlay in the 1860s.",
"The most remarkable trotter of his day, he was sired by Norfolk trotter Flying Cloud and a Thoroughbred steeplechase mare.",
"However, breeding Thoroughbreds was not Brittany's vocation at the time.",
"It developed gradually over the century, under the impetus of a few wealthy owners motivated by equestrian sport.",
"The Anglo-Arabian was very much in evidence in these crossbreeds.",
"In 1894, a Breton section was opened in the French half-blood studbook.",
"In Loudéac, draft breeding predominated at the end of the century.",
"Hygiene conditions were frequently blamed, in particular ammonia fumes in the stables, which were said to be the cause of periodic fluxion epidemics.==== Action by the national stud farms ====Entrance to the Haras National d'Hennebont, established in 1857.In 1817, as a result of Napoleon's seizures, the stallions stationed at Langonnet were on the whole very varied and of poor quality: \"this is no longer a stud farm, but an acclimatization park for the world's equine fauna\".==== Establishment of new stud farms and remount depots ====The creation of the Lamballe stallion depot was envisaged as early as 1807, but the necessary funds were not voted.",
"The mayor of Lamballe again called for a stallion depot in 1818 and 1819.When the budget was deemed sufficient, the former Saint Martin barracks were converted into a stallion depot on January 16, 1825.In 1833, most of the stallions were sent to Langonnet, as the depot lacked the resources to operate properly.Poorly served by narrow, impassable roads, the Langonnet stud was transferred in 1857 to Hennebont, in the grounds of the Abbey of La Joie.",
"In 1827, a military remonte depot was established in Guingamp, with a branch in Morlaix.",
"At first, it had great difficulty finding cavalry horses.",
"In 1838, Saint-Pol-de-Léon became the site of a stud farm.",
"A ranking of the French horses most resistant to military campaigns, carried out from 1845 to 1854, puts the remonte de Guingamp at the top.",
"Horses in Brittany were also highly prized in the Crimean War.",
"The officers in charge of recruiting artillery horses discriminated against light-gray coats and favored dark-coated animals, notably imposing crossbreeding with Norman half-bloods.==== Against the breeding of bidets ====The Haras Nationaux, the French authority on equine breeding, is constantly at odds with Breton breeders as they try to impose their own standard for lighter horses.",
"According to Philippe Lacombe, their aim is to \"nationalize and civilize the animal as well as man\".",
"In particular, the bidet is undergoing a veritable \"stigmatization\", and the men who breed it are under attack.",
"For them, the bidet, decried for its lack of elegance, was the embodiment of peasant gaucherie, while the English thoroughbred was the object of immoderate infatuation.In 1842, the director of the Langonnet stallion depot, Ephrem Houël, proposed the systematic slaughter of all horses under a certain size.",
"This \"solution\" was not implemented, but the stud farms tried to impose crossbreeding with Anglo-Norman and Arabian horses to produce mounts suitable for cavalry service.",
"The resulting foals, often ramshackle, were depreciated.",
"The addition of Arab and Thoroughbred blood to the Breton breed from the central mountains, at the instigation of the national stud farms, led to the creation of the so-called \"Corlay horse\" type, to supply the army cavalry.",
"Between 1844 and 1890, Brittany's stallion depots received 74 half-blood stallions for use in crossbreeding.",
"According to Yann Brekilien, \"the stud farms could not tolerate the existence of equines that did not conform to official standards, and began a merciless battle against the brave bidets.",
"It didn't matter to them whether they were the best adapted to the needs of the locals, what mattered was standards\".",
"In his opinion, the National Stud's action against bidet breeding directly resulted in the disappearance of this little horse throughout Brittany.",
"Draft horses bred in Léon and Trégor gradually replaced the traditional bidets throughout the century.",
"These bidets were also crossed by their breeders with Ardennes stallions, for light draft work.==== Trade ====The wars at the beginning of the century and the high level of production meant that horses from Brittany were always exported.",
"In 1842, according to Houël, \"Brittany's particular breed of draft horse possesses qualities that make it sought-after throughout France and abroad, for road, stagecoach, postal and artillery train services\".",
"Nearly 30,000 foals are born each year.",
"Half of them were sold to breeders in other regions (Normandy, Poitou, Perche, Auvergne, Maine).",
"In 1850, almost 100,000 horses were registered in the Côtes-du-Nord department alone.",
"In the second half of the 19th century, the breeding and export system became very efficient, thanks in particular to the railroads, which enabled these horses to be sent to distant destinations.",
"From 1885 onwards, the United States began importing French draft horses on a massive scale, including Bretons.",
"However, Breton draft horses are frequently confused with those from the Perche region.",
"Before a sale, the animals are fed abundantly so as to look their best.The construction of the railroads made Landivisiau the hub of the horse trade, to the detriment of the traditional fairs found throughout the region.",
"Alongside Landivisiau, the three main horse fairs were held in Morlaix and Saint-Renan.",
"Secondary fairs were held in Plouescat, La Martyre, Commana, Saint-Pol-de-Léon, Lesneven, Plouguerneau, Landerneau and Brest.",
"The main trade in Léon and the Tréguier, Lannion, Bourbriac, Lamballe and Pontrieux regions is in horses.",
"Foals are sold at 18 months and 2 years of age, and the mothers do the work on the farms: breeders in Finistère often recover these foals.",
"The draft horse trade continued at the end of the century, while the half-blood horse trade kept pace with the progress of the railroads: despite the closure of post offices, horses were still needed for short distances, to take passengers to stations.=== 20th and 21st centuries ===The beginning of the 20th century was fatal for transport and luxury horses, which disappeared in favor of the automobile.",
"In 1900, only nine people in the Côtes-du-Nord region owned a car, compared with 121 ten years later.",
"Half-blood breeding collapsed in favor of Breton draft horses, which continued to sell well as long as horse-drawn agricultural work continued.",
"Many jobs were linked to horse breeding, including \"gelding\" (the person in charge of castrating males), saddler and farrier.",
"The various traditional countries share their breeding specialties.",
"Western Leon keeps mostly mares, while males are bred further east.",
"In the Pagan region, it is customary to sell the males at a very young age and keep only the fillies.",
"In 1906, Finistère was the French department with the most horses, along with Mayenne.",
"However, breeding does not make people rich, as a year without a foal birth is often financially dramatic.",
"Inhabitants generally pay their rent by selling one of their horses.==== Exports and trade ====Horse fair in Finistère, in the 1900s.Before the 1900s, Brittany was still a relatively isolated \"land of small-scale agriculture\".",
"But the region was well-suited to livestock breeding, and modernized transport benefited breeders who exported their animals all over Europe, boosting sales tenfold.",
"The golden age of Breton horse breeding and trade was between 1900 and 1940.Trains full of horses left the Landivisiau station for all over France, and trains and boats took them to southern Europe (Italy and Spain), Germany, England, Switzerland, North Africa, South America and Japan.",
"The German army acquired many Breton carriers.",
"These \"Malgré-nous\" horses were used on the battlefields of the First World War, against France.",
"In 1939 alone, 18,000 horses left Brittany.",
"They were mainly trained work animals from Cornouaille and Vannes.",
"In France, they were sent to the vineyards of Bordeaux and the Mediterranean, to farmers in the Vendée and Massif Central, and to the mines of the North.Buyers were highly varied and hierarchical, from Parisian merchants to small-scale local \"traffickers\".",
"The Parisian merchants, nicknamed \"the French\" because they didn't speak Breton, sent brokers supported by an interpreter who translated the buyer's wishes from French into Breton.",
"The Foire Haute de Morlaix brings together 7,000 horses in September.",
"All sales are conducted orally.",
"If the animal has a hidden defect such as a tic à l'appui (''tik-koad'') or a tic à l'air (''tik-aer''), the sale may be cancelled or revised.",
"Some unscrupulous dealers make up horses to increase their selling price: this may involve putting nitrate on a tooth to hide its worn state, putting a mustard poultice on the back to make it look less hollow, or hitting the legs with a boxwood hammer to make them look fuller.",
"Some traffickers inflate the animal's rump with a bicycle pump and hypodermic needle, or introduce ginger or pepper into the anus to make them look more vigorous.",
"There are also techniques for calming nervous horses by tying their tongues together for the duration of the sale, or for depreciating an animal by mixing finely chopped horsehair into its food, causing it to cough.",
"These techniques are mainly used by Bretons with foreigners, not between people who know each other.",
"As the century progressed, most horse fairs disappeared, due to the lack of use of horse-drawn vehicles.",
"Only a few survived, such as the Kerien fair, which continued in 1986.==== Care and training ====Brittany horses put to work are often given supplementary feed based on gorse, beet, rutabaga and coarse bran, cut and pounded at night.",
"Over time, this feed was replaced by ground cereals.",
"To keep their livestock in good health, farmers went to horse pardons, or called on the services of healers and, later, veterinarians.",
"The reputation of the rebouteux (''an dresserien'') often extended beyond the borders of his canton.",
"The recipes for the ointments used are handed down from generation to generation.Male animals are usually kept separate from females because of the supposed difficulty of getting them to work together.",
"To accustom the animals to work, the eighteen-month-old horse is harnessed in line behind an older animal.",
"Horses destined for work outside Brittany are often castrated after being sold, as the locals are used to working with whole horses.",
"Landivisiau's geldings have a great reputation.",
"They are said to be among the first to have discovered a technique for castrating horses without having to bed them.",
"Two wooden pincers, the casseaux (ar gwaskelloù), are placed on the vessels irrigating the testicles.",
"Within three weeks, the animal has lost its male instincts.==== No longer used for work ====Bigouden farmers harvesting seaweed with their draft horse.In 1948, the Breton departments were among the richest in horses.",
"There were 19 horses per square kilometer in Finistère, 13 in Côtes-du-Nord, 11 in Ille-et-Vilaine and 7 in Morbihan.",
"One of Brittany's particularities is that it has maintained a high level of horse breeding later than other regions of France.",
"Local markets are enough for breeders to survive.",
"Until the 1960s, horses continued to be bred and exported in a way that was considered anachronistic.",
"From the 1950s onwards, demand for horses declined sharply.",
"Breeders in Brittany moved closer to their breeding syndicate and the national stud farms in the 1960s and 1970s, when motorized farming meant that only breeding premiums and agricultural competitions could sustain them.",
"Breeding for the meat market gave a new lease of life to the Breton breed, particularly through exports to the Italian market.",
"Conversion to meat production is difficult for some breeders and for the horses, which tend to become \"fat\" due to lack of work in the fields: breeding horses for meat is not part of Breton tradition.",
"Vegetable farmers in the Pays de Léon are among the last to abandon horses for work.",
"In 2012, there were only around 30 farms using horses for agricultural purposes.",
"Breed shows are replacing the fairs of yesteryear, where horses are carefully groomed with raffia.",
"The tradition of tail docking (caudectomy), to prevent the appendage getting caught in reins or harnesses, lives on.",
"There is, however, at least one biennial ploughing competition in Finistère.==== The leisure craze ====Driving competition at the Salon du Cheval de Travail, Rennes, 2014.In the 1990s, a wave of enthusiasm for the leisure horse accompanied the return to the land of neo-ruralists.",
"This created a rift with traditional breeders.",
"The 1996 ban on tail docking for draft horses was seen as heresy by some farmers.",
"Driving for sport and leisure is gaining in importance.",
"The Haras National d'Hennebont is transformed into a cultural center designed as an open-air museum.",
"The Haras National de Lamballe became more involved, pursuing a policy of supporting leisure breeding, much to the chagrin of Breton beef horse breeders.",
"A new generation of non-agricultural breeders is acquiring Breton horses with a view to conserving the breed and using them for leisure.Marc'h Land, a 1.48 m (4′ 10″) truité gray Breton bidet, such as peasants used to ride before roads were improved."
],
[
"Types of horses in Brittany",
"=== Historical breeds ===A very large number of different horses bear or have borne the name \"Bretons\", which explains why armies looking for lively saddle horses for officers and artillery horses to pull cannons could source them entirely from the fairs at Morlaix or La Martyre.",
"The differences between types of horse are due to soil and feed: the northern coast generally produces abundant food, while the central mountains offer a difficult environment for breeding.By default, the name \"Breton horse\" refers to the draft horse from the 19th century onwards.",
"At the beginning of the 19th century, the \"Léon breed\", the \"Conquet breed\", the \"Ouessant dwarf horses\", the \"Cornouaille bidets\" and the \"étique des monts d'Arrée breed\" were listed as Breton horses.",
"At the end of the 19th century, a distinction was essentially made between the draft horse (\"Breton clean breed\") and the bidet, without any confusion being possible between the two breeds.",
"The bidet was transformed into a carriage horse by crossbreeding after road construction.",
"The Corlay horse is a nineteenth-century creation, and the Centre-Montagne is a descendant of the mountain bidets, which had a short official existence from 1927 to the 1980s, essentially originating in inland Brittany.",
"Léon is marked by the influence of foreign Norfolk breeding stock, while the Lamballe region is influenced by Percherons, and inland Brittany by Ardennais.==== Léon ====Around Saint-Pol-de-Léon and Morlaix, the strong-bodied Léon horse is bred.",
"The climate, location and soil of Léon meant that the horse trade was the main source of income for its inhabitants in the mid-19th century, with each farm owning six to seven mares.",
"The stallions used were supplied by the stud farm administration or were privately owned.",
"Before the French Revolution, the stallions supplied by the States of Brittany were not draft horses, but during the organization of the Haras National de Langonnet, large draft Bretons, Percherons and Boulonnais were sent to Léon.An 1859 review describes the \"cheval de Léon\" as measuring from 1.56 m to 1.64 m, with a coat that is generally bay, sometimes dappled gray and rarely chestnut.",
"The head is square and a little heavy, the bridge of the nose straight or cambered, the gaskets pronounced, the neck thick and short, the mane often double, the withers slightly protruding and fleshy, the shoulders fleshy and slightly sloping, the rump rounded, broad, generally swallowed, hollowed out on the median line by a deep furrow, the tail set low and the manes long.",
"The upper limbs are powerful, the hocks broad and lean, but the tendons are not very loose and the knee is a little effete.",
"Like the tail, the fetlocks are furnished with long manes.",
"The foot is large, splayed and flat.",
"These horses are nevertheless full of energy and vivacity in their gaits, sober and very resistant to fatigue.==== Conquet ====Cheval Breton du Finistère in , published by Firmin-Didot et Cie, volume 5, 1877.In the area around Saint-Renan, Trébabu and Le Conquet, light draft and carriage horses known as \"Conquet horses\" originate from the stud farms maintained in this region by wealthy owners, as well as the stallions placed there by the States of Brittany.",
"Possibly descended from the Léon horse, they are lighter in shape and structure, due to less rich pastures than on the coast.",
"They have been crossed with imported Danish, German and Norman horses.",
"Bay-colored, sometimes dappled gray, their height varies from 1.48 m to 1.58 m. The square head is fairly light, the bridge of the nose straight and sometimes arched, the neck well proportioned, the withers quite high, the shoulders less loaded and a little more sloping than in the Leon horse, the body more elongated, the rump rounded and separated by a small furrow, the tail set higher, the limbs a little spindly compared to the other parts of the body, the fetlocks less covered with hair, the feet less splayed, less flat.",
"This horse is energetic, sober and hard-working, but lacks distinction overall.",
"An excellent weapon horse for line cavalry.==== Bidet ====Bidet Breton de Briec, on an engraving from 1861.The Breton bidet has been much sought-after for its amble.",
"They can be found around Briec and Carhaix, in the valleys and on the sunset of the Monts d'Arrée, and on the Morbihan coast.",
"These animals, generally bred by poor farmers, are not very homogeneous.",
"Their coats are light, mostly chestnut, in various shades.",
"Their size is small, and they are not very elegant, but very hardy.",
"The Briec variety, known as the \"Cornouaille bidet\", enjoyed great popularity.",
"At the beginning of the 19th century, the Breton bidet was \"in France, the mount of almost all those whose profession requires them to ride daily\".",
"These bidets worked well into old age, making do with little food.",
"From the 1850s onwards, the bidet became much less sought-after as horse-drawn vehicles became more widespread.==== Ushant dwarf horse ====A handful of sources attest to the presence of \"dwarf horses\" on Ushant.",
"\"Highly sought-after and remarkable for their liveliness and elegance of form, no less than for the extreme smallness of their size\", they were already in sharp decline by the time of Jean-Baptiste Ogée.",
"In 1776, there were still 600 mares on the island.",
"That same year, the inspector of the Bas-Léon stud farm asked for a dozen small Navarran stallions to improve the breed, leaving just one \"old breed\" Ouessant stallion.",
"Around 1830, they were crossed with two Corsican stallions, close to their morphology.",
"François-Marie Luzel saw Ouessant horses in his youth, but on another trip (as an adult) found that they had disappeared.==== Horses from Saint-Brieuc, Tréguier and Lannion ====On the left, a Breton horse from Côtes-du-Nord, on the right, the Corlay horse.Other types of animal can be found in the Côtes-d'Armor region, particularly in Saint-Brieuc.",
"Draft horses are similar to those of Léon, but their coats are speckled gray or truité, dappled gray and light gray, sometimes aubère or bay, and their height ranges from 1.48 m to 1.58 m. These horses can be found all along the coast, from Saint-Malo to Lannion, and are bought in foal by farmers around Dinan and Rennes, and even in Perche and Normandy.",
"The horse bred in Tréguier can be divided into two varieties: one, stronger and more common than the Léon breed, is found mainly around Lannion; the other, much smaller, but well established and of fairly good conformation, is found around Pontrieux.==== Corlay horse ====Horse race in Corlay, Côtes d'Armor.Also known as the \"light mountain horse\", its historic production center is located near Corlay.",
"Before the Restoration, the region produced only sober bidets in a semi-feral state.",
"In 1808, Arabian stallions and a few Thoroughbreds were introduced, resulting in the Corlay horse, which is raced locally thanks to the speed inherited from its ancestors.",
"The breed was influenced by a stallion himself named Corlay.Considered a national glory at the end of the 19th century, the Corlay horse is now referenced as an AQPS., measuring 1.50 to 1.55 m in height.",
"Its numbers have declined steadily.",
"By 1994, it had practically disappeared.",
"The town of Corlay has opened a museum to trace its history.=== Trait breton, Postier breton and Centre-montagne ===Breton in Daoulas, Finistère.Officially, only one breed of horse is recognized as being unique to Brittany.",
"The Breton horse is divided into three types, two of which still exist today: the Centre-montagne or small draft Breton (now extinct), the Postier (lighter) and the Trait (heavier).",
"The difference can be explained by their use: the Trait Breton was intended for heavy pulling at a walk (which requires horses to place their neck almost horizontally), and the Postier for pulling at a trot, which, on the contrary, requires the neck to be raised.Originating in mountainous areas, the Centre-montagne is the smallest variety of the Breton breed.",
"It was officially recognized in 1927 and descended from the bidets.",
"It disappeared in the 1980s, due to its low meat yield.",
"The Postier type is the \"jewel of the breed\", considered one of France's most precious zoological heritages.",
"Its name derives from its historic use to pull post office wagons.",
"It is the result of crosses between Léon mares and Norfolk and Hackney trotter stallions in the early 20th century.",
"The Postier Breton made a name for itself in 1905 at the ''Concours Central Hippique de Paris''.",
"Lighter and broader in gait than the draft, measuring around 1.55 m, it is bred mainly in central Brittany.",
"It is a good carriage horse for light draft work.",
"The Trait is the result of crossbreeding with Ardennais and Percherons, notably the half-Ardennais Naous.",
"The Breton Trait is very strong for its size, topping out at around 1.60 m. Now bred almost exclusively for meat, it is the breed's most common type, weighing up to a ton.=== Foreign breeds ===Polig was behind the introduction of Connemara ponies to Brittany in the 1970s.In 1974, Polig Monjarret brought back three Connemara ponies from Ireland as part of his development of Interceltisme.",
"Following the publication of an article in the magazine and contact with the director of the Haras National de Lamballe, an import activity began, involving a total of around one hundred animals over several years.",
"Brittany remains the leading breeding region for this breed in France.It was also in the 1970s that Raymond Hascoët became interested in the Polish-bred Arabian horse, for breeding in endurance racing.",
"He pioneered this type of breeding in the region.",
"The region also boasts a large number of Dartmoor ponies, with the breed's French association based in Brech, Morbihan.",
"Brittany is also France's leading Haflinger breeding region.Brittany breeds a large number of AQPS and French Saddlebreds (the fourth-largest breeding region in France).",
"The French Trotter and Thoroughbred breeds are on a par with the national average, but represent a significant volume, with around 750 and 350 breeding mares respectively.",
"Although rarer in terms of numbers, the Barb, Highland pony and Fjord Pony breeds are also well represented."
],
[
"Economics and organization of horse-riding",
"Horse-drawn waste collection in Questembert.Historically, the horse had a high economic value in Brittany, on the order of three to four times that of a cow.",
"At the time, its use was essentially agricultural, with a secondary outlet in transport.",
"Over time, with the end of horse-drawn vehicle, the economy of the sector changed.",
"Brittany is clearly developing equestrian tourism.",
"The region also retains a strong tradition of equestrian sport (trotting, show jumping and galloping).",
"It is highly competitive in equestrian endurance, both for breeding horses and for riders.",
"It also boasts national-level victories in show jumping and driving.",
"Some 4,800 jobs depend directly on the equestrian sector, with annual sales of 201,400,000 euros (2011 figures for administrative Brittany).",
"In the same year, there were 26,040 equidae in the region.",
"In October 2011, Brittany's General Council unanimously adopted a \"horse plan\" in support of the industry.Various organizations manage aspects of breeding.",
"The deals with all sectors, while the (FEDEB), as its name suggests, specializes with sport horse breeders in the three Olympic disciplines of show jumping, eventing and dressage.",
"The Association du Cheval Arabe Bretagne Endurance (ACABE) federates endurance horse breeders and breeders of the thoroughbred Arabian horse for all uses.",
"The (FBEUP) deals with ponies.",
"There are also a number of national and regional breeding organizations active in a wider area, but particularly active in Brittany.",
"The (ASSELCO) and the are well represented, given the large number of equestrian sport breeders in Brittany.",
"The , given the breed's historical origins, is also very much involved in Brittany.=== Breeding ===Brittany has a strong breeding economy, although the average age of the profession is high, at around 55.Unsurprisingly, the Breton horse is the predominant breed on these farms, accounting for 38% of the herd, or more than 2,000 breeding mares in 2011.There are departmental differences, with draft horses more prevalent in Côtes d'Armor, while Ille-et-Vilaine has more trotter farms.",
"The breeding sector reported 4,058 births in 2011, representing total sales of €46,876,779 in the same year.=== National stud farms and equestrian centers ===West entrance to the Haras National de Lamballe.Brittany is home to five regional equestrian centers, which host numerous sporting and cultural events.",
"They are financed by the Spur Fund and the Regional Council of Brittany.",
"The Haras National de Lamballe (Côtes-d'Armor), historically created to serve the north of Brittany, is the cradle of Breton Postier breeding and a tourist site, managed by a mixed syndicate since 2006.It welcomes 50,000 visitors and spectators every year.",
"The de Corlay, in Corlay (Côtes-d'Armor), was originally a simple racecourse created in 1905 and modified by the addition of infrastructures.",
"It is used for racing-type equestrian activities, as well as endurance, eventing and driving events.",
"Eventually, the town of Corlay aims to become Brittany's regional endurance center, as well as a training and development center for this discipline.The de Landivisiau (Finistère) has been in existence since January 21, 2012, and welcomes around 260 horses every month, in all equestrian disciplines and all year round.",
"It includes training facilities for trotting and galloping races, three riding arenas including one for show jumping, and a cross-country course.",
"The Haras National d'Hennebont (Morbihan) was historically the stud serving the south of France.",
"Specializing in Breton horses and carriage driving, it opened an \"Espace Découverte du Cheval en Bretagne\" in 1999.Around 30,000 visitors attend its shows and visit its museum every year, including 15,000 for events.",
"In summer, it becomes a national stage for horse shows.",
"Since 2007, the site has been managed by a mixed syndicate.",
"The Val Porée equestrian stadium in Dinard (Ille-et-Vilaine), Brittany's fifth-largest equestrian center, is considered one of the five finest showgrounds in Europe.",
"It hosts major competitions, particularly in show jumping.In addition to the five '''', Breton horses can be seen at the Rennes Ecomuseum and at the Maison du Cheval Breton on the Ménez-Meur estate in the Monts d'Arrée.=== Racecourses ===Driver and trotter at Saint-Jean-des-Prés racecourse in Guillac, near Josselin.Brittany also boasts a large number of racecourses, unevenly distributed across the region.",
"Twenty-nine racing companies manage Brittany's racecourses.",
"The most active are Saint-Brieuc (Hippodrome de la Baie), Saint-Malo (Hippodrome de Marville) and Maure-de-Bretagne (Hippodrome des Bruyères), which organize ten meetings a year.=== Events ===Numerous equestrian events are organized throughout the year.",
"Since 2009, the Landivisiau region has been offering the \"Month of the Horse\" in May, with numerous events and demonstrations.",
"In Loudéac, the \"Fête du Cheval\" is an opportunity to see all types of Breton horses, with a view to promoting the region's culture: on the second Sunday in August, around 220 horses and 30 horse-drawn carriages are on show.",
"There has also been a horse festival in Guer since 1991, combining horses, music and traditions, notably the Welsh language.",
"In Landerneau, the horse festival organized since 1988 combines a parade of horse-drawn vehicles with traditional music.",
"This is the revival of an earlier festival, organized in 1948 by photographer Yan de la Fosse-David in aid of Breton horse breeding.",
"It attracted over 25,000 people to the Kerbrat stadium.Brittany's horses are also present at the SPACE international animal production show in Rennes, and at the Morlaix horse show, which attracted over 8,000 visitors in 2013."
],
[
"Culture",
"Évariste-Vital Luminais, circa 1884, Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper.",
"The horse on the right is supposed to be Morvarc'h.Horses enjoy a special cultural status in Brittany, thanks to their attachment to the animal.",
"A work tool and an object of pride, the horse is associated with all the events of life, including pardons.",
"The European tourist market has led to a \"folklorization\" of these traditions.",
"Tales and songs often evoke the horse, generally linked to the element of water and particularly to the waves of the sea.",
"The animal also represents the Devil and death (the Ankou).",
"In fairy tales, the horse generally plays the role of a hero's magical protector.Morvarc'h (the sea horse) and King Marc'h (the horse-eared king) are present in Breton traditions.",
"Attestations of the Mallet horse legend exist in Loire-Atlantique.",
"Breton and Gallo include equestrian vocabulary, with numerous dialects.",
"Toponyms are composed from the words ''marc'h'' (horse in Breton) and (horse in Latin), particularly in Cornouaille.",
"Among the armorial bearings of the various communes, the horse and equestrian elements are especially present in Basse-Bretagne, corresponding to the department of Finistère.",
"In 1975, Pierre-Jakez Hélias published , a largely autobiographical book, which was a great success and led to a controversy with Xavier Grall, who replied to the author in in 1977.''''",
"was made into a film in 1980 by director Claude Chabrol."
],
[
"See also",
"* Breton horse* Breton bidet* Horses in Normandy* Horses in Breton culture"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* * * * ** * * * * * * * * * === Academic sources ===* * * * * * * * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Mary Morales"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Mary Mora Morales''' is a Venezuelan politician, currently an alternate deputy in the National Assembly for the Mérida state."
],
[
"Career",
"Morales was elected as alternate deputy for the National Assembly for the Mérida state for the 2016–2021 term in the 2015 parliamentary elections, representing the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD)."
],
[
"See also",
"* IV National Assembly of Venezuela"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Mary Mora Morales - Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela* Dip.",
"Alexis Paparoni - Transparencia Venezuela*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Panglima Kinta Mosque"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Panglima Kinta Mosque''' (Malay: ''Masjid Panglima Kinta'') is a mosque located in the city of Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia.",
"The mosque was built in 1898 by Datoh Panglima Kinta Muhamad Yusuff bin Lassam, who was then Panglima Kinta or Lord of Kinta, as a commemoration for his wife, Saaidah bt Chik who died in the same year.",
"Panglima Kinta Mosque was gazetted as a heritage building in 2012."
],
[
"History",
"The mosque complex was built on a 45,000-square-foot land near the Kinta River at a cost of $15,000.It used to be a centre for the spreading of Islam among the local community.After a few years, there were several additions, namely a burial area for the family members of Panglima Kinta and a madrasah for study classes within the mosque area.",
"This was followed by the addition of the ablution (wudu) area, ''balai lintang'' (a hall at the right side of building), cemetery, and house for mosque officials.Reportedly, an ustaz from Egypt, Shaik Tholji, used to live here and contributed to teaching the locals to study the Quran.",
"After his death, he was buried in the family mausoleum of Datuk Panglima Kinta, which is located in the backyard of the mosque.This mosque was gazetted as a heritage building in 2012 by the National Heritage Department."
],
[
"Architecture",
"The main materials used in the construction of Panglima Kinta Mosque were bricks and lime plaster, which was finished in white paint and strokes of blue lines.Sporting a colonial design mixed with Mughal and Neoclassical motifs (based on Roman and Greek designs), the mosque was built in a rectangular form, approximately 40 metres in length and 25 metres in width.",
"The prayer hall is distinguished by a square shape enclosed with a two-tiered pyramid as roof.It has a front porch and is flanked by two minarets.",
"Its roofline is crenellated, which is a popular feature of Mughal architecture.",
"Semicircular arches support the porch and front verandah.",
"Cupola crown the minarets which are divided into five sections to symbolise the Five Pillars of Islam.The prayer hall can accommodate 400 people at the most, while an additional 200 people can use the corridors at peak hours, especially during the Friday Prayer."
],
[
"See also",
"* Islam in Malaysia* Islam in Southeast Asia"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Sri Lanka FIFA World Series"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Sri Lanka FIFA World Series''' is the inaugural FIFA ‘World Series,’ a four-nation friendly international association football tournament which will held from 18 to 26 March 2024 in Colombo, Sri Lanka organized and controlled by Football Sri Lanka (FSL)."
],
[
"Participating nations",
"The FIFA Rankings of participating national teams as of 21 December 2023.TeamFIFA RankingsConfederation 184AFC 131CAF 165OFC (Host)204AFC"
],
[
"Venue",
"All matches will be held at the Racecourse Ground in Colombo, Sri Lanka.",
"Colombo Racecourse Ground Capacity: '''10,000''' 200px"
],
[
"Match officials"
],
[
"Standings"
],
[
"Matches",
"--------"
],
[
"Final"
],
[
"Statistics",
"===Goalscorers==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"André Fougeron"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''André Fougeron''' (1 October 1913 – 10 September 1998) was a French painter.",
"A representative of the ''Nouveau Réalisme'' movement'','' the main subjects of the his paintings were the themes of everyday life and social struggle of the French people."
],
[
"Biography",
"Fougeron was born in to a working-class family and himself was a metal worker.",
"A self-taught painter from a young age, he sent a painting to the Salon des Indépendants in 1928.In the 1930s, alongside artists such as Maurice Estève and Édouard Pignon in particular, fought for the establishment of the unemployment fund for artists and craftsmen and, jointly, with the Union of unemployed committees in the Paris region, for the increase unemployment benefit.After serving in the military, he returned to Paris and joined Louis Aragon's Maison de la culture movement with his friend Boris Taslitzky.",
"Inspired by Pablo Picasso's Guernica, Fougeron created many paintings depicting the Spanish Civil War and in support of the Republicans.",
"In 1939, Fougeron joined the French Communist Party and remained a member until his death.Being called for the military again after the German invasion, he was prisoner on the Belgian front but managed to escape and reach the free zone before resettling in Paris, then, in 1943, in Montrouge, where he created a studio.",
"He transformed this workshop into a clandestine printing press.",
"An active resistance fighter in the artistic community, he was secretary general of the National Arts Front, the artistic section of the National Front.At the Liberation, Fougeron worked the office of Fine Arts until November 1944.He was then one of the favorite artists of the Communist Party.",
"He was recognized by the party as one of the \"leaders of the new realism\" with other artists such as Taslitzky.",
"He exhibited in numerous events organized by the Communist Party during from 1948 to 1954.As the PCF started to change its cultural policy from the late 1950s and distance itself from workerism, Fougeron's popularity and influence dwindled.",
"Fougeron moved towards a more critical figurative style and mixed influences, borrowing from photography, hyperrealism and comics, without abandoning his political commitment and depictions of current events."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Francis E. Griffin"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Francis Eugene Griffin''' (1910–1973) was an American architect.",
"He was a pioneering Black architect in Detroit and helped influence many other early career Black architects in the city.",
"He was part of the architectural firms '''White & Griffin''', and later '''Ward, Griffin, & Agee''', and '''Francis E. Griffin Associates, Architects, & Planners'''.",
"Griffin also worked in the 1950s for the United States government in designing structures in Liberia.",
"His name is also spelled '''Frances E. Griffin'''."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Francis Eugene Griffin was born September 10, 1910, in Battle Creek, Michigan, to African American parents Genevieve Tucker Griffin and William Edward Dunston Griffin.",
"The family was part of the Mt.",
"Zion A.M.E. Church in Battle Creek.",
"He attended Battle Creek Central High School, and graduated in February 1928.From 1928 until 1931, Griffin attended the University of Michigan (UMich); followed by a second period of study from 1933 to 1935.His exact graduation date from the bachelor of science degree in architectural engineering at UMich is unknown (either in 1935 or 1944).In 1936, he married Mallie Hill; they had two children."
],
[
"Career",
"He worked in Washington, D.C., for John Anderson Lankford from 1936 until 1938; followed by work for Howard Hamilton Mackey Sr. from 1939 until 1941.In 1939, Griffin became a licensed architect in Washington, D.C.. Griffin had a private practice in his home at 5325 Ames, NE, in the Capitol View neighborhood of Washington, D.C., from 1941 until 1943.Followed by work as a cost estimator for Albert Irvin Cassell's Mayfair Mansions Apartments project (1943–1945).He partnered with Donald Frank White between 1946 and 1968 to form the firm of White & Griffin Architecture–Engineering Associates in Detroit.",
"In the mid-1950s, White & Griffin took a project in Liberia; a joint venture between the United States government, the Liberian government, and Prairie View A&M University to create the Booker T. Washington Institute, a vocational school patterned after the U.S. land grant college system.In the late 1950s until the 1970s, he partnered with architects Harold Edward Ward and Aubrey Caston Agee to form the firm, Ward, Griffin, & Agee.",
"By the 1970s, the firm name was changed to Francis E. Griffin Associates, Architects, & Planners.",
"He also worked for the City of Detroit Housing Commission from 1962 and 1969.Griffin was an active member of BAG (Black Architects Group) in Detroit; and a member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA).",
"He was also a leader within the National Technical Association, providing training, opportunities, and support for African American architects."
],
[
"Death",
"He died of cancer on February 14, 1973, in Detroit.",
"Griffin is profiled in the biographical dictionary ''African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945'' (2004)."
],
[
"List of works",
"* Aijalon Baptist Church (1950), 6419 Beechwood Street, Detroit, Michigan* Considine Auditorium and Sculpture Court (1973), 8904 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan"
],
[
"See also",
"* African-American architects"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Turkey Creek Preserve"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Turkey Creek Preserve''' is a 375-acre preserve located in the Turkey Creek community of Alachua County, Florida."
],
[
"Geography",
"Turkey Creek Preserve is located at 6300 NW 93rd Ave, west of Northwest 59th Terrace and north of Northwest 93rd Avenue in Alachua County, Florida.",
"It borders San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park.",
"The preserve harbors nearly a mile of its namesake Turkey Creek's waters.",
"Two miles away is Four Creeks Preserve, which opened to the public in 2019, and houses the Turkey, Blues, Possum, and Hogtown Creeks.",
"Turkey Creek Forest is also the name of a residential area that lies north of Four Creeks Preserve."
],
[
"Trails",
"The preserve contains 5 miles of marked trails, open to hikers.",
"Additionally, off-road bicycling and equestrian use is allowed on select trails.",
"The preserve has trailheads at Northwest 93rd Avenue and Northwest 59th Terrace."
],
[
"History",
"For much of the 20th century, the Cellon family owned the area, using it as pasture.",
"Nearby Cellon Oak Park in Gainesville is named after the family.",
"The land was once set to be used for housing for the Turkey Creek community, of which there are around 2,200 residents, as of 2021.Using a combination of Wild Spaces Public Places funds and a $1.5 million grant from the Florida Communities Trust, Alachua County purchased the preserve from the Gainesville Investment Group for $4 million in 2009.A management plan for the preserve was approved in 2012.The preserve underwent over a decade of restoration; trash and exotic plants were removed, while native plants were introduced to replaced them.",
"Timber harvesting of planted slash pine was a central step of the preserve's development process, which also saw a wild hog population controlled.",
"A parking lot was also added to the area."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Turkey Creek Preserve - Brochure"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Dhruv Sharma (singer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Dhruv Sharma''', professionally known as '''Dhruv''', is a British-born, Indian singer-songwriter.",
"His 2019 single \"double take\", a \"smooth R&B track about falling in love with a best friend\", became a sleeper hit after it went viral on TikTok two years after its release.",
"In 2021, the song went No.",
"1 in the Philippines and Thailand, and reached the top five of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore's streaming charts.",
"Sharma released his debut EP, ''rapunzel'', in January 2022 under RCA/Little Worry."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Sharma was born in London, England, from an Indian family.",
"They all relocated to Singapore when he was 2 and he lived there until the age of 18.He learned the piano as a child and began writing melodies at a young age.",
"He started pursuing and writing music seriously at the age of 15, and began uploading self-recorded demos to SoundCloud while living in Singapore.Sharma eventually moved to the US at the age of 18 and attended Yale University.",
"Following the success of \"double take\", Sharma paused his studies to focus on pursuing music full-time."
],
[
"Career",
"Sharma released his debut single \"double take\" on May 24, 2019, while he was still a student.",
"This was followed by the release of singles \"moonlight\" and \"vulnerable\" the following year.",
"Sharma rose to prominence in 2021 when \"double take\" went viral on social media.",
"\"double take\" eventually debuted on the Billboard Global Excl.",
"US Chart.",
"Sharma was signed to RCA in October 2021.He released his first mixtape \"rapunzel\" on January 21, 2022.He later released a standalone single \"Blur\" in 2022 and was a support act for Joji on his 2022 North American Smithreens Tour.",
"On January 19, 2024, Dhruv released \"Tragedy\", the lead single from his forthcoming debut studio album, after taking a brief hiatus from releasing music."
],
[
"Discography",
"=== Studio albums ===* ''rapunzel'' (2022)=== Singles ===* ''double take'' (2019)* ''moonlight'' (2019)* ''vulnerable'' (2020)* ''airplane thoughts'' (2021)* ''stable life'' (2021)* ''Blur'' (2022)* ''Tragedy'' (2024)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"** Dhruv on Instagram"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1908 college football rankings"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1908 college football season rankings''' included a ranking by New York City newspaper ''The Sun''."
],
[
"''The Sun''",
"In November 1908, New York City newspaper ''The Sun'' published their top-twelve ranking.",
"Rank Team Record 1 Harvard 9–0–1 2 Penn 11–0–1 3 Yale 7–1–1 4 Dartmouth 6–1–1 5 Cornell 7–1–1 6 Army 6–1–2 7 Navy 9–2–1 8 Princeton 5–2–3 9 Brown 5–3–1 10 Syracuse 6–3–1 11 Carlisle 10–2–1 12 Colgate 4–3"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Robert Beheathland"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Robert Beheathland''',(or Behethland), born before 1587 in St Endellion, Cornwall, England, was an English gentleman who arrived in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 aboard one of the three founding ships, likely the Susan Constant.",
"He is noteworthy as the only original 1607 Jamestown colonist having documented descendants living today."
],
[
"Documented Presence",
"Beheathland is listed among the 104 colonists on the Virginia Company of London's manifest.",
"He is included in Captain John Smith's list of 100 \"Planters\" (gentlemen) in his book \"The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles\", and mentioned as accompanying John Smith on a visit to Powhatan, the local indigenous leader."
],
[
"Possible Roles and Significance",
"Early colonist: His presence in 1607 makes him one of the first permanent English settlers in North America.Social standing: \"Gentleman\" status suggests he belonged to a wealthier class and may have contributed financially or provided leadership in the settlement's early days.Trade potential: Some sources suggest he brought sheet copper to trade with Indigenous people."
],
[
"Interaction with John Smith, Christopher Newport, and Opechancanough",
"In Jan 1608, after arrival of the First Supply, Capts.",
"Smith and Christopher Newport took a group of about twenty men, one of them Robert Beheathland, and went to the village of Powhatan for a visit.",
"Later in the year, on 29 Dec 1608, Capt.",
"Smith undertook a journey up the Pamunkey River for another visit with Powhatan.",
"Robert Beheathland traveled in the '' Discovery'' barge with Capt.",
"Smith; other gentlemen, soldiers, and sailors followed in a pinnace.",
"On the way back, they stopped at the house of King Opechancanough; Capt.",
"Smith took with him a group of about fifteen, including Beheathland.",
"When they were threatened with capture, Powell and Beheathland guarded the door while Capt.",
"Smith seized the King by the long lock of his hair and held him hostage as they escaped."
],
[
"Land Aquisition",
"Robert was an Ancient Planter, and thus received 100 acres of land for being present before the arrival of Sir Thomas Dale."
],
[
"Later Life and Family",
"Robert married Mary (unknown) and had at least 3 children: The surname of his wife, Mary, is not known.",
"Some claim she was Mary Nicholson but there is no documentation to support that.",
"The widow, Mary Beheathland, married second, Lieut.",
"Thomas Flint of Warwick County, Virginia.# Dorothy born in England or Virginia in 1612 or 1613.In Nov 1628 she is listed in Virginia court records as the step-daughter of Lt Thomas Flint living in Elizabeth city.# Mary was born in 1614 or 1615.About 1631 she married Captain Thomas Bernard of Warwick county.",
"They had a daughter named Beheathland Bernard who married 1st to Francis Dade, alias Major John Smith and married 2nd to Major Andrew Gibson.# John was born in 1616 or 1617.He wrote his will in 1636 saying he was on the way to Virginia and the administration of his estate was granted in Oct 1639 to his cousin Charles Beheathland, who stated \"John and died abroad, unmarried.Robert's brother Anthony died in May 1615.Robert and his brother George sued Anthony's widow Ursula for their interests in the estate.",
"In 1618 the judge ordered the widow to pay 80 pounds divided among Anthony's relatives.By 1620 Robert was in England, petitioning the Royal Council of England for a qualified governor for Virginia.Robert died 1627.His widow Mary married Lieutenant Tomas Flint of Elizabeth City, when her name appeared in court records in regard to land she had inherited."
],
[
"Legacy",
"Robert Beheathland is significant for being one of the founding figures of Jamestown and contributing to the establishment of the first successful English colony in North America.",
"He also is notable for having descendants living today, possibly the only one of the original 1607 colonists with that distinction.",
"This makes him a historical link to the founding of America."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Sources",
"* Smith, Captain John.",
"Names of the First Planters, The Generall Historie of Virginia.",
"* Dorman, John Frederick;Virginia M. Meyer.",
"Adventurers of Purse and Person 1607-1624/5.Richmond, VA: The Dietz Press, Inc., 1987* Gray, Violet Noland.",
"Genealogical History of Robert Beheathland.",
"Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press, 1978."
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 NWSL Challenge Cup"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 NWSL Challenge Cup''' will be the fifth edition of the NWSL Challenge Cup, a women's soccer competition organized by the National Women's Soccer League.",
"The match is the first Challenge Cup to be played in the super cup format as a one-off game, contested by the winners of the previous season's NWSL Championship and NWSL Shield.",
"It will feature NJ/NY Gotham FC, champions of the 2023 National Women's Soccer League, and San Diego Wave FC, winners of the 2023 NWSL Shield.",
"The match will be played on March 15, 2024, and will be hosted by Gotham FC at the Red Bull Arena in Harrison, New Jersey.",
"The match will act as an curtain raiser to the 2024 season, and will be broadcast on Amazon Prime Video, marking the start of the platform's coverage of the NWSL."
],
[
"Background",
"The NWSL Challenge Cup was created as a league cup tournament in 2020 as a return to competition after the 2020 NWSL regular season was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"The competition was successful enough to be brought back in 2021, though played prior to the start of the NWSL's regular season.",
"This format continued in 2022, but was changed in 2023 to take place during the league's regular season.",
"However, with more regular season matches taking place due to the league being expanded from 12 to 14 teams in 2024, the NWSL decided to scrap the league cup format.",
"Instead, the competition was reformatted to be a one-off super cup match, to be contested by the winners of the NWSL Championship and NWSL Shield from the previous season.",
"Should the same team win the NWSL Shield and Championship, the fixture will be a rematch of the previous NWSL Championship.",
"The game will act as an opener to the league season, played the day prior to the first regular season matches."
],
[
"Teams",
" Team Qualification Previous final appearances (bold indicates winners) NJ/NY Gotham FC 2023 NWSL champions 1 (2021) San Diego Wave FC 2023 NWSL Shield winners None"
],
[
"Match",
"===Details==='''Match rules'''*90 minutes.",
"*Penalty shoot-out if scores level.",
"*Nine named substitutes, of which up to five may be used."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sudhanoti"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Sudhanoti''' was an independent Kingdom founded by a Sudhan branch of the Sadozai tribes of Afghanistan in 1407."
],
[
"History of the name Sudhnuti",
"The known history of Sidhnuti, whose earlier name was Bhan, dates back to 830 AD Iqbal Darwish, a well-known historian of Siddhnauti, writes in Siddhnauti History that in the 8th century AD, Siddhnauti was ruled by regular Hindu Brahmins.",
"After which the condition of the Brahmins became worse.",
"Historian Fazlahi writes in Sardaran Sidhnuti that the knowledge of the Sidhans is known through awareness.",
"When most of the Afghan chieftains moved from Afghanistan to India in the 14th century AD, among them Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai along with three hundred warriors and two hundred women of his tribe, camped in Rawalpindi from different parts of India.",
"The Brahmins of Bhan Sidhnuti who had been persecuted by the Bhagar Rajputs for a long time.",
"They brought this Afghan Nawab to attack the Baghars and Ghaghars occupying their country.",
"So the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan attacked (Bhan Sidhnuti) and defeated the Baghars and Ghaghars, after which the Brahmins gave Jassi Khan the title of Sidhan on the coronation of Nawab Jissi Khan at Sidhnuti.Which means brave and just.",
"After the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan gained government control over Bhan, the name was changed from Bhan to Sidhnuti, which means the place of Sidhu's stay.This well-known name Sudhnuti is also recorded in the first Indian census of 1881History of the Muslim Nations of Punjab was written by British officer Lt. Col. JM Wakely when Poonch was part of the British province of Punjab and the Insaf Kot of Poonch was also in Lahore, Punjab.",
"Books were written containing the information obtained from the census of Punjabi Muslims.",
"In which he assigns the name of Sidhnuti to Nawab Jassi Khan, he writes that here Sidhnuti was formerly ruled by Brahmins from whom the Bhagars and Ghaghars had taken away their government and occupied their country.",
"So the Brahmins brought the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai to attack the Bhagars, after which the Afghan Nawab attacked the Bhagars and defeated them and established his government here.The British Lt. Weekley, the author of Kitab Punjab Muslim, writes that after the coronation of the government of Nawab Jassi Khan Saduzai, the Brahmins gave him the title of Sadhan, which means brave and just.",
"So after that the Afghan Nawab Jassi Khan Sidhuzai took control of the government at Bhan and changed its name from Bhan to Sidhnuti which means the place of settlement of Sadhus."
],
[
"Sudhanoti's Role in Azad Kashmir Movement",
"Ian Stephens (editor) was a British journalist who was the editor of the British Indian newspaper The Statesman in Kolkata, West Bengal from 1942 to 1951.He is one of the eyewitnesses of the Kashmir issue.",
"He writes in his famous Zaman book Pakistan that Tehreek Azadi Kashmir is actually a rebellion of Sidhnuti whose rebellion took the form of Tehreek Azadi Kashmir In additionThe Sudhan tribe has been described as \"a main and martial tribe of dissident Poonch\" by Christopher Snedden, a political analyst.",
"Sardar Ibrahim Khan, a barrister, and politician of the Muslim Conference party, was among the Sudhan people who rose to significance in 1947 as a result of the campaign and later rebellion against the Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.",
"Khan led a significant faction of the Muslim Conference activists in their demands that Singh should join Pakistan rather than accede to India.",
"it was the Sudhans who were at the heart of this campaign.",
"The Sudhans rebels were directed by the Pakistan Army, and with the support of Pashtun tribal ''lashkars'' sent in from the Khyber and Waziristan tribal agencies, Sudhans were able to liberate a portion of the state, called Azad Kashmir (Free Kashmir).",
"Azad Kashmir has been under the control Pakistan ever since."
],
[
"First Sikh Sudhan War",
"At the time of the First Sikh Sidhnuti War, Sidhnuti was a kingdom divided among fifteen hill chiefdoms.",
"To its north-east and south-east lies the border region of Maidani and Balai Poonch, where the first Sikh Sidhnuti war took place.",
"While the remaining 900 square miles of Siddhunati is a very hilly and difficult terrain with a topography of fifteen mountains.Descendants of Nawab Jassi Khan ruled here from the 14th century AD to the end of the 16th century AD.",
"In the late 16th century AD, the Sadhuzais wrested rule from the descendants of Nawab Jassi Khan and divided the fifteen hills of Sidhnuti among themselves.Thus the rule of fifteen chieftains was established on the fifteen mountains of Sidhnuti.",
"After that Sidhnuti came to be called the land of hill chiefs.Because now there were fifteen rulers on the fifteen mountains of Sidhnuti, who are written and called in history by the name of hill chiefs.The first Sikh-Sidhnuti war with these hill chiefs of Sidhnuti begins with Maharaja Ranjit Singh's capture of Kashmir.",
"When Ranjit Singh's forces reached Rajouri via Bhimbar in mid-June 1814 to occupy Kashmir, the then ruler of Rajouri, Raja Agar Khan, handed over Rajouri to Ranjit Singh without any resistance.Maharaja Ranjit divided his army into two parts to attack Kashmir from two sides during Rajouri stay.",
"Commanding a part of his army under the leadership of Ram Dayal, Dil Singh and Namdar Thakur, he ordered this army to conquer the areas from Rajouri to Baramulla and from Baramulla to Shopian.and himself commanding a second army, conquering the city of Poonch from Rajouri and the Sidhnuti hills on his right, he resolved to advance his army by the Pir Panjal to Shopian.",
"Maharaja Ranjit Singh thought that Shopian, which was then the military cantonment of Muhammad Azim Khan, should assemble here after conquering the respective areas of his two armies.",
"so that the two parts of his army should advance with him.",
"But when Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army passed through Tehsil Mendhar and reached Poonch, he encountered the hill chiefs of Sidhnuti on the border of Sidhnuti.Here a pitched battle took place between the two armies, during which a torrential downpour began, due to which many of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's cannons were disabled.",
"Due to this, Ranjit Singh suffered a heavy defeat from the hill chiefs.",
"When Maharaja Ranjit Singh saw the huge loss of his life and property in this battle, Ranjit Singh fled leaving behind many of his useless cannons.",
"After this defeat, Maharaja Ranjit Singh did not attack the hill chiefs for four years."
],
[
"Second Sikh Sudhan War",
"The First Sikh Sudhan War took place in mid-1814, in which the hill chiefs of Sidhnuti defeated the Sikhs and thwarted Maharaja Ranjit Singh's dream of conquering Kashmir.",
"Ranjit Singh realized that it was impossible to conquer Kashmir unless these hill chiefs of Sidhnuti and other independent tribes of Poonch were conquered.",
"So Maharaja Ranjit first decided to conquer these hill chiefs of Sidhnuti.",
"For which Ranjit Singh, utilizing all his resources, took an army of 40,000 with him and reached Pindi Kahota, the main gate of Sudhnuti, and started bombarding Sidhnuti with mountain cannons.",
"Such a situation was witnessed by the hill chiefs whose total army was about four thousand while the rest were foot farmers who did not even have their own horses.Seeing all this situation, the hill chiefs offered to accept the alliance of Lahore government through Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Foreign Minister (Faqir Azizuddin) which was accepted by Maharaja Ranjit Singh.",
"After which Sardar Shams Khan, the head of the hill chiefs, was brought as a hostage to the Lahore Sikh Darbar along with seventy members of his family under the peace treaty so that the remaining 14 hill chiefs of Sardar Shams Khan's tribe remained under the Sikh Empire.Thus, the war ended under the alliance of the Sikh Empire under the Peace Treaty"
],
[
"Third Sikh Sudhan War",
"The Third Sikh Sudhan War begins with the revolt of Sardar Shams Khan.",
"Sardar Shams Khan who was the head of the Sudhan tribe of fifteen hill chiefs of Sidhanoti.",
"He was taken as a hostage in the Sikh court during the Second Sikh Sudhan War.",
"So that the hill chieftains of Sardar Shams Khan's tribe remained subject to the Sikh Empire.Sardar Shams Khan was a hostage in the Sikh court of Lahore during Janata time, during this period the hill chiefs of Sardar Shams Khan's tribe did not revolt against the Sikh Empire.",
"But as soon as in 1832 Sikh war started with Yusufzai of Pakhtun Khawa in which Sikhs had to face defeat.So Sardar Shams considered this opportunity to be appropriate and separated from the Sikh court and came to his homeland Sidhnuti and rebelled against the Sikh Empire.",
"For which the hill chiefs were waiting for years.",
"The hill chiefs of Sidhnuti along with Sardar Shams Khan massacred the Sikhs and declared their independence by wresting all the forts from Sidhnuti to Poonch and Poonch to Jammu from the Sikhs.Seeing such conditions, the Sikh Empire temporarily stopped the war with the Yusufzais of Pakhtun Khaw and attacked Sardar Shams Khan and his fellow hill chiefs with full force.",
"The hill chiefs could not withstand the sophisticated artillery of the Sikhs.",
"Thus, in 16 days,15,000 Sudhan hill chiefs died on the battlefield.Some of the hill chiefs were encamped in Mang fort, where the Sikh artillery bombarded the fort so much that the fort was destroyed and some of the wounded hill chiefs of Sidhnuti were captured alive.Among them were the famous generals of (Sardar Sabz Ali Khan) and (Sardar Mali Khan) Sidhnuti.",
"Whose skins were removed from the living corpse.",
"Thus the Third Sikh Sudhan War ended in victory for the Sikhs."
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* * * * *"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lauren Karn"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lauren Karn''' is an American former softball player and current head coach at Maryland.",
"She previously served as the head coach at Oakland."
],
[
"Coaching career",
"===Oakland===On July 17, 2017, Karn (formerly Cognigni) was named the head coach of the Oakland Golden Grizzlies softball team.===Maryland===On August 31, 2023, Karn was named the head coach of the Maryland Terrapins softball team."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Karn and her husband Justin have two children.",
"One boy, Mickey, and one girl, Sophie.",
"Sophie was born a week before Oakland was scheduled to face Northwestern in the 2022 NCAA Tournament."
],
[
"Head coaching record"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Maryland Profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"BBC2 Pro Championships"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''BBC2 Pro Championships''' was a men's professional indoor wood court tennis tournament played for one edition in 1967.It was played at the Wembley Empire Pool, Wembley, London, England when it was discontinued."
],
[
"History",
"The BBC2 Pro Championships was it was played on indoor wood tennis courts at the Wembley Empire Pool, London, England for one edition only.",
"The tournament part of the Pro Tennis Tour and was a $14,000 event, or approximately $127,719 (2024) inflation adjusted.",
"The tournament consisted of a four players and was played between 3rd and 5th April 1967.The event coincided with the British public television broadcaster BBC2 who began transmitting in colour for the first time, and this tournament.",
"It preceded the colour broadcasting of the later Wimbledon Pro tournament in August that year."
],
[
"Finals",
"===Singles===YearChampionRunnerupScore1967 Ken Rosewall Dennis Ralston6–4, 6–2."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"None of This Is True"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''None of This is True''''' is a 2023 thriller written by British author Lisa Jewell.",
"The book follows the story of Alix Summer, a popular podcaster, and Josie Fair, a woman with a painful and shadowed history who wants her story told."
],
[
"Premise",
"Josie Fair and Alix Summer share more than a birthday.",
"They're the same age, they were born in the same hospital on the same day, and now, at the age of forty five, they share a curiosity about how their lives might have turned out differently.",
"Since she was a teenager, Josie has been controlled by a husband nearly thirty years her senior.",
"After meeting Alix by chance on their shared birthday, she decides there are parts of her story that must be told.",
"Alix, meanwhile, has hit a creative roadblock with her popular podcast and, amid frustrations with her husband's drinking, decides to take a chance on Josie's tale.",
"The more Alix hears, however, the darker the story becomes, and the closer that darkness comes to her own doorstep.",
"The story is told through a combination of present-tense prose, interview transcripts, and scenes from a fictional Netflix documentary about the book's events."
],
[
"Plot",
"Josie Fair and Alix Summer meet by chance at a local pub on their shared forty-fifth birthday.",
"Josie has been married to a controlling husband for nearly all her life, and she begins to yearn for something different while watching the social and popular Alix celebrate.",
"Alix is a podcast host looking for a new subject, and Josie convinces Alix to interview her for Alix's next project.",
"The facts of Josie's life quickly become troubling to Alix, but she also senses that her interviews with Josie might be start of a career-defining story.",
"Josie met her husband, Walter Fair, when she was just thirteen years old, lost her virginity to him at sixteen, and married him at eighteen.",
"Erin, their elder daughter, is now in her twenties and stays at home, refusing to leave her room or eat anything except baby food.",
"Their younger daughter, Roxy, had a violent record in school, ran away at sixteen, and has not been seen since.",
"Despite Alix's misgivings and Josie's growing attachment to her, Alix continues to interview Josie for the podcast.",
"Josie makes several remarks comparing Walter to Alix's husband, Nathan Summer, who is outwardly loving and charismatic but shows signs of alcoholism.",
"As the interview continues, Josie's story becomes even darker, growing to include details about Walter grooming and having sex with Brooke Ripley, one of Roxy's high school friends, and then sexually abusing his own daughter, Erin.",
"Events come to a head when Alix asks Josie if she can meet Walter.",
"Alix and Nathan invite Josie and Walter to a dinner at their home, but Nathan gets drunk and does not appear.",
"Disappointed and humiliated, Josie argues with Walter, breaking out of her placid exterior.",
"In the early morning of the same day, she appears back at Alix's house with blood on her clothes after a fight with Walter, who reacted angrily when she called him a pedophile and threatened to unveil his secrets.",
"Reluctantly, Alix lets Josie stay at her house to recover.",
"As they continue the interviews, however, parts of Josie's stories begin to fall apart, and Alix learns that Brooke disappeared around the time of the incident Josie described.",
"Josie's presence in Alix's house also frustrates Nathan, who feels judged by Josie.",
"Josie finally agrees to leave after a week.",
"Simultaneously, Nathan disappears, and Alix realizes to her horror that he was entrapped and abducted by Josie, who thought that Alix deserved a better husband and a clean slate for her life.",
"Desperate to find Nathan, Alix goes to Josie's house, where she discovers Walter's decomposing remains and a barely alive Erin trapped in her room.",
"Roxy, Josie's missing daughter, also appears and tells a new side of the story.",
"Roxy reveals that no abuse from Walter ever occurred and provides new information that shows Josie was a controlling and abusive mother who killed Brooke because of Brooke's positive relationship with Roxy.",
"After a nationwide manhunt, Nathan's remains are discovered in a lake that Alix had mentioned during the podcast interviews.",
"Josie is not caught.",
"A heartbroken Alix uses the hours of audio interviews at her disposal to create the podcast, earning money for her family after Nathan's death and attempting to break through Josie's psychopathy.",
"While on the run, Josie sends a final letter to Alix, claiming that killing Nathan was an accident and promising that she only wanted to help.",
"A final scene shows Josie overhearing a conversation about the podcast and remembering the night Brooke died.",
"Josie's recollection is that Roxy killed Brooke in a violent outburst and that she and Walter covered up the death in order to save Roxy from the consequences.",
"She insists to herself that she has always been a good person and only wanted to help others."
],
[
"Characters",
"* Josie Fair — The wife of Walter Fair, whom she married when she was eighteen, and the mother of Erin and Roxy Fair.",
"* Alix Summer — A popular podcast host, and the wife of Nathan Summer.",
"* Walter Fair — The husband of Josie Fair, whom he married when he was forty three.",
"* Nathan Summer — The husband of Alix Summer.",
"* Erin Fair — The older daughter of Walter and Josie Fair.",
"* Roxy Fair — The younger daughter of Walter and Josie Fair* Brooke Ripley — A high-school friend of Roxy's."
],
[
"Reception",
"The book received largely positive reviews for its pace and twists, though many reviewers noted the darkness of the book's plot and themes.",
"A review from Publishers Weekly stated that fans of Jewell's work \"will be satisfied by this pitch-black outing and its shocking climax, but readers with a lower tolerance for nastiness should turn elsewhere.\"",
"Likewise, Kirkus Reviews noted that the book was \"hard to read but hard to look away from.\"",
"A review of the audiobook by The Guardian describes the book as \"deftly plotted\" and \"gripping.",
"\"The novel holds a rating of 4.1/5 stars on Goodreads, with more than 30,000 reviews."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Bride of Naga"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Bride of Naga''' (; ) is a Thai romance drama series.",
"First broadcast on One 31.Watch reruns at 23:45 p.m. on Netflix."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"Asia, a pediatrician who came to treat children's snake scale disease in Phanom Nakha village.",
"She encountered danger but was assisted by Anantachai, the Naga serpent who protected Phanom Nakha.",
"A thousand years ago, she was Ananchalee, Anantachai's lover, but she was captured by Anekchat, Anantachai's younger brother with envy and wants to possess Ananchalee in hopes of ascending to Nagathibodi, who is the greatest among the Nagas, This jealousy brings many stories which is bound to the present life Until causing Asia to encounter strange stories, It's hard to find the answer."
],
[
"Cast",
"===Main===* as Anantachai* as Asia / Ananchalee* Petch Boranin as Anekchat* Wittaya Teptip as Phumkhaobin / Binthurat* Sornram Teppitak as Dr. Preeda* as Sowannee* as Sittha / Sareethan* Benjasiri Wattana as Dr. Ari * Ploypailin Limpanavatayanon as View* as Sean* as Sophon* as Bakaew* as Akkhi* as Dee* as Kham* Lerwith Sangsith as Yae* Sawanee Utoomma as Buakhai* as Wan* Phanchanokchon Phansang as Wannet===Guest===* Anis Suwit as Lan* as Tan* as Thanis* Chananticha Chaipa as Nari"
],
[
"Original soundtrack",
"* \"Rak oei\" (รักเอ๋ย), opening theme by Thongchai McIntyre * \"Mong chai\" (มองใจ), ending theme by Saharat Thiempan * \"Mai khoei cha khit\" (ไม่เคยจะคิด), theme by"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Battle of Forano"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Battle of Forano''' took place during the War of the Third Coalition on 2 November 1805 which saw a decisive French victory by the ''Armée d'Italie'' under the command of Marshal André Masséna and General Jean-Baptiste Solignac over the Austrian troops led by Major general Karl Hillinger."
],
[
"Pre-Battle Situation",
"Following the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Caldiero on 30 October 1805, the French ''Armée d'Italie'' were in pursuit of the Austrian Army.",
"Before a small Austrian force under the command of Major general Karl Hillinger decided to strike back at the French Army."
],
[
"The Battle",
"A detachment of the Austrian Army under the command of Major general Karl Hillinger, tried to attack the left flank of the pursuing French Army near the village of Forano 12 miles North of Caldiero in order to break their momentum and possibly spilt their forces so it would be easier for the fleeing Austrians to reorganize and possibly launch a counterattack against the split French forces.",
"However, General Hillinger advanced too fast towards the French flank which caused him to break away too far from the main Austrian force and left his small force vulnerable to the French attacks.",
"The French Army under the command of General Jean-Baptiste Solignac quickly engaged in combat with the Austrian force, who soon became disorganized as there was little coordination between the Austrian units.",
"This let to the complete collapse of the Austrian chain of command and the better organized French subsequently were able to inflict a great deal of casualties to the Austrian force, which let to the retreat of the Austrians after having lost more than half their men."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"The battle resulted in a clear French victory with 600 French soldiers killed or wounded, in comparison to the Austrians 2,200 casualties.",
"This battle let to the Caldiero pursuit where the French Army chased the Austrian Army out of Italy, which set the ground for the French conquest of Italy."
],
[
"References",
"=== Bibliography ===*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1993 Quincy Hawks football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1993 Quincy Hawks football team''' was an American football team that represented Quincy University in the Illini–Badger Football Conference (IBFC) during the 1993 NCAA Division III football season.",
"In their first year under head coach Ron Taylor, the Hawks compiled a perfect 9–0 record (6–0 in conference games), won the IBFC championship, and outscored opponents by a total of 326 to 144.The team was inducted into the Quincy University Hall of Fame in 2017.The team ran a balanced offense with 1,736 rushing yards and 1,649 passing yards.",
"On defense, the team gave up 851 rushing yards and 1,413 passing yards.",
"The team's individual statistical leaders included quarterback Jake Ryan with 1,411 passing yards and 13 passing touchdowns; fullback Rob Munson with 1,085 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns on 193 carries; and wide receiver Nobie Gooden with 59 catches for 840 yards and 11 touchdowns.Gooden was selected as the Illini-Badger Conference Co-Player of the Year.",
"Ten Quincy players were also selected as first-team honorees on the Illini-Badger all-star team: Gooden at wide receiver; Ryan at quarterback; Munson at running back; Chris Koeaner at tight end; Allen George on offensive line; William Wins and Tony Amato on defensive line; Ray Lock at linebacker; back Carlos Wiley at defensive back; and Dock Harris at kicker.The team played its home games at QU Stadium in Quincy, Illinois."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
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