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[
[
"Tom Sallay"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Tom Sallay''' (born ) is an American college football coach.",
"He is the head football coach for Culver–Stockton College, a position he has held since 2017.He also coached for Highland High School, Bloom Township High School, and St. Francis (IL).",
"He played college football for Culver–Stockton as a wide receiver."
],
[
"Head coaching record"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Culver–Stockton profile"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Reggie B. Fine"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Reginald Walker''' (born January 31, 1962) is an American retired professional wrestler and maanger.",
"He is best known for his appearances in the Memphis-based promotion United States Wrestling Association in the 1990s under the ring name '''Reggie B.",
"Fine'''."
],
[
"Professional wrestling career",
"Fine made his wrestling debut in 1989 for United States Wrestling Association in Memphis, Tennessee when the promotion started that year.",
"He would feud with Koko B. Ware in the summer of 1994.He stole Koko's bird Frankie and pretended to eat it on air.",
"The two fought matches for both the bird and Fine's fur coat.",
"Koko was suspended for most of July for using a pipe against Fine in their match on July 4, before returning to win the bird back on July 25.From 1995 to 1997, he worked for the WWF under his real name losing to Yokozuna, Bob Holly, Bam Bam Bigelow and the New Blackjacks.",
"He was a member of the original Nation of Domination in 1996 as Kareem Olajuwon.",
"In 1997, he won the USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship defeating Jerry Lawler.",
"Two weeks later he dropped the title back to Lawler.",
"Later that year, USWA closed its doors.",
"After USWA, Fine continued working in Memphis for Power Pro Wrestling, Memphis Championship Wrestling, Memphis Wrestling and the independents in Tennessee.",
"He also manages wrestlers."
],
[
"Championships and accomplishments",
"*'''Pro Wrestling Illustrated'''**PWI ranked Reggie B.",
"Fine # '''238''' of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1996**PWI ranked Reggie B.",
"Fine # '''285''' of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1997*'''United States Wrestling Association''' **USWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Brickhouse Brown **USWA Unified World Heavyweight Championship"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*https://www.wrestlingdata.com/index.php?befehl=bios&wrestler=3334*http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/reggie-b-fine-3197.html?prom_id=1"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Anurag Mhamal"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Anurag Mhamal''' is an Indian chess grandmaster."
],
[
"Career",
"Mhamal learned chess from his father Arvind Mhamal and trained under R. B. Ramesh and Akash Thakur.In 2012, Mhamal became the first IM from the state of Goa after achieving his final IM norm at the International Open at Albena in Bulgaria.In October 2014, Mhamal defeated Robin van Kampen in an upset in the World Junior Chess Championships.In June 2017, Mhamal got his final GM norm at the XXVII Open Internacional de Gros 2017.In July 2017, Mhamal crossed the 2500 rating mark after defeating Romeo-Sorin Milu in the fifth round of the XXXVII Benasque International Open in Spain, becoming the first GM from the state of Goa."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Harani, Minsk District"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Harani''' (; ) is a village in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus.",
"It is administratively part of Harani selsoviet.",
"It is located about from the Minsk Ring Road, west of the capital Minsk.",
"In 2010, it had a population of 128."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Galilé Marion-Gauvin"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Galilé Marion-Gauvin''' is a Canadian film producer from Quebec, who was the founder of the Unité centrale film studio.",
"He is most noted as producer of the 2018 film ''Genesis (Genèse)'', which was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Motion Picture at the 7th Canadian Screen Awards, and a Prix Iris nominee for Best Film at the 21st Quebec Cinema Awards."
],
[
"Filmography"
],
[
"Awards",
" Award Year Category Work Result Ref(s)Canadian Screen Awards2015Best Animated Short''Soif''(with René Chénier, Michèle Cournoyer, Marcel Jean)2019Best Motion Picture''Genesis (Genèse)''European Film Awards2017Best Animated Feature Film''Louise by the Shore (Louise en hiver)''Prix Iris2015Best Animated Short Film''Soif''(with René Chénier, Michèle Cournoyer, Marcel Jean)2016Best Film''The Demons (Les Démons)''(with Philippe Lesage) Best Animated Short Film''The Sleepwalker (Sonámbulo)''(with Theodore Ushev, Dominique Noujeim2017Best Live Action Short Film''The Voice (La voce)''(with David Uloth, Dominique Noujeim)2019Best Film''Genesis (Genèse)''2020Most Successful Film Outside Quebec2022Best Animated Short Film''Bad Seeds (Mauvaises herbes)''(with Claude Cloutier, Élise Labbé)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–1367)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Hungarian–Ottoman War (1366–1367)''' was the first confrontation between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.",
"The war ended with a Hungarian victory, as Louis I's armies defeated the Ottomans in a battle near Nicopolis, although the outcome of the battle is still questioned by Turkish sources."
],
[
"Background",
"In 1344, Louis I of Hungary, who would rule Hungary from 1342–1382 and earn the epithet \"the Great\", invaded Wallachia and Moldavia and established a system of vassalage.",
"Louis and his 80,000 strong army repelled the Serbian Dušan's armies in the duchies of Mačva and principality of Travunia in 1349.When Emperor Dušan broke into Bosnian territory he was defeated by Stjepan II with the assistance of Louis' troops, and when Dušan made a second attempt he was defeated by Louis in 1354.The two monarchs signed a peace agreement in 1355.His latter campaigns in the Balkans were aimed not so much at conquest and subjugation as at drawing the Serbs, Bosnians, Wallachians and Bulgarians into the fold of the Roman Catholic faith and at forming a united front against the Turks, which was also supported by the Pope in Avignon.",
"It was relatively easy to subdue the Balkan Orthodox countries by arms, but to convert them was a different matter.",
"Louis first led campaigns against the Bogumils in Bosnia and then he wanted to convert the Orthodox population, which deeply offended the Patriarch in Constantinople.",
"But Byzantium was not in a position to engage in a conflict with Hungary.",
"Despite Louis' efforts, the peoples of the Balkans remained faithful to the Eastern Orthodox Church and their attitude toward Hungary remained ambiguous.",
"Louis annexed Moldavia in 1352 and established a vassal principality there, before conquering Vidin in 1365.The rulers of Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Bulgaria became his vassals.",
"They regarded powerful Hungary as a potential menace to their national identity.Louis the GreatIn Kraków Louis negotiated with Casimir III of Poland, at the congress, Casimir confirmed Louis's right to succeed him in Poland if he died without a male issue.",
"Louis assembled his armies in Temesvár in February 1365.According to a royal charter, he was planning to invade Wallachia because the new voivode, Vladislav I, had refused to obey him.",
"However, he ended up heading a campaign against the Bulgarian Tsardom of Vidin and its ruler Ivan Sratsimir, which suggests that Vladislav had in the meantime yielded to him.",
"Louis seized Vidin and imprisoned Ivan Stratsimir in May or June.",
"Within three months, his troops occupied Ivan Stratsimir's realm, which was organized into a separate border province, or banate, under the command of Hungarian lords.The Byzantine Emperor, John V Palaiologos visited Louis in Buda in early 1366, seeking his assistance against the Ottoman Turks, who had set foot in Europe.",
"This was the first occasion that a Byzantine Emperor left his empire to plead for a foreign monarch's assistance.",
"On his way home, Emperor John was captured by Tsar Ivan Shisman.",
"Upon learning of this incident, Louis decided to act independently and prepared for a campaign.Louis sent another message to the Pope in Avignon to persuade him to declare the crusade.",
"The Pope and cardinals, upon learning of John's capture, were no longer reluctant and supported the plan of the campaign.14th century Hungarian knights"
],
[
"War",
"Louis invaded Bulgaria.",
"Due to lack of data, it is not known exactly when and how he collided with the Turks.",
"The clash most likely occurred near Nicopolis where Louis defeated the Ottoman army, however, Turkish sources do not confirm this.",
"According to the volume entitled ''Hungarian military history'' written by Ervin Liptai, the Hungarian victory is confirmed by the survival of the Vidin province.In August, Amadeus VI landed in Gallipoli and captured the city.",
"Here he met with the Patriarch of Constantinople, who reported that Ivan Shishman was still refusing to release John.",
"Nevertheless, Amadeus continued the fight.",
"The crusaders captured Varna, and from there the prince sent an embassy from the city's inhabitants to Ivan Shishman to free the emperor.",
"The tsar was only willing to do so in exchange for the prince's cessation of the war.",
"Amadeus agreed, and Ivan Shishman released John.In this campaign, the Hungarians did not unite with the crusaders.",
"In turn, Louis on 30 September and 5 March 1367 negotiated with the Venetians for two galleys, with which he was again preparing for war against the Turks.",
"On December 6, 1366, the envoys of Doge Marco Cornaro visited his palace in Vértes and also discussed a possible Hungarian-Venetian anti-Ottoman alliance.",
"The Bosnian king Tvrtko I recognized Louis as his lord, whom he successfully resisted in 1363, but had to seek protection due to Turkish attacks.Ivan StratsimirIn 1367, Louis went on another campaign into Bulgaria, probably fighting the Turks at that time.",
"Francesco Carrara, lord of Padua, sent 300 infantry from Senj to Louis that took part in this war.",
"In addition to fighting against the Turks, Louis probably continued to convert the Balkan Slavs."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"Louis continued to fight against the Bulgarian Empire between 1368 and 1369.Forced proselytization continued in the province of Vidin, which intensified the rebellion of the Bulgarian population.",
"With Vidin, Louis tried to hold on to Wallachia, whose prince was the brother-in-law of Bulgarian tsar Vladislav Ivan Sratsimir.",
"On the other hand, Vladislav increased his influence in the region, and when Louis returned Vidin to Ivan Sratsimir as a fief and entrusted Banate of Severin to Vladislav, Ivan Sratsimir joined forces with the Wallachians and rejected Hungarian rule.It became clear that Louis no longer had sufficient forces to resolve the Bulgarian and Wallachian issues, which led to the growth of Turkish influence in Wallachia.",
"The Bulgarians, who won against the Hungarians, were in fact the biggest losers of these wars, as their castles and lands were gradually occupied by the Turks, and by the 15th century the country was already part of the Ottoman empire."
],
[
"See also",
"* Louis the Great* Ivan Shishman* Ottoman-Hungarian wars* Hungarian-Ottoman War (1375-1377)* John V Palaiologos"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Sources",
"* Ferenc Szakály: ''The stages of the Turkish-Hungarian struggle before the Battle of Mohács (1365-1526), Mohács'' – Studies, ed.",
": Lajos Rouzsás and Ferenc Szakály''''',''''' Akadémia Publishing House, Budapest 1986.",
"* Military history of Hungary, Zrínyi military publishing house, Budapest 1985.ed.",
": Ervin Liptai * László Veszprémy''':''' ''The battles and campaigns of the Árpád and Anjou periods'', Zrínyi Military Publishing House, Budapest 2008."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Juan Tomás Gandarias"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Juan Tomás de Gandarias Durañona''' (8 March 1870 – 17 July 1940) was a Spanish businessman and politician.",
"He founded some of the most important industrial, mining, and financial companies in Spain, such as ''Altos Hornos de Vizcaya'', , ''Talleres de Guernica'', and many others; all of which seeded in Biscay.",
"He is thus widely regarded as the fundamental head behind the industrialization and industrial development of Biscay and the Basque Country, being present in practically all sectors, and subsequently in the social identity of those regions from the 20th century onwards.Owner of iron mines, where he based his empire, he exploited them and carried out the entire process until their conversion into consumer goods by his own means.",
"Even though iron mining was the basis of his industries, he did not hesitate to participate and invest in the new sectors that were beginning to develop in the country, such as metallurgy, banking, chemistry, transportation, telecommunications, and press.",
"His influence was also noted in energy and a sector as important as construction was also not immune to his reach.",
"He participated in numerous boards of directors, presiding over companies such as ''La Basconia S.A.'', ''Talleres de Deusto'', ''Talleres de Guernica'', , ''Ferrocarril Amorebieta-Guernica-Pedernales'', ''Coto Teuler'', ''Mina del Morro'', and ''Cementos Pórtland Lemona'', and he was also vice president of ''Banco Urquijo Vascongado'' and ''Ferrocarril Bilbao-Portugalete''.He founded the Ibérica Telecommunications Company, the basis of the current ''Telefónica'', and was the owner of not only land and means of transportation, but also of the Bilbao newspaper ''El Nervión''.",
"He also participated, among many others, on the boards of ''Argentifera de Córdoba'', ''Minas de Alcaracejos'', ''Duro Felguera'', ''Basauri S.A.'', ''Electra de Castilla'', and of the Basque Railways.",
"As a shareholder he appeared, among others, in companies such as ''La Papelera Española'', ''Hispano Switzerland de Automobiles'', ''La Construccion Naval'', ''Ferrocarril de la Robla'', or banks such as ''Valencia'', ''Hipotecario'', and the ''Hispano Italiano'' Trust.Having a conservative ideology, he actively participated in politics, being a founding member of the Conservative Party of Bilbao in 1909, and of the Monarchist Action League in 1919, a political union that brought together all liberal monarchists, Maurists, conservatives, and independents from Biscay, such as Biscayan industrialists.",
"Representative elected for Gernika-Lumo from 1896 to 1914 and then senator for life from 1915 until 1923.He rejected noble titles, he was named favorite son of Gernika-Lumo and there are streets named after him in Portugalete, Sestao, and Guernica."
],
[
"Early life",
"Juan Tomás Gandarias was born in the Biscayan town of Portugalete in the Basque Country on 8 March 1870, as the first-born son of Pedro Pascual Gandarias (1848–1901), an industrialist and businessman who had participated in and promoted the industrialization of Biscay, and of Victoria Durañona y Santa Coloma, daughter of Juan Durañona, from a family of wealthy iron mining owners.",
"On the same day of the wedding of his parents, Juan Durañona established the creation of the Durañona y Gandarias company, the embryo of a great industrial and mining emporium that was inherited by their first child, Juan Tomás, who also had a marriage of convenience (the so-called policy of links), as he wed Cecilia Urquijo y Ussía, daughter of the Marquess of Urquijo, on 17 May 1900.Nine months later, on 14 February 1901, his father died, so he named his first child, who was born just two days later, after him.He and his wife had seven children, five sons and two daughters, including Pedro Pascual, Juan Manuel, and José.",
"Like Gandarias, his four younger siblings, three sisters and a brother, were also related to the Biscayan nobility and bourgeoisie, as did their children.",
"For instance, his sister Casilda married José Joaquín Ampuero, belonging to a Durango family related to the and numerous companies.As the firstborn of the family, the burden of inheriting the entire family empire had fallen on him, and thus, he did not neglect his education, being reviewed at all times by his father.",
"Gandarias obtained a degree and doctorate in Civil and Canon Law from the ''Universidad Central de Madrid'' and completed his training with financial and industrial studies.",
"Upon the death of his father in 1901, he inherited the family business and dedicated his entire professional life to its management.",
"The power of Gandarias' wealth comes obviously from the inheritance he received from his father, but that was only the first step because over the years he demonstrated, with his business, investment, and modernized union, the possibilities that he offered.",
"For instance, even though the origin of the family fortune was iron mining, his businesses and companies covered all industrial and economic sectors as he did not hesitate to participate and invest in other sectors that were beginning to develop in the country."
],
[
"Professional career",
"===Mining===Iron mining was the origin of the Gandarias industrial emporium.",
"Iron mines exploded in Biscayan farms in Triano, Ollargan, Somorrostro, and Bilbao.",
"In the mines of Baranbio in Álava, he participated in companies such as ''Compañía Morro de Bilbao'', ''Coto Teuler'', and others.",
"They had the mineral loading site in Olaveaga, in the Nervión estuary.",
"In the coal industry, he was a shareholder in ''Hulleras de Sabero''.",
"And in the silver lead mines in Córdoba, he participated in companies such as ''Argentifera de Córdoba'', ''Anglo Vasca'', ''Alcaracejos'', and ''Almadenes''.Gandarias was a promoter of business associations about mining, presiding over the Bilbao Mining Circle, a prominent member of the Biscayan League of Producers, and of the Spanish Mining Union, a representative of the Coastal Chambers of Commerce.===Metallurgy===The steel industry was a sector that Gandarias took great care of as he dedicated his efforts to creating various companies dedicated to the transformation of metal, espeacilly in Guernica.",
"On behalf of his father and the ''SA de Metalurgia y Construcciones Vizcaya'', he participated in the negotiations for the merger between ''Altos Hornos de Bilbao'' and ''Iberia''.",
"Upon the death of his father in 1901, Gandarias took charge of the family businesses, and in the following year, in Bilbao, he participated in the founding of ''Altos Hornos de Vizcaya'', a Spanish metallurgy manufacturing company, which would ultimately be the pillar and the key piece on which he supported all of his businesses and empire, becoming the largest company in Spain for much of the 20th century, employing 40,000 workers at its height.The main company was ''Altos Hornos de Vizcaya'', but he also participated in ''Duro Felguera'', ''La Basauri'', and in three Spanish Societies of metallurgy: Metallic Constructions (which would later give way to CAF), Evaporation, and Rational Combustion.===Banking===His business was also directed towards the banking sector, where Gandarias obtained relevant positions in several of them, holding responsibilities in the ''Banco de Crédito de la Unión Minera'', ''Banco Urquijo Vascongado'' (vice president), and ''Banco Urquijo'', such as that of a vocal on the board of directors of the latter in 1921 and 1935, with his oldest son Pedro Pascual following his footsteps by becoming a vocal himself in 1944 and 1959 before becoming a vice-president in 1974.With the help of his brother-in-law and trusted man José Manuel de Arispe, the Marquis of Urquijo, he appeared on the boards of the ''Banca López Bru'' and of the .",
"As a shareholder, he appeared in the International Credit Society and the ''Hispano Italiano'' Trust, as well as in the banks of Valencia, Asturiano, , Burgos, and , the latter being the depositary of his business.===Chemistry===Gandarias was present in practically all sectors of industrialization, such as the chemical sector, for the explosives for its mines.",
"He thus participated in the (which was later called ''Unión Explosivos Río Tinto SA'' and since 1989 ), a Galdakao-based company established to manufacture explosives, becoming considered at the time one of the most important companies in Spain.He also participated in ''Patentes Flamma Carbo S.A.'', , and the Spanish Coal Distillation Company.===Transport===In transport, his presence was felt both on land, with his participation in numerous railway companies, on sea, and even in air transport as he promoted companies such as Iberia airline company.",
"As a shareholder, he appeared in companies such as ''Hispano Switzerland de Automobiles'', ''La Construccion Naval'', and ''Ferrocarril de la Robla''.In land transportation, his influence takes place mainly in the railway, being Vice President of the Bilbao to Portugalete Company and the Amorebieta-Guernica-Pedernales railway company.",
"He also participated in the ''Ferrocarril de la Robla'' and on the railways of Vascongados, the base of what is now the Basque Railways.",
"Besides railways, he also promoted ''Importadora de Neumáticos'', a tire Importer that is currently the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company.In sea transportation, Gandarias participated in the Navigación Vasco Asturiana Company, in charge of transporting coal for Altos Hornos de Vizcaya.",
"By air, he participated in the birth of the Iberia airline company and of ''Hispano Aviación''.===Energy, telecommunications, and press===Gandarias participated in ''Electra de Castilla'' and ''Hidroeléctrica Ibérica'', as well as the Popular Gas and Electricity Company.",
"He also promoted companies such as ''Refinería de Petróleo de Gijón'', an oil refinery in Gijón that later became Campsa.Gandarias founded the Ibérica Telecommunications Company, the basis of the current ''Telefónica''.Gandarias was also the owner of the Bilbao newspaper ''El Nervión''.===Others===In 1913, Gandarias began the industrialization of Guernica, whose mayor Isidoro de León was a man of his trust and manager of a railway he owned, to reach an agreement with the Eibar company Esperanza y Unceta, a weapons manufacturer, to move to Guernica.",
"This company would be followed by many other companies dedicated to metal and cutlery, such as the ''Los Pirineos'' dairy industry, but also with ''Joyería y Platería de Guernica'' (jewelry and silversmithing), ''Cerámica de Murueta'' (ceramic), ''Española de Cementos Portland'', which later become ''Cementos Pórtland Lemona'' (cement), and most importantly the ''Talleres de Guernica'' (Guernica workshops), which was dedicated to, among other things, the manufacturing of weapons, especially during the First World War.",
"Such was the industrial development that the area acquired international relevance.",
"He presided over companies such as ''La Basconia S.A.'' and ''Talleres de Deusto'', where Gandarias invested in their development, both technological and social.In 1919, Gandarias established the ''Sociedad Civil Viuda de Pedro Pascual de Ganderas e Hijos, S. C.'' (Widow Civil Society of Pedro Pascual de Ganderas and sons), as the parent entity of a Holding of companies and businesses belonging to the family.",
"The numerous companies that made up the company were directed by him or by men he trusted, most notably his uncle, José Manuel de Arispe, founder of the Banco de Comercio and director of Banco Bilbao, and Francisco Pérez-Pons, a professor of General and Business Accounting at the School of Higher Commercial Studies of Bilbao.Gandarias was the president of the National League of Producers, and in 1923, he was a founder of the Federation of National Industries.",
"He also participated in the Asturian Industrial Society and ''S.A.",
"Aurrerá''.",
"He was also an elected member of the Commission for the Protection of National Production."
],
[
"Political career",
"However, all these investments in the various sectors of the Spanish economy required political support.",
"From the beginning of his life as a businessman, Gandarias was elected deputy for Gernika-Lumo in 1896.He kept being elected for Gernika continuously until 1914 using dubious methods.Having a conservative ideology, Gandarias actively participated in politics, being a founding member of the Liberal Union group called \"La Piña\" (1897), a political union of conservative monarchists and Biscayan industrialists.",
"He was also a founding member of the Conservative Party of Bilbao in 1909.On 11 May 1915, Gandarias was named Senator for Life by Alfonso XIII.",
"The Certification of Oath took place on 16 May of the following year.",
"He kept this title for eight years until 1923.In 1919, he was a founding member of the Monarchist Action League, which was dissolved in 1931.This League was a political union that brought together all liberal monarchists, Maurists, conservatives, and independents from Biscay, such as Biscayan industrialists.",
"During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, he withdrew from politics as well as during the Second Spanish Republic, except for the specific management he carried out with Indalecio Prieto, with whom he maintained a friendship, to alleviate through public works and subsidies the industrial and employment crisis that took place between 1931 and 1933 in Biscay."
],
[
"Sporting career",
"Gandarias owned yawls with which he participated in regatta competitions on the Cantabrian coast.",
"On one occasion, at the beginning of August 1920, he won a regatta in Santander, as the owner of ''Alai'' against ''Giralda V'', owned and skippered by Alfonso XIII.As for football, he was at some point named honorary vice president of the Arenas Club de Getxo, most likely thanks to the influence of his son José, who was the club's president at the time.",
"All of his three oldest children, Pedro, Juan Manuel, and José, played football for the youth teams of Madrid FC, but only the latter made it to the first team, doing it so in a friendly match in 1916, when he was still a child of 12."
],
[
"Later life",
"During the Spanish Civil War, Gandarias was twice arrested in Biscay, first on 19 July 1936 in Portugalete, being released just a few days later, and later on 23 August of the same year in Arrazua, being transferred to neighboring Guernica where he was taken to walking through the streets of the town guarded by armed militiamen before being then transferred to Bilbao and released the next day, less than 24 hours after his arrest.",
"Gandarias was able to pay the bail/ransom on both occasions thanks to the efforts of Indalecio Prieto.",
"He was subsequently exiled to Saint-Jean-de-Luz, France, where he lived until the end of the war in 1939."
],
[
"Death",
"Gandarias died at his home on the Churruca de Portugalete Pier on 17 July 1940, at the age of 70.In his obituary, the only title that appeared was that of ''Congregant of Nuestra Señora del Carmen'' (Congregant of Our Lady of Carmen)."
],
[
"Legacy",
"Gandarias' economic, industrial, and political power is a clear example of the Biscayan plutocrat.",
"However, unlike his co-religionists, the so-called \"steel nobles\", he declined the honor of holding noble titles.",
"Despite that, he was still named favorite son of Gernika-Lumo and there are streets named after him in Portugalete, Sestao, and Guernica."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lillian Steele Proctor"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lillian Steele Proctor Falls''' (1899-April 3, 1988) was a social worker.",
"Her master's work studying gifted African American children was pioneering in the field.",
"She later became the first African American supervisor of social work in Chicago."
],
[
"Biography",
"Lillian Steele Proctor was born in 1899 to a prominent African-American Atlanta family.",
"Her father, Reverend Henry H. Proctor was a Congregationalist pastor.",
"Her mother, Adeline L. Davis Proctor founded Atlanta's first public kindergarten.",
"Proctor was one of five children.",
"After the 1906 Atlanta race massacre, Reverend Proctor worked to ease communal tensions.As there was no public high school for African Americans in Atlanta, the Proctors paid tuition for their children to attend the high school at Atlanta University.",
"Lillian Proctor attended Fisk University.",
"In 1920, when Lillian was a senior at Fisk, the Proctor family moved to Brooklyn.",
"Lillian worked at the National Urban League, which gave her a scholarship to study at the University of Chicago where she earned her master's degree while working at the United Charities of Chicago, a white organization for social work.",
"Proctor and two other African-Americans received the top three scores on the exam for assistant superintendent of the county Bureau of Welfare.",
"However, the test was invalidated, so she was offered a less prestigious position.Lillian won a scholarship through the Commonwealth Fund to study at the New York School of Social Work, so she took a year's leave of absence from the United Charities of Chicago.",
"but was the only student in her class who was not placed.",
"She worked for the Urban League of New York.While in Chicago, Proctor met Arthur Falls.",
"The couple dated for seven and a half years, with several separations due to Proctor's schooling.",
"The couple married on December 6, 1928, in the Proctor family home, though the Proctors were unhappy that their daughter was marrying a Catholic.",
"The next year, Falls had a son, Arthur Falls Jr.",
"The couple also had a Catholic wedding that year.",
"Lillian Proctor continued to use her maiden last name for professional purposes.Proctor moved to Washington, DC, where she worked in the research department of the segregated public school district.",
"She worked with mentally and developmentally challenged African American children.",
"Proctor became interested in intellectually gifted African American students, which became the topic of her master's thesis.",
"She had to fight her advisor to be allowed to pursue the field.",
"She included results from intelligence tests, from additional assessments, and medical characteristics in her research.",
"She also considered the communal characteristics and racial discrimination of society and the school system.",
"The qualitative nature of her work was unique in the psychological field.",
"In 1929, Proctor completed her master's dissertation, \"A Case Study of Thirty Superior Colored Children in Washington, DC.\"",
"It was the first extensive study of gifted African-American children.",
"Proctor was one of the first scholars to discuss how gifted children perceived racial awareness and racial issues.In 1929, Proctor returned to Chicago.",
"She became the first African American social worker with the United Charities of Chicago.",
"The United Charities of Chicago asked her to be the acting superintendent of a district during the absence of its white superintendent.",
"Proctor was the first African American woman in Chicago to hold such a position.In 1931, Proctor took a civil service examination and scored high.",
"She became the supervisor of the Blind Relief Service in the Cook County Bureau of Public Welfare.",
"She later became Chicago's first African-American supervisor of social work.",
"She served as the district supervisor of the Cook County Bureau of Public Welfare.",
"She and Arthur Falls continued to support the development of young African Americans.Proctor was active in the Chicago community as well.",
"She served as the Community Organization Department director of the Chicago Urban League, lending the position significant credibility.",
"In the early 1950s, the Falls decided to integrate Western Springs, Illinois, leading to a drawn-out legal battle.",
"They were met with violence multiple times, finally sitting on their porch with a shotgun after a friend was almost hit by a brick.",
"They lived in Western Springs until Lillian died on April 3, 1988."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Şehir Hastanesi (M3, Istanbul Metro)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Şehir Hastanesi''' is an underground rapid transit station on the M3 line of the Istanbul Metro.",
"It is located on Olimpiyat Boulevard in Başakşehir.",
"It was opened on 8 April 2023 with the Onurkent-Kayaşehir Merkez expansion built by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure."
],
[
"Layout",
"'''Northbound'''← 20px toward Kayaşehir Merkez (Toplu Konutlar)'''Southbound'''20px toward Kirazlı (Onurkent) →"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 NRL pre-season results"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 NRL pre-season''' will be played between the 10 and 25 February 2024, before a 7-day lead up until the beginning of the 2024 NRL season."
],
[
"Background",
"The Penrith Panthers will not participate in the Pre-season Challenge as they will be playing in World Club Challenge in Wigan, England."
],
[
"Standings",
"The winner of the Pre-season Challenge would receive $100,000 AUD.",
"Only matches in the second and third week of the pre-season counted towards the standings, excluding the All Stars match.",
"Twelve competition points are awarded for a win and six for a draw.",
"One bonus competition point is awarded for each of the following: 5 or more tries, 5 or more line breaks, and 10 or more offloads.",
"2024 NRL Pre-season Challenge Team '''1''' Newcastle Knights110034418+26'''15''''''2''' Canberra Raiders110033816+22'''15''''''3''' Dolphins110032614+12'''15''''''4''' Brisbane Broncos110024620+26'''14''''''5''' Sydney Roosters110023622+14'''14''''''6''' Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs110022412+12'''14''''''7''' Wests Tigers110021816+2'''14''''''8''' South Sydney Rabbitohs11001286+22'''13''''''9''' New Zealand Warriors100111618-2'''1''''''10''' Parramatta Eels100111638-22'''1''''''11''' Gold Coast Titans100101426-12'''0''''''12''' Melbourne Storm100101224-12'''0''''''13''' Manly Warringah Sea Eagles100102236-14'''0''''''14''' St. George Illawarra Dragons10010628-22'''0''''''15''' North Queensland Cowboys100102046-26'''0''''''16''' Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks100101844-26'''0'''"
],
[
"Fixtures",
"=== Trials ===--------=== All Stars ====== First week ===----------------------------=== Second week ===----------------------------"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 NRL season* 2024 NRL season results"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Terrain return"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''terrain return''' is the signal returned from the ground surface when sensed by various remote sensing systems, e.g., radars.One may distinguish two types of terrain return: the wanted signal (e.g., when generating a radar map of the terrain or when used for terrain avoidance and collision detection) and ground clutter, an unwanted signal that interferes with sensing of various objects other than terrain."
],
[
"See also",
"*Terrain-following radar*Digital elevation model"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Onurkent (Istanbul Metro)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Onurkent''' is an underground rapid transit station on the M3 line of the Istanbul Metro.",
"It is located on Mimar Kemalettin Boulevard in Başakşehir.",
"It was opened on 8 April 2023 with the Onurkent-Kayaşehir Merkez expansion built by the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure."
],
[
"Layout",
"'''Northbound'''← 20px toward Kayaşehir Merkez (Şehir Hastanesi)'''Southbound'''20px toward Kirazlı (MetroKent) →"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Shazni Munir bin Mohd Ithnin''' (14 January 1987 – 6 August 2021) is the former Youth Chief of Pakatan Harapan and National Trust Party (AMANAH).",
"He is also the former President of the Islamic Student Association Universiti Malaya (PMIUM)."
],
[
"Background",
"Shazni Munir is from Segamat, Johor.",
"He was previously an intermediate level Bachelor of Islamic Studies and Science (Biotechnology) student at the Islamic Studies Academy, University of Malaya.",
"He has been the President of the Student Representative Council (MPP) of APIUM Nilam Puri, Kelantan for the 2006 and 2007 sessions.",
"He is also the co-founder and council member of the Student Movement to abolish AUKU (GMMA).",
"He has held the position of President of the University of Malaya Muslim Students Association (PMIUM), Deputy President of the All-Malaysian Muslim Students Association (GAMIS) and Chairman of Malaysian Student Solidarity (SMM)."
],
[
"Politics",
"On 8 December 2019, Shazni Munir became the Vice Youth Chief of the National Trust Party.On 4 July 2020, Hasnul Zulkarnain, the former Youth Chief of the AMANAH Party, resigned from the party, and Shazni Munir became the head of the Youth Chief of the AMANAH Party.On 5 March 2021, Shazni Munir became the head of the PH Youth Chief."
],
[
"Death",
"When Malaysia was hit by the COVID-19 epidemic, he died on 6 August 2021 due to the fifth stage of COVID-19 infection.",
"He left behind a widow and three children."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Krupitsa"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Krupitsa''' (; ) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus.",
"It serves as the administrative center of Krupitsa selsoviet.",
"It is located about from the Minsk Ring Road, south of the capital Minsk.",
"In 1998, it had a population of 897.In 2010, it had a population of 1,011."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Seringia saxatilis"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''''Seringia saxatilis''''', commonly known as '''gorge fire-bush''', is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family and is endemic to Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia.",
"It is a sprawling, open shrub with hairy young stems, oblong to broadly elliptic leaves and purple flowers arranged in groups of 3 to 6."
],
[
"Description",
"''Seringia saxatilis'' is a sprawling, open shrub that typically grows to a height of , about wide, and has hairy stems.",
"The leaves are oblong to broadly elliptic, mostly long and wide on a petiole up to long with stipules up to long at the base.",
"The leaves are lobed, crinkled and undulating, with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface.",
"The flowers are arranged in a cyme with 3 to 6 flowers on a peduncle long, each flower on a pedicel long.",
"The flowers are wide and purple with petal-like sepals joined at the base to form a tube with lobes 75% the length of the tube.",
"Petals are absent and the stamens have yellow filaments, and dark coloured anthers.",
"Flowering occurs from July to October."
],
[
"Taxonomy",
"In 1999, Carolyn F. Wilkins described ''Seringia saxatilis'' in the journal ''Australian Systematic Botany'' from specimens collected in Kalbarri National Park in 2010.The specific epithet (''saxatilis'') means \"dwelling among rocks\"."
],
[
"Distribution and habitat",
"This species of seringia is only known from the Kalbarri area where it grows among sandstone boulders in the Geraldton Sandplains bioregions of Western Australia."
],
[
"Conservation status",
"''Seringia saxatilis'' is listed as \"Priority Two\" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Taurean York"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Taurean A. York''' (born June 21, 2005) is an American football linebacker for the Texas A&M Aggies."
],
[
"Early years",
"York attended Temple High School in Temple, Texas.",
"During his high school career, he had 435 tackles, 15 sacks and one interception.",
"He was the UIL District 12-6A Defensive MVP from his sophomore to senior seasons.",
"York originally committed to play college football at Baylor University before switching to Texas A&M University."
],
[
"College career",
"York started all 13 games as a true freshman at Texas A&M in 2023 and was named a freshman All-American.",
"He finished the year with 74 tackles and three sacks."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Texas A&M Aggies bio"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Biblioteca Zambeccari, Bologna"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Biblioteca Zambeccari''' is a former library, attached to the Jesuit monastery and colleges near the church of Santa Lucia in Bologna.",
"Now with two stories of shelves bereft of books, the Baroque frescoed room, located in the Liceo Galvani, is sometimes used for meetings and public events."
],
[
"History",
"Also known as the ''Libreria di Santa Lucia'', the idea of a library for the burgeoning collection of books in the collections of the jesuit institutions came to fruit in 1742 with the patronage of the Zambeccari-Sbaraglia family, which supported the construction of the site, and further acquisitions and maintenance.",
"The employed the architect Giuseppe Antonio Ambrosi to design the space, although not originally providing access to the street, despite aims of creating somewhat of a public library.",
"Later access to the entrance stairs of the library was made from the portico on via Castiglione.",
"The library room fills two floors and once held over 15,000 books.",
"The second floor balcony with a balustrade was accessed by a helical stair.",
"The fresco decoration (completed in December 1744) was a collaboration of the Nicola Bertuzzi and Giuseppe Marchesi (figure painters); Pietro Scandellari (quadratura); and Antonio Calegari (stucco decoration).",
"The library was open in 1752, however, the Jesuit order itself was suppressed in 1773, and the property ceded to the Barnabite order.",
"With the Napoleonic occupation, many of the most precious manuscripts and codices were moved to other collections.",
"Finally in 1869, after the closure of numerous religious institutions by the Italian government, the collections of this library and the Santa Lucia complex were added to the patrimony of the Archiginnasio Library.",
"The Fascist moved the collections to via Manzoni, near the Casa del Fascio.",
"The library room was used by a Music School for Violins, as a concert hall.",
"In 1935, it became property of the Liceo “Galvani”.The entrance staircase was frescoed by Bertucci with putti holding up various biblical quotes, upholding the Jesuit vision of knowledge infused by a Catholic spirit.",
"For example, one, banner reads “in omni animo tuo accede ad illam” (Ecclesiasticus 6: 27).",
"In the anteroom of the library is an allegory of knowledge with a cornucopia in his left arm.",
"In the ceiling of the library is afresco depicting Solomon."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Portland Women in Technology"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Portland Women in Technology''' (also known as '''PDX Women in Tech''' or '''PDXWIT''') was a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in Portland, Oregon with the mission of advancing inclusion in the technology industry.",
"They hosted four to six events per month, which ranged from member-driven events to monthly happy hours.",
"In 2021, all formerly in-person PDXWIT events became virtual due to the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"The organization is to be dissolved in April 2024 due to lack of funding."
],
[
"History",
"=== Founding ===After attending the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing in November 2011, Megan Bigelow was both inspired but also disheartened she had to attend a specific conference to be surrounded by a number of women in technology.",
"Bigelow initially posted on LinkedIn about regular happy hour events to continue meeting women in technology.",
"Bigelow eventually founded the organization, along with Kasey Tonsfeldt, in 2012 when Bigelow discovered her salary was 30% less than a man with an equivalent job title.",
"The organization became an established nonprofit six years after being a community group.=== Mission statement ===PDXWIT's original mission statement was \"We encourage women, non-binary and underrepresented people to join tech and support and empower them so they’ll stay in tech.\"",
"In 2021, they updated their mission statement to \"We are building a better tech industry by creating access, dismantling inequities and fueling belonging.\"",
"The motivations to make this update came from not wanting to focus on certain underrepresented populations and to also emphasize focus on improving the culture around the tech industry.=== Executive director changes ===In 2022, executive director Elizabeth Stock stepped down from the position after four years to prioritize their family.",
"During Stock's tenure, PDXWIT's corporate sponsors increased from 25 to 90 and the operating budget increased from $100,000 to $500,000.Rihana Mungin led the organization in the interim, alongside Dawn Mott and Isabel Rodriguez."
],
[
"Impact",
"=== Board update ===PDXWIT's mission for inclusion started with their own board.",
"Upon reflection two years after being an established nonprofit, their board realized most of their work has been focused on the challenges for white women, instead of the BIPOC or LGBTQ-identifying communities they initially aimed to serve.",
"As a result, PDXWIT developed new interview screening criteria, updated their outreach efforts, and shared their interview questions ahead of time.",
"A product of their change showed when comparing their 2018 board composition (100% cisgender straight women and 80% white) with their 2020 board composition (80% BIPOC and with LGBTQ representation).=== State of the Community Survey ===PDXWIT surveys the technology community to better understand challenges it faces.=== Scholarship ===In 2018, PDXWIT announced they received a $10,000 grant from The Folley Family Foundation to award scholarships of up to $2,500.The intent of this scholarship is to help cover costs for travel, registration, or per diem for individuals attending tech and women-in-business events.=== Community ===Since its founding in 2011, PDXWIT had over 8,000 members, hosted over 400 events, and paired over 1,200 aspiring technology workers with mentors.In 2016, PDXWIT was asked by Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB) to help write accurate job descriptions.In December 2023, Cambia Health Solutions helped host PDXWIT's ''Winter Soiree & Awards Ceremony'' to celebrate those who have helped advance women in technology.",
"PDXWIT was able to raise $2,000 from the event."
],
[
"Dissolution",
"On February 6, 2024, PDXWIT's board announced their vote to shut down the organization due to \"falling corporate funding for sponsorship\".",
"Lack of sponsorship renewals, failed return on investment in fundraising opportunities, and competition for limited nonprofit funding among corporate entities all contributed to this decision."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* PDXWIT 2022 State of the Community Survey* PDXWIT 2020 State of the Community Survey and its archive"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Seattle Chinese Community Girls Drill Team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Seattle Chinese Community Girls Drill Team''' is a drill team for Chinese American girls, based in Seattle, Washington.",
"It was established by Ruby Chow, and has participated in the Chinatown Seafair Parade and the Seafair Torchlight Parade.",
"In 2023, the team had approximately 30 high school members, and was featured in the documentary ''She Marches in Chinatown''."
],
[
"See also",
"* History of Chinese Americans in Seattle"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Through Rocks and Clouds"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Through Rocks and Clouds''''' (Spanish: '''''Raíz''''', ) is a 2024 Peruvian-Chilean drama film directed by Franco García Becerra and written by Annemarie Gunkel and Alicia Quispe.",
"It stars Quechua-speaker Alberth Merma accompanied by Nely Huayta and Richard Taipe.",
"It is about a shepherd boy who dreams of seeing his country in the 2018 FIFA World Cup while his environment is threatened by pollution from a mining company."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"Feliciano is an 8-year-old boy who is in charge of herding sheep.",
"He is accompanied by Ronaldo, a young alpaca, and Rambo, an old dog with whom he can start conversations about football and the national team's matches to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.",
"However, their environment is threatened by a contaminated lake because a mining company wants to take over those lands.",
"One day Ronaldo disappears along with other alpacas, the authorities ignore the requests for help, so Feliciano will seek to find his Ronaldo while the town unites to take action against the company."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Alberth Merma as Feliciano* Nely Huayta* Richard Taipe* José Merma* Deyvis Mayo* Rubén Huillca* Ruperta Condori"
],
[
"Production",
"Principal photography began in October 2022 in the province of Quispicanchis in Cusco, Peru."
],
[
"Release",
"''Through Rocks and Clouds'' had its world premiere on February 19, 2024, in the Generation Kplus section at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival.",
"International rights were acquired by Luxbox Films."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * '' Official Page''"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Anwar Hossain (microbiologist)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Anwar Hossain''' is a Bangladeshi biologist and vice-chancellor of Jashore University of Science and Technology.",
"Hossain was a professor of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Dhaka."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Hossain was born on 1 January 1958 in Satgharia, Louhajang Upazila, Munshiganj District, East Pakistan, Pakistan.",
"He did his bachelors and masters in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Dhaka in 1981 and 1983 respectively.",
"He did his PhD at the University of Tokyo in 1991."
],
[
"Career",
"In 1984, Hossain joined the University of Dhaka as a lecturer in the Department of Microbiology.",
"He was promoted to Assistant Professor in 1991 and Associate Processor in 1995.From 2009 to 2012, Hossain was the chairperson of the Department of Microbiology.Hossain was appointed the vice-chancellor of Jashore University of Science and Technology in May 2017 by President Mohammad Abdul Hamid.",
"He replaced Dr. Md.",
"Abdus Sattar.",
"In February 2019, 20 department heads of the Jashore University of Science and Technology following an assault on Professor Iqbal Kabir Zahid, President of the Jashore University of Science and Technology Teachers Association, by activists of Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the governing Awami League.",
"In April 2020, Hossain donated one day salary of the university staff to the Prime Minister's Relief and Welfare Fund.In June 2021, Hossain was re-appointed the vice-chancellor of Jashore University of Science and Technology.",
"In 2022, he was awarded the Ekushey Padak for his contribution to the sciences.",
"In April 2022, animal rights activists called for him to investigate the illegal culling of stray dogs on the campus of the university."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Hossain is married to Bilkis Ferdousi, head of the department of economics at Habibullah Bahar College.",
"Their two sons live in Canada and the United States."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Time Price"
],
[
"Introduction",
"A '''time price''' is the amount of time a person needs to work in order to earn the amount of money necessary to buy a particular product or service.. For example, if a person makes $5.00 an hour and wants to buy a product that costs $20.00 then the time price will be 4 hours.Time prices are universal, meaning that they are not dependent on any particular currency, and reflect the amount of time needed to achieve the goal of obtaining a product or service with money used only as a medium of exchange, making the type of currency irrelevant .",
"The following is the equation for Time Price: :Note that the equation uses \"nominal\" like in the use of nominal GDP.",
"Specifically, the money price and hourly income in the equation are given without adjusting for inflation.",
"Inflation focuses on the buying power of a given currency over time.",
"However, inflation and people's salary changes over time do not align .",
"Consider Hershey's candy bar.",
"In 1935-1939, a 1.5-ounce Hershey candy bar cost 5¢ (or 3.3¢ per ounce).",
"From 2005-2009 a 1.6-ounce Hershey candy bar cost $1.10 (or 50¢ per ounce) .",
"The federal minimum wage in 1938 was $0.25 (25¢) and in 2009 it was $7.25 .",
"To make a fair comparison, consider the cost of 3.3¢ per ounce of Hershey's chocolate from 1935-1939 to 50¢ per ounce of Hershey's chocolate from 2005-2009.The time price in 1938 to purchase an ounce of Hershey's chocolate for a minimum wage worker would have been about 8 minutes () and the time price in 2009 would have been about 4 minutes ().",
"In other words, even though the cost of Hershey's chocolate has gone up significantly, a person making federal minimum wage only had to work approximately half the time in 2009 as in 1938 to buy the same amount of chocolate.The following line chart shows the time prices of 1 ounce of Hershey chocolate from 1938 to 2009 based on the federal minimum wage from and the cost per ounce of chocolate from .",
"The line chart shows that it took almost 8 minutes at the federal minimum wage to buy 1 ounce of Hershey's chocolate in 1938.The time price continued down to its lowest point of 1.88 minutes in 1968 and 1969.The trend then reversed and went up until it peaked in 1995 at 6.11 minutes before falling again.Time Price of 1 ounce of Hershey Chocolate from 1938 to 2009 Based on U.S. Federal Minimum Wage."
],
[
"Time Prices Differ Based on Circumstance",
"Time prices are dependent on a person's circumstance and are not as generalizable as inflation.",
"Different working classes (e.g., blue-collar vs white-collar wages) affect time prices because of salary differences .For example, if a person makes $20 an hour of net income and wants to buy a television that costs $500 then the television will have a time price of 25 hours ().",
"However, if that same person gets an increase in salary and now makes $40 an hour of net income then the time price is halved ().Time prices can help make personal decisions .",
"For example, consider a person who has decided to rent an apartment but needs to decide between two apartment rent prices.",
"The exact amount in rent difference between the two choices can be skipped by considering the time cost difference instead of the monetary cost.",
"Also, a time price calculation can be used to help determine the opportunity cost of do it yourself projects.",
"For example, a person might need an oil change for a vehicle.",
"Determining the time price of paying a professional will help the person compare that time to the time required to buy the replacement oil, remove the used oil from the vehicle, properly dispose the oil, etc."
],
[
"1 Hour of Light Example",
"In ancient Babylon, around 2000 BCE, an entire day's worth of work would get a person approximately 10 minutes of artificial light .",
"Nobel Prize-Winning economist William Nordhaus approximated that obtaining one hour of artificial light in the year 1800 AD took 5.37 hours of labor .",
"On the other hand, with recent advancements in LED lightbulbs one hour of artificial light in the year 2022 AD took approximately 0.16 seconds of labor .",
"From ancient Babylon to the present, the time price of working to pay for artificial light has decreased in a dramatic fashion ."
],
[
"Other Considerations",
"Although time prices can be helpful in many situations, they can also be difficult to generalize.",
"For example, time prices also fluctuate based on cost-of-living index similar to how inflation may differ based on regional variability of prices"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"John Hudson Howland"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''John Hudson Howland''' (November 14, 1915 – December 19, 2003) was an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Vermont Senate."
],
[
"Life and career",
"Howland was born in Windsor, Vermont.",
"He attended Harvard College.Howland served in the Vermont Senate from 1975 to 1985.Howland died in December 2003, at the age of 88."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Margaret Donahue"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Margaret Donahue''' (December 13, 1892 – January 30, 1978) was an American professional baseball executive who worked in the front office of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1919 to 1958.Donahue was the first female executive in MLB history and pioneered the sale of season tickets and other innovations."
],
[
"Early life",
"Donahue was born and raised on a farm in Huntley, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, in 1892.She attended Huntley High School in 1909.After one year of high school, she dropped out and moved to Chicago to work as a secretary.",
"She had one year of training and then worked for a laundry."
],
[
"Chicago Cubs",
"William Veeck Sr., the president of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball, hired Donahue in 1919 as a stenographer for Bill Veeck, his son.",
"In 1926, Veeck promoted Donahue to secretary, making her the first female executive in MLB.Before the 1929 season, Donahue came up with the idea of selling season tickets.",
"She also conceived of the idea of selling tickets at Western Union locations in addition to the box office.",
"Donahue held \"Ladies Day\" promotions and sold discounted tickets to children younger than 12 years of age, helping baseball to evolve from a game watched by businessmen in suits to a family event.",
"Donahue worked for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League in their box office when they played at Wrigley Field from 1921 into the 1930s.In 1950, the Cubs promoted Donahue to vice president.",
"She retired in 1958."
],
[
"Personal life",
"While she worked for the Cubs, Donahue lived in Rogers Park, Chicago with her brother and two sisters.",
"In her later years, Donahue lived in a nursing home in Crystal Lake, Illinois.",
"She died on January 30, 1978.A park on the North Side of Chicago on West School Street, a few blocks from Wrigley Field, is named for Donahue.",
"The Cubs contributed $1 million of the $1.3 million cost for Margaret Donahue Park, which broke ground in 2014.Donahue was inducted into the Chicago Cubs Hall of Fame in 2021."
],
[
"See also",
"*Women in baseball"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lovelace (radio play)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Lovelace''''' is a 1934 Australian radio play by Edmund Barclay.",
"It was inspired by the real life Colonel Richard Lovelace but heavily fictionalised.The 1934 version starred visiting British film star John Longden.The play sold to South Africa.It was produced again in 1935, 1937 and 1938.The original director was Laurence Cecil."
],
[
"Premise",
"\"It was Lovelace who told that charming lie, “Stone Walls Do not a Prison Make”; and he was responsible for the equally charming quibble: “I could not love thee, dear, so much, loved I not honor more.” He wrote some good songs and bad coup-lets; and after his exile during the Cromwell's dictatorship he returned and died a pauper in Gunpowder Alley, Bride's Church, Fleet Street.",
"Some argue that he didn't die a pauper, but had four pounds a week till he died.",
"Aubrey says he was a very handsome man, “but damnable prowd.” This play opens in the House of Commons on the morning when Charles First when down to arrest the five members, and the memmers shouted for their privileges, and it includes an Oliver Cromwell “somewhat different from the accepted conception”.\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Lovelace at Ausstage"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Atlantic University Sport Curling Championships"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Atlantic University Sport Curling Championships''' are an annual curling tournament held between club curling teams from member schools.",
"Depending on the year, the top two or three men's and women's team qualify for the U Sports curling championships.The inaugural event was held in 2015 and was hosted in Montague, Prince Edward Island by the University of Prince Edward Island.",
"Since then, the championship has been held annually, excluding the 2020–21 season when it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.The Dalhousie Tigers have dominated the event on both the men's and women's sides.",
"The men's team have won seven of the nine titles while the women's team have picked up five.",
"The only other men's teams to have won the AUS championship are the UNB Reds and the Memorial Sea-Hawks while on the women's side, the Saint Mary's Huskies, St. Francis Xavier X-Women, Mount Allison Mounties and UNB Reds have each won one title."
],
[
"Champions",
" Year Men's champion Women's champion Host2015 UNB Reds Saint Mary's HuskiesMontague CC, Montague ( University of Prince Edward Island)2016 Dalhousie Tigers Dalhousie TigersHighlander CC, St. Andrews ( St. Francis Xavier University)2017 Memorial Sea-Hawks St. Francis Xavier X-WomenTruro CC, Truro (AUS)2018 Dalhousie Tigers Mount Allison MountiesCapital WC, Fredericton ( University of New Brunswick)2019 Dalhousie Tigers Dalhousie TigersSt.",
"John's CC, St. John's ( Memorial University of Newfoundland)2020 Dalhousie Tigers Dalhousie TigersCFB Halifax CC, Halifax ( Saint Mary's University)2021 ''Cancelled''2022 Dalhousie Tigers Dalhousie TigersWindsor CC, Windsor ( Saint Mary's University)2023 Dalhousie Tigers Dalhousie TigersCapital WC, Fredericton ( University of New Brunswick)2024 Dalhousie Tigers UNB RedsMontague CC, Montague ( University of Prince Edward Island)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* AUS Curling Championships"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Westfalia-Werke"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Westfalia Franz Knöbel & Söhne in 1920 in Rheda-Wiedenbrück, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany'''Westfalia-Werke''' (''Westfalia works''), now two firms: '''Westfalia-Automotive GmbH''' and '''Westfalen Mobil GmbH''', are a manufacturer of automotive camping equipment and trailers.",
"Westfalia-Werke is based in Rheda-Wiedenbrück in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.",
"Westfalia invented the ball head trailer hitch in 1934.Westfalia is best known for Volkswagen Westfalia Campers.",
"Westfalia is a leading manufacturer of trailer hitches for cars and light commercial vehicles.",
"Westfalia also manufacture a line of automotive bicycle racks."
],
[
"History",
"Westfalia traces its founding back to Johann Bernard Knöbel, who opened a blacksmith shop in Wiedenbrück on October 1, 1844.The blacksmith shop was passed on to Knöbel two sons Wilhelm and Franz.",
"Wilhelm and Franz added wagon and saddlery products to the business.",
"Near the end of World War I, the two brothers ended their blacksmith partnership.",
"Franz Knöbel changed the blacksmith shop to the manufacture of hunting wagons and horse-drawn sleighs, founding '''Franz Knobel & Sohn GmbH'''.",
"In 1918, the company built a self-propelled carriage.",
"In 1922, Franz Knöbel called his new company Westfalia, '''Fahrzeugfabrik Westfalia''' (Vehicle factory Westfalia).",
"In the 1920s he start making a line of automobile products, including trailers, truck body, coachbuilding and taxi cab conversions.",
"Before 1932, trailers used only jaw or hook couplings with an eyelet for trailer towing.",
"In 1932, Franz Knöbel developed the trailer hitch with a ball head and socket joint.",
"Franz Knöbel patented the ball head-socket joint trailer hitch invention on March 14, 1934.Westfalia hold a number of towing patents.",
"The first camping conversions was the Volkswagen ''Camping Box'', built by request in 1951 on a Volkswagen Type 2 van.",
"The request was for VW van to have a sleeping, living and working space.",
"As cars and truck power increased Westfalia built motorhomes and camping trailers.",
"In the 1960s Westfalia built driver's cab for the Mercedes unimog.",
"In 1966, Westfalia was the first manufacturer to market a removable trailer coupling using bolt on system.",
"In 1987, Westfalia introduced a fully automatically removable trailer coupling.",
"In the 1960s Westfalia built driver's cab for the Mercedes unimogIn 1999, Westfalia-Werke divided into three divisions: * Westfalia Van Conversion GmbH (motorhomes), now Westfalen Mobil GmbH* Westfalia-Automotive GmbH (trailer couplings, towbars, and cycle carriers.)",
"* Westfalia Trailer Group GmbH (Westfalia-Trailergroup).",
"In 2002 went bankrupt.In 2002, Westfalia introduced an electrically swiveling trailer hitch.",
"In 2006 Westfalia took over trailer coupling manufacturer SIARR in France.",
"In 2007 Westfalia took over of the trailer coupling manufacturer Monoflex in Sweden.",
"In 2008, Westfalia introduced a wide range of bicycle rack systems.",
"On 28 January 2010, Westfalia-Werke filed for bankruptcy after having a 40 percent drop in sales.",
"Under bankruptcy restructure Westfalia-Werke was able to stay open.",
"In 2011 Westfalia was acquired by the Rapido Group, a French motorhome company.Westfalia-Automotive GmbH now has 1,700 different types of trailer coupling covering almost all vehicle makes.In October 2016, Westfalia-Automotive trailer couplings was sold to the American trailer hitch manufacturer Horizon Global Corporation."
],
[
"Products",
"*In the early 1950 Westfalia built a number of built outs for the Gutbrod Atlas delivery truck.",
"Westfalia built 866 Gutbrod Superior four-seater estate cars.",
"*In the last 1956, Westfalia built motorhomes on the DKW Schnellaster.",
"*Westfalia built complete small camping trailers and has done camper conversions on number of vans.",
"*Westfalia-Werke is most know for is Volkswagen Westfalia Camper conversions from 1950s to 2003.The VW camper has been in the models of VWs called: VW Bus T2; Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) called Vanagon; and the Volkswagen Transporter (T4) called the EuroVan.",
"*Westfalia has also built a camper van, ''Marco Polo '', on Mercedes-Benz Vito starting in 1996.",
"*Westfalia built the model ''Michelangelo'' on the Fiat Scudo van starting in 2009.",
"*Westfalia built the model ''James Cook'' on thee Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van starting in 2006.",
"*Westfalia built the model ''Nugget'' on the Ford Transit Custom van starting in 1985.",
"*Westfalia built the model ''Sven Hedin'' type 2 on the Volkswagen Crafter van starting in 2017.",
"* Westfalia trailers such as B. Jupiter, Saturn, XXL and Rodeo were manufactured in Rheda-Wiedenbrück.",
"In 2002 the Westfalia-Trailer group went bankrupt.",
"In 2003, former Heinemann employees found '''Westfalia-Heinemann AG''' which went bankrupt in 2004.Westfalia Trailer Systems GmbH was founded in 2005.This company acquired the rights of use to the corresponding brands, production tools, etc.",
"of the former Westfalia-Heinemann AG from a South African company, which were purchased by the insolvency administrator in 2005.Today, Westfalia Trailer Systems produces horse and other trailers under the name \"Westfalia\" in Obergoseln, Saxony.",
"*In 2024 Westfalia is returning to the North America with a new camper van (Class B campervan based on a Ram ProMaster-Fiat Ducato."
],
[
"Gallery",
"Citroën_B_14C_Estate_Westfalia_1927.jpg|A 1927 Westfalia built taxi cab on a Citroën B 14C Estate.MB_Nürburg_WestfaliaAnhänger_1928.jpg|Mercedes Nürburg with a trailer built by Westfalia in 1928VW Fridolin.jpg|Fridolin, the body was built by Westfalia under contact from VW for the Bundespost post office from 1964 to 1974 on a Karmann GhiaUnimog 401.jpg|Westfalia built driver cab for the Mercedes unimogVW Camper.jpg|Split-windshield VW Camper1970 Volkswagen T2 Westfalia.jpg|1970 Volkswagen T2 WestfaliaWestfalia Campingbox 5.jpg|Westfalia Campingbox on early VW bus Westfalia_Wolfsburg_trailer_(1958)_ITB_2017_(1).JPG|1958 Westfalia Wolfsburg trailerVolkswagen Type 1 (1951) with Westfalia Wolfsburg trailer (1958) ITB 2017 (2).JPG|1958 Westfalia Wolfsburg trailerWestfalia Wolfsburg trailer (1958) ITB 2017 (2).JPG|1958 Westfalia Wolfsburg trailer name plate1959 Volkswagen Westfalia Camper.jpg|1959 Volkswagen Westfalia CamperWestfalia_Leichenwagenanhänger_1964.jpg|1964 Westfalia camping trailer, (Westfalia Leichenwagen-Anhänger)1970 VW Camper.jpg|Westfalia 1970 VW bus VW camper ASU blueandwhite rr.jpg|Split-windshield VW CamperWesty Options.jpg|Westfalia split-windshield camper with options, ''Westy''Volkswagen T3 Westfalia Camper (5001202078).jpg|Volkswagen T3 Westfalia Camper - VanagonVW T3 Westfalia 1X7A7975.jpg|Vanagon insideVolkswagen_Westfalia_(Typ_2_-_T3)_(4650818851).jpg|Vanagon insideVW_Vangon_1982_Westfalia_stove_and_sink.jpg|Vangon Westfalia stove and sinkVW Vangon 82.jpg|Vangon Westfalia name plate, used on all Westfalia products Volkswagen Westfalia (Typ 2 - T3) Interior (4651436324).jpg|Vanagon rear bed1989 Volkswagen Caravelle Club Westfalia Syncro (Typ 2 - T3) (4812495500).jpg|1989 Volkswagen Caravelle Club Westfalia Syncro, a 4X4 VanagonWestfalia Club-Joker VW-Bus hl.jpg|Westfalia Club-Joker VW Volkswagen LT Camper Westfalia Sven Hedin.jpg|Volkswagen LT Camper Westfalia hard top, Sven HedinWestfalia James Cook in Munich.jpg|Westfalia James Cook in MunichCamper soffietto.jpg|2000 VW Camper on a Volkswagen EuroVanVianomarcopolo1.png|Westfalia, Marco Polo camping edition on a Mercedes-Benz VitoWestfalia California T4.jpg|Westfalia California a VW T4 camperPKW Anhänger 2011-by-RaBoe-01.jpg|Westfalia trailerBall and Socket Swiveling mainly left and right wk.png|Operation of tow hitch ball with trailer hitch mounted, like the one Franz Knöbel invention patented on March 14, 1934Holland-Haken.JPG|Tow hitch like Franz Knöbel invention"
],
[
"See also",
"* Bedford Dormobile* Volkswagen California* Hymer"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* old Official website* * Dutch Nugget Register — Unofficial Dutch Web site of Nugget owners* nuggetforum.de — Unofficial German Westfalia Nugget Community"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Venus Life Finder"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Venus Life Finder''' is a planned uncrewed spacecraft to Venus designed to detect signs of life in the Venusian atmosphere.",
"The first private Venus mission, the spacecraft is being developed by Rocket Lab in collaboration with a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.",
"The spacecraft will consist of a high energy Photon cruise stage which will send a small atmospheric probe into Venus with a single instrument, an autofluorescing nephelometer, to search for organic compounds within Venus' atmosphere.Originally planned for launch in May 2023, the probe is now planned to launch no earlier then 30 December 2024, with arrival at Venus on 13 May 2025."
],
[
"Mission goals",
"Research published in 2020 indicated the presence of phosphine (PH3) in Venus' atmosphere, resulting in a widespread public and academic interest in the possibility of life in the Venusian atmosphere.",
"Although the probe will not directly search for phosphine, it will search for organic compounds in Venus' atmosphere, which would indicate potentially habitable conditions within Venus' cloud layer.",
"Additionally, the mission will demonstrate an inexpensive, deep space mission with a small spacecraft and small launch vehicle, as well as mature the interplanetary Photon spacecraft.",
"Peter Beck, CEO of Rocket Lab commented that the Venus Life Finder represents a \"real opportunity in the market for these incremental little missions in between NASA missions\".Venus Life Finder is hoped to be the first of a series of small missions to Venus to better understand the planet."
],
[
"Spacecraft design and instrumentation",
"The spacecraft consists of two main components- a high energy Photon cruise stage, and a small atmospheric probe with a autofluorescing nephelometer.The high energy Photon cruise stage was first developed for NASA's CAPSTONE mission.",
"The Photon cruise stage, which is a self-contained spacecraft with solar arrays for generating power, an altitude control system, and a HyperCurie engine for propulsion, will remain attached to the atmospheric probe until 30 minutes prior to atmospheric entry.",
"Cutaway diagram of the Venus atmospheric probeThe cone-shaped atmospheric probe measures just across, which was chosen to accommodate the electronics and the focal length of the nephelometer.The probe outer mould line is a scaled-down version of the Deep Space 2 probe.",
"Like the Deep Space 2 probe, the probe carries no parachute nor does it eject its heat shield.",
"The nephelometer, flight computer, and radio are housed in a spherical titanium pressure vessel encased within a layer of insulation to protect the electronics and instrument from the corrosive Venusian atmosphere and maintain acceptable temperatures.",
"The probe contains one scientific instrument: * the '''Autofluorescence Nephelometer''', which will project a 440 nm diode laser into the Venusian atmosphere through a fused silicate window.",
"During the probe's descent, cloud particles which pass through the laser will scatter light, and if organic, these particles may also fluoresce.",
"The scattered and fluoresced light will be collected through the same fused silicate window by a lens, from which the existence of organics, as well as particle size, shape, composition and concentration can be ascertained.Venus Life Finder is being developed by a team of less than thirty people, led by Sara Seager of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.",
"The mission cost is estimate at less than 10 million US dollars, funded by Rocket Lab, MIT and undisclosed philanthropists.",
"Peter Beck, CEO of Rocket Lab, has said that the spacecraft is a \"nights-and-weekends project,” and that it “gets pushed to the side all the time, but they are still working on it.”"
],
[
"Mission profile",
"Diagram of Venus Life Finder's probe's operations from atmospheric entry to surface impactAs of February 2024, Venus Life Finder is planned to launch no earlier then 30 December 2024 by an Electron launch vehicle from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex 1 on the Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand.",
"After being delivered to low earth orbit, the Photon cruise stage will perform a series of burns culminating in a lunar gravity assist which will send the spacecraft to Venus.",
"During the 128 day interplanetary cruise, the spacecraft will make occasional mid-course corrections in preparation for arrival at Venus.The probe will separate from the Photon cruise stage 30 minutes before Venus atmospheric entry on 13 May 2025.Entering on the night-side to minimize background light for the autofluorescence nephelometer instrument, the probe will experience a peak g-force of 60 Gs and will descend through the atmosphere without a parachute.",
"The probe will have just five minutes in the cloud layer, between to in altitude, to perform its measurements.",
"The probe will directly transmit its data to Earth by S-band until expected loss of signal thirty minutes after atmospheric entry, after which it will impact the Venusian surface.",
"Due to constraints on the power of the transmitter as well as limited transmission time, the data collected will be sent through a neural network to fit within the limited 125 bytes/second bandwidth allotted."
],
[
"See also",
"* DAVINCI, a descent probe planned for 2029* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe* Venera, a series of Soviet probes and landers* Life on Venus* EscaPADE, an interplanetary mission to Mars using the Photon satellite bus"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan Ukpong''' (born 2 January 1967) is a Nigerian medical scientist who specialises in adolescent health, HIV/AIDS research, and paediatric dentistry.",
"She is Professor of Paediatric Dentistry at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), where she has worked since 2002."
],
[
"Biography",
"Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan was born on 2 January 1967 and was educated at Obafemi Awolowo University, where she got her BChD in 1989 and her MBA in 1998.She became Fellow of the West African College of Surgeons in 2001, and she became part of the Obafemi Awolowo University academic staff in 2002.Initially ranked at Lecturer 1, she was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2005, to Reader in 2008, and eventually Professor of Paediatric Dentistry.",
"She received her MEd from the University of Nicosia in 2020.She also works at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital as a clinician and at the College of Health Sciences as Deputy Director of Research & Partnership Advancement.As an academic, Folayan specialises in adolescent health, HIV/AIDS research, and paediatric dentistry.",
"She also successfully advocated for the mandatory inclusion of adolescent clinics in HIV/AIDS treatment facilities in Nigeria and several national policies concerning HIV/AIDS in adolescents.",
"She has also done epidemiological research on early childhood tooth decay.",
"She has also worked as an advisor or consultant with several United Nations agencies - particularly the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNICEF, and the World Health Organization - and with other NGOs like the Population Council and the Society for Family Health Nigeria.Folayan was elected Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science in 2023."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Marguerite Frierson"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Marguerite Shepard Frierson''' (May 1, 1907 – September 29, 1998) was an American educator.",
"She was a professor of education at Shaw University and Barber–Scotia College, and from 1949 to 1971 at Fayetteville State Teachers College.",
"She was supervisor of elementary education in the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction in the 1950s."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Frierson was from Augusta, Georgia, the daughter of Taylor Jererdeau (T.",
"J.)",
"Frierson and Margaret (Maggie) R. Hamlin Frierson.",
"Her father was a physician.",
"She graduated from Shaw University in 1928, and earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Cincinnati.",
"She earned a master's degree (M.Ed.)",
"from Boston University in 1938.In 1950 she completed doctoral studies at Ohio State University.",
"She was a member of Pi Lambda Theta."
],
[
"Career",
"Frierson taught at Shaw University in the 1930s.",
"In the 1940s, she taught at Barber–Scotia College, and directed a 1945 summer program for Black teachers in Alamance County.",
"She was a professor of education and department chair at Fayetteville State University from 1949 to 1971.From 1950 to 1952, she was also supervisor of elementary education in the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction.",
"In 1968, she was appointed to North Carolina's Advisory Council on Vocational Education.She was one of the incorporators of the National Alumni Association of Shaw University, in 1952."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Frierson died in 1998, at the age of 91, in Georgia."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Hydropunctaria amphibia"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Hydropunctaria amphibia''''' is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Verrucariaceae.",
"One of several marine lichens in the genus ''Hydropunctaria'', it is found in Europe from Norway to the Mediterranean Basin, and on both the east and west coasts of North America.",
"The black, more or less thick, crust-like thallus grows on seashore rocks – both siliceous rocks and limestone – in the lower supralittoral zone, an area also known as the splash zone.",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' sets itself apart from other species in ''Hydropunctaria'' through the distinct shape of the (fruiting body) apex, which is either flat-topped or scalloped, in contrast to the typically rounded or immersed apex seen in its relatives."
],
[
"Taxonomy",
"The lichen was originally described in 1807 by the Spanish botanist Simón de Roxas Clemente y Rubio, who classified it as a species of ''Verrucaria''.",
"His Latin description of the organism was brief: ().",
"In 2011, Claude Roux transferred the taxon to the ''Hydropunctaria'', a segregate genus of ''Verrucaria'' that had been circumscribed in 2009.Alan Orange, apparently unaware of this transfer, proposed a similar transfer himself the following year."
],
[
"Description",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' is characterised by a prothallus that is typically inconspicuous, though occasionally it may appear whitish and is very locally developed.",
"The thallus, which is on the surface of the rock, presents a translucent green to amber colouration when wet, and black when dry.",
"It has an abundantly cracked surface that often separates into discrete (small, distinct patches), making the surface appear uneven with numerous blackish ridges.",
"The actively growing edge of the thallus is clearly defined, with ridges measuring between 40 and 400 μm in length and 40 to 50 μm in width, generally aligned perpendicular to the margin.",
"Within the interior of the thallus, these ridges are shorter, often branched, and do not follow a uniform direction.",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' growing on aerohaline (sea-sprayed) rocks.A , a layer beneath the surface of the thallus, contains brown pigment, contributing to the lichen's dark appearance.",
", the reproductive structures of the lichen, project from the thallus surface, typically measuring 220 to 360 μm in diameter, often with a distinct flat top and sides that may be uneven or have protrusions (bosses); the ostiole, or opening, of the perithecia may be visible as a small pit.The , another structural component of the perithecia, is well-developed, providing additional protection to the spore-producing parts.",
"The , which are the reproductive cells produced within the perithecia, are narrowly cylindrical to ellipsoidal in shape, measuring between 13 and 19.5 μm in length and 5 to 7.5 μm in width, with a length to width ratio ranging from 2.1 to 3.5, indicating their elongated form.The of ''H.",
"amphibia'' specimens collected in the Iberian Peninsula was ''Halofilum ramosum'' (a species of green alga in the order Ulvales).",
"In an ecological study conducted in Anglesey, off the north-west coast of Wales, ''H.",
"amphibia'' was shown to have a distribution similar to the brown algal species ''Pelvetia canaliculata'', and species of the red algal genus ''Hildenbrandia''."
],
[
"Similar species",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' can be distinguished from other species within the genus ''Hydropunctaria'' by several characteristics.",
"One of the key differences lies in the structure of the perithecium, which in ''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' is either flat-topped or (having a scalloped or notched edge), as opposed to the more commonly rounded or immersed apex found in other ''Hydropunctaria'' species.",
"Furthermore, ''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' has a more extensive development of densely pigmented tissue throughout its thallus.",
"This pigmentation manifests as elongated bars, up to 60 μm wide, that reach the surface of the thallus.",
"These pigmented areas are particularly noticeable near the thallus margin, where they align perpendicularly to the margin and parallel to the elongated cracks that characterise the species.One study suggested that a feasible way to distinguish between ''H.",
"amphibia'' and ''H.",
"maura'' was the thickness of the thallus edge and the width of the ascospores.",
"A later publication, however, found that these overlapped in the studied population, and that it was more reliable to use the shape of the perithecia, the extent of thallus cover over the perithecia, and the shape of the thickenings.",
"Another source suggests that when wet, ''H.",
"amphibia'' becomes more light coloured and translucent compared to ''H.",
"maura'', and so its ridges become more distinctly contrasted.In comparison, ''Wahlenbergiella striatula'', another marine lichen species that may present ridges on its thallus, differs primarily in the size of its ascospores, which are smaller than those of ''Hydropunctaria amphibia''.",
"Also, its thallus has a dot matrix that imparts texture to the surface."
],
[
"Habitat and distribution",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' is one of several marine lichens in the genus ''Hydropunctaria''.",
"It grows on seashore rocks, both siliceous and limestone.",
"Rarely, it has been recorded growing on concrete.",
"It usually grows in the supralittoral zone, the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly, but infrequently splashed.",
"It typically gets exposure to direct sunlight in these locations.",
"It is one of few species able to survive under these conditions, due to its extreme resistance to desiccation.",
"Other organisms commonly found in this habitat include the barnacle species ''Microeuraphia depressa'', and the sea snail species ''Melarhaphe neritoides'', ''Echinolittorina punctata''.",
"''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' grows in the belt underneath its close relative ''H.",
"maura''.The lichen is widely distributed in Europe, from Norway south to the Mediterranean, and also on the Iberian coasts.",
"Detailed cartography of the littoral habitats found along the Catalan coast of Spain show its almost ubiquitous presence there.",
"In North America, ''Hydropunctaria amphibia'' has been documented from the Atlantic Coast, including the littoral zone of Nova Scotia's Bay of Fundy coast, the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.",
"In the latter location, it only grows in low-pollution areas, suggesting low pollution tolerance, and potential for use as a bioindicator of marine lichen community health.",
"On the west coast, it is known to occur in British Columbia.",
"In the Gwaii Hanaas, it grows in the upper littoral fringe–defined as above the ''Fucus''-barnacle zone–most commonly on limestone."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Zhamantuz (lake, Akmola Region)"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''Zhamantuz''' () is a salt lake in the Akmola Region, Kazakhstan.The lake straddles the Zerendi District in the west and the Burabay District in the east.",
"Zhamantuz village is located by the southwestern lakeshore.",
"The area surrounding lake Zhamantuz is used for agricultural fields and livestock grazing."
],
[
"Geography",
"Zhamantuz is an endorheic lake of the northern end of the Kazakh Uplands, part of the Kylshakty river basin.",
"It lies at an elevation of .",
"The Kylshakty flows to the north of the lake.",
"The lakeshore is flat and sandy.",
"Zhamantuz is replenished by rain and snow.",
"Among the lakes in its vicinity, Kopa lies to the northwest, Zheltau to the west and Shalkar to the east."
],
[
"Flora and fauna",
"''Typha'' and ''Phragmites'' reeds grow in parts of the lakeshore.",
"Grasses and Artemisia'' grow in the area around the lake."
],
[
"See also",
"*List of lakes of Kazakhstan"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Safe Return (statue)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Safe Return''''' is a memorial to deceased fishermen at Zuanich Point Park in Bellingham, Washington, adjacent to the fishing port of Squalicum Harbor.",
"Designed by Eugene Fairbanks, son of sculptor Avard Fairbanks, it features a bronze statue of a fisherman casting a mooring line, symbolizing a return home after fishing.",
"A scale model of the statue was produced by 1996, after several years of fundraising by a memorial committee and the Whatcom Maritime Historical Society.",
"Following a public exhibition in 1998, the statue was erected at a public ceremony on Memorial Day, 1999.Succeeding a simple plaque erected at Zuanich Point in 1975, the statue stands atop a large granite plinth featuring the names of local fishermen lost at sea.",
"Since the monument's erection, additional names have been added.",
"Plaques along the base of the monument depict scenes of regional nautical life, including reliefs of Squalicum Harbor and a depiction of a Native American fisherman."
],
[
"Background",
"Whatcom County, Washington, became a center of the regional fishing industry in the 19th century, with the Puget Sound's first fish cannery opening at Blaine, Washington.",
"Commercial fishing in Washington entered a decline beginning in the 1970s, although significant recreational fishing still takes place in the region alongside limited commercial catches.",
"By 1996, Squalicum Harbor in Bellingham hosted the largest fishing fleet in northwestern Washington, with 800 boats.",
"Local fishers worked across the whole of the Pacific seaboard of the United States, engaging in cod and pollack fishing off the coast of Alaska, herring fishing in California, and crabbing in local waters.",
"A memorial to deceased fishermen was erected in 1975 at Zuanich Point Park, adjacent to Squalicum Harbor, and dedicated by the Puget Sound Gillnetters Women's Auxiliary.",
"It took the form of a simple wooden plaque with a list of local fishermen lost at sea since 1945.A rusted anchor was later added to the site.",
"Local histories attribute the anchor to a fisherman named Jay Gould, who caught the anchor near Port Gamble, destroying his fishing net; Port of Bellingham manager Tom Glenn bought the anchor for $2,500 (the price to replace the netting) and installed it at Squalicum Harbor.",
"Initially dated to , later tests attribute the anchor to the early 1800s, when it was likely brought to the vicinity by British vessels.",
"The anchor remains at Zuanich Point, across the park from ''Safe Return''."
],
[
"History",
"Following the deaths of four fishermen in the March 1993 sinking of the ''Lady of Good Voyage'' at the Bering Strait, the Squalicum Harbor Fisher's Memorial Committee formed to organize the construction of a larger memorial at Zuanich Point.",
"Alongside the Whatcom Maritime Historical Society, they began collecting funds the following year, setting an initial fundraising goal of $200,000 , although the final memorial budget was around $150,000.Eugene Fairbanks, a retired doctor from Bellingham, was commissioned to construct the statue.",
"During his childhood, Fairbanks served as an assistant to his father Avard Fairbanks, a prolific sculptor of American public monuments.",
"Fairbanks reported initially struggling to create a design representing modern fishing, due to widespread mechanization.",
"Following a suggestion by his son John Fairbanks, a local fisherman, the statue was designed after a fisherman casting a mooring line, symbolizing a return home.",
"By January 1996, a scale model of the full statue was constructed.",
"A full-scale clay cast was created the following year.",
"The statue was mainly constructed by Eugene Fairbanks and his brother Justin Fairbanks, with assistance from a local college student and the children of deceased fishermen.",
"The statue was publicly exhibited without its plinth at Zuanich Point Park on September 6, 1998, before entering storage at a seafood restaurant at the harbor.",
"The granite plinth, trucked to the site from South Dakota, was installed on May 26, 1999, with the statue then hoisted atop the pedestal by crane.",
"On Memorial Day, May 31, 1999, the completed memorial was dedicated during a dedication and wreath-laying ceremony attended by over 2,000 spectators.",
"Speakers included a representative of the Lummi Nation and the widow of a fisherman.",
"The monument bears names of deceased local fishers dating from the early 1900s to present.",
"Although a total list kept by ''The'' ''Bellingham Herald'' included around 86 names, 25 were initially nominated for inclusion on the statue.",
"More names have been steadily added to the memorial since its creation to commemorate other local fishermen who died at sea."
],
[
"Composition",
"The memorial features a bronze statue of a fisherman atop a granite pedestal bearing the names of the deceased fishermen, alongside plaques depicting local fishing.",
"The fisherman is depicted as bearded, wearing a hat and jacket, and casting a mooring line.",
"Including the plinth, the whole memorial measures 16 feet tall and weighs over .",
"The bronze statue itself was built slightly larger than life, measuring 8 feet tall and .",
"The panels on the memorial depict a purse seiner, Squalicum Harbor, a ship's wheelhouse, and a Native American fisherman."
],
[
"See also",
"* Seattle Fishermen's Memorial"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Snow Hides the Shade of Fig Trees"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Snow Hides the Shade of Fig Trees''''' () is a Canadian short drama film, directed by Samer Najari and released in 2009.The film centres on a multilingual group of new immigrants to Canada who are experiencing their first snowfall in the winter.The cast includes Nelson Bolivar, Nedjim Bouizzoul, José Cuervo, Heylin Darwich, Daniel Deburghgraeve, Mohsen El Gharbi, Juan Hernandez, Salma-Lou Najari, Aliocha Schneider and Niels Schneider.The film won the AQCC award for Best Short Film (Fiction) at the 2010 Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois, and was a Jutra Award nominee for Best Live Action Short Film at the 12th Jutra Awards."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Von Dutch (song)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''Von Dutch'''\" is a song by English singer Charli XCX, slated for release on 29 February 2024.It is expected to serve as the lead single to her upcoming sixth studio album."
],
[
"Background and composition",
"Charli teased the song on her social media pages before making videos on TikTok featuring a 20-second snippet of the chorus.",
"One of these videos featured media personality Addison Rae, whom Charli collaborated with on her 2023 track \"2 Die 4\".The song was produced by Charli's \"Speed Drive\" collaborator Easyfun, and is a throwback to Charli's teens, when she was on MySpace and \"first began thinking her taste was cool\".",
"It was written about being an object of gossip or obsession for people around you and embracing it."
],
[
"Critical reception",
"Ahead of its release, ''The Face''s Shaad D'Souza described the single as a \"perfect introduction to her acidic, freewheeling new mode.",
"... the song plays like bravura tweets fired off after a glass of champagne\"."
],
[
"Music video",
"The music video, shot at Paris' Charles de Gaulle Airport, features Charli jumping off the wing of the world's largest passenger plane, an Airbus A380."
],
[
"Release history",
"+ Release history for \"Von Dutch\" Region Date Format Label Various 29 February 2024"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"On a Bicycle"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''On a bicycle''' (Original title: À bicyclette)'' is a 2001 French drama and comedy television film directed by Merzak Allouache."
],
[
"Plot",
"It is the winter of 1995.A general transport strike running for a week has brought the French region of Ile de France to a complete halt.",
"Going to wok on their bicycles, Anne, a postal sorting employee, and Patrice, owner of an industrial laundry, a chance meeting at a traffic light would change their lives.",
"At the traffic light, an amused smile is exchanged.",
"As soon as, Anne begins to pedal her bike's chain comes off the rails.",
"Patrice gets to shows off his handyman skills.",
"A thank you coffee in her favorite bistro leads to them meeting again the next day and things hit off.",
"But then Anne's husband, an adventurer who disappeared in the tropics six months earlier, shows up."
],
[
"Development",
"The TV film was produced by France 2 (FR2), a French public national television channel.Merzak Allouache also co-wrote the screenplay with Pierre Schoeller and Caroline Thivel."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 Penrhyn by-election"
],
[
"Introduction",
"A '''by-election''' will be held in the Cook Islands electorate of Penrhyn on 12 March 2024.The by-election was triggered by the conviction of MP Robert Tapaitau for fraud in January 2024.The Cook Islands United Party announced that it would not stand a candidate.",
"The Cook Islands Party announced that it had selected Vaine Iriano Wichman."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"1918 College of Emporia Fighting Presbies football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1918 College of Emporia Fighting Presbies football team''' was an American football team that represented the College of Emporia during the 1918 college football season.",
"The team was made up of players participating in the school's wartime Student Army Training Corps and was sometimes referred to as the S.A.T.C.",
"team.",
"It posted a perfect 6–0 record and won the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference.",
"The Fighting Presbies were led by first-year head coach Gwinn Henry.",
"\"The style of snappy offensive (sic) which he has had adapted to his light team has enabled them to defeat much heavier elevens.\"",
"The average weight in the backfield was just 140 pounds.",
"1918 was the first year for the tradition of the Gwinn Henry Cemetery, conducting a faux burial of the opposing team after a win.Harold Grant was a member of the team."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"42nd Hong Kong Film Awards"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''42nd Hong Kong Film Awards''', is an upcoming ceremony which will honour the best Hong Kong films of 2023.Presented by the Hong Kong Film Awards Association, it is expected to take place at Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on 14 April 2024."
],
[
"Nominations",
"Nominees were announced on 8 February 2024.Winners will be listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ().",
"* ''In Broad Daylight'' * ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* ''Mad Fate''* ''The Goldfinger''* ''A Guilty Conscience''* Nick Cheuk – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Felix Chong – ''The Goldfinger''* Soi Cheang – ''Mad Fate''* – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Lawrence Kan – ''In Broad Daylight'' * ''In Broad Daylight'' – Lawrence Kan, Li Cheuk-fung, Tong Chui-ping* ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' – Nick Cheuk* ''Mad Fate'' – Melvin Li, Yau Nai-hoi* ''The Goldfinger'' – Felix Chong* ''A Guilty Conscience'' – , Jay Cheung, Terry Lam* Bowie Lam – ''In Broad Daylight'' * Siuyea Lo – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Tony Leung Chiu-wai – ''The Goldfinger''* Dayo Wong – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Dong Chengpeng – ''''* Kay Tse – ''Band Four''* Michelle Wai – ''Ready O/R Rot''* Jennifer Yu – ''In Broad Daylight'' * Louise Wong – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Chung Suet Ying – ''The Lyricist Wannabe''* David Chiang – ''In Broad Daylight'' * Sean Wong – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Jiro Lee – ''Over My Dead Body''* Wu Kang-ren – ''Fly Me to the Moon''* Tse Kwan-ho – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Elaine Jin – ''Ready O/R Rot''* Rachel Leung – ''In Broad Daylight'' * Rosa Maria Velasco – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Renci Yeung – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Fish Liew – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Sabrina Ng – ''Say I Do To Me''* Rondi Chan – ''Band Four''* Hui Yuet-sheung – ''In Broad Daylight''* Curtis Ho – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Yoyo Tse – ''Fly Me to the Moon''* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Meteor Cheung* ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' – Meteor Cheung* ''Mad Fate'' – Cheng Siu Keung, To Hung Mo* ''The Goldfinger'' – Anthony Pun* ''I Did It My Way'' – Jason Kwan* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Lo Wai Lun* ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' – Keith Chan Hiu-chun, Nick Cheuk* ''Mad Fate'' – Allen Leung, David Richardson* ''The Goldfinger'' – William Chang, Curran Pang* ''A Guilty Conscience'' – Chan Ki Hop* ''Back Home'' – Ceci Fok Pui Sze, Cheung Bing* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Albert Poon, Kate Tse* ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' – Irving Cheung* ''Mad Fate'' – Bruce Yu, Cat Leung* ''The Goldfinger'' – Eric Lam* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Albert Poon, Chan Hau Sin* ''Over My Dead Body'' – Stephanie Wong* ''Fly Me To The Moon'' – William Chang, Seven Dos Santos* ''Mad Fate'' – Bruce Yu, Karen Yip* ''The Goldfinger'' – Man Lim Chung* ''Sakra'' – Kenji Tanigaki, Yan Hwa* ''Mad Fate'' – Wong Wai Leung* ''The White Storm 3: Heaven or Hell'' – Li Chung-chi* ''I Did It My Way'' – Chin Ka-lok* ''Bursting Point'' – Tung Wai* ''Band Four'' – Teddy Robin, Day Tai* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Wan Pin-chu* ''Time Still Turns The Pages'' – Hanz Au, iii IrisLiu, Jolyon Cheung* ''The Goldfinger'' – Day Tai* ''The Lyricist Wannabe'' – Wong Kin-wai* \"\" from ''Say I Do To Me''* \"If I Don't Remember\" from ''Band Four''* \"\" from ''In Broad Daylight''* \"Let's Get To The Top\" from ''The Goldfinger''* \"A Lyricist Wannabe\" from ''The Lyricist Wannabe''* ''Water, Back Home'' – Chan Tik Hoi* ''Mad Fate'' – Tommy Cheung, Edwin Chow Chi-ho, Chum Yin* ''The Goldfinger'' – Lik Wong, Benson Poon* ''Cyber Heist'' – Alex Lim Hung-fung, Jules Lin Chun-yue, Ho Man-lok, Yee Kwok-leung* ''Bursting Point'' – Yuan Huatang, Wang Xiqing, Dennis Yeung* ''In Broad Daylight'' – Chill Yang* ''Mad Fate'' – Thomas Cheng, Chill Yang* ''The Goldfinger'' – Nopawat Likitwong* '''' – Dave Cheung* ''Bursting Point'' – Nip Kei Wing, Lam Siu Yu, Viola Chan* Lawrence Kan – ''In Broad Daylight'' * Nick Cheuk – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Sasha Chuk – ''Fly Me To The Moon''* – ''A Guilty Conscience''* Jonathan Li – ''''* ''The Pig, the Snake and the Pigeon'' (Taiwan)* ''No More Bets'' (China)* ''Abang Adik'' (Malaysia) * ''Full River Red'' (China)* ''Marry My Dead Body'' (Taiwan)"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Spruce Street Suspension Bridge"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Spruce Street Suspension Bridge''', colloquially known as the '''Wiggly Bridge''', is a historic long footbridge in the Bankers Hill neighborhood of San Diego.",
"It was built in 1912 by Edwin M. Capps.",
"It can hold a maximum of and crosses Kate Sessions Canyon.",
"It was designated a San Diego Historic Landmark in 1977."
],
[
"History",
"Edwin M. Capps, a two-time mayor of San Diego, designed the bridge in 1911 to allow pedestrians to cross Kate Sessions Canyon, which separated neighborhoods from the Fourth and Fifth Avenues' streetcar lines.",
"It also connected Bankers Hill to eastern schools.",
"The bridge was built in 1912.In 1976, the city reported that the bridge was checked for damages every three months, as flanges were occasionally broken due to people swinging the bridge back and forth.",
"These flanges are not crucial to the bridge's survival, so it is not very important if they are damaged.",
"The bridge was closed from April 2020 to February 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Heads I Lose"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Heads I Lose''''' is a 1935 Australian radio play by Edmund Barclay.",
"It was called \"an original problem play\".The play was produced again in 1936."
],
[
"Premise",
"\"The theme of the play is the choice of two alternatives which face a young doctor, Martin Craig.",
"Each alternative Involves not only his own happiness, but that of other people, and Craig decides finally the question by the toss of a coin.",
"The resulting drama is worked out cleverly, and the action is then changed to show what would have happened if the coin had fallen the other way.\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Heads I Lose at Ausstage"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Mr. Zaritsky on TV"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Mr.",
"Zaritsky on TV''''' is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Jennifer Di Cresce and Michael Savoie and released in 2016.The film is a profile of influential Canadian documentary filmmaker John Zaritsky, as he works on his 2016 film ''No Limits: The Thalidomide Saga''.The film premiered at the 2016 Whistler Film Festival, where it received an honorable mention from the Best Documentary Award jury.",
"It was subsequently broadcast on the Documentary Channel in January 2017."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Pierre Emmanuel Félix Chazal"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Pierre Emmanuel Félix Chazal''' (1 January 1808 - 25 January 1892) was a Belgian military officer, statesman and politician from the Liberal Party who twice served as Minister of War."
],
[
"Early life",
"Chazal was born on 1 January 1808 in Tarbes, France as a son of Marie-Françoise Palatine De Laville (1788-1883) and Jean-Pierre Chazal (1766-1840), who served on the National Convention and amongst others voted in favour of the execution of King Louis XVI.",
"Jean-Pierre Chazal fell in favour with French Emperor Napoleon and following his defeat and subsequent exile in 1815, the family's possessions were confiscated and they first moved to Vilvoorde before settling in Brussels in 1816.Chazal attended the Athénée de Bruxelles before marrying Anne-Thérèse Graff (1813-1892) in Liège on 30 May 1829.The couple had four sons who all later enrolled in the military and became officers."
],
[
"Career",
"Chazal, seen on horseback on the left, during the Belgian Revolution in 1830.Painted by Gustaaf Wappers in 1835.Chazal took on an active role as second commander of an army division in Liège during the Belgian Revolution in September 1830, organizing a civilian guard and crushing DUtch resistance in Belgium.",
"For his actions, the Provisional Government appointed him Division-General on 13 November 1830.He was further promoted to Major General on 21 July 1842 and became a Naturalized Belgian citizen on 9 June 1844 as a reward for his service during the Revolution.",
"Chazal became Adjutant General for King Leopold I on 5 May 1846 and was promoted by the king to Lieutenant General on 11 August 1847.The next day, Chazal was named Minister of War as a member of the Liberal Party by Prime Minister Charles Rogier.",
"He remained in that position until he was assigned the command of the 9th infantry division and the 2nd territorial division on 29 July 1850.King Leopold I entrusted Chazal to represent him during the coronation of Tsar Alexander II in 1856 before awarding Chazal with the hereditary title of Baron on 12 August 1857.On 6 April 1859, Chazal was again appointed by Prime Minister Charles Rogier as Minister of War.",
"During his tenure, a debate about the Second French intervention in Mexico with Representative Jan De Laet from Antwerp escalated into a duel on 8 April 1865.Chazal lost the duel and was wounded in the skirmish.",
"However, as duelling was illegal in Belgium since 1841, Chazal was persecuted and sentenced by the Court of cassation to a fine and prison sentence for misdemeanors while serving in the function of Minister.",
"Chazal handed his resignation to King Leopold II, who refused to accept it and instead used his leverage to influence the Senate to grant Chazal a full pardon.",
"Chazal afterwards decided to heal from his wounds in France when he heard of the death of his son, who served as a Captain in the Belgian military expedition in Mexico.",
"Chazal's wounds didn't heal properly, prompting the Prime Minister to excuse him from his Minister duties on 12 November 1866 and was named Minister of State for his service."
],
[
"Later life and death",
"Chazal commanded an observation force at the southern and eastern border of Belgium during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.Following the defeat of French Emperor Napoleon III at Sedan, Chazal was tasked to meet the Emperor at the Franco-Belgian border and accompany him to the German border where he would be taken prisoner.",
"Chazal retired from active service as Lieutenant general of the Infantry on 24 May 1875 due to health reasons and began writing his memoirs at his castle in Pau, France.",
"Chazal died in his castle on 25 January 1892, aged 84, his wife died later that same day.Chazal in 1860."
],
[
"Military Awards & Commands",
"=== Awards ===* : Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold* : Iron Cross (1830)* : Military Cross* : Memorial Cross (1856)* : Order of Saint Anna (1st Class)* : Grand Cross in the Order of the White Eagle* : Grand Cross in the Order of Alexander Nevsky* : Order of Leopold* : Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus* : Military Order of the Tower and Sword* : Order of the Redeemer* : * : Legion of Honour* : Order of the Rose* : Royal Guelphic Order* : Order of Distinction* : Order of the Crown* : Princely House Order of Hohenzollern (Cross of Honour 1st Class)=== Commands ===* 1830-1833: Commander of the Belgian Army* 1833-1837: Commander of the Liège Province* 1837-1839: Commander of the 9th Line Regiment* 1846-1865: Adjutant General for King Leopold I* 1850-1875: Military Governor of the Royal Residences* 1851-1859: Commander of the 2nd territorial and 2nd Infantry division* 1865-1892: Adjutant General for King Leopold II* 1866-1870: Commander of the 4th territorial division* 1870: Commander of the observation force* 1870-1874: Commander of the 2nd territorial division* 1874-1875: Commander of the 2nd Military description* 1875-1892: Chief of the military house of Leopold II"
],
[
"Legacy",
"A statue of Chazal was revealed during a ceremony on 30 August 1908 in Leopoldsburg.",
"The ceremony was attended by 2,000 veterans of the Observation force, who Chazal had commanded in 1870.Chazal is also present as a young officer on horseback on the most famous painting of the Belgian revolution, which was painted by Gustaaf Wappers in 1835."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lêkê"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Lêkê'''Lêkê''' are a type of plastic sandals popular in Ivory Coast, including as footwear for amateur soccer games.",
"Lêkê are considered the national shoes of Ivory Coast, worn by people of all ages, including school children and adults.",
"Amateur soccer players wear lêkê for their practicality on sandy pitches and dusty surfaces, citing their lightness, better fit, and comfort.",
"The popularity of lêkê in Ivory Coast extends beyond sports, being worn at parties and other social events."
],
[
"Economics",
"While luxury brands like Gucci and Prada have created their own versions of jelly shoes, lêkê remain popular in Ivory Coast for both stylistic and practical reasons.",
"Lêkê are affordable, with local manufacturing making them widely available from street vendors for about $1.50.The sandals need frequent replacement due to strap breakage, but their low cost and ready availability ameliorate the process."
],
[
"History",
"The origins of the lêkê date back to 1946 when a French knifemaker invented the original model using surplus plastic.",
"In the 1980s, they were worn by those with limited financial means, particularly associated with the zouglou music culture.",
"They have since been sold in Ivorian markets for 30 to 40 years, resisting the global popularity of flip-flops."
],
[
"Culture",
"In Ivory Coast, lêkê are not only worn for soccer but also represent a cultural symbol, with specific colors associated with national pride.",
"Sales of Ivorian flag-colored lêkê sandals increased during the Africa Cup of Nations, but they saw a decline after the national team faced losses."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"SS Margariti"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''SS ''Margariti''''', originally named '''SS ''Wearwood''''' and later also '''SS ''Carita''''' and '''SS ''Harrow''''', was a 1930 British built cargo ship of the Constantine Group.",
"It was later owned by British Galbraith, Pembroke & Co., Swedish Manne J. E. and from 1962 by Greek Sigalas & Platis Bros under Lebanese flag.",
"On 18 October 1967 while en route from Gdansk, Poland to Tartous the ship sank near Ameland, the Netherlands, after the ship tilted due to shifting cargo during a gale.",
"All 24 people on board were rescued."
],
[
"Ship details",
"The steel ship measured x x .",
"She had a tonnage of 4597 GRT.",
"She was propulsed a 3 cylinder triple expansion steam engine of George Clark & NEM, having a single shaft and one screw.",
"with a total of 432 hp.",
"She had a speed of .",
"She had yard number 412 a had originally IMO number 160727 that changed in 1957 into 9173 and from 1962 in 5221910."
],
[
"History",
"The ship SS ''Theron'' was built in 1930 by Northumberland Shipbuilding Company in Howdon, United Kingdom for Constantine Group, Middlesbrough.",
"In 1946 the ship was acquired by British company Galbraith, Pembroke & Co. Ltd., London and renamed her SS ''Harrow''.",
"They owned the ship until 1950.In 1957 the ship became property of Swedish Manne J. E. in Gothenburg and renamed the ship SS ''Harrow''.",
"In 1962 the ship was bought by Greek Sigalas & Platis Bros. of Piraeus and changed the name into SS ''Margariti''.",
"While being property of a Greek company, the ship was sailing under Lebanese flag having home port Beirut.===Fate===In October 1967 she was en route from Szczecin, Germany to Alexandria, Egypt with a cargo of fertilizer.",
"On board were 24 people: 19 Greek people (including the 44 years old captain Bertos Grekos, his 22 years old wife and their 16 months sun Apostolos), two people from Arabia, two from Egypt and one from Austria.After the ship passing near Texel lightship ''Texel'' there was a south-westen gale with windforce of 8 to 9 of the Beaufort scale.",
"The captain decided to sail the ship for the sea and again passed lightship ''Texel''.",
"The rudder broke and the ship became unmanageable.",
"An attempt to make an emergency rudder failed.",
"Both anchors of the ship were dropped, but due to the gale they didn't hold.",
"At 7:30pm, was called for tug assistance.",
"Tubgoat ''Holland'' and lifeboat ''Carlot'' from Terschelling went to the ship.",
"''Holland'' attempted to make a towing connection.",
"After an initial failed attempt, the tug withdrew, causing anger with the crew of ''Margariti''.",
"The ship meanwhile drifted towards the coast of Vlieland.",
"Closer to the coast it became shallower and the anchors of ''Margariti'' were gaining traction.",
"After the ship started bumping, the crew wanted to disembark.",
"However, due to the shallow water the rescuers couldn't get close to the ''Margariti''.At around 3am lifeboat ''Prins Hendrik'' from Den Helder arrived schipper Piet Bos managed to come alongside.",
"He managed to save most of the passengers by letting them jump into the jumping net.",
"After the stern of the ship started breaking and the lights went out there were still some people on board.",
"The son was successfully thrown into the net and the other also rescued at the last moment by the ''Prins Hendrik''.",
"Shortly after the ship sank.",
"At 9am the ''Prins Hendrik'' arrived at Den Helder, with the saved people still soaking wet, and were brought to the local police station.Due to the operation, the ''Carlot'' was damaged from coming alongside.",
"She had damaged fences, torn fenders and a damaged wheelhouse.====Aftermath====Rescuers of the ''Prins Hendrik'' were awarded in January 1968.Piet Bot (pictured) received the gold medal of the Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue InstitutionIn late October oil cans washed ashore, presumably from the ''Margariti''.",
"In November the ship was considered lost.",
"It wasn't worth the cost to salvage the ship.In January 1968, the rescuers of the ''Prins Hendrik'' received awards for their heroic deeds.",
"Schipper Piet Bot received the gold medal of the Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution with the other five crew members receivind the silver medal.Bot was often remembered for this rescue operation and became a renowned rescuer."
],
[
"Wreck",
"Shortly after the beaching, Vlielander beachcombers took several items including: a lifebuoy, the ship's clock, a telegraph key, a bag of signal flags and some small souvenirs.",
"Many divers went later to the wreck to find the ship's bell, but it was never found."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Newspaper image of the rescued people* Newspaper image of the sunken ship"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"1972 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1972 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on March 7, 1972, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1972 United States presidential election."
],
[
"Details",
"The first-in-the-nation primary was won by Edmund Muskie, but by a much narrower margin than expected over his much more liberal opponent, George McGovern.",
"Muskie's surprisingly close victory would slow his momentum to a halt, eventually leading him to drop out of the race altogether.",
"McGovern would go on to become the 1972 Democratic nominee, but he lost to incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in a 49-state landslide."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Mohammad Abdur Rashid (academic)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Mohammad Abdur Rashid''' is a Bangladeshi academic and vice-chancellor of the Islamic Arabic University.",
"He is a member of the Sharia advisory board of the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission.Rashid is a professor of the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of Dhaka."
],
[
"Early life",
"Rashid did his bachelor's degree and masters in Islamic Studies at the University of Dhaka in 1988 and 1989 respectively.",
"He completed his PhD at the University of Dhaka in 2002."
],
[
"Career",
"Rashid joined Abudharr Ghifari College as a lecturer on 6 November 1995.He joined the University of Dhaka as a lecturer on 1 October 1997.He was promoted to assistant professor on 7 November 2000.He was promoted to associate professor on 21 May 2003.Rashid was promoted to professor on 5 September 2006.From 18 February 2014 to 17 February 2017, Rashid was the head of the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of Dhaka.",
"He was a member of the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board.",
"On 31 December 2019, he was appointed the Chairman of the Governing Committee of Nilkhet High School.",
"He is a member of the Shariah Supervisory Committee of the United Commercial Bank PLC.Rashid was appointed to the Sharia advisory board of the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission.",
"On 1 June 2020, Rashid was appointed provost of Kabi Jashim Uddin Hall of the University of Dhaka.",
"In April 2023, he was appointed the Vice-chancellor of the Islamic Arabic University.",
"He replaced Mohammad Ahsan Ullah, whose term was investigated by the Ministry of Education and the University Grants Commission over irregularities in recruitment.",
"In July, he was appointed director of Dr. Serajul Haque Centre for Islamic Research.",
"In November 2023, he was re-elected president of the Department of Islamic Studies Alumni Association.On 24 January 2024, Rashid was appointed convenor of a committee to investigate a story about a transgender woman in a high school textbook of the national curriculum."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"The Portuguese Kid"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''The Portuguese Kid''' is a play written by John Patrick Shanley.",
"The play starred Jason Alexander and Sherie Rene Scott.",
"The play opened off-Broadway at the Manhattan Theatre Club on October 24, 2017."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"In Providence, Rhode Island, habitually widowed Atalanta pays a visit to her second-rate lawyer Barry Dragonetti.",
"Intending to settle her latest husband's affairs, this larger-than-life Greek tightwad quickly becomes a nightmare for her cheesy, self-aggrandizing attorney.",
"Add Barry's impossible Croatian mother, a dash of current politics and a couple of opportunistic young lovers, and you have in hand a recipe for comic combustion."
],
[
"Original cast",
"*Jason Alexander as Barry Dragonetti*Sherie Rene Scott as Atalanta Lagana*Mary Testa as Mrs. Dragonetti*Aimee Carrero as Patti Dragonetti*Pico Alexander as Freddie Imbrossi"
],
[
"Reception",
"The play received mostly negative reviews.",
"Writing for The New York Times, Jesse Green said \"Perhaps it would have been more convincing if Mr. Shanley hadn’t hired himself to direct.",
"A strong countervailing force might have encouraged him to look beyond the sitcom laugh track — and might have informed him that his spice rack of gender and ethnic stereotypes (women are paradoxes; Puerto Ricans are firecrackers) has gone stale.",
"The designers, all tops in their fields in other productions, might have found a less garish palette, too; “The Portuguese Kid” looks like a picture book designed for children with cataracts.\"",
"While Isabella Biedenharn at Entertainment Weekly says \"The Portuguese Kid makes for a wildly entertaining couple of hours of whip-smart banter — as long as you don’t expect much substance beyond that.\""
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Geodesy (book)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Geodesy''''', also called '''''Bomford's Geodesy''''', is a textbook on geodesy written by Guy Bomford.",
"Four editions were published, in 1952, 1962, 1971, and 1980 respectively.",
"Bomford retired in 1966, though continued publishing editions of the book."
],
[
"Content",
"''Geodesy'' is formatted as a textbook on the topic of geodesy, with particular emphasis on its applications to triangulation.",
"For content on applied geodesy, it is assumed the reader can use a theodolite and a micrometer.",
"The book also discusses the overlap between geodesy and the study of geophysics.Due to a limit on space, the first edition intentionally leaves out information on the history of geodesy, only including it when essential to understanding the current practices.",
"In the same edition's acknowledgements, J. de Graaff-Hunter was noted for often discussing the book's content with Bomford.",
"Excluding appendices and following sections, the first edition is 391 pages long.The book's second edition included information on the tellurometer, which had been introduced after the first edition's publication, and its relevance to triangulation.",
"This edition also covered more details on how the development of electronic computers impacted the field of geodesy.",
"These updates brought the book more up to date in regards to technology and techniques developed since the first edition's publication.",
"The book's third edition was a major rewrite of the second edition, as technology including electromagnetic distance measurement, computers, and artificial satellites had advanced so far since the previous edition.The fourth and final edition was published in 1980."
],
[
"Reception",
"A review of the second edition published in the ''Bulletin Géodésique'' stated that the book was worth purchasing for those that found use of the first edition.",
"J. C. Harrison, reviewing for ''Science'', stated that a second edition was \"most welcome\" to make sure the books stayed current with the changing field.",
"The review's main complaints were that the book focused too heavily on only British perspectives, and that it downplayed the utility of magnetic surveys.Reviewing the third edition for ''Geophysical Journal International'', A. H. Cook described the editions as \"the leading work on geodesy in the English language,\" and reviewed the edition as \"surely maintaining the reputation of its predecessors.\"",
"Ther rest of the review remained positive, concluding by describing the book as \"impeccable.\"",
"Peter J. Smith's review in ''Nature'' focused on the differences between this edition and the prior ones, and highlighting how the third edition described the use of new technology.A positive review was published in ''Geological Magazine'' by A. H. C., who described the fourth edition as \"as comprehensive and up to date as ever.\"",
"Some negative points were brought up in J. W. Esson's review, published in ''Geological Journal'', which complained the book explained processes but not their importance—the review described the book as \"all technique but no passion\"."
],
[
"Footnotes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Primary sources ===* * * * === Secondary sources ===* * * * * * * *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"ONE Fight Night 20"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''ONE Fight Night 20: Todd vs. Phetjeeja''''' is an upcoming combat sport event produced by ONE Championship that will take place on March 9, 2024, at Lumpinee Boxing Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand."
],
[
"Background",
"This event will be feature a special all-female event on fight card in honor of International Women's Day.A ONE Women's Atomweight Kickboxing World Championship unification bout between current champion Janet Todd and interim champion Phetjeeja Lukjaoporongtom is expected to headline the event.A ONE Women's Atomweight Muay Thai World Championship bout between current champion Allycia Rodrigues and Cristina Morales is expected to take place at the event."
],
[
"Fight card"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 in ONE Championship* List of ONE Championship events* List of current ONE fighters* ONE Championship Rankings"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Rosita's Bridge"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Rosita's Bridge''', formerly the '''Arneson River Theater Bridge''', is a bridge on the San Antonio River Walk in San Antonio, Texas.",
"It is named after singer Rosita Fernández and leads to the Arneson River Theater."
],
[
"History",
"Rosita's Bridge is one of two original bridges designed by Robert H.H.",
"Hugman for the River Walk.",
"The bridge was built in 1939 by the Works Progress Administration.",
"Rosita Fernández, a noted Tejano singer, would commonly perform at the Arneson River Theater, near the bridge.",
"As a part of her entrance onstage, she would cross the bridge.",
"The bridge soon became known for her performances.",
"The city renamed the bridge in 1992 in her honor."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Maratha–Nizam War"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Maratha-Nizam war''' (1725–1818) were a series of military conflicts between the Maratha Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad, spanning nearly a century.",
"These conflicts arose primarily from the Marathas' imposition of Chauth, a form of tribute, on the Nizam's dominions, leading to tensions and subsequent hostilities between the two powers.",
"The Nizam's response to the Maratha demands sparked a series of clashes and wars aimed at resisting Maratha encroachment and asserting territorial sovereignty.Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah I, a Mughal noble since the reign of Aurangzeb, played a significant role in Deccan's political landscape, engaging in multiple conflicts with the Marathas.",
"His actions included aiding the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah by deposing the Sayyid Brothers.",
"Following this, Nizamul Mulk established his own dynasty in Deccan, known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty, after securing victory in the Battle of Shakarkheda.",
"However, tensions arose with the Marathas, neighboring rulers of the Deccan, who held the right to collect Chauth as promised by the Sayyid Brothers.",
"This conflict initiated the early Nizam-Maratha conflicts, with the Maratha Chatrapatis and Peshwas launching several military campaigns against the Nizam throughout the 18th century.",
"The Deccan region witnessed a series of significant events during the 18th and 19th centuries, including conflicts surrounding the succession of Asaf Jah I, which involved his sons Nasir Jung, Salabat Jung, and Muzaffar Jung, and the subsequent rule of Asaf Jah II as the Nizam.",
"Concurrently, following the passing of the first Peshwa, Bajirao I, his son Balaji Bajirao ascended to the position of Peshwa.",
"Balaji continued his father's legacy by leading numerous campaigns against the Nizam.",
"Upon Balaji's demise, Madhavrao I succeeded him as Peshwa, despite facing pressure from his uncle Raghunathrao.",
"Madhavrao proved to be a capable leader, leading successful campaigns against the Nizam.",
"Later, an alliance was formed between the Nizam and the Peshwa to confront the Marathas of Nagpur, resulting in the capture of territories from them.",
"The alliance between the Marathas and the Nizam endured until the downfall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore.",
"Following this, Nizam Asaf Jah II signed a treaty with the British, becoming a subsidiary ally of the British Empire, at the behest of Arthur Wellesley.The third Anglo-Maratha war signaled the conclusion of hostilities between the Maratha Empire and the Nizam.",
"In this conflict, the combined forces of the British and the Nizam captured Nagpur, compelled the surrender of the Peshwa Bajirao II, and effectively ended the Maratha Empire.",
"Following these events, the Nizam was declared as the successors of the Peshwa and was relieved from paying Chauth to the Marathas.",
"Additionally, territories such as Vaizapur and Kannad from the Peshwa, as well as Ellora and Aurangabad from Holkar, were annexed to the Nizam's dominions.",
"These conflicts between the Marathas and the Nizam left a significant imprint on the military history of the Deccan during the 18th and early 19th centuries."
],
[
"Overview",
"Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, who served as the Subahdar of the Deccan Subah within the Mughal Empire, founded his independent kingdom in the Deccan, recognized as the Asaf Jahi dynasty.",
"Despite this, the Nizam maintained loyalty to the Mughals and continued to acknowledge their suzerainty.",
"He gained effective control over the Deccan, establishing his authority as the overlord of all six Mughal viceregal governorates in the region.Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the first Nizam of HyderabadThe Maratha Empire emerged as a powerful force in the Deccan during Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah's rise to power.",
"In the Battle of Shakar Kheda, where Nizam secured victory over the Mughals, he received support from the Marathas.",
"Nizam acquired independence from the Mughals right after the victory."
],
[
"For the Mughal empire",
"In 1691, Mir Qamaruddin, later titled Nizam-ul-Mulk, was bestowed with the honorific Chin Qilich Khan and received an elephant as a gift.",
"The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb entrusted him with the leadership of the Turani regiment from Ghaziuddin Khan, the father of Qamaruddin Khan.",
"Ghaziuddin Khan, the father of Nizam-ul-mulk Asaf Jah (Mir Qamaruddin)=== Battle at Karad (1693) ===In 1693, during the Mughal siege of the Panhala fort, a substantial Maratha force surrounded the Mughal army.",
"Upon learning of this situation, Emperor Aurangzeb dispatched Ghaziuddin Khan and Khanzada Khan.",
"As the Marathas, led by Dhana Jadav, retreated towards Satara, Firuz Jung sent Qilich Khan(Nizam) and Rustam Khan in pursuit.",
"A decisive battle ensued near Karad, resulting in the defeat of the Marathas.",
"Thirty Maratha soldiers were captured, and 600 horses were seized by the Mughals.Panhala fort=== Capture of Parali fort (1700)===In 1700, Mughals led by Fathullah Khan initiated a siege on Parali fort with the aim of capturing it.",
"The fort was under the in-charge of Parashuram Trimbak, positioned on a high hill, the fort's defense required strategic measures.",
"Chin Qilich Khan received orders to encircle nearby villages, preventing Maratha interference that could sever Mughal supply lines.",
"The fort fell to the Mughals on June 9, 1700.In recognition of his contributions, Emperor bestowed upon Chin Qilich Khan the significant role of faujdar of Bijapur Carnatic.",
"Additionally, he was granted an increase of 400 horse, elevating his rank to 4,000 zat and 3,600 horse.=== Siege of Wagingera (1704) ===The Siege of Wagingera in 1704-5 marked a Mughal military campaign against the Maratha stronghold of Berar, focusing on the Wagingera fort, under Pema Naik.",
"Chin Qilich Khan and Tarbiyat Khan were entrusted with the leadership of this campaign.",
"In 1705, Aurangzeb personally led the effort to conquer the fort.",
"The Mughals defeated Pema Naik, and successfully captured the fort from the Marathas.",
"Chin Qilich Khan significantly contributed to the capture of Wagingera, a stronghold of the rebellious Berads.",
"Recognizing his capabilities and services, he was promoted to the rank of 5000 zat and 5000 sawar.",
"Following this achievement, Chin Qilich Khan gained considerable influence over the Emperor, being consulted on all crucial state matters.Because of Chin Qilich Khan's quiet support during the power struggle that led to Farrukhsiyar becoming the emperor, he was given the title Nizam-ul-Mulk.",
"In February 1713, he was also appointed as the Subahdar of the Deccan Subah, a role he held for two years and two months.",
"This fulfilled Nizam-ul-Mulk's ambition when he was a little over 42 years old.",
"Nizam terminated the tax exemptions granted to the Marathas by Daud Khan Panni.",
"This move aimed to gain support from Sambhaji II, a Maratha leader, who opposed the enthronement of Shahu I.Nizam capitalized on the conflict among the Marathas such as Battle of Khed and began reasserting Mughal authority over the Deccan region.",
"Chandrasen Jadhav, Dhana Jadhav's son, sided with Nizam, abandoning Shahu.",
"He sought refuge with Rao Nimbalkar and Sharja Rao Gatghe, who also switched allegiance.",
"With Nizam-ul-Mulk's recommendation, Sharja Rao Gatghe was granted a jagir in Sambhaji of Kolhapur, known as Kagal state.",
"Nizam provided protection to Chandrasen Jadhav, granting him a significant fief with an annual revenue of 25 lakhs for maintaining his troops.",
"Chandrasen Jadhav was required to keep 15,000 well-equipped men, and he was treated as a noble, consulted on important matters concerning the Marathas.===Conflict regarding tax collection===Nizam directed his troops towards Godavari to compel Shahu's officers, who were causing havoc in the countryside.",
"In the ensuing encounter, the Marathas were pushed back towards the Bhima river.",
"In response to this setback, Shahu sent Balaji Vishwanath against Nizam's forces.",
"A significant battle occurred near Purandar, resulting in a severe defeat for the Marathas, compelling them to withdraw to the Ghats.",
"The Mughal contingent under Nimbalkar took control of the vacated territories near Pune.",
"In recognition of his service, Nizam granted these territories to Jadhav.",
"Following this, a treaty was signed between Nizam and Balaji Vishwanath, though the exact terms remain unknown, presumably involving the mutual release of captives and prisoners.Balaji Vishwanath===Rebellion aganist Nizam (1714)===In 1714, a rebellion aimed at toppling Nizam-ul-Mulk's government unfolded.",
"Secret Maratha agents orchestrated conspiracies to undermine Mughal control in Deccan.",
"A Deshmukh named Anbuji assembled 10,000 men at a fortress constructed during Daud Khan's rule in Deccan.",
"Upon learning of this, Anwar Khan, a district officer at Phulmari, moved to restore peace in a town sixteen miles northeast of Aurangabad.Anwar Khan encountered Kalu, a Maratha revenue-collector who pretended to have lost his job and sought employment in the Mughal service.",
"Agreeing to accompany them as a guide due to his knowledge of the terrain, it later became apparent to Anwar Khan that Kalu was a Maratha agent sent to mislead him.",
"Kalu was arrested, but not before they neared the rebels' stronghold.",
"The rebels captured Anwar Khan and his troops.",
"Upon learning of this, Nizam dispatched Ibrahim Khan Panni, the brother of Daud Khan Panni with a small army.Mughal architecture, the tomb of Dilras Banu Begum, built by her son Azam Shah at Aurangabad, the then capital of Deccan SubahDue to continuous heavy rain, Ibrahim Khan's army faced equipment issues with their arrows, bows, and matchlocks.",
"Additionally, the Marathas were greater in number than them and that intensified their pressure during the engagement, forcing Ibrahim Khan's army to retreat.",
"In response, Ibrahim Khan urgently requested reinforcements from Nizam-ul-Mulk.",
"Upon receiving the message, Nizam-ul-Mulk ordered his own bodyguard to be sent, led by his eight-year-old elder son, Ghaziu'd-Din Khan.",
"Muhammad Ghiyas Khan and Mirza Beg Khan Bakhshi, seasoned leaders, were appointed as his guardians.Upon learning of the arrival of Ghaziu’d-Din Khan’s force, the Marathas, fearing the situation, fled and sought refuge in the hilly jungle, concealing themselves.",
"They abandoned all their equipment, horses, and artillery on the battlefield, making no further attempts at resistance.",
"Muhammad Ghiyas Khan instructed some of his officers to pursue the fleeing Marathas and eliminate them.",
"Subsequently, he ordered the complete demolition of the small fortress (garhi) and destroyed several other Maratha strongholds in the vicinity where rebels from the Imperial territory sought shelter.",
"Muhammad Ghiyas Khan's forces pursued the Marathas for 150 miles, driving them into the hills' caverns.",
"They captured two war elephants.",
"Upon their return to Aurangabad, Nizam-ul-Mulk was delighted to hear that the country was resettled, the people reassured, and the enemy subdued.Nizam, leading a force of six thousand horsemen and five thousand infantry, personally marched to regions where Maratha leaders had caused chaos.",
"He successfully subdued the Marathas at Mungi-Shevgaon, Shahgarh, and Jalna.",
"Two days after these campaigns, Haider Quli Khan was dispatched from Delhi to the Deccan capital (Aurangabad) with a message stating that Mir Jumla was on the verge of assuming the Subahdari title of the Subah.In May 1715, Nizam-ul-Mulk was summoned back to the court, anticipating the appointment of Husain Ali Khan as the new Viceroy of the Deccan.",
"He promptly departed from Aurangabad to Burhanpur, where he learned about two Maratha chiefs imposing chauth on the local people.",
"Nizam-ul-Mulk confronted them, chasing them into a dense forest set ablaze by the Marathas.",
"Skillfully navigating his army, he pursued the enemy for eighty miles before returning to Burhanpur.",
"There, he appointed Zafar Khan as the Governor of the Subah of Khandesh before continuing his journey to the North.=== At Malwa ===Given the governorship of Malwa, Nizam-ul-Mulk became instrumental when the young emperor sought liberation from his Sayyid captors.",
"When the Sayyids attempted an abrupt transfer from Malwa, Nizam marched against Delhi.",
"In his plea for noble support, he lamented the decline of the Timurid house and the monarchy, expressing concern that the Sayyids aimed to undermine all old Irani and Turani families of the empire, following a detrimental pro-Hindu policy.",
"Nizam rallied Irani and Turani commanders who were dismayed by Farrukhsiyar's deposition and slaying, particularly wary of full power going to Indian Muslims, despite their distinguished familial service to the Timurids.",
"This split could be perceived as a division between foreign, cosmopolitan officers and locally rooted cadres consisting of Indian Muslims, Rajputs, Marathas, and Jats.===Battle of Balapur (1720)===In September 1719, Muhammad Shah ascended the Mughal throne with the Sayyid brothers (Sayyid Hassan Ali andSayyid Abdullah Khan) as regents, influencing the administration for a year.",
"A revolt was orchestrated against the Sayyids, led by Nizam-ul-Mulk, challenging their influence.",
"The Sayyids strategically moved Nizam-ul-Mulk to Malwa earlier from Deccan, aiming to curb his growing power.",
"In 1720, Nizam-ul-Mulk marched towards the Deccan, prompting a conflict with Dilawar Ali Khan and Alam Ali Khan.",
"Both were the commanders of the Sayyid brothers.",
"Nizam secured victories, strategically positioning himself in the power struggle.",
"Shahu dispatched reinforcements to aid the Sayyids, yet they were also defeated by Nizam's forces.",
"The Sayyids, recognizing their vulnerability, sought alliances, but Nizam-ul-Mulk triumphed in a decisive battle at Balapur.",
"Hussain Ali Khan's march from Delhi resulted in his assassination, leading to the Sayyids' defeat in Delhi.",
"Emperor Muhammad Shah, issuing orders to Nizam-ul-Mulk and others, recounted the Sayyid betrayal and instructed them to unite against Sayyid Abdullah Khan.Following the assassination of Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan, Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hasanpur.",
"This marked the end of the prolonged control of the Sayyid Brothers over the Mughals.",
"Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan, who served as the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, was replaced by Emperor Muhammad Shah, appointing Nizam as the new Grand Vizier."
],
[
"As the Nizam of Hyderabad",
"Nizam-ul-Mulk, in his quest to eradicate corruption at the Court, made enemies, particularly among the Emperor's close companions.",
"Their unfavorable words about him to the Emperor wounded his ego.",
"Disheartened by the state of affairs, Nizam-ul-Mulk resigned as grand vizier in 1724, returning to the Deccan to reclaim his previous role as viceroy.",
"However, the position was already held by Mubariz Khan, appointed by Emperor Farrukhsiyar nine years earlier.",
"Nizam-ul-Mulk confronted Mubariz Khan at the Battle of Shakar Kheda, resulting in Mubariz Khan's fatal injury.",
"Nizam-ul-Mulk sent Mubariz Khan's severed head to the Emperor, who responded with gifts, a War Elephant, and the prestigious title of Asaf Jah – the highest honor bestowed by the Mughal king.",
"This title likened the recipient to Asaf, the grand vizier in King Solomon's Court, signifying extraordinary recognition.",
"Bajirao I, the Maratha Peshwa, aided Nizam at Shakar Kheda under Shahu I's orders.",
"In gratitude for his assistance, Nizam rewarded Bajirao with 7,000 Mansabs and 7,000 horses after the victory in the battle.File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|Flag of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 18th century File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|Flag of the Mughal empireFile:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|Flag of the Maratha empireShripatrao Pant, the Pratinidhi of the Maratha empire initially resisted the expansion northward, fearing it would create difficulties for the Marathas and discontent with the emperor and Nizam.",
"Parushuram Pant Pratinidhi, a Deshasta Brahmin, served as the primary spokesperson for the Nizam at Shahu's court.",
"He was a direct competitor of Bajirao, a Chitpavan Brahmin, within the inner circle.",
"Conversely, Chandrasen Yadav, as the significant supporter of the Nizam, played a crucial role at Tarabai's court, having previously engaged in battle with Bajirao's father a decade earlier.",
"However, Bajirao persuaded Shahu that this \"arbitration\" was a guise for the Nizam to assume control of the Maratha polity by supporting Tarabai's line.=== Campaigns in Carnatic (1725-27) ===In a bid to consolidate power, the Nizam ordered the deployment of an army led by Iwaz Khan, the Prime Minister of the Nizam, to the Carnatic region in 1725.The objective was to suppress Maratha revenue collections in that area.",
"Iwaz Khan laid siege to Trichinopoly and successfully captured it from Serfoji I, the ruler of the Tanjaore Maratha Kingdom.",
"In response to Serfoji's plea for assistance, Shahu dispatched Fateh Singh Bhonsale and Bajirao with a force of 50,000, but they were defeated and compelled to retreat.",
"Two years later, Shahu, with the backing of Tulaji, once again sent Bhonsale, but the Nizam's army emerged victorious, leading to the expulsion of Maratha tax collectors from the Carnatic region.",
"Recognizing the threat posed by the proximity of his capital Aurangabad to Maratha dominions, the Nizam decided to relocate his capital, choosing Hyderabad as the new seat of power.The southern part, where the campaigns took place=== Battle of Palkhed (1727) ===In November 1727, the Nizam, accompanied by Sambhaji II, advanced towards Pune, the Maratha capital, facing no resistance upon entry.",
"Nizam appointed Sambhaji II as the Chhatrapati (King) of the Marathas.",
"In response, Bajirao marched from the south, pillaging Aurangabad and Burhanpur.",
"Learning of this, Nizam evacuated Pune and headed back to his territory.",
"The two forces clashed at Palkhed on 25th February 1728 in a fierce yet inconclusive battle.",
"Following the engagement, Bajirao besieged Nizam, cutting off his supplies, leading to the signing of the 'Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon' on 6th March 1728.While Bajirao demanded the surrender of Sambhaji II, Nizam refused, and the treaty resulted in Nizam withdrawing support for Sambhaji II and acknowledging Shahu I as the rightful ruler of the Marathas.=== Nizam's march towards Delhi (1737) ===In 1737, as part of the Maratha campaigns in Awadh, Bajirao conducted a raid on Delhi.",
"In response, Emperor Muhammad Shah called upon the Nizam to come to Delhi and directed him to proceed to Malwa, aiming to liberate it from the influence of the Marathas.",
"Upon learning of Nizam's march, Bajirao dispatched Maratha zamindars to impede his progress.",
"The Nizam's forces, led by Sayyid Jamal Khan, the son of Iwaz Khan, engaged the Maratha leader Goriyya with 1,000 horse and 1,500 foot soldiers.",
"The Nizam's forces emerged victorious, defeating Goriyya and compelling him to retreat.",
"Consequently, Nizam continued his march towards Delhi, reaching the city on 12th July 1737.=== Battle of Bhopal (1737) ===With the aim of reclaiming Malwa, Nizamul Mulk arrived in Bhopal from Delhi with 70,000 men, facing opposition from Bajirao and his 80,000-strong force.",
"In the ensuing battle, the Marathas encircled the Nizam's forces, compelling him to seek peace.",
"A treaty was negotiated, wherein the Nizam conceded the entire subah of Malwa to the Peshwa and relinquished complete sovereignty over the lands between the Narmada and Chambal rivers.",
"Additionally, the Nizam committed to obtaining a substantial cash tribute from the Mughal Emperor.",
"Fearing the Nizam's formidable artillery, Bajirao opted for the cession of Malwa rather than further engagement.Mughal artillery=== Bajirao's invasion of Deccan (1739) ===In 1739, as Nizam resisted Nader Shah's invasion in the North, Bajirao led a Deccan invasion with 50,000 men.",
"Upon learning of the invasion, Nasir Jung mobilized 10,000 men to counter it.",
"A decisive battle unfolded at the Godavari river, where Bajirao was severely beaten.The outcomes of this conflict are recounted differently in historical records.",
"Some assert that Nasir Jung defeated Bajirao, compelling his surrender.",
"Conversely, other accounts suggest that Bajirao besieged Nasir Jung in the Aurangabad fort, ultimately forcing him to cede the districts of Nemad and Khargaon.According to the treaty:Marathas lost their right to collect Chauth from 6 provinces of Deccan.Khargaon and Nemad were given to Bajirao as Jagir.Bajirao promised not to invade Deccan again.This marked Bajirao's final battle, concluding with his death on 28th April 1740.His son Balaji Bajirao became the next Peshwa.=== Siege of Trichinopoly (1743)===Raghoji Bhonsle, the Maratha chief who established Nagpur Kingdom, advanced to Trichinopoly, imprisoning Chanda Sahib on 28 May 1741.Despite Chanda Sahib's offer of Rs.",
"7 lakh to the Marathas for his release, the Mysore Hindu king Krishnaraja Wodeyar II insisted on the Marathas either killing or imprisoning Chanda Sahib and reinstating Hindu Nayaka rule.",
"Bada Sahib, Chanda Sahib's brother, met his demise at the hands of the Marathas on 1 October 1741.It appears that Safdar Ali Khan, the new nawab of Carnatic, unable to meet the tribute demanded by the Marathas, agreed to cede Trichinopoly to them.",
"After capturing Trichinopoly, the Marathas dispatched 40,000 of their horsemen back to Mysore with Chanda Sahib.",
"Approximately 20,000 cavalry, led by Murari Rao, remained in Trichinopoly.",
"The Marathas, during their return, plundered Trichinopoly and its populace.",
"Trichinopoly fort, which was captured by the Nizam from MarathasIn 1743, Nizam initiated a siege on Trichinopoly, compelling Murari Rao to surrender.",
"Murari Rao found himself without support from his Maratha superiors, notably because Maratha Emperor Shahu I was deeply involved in expeditions aimed at extending Maratha dominance over Mughal-held Delhi, Bengal, and Odisha.",
"Simultaneously, internal conflicts surfaced between Maratha general Raghoji I Bhonsle and Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, eventually leading to the disintegration of the Maratha empire.",
"They reached an agreement, wherein the Nizam granted him governance of the hill-fort of Penukonda, the surrounding areas, and 200,000 rupees.",
"The six-month siege concluded on 29th August 1743.The surrender of Trichinopoly, coupled with the loss of the Madurai territory (administered by Maratha Lieutenant officer Appaji Rao, captured in 1741), marked the end of Maratha suzerainty in the Carnatic region.",
"This loss relinquished their direct rule, allowing the Nizam to reclaim authority over the Deccan region.According to the terms of the Trichinopoly agreement, if Dalavayi (Wodeyar) desired the control of Trichinopoly, he was required to pay 10,000,000 rupees to the Nizam.",
"The Dalavayi, facing a financial crisis after paying substantial tributary taxes, including 50,000,000 rupees to Maratha ruler Raghoji in 1740–1741 following the Maratha invasion of the Carnatic region, the Dalavayi was unable to meet the stipulated sum.",
"In October 1743, the Nizam departed for Deccan."
],
[
"After the Death of the Asaf Jah I and Shahu",
"Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah I passed away on June 1, 1748, at the age of 77 in Burhanpur.",
"He was laid to rest at the mausoleum of Shaikh Burhan ud-din Gharib Chisti in Khuldabad, near Aurangabad, the same location where his mentor Aurangzeb is also interred.",
"Following his father's demise, Nasir Jung ascended to the throne and ruled from 1748 to 1750.In the two years leading up to his death in 1749, Shahu recognized the growing likelihood of a civil war among various Maratha leaders due to the absence of a clear heir.",
"Sambhaji II, a longstanding rival from the Kolapur line, was opposed by the Peshwa and there were no other suitable heirs.",
"Tarabai proposed Rajaram II, the grandson of Rajaram, claiming he had been raised in secret.",
"Despite widespread skepticism, Shahu accepted the boy, and in his will, he urged all leaders to acknowledge Rajaram II and entrusted his care and the governance of the realm to the Peshwa.",
"Thus, Rajaram II succeeded Shahu.",
"A succession dispute unfolded between Muzaffar Jang and Nasir Jang for the throne, with Muzaffar being the grandson (daughter's son) and Nasir being the son of the late Nizam.",
"In the Carnatic, a similar conflict arose between Chanda Sahib and Anwaruddin Khan.",
"The French supported Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib, while the English backed Nasir Jang and Muhammad Ali, Anwaruddin's son.",
"In 1749, Muhammad Ali's father fell in battle against Chanda Sahib at Ambur.",
"Muzaffar Jang, aided by the French, claimed the Nizam of Hyderabad title.",
"Nasir Jang, his rival, was treacherously murdered by the Nawabs of Kurnool and Cuddapah.",
"While en route to Hyderabad from Pondicherry, Muzaffar Jang was also assassinated by the Nawabs of Cuddapah and Kurnool at Rayachoti.",
"Salabat Jang, the third son of the Asaf Jah I, secured victory and became the Nizam with the assistance of French troops commanded by Joseph François Dupleix and Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau during the period of 1751-1762.From 1751 to 1758, Bussy resided in Hyderabad, assisting Salabat Jang in solidifying his position.",
"Additionally, he played a crucial role in Salabat Jang's conflicts with the Marathas and in managing diplomatic relations with the ruler of Mysore.",
"Dupleix meeting Muzaffar Jung Throughout the succession struggles, Ghaziuddin, the eldest son of the Nizam, persevered.",
"Forming alliances with fellow Marathas such as the Bhonsles and the Holkars, he reached Aurangabad in late September 1752, garnering significant support from various nobles.",
"File:Nasir Jung, Nizam of Hyderabad.jpg|Nasir JungFile:Muzaffar Jung.jpg|Muzaffar JungFile:Salabat Jung.jpg|Salabat Jung=== Bussey defeats Balaji Bajirao (1751) ===Ghaziuddin, the eldest son of Nizam, with support in Aurangabad and Hyderabad, was compelled to seize power of Salabat Jung.",
"Amassing 150,000 men in Delhi and securing backing from the Peshwa Balaji Rao, he decided to march on the Deccan in September 1751.Meanwhile Bussy achieved his first diplomatic success for the Nizam by obtaining a firman from the emperor confirming Salabat as the ruler of the Deccan.",
"Subsequently, he met Balaji Rao and, capitalizing on a lunar eclipse on the night of December 3 to 4, 1751, dealt a crushing defeat to the Maratha Peshwa.",
"File:Balaji Baji Rao.jpg|Balaji BajiraoFile:Charles de Bussy de Castelnau.jpg|BusseyOn January 17, 1752, the Peshwa accepted the Peace of Ahmadnagar, compelling him to return all territories he had conquered from the viceroys of the Deccan since Nizamulmulk's death to Salabat.",
"Despite this, Ghaziuddin persisted.",
"Forming alliances with other Marathas, the Bhonsles and the Holkars, he reached Aurangabad in late September 1752, securing the support of numerous lords.",
"However, he died due to food poisoning in October 1752.=== Salabat Jung's campaign against Raghuji (1754) ===Syed Lashkar Khan, who served as the Diwan of Nasir Jung at that time, resigned from his position due to the actions of Nobles like Shah Nawaz Khan.",
"Following his resignation, Dupleix sought to apprehend him, but Bussey opposed this idea, fearing it would not be well-received by the people of the Deccan.",
"Instead, Bussey advised Salabat Jung to appoint Lashkar Khan as the Subahdari of Berar.",
"However, Berar was then under the control of Raghuji, the Maratha ruler of Nagpur.",
"Salabat Jung launched a campaign against Raghuji, during which Raghuji had to relinquish control of Berar to Lashkar Khan.",
"Salabat Jung returned to Hyderabad after this campaign in May 1754.=== Battle at Udgir (1760) ===The Peshwa resumed hostilities with the Nizam, and by November 9, 1759, his cousin Sadashivrao Bhau secured the crucial Ahmadnagar fort.",
"In January 1760, a formidable Maratha force led by the Peshwa’s brother Raghunath Rao and cousin Sadashivrao, along with Ibrahim Gardi’s artillery, initiated an invasion.",
"The outnumbered Salabat Jang, confronted them at Udgir.",
"Facing overwhelming odds, the Nizam aimed to reach Dharur and join his detained troops.",
"The Mughal force, only 7000 strong, was surrounded by 60,000 Maratha horse, becoming an easy target for French-drilled artillery.",
"The situation favored the Marathas, on February 3, 40,000 Marathas attacked the Nizam's rear-guard, resulting in a significant disaster.",
"The ensuing battle persisted until sunset, leaving the Nizam's army in no condition to continue.",
"In February 1760, the Nizam made peace by ceding territory and paying six million rupees, yielding significant regions to the Peshwa, while Salabat retained limited territories under certain conditions.",
"The Maratha defeat at the Battle of Panipat plunged Peshwa Balaji into depression, leading to his illness and eventual death in 1761.His minor son, Madhavrao I, then assumed the role of Peshwa.",
"Internal dissensions ensued, fueled by the ambitious actions of his brother Raghunath Rao, ultimately weakening Maratha power.=== Asaf Jah II's invasion of Maharashtra (1762) ===In 1761, Nizam Ali Khan, also known as Asaf Jah II, the fourth son of Asaf Jah I, invaded Maharashtra and advanced to within fourteen miles of Pune.",
"The Peshwa negotiated peace on January 2, 1762, relinquishing nearly half of his father's territorial gains in the Mughal Deccan.",
"Nizam Ali returned to Bidar, took control of the government, and imprisoned Salabat Jang on July 6, 1762, leading to Salabat Jang's death two years later.",
"The elusive emperor of Delhi endorsed the usurpation by appointing Nizam Ali as viceroy, conferring upon him the titles of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah II.",
"With Nizam Ali's accession in 1762, a prolonged period of stability commenced in the affairs of the Mughal Deccan.",
"An alternate account of this campaign is that, during the Nizam's invasion, Maratha troops led by Raghunathrao, numbering around 70,000 men, intercepted the Nizam at Uruli, located 'less than a day's march from Poona'.",
"The Maratha forces overwhelmed Nizam Ali, prompting him to sue for peace.",
"Raghunath Rao hastily granted favorable terms without consulting the Peshwa and other senior officers.",
"Madhav Rao strongly opposed Raghunath's hurried peace agreement, anticipating that the Maratha forces would thoroughly humble the Nizam in action.",
"Many Maratha officers criticized Raghunath Rao, accusing him of striking a secret deal with the Nizam, aiming to befriend him as a potential ally in a future contest for the peshwaship against his own nephew.",
"In response, Raghunath Rao offered his resignation from the regency, believing his services to the young Peshwa were 'indispensable' and hoping to retain his charge.File:Mir Nizam Ali Khan.jpg|Nizam Asaf Jah IIFile:Madhavrao I Peshwa.png|Peshwa Madhavrao IFile:Raghunathrao Peshwa.jpg|Raghunathrao=== Battle of Alegaon (1762) ===Raghunathrao, having defected from Madhavrao's side, formed alliances with Janoji Bhonsale of Nagpur and the Nizam of Hyderabad, sparking a civil war.",
"Despite an inconclusive initial skirmish, Madhav Rao suffered defeat in a subsequent encounter at Alegaon.",
"The Nizam's unexpected support for Raghunath Rao led to a dire situation.",
"Recognizing the consequences, the young Peshwa halted fighting and surrendered.",
"Through mediation by Maratha sardar Malhar Rao Holkar, reconciliation was achieved.",
"Raghunath Rao acknowledged Madhav Rao as the Peshwa, and joint command of Maratha troops was entrusted to him in their united fight against common foes.",
"Following the battle, Madhavrao was forced to give all the territories of Nizam, which was captured from Udgir.=== Battle of Rakhshasbuvan (1763)===Madhavrao successfully raided Nizam's territories, plundered Bidar, and devastated parts of the Nizam's territory, which provoked the Nizam.",
"In the battle of Rakshasbhuvan on the Godavari's bank, Madhavrao led the complete rout of the Nizam's army.",
"The Marathas gained territories valued at 82 lakhs.",
"Janoji Bhonsale of Nagpur and Gopalrao Patwardhan, former Nizam supporters, were won over with territories worth 32 lakhs and Miraj, respectively.",
"The significant outcome was the end of Raghunathrao's regency.After the battle, the Nizam and Marathas maintained friendly relations with each other.",
"In 1766, the Nizam formed an alliance with the British, aligning against Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore at that time.",
"Given the Nizam's amicable ties with the Peshwa, the British assumed the Marathas would also support them against Haider.",
"However, Haider managed to secure a treaty with the Marathas, breaking the alliance between the Nizam and the British.",
"The joint assault by the Nizam and Mysore on the fort of Kaverypatnam led to the outbreak of the first Anglo-Mysore war.Map of India in 1765=== Subjugation of Marathas of Nagpur (1766) ===Janoji Bhonsale, who succeeded Raghoji Bhonsale of Nagpur, refused to acknowledge Madhavrao's leadership as he was involved in intrigues with Haider Ali and supporting Raghunathrao.",
"Madhavrao and the Nizam launched a campaign against the Marathas of Nagpur, eventually defeating Janoji after a month-long series of bloody operations.",
"By the end of January 1766, Janoji was compelled to surrender territories that belonged to the Nizam and partly to Madhavrao.",
"The majority of territories, previously granted to Janoji at Rakshasbhuvan by the Peshwa, were revoked.",
"Lands valued at 15 lakhs of rupees per annum were returned to the Nizam, while a portion of territory worth 9 lakhs of rupees was annexed to the Peshwa's domains."
],
[
"Under the British involvement",
"During the Anglo-Mysore war of 1788-89, the British formed alliances with the Nizam and the Marathas.",
"Following the conclusion of the war, the Marathas were granted Savnur, Lakshmeswar, and Kandgol in Dharwar, along with all the territory extending up to the Tungabhadra river.",
"The Nizam acquired control over Cuddapah, Gooty, and the districts situated between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers.=== Battle of Kharda (1795) ===In March 1795, the Maratha confederacy confronted the Nizam at Kharda with the aim of acquiring cash and territories from the Nizam, led by Bajirao II, the then Peshwa.",
"The Nizam fielded an army of 100,000 soldiers comprising cavalry, footmen, and gunners, along with 59 heavy guns and 3,850 bans.",
"The Nizam's forces were supported by 16,000 state-owned bullocks and 55,000 belonging to the banjaras for transportation, while provisions of grain and ghee were sourced from Berar and Nanded.",
"Both sides had Westernized troops, with the Nizam's Westernized corps consisting of 124 European mercenaries under the French officer Raymond, alongside 20,000 cavalry.",
"In Hyderabad during the latter half of the eighteenth century, a French corps had been established, originally composed of 300 to 400 European soldiers sent by Bussy to aid the Nizam, later commanded by Lally and then Raymond.",
"By 1795, this French Corps numbered 15,000 infantry organized into 20 battalions.",
"Facing Raymond's corps, the Peshwa deployed 10 battalions under Perron and four under Dudrencec.",
"The Marathas also deployed soldiers equipped with bans, 60,000 cavalry, and 192 heavy cannons.",
"The French-Nizam relations lasted till 1798.The battle took place on the bank of the Khar River, approximately seven miles southwest of Kharda, which is surrounded by hill tracts to the north, east, and southeast.",
"The terrain around Kharda was uneven, undulated, and stony, hindering cavalry operations, making infantry and artillery pivotal in the confrontation.",
"In the battle, the Nizam suffered losses of 50 cannons and 500 men.The Nizam had to cede a large portion of his territory to the Marathas.Map of India, as viewed in 1798Upon Arthur Wellesley's arrival in 1798, a forward policy of engagement and subsidiary alliances with the remaining powers was adopted to deter alliances between the French and entities like the Nizam, Tipu, or the Marathas.",
"The Nizam, facing pressure from the Marathas, eagerly sought British assistance and signed a subordinate treaty in 1798.However, the Marathas, particularly Nana Fadnavis, remained cautious and suspicious of the British, opposing any treaty or formal engagement.=== Battle of Adganv (1803)===In 1803, Nizam Ali Khan fell seriously ill, during which Daulat Rao Shinde and the Bhonsale invaded the Nizam's territories.",
"British forces, led by Colonel Stevenson and Wellesley, defeated the Marathas at the Battle of Adganv, resulting in the Nizam reclaiming all Maratha claims under Berar, effectively ending the Bhonsales' rule over Berar.",
"Nizam Ali Khan passed away in 1803, and his son Sikander Jah, also known as Asaf Jah III, succeeded him.Map of India in 1805=== Third Anglo-Maratha war ===The Hyderabad contingent also participated in the third Anglo-Maratha war and played a significant role in suppressing the Pindaris and capturing Nagpur.",
"The Nizam's cavalry played a significant role in compelling the Peshwa to surrender to the British.After the Third Anglo-Maratha war, the British exempted the Nizam from paying Chauth and declared them as the successors of the Peshwa.",
"Additionally, territories belonging to the Marathas, such as Vaizapur and Kannad from the Peshwa, and Ellora and Aurangabad from Holkar, were annexed to the Nizam's dominions.Asaf Jah III"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"John Virgoe"
],
[
"Introduction",
"2023 National Day of Brunei'''John Leonard Pencavel Virgoe''' is a diplomat and the British High Commissioner to Brunei since 2020.He has expertise in economic diplomacy, climate change, and Southeast Asia."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Virgoe pursued a Master of Public Policy (MPP) at the Woodrow Wilson School of International Affairs Princeton University from 2006 to 2007.Additionally, he holds a Master of Arts degree (MA) in Theology and Religious Studies from the University of Cambridge, which he earned from 1988 to 1991."
],
[
"Diplomatic career",
"Earlier postings include Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations Environment Programme and UN-Habitat in Nairobi from 2002 to 2006, and various roles at the FCO from 1999 to 2002, including Head of the Crisis Management Section in the Counter-Terrorism Policy Department and subsequently Head of the China Section in the China Hong Kong Department.",
"He also served as Second Secretary for Political Affairs in Jakarta from 1995 to 1999.Since 2017, Virgoe has held the position of Head of the South-East Asia Department at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO).",
"Prior to this, from 2015 to 2017, he served as the Head of the Joint Anti-Corruption Unit at the Cabinet Office, and in 2015, he held the role of deputy director in the Spending Review at the Finance Directorate of the FCO.",
"From 2013 to 2015, he was Joint Head of the Policy Unit at the FCO.",
"His previous assignments include serving as First Secretary for Economic and Climate Change in Canberra from 2009 to 2013, and as Director for South-East Asia at the International Crisis Group from 2007 to 2009 (on leave from the FCO).",
"He has been deployed four times abroad, most recently to Jakarta, Nairobi, and Canberra.Virgoe has been named the UK's nominee high commissioner to Brunei by the FCO in July 2020.August is when he was expected to start his position.",
"He would succeed Richard Lindsay, who has been in Brunei since 2017, who is moving on to a different diplomatic posting.",
"Brunei is the UK's \"closest friend in the region,\" according to Virgoe, as their bilateral relations have been stronger over the last year, also expressing gratitude to Brunei for helping the UK become the eleventh conversation partner of ASEAN.On 7 February 2023, Virgoe accompanied Anne-Marie Trevelyan, Minister of State for Indo-Pacific, during her visit to Brunei.",
"Following Virgoe, Alexandra McKenzie has been named as the successor and will begin her position in August 2024."
],
[
"Personal life",
"His full name is John Leonard Pencavel Virgoe, is married to Tuti Suwidjiningsih, and they have two children together."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"1968 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1968 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on March 12, 1968, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1968 United States presidential election."
],
[
"Details",
"President Lyndon Johnson, who had not officially entered the race for president, won the primary as a write-in, but finished with a shockingly low total of <50%.",
"Eugene McCarthy, then a little-known senator from Minnesota, won 42% of the primary vote.",
"McCarthy's extremely strong showing gave his campaign legitimacy and momentum.",
"In addition, McCarthy's superior coordination led to a near sweep of the state's twenty-four pledged delegates; since Johnson had no formal campaign organization in the state, a number of competing pro-Johnson delegate candidates split his vote, allowing McCarthy to take twenty delegates.Just 19 days later, President Johnson announced he would not seek a second bid for re-election, opening up the Democratic field to other candidates including Robert F. Kennedy (who was assassinated after winning the California primary) and Vice President Hubert Humphrey, the eventual nominee."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Georgia Political Review"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Georgia Political Review ''''' (''GPR'') is an American political student-run magazine and website published every semester at the University of Georgia."
],
[
"Background",
"''GPR'' discusses local, state, national, and international political issues.",
"''GPR'' also publishes articles on its website, including interviews with professors and politicians, as well as coverage of local political events.",
"''GPR'' was founded in May 2011 by six undergraduate students at the university.",
"In addition to the magazine and website, ''Georgia Political Review'' publishes a weekly newsletter called ''GPR Digest'', which offers short summaries of recent political and cultural events, and has X, Facebook, and Instagram accounts.",
"Every year, ''GPR'' hosts The Great Debate, a moderated debate among different college political groups."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official website* Archived publications of Georgia Political Review"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Capture of Kabbaldurga"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Hyder Ali led a military campaign on behalf of the Mysore Sultanate with the objective of expanding his kingdom.The expedition was directed against Kabbaldurga, located in the Ramanagara district of Karnataka.",
"The fort was under the control of Maratha commander Murari Rao, who also commanded Gooty.",
"Hyder Ali led an attack with the intention of capturing Kabbaldurga."
],
[
"Background",
"The initial confrontation between the armies of Murari Rao and Hyder Ali occurred at Balapur, where Hyder Ali emerged victorious over the forces dispatched by Murari Rao and took several of his officers as prisoners.",
"These captives were subsequently sent to the fortress of Bangalore.",
"Following this, Hyder Ali proceeded with an advance towards the assault on Kabbaldurga, which was under the control of Murari Rao."
],
[
"Battle",
"Upon reaching Kabbaldurga, Hyder Ali encountered the Maratha forces led by Murari Rao, who were prepared to confront him.",
"Hyder Ali initiated an attack on the Maratha army and emerged victorious, defeating the Marathas.Following his defeat, Murari Rao fled to Gooty.",
"Hyder Ali then appointed Mir Ali Raza to oversee the command of Kabbaldurga, while he personally led an expedition to seize Gooty, which was accomplished after a two-month campaign."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"Following his victory over the Marathas, Hyder Ali captured Murari Rao and detained him as a prisoner in Bangalore.",
"Murari Rao remained incarcerated until his passing in 1779 A.D.",
"The villages of Kodiconda, Madaksira, Penugonda, and numerous others were incorporated into the territory of Mysore."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Thulukka Nachiyar"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Thulukka Nachiyar''' also known by her epithet '''Bibi Nachiyar''', is muslim princess who turned Hindu goddess.",
"She is one of the chief goddesses of the Sri Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam.",
"She is the consort of Ranganatha, the tutelary deity of Srirangam.",
"The princess turned goddess is regarded as a manifestation of Lakshmi, while Ranganatha is considered as a manifestation of Vishnu.Thullaka Nachiyar was initially born as a muslim princess in Srirangam, however she later converted to Hinduism after falling in love with lord Ranganatha (avatar of Vishnu)."
],
[
"History",
"Temples with a large stone deity on the altar generally have a smaller deity called the utsava-murti (\"festival form\"), who leaves the temple for processions and festivals."
],
[
"Features",
"In the Arjuna ''mandapa'' next to the sanctum of Ranganatha, there is a painting of Thulukka Nachiyar.",
"Also the temple annually celebrates the ritual enactment of the wedding of Ranganatha and Thulukka Nachiyar.Though Thulukka Naachiyaar is worshipped as an idol at Melkote, her face is however, covered with a veil, just like any other respectable Muslim woman.",
"If one observes closely, we can see that her facial features cannot be distinguished distinctly.",
"Thirumaaliruncholai is the other famous temple which acknowledges the legend of Thulukka Naachiyaar.",
"Every year when Azhagar visits Madurai during the Chithirai Thiruvizha, he spends a night at Vandiyur with Thulukka Naachiyaar.",
"Surprisingly, there is no shrine associated with the Naachiyaar at Vandiyur.",
"The birth of this custom can be traced to the early 1300s, when the Muslims of the region welcomed Azhagar into their midst with much fireworks and celebrations every year.",
"Pleased with their hospitality, Azhagar stayed with them for the night and departed for Madurai the next morning."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Dragomir Pavlović (Serbian politician, born 1958)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Dragomir Pavlović''' (; born 7 April 1958) is a Serbian engineer and former politician.",
"He served in the National Assembly of Serbia from 1997 to 2001 and was a delegate in the City Assembly of Belgrade for two terms.",
"Originally a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Pavlović later joined the breakaway Serbian Progressive Party (SNS)."
],
[
"Private career",
"Pavlović is a civil engineer."
],
[
"Politician",
"Pavlović was elected to the City Assembly of Belgrade in the 1996 Serbian local elections for New Belgrade's eleventh division.",
"The ''Zajedno'' alliance won a majority government in the city, and Pavlović initially served in opposition.",
"In mid-1997, the Serbian Renewal Movement left ''Zajedno'' and governed Belgrade with unofficial support from the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) and the Radicals.===Parliamentarian===Pavlović was given the fifth position on the Radical Party's electoral list for the New Belgrade division in the 1997 Serbian parliamentary election and was elected when the list won five mandates.",
"(From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions.",
"Pavlović was not automatically elected by virtue of his list position.)",
"The Socialist Party's alliance won the election but fell short of a majority, and in March 1998 the Socialists formed a new coalition government with the Radical Party and the Yugoslav Left (JUL).",
"Pavlović served as a supporter of the administration.In February 2000, following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Pavlović was placed on a travel ban to European Union countries.Serbian political life in the 1990s was dominated by the authoritarian rule of SPS leader Slobodan Milošević, who was defeated by Vojislav Koštunica of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) in the 2000 Yugoslavian presidential election and fell from power in the aftermath of the vote.",
"The DOS won a landslide majority victory in Belgrade in the 2000 Serbian local elections, which were held concurrently with the Yugoslavian vote, and Pavlović was defeated in his bid for re-election to the Belgrade city assembly.",
"At the same time, he was defeated in a bid for election to the New Belgrade municipal assembly.Serbia's government fell after Milošević's defeat in the Yugoslavian election, and the Radicals moved into opposition in the Serbian parliament in October 2000.A new Serbian parliamentary election was held in December 2000; prior to the vote, Serbia's electoral laws were changed such that the entire country became a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties, irrespective of numerical order.",
"Pavlović appeared in the 197th position on the Radical Party's list; the Radicals won twenty-three seats, and he did not receive a new mandate.",
"His term ended when the new assembly convened in early 2001.===Since 2001===Pavlović sought re-election to the Belgrade city assembly in a 2001 by-election for New Belgrade's fifth division.",
"He was defeated.He appeared in the 113th position on the Radical Party's list in the 2003 Serbian parliamentary election.",
"The Radicals won eighty-two seats in this election, emerging as the largest party in the assembly but falling well short of a majority and ultimately serving in opposition.",
"Pavlović was not assigned a mandate.The Radical Party experienced a serious split in late 2008, with several members joining the more moderate Serbian Progressive Party (SNS).",
"Pavlović sided with the Progressives.He was given the forty-third position on the SNS list for Belgrade in the 2012 local elections.",
"(By this time, local elections in Serbia took place under proportional representation and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order.)",
"The list won thirty-seven seats, and he was not initially elected.",
"He received a seat in the assembly on 4 December 2012, following the resignation of Dijana Hrkalović.",
"Dragan Đilas was Belgrade's mayor during this time, and the Progressives served in opposition.The Serbian government established a provisional government in Belgrade on 20 November 2013, after Đilas's administration was defeated in a confidence vote, and all sitting members of the assembly lost their mandates at this time.",
"Pavlović was not a candidate in the 2014 Belgrade City Assembly election."
],
[
"Electoral record",
"===Local (City of Belgrade)======Local (Municipality of New Belgrade)==="
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"1964 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1964 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on March 10, 1964, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1964 United States presidential election.President Lyndon Johnson, who faced no opposition other than write-ins, easily won the primary.",
"He earned the largest percentage of the popular vote for any Democrat in the history of the New Hampshire primary.",
"Johnson would go on to win re-election against Republican Barry Goldwater by an overwhelming landslide."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"PHerc. Paris. 4"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"4''''' is a carbonized scroll of papyrus, dating to the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD.",
"Part of a corpus known as the Herculaneum papyri, it was buried by hot-ash in the Roman city of Herculaneum during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.",
"It was subsequently discovered in excavations of the Villa of the Papyri from 1752–1754.Held by the Institut de France in its rolled state, it is now known to be a cornerstone example of non-invasive reading, where in February 2024, an announcement was made that the scroll's contents can be unveiled with the use of non-invasive imaging and machine learning artificial intelligence, paving the way towards the decipherment and scanning of other Herculaneum papyri and otherwise heavily damaged texts.''''''"
],
[
"Background and provenance",
"Apparatus used to unroll the Herculenean papyri (1809)The Villa of the Papyri was buried during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, subjecting the scrolls to temperatures of 310–320°C, compacting them and converting them to charcoal.",
"The first scrolls were uncovered in 1752, with subsequent excavations uncovering more scrolls.",
"There were attempts to unroll the scrolls, as the contents were realized to contain writings by classical philosophers from schools such as Epicureanism.''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"4'' was amongst a set of six scrolls that entered its present day location at the Institut de France.",
"They were a diplomatic gift, made to commemorate peace between the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, under the reign of Ferdinand IV and Napoleon, with the negotiations mediated by Charles Alquier.In 1803, a tribute of vases and the scrolls arrived in France under the supervision of Francesco Carelli and was personally exhibited to Napoleon and Joséphine whereupon they entered the collection of the Institut.Of the scrolls that entered the collection, ''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"3'' and ''Paris.",
"4'' remain intact.",
"''Paris.",
"1'' exist in fragments and bits, ''Paris.",
"2'' is better preserved, ''Paris.",
"5'' exploded upon unpeeling, and ''Paris.",
"6'' is considered crumbled."
],
[
"Unscrolling and reading",
"The 20th century yielded progress in the readings of Herculaneum texts utilizing microscopes, digital photography and multispectral filters approaching the usage infrared spectroscopy to gain better clarity of the texts.In 2015, ''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"1'' and ''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"4'' were studied side by side, with ''Paris.",
"1'' having a history of successful limited readings in 1986–1987, with sequences of letters such as \"ΠIΠTOIE\" and words such as \"EIΠOI\" (Greek: \"would say\") proving decipherable.",
"Utilizing a pre-filtered X-ray beam with a double Laue monochromator to convert to a mono-chromatic X-ray beam, the first letters of the unrolled scroll were identified.After the virtual unrolling of the En-Gedi Scroll in 2015, Brent Seales, a computer scientist at the University of Kentucky, spearheaded the effort to uncover the Herculaneum corpus through non-invasive means.On 15 March 2023, Nat Friedman, former CEO of GitHub, advisor of Midjourney, and Daniel Gross of Cue, upon hearing a lecture by Seales, launched the Vesuvius Challenge to utilize machine learning and new imaging techniques of the papyri using the Diamond Light Source particle accelerator to create an improved scan of the ''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"4,'' which was completed in 2019 and subsequently released to the public''.''",
"The scans were completed at a resolution of 4-8 μm per voxel.",
"The Vesuvius Challenge raised , with an objective of clear readings of the scroll and the future aim of reading other carbonized, sealed fragments of the Herculaneum corpus, with a distant idea towards excavating more portions of the Villa of the Papyri in order to recover more scrolls.In October 2023, 21 year old college student and SpaceX intern Luke Farritor and physicist Carey Handmer identified the word \"''porphyras\" (πορϕυρας)'' or \"purple\" on the scroll utilizing neural networking to differentiate the paper and the ink; Farritor subsequently won for his find.On 5 February 2024, the Grand Prize, for reading ''PHerc.",
"Paris.",
"4'', was awarded to Farritor, ETH Zurich robotics student Julian Schillinger, and Free University of Berlin Egyptian Ph.D student Youssef Nader for recovering 11 columns of text, or 2000 characters total, which is about 5% of the contents of the scroll.The uncovered text is believed to be written by Epicurean philosopher Philodemus, and is an unrecorded text about pleasure and how it is affected by the abundance or scarcity of items, to which Philodemus disagreed writing \"As too in the case of food, we do not right away believe things that are scarce to be absolutely more pleasant than those which are abundant\".=== Reactions ===Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II papyrology professor Federica Nicolardi praised the discovery declaring: \"It's extremely exciting to be reading entire words, not just sequences of letters, from within a scroll\", and expressing confidence in further future decipherment of the scroll.Seales described of the decades of work in non-invasive decipherment that \"with humility, we acknowledge the non-linear – and often unpredictable – outcomes of research, which is rarely expected, and not ever guaranteed, to lead directly to success\".In an interview with ''Time'', Nat Friedman described the contents of the scroll as \"a 2000 year old blog post, arguing with another poster\", and \"it's ancient Substack, and people are beefing with each other, and I think that's just amazing\".The goal of the Vesuvius Challenge for 2024 is towards deciphering 90% of the scroll's contents in addition to other fragments held by the Institut de France."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 in Australian literature"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a '''list of historical events and publications of Australian literature during 2024'''."
],
[
"Major publications",
"=== Literary fiction ===* Amy Brown – ''My Brilliant Sister''* Charmian Clift – ''The End of the Morning''* Gail Jones – ''One Another''* Meg Keneally – ''Free''=== Crime and mystery ===* Dervla McTiernan – ''What Happened to Nina?",
"''=== Children's and young adult ===* Lili Wilkinson – ''Deep is the Fen''"
],
[
"Awards and honours",
"Note: these awards were presented in the year in question.=== Lifetime achievement ===AwardAuthor'''Patrick White Award''' Not yet awarded===Literary=== Award Author Title Publisher '''The Age Book of the Year''' Not yet awarded '''ALS Gold Medal''' Not yet awarded '''Colin Roderick Award''' Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''Stella Prize''' Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' Grace Yee ''Chinese Fish'' Giramondo Publishing=== Fiction ===AwardAuthorTitlePublisher '''The Australian/Vogel Literary Award''' Not yet awarded '''Barbara Jefferis Award''' Not yet awarded '''Miles Franklin Award''' Not yet awarded '''Prime Minister's Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''Queensland Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' Melissa Lucashenko ''Edenglassie'' University of Queensland Press=== Children and Young Adult ===AwardCategoryAuthorTitlePublisher'''Children's Book of the Year Award''' Older Readers Not yet awarded Younger Readers Not yet awarded Picture Book Not yet awarded Early Childhood Not yet awarded Eve Pownall Award for Information Books Not yet awarded '''Prime Minister's Literary Awards''' Children's Not yet awarded Young Adult Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Children's Not yet awarded Young People's Not yet awarded '''Queensland Literary Awards''' Children's Not yet awarded Young Adult Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' Young Adult Fiction Lili Wilkinson ''A Hunger of Thorns'' Allen & Unwin===Crime and Mystery=======National==== Award Category Author Title Publisher'''Davitt Award''' Novel Not yet awarded Young adult novel Not yet awarded Children's novel Not yet awarded Non-fiction Not yet awarded Debut Not yet awarded Readers' choice Not yet awarded '''Ned Kelly Award''' Novel Not yet awarded First novel Not yet awarded True crime Not yet awarded === Non-Fiction ===AwardCategoryAuthorTitlePublisher '''National Biography Award''' Biography Not yet awarded '''Prime Minister's Literary Awards''' Non-Fiction Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Non-Fiction Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's History Awards''' Australian History Not yet awarded Community and Regional History Not yet awarded General History Not yet awarded '''Queensland Literary Awards''' Non-Fiction Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' Non-Fiction Ellen van Neerven ''Personal Score: Sport, Culture, Identity'' University of Queensland Press=== Poetry ===AwardAuthorTitlePublisher '''Anne Elder Award''' Not yet awarded '''Mary Gilmore Award''' Not yet awarded '''Prime Minister's Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Not yet awarded '''Judith Wright Calanthe Award for a Poetry Collection''' Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' Grace Yee ''Chinese Fish'' Giramondo Publishing=== Drama ===AwardCategoryAuthorTitlePublisher'''New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards''' Script Not yet awarded Play Not yet awarded '''Victorian Premier's Literary Awards''' S. Shakthidharan and Eamon Flack ''The Jungle and the Sea'' Belvoir St Theatre & Currency Press"
],
[
"Deaths",
"* 4 February – Lowitja O'Donoghue, Australian public administrator and Indigenous rights advocate(born 1932)"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 in Australia* 2024 in literature* 2024 in poetry* List of years in Australian literature* List of years in literature"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"She Is Conann"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''She Is Conann''''' is a French action fantasy film, directed by Bertrand Mandico and released in 2023.A feminist take on Conan the Barbarian, the film portrays vignettes throughout the life of Conann, as portrayed by Claire Duburcq at age 15, Christa Théret at age 25, Sandra Parfait at age 35, Agata Buzek at age 45, and Nathalie Richard at age 55.The cast also includes Elina Löwensohn as Rainer, a filmmaker who serves as the film's narrator, and Julia Riedler appears as Sanja, a lover of Conann's.The film premiered in the Director's Fortnight program at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival, where it was in competition for the Queer Palm."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu''' (, 1926 – 19 May 2002) was a Turkish politician.",
"She served three terms in the parliament."
],
[
"Politician career",
"She co-founded Motherland Party (, ANAP) in 1983, when political parties were allowed after the junta of the 1980 coup d'état banned all parties.She ran for the Deputy of Istanbul in the 1983 general election, and entered the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.",
"She served in the 17th Parliament until 1987.She continued her political career in the 1987 general election and served in the 18th Parliament.",
"In 1991, she took part at the general election, and served the last time in the parliament until 1995."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Leyla Yeniay was born to Abdi Yeniay and Afife in Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey in 1926.Her grandfather Hacı Bekir Efendi, originated from AKşekir, was the Deputy of Konya in the first and second term of the First Parliament in the 1920s.",
"She completed her education at Arnavutkoey American High School for Girls in Istanbul.She worked as a merchant and exporter.She gave birth to two sons, AHmet and Mustafa Köseoğlu.In 1999, she was sentenced to one year, three months imprisonment and 4.5 million Turkish lira (around 9 US$) fine for breaking the Forest Law by cutting down trees as the chair of a house building cooperative.",
"The imprisonment was postponed.LeylaYeniay Köseoğlu died from heart attack in Bodrum, Muğla on 19 May 2002.Her body was tranferred to Istanbul, and was buried in the family grave at Edirnekapı Martyr's Cemetery following the religious service held at Şişli Mosque two days later."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Shantipur Handloom Industry"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Interior of Lakshmi Textile Tant Workshop, a factory of Shantipur Handloom Industry at Natun Phulia.",
"'''Shantipur Handloom Industry''', also known '''Santipur Handloom Cluster''', is a handloom weaving industry in Nadia district of West Bengal.",
"It is one of the foremost handloom centers of India.",
"This handloom industry is world famous for the production of cotton ''Sari'' (saree).",
"The two main centers of this industrial zone are Shantipur and Phulia.",
"Shantipur has an old reputation for cotton sarees, known as ''Shantipuri sarees'', and Phulia is well known for ''Tangail-Jamdani'' sarees.Shantipur Handloom Industry has a long history.",
"Handloom industry was developed in Shantipur as early as 15th century.",
"This handloom industry flourished during the Mughal and Nawab periods.",
"But during the British Raj in India, Shantipur, like Bengal and other handloom industry centers of India, suffered a recession.",
"However, after independence, Shantipur's industrial area expanded to neighboring Phulia.At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, Shantipur Handloom Industry, which depended on handlooms, was threatened by mechanized looms.",
"In the first decade of the 21st century, the Government of India launched the \"National Handloom Development Programme\" to develop the handloom industry in India.",
"This program has led to the development of handloom industry Centers – Shantipur and Phulia – of Shantipur Handloom Industry.",
"During the 2010s, the number of handlooms increased more at Phulia than in Shantipur.",
"According to 2017 data, 32,000 looms and 93,000 weavers are engaged in production in the industrial area, including 20,000 looms and 60,000 weavers in Shantipur, the main production center, and 12,000 looms and 36,000 weavers in Phulia."
],
[
"History",
"=== Early History: Ancient age–1757 ===Shantipur is mentioned in the ''Charyapada'' written between the 8th and 10th centuries.",
"A number of weavers, tailors and master craftsmens came from Dhaka's Dhamrai in the 12th century at the request of Gaur king Lakshmana Sen and settled in Shantipur.The beginning of the Shantipur weaving industry took place in the early 15th century.",
"According to the oldest information available, the weaving program of Shantipur began in the year 1409 AD during the reign of Gaur Ganesh Danu Mardhanadeva.",
"Advaita Acharya came from Sylhet and settled in Shantipur, as a result many weavers of the Vaishnava community came to Shantipur from Dhaka, Tangail, Bikrampur and other areas of East Bengal.",
"During the first half of the 16th century, many weavers migrated from Dhaka to Shantipur in Nadia district because to the disturbances caused in East Bengal by Mogs and Arakan bandits.",
"Due to the influx of weavers from East Bengal, Shantipur and the surrounding area gradually developed into a major textile center and its prosperity increased manifold.",
"many weavers brought high-quality cotton seeds with them during migration from East Bengal to Shantipur, which they cultivated in their farmlands in East Bengal.",
"The cotton produced from the high-quality cotton seeds of East Bengal was of much better quality than the local cotton of Shantipur.",
"The fabric produced from this new variety of cotton was known as ''mulmul'' or ''Shantipuri mulmul''.",
"During the 15th-16th centuries, fabric was woven in Shantipur using 250-300 count fine yarn.",
"This fineness reached the height of using 1000 count fine yarn during the Mughal period.",
"During the reign of King Rudra Roy of Nadia, ''sari'' weaving was circulated.",
"During the time of the Mughal Empire, the production of the handloom industry was well-regulated and organized, which led to the recognition of the production of excellent products.",
"In the Mughal era, weaving products produced in Shantipur were exported to the Middle East and Europe.In terms of exports of goods to Europe, Bengal reached a primary position within the Indian subcontinent from the last quarter of the 17th century, with English, Dutch and French companies involved in exports.",
"The main export centers in Bengal were Dhaka, Chittagong, Shantipur, Malda etc.",
"Besides the finest ''muslins'' and ''mulmuls'' of Bengal, the women of Shantipur and the surrounding areas also did fine embroidery.",
"The prosperity and growing demand of Bengal textiles including Shantipur in the European market was due to its low cost of production.",
"Labor cost was low as labor was available cheaply and thus cost of production was low.In the 18th century, ''muslin'' was produced in Shantipur as well as ''Dhaka muslin''.",
"During the Nawabi period, the ''mulmul'' – the finest type of muslin – produced in Shantipur was bought by the European merchants and exported to Europe.",
"The East India Company purchased ''Shantipur mulmul'' through local traders in Calcutta.",
"Sushil Chaudhury – a historian of eighteenth-century Bengal – mentioned in the book ''From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal'' that 40 yards long and 3 yards wide ''Shantipur mulmul'' was purchased by the East India Company from local traders in Calcutta at the rate of 16 rupees.",
"Five hundred employees lived in Kuthirpara, Shantipur, who were employed by the East India Company.",
"Their job was to collect cloth woven by weavers of Shantipur through the small factory ''Ghai'' and the large factory ''Banak'', and arrange for its export abroad.=== Colonial History: 1757–1947 ===''Shantipuri muslin'' was of a very fine quality, although its quality was not the same as that of ''Dhakai muslin''.",
"During the reign of Raja Krishna Chandra, a group of Mallik youths from Ranaghat collected fine quality ''muslin'' from Shantipur and exported it to European countries.",
"In the early 19th century, Representatives of the East India Company collected £170,000 of ''muslin'' from the Shantipur Handloom Industry.",
"The fine quality cotton cloth produced in Shantipur was in great demand in the market, and the British recognized this cloth as ''muslin''.",
"At this time in Shantipur, very fine ''muslin''s 40 yards long and 2¼ yards wide were produced, which only a few weavers were able to weave well, and ordinary ''mulmul''s were made by all the weavers, which were 40 yards long and 2 yards wide and 40 yards long and 2½ yards wide.Nadia was one of the worst affected areas in Bengal during the Great Bengal famine of 1770, which damaged the weaving industry of Bengal, including Shantipur.",
"A large number of people died in the famine which led to the collapse of agricultural activities.",
"25% of the weavers of Shantipur died due to this famine.As the Industrial Revolution began in England, the employment of weavers was threatened.",
"England and its Parliament had been keen to protect the growth of the Industrial Revolution since the 1700s.",
"This effort began to materialize in the 1790s.",
"But there is ample evidence from the 1780s, 1790s and even 1810-15 AD to prove that Shantipur textiles were extremely popular.",
"Excluding the cloth produced at Kuthi, the company purchased cloth worth Rs 15 lakhs annually in the 1790s.",
"Restrictions were imposed in 1806 due to the blockade of Napoleon, which affected overall exports from Bengal and adversely affected Shantipur's fine textile exports.",
"Even women who depended on the Shantipur handloom industry for their livelihood were severely affected.",
"\"Shantipur Kuthi\" was closed in 1818 AD due to lack of demand.",
"After the closure of Kuthi, weavers and handloom workers (both men and women) faced severe financial problems.",
"Later the English company inspired the weavers to weave finer fabrics, causing Shantipur's weaving and handloom industries to temporarily regain prominence.",
"A sense of pride in work and awareness of rights kept Shantipur's handloom industry alive.",
"Researcher Debashree Mukherjee points out that the weavers of Shantipur remained attached to the weaving industry despite adverse conditions as the ultimate struggle of the working class for a dignified life.",
"This struggle started long before the Swadeshi movement.In Shantipur, weavers played a leading role in participating in the ''Swadeshi'' movement (1905–1917).",
"Shantipur had about 1,200 handlooms during the Swadeshi movement organized to oppose the partition of Bengal or ''Bang-Bhang'' (1905).",
"1906 AD to 1915 AD was the period of revival of Shantipur weaving industry.",
"however, the First World War interrupted progress.",
"Shantipur Handloom Industry has seen huge changes since the 1920s.",
"Between 1920-1925, The barrel Dobby launched the Darga Das Kastha, Which provided the conversion of the throw shuttle into a fly shuttle.",
"Later, Debbendra Nath Mukherjee introduced the Jacquard machine and this facilitated a wide cross section of the new design in the market.",
"According to the data obtained, the first 100 hook capacity Jacquard was first installed by Jatindra Nath Lohori for producing variety of cloth during the third decade of the twentieth century.",
"In the past, Shantipur sarees were very popular for fine and uniform weaving.In Bengal, mill thread was introduced in 1885 and bilti chicon thread in 1921; as a result, the Shantipur handloom industry gradually began to decline.",
"The weavers found the weaving profession unprofitable and switched to other professions, as a result the number of weavers in the Shantipur Handloom Industry gradually decreased.",
"According to a survey conducted in 1940 by the Bengal's Directorate of Industries, 10,000 of the total 27,000 peoples in Shantipur were reported to be members of weaving families.=== Independent India: 1947–current ===India was divided on the basis of religion in 1947; This partition of India divided Bengal into West Bengal and East Pakistan.",
"After India's independence through the partition of British India, the Hindu weavers of East Pakistan had sought refuge in India, a section of whom settled in Shantipur and surrounding areas.",
"The process of migration intensified during the Indo-Pak War in 1965, and reached its peak during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.Like the weavers who came from East Bengal in the 16th century, the refugee weavers after 1947 contributed greatly to the prosperity and expansion of Shantipur handloom industry and industrial area.In the early part of the 1980s, ''The Bengal Small Scale Aids Industry Act'' was the government's support for the growth in handloom industry.",
"According to the law, a maximum of ₹10,000 was provided for the purchase of the handloom, of which 50% had grants and 50% loan.",
"Later, due to the extra profit of the ''Mahajan''s, the income of the weavers declined.",
"In the middle of the eighties and later in the mid-nineties of the 20th century, the movement was organized by weavers in Shantipur to increase wages, but this movement failed to suppress the ''Mahajan''s.",
"Since the first decade of the 21st century, the Government of India has been trying to develop the Shantipur handloom industry through the \"National Handloom Development Programme\"."
],
[
"Geographical area",
"Shantipur is situated under Ranaghat sub-division of Nadia district of West Bengal, a place of ancient culture, religion and tradition and has its own glory.",
"The geographical coordinates of the Handloom Industry are 23°15′N and 88°26′E, which is about 90 km (56 mi) from Kolkata.",
"The industrial area developed in the Ganges Delta on the eastern bank of the Bhagirathi river, one of the two main tributaries of the Ganges.",
"This industrial area is spread over the Santipur Municipality area and surrounding rural areas, which is spread over an area of .Small and large weaving factories in the industrial area are concentrated in rural and urban areas on both sides of the Ranaghat–Shantipur–Krishnanagar railway and National Highway 12.The main production center Shantipur is located from the district headquarters Krishnanagar and 16 km (9.9 mi) from the sub-divisional city of Ranaghat."
],
[
"Raw materials",
"The main raw materials required for this industry are cotton yarns, ''zari'' and silk yarns.",
"West Bengal has a small amount of cotton cultivation and cotton yarn production, which is unable to meet the demand of handloom industrial areas of the state including Shantipur.",
"West and South India mainly grow cotton and produce cotton yarns, which is supplied to industrial area through merchants or suppliers of Kolkata.",
"Other types of yarn such as polyester filament, silk (mulberry, Chinese, Bangalore), and fine wool yarn are also used.",
"Mulberry silk is produced in Murshidabad district and Tussar silk in Malda district of West Bengal; the silk produced in these two districts supplies the necessary silk to the weaving industry of Shantipur.",
"Some silks are imported from South India, mainly Bangalore silks.",
"Shantipur (Urban Area) has more than 100 yarn traders supplying various types of yarn and other chemicals needed in industry.",
"More than 100 loom manufacturers and suppliers provide looms and parts of loom required in the handloom industry.",
"''Maku'', the important component of the loom, is manufactured and supplied by local blacksmith's workship."
],
[
"Products",
"This handloom industry is well known for the production of cotton cloth.",
"Shantipur, Phulia and neighboring villages produce a variety of sarees, dhotis and dress materials.",
"In the past, ten types of sarees were produced in Shantipur based on the design, thread and color used, among which ''Nilambari'' was the most famous.",
"Earlier, various types of ''orna''s were manufactured in Shantipur, such as ''chakmilan'', ''bharee par orna''s etc.",
"''chakmilan orna'' is woven with 300 count thread.",
"Currently, both cotton sarees and ''jamdani'' sarees are manufactured in Shantipur.",
"Sarees produced in Shantipur are marketed as ''Shantipuri sari''; This saree has geographical indication tag.",
"The industrial area also produces the famous ''Tangail'' sarees, which have earned the geographical indication rights under the title \"Tangail Sarees of Bengal\".",
"Some products are produced for export, weavers get higher wages for weaving this product.",
"This export-oriented weaving was first started with the encouragement of HHEC and one of their Japanese customers Mr. Jurgen Lahl, a well-known textile designer.",
"Exportable products include Scarves, stoles, various dressmaterials etc.=== Saree ===A Shantipuri sari with ''Guti Bhanj''.The most produced product in this industrial area is saree.",
"The primary characteristics of ''Shantipuri saree''s were their fine texture and delicately and elaborately designed borders.",
"It is designed with smooth texture, light weight and extremely comfortable to wear.",
"Silk or ''zari'' border is woven with needles.",
"In the past, designs were initially traced with charcoal on soft silk texture and then the designs were woven directly on the fabric with needles.",
"''Nilambari'' sarees are woven with fine thread (100 count); different designs like ''chandmama'', ''taj'', ''tajkalka'',''choukalka'', ''phuljhumka'', ''parijaat'', ''dhakai'', ''karnish'', ''tekka'' etc are made on the border of the saree with colored threads.",
"This century-old style of ''Shantipuri sari'' is one of the favorite sarees of Bengali women.",
"''Shantipuri'' designs are also used in other ways to produce sarees by mixing silk and linen with fine cotton threads; only skilled and experienced weavers can weave this saree.The weavers of Phulia – important manufacturing center of the Shantipur Handloom Industry – produce the ''Tangail'' saree.",
"This saree is woven using Dhaka-Tangail style combination of Shantipuri tant (loom) saree using cotton yarn (100 count), silk yarn of various counts (14/16-20/22 denier), tussar yarn and also synthetic filament yarn.",
"''Tangail'' sarees produced in Phulia are famous for the fineness of hand-woven booties and fabric.",
"Another saree from this handloom industry is ''Shantipuri Jamdani'', which is quite popular in West Bengal.",
"Based on the use of thread, three types of jamdani are produced, namely – cotton jamdani, half-silk jamdani and silk jamdani.=== Dhoti ===The most well-known product in this industrial area after the saree is the ''dhoti'', popularly known as ''Shantipuri Dhoti''.",
"This dhoti is in demand all over Bengal; in the past, the demand was outside Bengal as well.",
"Similar to the ''Shantipuri sari'', the ''dhoti'' is woven with dense weave of fine thread.",
"The weavers of Shantipur weave dhoti with 100-120 count fine thread, but in the 18th century, 250 to 300 count fine thread was used.",
"The unique feature of ''Shantipuri Dhoti'' is the ''Jalchuri'' border."
],
[
"Workforce",
"=== Weaver ===A weaver weaves a saree on a handloom at Natun Phulia, part of the Shantipur Handloom Industry.==== Master weaver ====These weavers take the overall responsibility of supplying raw materials to other weavers, providing designs and paying wages to grassroots weavers; and supplies the manufactured products to ''Mahajan''s.",
"As per January 2016 data, there are about 700 skilled or master weavers actively involved in manufacturing activities in the industrial area.",
"Earlier this class of weavers were engaged only in weaving.",
"It is estimated that in total, there are 16 thousand looms under these master weavers and an equal number of ordinary weavers are employed.",
"As per the size of the model unit, there are 4 looms under a master weavers.",
"But, in reality factories with 10-60 handlooms have only a few masters for the ordinary weavers.==== Ordinary weaver ====A woman rewinds threads for Weaving Tant Saree.Ordinary weavers produce sarees, dhoti or other products under skilled or master weavers.",
"All weavers have good weaving skills to weave sarees on jacquard looms.",
"There are about 111 different weaver (''tantee'') communities in the industrial area, such as ''Prāmāṇika'', ''Kāṣṭha'', ''Dālāla'', ''Khān'' etc.",
"Most of the weavers belong to the ''Tantubāẏa'' community.",
"As per January 2017 data, there are about 93,000 Ordinary weavers actively involved in manufacturing activities in the industrial area.",
"The women mainly do the preparatory work like separating the hanks.=== Designer ===Designers create the design of the product, mainly sarees.",
"They work on designing with their own creativity and imagination.",
"Their main role in production is to create designs for the master weavers and supply them punch cards for Jacquard.",
"As of January 2016, there are over 100 designers in this industrial area.=== Dyers ===Dyeing is mainly done in the dyeing unit.",
"These units, Based on the quantity of dyed yarn are classified into large, medium and small units.",
"Dyers boil with a mixture of dye and water.",
"The next stage the excess water and dye mixture is separated from the yarns and dried in the sunshine.",
"After that the yarns is sold to master weavers or traders.",
"Yarn merchants employ large and medium scale units for dyeing, while small scale units work for master weavers.",
"60% of the total yarn sales are in the form of colored yarn, while the remaining 40% is in the form of gray yarn.",
"About 90 units are doing commercial dyeing in the industrial area."
],
[
"Trade",
"Sarees are being sold in the local market of Shantipur-Phulia area.The products manufactured in Shantipur Handloom Industry mainly cater to the market demand of West Bengal as well as India.",
"The products of this industrial area sold in the local market.",
"''Bangor Tant Kaporer Haat'', ''Ghosh Market Tant Kaporer Haat'', and ''Jagdhatri'' are the three main haats of Shantipur.",
"More than 700 registered traders are associated with the ''Taant Vastra Vyabsayee Samiti'', formed by traders in the industry, and they are the main people involved in marketing activities.",
"Weaving associations supply products to traders in various cities of India including Kolkata.",
"Some associations supply products abroad through various merchant exporters.",
"Shantipur handloom products like ''Sari''s and ''Dhoti'' are mostly exported to Bangladesh, Japan, Italy, Thailand, United Kingdom, Australia and Germany, and countries of North America and Middle East.",
"Annual turnover of ''Shantipuri sari'' is estimated at ₹400 crore.",
"On the other hand, the annual trade of ''Tangail'' sarees produced in West Bengal is ₹1,500 crore; a large part of the production of these sarees is produced in Phulia, an important center of the industrial area."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"Citations"
],
[
"References",
"* * * * * * * * * * * *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"1960 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1960 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary''' was held on March 8, 1960, in New Hampshire as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 1960 United States presidential election.Massachusetts senator John F. Kennedy, facing no formidable opposition in New Hampshire, won the primary in a landslide over Paul C. Fisher, a scientist best known for inventing the Zero Gravity Pen.",
"Kennedy would go on to win the Democratic party's nomination, as well as the presidency in the general election."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Yuto Akihiro"
],
[
"Introduction",
" is a Japanese professional baseball player for the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball.",
"He plays outfielder and first baseman.He stands at 200cm tall, tying him as the tallest player in Japanese baseball history, alongside Kenyu Abe and Shohei \"Giant\" Baba, both of which are former Giants players."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Michael D. Smith (Government)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Michael D. Smith''' is an American executive and current chief executive officer of AmeriCorps."
],
[
"Education",
"Smith earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Marymount University."
],
[
"Career",
"Smith began his career as an intern and later congressional aide to Congressman Richard Neal.",
"Later he joined the National Crime Prevention Council running the youth symposiums.",
"Later he worked at various nonprofits including the Massachusetts Boys and Girls Club, Beaumont Foundation of America, and PowerUP.",
"Smith next spent nearly decade at the Case Foundation serving as the senior vice president for social innovation.=== Obama Administration ===In July 2013, Smith joined the Obama Administration as the director for the Social Innovation Fund.",
"Later, in October 2014, he became special assistant to the President and senior director of Cabinet Affairs for My Brother's Keeper (MBK) until the end of the administration.Smith then joined the Obama Foundation continuing his work on the program as the executive director of the MBK Alliance & director, youth opportunity programs.=== Biden Administration ===Smith was nominated by President Biden to serve as the ceo of AmeriCorps in June 2021.He was later confirmed by the Senate on December 8, 2021."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Cosmocoris"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Cosmocoris''''' is a genus of Asian jewel or shield-backed bugs in the tribe Scutellerini, erected by Carl Stål in 1864; records of occurrence are from the Philippines."
],
[
"Species",
"The following further species names have been found:* ''Cosmocoris coxalis'' (Stål, 1864)* ''Cosmocoris sellatus'' Stål: which was placed in the genus “''Callidea''” sic by Francis Walker."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Images at iNaturalist*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Maydegol"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Maydegol''''' is a 2024 documentary film written and directed by Sarvnaz Alambeigi.",
"The work is about an Afghan teenager Maydegol, an immigrant in Iran, who strives to pursue her dream of becoming a professional Muay Thai boxer while battling the social injustice and violence she encounters beyond the ring.The international co-production between Iran, Germany and France was selected in the Generation 14plus section at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, where it had its World premiere on 18 February and competed for Crystal Bear for the Best Film.",
"The film was also nominated for the Berlinale Documentary Film Award."
],
[
"Contents",
"''Maydegol'' is a film that shows the resilience of Generation Z who want to break free from their hopeless situations and claim their rights, especially young women who seek liberation – even if it means risking their lives.",
"The film also reflects the audience's own power.Maydegol, from an Afghan immigrant family in Iran has dream of becoming a Muay Thai boxer.",
"She does not let her family's traditional views, her past trauma or the discrimination she faces stop her from following her passion.",
"She secretly pays for her boxing lessons by working hard.",
"She sees boxing as a way to not only win in the ring but also cope with life's challenges."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Maydegol* Mohadesseh* Farzaneh"
],
[
"Release",
"''Maydegol'' had its World premiere on 18 February 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Generation 14plus.In February 2024, Taskovski Films Sales acquired the sales rights of the film prior to its Berlinale premiere."
],
[
"Reception",
"Fabien Lemercier reviewing the film at Berlinale for Cineuropa wrote, \"''Maydegol'' turns out to be a female documentary immersion of a kind that is rare in Iran, filmed in a raw style and full of very moving resonance (“we belong to nothing”) about the courage and resilience necessary to face the harshness of the world.\""
],
[
"Accolades",
" Award Date Category Recipient Result Berlin International Film Festival25 February 2024 Crystal Bear for Best Feature Film''Maydegol'' Berlinale Documentary Film Award"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * * ''Maydegol'' at Berlinale"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Pearl of China"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Pearl of China: A Novel''''' is a 2010 novel by Anchee Min, published by Bloomsbury.The fictional narrative involves Pearl Buck becoming friends with a Chinese girl named Willow Yee.",
"The two experience historical events.",
"The climax of the novel involves Jiang Qing asking Willow to criticize Buck, and Willow chooses not to.MPR News described the work as being \"deeply personal\" to Min.Publishers Weekly described Willow as \"fiercely loyal\"."
],
[
"Background",
"Min, while she was a student at Shanghai Middle School, was told, in 1971, by the school administration to criticize Pearl Buck, despite Min not knowing anything about Buck and being unable to read translations of Buck's work; the authorities deemed Buck's works to be too dangerous to read.",
"According to Min, it was a plot by Jiang Qing to prevent Buck from having proximity to President of the United States Richard Nixon and Chinese Paramount Leader Mao Zedong.",
"Min re-examined her feelings about Buck, when, while in Chicago in a book signing, a person who read one or more of Min's works described Buck giving her positive feelings about the Chinese people.",
"Min decided to read ''The Good Earth'' while flying on an aircraft and felt emotional resonance after reading it.Min traveled to Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, where Buck once lived, to do research.",
"According to her, the residents kept mum until people told her to visit a pastor who told her second-hand stories about Buck; the pastor himself did not know Buck.",
"The pastor was on the verge of death when he met Min."
],
[
"Reception",
"Jan Stuart of ''The New York Times'' argued that the initial sections read well, but criticized \"wide-eyed story telling\" and the \"melodramatic reversals of fortune and 11th-hour rescues\" that occur after the Boxer Rebellion begins in the novel.",
"Stuart compared sequences in this novel to those in the ''The Perils of Pauline'' series.Publishers Weekly stated that some sections seem like a \"treatment\", and that the work \"is curiously low-key\".Kirkus Reviews criticized the work as being a \"flat, hagiographic narrative\"; in particular the review criticized the use of Willow, stating that the character's purpose seems to be narrating Buck's journey and that Willow \"isn’t fleshed out\".",
"According to Kirkus, the work \"loses steam\" after the Boxer Rebellion occurs."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* '' Pearl of China'' - Internet Archive"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"'Di Mapaliwanag"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''Di Mapaliwanag'''\" () is a song recorded by Filipino singer Morissette.",
"It was written by Arnie Mendaros and Francis Kiko Salazar and served as the lead single for Morissette's debut album ''Morissette'', which was released on February 25, 2015.The song was later chosen as the main theme for the Korean drama ''My Lovely Girl'', which was broadcast on ABS-CBN.",
"The song won the Female Artist of the Year at the MOR Pinoy Music Awards and garnered nominations, including the Favorite Song at the ''Star Cinema'' Awards, as well as the Best Wishclusive Performance by a Female Artist and Wish Original Song of the Year at the Wish 107.5 Music Awards."
],
[
"Music video",
"The official lyric video of the song was published on Star Music's official YouTube channel on February 27, 2015.The music video of the song, directed by Frank Lloyd Mamaril, was released on YouTube on June 14, 2015."
],
[
"Accolades",
"+Awards and nominations for \"Di Mapaliwanag\" Year Award Category Result 2015 ''Star Cinema'' Awards Favorite Song Wish 107.5 Music Awards Best Wishclusive Performance by a Female Artist Wish Original Song of the Year 2016 MOR Pinoy Music Awards Female Artist of the Year"
],
[
"Charts",
"+ Chart performance for \"Di Mapaliwanag\" Chart (2015) Peak position Philippines (Myx Hit Chart) 17 Philippines (Myx Pinoy Chart) 12"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Matt MacFarlane"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Matt MacFarlane''' is a Canadian politician.",
"He has been a Green member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island since winning the 2024 Borden-Kinkora provincial by-election.",
"MacFarlane was the unsuccessful Green candidate in Borden-Kinkora in 2019 and 2023.He is the president of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island and a lawyer by profession."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"See also",
"* 67th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Murder of Tan Tiong Huat"
],
[
"Introduction",
"On 12 March 1997, a loan shark named '''Tan Tiong Huat''' (陈中发 Chén Zhōngfā) was shot to death at a carpark in Singapore's Beach Road.",
"The suspected gunman fled Singapore for Thailand, where he was eventually caught and extradited back to Singapore for trial seven years later.",
"The gunman, '''Lim Thian Lai''' (林添来 Lín Tiānlái), was charged with murdering Tan before he was put on trial for an amended charge of illegally discharging a firearm to cause death.",
"Although Lim put up a defense that he was innocent and it was another person who killed Tan, the trial court found him guilty of shooting Tan to death under the Arms Offences Act and sentenced him to the mandatory death penalty for the crime."
],
[
"Fatal shooting",
"On the night of 12 March 1997, a man was discovered lying motionless in a pool of blood at a carpark below a HDB block in Beach Road, Singapore.",
"The man was pronounced dead upon the arrival of paramedics.The victim was identified as 43-year-old Tan Tiong Huat, alias Ah Seng (阿成) or Da Fei Cheng (大肥成), who was a businessman operating a grocery store.",
"Tan had a gunshot wound on his head when his body was found, and his gold accessories, cash and watch were left untouched.",
"An autopsy was later carried out by forensic pathologist Gilbert Lau, and he revealed that the cause of Tan's death was a \"disruptive intracranial injury with consequential severe haemorrhaging\", and the wound was caused by a low calibre gunshot delivered \"from a slightly elevated position\", and the bullet had penetrated Tan's skull.Tan was survived by his 36-year-old wife \"Madam Lin\" (whom he married more than ten years before), his three sons and one daughter.",
"According to his family, Tan was a bad-tempered person with a domineering personality, and was extremely secretive about his work and activities outside home.",
"Tan was also said to have a patriarchal mindset and he refused his wife's offer to help out at his grocery store and wanted her to continue as a housewife and take care of their children.",
"Even so, Tan was acknowledged as a dedicated family man and his four children reportedly wept upon hearing of their father's death.",
"Tan had a large social circle due to his business dealings.Police records also showed that between 1987 and 1996, Tan was previously charged thrice for moneylending activities, and had also been charged for voluntarily causing hurt.",
"Tan was also a notorious moneylender who operated at Golden Mile Complex, his clients predominantly Thai nationals or those who had business dealings with Thais."
],
[
"Investigation and coroner's inquiry",
"The police classified Tan's death as murder.",
"They concluded that the motive for the killing was not robbery since the valuables in Tan's possession were not stolen, and they determined that the murder was likely committed by someone out of hatred or revenge for a possible dispute.",
"Residents of the area told the police that the carpark was quiet and was under construction, and not often filled with people.During the month after Tan was murdered, the police received a tip-off from an informant that he knew a man who admitted to shooting Tan to death over a dispute.",
"However, as the alleged suspect had left Singapore for Thailand, the police were unable to trace his whereabouts, and the case remained open for investigations.In August 2001, four years after the murder, a coroner's inquiry was conducted.",
"The coroner's court returned a verdict of \"murder by person or persons unknown\" in the case, which remained classified as an unsolved case in police files."
],
[
"Arrest of killer",
"On 3 October 2004, seven years after the murder of Tan Tiong Huat, it was reported that a suspect was arrested in Thailand and extradited to Singapore for investigations.",
"The suspect was discovered in Thailand, where he was arrested and incarcerated for committing an unknown offence.",
"The suspect was released after completing his sentence on 30 September 2004 and repatriated back to Singapore.After his arrival, the suspect, identified as 48-year-old Lim Thian Lai, was charged with murder for having shot Tan to death in March 1997.If found guilty, Lim would be handed the death penalty under Section 302 of the Singaporean Penal Code."
],
[
"Trial of Lim Thian Lai",
"===Prosecution's case===On 25 April 2005, six months after his extradition to Singapore, Lim Thian Lai stood trial at the High Court for the fatal shooting of Tan Tiong Huat in 1997.The charge of murder against Lim was amended to one of illegally discharging a firearm with intent to cause death or injury under Section 4(1) of the Arms Offences Act.",
"Under the Act, the death sentence was mandated for the offence, meaning that Lim would still face the gallows if convicted.",
"The trial was presided over by Justice V K Rajah, and the prosecution was led by Imran Abdul Hamid and Adam Nakhoda, while Lim was represented by Lim Tse Haw and Andy Yeo.During the trial, the court was told that about two or three days before the shooting incident in March 1997, a friend of Lim, only known as \"PW21\" in court documents, met Lim at the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority and during this meeting, Lim told PW21 that he wanted to kill Tan and his plan was to carry it out within the next seven to ten days.",
"According to PW21, Lim was angry at Tan for treating him like a \"nobody\", and having borrowed several thousand dollars from Tan to open a garment shop for himself in the past, Lim received persistent harassment from Tan, who wanted Lim to return him the money.",
"Lim reportedly showed the witness an object tucked at the right side of his waist, and the witness said the object resembled the butt of a gun, and Lim allegedly told PW21 that he originally wanted to kill PW21 too.",
"PW21 said that a week after the incident, he heard from Lim that he had killed the victim.",
"Similarly, on the afternoon of 12 March 1997, hours before the killing, Lim told another friend named Tham Boon Hwa at coffee shop nearby the murder scene that he wanted to murder Tan over the unhappiness he had with the moneylender, although Tham tried to stop him to no avail.Lim said that he bought a 0.38 calibre revolver for 15000 Thai baht in Thailand and smuggled it into Singapore, and due to his prior issues with Tan, as well as the fact that Tan spewed vulgarities at Lim's wife over the debt, Lim wanted to shoot Tan.",
"On the night of the shooting, Lim met up with Tan at a carpark in Beach Road under the pretext of wanting to pay him back.",
"Upon Tan's arrival, the two men again argued and Tan allegedly insulted Lim's parents, and although Lim gave him S$2300 to diffuse the argument, Tan was dissatisfied and persisted in scolding Lim's parents.",
"Lim, who hid the gun near a tree located opposite the Kallang River, lied to Tan that he would get more cash, and then went to the tree to retrieve the gun and from behind, aimed the revolver at the back of Tan's head and opened fire once.",
"Immediately after the gunshot, Tan fell forward and landed on the cement pavement of the carpark.After shooting Tan, Lim cycled to Waterloo Street and later boarded a taxi to cross the Woodlands Checkpoint and fled to Johor Bahru, Malaysia.",
"Lim spent about a day hiding at Johor, where he disposed of the gun at an unknown location, before he returned to Singapore for his wife, who lived with him at Geylang, and he disposed of his ammunition by flushing them in the toilet's drainage pipe.",
"After some time, Lim heard rumours that the police were searching for him as a suspect, and fled the country on 31 March 1997 by taking a bus to Thailand.",
"The revolver and bullets were never recovered.===Lim's allegations of police abuse and defence===In midst of the trial, Lim denied that he voluntarily confessed to police about the murder.",
"Lim revealed that at age 15, he was wrongfully arrested for stealing a motorcycle and was assaulted by police investigators during interrogation, and this incident, together with several other violations of the law, made him harbor apprehensions towards the police.",
"Lim alleged that the police investigators - Senior Station Inspector Zainal Abidin Ismail, Station Inspector Roy Lim, Station Inspector Han Khoe Juan, Station Inspector Erulandy Guruthevan and Senior Station Inspector Shen Yen Ek - had threatened him to confess.",
"Lim said that on the plane, both Lim and Han threatened him verbally to admit to the murder, and after they arrived in Singapore, Lim was reportedly induced by Zainal to admit to the crime, and that his charge of murder would be reduced to manslaughter and he might spend only a few years in prison, and Zainal also told Lim to \"eat this piece of shit\" if he did not confess.Lim said that during his interactions with Inspector Lim, he was repeatedly reminded that they were on the 18th floor, and he perceived it to be a threat that he would be thrown down the 18th floor if he did not confess.",
"Lim told a government psychiatrist, Stephen Phang, that he was threatened by \"four or five mouths\" to confess.",
"However, all the investigators stated that there was no threat or inducement made, and Lim voluntarily admitted to the crime and even expressed remorse, and the first time he ever proclaimed his innocence was during his interaction with Phang.After the end of the prosecution's case, the trial judge ruled that there was a case for Lim to answer and ordered him to enter a defence.",
"Lim elected to testify, and while he was unwilling to respond during cross-examination, he continued to insist that he was innocent and his confession was not true.",
"Lim said that the real killer was someone else, and that he lost his gun prior to the shooting incident.",
"Lim said he kept the gun inside a storage box on the back of his bicycle, which he parked somewhere at Golden Mile Complex for two to three days before the shooting, and he only found out on the day of the murder that his gun and ammunition were missing, and he therefore brought along a fake gun with a view to intimidate Tan.Additionally, Lim said that on that night of Tan's murder, Lim and Tan met up and they were arguing with regards to Tan's continued harassment of Lim over the debt, and it was during that dispute, when Lim saw a “big sized” man who was wearing a dark shirt and Thai straw hat coming from behind Tan, aimed a gun and discharging one live round from the back of Tan's head, killing him on the spot.",
"The mysterious gunman fled the scene, and Lim also ran away out of fear of being implicated in Tan's death, and went home to dispose of his ammunition, and Lim, who only told the psychiatrist about the mysterious gunman, said he never told the police about this gunman at the first instance due to his fear that the police would not believe him, and Lim concluded his defence on 14 May 2005.His testimony was however, refuted by the prosecution, who stated that there was no mystery gunman and it was clear from the onset that Lim was responsible for the murder and drew attention to his numerous attempts to distance him from the crime and inconsistencies in his evidence.===Verdict===On 27 May 2005, Justice V K Rajah delivered his verdict.",
"Rajah rejected Lim's allegations that he was innocent and his confession was given out of coercion, and ruled in favour of the prosecution that Lim confessed voluntarily and the police investigators did not induce or threaten him to confess.",
"He noted that the defence did not put forward these allegations during their cross-examination of the policemen in court.",
"Rajah found that Lim was not a credible witness as he kept giving multiple inconsistent accounts of the crime and found it too incredible that the murder was committed by a mysterious gunman, which he noted the gunman first mentioned only during the trial and to Phang during his psychiatric remand.Rajah also said that based on the totality of the evidence, it was clear that Lim, who felt aggrieved at the harassment of Tan and his own predicament, as well as how Tan insulted Lim's wife, decided to bring the revolver with him and meet up with Tan, and had the intent to shoot Tan to death over the conflicts they had, and this was especially so after Tan remorselessly scolded Lim's parents and got rough with Lim.",
"Based on his observations, and finding that Lim had intentionally discharging a firearm with an intent to cause harm or death, Rajah was satisfied that the prosecution had proven its case against Lim beyond a reasonable doubt.Rajah found 49-year-old Lim Thian Lai guilty of one count of unlawfully discharging an firearm under Section 4(1) of the Arms Offences Act.",
"Upon his conviction, Lim was sentenced to death by hanging."
],
[
"Lim's fate",
"On 26 September 2005, four months after Lim was sentenced to hang, his appeal against the death sentence was dismissed by the Court of Appeal.",
"The three judges - Chief Justice Yong Pung How, and two Judges of Appeal L P Thean (Thean Lip Ping) and Chao Hick Tin - rejected Lim's defence that a mysterious gunman was responsible for the murder and accepted that the witnesses were truthful in their testimonies against Lim, whose defence contained numerous inconsistencies and was contradicted by objective evidence presented during the trial.After the loss of his appeal, Lim was hanged at Changi Prison on an unknown date in 2006, one of two convicts executed for firearm offences that year.",
"The other prisoner was Khor Kok Soon, a gunman and fugitive convicted of shooting at a police officer in 1984.Three years after the hangings of Khor and Lim, gang lord Tan Chor Jin (alias Tony Kia or One-Eyed Dragon) was hanged on 9 January 2009 for firing a gun and killing a nightclub owner Lim Hock Soon.",
"Tan was, to date, the last person to be put to death under the Arms Offences Act."
],
[
"See also",
"*Arms Offences Act*Capital punishment in Singapore*List of major crimes in Singapore"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Latvia women's national under-18 ice hockey team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Latvian women's national under-18 ice hockey team''' is the women's national under-18 ice hockey team of Latvia.",
"The team is controlled by the Latvian Ice Hockey Federation (), a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation.",
"The team was initially scheduled to debut at the 2021 IIHF World Women's U18 Championship; however, due to the cancellation of the event, it instead made its debut in 2022, where it finished fifth in Division II.",
"Their best finish to date was in 2023, where they took second place in Division II – Group A, one place short of promotion to Division I."
],
[
"International competitions",
"===World Women's U18 Championship=== Year GP W L GF GA Pts Rank ''2022'' 5 3 2 18 8 6 24th place ''2023'' 5 4^ 1 14 7 10 22nd place ''2024'' 5 2 3* 10 13 7 24th place''^Includes two overtime/shootout wins''''Includes one loss in a shootout''"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official website* IIHF profile* EliteProspects* National Teams of Ice Hockey"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Donald Manson (fur trader)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"''' Donald Manson ''' (1796 – 1880) was a Scottish-Canadian fur trader of the Hudson’s Bay Company and a pioneer of British Columbia.",
"He was the founder, along with Chief Factor James McMillan and metis François Annance, of Fort Langley, British Columbia."
],
[
"Biography",
"Fort LangleyThe men's house at Fort St. JamesDonald Manson was born on April 6, 1796, at Thurso Caithness, Scotland, the son of David Manson and Jean Gunn.",
"Donald Manson started his career in the Hudson's Bay Company, seated in Montreal, Canada, around 1817.He was sent to Rock Depot in Manitoba, and worked at various posts for the company.",
"By 1822, he joined the expeditions of Gov.",
"Donald McKenzie, a past of associate of John Jacob Astor, to Missouri and Saskatchewan.",
"Manson thereafter went with trader Francis Heron to the Bow and Red Deer rivers.",
"In 1824, Capt.",
"Samuel Black went on an expedition to the Finlay River, which was joined by Donald Manson.Manson built his reputation within the company and was raised to the rank of clerk in the Columbia District.",
"His superior was Chief Factor John McLoughlin, and he assisted him with Chief Factor James McMillan and Chief Factor John Work in improving Fort Vancouver, at the time the business headquarters of Oregon.",
"McLoughlin would later become one of the founders of Oregon in the United States.",
"In 1827, Manson helped build Fort Langley with McMillan and metis François Annance, where James Murray Yale, the future father-in-law of his son, would be the commander.From 1829 to 1830, he was sent to Fort Astoria, the main trading post of John Jacob Astor before being taken by the Hudson's Bay Company.",
"He went on a mission to rescue sunk ships in the same year.",
"In 1831, he was placed in charge of Fort Simpson, and thereafter, built Fort McLoughlin.",
"In 1832, Manson goes on an exploratory trip from the Nass to the Skeena, visiting Indian chiefs on his itinerary.Manson would also work at Fort Alexandria with explorer Donald McLean.",
"In 1833, with Mr. Anderson, Manson conceived a circulating library among the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company, being the first of its kind on the Pacific Slope.",
"In 1837, Manson was promoted to the rank of chief trader within the organization, which gave him a share of the HBC's profits.Fur trading at the post of Fort St. JamesManson stayed at Fort McLoughlin until 1839.He then went on a trip to Scotland, where he was born, and along the way, met with Gov.",
"Sir George Simpson and the London shareholders of the HBC on October, 1840.Manson came back from his trip and was placed in command of a post at Kamloops, and then in 1843, at Stikine in Alaskan territories.",
"The territories were leased from Russia, obtained from a past deal negotiated by Gov.",
"Simpson with Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel, Governor of Russian America.",
"Manson worked at the Thompson River's post, which was flooded, and helped build a new post in the area around 1842.He was given mission to find the murderers of John McLoughlin Jr., but could not find any evidence related to the event.",
"Manson would stay at Fort St. James in British Columbia for the rest of his career, retiring around 1857.He bought land and a farm from Dr. Robert Newell at Champoeg, Oregon, where he would live with his family until his death.Donald Manson was married in October 1828, to Félicité Lucier, daughter of fur trader Étienne Lucier, by whom he had 8 children.",
"Lucier was one of the founders of Fort Astoria for the Astors.",
"Donald Manson died on January 7, 1880, at Champoeg in Oregon.",
"His son William Manson married the daughter of chief trader Donald McLean, and graduated from Edinburgh University in Scotland.His daughter Anne Manson married Isaac Ogden, son of pioneer explorer Peter Skene Ogden.",
"Isaac's uncle was Premier of Canada East, Charles Richard Ogden, the son-in-law of Gen. John Coffin, brother of Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, 1st Baronet.",
"Another son, fur trader John D. Manson, married to Aurelia Yale, daughter of chief trader James Murray Yale, member of the Yale family.",
"His brothers-in-law included chief trader Capt.",
"Henry Newsham Peers and chief trader George S. Simpson, son of the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simspon."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 WAFF Women's Championship squads"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The 2024 WAFF Women's Championship is an international women's association football tournament held in Saudi Arabia from 18 until 28 February 2024.The 8 national teams involved in the tournament were required to register a squad of 23 players, including three goalkeepers.",
"Only players in these squads were eligible to take part in the tournament.The age listed for each player is on 19 February 2024, the first day of the tournament.",
"The club listed is the club for which the player last played a competitive match before the tournament.",
"A flag is included for coaches who are of a different nationality than their own national team."
],
[
"Group A",
"===Saudi Arabia===Head coach: Lluís CortésThe final 23-player squad was announced on 7 February 2024.On 11 February 2024, Al Jawharah Saud was withdrawn from the squad due to injury and was replaced by Noura Ibrahim.===Guam===Head coach: Kristin ThompsonThe final 23-player squad was announced on 13 February 2024.===Lebanon===Head coach: Wael GharzeddineThe final 23-player squad was announced on 17 February 2024.===Jordan===Head coach: Maher Abu HantashThe final 23-player squad was announced on 8 February 2024."
],
[
"Group B",
"===Palestine===Head coach: Amer Khair===Nepal===Head coach: Rajendra TamangAn initial 31-player preliminary squad was named on 3 February 2024.The final 23-player squad was announced on 12 February 2024.===Syria===Head coach: ===Iraq===Head coach: Adil QaderThe final 23-player squad was announced on 18 February 2024."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024–25 DPMM FC season"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024–25 season''' will be DPMM FC's 11th season in the top flight of Singaporean football, the Singapore Premier League.",
"Along with the SGPL, the club will also compete in the Singapore Cup and also the 2023–24 AFC Cup via the qualifying play-offs, by virtue of winning the 2022 Brunei FA Cup last year."
],
[
"Squad",
"===Singapore Premier League squad=== No.",
"Name Nationality Date of Birth (Age) Previous Club Contract Start Contract End Goalkeepers 1 Kristijan Naumovski KF Shkupi 2023 2025 12 Haimie Abdullah Nyaring Indera SC 2018 2023 Defenders 2 Wafi Aminuddin '''U23''' Tabuan Muda 2019 2023 3 Abdul Mu'iz Sisa '''O30''' Indera SC 2016 2023 4 Hanif Farhan Azman '''U23''' Youth 2020 2023 13 Hanif Hamir Tabuan Muda 2017 2023 19 Nur Ikhwan Othman Indera SC 2016 2023 21 Hirzi Zulfaqar Mahzan '''U23''' Indera SC 2023 2023 23 Yura Indera Putera Yunos Majra FC 2015 2023 Midfielders 5 Farshad Noor Gokulam Kerala FC 2023 2023 6 Azwan Saleh '''O30''' Indera SC 2006 2023 7 Azwan Ali Rahman '''O30''' Indera SC 2013 2023 11 Najib Tarif '''O30''' Indera SC 2012 2023 15 Syafiq Hilmi Shahrom '''U23''' Youth 2023 2023 16 Eddy Shahrol Omar '''U23''' Kasuka FC 2023 2023 Strikers 17 Hakeme Yazid Said '''U23''' Youth 2019 2023 22 Nazirrudin Ismail MS PPDB 2023 2023 Players who left during season=== Under-20 Squad===The DPMM FC U20 squad compete in the 2023 Brunei Under-20 Youth League."
],
[
"Coaching staff",
"===First-team squad=== Position Name Ref.Head Coach Rui Capela BatistaAssistant Coach Moksen MohammadFitness Coach Miguel Bragança Rosmin KamisTeam Manager Mohammad Ali bin Hj MominPhysiotherapist Faisal Hashim Masri TahirKitman Kasim Amit===Under-20 squad=== Position Name Ref.Head Coach Helme PanjangAssistant Coach Subhi Abdilah Bakir Mahdini MohammadGoalkeeping Coach Julaihi DomengTeam Manager Momin Jaafar Saharul Nizam TuahPhysiotherapist Noorman Abdul RahmanKitman Abdul Hafiz Mursadi"
],
[
"Transfers",
"===Transfers=======In===='''Pre-Season transfers'''PositionPlayerTransferred FromTeamRef'''Mid-Season transfers'''PositionPlayerTransferred FromTeamRef====Out===='''Pre-Season transfers'''PositionPlayerTransferred ToTeamRef Wardun Yussof First team Free Ángel Martínez Linares Deportivo First team Free Helmi Zambin First team Free Fakharrazi Hassan First team Free Hendra Azam Idris First team Free Razimie Ramlli First team Free Abdul Azizi Ali Rahman First team Free Andrey Varankow First team Free '''Mid-Season transfers'''PositionPlayerTransferred ToTeamRef==== Extension / Retained ====PositionPlayerTeamRef Kristijan Naumovski First team ==== Trial ====PositionPlayerClubRef"
],
[
"Friendly",
"===Pre-Season Friendly==="
],
[
"Team statistics",
"===Appearances and goals=== Player SGPL Singapore Cup AFC Cup Total Apps.",
"13pxGoals Apps.",
"13pxGoals Apps.",
"13pxGoals Apps.",
"13pxGoals2DF Wafi Aminuddin000000003DF Abdul Mu'iz Sisa000000004MF Hanif Farhan Azman000000005MF Farshad Noor000000006MF Azwan Saleh000000007MF Azwan Ali Rahman0000000011MF Najib Tarif0000000012GK Haimie Abdullah Nyaring0000000013DF Hanif Hamir0000000015MF Syafiq Hilmi Shahrom0000000016MF Eddy Shahrol Omar0000000017FW Hakeme Yazid Said0000000019MF Nur Ikhwan Othman0000000021DF Hirzi Zulfaqar Mahzan0000000022MF Nazirrudin Ismail0000000023DF Yura Indera Putera Yunos00000000'''Players who have played this season but had left the club or on loan to other club'''"
],
[
"Competitions",
"===Overview===CompetitionRecord===Singapore Premier League======Singapore Cup==="
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"List of statistical tests"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Statistical tests are used to test the fit between a hypothesis and the data.",
"Choosing the right statistical test is not a trivial task.",
"The choice of the test depends on many properties of the research question.",
"The vast majority of studies can be addressed by 30 of the 100 or so statistical tests in use."
],
[
"Exlanation of properties",
"* '''Scaling of data''': One of the properties of the tests is the scale of the data, which can be inverval-based, ordinal or nominal.",
"Nominal scale is also known as categorical.",
"Interval scale is also known as numerical.",
"When categorical data has only two possibilities, it is called binary or dichotomous.",
"* '''Assumptions, parametric and non-parametric''': There are two groups of statistical tests, parametric and non-parametric.",
"The choice between these two groups needs to be justified.",
"Parametric tests assume that the data follow a particular distribution, typically a normal distribution, while non-parametric tests make no assumptions about the distribution.",
"Non-parametric tests have the advantage of being more resistant to misbehaviour of the data, such as outliers.",
"They also have the disadvantage of being less certain in the statistical estimate.",
"* '''Type of data''': Statistical tests use different types of data.",
"Some tests perform univariate analysis on a single sample with a single variable.",
"Others compare two or more paired or unpaired samples.",
"Unpaired samples are also called independent samples.",
"Paired samples are also called dependent.",
"Finally, there are some statistical tests that perform analysis of relationship between multiple variables like regression.",
"* '''Number od Samples''': The number of samples of data.",
"* '''Exactness''': A test can be exact or be asymptotic delivering approximate results."
],
[
"List of statistical tests",
"+ Test name Scaling Assumptions Data Samples Exact Special case of Application conditions One sample t-test inverval normal univariate 1 No Location test Unpaired t-test inverval normal unpaired 2 No Location test Homoscedasticity Welch's t-test inverval normal unpaired 2 No Location test Paired t-test inverval normal paired 2 No Location test F-test inverval normal 2 Z-test inverval normal 2 No variance is known Permutation test inverval non-parametric unpaired ≥2 Yes Kruskal-Wallis test ordinal non-parametric unpaired ≥2 Yes small sample size Mann–Whitney test ordinal non-parametric unpaired 2 Kruskal-Wallis test Wilcoxon signed-rank test inverval non-parametric paired ≥1 Location test Sign test ordinal non-parametric paired 2 Friedman test ordinal non-parametric paired >2 Location test test nominal non-parametric No Contingency table, sample size > ca.",
"60, any cell content ≥ 5, marginal totals fixed Pearson's test nominal/ordinal non-parametric No test Median test ordinal non-parametric No Pearson's test Multinomial test nominal non-parametric univariate 1 Yes Location test McNemar's test binary non-parametric paired 2 Yes Cochran's test binary non-parametric paired ≥2 Binomial test binary non-parametric univariate 1 Yes Multinomial test Siegel–Tukey test ordinal non-parametric unpaired 2 Chow test inverval parametric linear regression 2 No Time series Fisher's exact test nominal non-parametric unpaired ≥2 Yes Contingency table, marginal totals fixed Barnard's exact test nominal non-parametric unpaired 2 Yes Contingency table Boschloo's test nominal non-parametric unpaired 2 Yes Contingency table Shapiro–Wilk test inverval univariate 1 Normality test sample size between 3 and 5000 Kolmogorov–Smirnov test inverval 1 Normality test distribution parameters known"
],
[
"See also",
"* List of probability distributions"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Augustine Cove"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Augustine Cove''' is an unincorporated area in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada.",
"The community is located on Prince Edward Island Route 10."
],
[
"Notable people",
"* Matt MacFarlane, politician"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Augustine Cove, Prince Edward Island, Canada, 1800-1973 at the University of Prince Edward Island"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Bachhrawan railway station"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Bachhrawan railway station''' (Station code: '''BCN''') is a train station located in the Indian village of Bachhrawan, Uttar Pradesh.",
"It serves under Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line."
],
[
"Station layout",
"'''G'''Street levelExit/Entrance & ticket counter'''P1'''FOB, Side platform, No-1 doors will open on the left/right'''Track 1''' '''Track 2'''→FOB, Island platform, No- 2 doors will open on the left/rightIsland platform, No- 3 doors will open on the left/right'''Track 3''' }"
],
[
"Trains",
"There are 26 trains which halt in this station, some of them are:+Train no.NameZoneFromTo13005/13006Amritsar Mail (PT)ERHowrahAmritsar Jn.14215/14216Ganga Gomti ExpressNRPrayagrajLucknow14207/14208Padmavat ExpressNRDelhi Jn.Pratapgarh14511/14512Nauchandi ExpressNRSaharanpurPrayagraj15075/15076Triveni ExpressNERTanakpurShaktipur15073/15074Triveni ExpressNERTanakpurSingrauli"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Qinling Station (Antarctica)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Qinling Station''' () is an Antarctic research station operated by the Polar Research Institute of China.",
"It is situated on the southern edge of Inexpressible Island in Terra Nova Bay, Victoria Land, on the Ross Sea coast of East Antarctica."
],
[
"Design",
"The station has an area of , and is in the shape of the Southern Cross, honouring Zheng He, an admiral and diplomat during the Ming Dynasty."
],
[
"History",
"The station first broke ground in 2018, but construction was delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"On 7 February 2024, Qinling Station was officially opened by the People's Republic of China.",
"The Center for Strategic and International Studies, an American think tank, reported that the station was expected to include an observatory with a satellite ground station, and that the equipment could be used to collect signals intelligence and for tracking rockets launched from the Arnhem Space Centre in Australia.",
"China rejected claims that the station would be used for espionage."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lanthanum nitride"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lanthanum nitride''' is a binary inorganic compound of lanthanum and nitride with the chemical formula ."
],
[
"Preparation",
"Lanthanum nitride can be prepared from the reaction of nitrogen and lanthanum trihydride::It can also be prepared from the reaction of ammonia and lanthanum trihydride::The reaction of nitrogen and lanthanum amalgam can also work::"
],
[
"Physical properties",
"Lanthanum nitride forms black powder that is insoluble in water.",
"Their crystals are of the cubic system with the ''Fm3m'' space group.It is paramagnetic."
],
[
"Chemical properties",
"Lanthanum nitride reacts with water and moisture from the air::It reacts with acids::"
],
[
"Uses",
"LaN is used as a LED material, magnetic material, semiconductor, refractory material, dyes, catalyst."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Capture of Schenkenschans"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Capture of Schenkenschans''' was a battle during the Eighty Years' War which saw a small detachment from the army under Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand capture the key fortress of Schenkenschans.",
"The event leading up to the capture would be the Siege of Leuven in which the French and Dutch armies suffered a major defeat against the Spanish Army of Flanders.",
"This would lead to a total collapse of the French and Dutch campaign in the Spanish Netherlands and result in a total counter-offensive led by Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand which resulted in large successes not only in taking back the territory lost but as well as in the offensive campaigns within France and the Dutch Republic."
],
[
"Capture of the fortress",
"After the major defeat suffered by the French and Dutch in Leuven, the Spanish went on the offensive with the Cardinal-Infante leading the Spanish army into Dutch territory and taking several fortress and settlements, the most important of them being Schenkenschans.",
"During said incursion, a detachment would be sent from Ferdinand's army towards Schenkenschans under his lieutenant colonel, Eyndhouts.",
"He would have command of 500 German mercenaries.",
"The garrison of Schenkenschans numbered only 120, but the fortress was nonetheless a great obstacle.",
"The only reason why little resistance was put up against the Spanish is due to the fact that the attack was made during the night and was a surprise attack which shocked the garrison completely.",
"In the ensuing combat, the Dutch garrison would be annihilated by the detachment.From finding out about the capture of Schenkenschans, Ferdinand would send over some more troops to the fortress and promote Eyndhouts.",
"The Dutch army under Federick Henry, upon hearing the news of the loss of Schenkenschans, an important fortress, would prioritize seizing it back within the next year.",
"A second conflict over the fortress would take place from July 30, 1635, to April 30, 1636, known more importantly as the Siege of Schenkenschans.",
"The Cardinal-Infante's lieutenant colonel, Eyndhouts, would soon die in action on the 30th of November 1635 during the siege."
],
[
"References",
"* (1933) \"De Veldtocht van 1635–1636 – Inneming en Verlies van de Schencke-Schans – Het ‘Raffelspel’ om de Schans,\" in: ''Brabant in 't verweer.",
"Bijdrage tot de studie der Zuid-Nederlandsche strijdliteratuur in de eerste helft der 17e eeuw'' * \"Eyndhouts, Adolf van,\" in: (1933) ''Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek.",
"Deel 9''.",
"A.W.",
"Sijthoff's Uitgeversmaatschappij, pp.",
"247–248"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Brian Lyngholm"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Brian Lyngholm''' (Born 22 December 1963) is a Danish handball coach, who acted as the coach for the Denmark Women's national team.Lyngholms tenure has national coach was short.",
"He was seen as the natural successor to Ulrik Wilbek og Jan Pytlick.",
"However the results at his only major tournament, 2006 European Women's Handball Championship was not satisfactory, with Denmark finishing 11th, which is the worst result for the Danish national team ever.",
"He withdrew from the job a month after the tournament.",
"He was replaced by Jan Pytlick, who came back to the position following Lyngholms departure."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Tom Grimsey"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Tom Grimsey''' (1960–2014) was an English sculptor and teacher.",
"He created many public sculptures by commission, which stand in locations in Britain."
],
[
"Life",
"\"Newtown Jewels\", in BirminghamGrimsey was born in Highgate in London.",
"He studied at Wimbledon College of Arts from 1979 to 1982, and at St Martin's College from 1982 to 1983, where he began to work particularly in welded metal sculptures.",
"He was a Henry Moore Sculpture Fellow from 1990 to 1991, and was an artist-in-residence at several organisations.",
"From 2003 he taught at the University of Brighton, from 2008 as head of sculpture, until his death.He was concerned that there should be collaboration between art and science, and was particularly interested in nanoscience.",
"Working with scientists on a project funded by EPSRC to develop a \"Directed Reconfigurable Nanomachine\", he created kinetic installations showing the patterns created by moving molecules.",
"This was the basis of the exhibition ''Giants of the Infinitesimal'', held at the Science and Industry Museum in Manchester in 2011 and at the Magna Science Adventure Centre in Sheffield in 2012.He was the co-author, with the science writer Peter Forbes, of ''Nanoscience: Giants of the Infinitesimal'' (2014).He was married to Susan Postlethwaite, and they had two children.",
"Grimsey died in 2014, after suffering from cancer."
],
[
"Works",
"\"The Woolwich Ship\"His works include the following:\"Newtown Jewels\", of 1998, is situated in Burbury Park, Newtown, Birmingham, near the Jewellery Quarter, and was commissioned by Newtown South Aston City Challenge, Birmingham City Council and West Midlands Arts.",
"it is a steel sculpture, height .",
"The artist worked with local children to develop the design; the three interlocked rings each relate to the design of real pieces of jewellery.",
"\"The Woolwich Ship\", of 1999, is a steel sculpture situated in Plumstead Road in the Royal Borough of Greenwich.",
"It was commissioned by the Woolwich development Agency and Greenwich Council.",
"The work commemorates Woolwich, particularly the Woolwich Dockyard.",
"\"Northam Shoal\", of 2002, was commissioned by Southampton City Council.",
"It is a steel sculpture by the artist and MJF Precision Welding, height , situated in Old Northam Road.",
"A shoal of about 1,000 stainless steel fish are lit by fibre optics in a sequence so that the shoal appears to move in a spiral.",
"\"The Flowering of the Lort Burn\", in Leazes Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, is a line of panels displaying flowers, set into the ground, representing the underground route of the Lort Burn.",
"The alternative name of the burn is the Florid Burn, meaning \"abounding in flowers\"."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Sukna Train Station"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Sukna Train Station \"सुकना\"''' is a small train station on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway line.",
"Sukna station lies in the foothills of the Himalayas, 11 km from Siliguri city.Sukna station is significant owing to the change in the landscape and altitude of the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway track, transitioning from flat plains to the wooded lower slopes of the mountains.",
"From here, the gradient of the train line changes dramatically.",
"Loop 1, located in the woods above Sukna, was decommissioned after flood damage in 1991, and the site is now obscured by natural forest growth.A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, offers a special jungle safari everyday from Siliguri to Tindharia and back, passing through Sukna station.",
"The scenic and main leg of the journey begins from Sukna Station.",
"The light railway traverses the Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary and the renowned Z-reverse between Sukna and Tindharia.Geo location: 26.7917°N 88.3624°EStation Grade: EStation code: SNZone: NFR/Northeast FrontierDivision: KatiharNumber of Platforms: 1Track: Narrow Gauge"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Eucorysses"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Eucorysses''''' is a genus of Asian jewel or shield-backed bugs in the tribe Scutellerini, erected by Amyot & Audinet-Serville in 1843.Records of occurrence are from India through southern China to Japan, Indochina and western Malesia."
],
[
"Species",
"The following are included in ''BioLib.cz'':# ''Eucorysses grandis'' (Thunberg, 1783)# ''Eucorysses javanus'' (Westwood, 1837)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Köseoğlu"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Köseoğlu''' is a Turkishword.",
"It may refer to:"
],
[
"People",
"*Hakan Köseoğlu (born 1981), Turkish former professional basketball player*Hayal Köseoğlu (born 1992), Turkish television, theater actress and musician*Leyla Yeniay Köseoğlu (1926-2002), Turkish female politician*Selâhattin Köseoğlu (1882-1949), Turkish military officer and politician *Selin Köseoğlu (born 1991), Turkish actress"
],
[
"Places",
"*Köseoğlu, Kastamonu, a village in Kastamony Province, TurkeyKöseoğlu, Kastamonu, a village in Kastamonu Province, Turkey"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"64th David di Donatello"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''64th David di Donatello''' ceremony, presented by the Accademia del Cinema Italiano, was held on 27 March 2019 to honor the best in Italian cinema in 2018.It was hosted by Carlo Conti.Accademia del Cinema Italiano introduced new categories: David Youth Award, selecting the best film voted by 3,000 Italian high school students and David Audience Award which honored the year's biggest box office hit.",
"It also incorporated the category Best European Film into Best Foreign Film to encompass all films made out of Italy.The crime drama film ''Dogman'' won the most awards of the night with nine, including Best Film.",
"Other winners include ''On My Skin'' with four, ''Call Me by Your Name'', ''Capri-Revolution'' and ''Loro'' with two, and ''Frontiera'', ''The Invisible Boy: Second Generation'', ''Roma'', ''Santiago, Italia'', ''There's No Place Like Home'', and ''The Vice of Hope'' with one."
],
[
"Winners and nominees",
"Matteo Garrone, Best Director winnerAlessandro Borghi, Best Actor winnerElena Sofia Ricci, Best Actress winnerEdoardo Pesce, Best Supporting Actor winnerThe nominations were announced on 19 February 2019.",
"''Dogman'' led the nominations with fifteen, followed by ''Capri-Revolution'' with thirteen and ''Call Me by Your Name'' with twelve.Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ().",
"* '''''Dogman'' – Matteo Garrone, director'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Luca Guadagnino, director**''Euphoria'' – Valeria Golino, director**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Alice Rohrwacher, director**''On My Skin'' – Alessio Cremonini, director *'''''On My Skin'' – Andrea Occhipinti, Luigi Musini, and Olivia Musini, producers; Cinemaundici and Lucky Red, production companies'''**''Boys Cry'' – Agostino Saccà, Maria Grazia Saccà, and Giuseppe Saccà, producers; Pepito Produzioni and Rai Cinema, production companies**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Peter Spears, Luca Guadagnino, Emilie Georges, Rodrigo Teixeira, Marco Morabito, James Ivory, and Howard Rosenman, producers; Frenesy Film Company, La Cinéfacture, RT Features, M.Y.R.A.",
"Entertainment, and Water's End Productions, production companies**''Dogman'' – Matteo Garrone, Jeremy Thomas, Jean Labadie, and Paolo Del Brocco, producers; Archimede and Le Pacte, production companies**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Carlo Cresto-Dina, producer; Tempesta, Rai Cinema, Amka Films Productions, Ad Vitam Production, KNM, and Pola Pandora, production companies *'''Matteo Garrone – ''Dogman'''''**Valeria Golino – ''Euphoria''**Luca Guadagnino – ''Call Me by Your Name''**Mario Martone – ''Capri-Revolution''**Alice Rohrwacher – ''Happy as Lazzaro'' *'''Alessio Cremonini – ''On My Skin'''''**Damiano and Fabio D'Innocenzo – ''Boys Cry''**Luca Facchini – ''Fabrizio De André: Principe libero''**Valerio Mastandrea – ''Ride''**Simone Spada – ''Hotel Gagarin'' *'''Alessandro Borghi – ''On My Skin'' as Stefano Cucchi'''**Marcello Fonte – ''Dogman'' as Marcello**Luca Marinelli – ''Fabrizio De André: Principe libero'' as Fabrizio De André**Riccardo Scamarcio – ''Euphoria'' as Matteo**Toni Servillo – ''Loro'' as Silvio Berlusconi and Ennio Doris *'''Elena Sofia Ricci – ''Loro'' as Veronica Lario'''**Anna Foglietta – ''If Life Gives You Lemons'' as Miriam**Marianna Fontana – ''Capri-Revolution'' as Lucia**Alba Rohrwacher – ''Lucia's Grace'' as Lucia**Pina Turco – ''The Vice of Hope'' as Maria *'''Edoardo Pesce – ''Dogman'' as Simone'''**Fabrizio Bentivoglio – ''Loro'' as Santino Recchia**Ennio Fantastichini – ''Fabrizio De André: Principe libero'' as Giuseppe De André**Massimo Ghini – ''There's No Place Like Home'' as Sandro**Valerio Mastandrea – ''Euphoria'' as Ettore *'''Marina Confalone – ''The Vice of Hope'' as Zi' Mari'''**Nicoletta Braschi – ''Happy as Lazzaro'' as Marchesa Alfonsina De Luna**Donatella Finocchiaro – ''Capri-Revolution'' as Maria**Kasia Smutniak – ''Loro'' as Kira**Jasmine Trinca – ''On My Skin'' as Ilaria Cucchi *'''''Dogman'' – Ugo Chiti, Massimo Gaudioso, and Matteo Garrone'''**''Boys Cry'' – Damiano and Fabio D'Innocenzo**''Euphoria'' – Francesca Marciano, Valia Santella, and Valeria Golino**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Alice Rohrwacher**''On My Skin'' – Alessio Cremonini and Lisa Nur Sultan *'''''Call Me by Your Name'' – Luca Guadagnino, Walter Fasano, and James Ivory; based on the novel by André Aciman'''**''I'm Back'' – Luca Miniero and Nicola Guaglianone; based on the original motion picture screenplay ''Look Who's Back'' by Johannes Boss, Minna Fischgartl, and David Wnendt and the novel by Timur Vermes**''The Invisible Witness'' – Stefano Mordini and Massimiliano Catoni; based on the original motion picture screenplay ''The Invisible Guest'' written by Oriol Paulo and Lara Sendim**''The Leisure Seeker'' – Paolo Virzì, Francesca Archibugi, Francesco Piccolo, and Stephen Amidon; based on the novel by Michael Zadoorian**''La profezia dell'armadillo'' – Zerocalcare, Oscar Glioti, Valerio Mastandrea, and Johnny Palomba; based on the graphic novel by Zerocalcare *'''''Dogman'' – Nicolaj Brüel'''**''Boys Cry'' – Paolo Carnera**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Sayombhu Mukdeeprom**''Capri-Revolution'' – Michele D'Attanasio**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Hélène Louvart *'''''Dogman'' – Dimitri Capuani'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Samuel Deshors**''Capri-Revolution'' – Giancarlo Muselli**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Emita Frigato**''Loro'' – Stefania Cella *'''''Capri-Revolution'' – Apparat and Philipp Thimm'''**''Dogman'' – Michele Braga**''Euphoria'' – Nicola Tescari**''Loro'' – Lele Marchitelli**''On My Skin'' – Mokadelic**''There's No Place Like Home'' – Nicola Piovani *'''\"Mystery of Love\" from ''Call Me by Your Name'' – Music, Lyrics, and Performed by Sufjan Stevens'''**\"'A speranza\" from ''The Vice of Hope'' – Music, Lyrics, and Performed by Enzo Avitabile**\"Araceae\" from ''Capri-Revolution'' – Music by Apparat and Philipp Thimm; Lyrics by Simon Brambell; Performed by Apparat**\"L'invenzione di un poeta\" from ''There's No Place Like Home'' – Music by Nicola Piovani; Lyrics by Piovani and Aisha Cerami; Performed by Tosca**\"'Na gelosia\" from ''Loro'' – Music by Lele Marchitelli; Lyrics by Pepe Servillo; Performed by Toni Servillo *'''''Dogman'' – Marco Spoletini'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Walter Fasano**''Capri-Revolution'' – Jacopo Quadri and Natalie Cristiani**''Euphoria'' – Giogiò Franchini**''On My Skin'' – Chiara Vullo *'''''Dogman'' – Maricetta Lombardo, Alessandro Molaioli, Davide Favargiotti, Mauro Eusepi, Mirko Perri, and Michele Mazzucco'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Yves-Marie Omnes, Thomas Gastinel, Davide Favargiotti, Studio 16 Sound Group, and Jean Pierre Laforce**''Capri-Revolution'' – Alessandro Zanon, Alessandro Palmerini, Alessandro Piazzese, Marta Billingsley, Stefano Grosso, Marzia Cordo, Giancarlo Rutigliano, and Paolo Segat**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Christophe Giovannoni, Julien D'Esposito, Marta Billingsley, and François Musy**''Loro'' – Emanuele Cecere, Francesco Sabez, Paolo Testa, Silvia Moraes, Alessandro Feletti, Alessandro Quaglio, Mirko Perri, Mauro Eusepi, and Marco Saitta *'''''Capri-Revolution'' – Ursula Patzak'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Giulia Piersanti**''Dogman'' – Massimo Cantini Parrini**''Happy as Lazzaro'' – Loredana Buscem**''Loro'' – Carlo Poggioli *'''''The Invisible Boy: Second Generation'' – Víctor Pérez'''**''Capri-Revolution'' – Sara Paesani and Rodolfo Migliari**''Dogman'' – Rodolfo Migliari**''The Legend of the Christmas Witch'' – Rodolfo Migliari and Monica Galantucci**''Loro'' – Simone Coco and James Woods**''Michelangelo Endless'' – Giuseppe Squillaci *'''''Dogman'' – Dalia Colli and Lorenzo Tamburini'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Fernanda Perez**''Capri-Revolution'' – Alessandro D'Anna**''Loro'' – Maurizio Silvi**''On My Skin'' – Roberto Pastore *'''''Loro'' – Aldo Signoretti'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Manolo Garcia**''Capri-Revolution'' – Gaetano Panico**''Dogman'' – Daniela Tartari**''The King's Musketeers'' – Massimo Gattabrusi *'''''Santiago, Italia'' – Nanni Moretti, director'''**''Friedkin Uncut'' – Francesco Zippel, director**''Goodbye Saigon'' – Wilma Labate, director**''Julian Schnabel: A Private Portrait'' – Pappi Corsicato, director**''Samouni Road'' – Stefano Savona, director *'''''Frontiera'' – Alessandro Di Gregorio, director'''**''Il nostro concerto'' – Francesco Piras, director**''Im Bären'' – Lilian Sassanelli, director**''Magic Alps'' – Andrea Brusa and Marco Scotuzzi, directors**''Yousef'' – Mohamed Hossameldin, director *'''''Roma'' – Alfonso Cuarón, director'''**''Bohemian Rhapsody'' – Bryan Singer, director**''Cold War'' – Paweł Pawlikowski, director**''Phantom Thread'' – Paul Thomas Anderson, director**''Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri'' – Martin McDonagh, director *'''''On My Skin'' – Alessio Cremonini, director'''**''Call Me by Your Name'' – Luca Guadagnino, director**''Dogman'' – Matteo Garrone, director**''Euphoria'' – Valeria Golino, director**''The King's Musketeers'' – Giovanni Veronesi, director *'''Tim Burton''' (Cinematic Excellence)*'''Dario Argento'''*'''Francesca Lo Schiavo'''*'''Uma Thurman''' *'''''There's No Place Like Home'' – Gabriele Muccino, director'''"
],
[
"Films with multiple nominations and awards",
"+ Films that received multiple nominations Nominations Film 16 ''Dogman''13 ''Call Me by Your Name'' ''Capri-Revolution'' 12 ''Loro'' 10 ''On My Skin'' 9 ''Happy as Lazzaro'' 8 ''Euphoria'' 4 ''Boys Cry''3 ''Fabrizio De André: Principe libero'' ''There's No Place Like Home'' ''The Vice of Hope'' 2 ''The King's Musketeers''+ Films that received multiple awards Awards Film 9 ''Dogman''2 ''Call Me by Your Name'' ''Capri-Revolution'' ''Loro''"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Battle of Štip"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Battle of Štip''' was a clash between the forces of the Habsburg Monarchy and Ottomans during the Austrian counteroffensive of the Great Turkish War on Novemver 10, 1689.The battle ended in victory for the Austrians, the Ottomans suffered heavy losses of about 2,000 dead, and were forced to retreat."
],
[
"Background",
"Johann Georg von HolsteinAfter setting Skopje on fire, the Austrians continued to make breakthroughs deep into Macedonia, whose task was to observe the area in order to prevent and disrupt the concentration of enemy forces.",
"One such breakthrough was made by Prince Johann George von Holstein, who took command of Enea Silvio Piccolomini's troops after he died of cholera."
],
[
"Battle",
"Learning that the Turkish army had concentrated in Štip, he decided to smash it and drive it out of the city with a swift attack.",
"Leaving their camp near the Kumanovo village of Orizari, Johan Georg von Holstein's Austrian troops arrived in Štip at dawn on November 10, 1689.This was the fiercest and largest clash between the Austrian and Ottoman armies on Macedonian territory.",
"The battle ended in a convincing victory for the Habsburg monarchy.Map of the Karposh's rebellionThe Ottomans were completely smashed.",
"Leaving behind some 2,000 dead, they were forced to retreat.",
"The Austrians set the city on fire and returned to Kosovo, carrying a substantial cargo of several thousand barrels of goods.",
"Returning, they smashed another Turkish reconnaissance unit of 300 men."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"After two years, in 1691, the city was reconquered by the Ottomans.",
"The city suffered severe damage.",
"Due to the destruction, Štip could not recover until the 19th century."
],
[
"See also",
"* Skopje fire of 1689* Great Turkish War* Enea Silvio Piccolomini"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Sources",
"* eprints.ugd.edu.mk* History of the city – Municipality of Stip* Municipality of Stip, ''STIP - TOURIST INFORMANT, With map of the city''.",
"Stip: Municipality of Stip, 2011, p. 1.7."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Crazy Dragons"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Crazy Dragons gang''' are a street gang active in the Prairie provinces of Canada."
],
[
"Origins",
"The Crazy Dragons gang was founded in Edmonton and has since spread all over all over Alberta.",
"The Crazy Dragons were the successor gang to the Vietnamese Trang gang, which folded after a series of convictions of its members in 2002.The majority of the founding members of the Crazy Dragons were Vietnamese-Canadians.",
"Tom Engel, an Edmonton lawyer who defended 26 members of the Trang gang arrested in 1999 stated in 2011: \"Out of that came a gang called the Crazy Dragons, and those guys didn’t mind violence at all\".The gang was primarily Asian-Canadian when it was founded, but as is often the case with ethno-centric Canadian gangs has become more diverse over time, taking in many white members.",
"Likewise, the gang was all male at the time of its foundation, but by the beginning of the 21st century had taken in a number of females, mostly young women.",
"In 2004, the Crazy Dragons first attracted media attention when the gang kidnapped and beat up five members of the White Boy Posse, a white supremist gang.",
"Later in 2004, David Thanh Lam of the Crazy Dragons was involved in a drive-by shooting in Blue River when a couple from Abbotsford had their car shot up and were then robbed.",
"In a plea bargain with the Crown in July 2006, Lam pleaded guilty to robbery in exchange for the Crown dropping the charges of attempted murder against him."
],
[
"Expansion",
"During a gang war in Calgary between two Asian-Canadian gangs, the Fresh Off the Boat gang and the Fresh Off the Boat Killers, the Crazy Dragons served as gunrunners, selling guns to the Fresh Off the Boat gang.",
"By 2005, the Crazy Dragons had moved into Saskatchewan.",
"In 2006, Inspector John Cantafio of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police told the media: \"They could see there was a bit of a vacuum here in Saskatchewan.",
"They moved in here last fall in Regina and Saskatoon\".",
"The Crazy Dragons in Saskatchewan were described as engaged in \"diel-a-dope\" operations of selling cocaine, methamphetamine and marijuana via cell phones and texting.",
"In August 2006, 13 members of the Crazy Dragons were arrested in Regina on charges of gangsterism, trafficking in cocaine, conspiracy to traffic in cocaine and living off the proceeds of crime.",
"Cantafio admitted to the media that the Mounties were hapless in the face of the Crazy Dragons as the arrests had failed to dent the growth of the Crazy Dragons.In July 2007, Criminal Intelligence Service Canada in a report stated: \"\"The most noticeable criminal group in Alberta-with cocaine operations throughout the province as well as in parts of British Columbia, Saskatchewan and the Northwest Territories-is known to police as the Crazy Dragons...Among competing groups there is one that surpasses all the others with their drug products being provided in some measure to virtually every reporting city and town, even in the midst of activities by other criminal groups\".",
"The Crazy Dragons primarily sell cocaine imported from Los Angeles via Vancouver into communities in the Prairie provinces, the near north and the far north of Canada.",
"A police report in 2009 described the Crazy Dragons as one of the \"most sophisticated\" gangs in Alberta with chapters in nearly every Alberta city and town.",
"In November 2014, the Crazy Dragons attracted attention when one of their leaders, David Thanh Lam, was found murdered in Langley.",
"By 2012, the Crazy Dragons in Alberta were described as more powerful than the Hells Angels in that province.",
"The Crazy Dragons were reported as being active in the Lower Mainland, but unlike in Alberta, the Crazy Dragons in British Columbia were described as subordinate to the Hells Angels."
],
[
"Books",
"*"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Live at the Liquid Room, Tokyo"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Live at the Liquid Room, Tokyo''''' is the first live DJ mix album by American electronic music producer Jeff Mills.",
"It was released on May 20, 1996, by React Music Limited and Sony Music Japan.== Recording == The album was recorded live October 28, 1995, at the Liquidroom venue in Tokyo, Japan.",
"Mills used two turntables and two reel-to-reel tape machines to create the mix, which includes his work interwoven with other songs, such as \"Strings of Life\"."
],
[
"Critical reception and charting",
"''Live at the Liquid Room, Tokyo'' has been met with widespread critical acclaim.",
"In a 10/10 review for ''Pitchfork'', Gabriel Szatan wrote \"Liquid Room was a mix of such molten intensity that it warped the idea of what DJing could be.",
"The received wisdom of how to construct a club set—one song after another; build-up, breakdown—was obliterated by this lean, striking man mixing like a Spirograph, executing a blur of hip-hop battle techniques over waves of crushing pressure.",
"\"In a 5-star review for AllMusic, Jason Birchmeier wrote \"Ostensibly a DJ mix but also a showcase for Mills' production work, the album provides ample evidence of his brilliance over the course of three distinct segments, each numerous tracks, roughly half of which are Mills' own productions.",
"\"In June 1996 the album peaked at #45 in the UK compilation chart published by the Official Charts Company."
],
[
"Track listing",
"All tracks are written by Jeff Mills, except where otherwise noted."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Male"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer - Male''' is chosen by the jury of Zee Marathi as part of its annual award ceremony for Marathi films, to recognise a male playback singer.",
"Following its inception in 2009."
],
[
"Winners and nominees",
"===2000s=== Year Photos of winners Singer Song Movie '''2008''' '''Avadhoot Gupte''' '''\"Rani Majhya Malyamandi\"''' '''''Tula Shikwin Changlach Dhada''''' Shankar Mahadevan \"Chimb Bhijlele\" ''Bandh Premache'' Ajay Gogavale \"Aaicha Gho\" ''Zabardast'' '''2009''' '''Ajay Gogavale''' '''\"Morya Morya\"''' '''''Uladhaal''''' Shankar Mahadevan \"Navya Prakashe\" ''Marmbandh'' Yadneshwar Limbekar \"Eka Mandirat Eka Pujaryale\" ''Vavtal'' '''2010''' '''Ajay Gogavale''' '''\"Khel Mandla\"''' '''''Natarang''''' Sukhwinder Singh \"O Raaje\" ''Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy'' Dnyaneshwar Meshram \"Vitthala\" ''Zenda''===2010s=== Year Photos of winners Singer Song Movie '''2011''' '''Subodh Bhave''' '''\"Ranbhool\"''' '''''Ranbhool''''' Hrishikesh Ranade \"Kadhi Tu\" ''Mumbai-Pune-Mumbai'' Ajit Parab \"He Samjun Ghena Ya Babala\" ''Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho'' '''2012''' '''Anand Bhate''' '''\"Chinmaya Sakal\"''' '''''Balgandharva''''' Hrishikesh Ranade \"Kadhi Hasat Khelat\" ''Paulvat'' Dayanand Mali \"Deva Tula Shodhu Kutha\" ''Deool'' '''2013''' '''Shekhar Ravjiani''' '''\"Haravali Pakhare\"''' '''''Balak-Palak''''' Suresh Wadkar \"Shabdat Gothale\" ''Ajintha'' Aniruddha Joshi \"Vrukshvalli Aamha Soyare\" ''Tukaram'' '''2014''' '''Nandesh Umap''' '''\"Khajinyachi Chittarkatha\"''' '''''Chintoo 2''''' Swapnil Bandodkar \"Olya Sanjveli\" ''Premachi Goshta'' ''\"''Na Kale Kadhi''\"'' ''Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda'' '''2015''' '''Ajay Gogavale''' '''\"Maauli Maauli\"''' '''''Lai Bhaari''''' Swapnil Bandodkar \"Aikavi Vatate\" ''Guru Pournima'' Hrishikesh Ranade \"Baware Prem He\" ''Baware Prem He'' Amitraj, Harshvardhan Wavare \"Nave Nave Geet Hai Manache\" ''Classmates'' Mangesh Dhakade\"Mani Achanak\" ''Dusari Goshta'' '''2016''' '''Shankar Mahadevan''' '''\"Sur Niragas Ho\"''' '''''Katyar Kaljat Ghusali''''' Hrishikesh Ranade \"Ritya Sarya Disha\" ''Double Seat'' Jasraj Joshi \"Kiti Sangaychay\" Swapnil Bandodkar \"Savar Re Mana\"''Mitwaa'' Harshvardhan Wavare \"Dhaga Dhaga\"''Dagadi Chawl'' '''2017''' '''Ajay Gogavale''' '''\"Yad Lagla\"''' '''''Sairat''''' Adarsh Shinde \"Ae Sanam\" ''Rangaa Patangaa'' Gaurav Dhagavkar \"Magan Masta\" ''One Way Ticket'' '''2018''' '''Jasraj Joshi''' '''\"Muramba\"''' '''''Muramba''''' Rahul Deshpande \"Apanehi Rang Mein\" ''Hampi'' Avadhoot Gupte \"Maze Aai Baba\" ''Kachcha Limboo'' '''2019''' '''Jaytirth Mevundi''' '''\"Deh Pandurang\"''' '''''Pushpak Vimaan''''' Jayas Kumar \"Jau De Na Va\" ''Naal'' Nakash Aziz \"Lalya\" ''Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar'' '''2020''' '''Jasraj Joshi''' '''\"Querida Querida\"''' '''''Girlfriend''''' Hrishikesh Ranade \"Anandghan\" ''Anandi Gopal'' Adarsh Shinde \"Tula Japnar Aahe\" ''Khari Biscuit'' ===2020s=== Year Photos of winners Singer Song Movie '''2021''' '''Not Awarded''' '''2022''' '''Ajay Gogavale''' '''\"Yad Lagla\"''' '''''Sairat''''' No other nominees '''2023''' '''Rahul Deshpande''' '''\"Khal Khal Goda\"''' '''''Godavari''''' Shankar Mahadevan \"Re Kshana\"''Ekda Kaay Zala''Avadhoot Gupte\"Bhurum Bhurum\" ''Pandu''Rahul Deshpande \"Kaivalya Gaan\"''Me Vasantrao''Manish Rajgire\"Guru Pournima\"''Dharmaveer''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2023 in religion"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a timeline of events during the year 2023 which relate to religion."
],
[
"Events",
"* 5 January – The funeral of pope emeritus Benedict XVI takes place following his death on 31 December 2022.",
"* 24 January – The Indonesian pan-Islamist group Khilafatul Muslimin is outlawed and its leadership is sentenced to prison.",
"* 30 January – A suicide bombing is carried out in a mosque in Peshawar, Pakistan, killing 84 people.",
"* 8 February – A Christian revival begins at Asbury University in Wilmore, Kentucky.",
"* 1 May – The Netherlands Reformed Churches and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) merge as the Dutch Reformed Churches.",
"* 9 May – A Tunisian national guardsman attacks the El Ghriba Synagogue, killing five people.",
"* 31 July – Riots between Hindus and Muslims break out in Haryana, India.",
"* 1–6 August – The Catholic World Youth Day 2023 festival is held in Lisbon.",
"* 31 August – Pope Francis makes a visit to Mongolia, becoming the first pope to do so.",
"* 4 October – ''Laudate Deum'', a apostolic exhortation, is released by Pope Francis to call for action on climate change.",
"* 7 October – Palestinian militants affiliated with Hamas launch an attack on Israel.",
"They kill approximately 1,200 people and take approximately 250 people hostage, initiating the Israel–Hamas war.",
"* 8 October** The Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church opens in Turkey, becoming the first new church constructed since the republic's founding.",
"** The Swaminarayan Akshardham temple opens in Robbinsville, New Jersey, making it the largest Hindu temple outside of India.",
"* 14 October – A six-year-old Palestinian–American boy is stabbed to death in his home in Plainfield Township, Illinois, in response to the 7 October attack on Israel.",
"* 27 October – Israel launches a ground invasion of Palestine in response to the 7 October attack, killing thousands of Palestinians.",
"* 28–29 October – Riots targeting Jews break out in the North Caucasus region of Russia.",
"* 18 December – The ''Fiducia supplicans'' is declared, allowing for the blessing of same-sex couples in the Catholic Church."
],
[
"See also",
"* 2023 in Vatican City* Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war* Islamophobia during the Israel–Hamas war* Religion and the Russian invasion of Ukraine* Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Nguyễn Hồng Phẩm"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Nguyễn Hồng Phẩm''' is a Vietnamese former footballer who played as a goalkeeper."
],
[
"Early life",
"He attended VNU-HCM High School for the Gifted in Vietnam."
],
[
"Career",
"He played for the Vietnam national football team."
],
[
"Personal life",
"He is a native Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Buřtcajk"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Buřtcajk''' was an entertaining program by , which was broadcast on TV Pětka.",
"The show included parodies of Czech shows and also several skits.",
"14 episodes were filmed, including a special episode on New Year's Eve.",
"In addition to Zdeněk Izer, the program also features , Šárka Vaňková and .",
"The program was broadcast during the existence of TV Pětka from October 2012 to February 2013."
],
[
"Parts of the show",
"The program was divided into several thematic parts.===Last minute===Last Minute was a parody of various travel shows.===Be in===Be in (Buď in) was a parody of the show \"VIP News\" with Šárka Vaňková.===Under the magnifying glass===Under the magnifying glass was a parody of the show Black Sheep with Vlado Štancel.===Auto moto corner===Auto moto corner was a parody of the ČT program \"Auto moto revue\".===Balls don't lie===Balls Don't Lie was a parody of the \"Call the Fortune Tellers\" variety show.===Domum sanitas===Domum sanitas was a parody of various health shows.",
"This part only appeared in the special 14th episode.===Brewhouse===Brewhouse was a parody of various shows about cooking, i.e.",
"about cooking in the kitchen.",
"Like the Domum sanitas part, this part also appeared only in the 14th volume."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lawrence of Arabia (radio play)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Lawrence of Arabia''''' is a 1935 Australian radio play by Edmund Barclay about Lawrence of Arabia.There were a number of other radio plays about Lawrence at this time.The play was produced again in 1941."
],
[
"Premise",
"\"The exploits of Colonel Lawrence in connection with the revolt in the desert have become legendary, and it is an almost impossible task to separate the truth from the fanciful.",
"This is due.",
"in part, to the veil of diplomatic mystery which the Great Powers concerned have flung over their negotiations with the Arabs, and, in part, to the attitude of Lawrence himself.",
"Lawrence, dealing on the one hand with the Allied Higher Command and its hidebound “conservatism”—to put it mildly!",
"—and, on the other hand, with such a sensitive, proud, and temperamental race as the Arabs, soon came to regard “truth” as: a dangerous two-edged weapon, to be used very sparingly, if ever.",
"This dramatic presentation is not so much concerned with the ambiguous “facts” of history; it rather endeavors to present a truly human picture of a complex personality amidst complex circumstances, doing a complex job which he loathed, faced, as he was—by the old, old tale—official stupidity and obstructionism.\""
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"17th Asian Film Awards"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''17th Asian Film Awards''' will be held on March 10, 2024 at the Xiqu Centre, Hong Kong.",
"The nominations were announced on January 12, 2024."
],
[
"Jury",
"*Kiyoshi Kurosawa – Jury President, director and writer"
],
[
"Winners and nominations",
"The nominations were announced on January 12, 2024 and led by ''Evil Does Not Exist'' and ''12.12: The Day'' with six.",
"* ''12.12: The Day''* ''Evil Does Not Exist''*/ ''Paradise''* ''Perfect Days''* ''Snow Leopard''* Gu Xiaogang – ''Dwelling by the West Lake''* Hirokazu Kore-eda – ''Monster'' * Ryusuke Hamaguchi – ''Evil Does Not Exist'' * Kim Sung-su – ''12.12: The Day'' * Prasanna Vithanage – ''Paradise''* Hwang Jung-min – ''12.12: The Day'' as Major General Chun Doo-gwang * Tony Leung Chiu-wai – ''The Goldfinger'' as Henry Ching * Shen Teng – ''Full River Red'' as Zhang Da * Wu Kang-ren – ''Abang Adik'' as Chen Ah-bang * Koji Yakusho – ''Perfect Days'' as Hirayama * Jiang Qinqin – ''Dwelling by the West Lake'' as Tai Hua * Jung Yu-mi – ''Sleep'' as Soo-jin * Rinko Kikuchi – ''658km, Yoko no Tabi'' as Yoko * Audrey Lin – ''Trouble Girl'' as Xiao Xiao* Zhou Dongyu – ''The Breaking Ice'' as Nana* Nakamura Shidō II – ''Kubi'' as Naniwa Mosuke * Park Hoon – ''12.12: The Day'' as Colonel Moon Il-pyeong * Park Jeong-min – ''Smugglers'' as Jang Do-ri* Jack Tan – ''Abang Adik'' as Zhang Wen-di * Sean Wong – ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' as Eli Cheng Yau Kit * Go Min-si – ''Smugglers'' as Go Ok-bun * Minami Hamabe – ''Godzilla Minus One'' as Noriko Ōishi * Rachel Leung – ''In Broad Daylight'' as Wong Siu-ling * Mariko Tsutsui – ''Last Shadow at First Light'' as Satomi* Wanfang – ''Snow in Midsummer'' as Ah Eng* Nick Cheuk – ''Time Still Turns the Pages''* Lkhagvadulam Purev-Ochir – ''City of Wind''* Amanda Nell Eu – ''Tiger Stripes''* Phạm Thiên Ân – ''Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell''* Dominic Sangma – ''Rapture''* Tergel Bold-Erdene – ''City of Wind'' as Ze* Awat Ratanapintha – ''Doi Boy'' as Sorn* Mihaya Shirata – ''Last Shadow at First Light'' as Ami* Wang Yibo – ''Hidden Blade'' as Mr. Ye* Yoyo Tse – ''Fly Me to the Moon''*''Evil Does Not Exist'' – Ryusuke Hamaguchi *''Monster'' – Yuji Sakamoto *''Paradise'' – Prasanna Vithanage and Anushka Senanayake /*''Sleep'' – Jason Yu *''Snow Leopard'' – Pema Tseden *''12.12: The Day'' – Kim Sang-bum *''Evil Does Not Exist'' – Ryusuke Hamaguchi and Azusa Yamazaki *''Only the River Flows'' – Matthieu Laclau *''Paradise'' – A. Sreekar Prasad /*''Time Still Turns the Pages'' – Nick Cheuk and Keith Hiu Chun Chan *''12.12: The Day'' – Lee Mo-gae *''Evil Does Not Exist'' – Yoshio Kitagawa *''Only the River Flows'' – Zhiyuan Chengma *''Qas'' – Azamat Dulatov *''Snow Leopard'' – Matthias Delvaux *''Dwelling by the West Lake'' – Shigeru Umebayashi *''Evil Does Not Exist'' – Eiko Ishibashi *''Qas'' – Akmaral Zykayeva *''Rapture'' – Anon Ch Momin ////*''Road to Boston'' – Lee Dong-june *''Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms'' – Tim Yip *''The Goldfinger'' – Man Lim-chung /*''Kubi'' – Kazuko Kurosawa *''Smugglers'' – Yoon Jung-hee *''Snow in Midsummer'' – Elaine Ng //*''Concrete Utopia'' – Cho Hwa-sung *''The Goldfinger'' – Eric Lam /*''Monster'' – Keiko Mitsumatsu *''Only the River Flows'' – Menglun Zhang *''Snow Leopard'' – Daktse Drundrup *''Concrete Utopia'' – Eun Jae-hyun *''Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms'' – Douglas Hans Smith, Joshua Bryer, and Jeremy Ball *''Godzilla Minus One'' – Takashi Yamazaki, Kiyoko Shibuya, Masaki Takahashi, and Tatsuji Nojima *''The Moon'' – Jin Jong-hyun *''The Wandering Earth 2'' – Allen Wei, Ahdee Chiu, Ding Yanlai, and Eric Xu *''Concrete Utopia'' – Kim Suk-won and Kim Eun-jung *''Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms'' – Yang Jiang and Zhao Nan *''Godzilla Minus One'' – Natsuko Inoue *''Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell'' – Vuong Gia Bao and Toh Wander ///*''Snow in Midsummer'' – Tu Duu-chih and Wu Shu-yao //'''''To be announced''''''''''To be announced'''''*''' Metawin Opas-iamkajorn''''''''To be announced'''''===Films with multiple nominations and awards===+Films that received multiple nominationsNominationsFilm6 ''12.12: The Day'' ''Evil Does Not Exist''4 ''Paradise'' ''Snow Leopard''3 ''Concrete Utopia'' ''Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms'' ''Dwelling by the West Lake'' ''Godzilla Minus One'' ''The Goldfinger'' ''Monster'' ''Only the River Flows'' ''Smugglers'' ''Snow in Midsummer'' ''Time Still Turns the Pages''2 ''Abang Adik'' ''City of Wind'' ''Inside the Yellow Cocoon Shell'' ''Kubi'' ''Last Shadow at First Light'' ''Perfect Days'' ''Qas'' ''Rapture'' ''Sleep''"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Unam Wiki"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Unam Wiki''' () is a South Korean wiki founded in 2018.It is named for the art name of the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee.",
", it has 12,528 articles.It was founded by Park Seong-hyeon () on August 20, 2018.The wiki intentionally forwards South Korean conservative views.",
"Park founded it expressly to counter what he felt were left-wing or communist narratives in other South Korean wikis, particularly namuwiki and the Korean Wikipedia.",
"The wiki reportedly requires that editors share political beliefs that align with the wiki's.",
"By April 2019, the wiki had around 300 members and 30 daily contributors.",
"The website ran workshops and meetings for its community."
],
[
"See also",
"* Conservapedia – An American conservative wiki"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Santpur Assembly constituency"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Santpur''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Mysore state assembly in India until 1978 when it was made defunct.",
"It was part of Bidar Lok Sabha seat."
],
[
"Members of Assembly",
"=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1962Prabhoo Rao Dhondiba1967 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.''"
],
[
"See also",
"* List of constituencies of the Mysore Legislative Assembly"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
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