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[
"Needham Market"
] | easy | Ian Westlake played for which team from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Ian_Westlake#P54#4 | Ian Westlake Ian John Westlake ( born 10 November 1983 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Brighton & Hove Albion , Cheltenham Town , Oldham Athletic , Wycombe Wanderers , Montreal Impact and Needham Market . Playing career . Ipswich Town . Born in Clacton-on-Sea , Westlake progressed through the youth ranks at Ipswich Town , at the club’s reserves and academy . At one point , he helped the under-17 team to the league title . Westlake then signed his professional forms with the club during the summer of 2002 . Westlake reflected : I might never have played professional football had it not been for relegation . Administration meant the club were forced to sell players and that opened the door for people like myself , Darren Bent and Darren Ambrose . It gave us our chance and , as odd as it sounds , I personally feel I owe my career to relegation . Westlake made his debut for Ipswich Town , coming on as a substitute in a 1–0 home defeat to Gillingham on 26 October 2002 . Having spent months at the club’s reserves , it wasn’t until on 15 March 2003 when he made his return to the first team , coming on as a 72nd minute substitute , in a 1–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday . Westlake made a further three appearances for Ipswich Town during the 2002–03 season . At the start of the 2003–04 season , Westlake made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City on 23 August 2003 . Seven days later on 30 August 2003 , he made his first start for Ipswich Town , as they lost 2–1 against West Ham United . Westlake then scored his first goal for the side during the 3–4 home defeat to Gillingham on 1 November 2003 . Three weeks later on 22 November 2003 , Westlake scored his second goal for the club , in a 3–0 win against Sheffield United . Initially , his playing time mostly comes from the substitute bench but soon make number of starts as the season progressed . It wasn’t until on 31 January 2004 when he scored his third goal of the season , in a 1–1 draw against Coventry City . Westlake scored two more goals in February , coming against Bradford City and Preston North End . His seventh goal of the season came on 30 April 2004 against Sheffield United , drawing 1–1 . Westlake played in both legs of the Division One Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 2–1 on aggragate . At the end of the 2003–04 season , he made a further 43 appearances for the club and also scored 7 goals , For his performance , Westlake was awarded Ipswich Town Player of the Year . In August 2004 , Westlake was called up to the England Under-21 national team . Amid to the international call up , he continued to establish himself in the starting eleven , playing in the midfield position at the start of the 2004–05 season , though his performance failed to recapture the same levels as he did with the previous season . In his 50th appearances for Ipswich Town against Derby County , Westlake set up the club’s first goal of the game , in a 3–2 loss . In a follow–up match against Cardiff City , he scored his first goal of the season , in a 3–1 win and scored again four days later on 25 August 2004 , in a 2–0 win against Brentford in the second round of the League Cup . Westlake scored four more goals by the end of the year . His performance led Manager Joe Royle saw in a potential in him , saying he could one day captain the club . Westlake then signed a contract with Ipswich Town , keeping him until 2008 . Since the start of the 2004–05 season , Westlake started in every matches until he missed one match , due to suspension . After serving a one match suspension , Westlake returned to the starting line–up against Reading on 21 January 2005 , as the club drew 1–1 . He later scored two more goals for Ipswich Town against Nottingham Forest and Rotherham United , adding his tally to eight goals this season . Westlake set up the club’s first two goals in the match , winning 5–1 against Crewe Alexandra on 30 April 2005 . He , once again , played in both legs of the Championship Play–Offs against West Ham United , as Ipswich Town lost 4–2 on aggragate . Despite suffering injuries later in the 2004–05 season , Westlake went on to make fifty appearances and scoring eight times in all competitions . At the start of the 2005–06 season , Westlake started in the first seven matches of the season , playing in the midfield position and scored his first goal of the season , in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday on 20 August 2005 . This last until Westlake suffered ankle injury that kept him out for six weeks , eventually sidelined for two months . He didn’t make his return to the first team until on 5 November 2005 , coming on as a 76th minute substitute , in a 3–1 win against Plymouth Argyle . After making two more appearances since returning from injury , Westlake suffered ankle injury once again and was out for a week . He didn’t make a return to the first team until on 10 December 2005 against Queens Park Rangers , coming on as a second half substitute , in a 2–2 draw . Westlake then scored his second goal of the season , in a 1–0 win against Luton Town on 31 December 2005 . Since returning from injury , he regained his first team place for Ipswich Town , playing in the midfield position . This last until Westlake suffered injuries on two occasions towards the end of the 2005–06 season . At the end of the 2005–06 season , he made twenty–eight appearances and scoring two times in all competitions . By the time Westlake departed Ipswich Town for Leeds United , he made a total of 125 appearances for the club , scoring 17 goals . Leeds United . On 4 August 2006 , Westlake transferred to Leeds United for a fee of £400,000 plus the transfer of former Brighton left-back Daniel Harding to Ipswich in a part-exchange deal . Westlake made his debut on 5 August 2006 , coming on as a substitute during the 1–0 home victory over Norwich City . Since making his debut for the club , he became involved in the first team . However , Westlake suffered a groin injury that kept him out for the rest of the season . In total , Westlake made 29 appearances for Leeds during the 2006–07 season , in which the Yorkshire club were relegated from the Championship . During the 2007–08 season , Westlake made 23 appearances for Leeds and scored his only league goal for the club when netting the last-minute winning goal in a 1–0 away win at Oldham Athletic on 2 October 2007 . He had earlier scored his first goal for Leeds in a 1–0 win at Macclesfield in the League Cup on 14 August 2007 . However , Westlake’s first team opportunities soon became limited , due to competitions and his own injury concern . Brighton & Hove Albion ( loan ) . On 3 March 2008 , it was revealed that Westlake had agreed an initial one-month loan deal at League One play-off rivals Brighton & Hove Albion . Westlake made his Brighton & Hove Albion debut , starting the whole game , in a 4–2 win against Gillingham on 4 March 2008 . He then started in the next five matches before suffering a calf injury during a match against Swindon Town on 22 March 2008 and was substituted in the 83rd minute as a result . While on the sidelined , it was announced on 3 April 2008 that Westlake , Leeds United and Brighton & Hove Albion agreed that the player would remain on loan at the Withdean for the remainder of the 2007–08 season . After missing two matches from a calf injury , he made his return to the first team , starting a match against Port Vale on 5 April 2008 and played 63 minutes before being substituted , in a 3–2 loss . Seven days later on 12 April 2008 , Westlake scored his first goal for the club , in a 2–1 win against Luton Town . His second goal for the club then came on 26 April 2008 , in a 2–0 win against Bristol Rovers . In total , he made 11 appearances for Brighton , scoring two goals . Following this , Westlake returned to his parent club . Cheltenham Town . On 24 October 2008 , Westlake joined League One side Cheltenham Town on an initial three-month loan deal . It came after when he previously went on a trial with the club . Westlake made his debut the following day during the 3–1 away defeat to MK Dons . During his loan spell at Cheltenham , Westlake played 14 games and scored 1 goal during the 2–1 away victory at Leyton Orient . On 24 January 2009 , Westlake had his contract terminated at Leeds United by mutual consent . Later that day , Westlake signed a contract with Cheltenham Town for the remainder of the 2008–09 season . Westlake also scored on the day of his permanent debut for Cheltenham during the 2–2 home draw with Brighton & Hove Albion . Oldham Athletic ( loan ) . With Cheltenham Town suffering from financial difficulties , Westlake joined League One side Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the 2008–09 season on 19 March 2009 . Westlake made his debut for Oldham on 25 March 2009 , during a 2–0 home defeat to Tranmere Rovers . In total , Westlake made 5 appearances for the club . Wycombe Wanderers . On 15 July 2009 , Westlake signed a two-year contract with recently promoted League One side Wycombe Wanderers . After missing the opening game of the season due to a hamstring injury , he made his debut for the club , starting a match and played 62 minutes before being substituted , in a 1–0 loss against Leeds United on 15 August 2009 . Westlake then set up the club’s first goal of the game , as Wycombe Wanderers lost 3–2 against Gillingham on 10 October 2009 . However , he found himself out of the first team , due to being placed on the substitute bench . Westlake also faced his own injury concern after suffering from ankle injury . Despite this , he went on to make nine appearances in all competitions . However in the 2010–11 season , Westlake’s first team opportunities at the club and made no appearance for Wycombe Wanderers . He was released from his contract on 18 March 2011 and the following week joined Colchester United on trial . Montreal Impact . Westlake joined the Montreal Impact on trial starting 5 July 2011 . He formally signed with the North American Soccer League team on 15 July 2011 , his contract expiring after the 2011 season . Westlake made his Montreal Impact debut , starting the whole game , in a 2–2 draw against Atlanta Silverbacks on 17 July 2011 . He then scored two goals in two matches between 7 August 2011 and 11 August 2011 against Minnesota United and Tampa Bay Rowdies . Westlake quickly became a fixture in the Impacts starting line-up scoring two goals in 13 games . On 5 December 2011 , it was announced that Westlake re-signed to continue with the Impact in 2012 , the teams first year in Major League Soccer , however Westlake was waived by Montreal on 27 February 2012 , despite appearing for the club during their pre-season . Needham Market . After being released by Montreal Impact following the introduction of a six foreign players rule , Westlake returned to Suffolk before signing for Needham Market eighteen months later in June 2013 . Westlake made his Needham Market debut , starting the match and scoring his first goal from a free kick , in a 3–0 win against Romford . He then became a first team regular for the side , and continued to produce his goal scoring form . Following his performance against AFC Sudbury in the Fourth Qualifying Round of FA Cup , in which he scored , Westlake was praised by Manager Mark Morsley , saying : The likes of Kemal Izzet and Ian Westlake are massive for us and I am proud of them . However , he suffered a knee injury that kept him out for the rest of the 2013–14 season . In the 2014–15 season , Westlake returned from injury and continued a first team regular for the side , as well , as producing his goal scoring form . This last until he suffered a hamstring injury that kept him out briefly and resume his place in the first team . Westlake helped Needham Market win the Ryman Division One North title following a 5-0 victory over Chatham Town . At the end of the 2014–15 season , he announced his retirement from professional football . Personal life . Westlake is married to his wife , Claire , and together , they have two daughters . He continued to resided in Ipswich , even after announcing his retirement from professional football . Westlake previously resided in Canada but following his release by Montreal Impact , his family moved back to Ipswich . Since then , Westlake opened up a lettings company and project manage new builds across Ipswich . Westlake once represented England at water polo . Growing up , he was an Ipswich Town’s supporter . Honours . Individual - Ipswich Town Player of the Year : 2003–04 |
[
""
] | easy | What military rank did Reinhard Scheer have from 1900 to 1905? | /wiki/Reinhard_Scheer#P410#0 | Reinhard Scheer Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer ( 30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928 ) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks , commanding cruisers and battleships , as well as senior staff positions on land . At the outbreak of World War I , Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet . He then took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy . In January 1916 , he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , one of the largest naval battles in history . Following the battle , Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies , a move the Kaiser eventually permitted . In August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet . Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet , but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned . Scheer retired after the end of the war . A strict disciplinarian , Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the man with the iron mask due to his severe appearance . In 1919 , Scheer wrote his memoirs ; a year later they were translated and published in English . He wrote his autobiography in 1925 . Scheer died at Marktredwitz . He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . The admiral was commemorated in the renascent Kriegsmarine by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s . Early career . Scheer was born in Obernkirchen , present-day Lower Saxony . He came from a middle-class background , which initially hampered his naval career , as the Kaiserliche Marine was dominated by wealthy families . Reinhard Scheer entered the navy on 22 April 1879 aged 15 as a cadet . His first sea assignment was aboard the sail-frigate . His first cruise aboard Niobe lasted from June to September 1879 . During the cruise he was trained in navigation and engineering . Following his return to Germany in September , Scheer was assigned to the Naval School in Kiel to continue his officer training . He received only a satisfactory rating on his cadet evaluation in 1879 , but received the second highest grade in his class for the Sea Cadets Exam the following year . Following his graduation from the Naval School , Scheer embarked on a six-month-long special training program for gunnery , torpedo warfare , and infantry training . Afterward , he was assigned to the gunnery training ship . Scheer was for a short time assigned to the armored frigate . For his last year in cadet training , he was assigned to the frigate , which conducted a world tour . The ship sailed to Melbourne , Australia , Yokohama , Kobe , and Nagasaki in Japan , and Shanghai , China during the trip . Following his commission into the German navy , he was transferred to the East Africa Squadron ; his first tour with the unit lasted from 1884 to 1886 . He was assigned to the crew of the frigate . Here he was promoted to Leutnant . He also made important connections in Africa ; among those he befriended was Leutnant Henning von Holtzendorff , who would later serve as commander of the High Seas Fleet . During the assignment , in December 1884 , Scheer participated in a landing party that suppressed a pro-British indigenous chieftain in Kamerun . After his return to Germany in 1886 , Scheer took part in torpedo training aboard , from January to May 1888 . In May 1888 , Scheer returned to the East Africa Squadron as a torpedo officer aboard the corvette . This tour lasted until early summer 1890 , at which point Scheer returned to Germany , where he was made an instructor at the Torpedo Research Command in Kiel . Thus far in his career , Scheer had made a strong reputation for himself as a torpedo specialist . While stationed in Kiel , Scheer met Alfred von Tirpitz , who took note of his expertise . In 1897 , following Tirpitzs promotion to Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office , he transferred Scheer to the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA ) to work in the Torpedo Section . After promotion to Korvettenkapitän , Scheer commanded the light cruiser . Scheer was promoted to Kapitän zur See in 1905 and took command of the battleship in 1907 , a command he held for two years . A report dated 1 December 1909 recommended Scheer for promotion ; he became chief of staff to the commanding officer of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Holtzendorff , under whom Scheer had served on the cruiser SMS Prinzess Wilhelm . Scheer reached flag rank less than six months after taking his post on Holtzendorffs staff , at the age of 47 . He held the Chief of Staff position until late 1911 , when he was transferred back to the RMA under Tirpitz . Here , he held the position of Chief of the General Naval Department through 1912 . Following this appointment , Scheer returned to a sea command , in the form of squadron commander for the six battleships of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet in January 1913 . World War I . On 9 December 1913 , Scheer was promoted to Vizeadmiral . He remained with the II Battle Squadron until January 1915 , by which time World War I had begun . He thereafter took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the most powerful battleships in the German fleet : the dreadnoughts of the and es . Scheer advocated raids on the British coast to lure out portions of the numerically superior Royal Navy so they could be overwhelmed by the German fleet . He was highly critical of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , who he felt was overcautious . Following the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , during which Ingenohl had withdrawn instead of attacking a weaker British squadron , Scheer remarked , [ Ingenohl ] had robbed us of the opportunity of meeting certain divisions of the enemy according to the prearranged plan , which was now seen to be correct . Following the loss of at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet . Pohl was exceedingly cautious ; in the remainder of 1915 , he conducted only five ineffective fleet actions , all of which remained within 120 nautical miles of Helgoland . Command of the High Seas fleet . Vice Admiral Scheer became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post . Upon promotion to the position , Scheer wrote Guiding Principles for Sea Warfare in the North Sea , which outlined his strategic plans . His central idea was that the Grand Fleet should be pressured by higher U-boat activity and zeppelin raids as well as increased fleet sorties . The Grand Fleet would be forced to abandon the distant blockade and would have to attack the German fleet ; the Kaiser approved the memorandum on 23 February 1916 . Now that he had approval from the Kaiser , Scheer could use the fleet more aggressively . Following the Kaisers order forbidding unrestricted submarine warfare on 24 April 1916 , Scheer ordered all of the U-boats in the Atlantic to return to Germany and abandon commerce raiding . Scheer intended to use the submarines to support the fleet by stationing the U-boats off major British naval bases . The U-boats would intercept British forces leaving the ports when provoked by a bombardment by the I Scouting Group battlecruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . Scheer planned the operation for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser from the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . Battle of Jutland . Admiral Scheers fleet , composed of 16 dreadnoughts , six pre-dreadnoughts , six light cruisers , and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Hippers five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The British navys Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16:00 UTC , the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheers battle fleet . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beattys battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Scheers leading ships engaged the s of the 5th Battle Squadron . By 18:30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheers T from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16-point turn to the south-west . At 18:55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet ; he later explained his reasoning : It was as yet too early to assume night cruising order . The enemy could have compelled us to fight before dark , he could have prevented our exercising our initiative , and finally he could have cut off our return to the German Bight . There was only one way of avoiding this : to inflict a second blow on the enemy with another advance carried through regardless of cost...It also offered the possibility of a last attempt being made to bring help to the hard-pressed , or at least of rescuing her ships company . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheers T . A third 16-point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hippers mauled battlecruisers . Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising formation , which was completed by 23:40 . A series of ferocious engagements between Scheers battleships and Jellicoes destroyer screen ensued , though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef . The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June ; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead while the Kaiser-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven . Post-Jutland . After the battle was finished , Scheer wrote an assessment of the engagement for the Kaiser ; in it , he strongly urged for the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in the Atlantic . He argued that it was the only option to defeat Great Britain . Scheer spent the majority of the remainder of the year debating the issue with the naval command . Ultimately , Scheer and his allies prevailed and the unrestricted submarine campaign was resumed in February 1917 . Despite his conviction that only the U-boats could defeat Britain , Scheer continued to utilize the surface fleet . On 18–19 August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet again sortied in an attempt to draw out and defeat Admiral Beattys battlecruiser squadron . The Royal Navy again intercepted German communications and sent the Grand Fleet out . In this case , however , Scheers reconnaissance worked as intended , and warned him of the Grand Fleets approach in time to retreat back to Germany . In later 1917 , Scheer began to use light elements of the fleet to raid British convoys to Norway in the North Sea . This forced the British to deploy battleships to escort the convoys , which presented Scheer with the opportunity to attempt to isolate and destroy several battleships of the Grand Fleet . On 23 April 1918 , Scheer sent the entire High Seas Fleet to intercept one of the convoys . However , Hippers battlecruisers crossed the convoys path several times without sighting any ships ; it was later discovered that German intelligence had miscalculated the date the convoy would depart Britain . The German fleet turned south and reached their North Sea bases by 19:00 . Chief of Naval Staff . In June 1918 , Scheer was informed that the state of Admiral Holtzendorffs health would not permit him to remain in his post as chief of the naval staff much longer . On 28 July , Scheer was informed that Holtzendorff had submitted his resignation to the Kaiser . Two weeks later , on 11 August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; his subordinate Franz von Hipper succeeded him in command of the High Seas Fleet . The following day , Scheer met with Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff to discuss the deteriorating war situation . The three agreed that the U-boat campaign would be the sole hope for a German victory , as the German army had been pushed to the defensive . Scheer then called for a crash program to build a vastly increased number of U-boats . He stipulated that , at a minimum , at least 16 additional U-boats be constructed per month in the last quarter of 1918 . This was to increase to at least an additional 30 per month by the third quarter of 1919 . In total , the plan called for 376 to 450 new U-boats . However , German naval historian Holger Herwig suggested the program was a massive propaganda effort designed to have an effect at home and abroad . In October , with the war largely lost , Scheer and Hipper envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war-weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshavens inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . Post-war . Scheer wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1919 , which were translated into English the following year . In October 1920 , an intruder broke into Scheers house and murdered his wife , Emillie , his maid , and injured his daughter Else . The man then committed suicide in the cellar . Following the incident , Scheer retreated into solitude . He wrote his autobiography , entitled Vom Segelschiff zum U-Boot ( From Sailing Ship to Submarine ) , which was published on 6 November 1925 . In 1928 , Scheer accepted an invitation to meet his adversary from Jutland , Admiral of the Fleet Jellicoe , in England . However , at the age of 65 , Scheer died at Marktredwitz before he could make the trip . He was buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . His tombstone reads : [ Here rests Admiral Reinhard Scheer ] — with the dates of his life , his flag in metal applique and the single word ( the German name for the Battle of Jutland ) . The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was named after Reinhard Scheer and christened by his daughter Marianne . The ship was ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic and launched in 1933 . Decorations and awards . - German honours - Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) - Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) , Oak Leaves added 1 February 1918 ( Prussia ) - Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class - Knights Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern - Service Award ( Prussia ) - Order of the Crown , 1st class with Swords ( Prussia ) - Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) - Grand Cross of the House Order of Albert the Bear ( Anhalt ) - Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order ( Bavaria ) - Knights Cross of the Military Order of St . Henry ( Saxony , 23 June 1916 ) - Grand Cross of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon ( Mecklenburg ) - Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( Oldenburg ) - Knight of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) - Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ) - Foreign honours - Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph ( Austro-Hungarian Empire ) - Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class ( Japan ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) - Order of the Iron Crown , 3rd class ( Austria ) - Order of Saint Stanislaus , 2nd class External links . - Reinhard Scheers memoirs |
[
"Kapitän zur See"
] | easy | What was the military rank of Reinhard Scheer from 1905 to 1910? | /wiki/Reinhard_Scheer#P410#1 | Reinhard Scheer Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer ( 30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928 ) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks , commanding cruisers and battleships , as well as senior staff positions on land . At the outbreak of World War I , Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet . He then took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy . In January 1916 , he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , one of the largest naval battles in history . Following the battle , Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies , a move the Kaiser eventually permitted . In August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet . Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet , but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned . Scheer retired after the end of the war . A strict disciplinarian , Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the man with the iron mask due to his severe appearance . In 1919 , Scheer wrote his memoirs ; a year later they were translated and published in English . He wrote his autobiography in 1925 . Scheer died at Marktredwitz . He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . The admiral was commemorated in the renascent Kriegsmarine by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s . Early career . Scheer was born in Obernkirchen , present-day Lower Saxony . He came from a middle-class background , which initially hampered his naval career , as the Kaiserliche Marine was dominated by wealthy families . Reinhard Scheer entered the navy on 22 April 1879 aged 15 as a cadet . His first sea assignment was aboard the sail-frigate . His first cruise aboard Niobe lasted from June to September 1879 . During the cruise he was trained in navigation and engineering . Following his return to Germany in September , Scheer was assigned to the Naval School in Kiel to continue his officer training . He received only a satisfactory rating on his cadet evaluation in 1879 , but received the second highest grade in his class for the Sea Cadets Exam the following year . Following his graduation from the Naval School , Scheer embarked on a six-month-long special training program for gunnery , torpedo warfare , and infantry training . Afterward , he was assigned to the gunnery training ship . Scheer was for a short time assigned to the armored frigate . For his last year in cadet training , he was assigned to the frigate , which conducted a world tour . The ship sailed to Melbourne , Australia , Yokohama , Kobe , and Nagasaki in Japan , and Shanghai , China during the trip . Following his commission into the German navy , he was transferred to the East Africa Squadron ; his first tour with the unit lasted from 1884 to 1886 . He was assigned to the crew of the frigate . Here he was promoted to Leutnant . He also made important connections in Africa ; among those he befriended was Leutnant Henning von Holtzendorff , who would later serve as commander of the High Seas Fleet . During the assignment , in December 1884 , Scheer participated in a landing party that suppressed a pro-British indigenous chieftain in Kamerun . After his return to Germany in 1886 , Scheer took part in torpedo training aboard , from January to May 1888 . In May 1888 , Scheer returned to the East Africa Squadron as a torpedo officer aboard the corvette . This tour lasted until early summer 1890 , at which point Scheer returned to Germany , where he was made an instructor at the Torpedo Research Command in Kiel . Thus far in his career , Scheer had made a strong reputation for himself as a torpedo specialist . While stationed in Kiel , Scheer met Alfred von Tirpitz , who took note of his expertise . In 1897 , following Tirpitzs promotion to Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office , he transferred Scheer to the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA ) to work in the Torpedo Section . After promotion to Korvettenkapitän , Scheer commanded the light cruiser . Scheer was promoted to Kapitän zur See in 1905 and took command of the battleship in 1907 , a command he held for two years . A report dated 1 December 1909 recommended Scheer for promotion ; he became chief of staff to the commanding officer of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Holtzendorff , under whom Scheer had served on the cruiser SMS Prinzess Wilhelm . Scheer reached flag rank less than six months after taking his post on Holtzendorffs staff , at the age of 47 . He held the Chief of Staff position until late 1911 , when he was transferred back to the RMA under Tirpitz . Here , he held the position of Chief of the General Naval Department through 1912 . Following this appointment , Scheer returned to a sea command , in the form of squadron commander for the six battleships of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet in January 1913 . World War I . On 9 December 1913 , Scheer was promoted to Vizeadmiral . He remained with the II Battle Squadron until January 1915 , by which time World War I had begun . He thereafter took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the most powerful battleships in the German fleet : the dreadnoughts of the and es . Scheer advocated raids on the British coast to lure out portions of the numerically superior Royal Navy so they could be overwhelmed by the German fleet . He was highly critical of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , who he felt was overcautious . Following the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , during which Ingenohl had withdrawn instead of attacking a weaker British squadron , Scheer remarked , [ Ingenohl ] had robbed us of the opportunity of meeting certain divisions of the enemy according to the prearranged plan , which was now seen to be correct . Following the loss of at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet . Pohl was exceedingly cautious ; in the remainder of 1915 , he conducted only five ineffective fleet actions , all of which remained within 120 nautical miles of Helgoland . Command of the High Seas fleet . Vice Admiral Scheer became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post . Upon promotion to the position , Scheer wrote Guiding Principles for Sea Warfare in the North Sea , which outlined his strategic plans . His central idea was that the Grand Fleet should be pressured by higher U-boat activity and zeppelin raids as well as increased fleet sorties . The Grand Fleet would be forced to abandon the distant blockade and would have to attack the German fleet ; the Kaiser approved the memorandum on 23 February 1916 . Now that he had approval from the Kaiser , Scheer could use the fleet more aggressively . Following the Kaisers order forbidding unrestricted submarine warfare on 24 April 1916 , Scheer ordered all of the U-boats in the Atlantic to return to Germany and abandon commerce raiding . Scheer intended to use the submarines to support the fleet by stationing the U-boats off major British naval bases . The U-boats would intercept British forces leaving the ports when provoked by a bombardment by the I Scouting Group battlecruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . Scheer planned the operation for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser from the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . Battle of Jutland . Admiral Scheers fleet , composed of 16 dreadnoughts , six pre-dreadnoughts , six light cruisers , and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Hippers five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The British navys Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16:00 UTC , the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheers battle fleet . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beattys battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Scheers leading ships engaged the s of the 5th Battle Squadron . By 18:30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheers T from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16-point turn to the south-west . At 18:55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet ; he later explained his reasoning : It was as yet too early to assume night cruising order . The enemy could have compelled us to fight before dark , he could have prevented our exercising our initiative , and finally he could have cut off our return to the German Bight . There was only one way of avoiding this : to inflict a second blow on the enemy with another advance carried through regardless of cost...It also offered the possibility of a last attempt being made to bring help to the hard-pressed , or at least of rescuing her ships company . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheers T . A third 16-point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hippers mauled battlecruisers . Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising formation , which was completed by 23:40 . A series of ferocious engagements between Scheers battleships and Jellicoes destroyer screen ensued , though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef . The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June ; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead while the Kaiser-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven . Post-Jutland . After the battle was finished , Scheer wrote an assessment of the engagement for the Kaiser ; in it , he strongly urged for the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in the Atlantic . He argued that it was the only option to defeat Great Britain . Scheer spent the majority of the remainder of the year debating the issue with the naval command . Ultimately , Scheer and his allies prevailed and the unrestricted submarine campaign was resumed in February 1917 . Despite his conviction that only the U-boats could defeat Britain , Scheer continued to utilize the surface fleet . On 18–19 August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet again sortied in an attempt to draw out and defeat Admiral Beattys battlecruiser squadron . The Royal Navy again intercepted German communications and sent the Grand Fleet out . In this case , however , Scheers reconnaissance worked as intended , and warned him of the Grand Fleets approach in time to retreat back to Germany . In later 1917 , Scheer began to use light elements of the fleet to raid British convoys to Norway in the North Sea . This forced the British to deploy battleships to escort the convoys , which presented Scheer with the opportunity to attempt to isolate and destroy several battleships of the Grand Fleet . On 23 April 1918 , Scheer sent the entire High Seas Fleet to intercept one of the convoys . However , Hippers battlecruisers crossed the convoys path several times without sighting any ships ; it was later discovered that German intelligence had miscalculated the date the convoy would depart Britain . The German fleet turned south and reached their North Sea bases by 19:00 . Chief of Naval Staff . In June 1918 , Scheer was informed that the state of Admiral Holtzendorffs health would not permit him to remain in his post as chief of the naval staff much longer . On 28 July , Scheer was informed that Holtzendorff had submitted his resignation to the Kaiser . Two weeks later , on 11 August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; his subordinate Franz von Hipper succeeded him in command of the High Seas Fleet . The following day , Scheer met with Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff to discuss the deteriorating war situation . The three agreed that the U-boat campaign would be the sole hope for a German victory , as the German army had been pushed to the defensive . Scheer then called for a crash program to build a vastly increased number of U-boats . He stipulated that , at a minimum , at least 16 additional U-boats be constructed per month in the last quarter of 1918 . This was to increase to at least an additional 30 per month by the third quarter of 1919 . In total , the plan called for 376 to 450 new U-boats . However , German naval historian Holger Herwig suggested the program was a massive propaganda effort designed to have an effect at home and abroad . In October , with the war largely lost , Scheer and Hipper envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war-weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshavens inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . Post-war . Scheer wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1919 , which were translated into English the following year . In October 1920 , an intruder broke into Scheers house and murdered his wife , Emillie , his maid , and injured his daughter Else . The man then committed suicide in the cellar . Following the incident , Scheer retreated into solitude . He wrote his autobiography , entitled Vom Segelschiff zum U-Boot ( From Sailing Ship to Submarine ) , which was published on 6 November 1925 . In 1928 , Scheer accepted an invitation to meet his adversary from Jutland , Admiral of the Fleet Jellicoe , in England . However , at the age of 65 , Scheer died at Marktredwitz before he could make the trip . He was buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . His tombstone reads : [ Here rests Admiral Reinhard Scheer ] — with the dates of his life , his flag in metal applique and the single word ( the German name for the Battle of Jutland ) . The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was named after Reinhard Scheer and christened by his daughter Marianne . The ship was ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic and launched in 1933 . Decorations and awards . - German honours - Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) - Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) , Oak Leaves added 1 February 1918 ( Prussia ) - Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class - Knights Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern - Service Award ( Prussia ) - Order of the Crown , 1st class with Swords ( Prussia ) - Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) - Grand Cross of the House Order of Albert the Bear ( Anhalt ) - Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order ( Bavaria ) - Knights Cross of the Military Order of St . Henry ( Saxony , 23 June 1916 ) - Grand Cross of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon ( Mecklenburg ) - Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( Oldenburg ) - Knight of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) - Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ) - Foreign honours - Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph ( Austro-Hungarian Empire ) - Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class ( Japan ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) - Order of the Iron Crown , 3rd class ( Austria ) - Order of Saint Stanislaus , 2nd class External links . - Reinhard Scheers memoirs |
[
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] | easy | What military rank did Reinhard Scheer have from 1910 to Dec 1913? | /wiki/Reinhard_Scheer#P410#2 | Reinhard Scheer Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer ( 30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928 ) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks , commanding cruisers and battleships , as well as senior staff positions on land . At the outbreak of World War I , Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet . He then took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy . In January 1916 , he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , one of the largest naval battles in history . Following the battle , Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies , a move the Kaiser eventually permitted . In August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet . Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet , but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned . Scheer retired after the end of the war . A strict disciplinarian , Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the man with the iron mask due to his severe appearance . In 1919 , Scheer wrote his memoirs ; a year later they were translated and published in English . He wrote his autobiography in 1925 . Scheer died at Marktredwitz . He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . The admiral was commemorated in the renascent Kriegsmarine by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s . Early career . Scheer was born in Obernkirchen , present-day Lower Saxony . He came from a middle-class background , which initially hampered his naval career , as the Kaiserliche Marine was dominated by wealthy families . Reinhard Scheer entered the navy on 22 April 1879 aged 15 as a cadet . His first sea assignment was aboard the sail-frigate . His first cruise aboard Niobe lasted from June to September 1879 . During the cruise he was trained in navigation and engineering . Following his return to Germany in September , Scheer was assigned to the Naval School in Kiel to continue his officer training . He received only a satisfactory rating on his cadet evaluation in 1879 , but received the second highest grade in his class for the Sea Cadets Exam the following year . Following his graduation from the Naval School , Scheer embarked on a six-month-long special training program for gunnery , torpedo warfare , and infantry training . Afterward , he was assigned to the gunnery training ship . Scheer was for a short time assigned to the armored frigate . For his last year in cadet training , he was assigned to the frigate , which conducted a world tour . The ship sailed to Melbourne , Australia , Yokohama , Kobe , and Nagasaki in Japan , and Shanghai , China during the trip . Following his commission into the German navy , he was transferred to the East Africa Squadron ; his first tour with the unit lasted from 1884 to 1886 . He was assigned to the crew of the frigate . Here he was promoted to Leutnant . He also made important connections in Africa ; among those he befriended was Leutnant Henning von Holtzendorff , who would later serve as commander of the High Seas Fleet . During the assignment , in December 1884 , Scheer participated in a landing party that suppressed a pro-British indigenous chieftain in Kamerun . After his return to Germany in 1886 , Scheer took part in torpedo training aboard , from January to May 1888 . In May 1888 , Scheer returned to the East Africa Squadron as a torpedo officer aboard the corvette . This tour lasted until early summer 1890 , at which point Scheer returned to Germany , where he was made an instructor at the Torpedo Research Command in Kiel . Thus far in his career , Scheer had made a strong reputation for himself as a torpedo specialist . While stationed in Kiel , Scheer met Alfred von Tirpitz , who took note of his expertise . In 1897 , following Tirpitzs promotion to Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office , he transferred Scheer to the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA ) to work in the Torpedo Section . After promotion to Korvettenkapitän , Scheer commanded the light cruiser . Scheer was promoted to Kapitän zur See in 1905 and took command of the battleship in 1907 , a command he held for two years . A report dated 1 December 1909 recommended Scheer for promotion ; he became chief of staff to the commanding officer of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Holtzendorff , under whom Scheer had served on the cruiser SMS Prinzess Wilhelm . Scheer reached flag rank less than six months after taking his post on Holtzendorffs staff , at the age of 47 . He held the Chief of Staff position until late 1911 , when he was transferred back to the RMA under Tirpitz . Here , he held the position of Chief of the General Naval Department through 1912 . Following this appointment , Scheer returned to a sea command , in the form of squadron commander for the six battleships of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet in January 1913 . World War I . On 9 December 1913 , Scheer was promoted to Vizeadmiral . He remained with the II Battle Squadron until January 1915 , by which time World War I had begun . He thereafter took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the most powerful battleships in the German fleet : the dreadnoughts of the and es . Scheer advocated raids on the British coast to lure out portions of the numerically superior Royal Navy so they could be overwhelmed by the German fleet . He was highly critical of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , who he felt was overcautious . Following the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , during which Ingenohl had withdrawn instead of attacking a weaker British squadron , Scheer remarked , [ Ingenohl ] had robbed us of the opportunity of meeting certain divisions of the enemy according to the prearranged plan , which was now seen to be correct . Following the loss of at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet . Pohl was exceedingly cautious ; in the remainder of 1915 , he conducted only five ineffective fleet actions , all of which remained within 120 nautical miles of Helgoland . Command of the High Seas fleet . Vice Admiral Scheer became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post . Upon promotion to the position , Scheer wrote Guiding Principles for Sea Warfare in the North Sea , which outlined his strategic plans . His central idea was that the Grand Fleet should be pressured by higher U-boat activity and zeppelin raids as well as increased fleet sorties . The Grand Fleet would be forced to abandon the distant blockade and would have to attack the German fleet ; the Kaiser approved the memorandum on 23 February 1916 . Now that he had approval from the Kaiser , Scheer could use the fleet more aggressively . Following the Kaisers order forbidding unrestricted submarine warfare on 24 April 1916 , Scheer ordered all of the U-boats in the Atlantic to return to Germany and abandon commerce raiding . Scheer intended to use the submarines to support the fleet by stationing the U-boats off major British naval bases . The U-boats would intercept British forces leaving the ports when provoked by a bombardment by the I Scouting Group battlecruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . Scheer planned the operation for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser from the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . Battle of Jutland . Admiral Scheers fleet , composed of 16 dreadnoughts , six pre-dreadnoughts , six light cruisers , and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Hippers five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The British navys Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16:00 UTC , the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheers battle fleet . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beattys battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Scheers leading ships engaged the s of the 5th Battle Squadron . By 18:30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheers T from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16-point turn to the south-west . At 18:55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet ; he later explained his reasoning : It was as yet too early to assume night cruising order . The enemy could have compelled us to fight before dark , he could have prevented our exercising our initiative , and finally he could have cut off our return to the German Bight . There was only one way of avoiding this : to inflict a second blow on the enemy with another advance carried through regardless of cost...It also offered the possibility of a last attempt being made to bring help to the hard-pressed , or at least of rescuing her ships company . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheers T . A third 16-point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hippers mauled battlecruisers . Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising formation , which was completed by 23:40 . A series of ferocious engagements between Scheers battleships and Jellicoes destroyer screen ensued , though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef . The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June ; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead while the Kaiser-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven . Post-Jutland . After the battle was finished , Scheer wrote an assessment of the engagement for the Kaiser ; in it , he strongly urged for the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in the Atlantic . He argued that it was the only option to defeat Great Britain . Scheer spent the majority of the remainder of the year debating the issue with the naval command . Ultimately , Scheer and his allies prevailed and the unrestricted submarine campaign was resumed in February 1917 . Despite his conviction that only the U-boats could defeat Britain , Scheer continued to utilize the surface fleet . On 18–19 August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet again sortied in an attempt to draw out and defeat Admiral Beattys battlecruiser squadron . The Royal Navy again intercepted German communications and sent the Grand Fleet out . In this case , however , Scheers reconnaissance worked as intended , and warned him of the Grand Fleets approach in time to retreat back to Germany . In later 1917 , Scheer began to use light elements of the fleet to raid British convoys to Norway in the North Sea . This forced the British to deploy battleships to escort the convoys , which presented Scheer with the opportunity to attempt to isolate and destroy several battleships of the Grand Fleet . On 23 April 1918 , Scheer sent the entire High Seas Fleet to intercept one of the convoys . However , Hippers battlecruisers crossed the convoys path several times without sighting any ships ; it was later discovered that German intelligence had miscalculated the date the convoy would depart Britain . The German fleet turned south and reached their North Sea bases by 19:00 . Chief of Naval Staff . In June 1918 , Scheer was informed that the state of Admiral Holtzendorffs health would not permit him to remain in his post as chief of the naval staff much longer . On 28 July , Scheer was informed that Holtzendorff had submitted his resignation to the Kaiser . Two weeks later , on 11 August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; his subordinate Franz von Hipper succeeded him in command of the High Seas Fleet . The following day , Scheer met with Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff to discuss the deteriorating war situation . The three agreed that the U-boat campaign would be the sole hope for a German victory , as the German army had been pushed to the defensive . Scheer then called for a crash program to build a vastly increased number of U-boats . He stipulated that , at a minimum , at least 16 additional U-boats be constructed per month in the last quarter of 1918 . This was to increase to at least an additional 30 per month by the third quarter of 1919 . In total , the plan called for 376 to 450 new U-boats . However , German naval historian Holger Herwig suggested the program was a massive propaganda effort designed to have an effect at home and abroad . In October , with the war largely lost , Scheer and Hipper envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war-weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshavens inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . Post-war . Scheer wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1919 , which were translated into English the following year . In October 1920 , an intruder broke into Scheers house and murdered his wife , Emillie , his maid , and injured his daughter Else . The man then committed suicide in the cellar . Following the incident , Scheer retreated into solitude . He wrote his autobiography , entitled Vom Segelschiff zum U-Boot ( From Sailing Ship to Submarine ) , which was published on 6 November 1925 . In 1928 , Scheer accepted an invitation to meet his adversary from Jutland , Admiral of the Fleet Jellicoe , in England . However , at the age of 65 , Scheer died at Marktredwitz before he could make the trip . He was buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . His tombstone reads : [ Here rests Admiral Reinhard Scheer ] — with the dates of his life , his flag in metal applique and the single word ( the German name for the Battle of Jutland ) . The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was named after Reinhard Scheer and christened by his daughter Marianne . The ship was ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic and launched in 1933 . Decorations and awards . - German honours - Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) - Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) , Oak Leaves added 1 February 1918 ( Prussia ) - Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class - Knights Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern - Service Award ( Prussia ) - Order of the Crown , 1st class with Swords ( Prussia ) - Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) - Grand Cross of the House Order of Albert the Bear ( Anhalt ) - Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order ( Bavaria ) - Knights Cross of the Military Order of St . Henry ( Saxony , 23 June 1916 ) - Grand Cross of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon ( Mecklenburg ) - Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( Oldenburg ) - Knight of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) - Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ) - Foreign honours - Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph ( Austro-Hungarian Empire ) - Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class ( Japan ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) - Order of the Iron Crown , 3rd class ( Austria ) - Order of Saint Stanislaus , 2nd class External links . - Reinhard Scheers memoirs |
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"Vizeadmiral"
] | easy | What military rank did Reinhard Scheer have from Dec 1913 to 1916? | /wiki/Reinhard_Scheer#P410#3 | Reinhard Scheer Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer ( 30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928 ) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks , commanding cruisers and battleships , as well as senior staff positions on land . At the outbreak of World War I , Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet . He then took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy . In January 1916 , he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , one of the largest naval battles in history . Following the battle , Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies , a move the Kaiser eventually permitted . In August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet . Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet , but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned . Scheer retired after the end of the war . A strict disciplinarian , Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the man with the iron mask due to his severe appearance . In 1919 , Scheer wrote his memoirs ; a year later they were translated and published in English . He wrote his autobiography in 1925 . Scheer died at Marktredwitz . He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . The admiral was commemorated in the renascent Kriegsmarine by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s . Early career . Scheer was born in Obernkirchen , present-day Lower Saxony . He came from a middle-class background , which initially hampered his naval career , as the Kaiserliche Marine was dominated by wealthy families . Reinhard Scheer entered the navy on 22 April 1879 aged 15 as a cadet . His first sea assignment was aboard the sail-frigate . His first cruise aboard Niobe lasted from June to September 1879 . During the cruise he was trained in navigation and engineering . Following his return to Germany in September , Scheer was assigned to the Naval School in Kiel to continue his officer training . He received only a satisfactory rating on his cadet evaluation in 1879 , but received the second highest grade in his class for the Sea Cadets Exam the following year . Following his graduation from the Naval School , Scheer embarked on a six-month-long special training program for gunnery , torpedo warfare , and infantry training . Afterward , he was assigned to the gunnery training ship . Scheer was for a short time assigned to the armored frigate . For his last year in cadet training , he was assigned to the frigate , which conducted a world tour . The ship sailed to Melbourne , Australia , Yokohama , Kobe , and Nagasaki in Japan , and Shanghai , China during the trip . Following his commission into the German navy , he was transferred to the East Africa Squadron ; his first tour with the unit lasted from 1884 to 1886 . He was assigned to the crew of the frigate . Here he was promoted to Leutnant . He also made important connections in Africa ; among those he befriended was Leutnant Henning von Holtzendorff , who would later serve as commander of the High Seas Fleet . During the assignment , in December 1884 , Scheer participated in a landing party that suppressed a pro-British indigenous chieftain in Kamerun . After his return to Germany in 1886 , Scheer took part in torpedo training aboard , from January to May 1888 . In May 1888 , Scheer returned to the East Africa Squadron as a torpedo officer aboard the corvette . This tour lasted until early summer 1890 , at which point Scheer returned to Germany , where he was made an instructor at the Torpedo Research Command in Kiel . Thus far in his career , Scheer had made a strong reputation for himself as a torpedo specialist . While stationed in Kiel , Scheer met Alfred von Tirpitz , who took note of his expertise . In 1897 , following Tirpitzs promotion to Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office , he transferred Scheer to the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA ) to work in the Torpedo Section . After promotion to Korvettenkapitän , Scheer commanded the light cruiser . Scheer was promoted to Kapitän zur See in 1905 and took command of the battleship in 1907 , a command he held for two years . A report dated 1 December 1909 recommended Scheer for promotion ; he became chief of staff to the commanding officer of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Holtzendorff , under whom Scheer had served on the cruiser SMS Prinzess Wilhelm . Scheer reached flag rank less than six months after taking his post on Holtzendorffs staff , at the age of 47 . He held the Chief of Staff position until late 1911 , when he was transferred back to the RMA under Tirpitz . Here , he held the position of Chief of the General Naval Department through 1912 . Following this appointment , Scheer returned to a sea command , in the form of squadron commander for the six battleships of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet in January 1913 . World War I . On 9 December 1913 , Scheer was promoted to Vizeadmiral . He remained with the II Battle Squadron until January 1915 , by which time World War I had begun . He thereafter took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the most powerful battleships in the German fleet : the dreadnoughts of the and es . Scheer advocated raids on the British coast to lure out portions of the numerically superior Royal Navy so they could be overwhelmed by the German fleet . He was highly critical of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , who he felt was overcautious . Following the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , during which Ingenohl had withdrawn instead of attacking a weaker British squadron , Scheer remarked , [ Ingenohl ] had robbed us of the opportunity of meeting certain divisions of the enemy according to the prearranged plan , which was now seen to be correct . Following the loss of at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet . Pohl was exceedingly cautious ; in the remainder of 1915 , he conducted only five ineffective fleet actions , all of which remained within 120 nautical miles of Helgoland . Command of the High Seas fleet . Vice Admiral Scheer became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post . Upon promotion to the position , Scheer wrote Guiding Principles for Sea Warfare in the North Sea , which outlined his strategic plans . His central idea was that the Grand Fleet should be pressured by higher U-boat activity and zeppelin raids as well as increased fleet sorties . The Grand Fleet would be forced to abandon the distant blockade and would have to attack the German fleet ; the Kaiser approved the memorandum on 23 February 1916 . Now that he had approval from the Kaiser , Scheer could use the fleet more aggressively . Following the Kaisers order forbidding unrestricted submarine warfare on 24 April 1916 , Scheer ordered all of the U-boats in the Atlantic to return to Germany and abandon commerce raiding . Scheer intended to use the submarines to support the fleet by stationing the U-boats off major British naval bases . The U-boats would intercept British forces leaving the ports when provoked by a bombardment by the I Scouting Group battlecruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . Scheer planned the operation for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser from the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . Battle of Jutland . Admiral Scheers fleet , composed of 16 dreadnoughts , six pre-dreadnoughts , six light cruisers , and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Hippers five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The British navys Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16:00 UTC , the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheers battle fleet . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beattys battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Scheers leading ships engaged the s of the 5th Battle Squadron . By 18:30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheers T from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16-point turn to the south-west . At 18:55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet ; he later explained his reasoning : It was as yet too early to assume night cruising order . The enemy could have compelled us to fight before dark , he could have prevented our exercising our initiative , and finally he could have cut off our return to the German Bight . There was only one way of avoiding this : to inflict a second blow on the enemy with another advance carried through regardless of cost...It also offered the possibility of a last attempt being made to bring help to the hard-pressed , or at least of rescuing her ships company . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheers T . A third 16-point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hippers mauled battlecruisers . Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising formation , which was completed by 23:40 . A series of ferocious engagements between Scheers battleships and Jellicoes destroyer screen ensued , though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef . The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June ; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead while the Kaiser-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven . Post-Jutland . After the battle was finished , Scheer wrote an assessment of the engagement for the Kaiser ; in it , he strongly urged for the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in the Atlantic . He argued that it was the only option to defeat Great Britain . Scheer spent the majority of the remainder of the year debating the issue with the naval command . Ultimately , Scheer and his allies prevailed and the unrestricted submarine campaign was resumed in February 1917 . Despite his conviction that only the U-boats could defeat Britain , Scheer continued to utilize the surface fleet . On 18–19 August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet again sortied in an attempt to draw out and defeat Admiral Beattys battlecruiser squadron . The Royal Navy again intercepted German communications and sent the Grand Fleet out . In this case , however , Scheers reconnaissance worked as intended , and warned him of the Grand Fleets approach in time to retreat back to Germany . In later 1917 , Scheer began to use light elements of the fleet to raid British convoys to Norway in the North Sea . This forced the British to deploy battleships to escort the convoys , which presented Scheer with the opportunity to attempt to isolate and destroy several battleships of the Grand Fleet . On 23 April 1918 , Scheer sent the entire High Seas Fleet to intercept one of the convoys . However , Hippers battlecruisers crossed the convoys path several times without sighting any ships ; it was later discovered that German intelligence had miscalculated the date the convoy would depart Britain . The German fleet turned south and reached their North Sea bases by 19:00 . Chief of Naval Staff . In June 1918 , Scheer was informed that the state of Admiral Holtzendorffs health would not permit him to remain in his post as chief of the naval staff much longer . On 28 July , Scheer was informed that Holtzendorff had submitted his resignation to the Kaiser . Two weeks later , on 11 August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; his subordinate Franz von Hipper succeeded him in command of the High Seas Fleet . The following day , Scheer met with Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff to discuss the deteriorating war situation . The three agreed that the U-boat campaign would be the sole hope for a German victory , as the German army had been pushed to the defensive . Scheer then called for a crash program to build a vastly increased number of U-boats . He stipulated that , at a minimum , at least 16 additional U-boats be constructed per month in the last quarter of 1918 . This was to increase to at least an additional 30 per month by the third quarter of 1919 . In total , the plan called for 376 to 450 new U-boats . However , German naval historian Holger Herwig suggested the program was a massive propaganda effort designed to have an effect at home and abroad . In October , with the war largely lost , Scheer and Hipper envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war-weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshavens inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . Post-war . Scheer wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1919 , which were translated into English the following year . In October 1920 , an intruder broke into Scheers house and murdered his wife , Emillie , his maid , and injured his daughter Else . The man then committed suicide in the cellar . Following the incident , Scheer retreated into solitude . He wrote his autobiography , entitled Vom Segelschiff zum U-Boot ( From Sailing Ship to Submarine ) , which was published on 6 November 1925 . In 1928 , Scheer accepted an invitation to meet his adversary from Jutland , Admiral of the Fleet Jellicoe , in England . However , at the age of 65 , Scheer died at Marktredwitz before he could make the trip . He was buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . His tombstone reads : [ Here rests Admiral Reinhard Scheer ] — with the dates of his life , his flag in metal applique and the single word ( the German name for the Battle of Jutland ) . The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was named after Reinhard Scheer and christened by his daughter Marianne . The ship was ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic and launched in 1933 . Decorations and awards . - German honours - Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) - Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) , Oak Leaves added 1 February 1918 ( Prussia ) - Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class - Knights Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern - Service Award ( Prussia ) - Order of the Crown , 1st class with Swords ( Prussia ) - Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) - Grand Cross of the House Order of Albert the Bear ( Anhalt ) - Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order ( Bavaria ) - Knights Cross of the Military Order of St . Henry ( Saxony , 23 June 1916 ) - Grand Cross of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon ( Mecklenburg ) - Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( Oldenburg ) - Knight of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) - Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ) - Foreign honours - Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph ( Austro-Hungarian Empire ) - Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class ( Japan ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) - Order of the Iron Crown , 3rd class ( Austria ) - Order of Saint Stanislaus , 2nd class External links . - Reinhard Scheers memoirs |
[
"Admiral"
] | easy | What was the military rank of Reinhard Scheer from 1916 to 1917? | /wiki/Reinhard_Scheer#P410#4 | Reinhard Scheer Carl Friedrich Heinrich Reinhard Scheer ( 30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928 ) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Scheer joined the navy in 1879 as an officer cadet and progressed through the ranks , commanding cruisers and battleships , as well as senior staff positions on land . At the outbreak of World War I , Scheer was the commander of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet . He then took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the newest and most powerful battleships in the navy . In January 1916 , he was promoted to Admiral and given control of the High Seas Fleet . Scheer led the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , one of the largest naval battles in history . Following the battle , Scheer joined those calling for unrestricted submarine warfare against the Allies , a move the Kaiser eventually permitted . In August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; Admiral Franz von Hipper replaced him as commander of the fleet . Together they planned a final battle against the British Grand Fleet , but war-weary sailors mutinied at the news and the operation was abandoned . Scheer retired after the end of the war . A strict disciplinarian , Scheer was popularly known in the Navy as the man with the iron mask due to his severe appearance . In 1919 , Scheer wrote his memoirs ; a year later they were translated and published in English . He wrote his autobiography in 1925 . Scheer died at Marktredwitz . He is buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . The admiral was commemorated in the renascent Kriegsmarine by the heavy cruiser , built in the 1930s . Early career . Scheer was born in Obernkirchen , present-day Lower Saxony . He came from a middle-class background , which initially hampered his naval career , as the Kaiserliche Marine was dominated by wealthy families . Reinhard Scheer entered the navy on 22 April 1879 aged 15 as a cadet . His first sea assignment was aboard the sail-frigate . His first cruise aboard Niobe lasted from June to September 1879 . During the cruise he was trained in navigation and engineering . Following his return to Germany in September , Scheer was assigned to the Naval School in Kiel to continue his officer training . He received only a satisfactory rating on his cadet evaluation in 1879 , but received the second highest grade in his class for the Sea Cadets Exam the following year . Following his graduation from the Naval School , Scheer embarked on a six-month-long special training program for gunnery , torpedo warfare , and infantry training . Afterward , he was assigned to the gunnery training ship . Scheer was for a short time assigned to the armored frigate . For his last year in cadet training , he was assigned to the frigate , which conducted a world tour . The ship sailed to Melbourne , Australia , Yokohama , Kobe , and Nagasaki in Japan , and Shanghai , China during the trip . Following his commission into the German navy , he was transferred to the East Africa Squadron ; his first tour with the unit lasted from 1884 to 1886 . He was assigned to the crew of the frigate . Here he was promoted to Leutnant . He also made important connections in Africa ; among those he befriended was Leutnant Henning von Holtzendorff , who would later serve as commander of the High Seas Fleet . During the assignment , in December 1884 , Scheer participated in a landing party that suppressed a pro-British indigenous chieftain in Kamerun . After his return to Germany in 1886 , Scheer took part in torpedo training aboard , from January to May 1888 . In May 1888 , Scheer returned to the East Africa Squadron as a torpedo officer aboard the corvette . This tour lasted until early summer 1890 , at which point Scheer returned to Germany , where he was made an instructor at the Torpedo Research Command in Kiel . Thus far in his career , Scheer had made a strong reputation for himself as a torpedo specialist . While stationed in Kiel , Scheer met Alfred von Tirpitz , who took note of his expertise . In 1897 , following Tirpitzs promotion to Secretary of State of the Imperial Navy Office , he transferred Scheer to the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA ) to work in the Torpedo Section . After promotion to Korvettenkapitän , Scheer commanded the light cruiser . Scheer was promoted to Kapitän zur See in 1905 and took command of the battleship in 1907 , a command he held for two years . A report dated 1 December 1909 recommended Scheer for promotion ; he became chief of staff to the commanding officer of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Holtzendorff , under whom Scheer had served on the cruiser SMS Prinzess Wilhelm . Scheer reached flag rank less than six months after taking his post on Holtzendorffs staff , at the age of 47 . He held the Chief of Staff position until late 1911 , when he was transferred back to the RMA under Tirpitz . Here , he held the position of Chief of the General Naval Department through 1912 . Following this appointment , Scheer returned to a sea command , in the form of squadron commander for the six battleships of the II Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet in January 1913 . World War I . On 9 December 1913 , Scheer was promoted to Vizeadmiral . He remained with the II Battle Squadron until January 1915 , by which time World War I had begun . He thereafter took command of the III Battle Squadron , which consisted of the most powerful battleships in the German fleet : the dreadnoughts of the and es . Scheer advocated raids on the British coast to lure out portions of the numerically superior Royal Navy so they could be overwhelmed by the German fleet . He was highly critical of Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , who he felt was overcautious . Following the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , during which Ingenohl had withdrawn instead of attacking a weaker British squadron , Scheer remarked , [ Ingenohl ] had robbed us of the opportunity of meeting certain divisions of the enemy according to the prearranged plan , which was now seen to be correct . Following the loss of at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 , the Kaiser removed Ingenohl from his post on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet . Pohl was exceedingly cautious ; in the remainder of 1915 , he conducted only five ineffective fleet actions , all of which remained within 120 nautical miles of Helgoland . Command of the High Seas fleet . Vice Admiral Scheer became Commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Pohl became too ill to continue in that post . Upon promotion to the position , Scheer wrote Guiding Principles for Sea Warfare in the North Sea , which outlined his strategic plans . His central idea was that the Grand Fleet should be pressured by higher U-boat activity and zeppelin raids as well as increased fleet sorties . The Grand Fleet would be forced to abandon the distant blockade and would have to attack the German fleet ; the Kaiser approved the memorandum on 23 February 1916 . Now that he had approval from the Kaiser , Scheer could use the fleet more aggressively . Following the Kaisers order forbidding unrestricted submarine warfare on 24 April 1916 , Scheer ordered all of the U-boats in the Atlantic to return to Germany and abandon commerce raiding . Scheer intended to use the submarines to support the fleet by stationing the U-boats off major British naval bases . The U-boats would intercept British forces leaving the ports when provoked by a bombardment by the I Scouting Group battlecruisers under the command of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper . Scheer planned the operation for 17 May , but damage to the battlecruiser from the previous month , coupled with condenser trouble on several of the battleships of III Battle Squadron caused the plan to be delayed , ultimately to 31 May . Battle of Jutland . Admiral Scheers fleet , composed of 16 dreadnoughts , six pre-dreadnoughts , six light cruisers , and 31 torpedo boats departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May . The fleet sailed in concert with Hippers five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats . The British navys Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation , and so sortied the Grand Fleet , totaling some 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisers , the night before in order to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet . At 16:00 UTC , the two battlecruiser forces encountered each other and began a running gun fight south , back towards Scheers battle fleet . Upon reaching the High Seas Fleet , Vice Admiral David Beattys battlecruisers turned back to the north to lure the Germans towards the rapidly approaching Grand Fleet , under the command of Admiral John Jellicoe . During the run to the north , Scheers leading ships engaged the s of the 5th Battle Squadron . By 18:30 , the Grand Fleet had arrived on the scene , and was deployed into a position that would cross Scheers T from the northeast . To extricate his fleet from this precarious position , Scheer ordered a 16-point turn to the south-west . At 18:55 , Scheer decided to conduct another 16-point turn to launch an attack on the British fleet ; he later explained his reasoning : It was as yet too early to assume night cruising order . The enemy could have compelled us to fight before dark , he could have prevented our exercising our initiative , and finally he could have cut off our return to the German Bight . There was only one way of avoiding this : to inflict a second blow on the enemy with another advance carried through regardless of cost...It also offered the possibility of a last attempt being made to bring help to the hard-pressed , or at least of rescuing her ships company . This maneuver again put Scheer in a dangerous position ; Jellicoe had turned his fleet south and again crossed Scheers T . A third 16-point turn followed , which was covered by a charge by Hippers mauled battlecruisers . Scheer then ordered the fleet to adopt the night cruising formation , which was completed by 23:40 . A series of ferocious engagements between Scheers battleships and Jellicoes destroyer screen ensued , though the Germans managed to punch their way through the destroyers and make for Horns Reef . The High Seas Fleet reached the Jade between 13:00 and 14:45 on 1 June ; Scheer ordered the undamaged battleships of the I Battle Squadron to take up defensive positions in the Jade roadstead while the Kaiser-class battleships were to maintain a state of readiness just outside Wilhelmshaven . Post-Jutland . After the battle was finished , Scheer wrote an assessment of the engagement for the Kaiser ; in it , he strongly urged for the resumption of the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign in the Atlantic . He argued that it was the only option to defeat Great Britain . Scheer spent the majority of the remainder of the year debating the issue with the naval command . Ultimately , Scheer and his allies prevailed and the unrestricted submarine campaign was resumed in February 1917 . Despite his conviction that only the U-boats could defeat Britain , Scheer continued to utilize the surface fleet . On 18–19 August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet again sortied in an attempt to draw out and defeat Admiral Beattys battlecruiser squadron . The Royal Navy again intercepted German communications and sent the Grand Fleet out . In this case , however , Scheers reconnaissance worked as intended , and warned him of the Grand Fleets approach in time to retreat back to Germany . In later 1917 , Scheer began to use light elements of the fleet to raid British convoys to Norway in the North Sea . This forced the British to deploy battleships to escort the convoys , which presented Scheer with the opportunity to attempt to isolate and destroy several battleships of the Grand Fleet . On 23 April 1918 , Scheer sent the entire High Seas Fleet to intercept one of the convoys . However , Hippers battlecruisers crossed the convoys path several times without sighting any ships ; it was later discovered that German intelligence had miscalculated the date the convoy would depart Britain . The German fleet turned south and reached their North Sea bases by 19:00 . Chief of Naval Staff . In June 1918 , Scheer was informed that the state of Admiral Holtzendorffs health would not permit him to remain in his post as chief of the naval staff much longer . On 28 July , Scheer was informed that Holtzendorff had submitted his resignation to the Kaiser . Two weeks later , on 11 August 1918 , Scheer was promoted to the Chief of Naval Staff ; his subordinate Franz von Hipper succeeded him in command of the High Seas Fleet . The following day , Scheer met with Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff to discuss the deteriorating war situation . The three agreed that the U-boat campaign would be the sole hope for a German victory , as the German army had been pushed to the defensive . Scheer then called for a crash program to build a vastly increased number of U-boats . He stipulated that , at a minimum , at least 16 additional U-boats be constructed per month in the last quarter of 1918 . This was to increase to at least an additional 30 per month by the third quarter of 1919 . In total , the plan called for 376 to 450 new U-boats . However , German naval historian Holger Herwig suggested the program was a massive propaganda effort designed to have an effect at home and abroad . In October , with the war largely lost , Scheer and Hipper envisioned one last major fleet advance to attack the British Grand Fleet . Scheer intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , to achieve a better bargaining position for Germany regardless of the cost to the navy . The plan involved two simultaneous attacks by light cruisers and destroyers , one on Flanders and another on shipping in the Thames estuary ; the five battlecruisers were to support the Thames attack while the dreadnoughts remained off Flanders . After both strikes , the fleet was to concentrate off the Dutch coast , where it would meet the Grand Fleet in battle . While the fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , however , war-weary sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshavens inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On 24 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on several battleships mutinied ; three ships from the III Squadron refused to weigh anchors , and acts of sabotage were committed on board the battleships and . In the face of open rebellion , the order to sail was rescinded and the planned operation was abandoned . In an attempt to suppress the mutiny , the High Seas Fleet squadrons were dispersed . Post-war . Scheer wrote his memoirs of the Great War in 1919 , which were translated into English the following year . In October 1920 , an intruder broke into Scheers house and murdered his wife , Emillie , his maid , and injured his daughter Else . The man then committed suicide in the cellar . Following the incident , Scheer retreated into solitude . He wrote his autobiography , entitled Vom Segelschiff zum U-Boot ( From Sailing Ship to Submarine ) , which was published on 6 November 1925 . In 1928 , Scheer accepted an invitation to meet his adversary from Jutland , Admiral of the Fleet Jellicoe , in England . However , at the age of 65 , Scheer died at Marktredwitz before he could make the trip . He was buried in the municipal cemetery at Weimar . His tombstone reads : [ Here rests Admiral Reinhard Scheer ] — with the dates of his life , his flag in metal applique and the single word ( the German name for the Battle of Jutland ) . The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer was named after Reinhard Scheer and christened by his daughter Marianne . The ship was ordered and funded by the Reichsmarine of the Weimar Republic and launched in 1933 . Decorations and awards . - German honours - Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) - Pour le Mérite ( 5 June 1916 ) , Oak Leaves added 1 February 1918 ( Prussia ) - Iron Cross of 1914 , 1st and 2nd class - Knights Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern - Service Award ( Prussia ) - Order of the Crown , 1st class with Swords ( Prussia ) - Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph ( Kingdom of Bavaria ) - Grand Cross of the House Order of Albert the Bear ( Anhalt ) - Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order ( Bavaria ) - Knights Cross of the Military Order of St . Henry ( Saxony , 23 June 1916 ) - Grand Cross of the Albert Order ( Saxony ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Griffon ( Mecklenburg ) - Honorary Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis ( Oldenburg ) - Knight of the Military Merit Order ( Württemberg ) - Military Merit Cross , 1st class ( Mecklenburg-Schwerin ) - Foreign honours - Knight Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Franz Joseph ( Austro-Hungarian Empire ) - Order of the Rising Sun , 3rd class ( Japan ) - Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( Italy ) - Order of the Iron Crown , 3rd class ( Austria ) - Order of Saint Stanislaus , 2nd class External links . - Reinhard Scheers memoirs |
[
"Titular Bishop of Thabraca and Vicar Apostolic of Northern Victoria Nyanza"
] | easy | Which position did Henri Streicher hold from Feb 1897 to Aug 1897? | /wiki/Henri_Streicher#P39#0 | Henri Streicher Henri Streicher ( 29 July 1863 – 7 June 1952 ) was a Roman Catholic missionary bishop who served as Vicar Apostolic of Uganda from 1897 to 1933 . Early years . Henri Streicher was born on 29 July 1863 in Wasselonne , France . On 23 September 1887 he was ordained a Priest of the White Fathers ( Society of the Missionaries of Africa ) . For two years he taught Church History and Bible at the Greek Melchite Seminary in Jerusalem . After that he taught Systematic Theology at the White Fathers scholasticate at Carthage for a year . Missionary . In 1890 Streicher was appointed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Victoria Nyanza led by Bishop John Joseph Hirth , which he reached in 1891 . He was assigned to Buddu in the south of the Buganda kingdom . In 1892 there was a civil war in Uganda , during which the supporters of the Catholics had to move to Buddu . Soon after the fighting ended Streicher established the Villa Maria mission ( near Masaka ) . Victoria Nyanza was divided into three parts in 1894 . Hirth took the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Nyanza , the English Mill Hill Missionaries took the eastern part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Nile , and Bishop Antonin Guillermain took the western part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Nyanza . In 1896 Guillermain died of a viral hemorrhagic fever . The next year Streicher , acting as head of the Roman Catholic mission since his death , was appointed his successor . Bishop . On 1 February 1897 Streicher was appointed Titular Bishop of Thabraca and Vicar Apostolic of Northern Victoria Nyanza in what is now Uganda . He decided that he would not return to Europe to be consecrated , and was ordained on 15 August 1897 in the small church of Kamoga at Bukumbi ( in what is now Tanzania ) by Bishop John Joseph Hirth assisted by two priests . He made his headquarters at Villa Maria . His vicariate included all of the south and west of modern Uganda , and included 30,000 baptized Christians when he became Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Guillermain had already begun to evangelize the Nyoro and Toro kingdoms in the west of the country . Streicher began missionary activity in Ankole in 1902 , and in Kigezi twenty years later . He was authoritarian , using his diocesan synods to present decisions rather than encouraging debate . The chiefs who had converted to Catholicism moved to Buddu , and treated him as both civil and religious leader , equivalent to a king . Streicher assumed some of the royal trappings in his costume . The chiefs sent their sons to be his pages at his court , and they ensured that their followers were converted by the Ganda catechists . Streicher was a strong believer in education and set up schools throughout his territory . He founded a training college for catechists in 1902 . He required that students know the alphabet before being admitted to the catechumenate , and that they were literate before they could be baptized . Until 1916 he resisted allowing English to be used in his schools , thinking that would encourage his students to engage in worldly pursuits . The result was that the Catholics became disadvantaged compared to Protestants in English-administered Uganda . Streicher did allow English in St . Marys Lubaga , founded in 1906 for the sons of chiefs . He saw Catholic teaching orders as a potential threat to his authority , and did not allow them to enter the diocese until 1924 , when the Canadian Brothers of Christian Instruction of Ploermel were permitted to launch St . Marys College Kisubi and to open other schools . Streicher consider that training indigenous priests was the first priority , more important than conversion of the people . He inherited the seminary at Kisubi , later moved to Bukalasa , near to Villa Maria . In 1911 the senior seminarians moved to Katigondo . In 1913 Streicher ordained the first two African priests of the colonial era . In 1913 and 1914 Streicher headed a commission charged with assembling the testimonials needed to beatify the Uganda Martyrs . World War I seriously affected the mission , with 31 of the 63 priests who could travel being recalled to France , and with subsidies cut off . On 15 Jan 1915 his Vicariate Apostolic was as Vicariate Apostolic of Uganda and he remained at his post until his resignation on 2 June 1933 . In May 1920 he assisted at the solemn beatification ceremony of the Uganda Martyrs in Rome . Streicher pushed hard to prepare for the diocese to become autonomous from European assistance , causing resentment from missionaries who felt that more time was needed . Legacy . Streicher resigned in 1933 and became Titular Archbishop . By then his vicariate had 303,000 baptized Christians . His mission was separated into the vicariates of Rubaga and Masaka . After resigning he was appointed titular archbishop of Brysis . The future diocese that he left at his retirement was far in advance of any other at that time . In 1939 he assisted Pope Pius XII at the consecration of Joseph Kiwánuka in St Peters , Rome . Kiwanuka , who was the first African bishop since the days of the early church , became Vicar Apostolic of Masaka . Streicher made his home in Ibanda . On 7 June 1952 he received the last rites from Bishop Kiwanuka before his death . He was interred in his church that he had built at Villa Maria . He was described by Cardinal Costantini as the greatest missionary of the twentieth century . |
[
"Vicar Apostolic of Uganda"
] | easy | Henri Streicher took which position from Aug 1897 to Jun 1933? | /wiki/Henri_Streicher#P39#1 | Henri Streicher Henri Streicher ( 29 July 1863 – 7 June 1952 ) was a Roman Catholic missionary bishop who served as Vicar Apostolic of Uganda from 1897 to 1933 . Early years . Henri Streicher was born on 29 July 1863 in Wasselonne , France . On 23 September 1887 he was ordained a Priest of the White Fathers ( Society of the Missionaries of Africa ) . For two years he taught Church History and Bible at the Greek Melchite Seminary in Jerusalem . After that he taught Systematic Theology at the White Fathers scholasticate at Carthage for a year . Missionary . In 1890 Streicher was appointed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Victoria Nyanza led by Bishop John Joseph Hirth , which he reached in 1891 . He was assigned to Buddu in the south of the Buganda kingdom . In 1892 there was a civil war in Uganda , during which the supporters of the Catholics had to move to Buddu . Soon after the fighting ended Streicher established the Villa Maria mission ( near Masaka ) . Victoria Nyanza was divided into three parts in 1894 . Hirth took the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Nyanza , the English Mill Hill Missionaries took the eastern part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Nile , and Bishop Antonin Guillermain took the western part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Nyanza . In 1896 Guillermain died of a viral hemorrhagic fever . The next year Streicher , acting as head of the Roman Catholic mission since his death , was appointed his successor . Bishop . On 1 February 1897 Streicher was appointed Titular Bishop of Thabraca and Vicar Apostolic of Northern Victoria Nyanza in what is now Uganda . He decided that he would not return to Europe to be consecrated , and was ordained on 15 August 1897 in the small church of Kamoga at Bukumbi ( in what is now Tanzania ) by Bishop John Joseph Hirth assisted by two priests . He made his headquarters at Villa Maria . His vicariate included all of the south and west of modern Uganda , and included 30,000 baptized Christians when he became Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Guillermain had already begun to evangelize the Nyoro and Toro kingdoms in the west of the country . Streicher began missionary activity in Ankole in 1902 , and in Kigezi twenty years later . He was authoritarian , using his diocesan synods to present decisions rather than encouraging debate . The chiefs who had converted to Catholicism moved to Buddu , and treated him as both civil and religious leader , equivalent to a king . Streicher assumed some of the royal trappings in his costume . The chiefs sent their sons to be his pages at his court , and they ensured that their followers were converted by the Ganda catechists . Streicher was a strong believer in education and set up schools throughout his territory . He founded a training college for catechists in 1902 . He required that students know the alphabet before being admitted to the catechumenate , and that they were literate before they could be baptized . Until 1916 he resisted allowing English to be used in his schools , thinking that would encourage his students to engage in worldly pursuits . The result was that the Catholics became disadvantaged compared to Protestants in English-administered Uganda . Streicher did allow English in St . Marys Lubaga , founded in 1906 for the sons of chiefs . He saw Catholic teaching orders as a potential threat to his authority , and did not allow them to enter the diocese until 1924 , when the Canadian Brothers of Christian Instruction of Ploermel were permitted to launch St . Marys College Kisubi and to open other schools . Streicher consider that training indigenous priests was the first priority , more important than conversion of the people . He inherited the seminary at Kisubi , later moved to Bukalasa , near to Villa Maria . In 1911 the senior seminarians moved to Katigondo . In 1913 Streicher ordained the first two African priests of the colonial era . In 1913 and 1914 Streicher headed a commission charged with assembling the testimonials needed to beatify the Uganda Martyrs . World War I seriously affected the mission , with 31 of the 63 priests who could travel being recalled to France , and with subsidies cut off . On 15 Jan 1915 his Vicariate Apostolic was as Vicariate Apostolic of Uganda and he remained at his post until his resignation on 2 June 1933 . In May 1920 he assisted at the solemn beatification ceremony of the Uganda Martyrs in Rome . Streicher pushed hard to prepare for the diocese to become autonomous from European assistance , causing resentment from missionaries who felt that more time was needed . Legacy . Streicher resigned in 1933 and became Titular Archbishop . By then his vicariate had 303,000 baptized Christians . His mission was separated into the vicariates of Rubaga and Masaka . After resigning he was appointed titular archbishop of Brysis . The future diocese that he left at his retirement was far in advance of any other at that time . In 1939 he assisted Pope Pius XII at the consecration of Joseph Kiwánuka in St Peters , Rome . Kiwanuka , who was the first African bishop since the days of the early church , became Vicar Apostolic of Masaka . Streicher made his home in Ibanda . On 7 June 1952 he received the last rites from Bishop Kiwanuka before his death . He was interred in his church that he had built at Villa Maria . He was described by Cardinal Costantini as the greatest missionary of the twentieth century . |
[
"Titular Archbishop"
] | easy | What was the position of Henri Streicher from Jun 1933 to Jun 1934? | /wiki/Henri_Streicher#P39#2 | Henri Streicher Henri Streicher ( 29 July 1863 – 7 June 1952 ) was a Roman Catholic missionary bishop who served as Vicar Apostolic of Uganda from 1897 to 1933 . Early years . Henri Streicher was born on 29 July 1863 in Wasselonne , France . On 23 September 1887 he was ordained a Priest of the White Fathers ( Society of the Missionaries of Africa ) . For two years he taught Church History and Bible at the Greek Melchite Seminary in Jerusalem . After that he taught Systematic Theology at the White Fathers scholasticate at Carthage for a year . Missionary . In 1890 Streicher was appointed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Victoria Nyanza led by Bishop John Joseph Hirth , which he reached in 1891 . He was assigned to Buddu in the south of the Buganda kingdom . In 1892 there was a civil war in Uganda , during which the supporters of the Catholics had to move to Buddu . Soon after the fighting ended Streicher established the Villa Maria mission ( near Masaka ) . Victoria Nyanza was divided into three parts in 1894 . Hirth took the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Nyanza , the English Mill Hill Missionaries took the eastern part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Upper Nile , and Bishop Antonin Guillermain took the western part , called the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Nyanza . In 1896 Guillermain died of a viral hemorrhagic fever . The next year Streicher , acting as head of the Roman Catholic mission since his death , was appointed his successor . Bishop . On 1 February 1897 Streicher was appointed Titular Bishop of Thabraca and Vicar Apostolic of Northern Victoria Nyanza in what is now Uganda . He decided that he would not return to Europe to be consecrated , and was ordained on 15 August 1897 in the small church of Kamoga at Bukumbi ( in what is now Tanzania ) by Bishop John Joseph Hirth assisted by two priests . He made his headquarters at Villa Maria . His vicariate included all of the south and west of modern Uganda , and included 30,000 baptized Christians when he became Apostolic Vicar . Bishop Guillermain had already begun to evangelize the Nyoro and Toro kingdoms in the west of the country . Streicher began missionary activity in Ankole in 1902 , and in Kigezi twenty years later . He was authoritarian , using his diocesan synods to present decisions rather than encouraging debate . The chiefs who had converted to Catholicism moved to Buddu , and treated him as both civil and religious leader , equivalent to a king . Streicher assumed some of the royal trappings in his costume . The chiefs sent their sons to be his pages at his court , and they ensured that their followers were converted by the Ganda catechists . Streicher was a strong believer in education and set up schools throughout his territory . He founded a training college for catechists in 1902 . He required that students know the alphabet before being admitted to the catechumenate , and that they were literate before they could be baptized . Until 1916 he resisted allowing English to be used in his schools , thinking that would encourage his students to engage in worldly pursuits . The result was that the Catholics became disadvantaged compared to Protestants in English-administered Uganda . Streicher did allow English in St . Marys Lubaga , founded in 1906 for the sons of chiefs . He saw Catholic teaching orders as a potential threat to his authority , and did not allow them to enter the diocese until 1924 , when the Canadian Brothers of Christian Instruction of Ploermel were permitted to launch St . Marys College Kisubi and to open other schools . Streicher consider that training indigenous priests was the first priority , more important than conversion of the people . He inherited the seminary at Kisubi , later moved to Bukalasa , near to Villa Maria . In 1911 the senior seminarians moved to Katigondo . In 1913 Streicher ordained the first two African priests of the colonial era . In 1913 and 1914 Streicher headed a commission charged with assembling the testimonials needed to beatify the Uganda Martyrs . World War I seriously affected the mission , with 31 of the 63 priests who could travel being recalled to France , and with subsidies cut off . On 15 Jan 1915 his Vicariate Apostolic was as Vicariate Apostolic of Uganda and he remained at his post until his resignation on 2 June 1933 . In May 1920 he assisted at the solemn beatification ceremony of the Uganda Martyrs in Rome . Streicher pushed hard to prepare for the diocese to become autonomous from European assistance , causing resentment from missionaries who felt that more time was needed . Legacy . Streicher resigned in 1933 and became Titular Archbishop . By then his vicariate had 303,000 baptized Christians . His mission was separated into the vicariates of Rubaga and Masaka . After resigning he was appointed titular archbishop of Brysis . The future diocese that he left at his retirement was far in advance of any other at that time . In 1939 he assisted Pope Pius XII at the consecration of Joseph Kiwánuka in St Peters , Rome . Kiwanuka , who was the first African bishop since the days of the early church , became Vicar Apostolic of Masaka . Streicher made his home in Ibanda . On 7 June 1952 he received the last rites from Bishop Kiwanuka before his death . He was interred in his church that he had built at Villa Maria . He was described by Cardinal Costantini as the greatest missionary of the twentieth century . |
[
"Rutgers University , New Brunswick"
] | easy | Where was Robert Torricelli educated from 1973 to 1974? | /wiki/Robert_Torricelli#P69#0 | Robert Torricelli Robert Guy The Torch Torricelli ( born August 27 , 1951 ) , is an American attorney and former politician . A Democrat , Torricelli served as a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from New Jerseys 9th district from 1983 to 1997 and as a United States senator from New Jersey from 1997 to 2003 . He is notable for his tenure as chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee . In September 2002 , Torricelli ended his Senate re-election campaign after having been formally admonished by the U.S . Senate in connection with a campaign finance scandal . He later founded Rosemont Associates , a consulting group . Early life and education . Torricelli was born in Paterson , New Jersey , the son of Betty ( Lotz ) , a school librarian , and Salvatore Torricelli , a lawyer . After graduation from Storm King School in Cornwall-on-Hudson , New York , Torricelli attended Rutgers University , New Brunswick where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 . He then earned his J.D . degree in 1977 from Rutgers Law School in Newark . He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1978 and later attended Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government , earning a masters in public administration in 1980 . Career . Torricelli was an assistant to the Governor of New Jersey , Brendan Byrne , from 1975 to 1977 . In 1978 , he served as associate counsel to Vice President Walter Mondale , and managed the Carter-Mondale campaign in the Illinois primary . At the 1980 Democratic National Convention , he served as the director of the Rules Committee . U.S . House of Representatives . In 1982 , Torricelli ran for U.S . Congress , defeating incumbent Republican Harold Hollenbeck . Torricelli served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1983 until 1997 representing New Jerseys 9th congressional district . Toricelli was a resident of New Milford , New Jersey during his first term in Congress . Torricelli was Democratic floor leader in the Persian Gulf War discussion regarding the adoption of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution in 1991 and gave the closing speech . He sponsored the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 which prohibits U.S . trade with Cuba . He was chairman of the House subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere . Senate . Torricelli was elected to the U.S . Senate in 1996 , defeating Republican Congressman Dick Zimmer to obtain the seat vacated by the retirement of Democratic Senator Bill Bradley . It was later found that six donors had made illegal contributions to Torricellis campaign . In 2000 , he headed the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee which regained the Democratic majority in the Senate . Torricelli was responsible for recruiting Senate candidates including Hillary Clinton . A federal criminal investigation into Torricelli was dropped in early 2002 . In the summer of 2002 , however , Torricelli received a formal letter of admonishment from the U.S . Senate Select Committee on Ethics following an investigation into his alleged receipt of improper gifts from campaign donor David Chang . Chang had pleaded guilty to violating federal election laws . Torricelli apologized to voters for his behavior and delivered a speech in which he promised to take full personal responsibility for his actions . On September 30 , 2002 , Torricelli ended his 2002 re-election campaign after Republicans successfully made the incumbents ethics troubles -- stemming from illegal 1996 campaign donations and questionable gifts -- a campaign issue.. . Shortly thereafter , the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Democratic Party could legally replace Torricellis name on the ballot with that of former U.S . Senator Frank Lautenberg . In 2007 , Torricelli drew public criticism despite federal rules allowing retired officials to give leftover campaign funds to political parties , candidates and charities when his leftover campaign funds , given to the Rosemont Foundation , were not funneled back to his political party . During his time in the Senate , Torricelli was a member of the Governmental Affairs Committee , the Finance Committee , and the Rules Committee . Post-congressional career . In 2003 , Torricelli was appointed by the U.S . Federal District Court as special master overseeing the environmental cleanup project of the Mutual Chemical site In Jersey City , New Jersey , owned by the Honeywell Corporation . Torricelli founded business and government affairs consulting firm Rosemont Associates . He is a partner in real estate firm Woodrose Properties , which is invested in over 50 multi family or commercial properties in 10 states . Torricelli has represented the Iranian opposition group , the MEK . Personal life . Torricelli was married to Susan Holloway and has dated Bianca Jagger . |
[
"Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government"
] | easy | Which school did Robert Torricelli go to in 1980? | /wiki/Robert_Torricelli#P69#1 | Robert Torricelli Robert Guy The Torch Torricelli ( born August 27 , 1951 ) , is an American attorney and former politician . A Democrat , Torricelli served as a member of the U.S . House of Representatives from New Jerseys 9th district from 1983 to 1997 and as a United States senator from New Jersey from 1997 to 2003 . He is notable for his tenure as chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee . In September 2002 , Torricelli ended his Senate re-election campaign after having been formally admonished by the U.S . Senate in connection with a campaign finance scandal . He later founded Rosemont Associates , a consulting group . Early life and education . Torricelli was born in Paterson , New Jersey , the son of Betty ( Lotz ) , a school librarian , and Salvatore Torricelli , a lawyer . After graduation from Storm King School in Cornwall-on-Hudson , New York , Torricelli attended Rutgers University , New Brunswick where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 . He then earned his J.D . degree in 1977 from Rutgers Law School in Newark . He was admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1978 and later attended Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government , earning a masters in public administration in 1980 . Career . Torricelli was an assistant to the Governor of New Jersey , Brendan Byrne , from 1975 to 1977 . In 1978 , he served as associate counsel to Vice President Walter Mondale , and managed the Carter-Mondale campaign in the Illinois primary . At the 1980 Democratic National Convention , he served as the director of the Rules Committee . U.S . House of Representatives . In 1982 , Torricelli ran for U.S . Congress , defeating incumbent Republican Harold Hollenbeck . Torricelli served in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1983 until 1997 representing New Jerseys 9th congressional district . Toricelli was a resident of New Milford , New Jersey during his first term in Congress . Torricelli was Democratic floor leader in the Persian Gulf War discussion regarding the adoption of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution in 1991 and gave the closing speech . He sponsored the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 which prohibits U.S . trade with Cuba . He was chairman of the House subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere . Senate . Torricelli was elected to the U.S . Senate in 1996 , defeating Republican Congressman Dick Zimmer to obtain the seat vacated by the retirement of Democratic Senator Bill Bradley . It was later found that six donors had made illegal contributions to Torricellis campaign . In 2000 , he headed the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee which regained the Democratic majority in the Senate . Torricelli was responsible for recruiting Senate candidates including Hillary Clinton . A federal criminal investigation into Torricelli was dropped in early 2002 . In the summer of 2002 , however , Torricelli received a formal letter of admonishment from the U.S . Senate Select Committee on Ethics following an investigation into his alleged receipt of improper gifts from campaign donor David Chang . Chang had pleaded guilty to violating federal election laws . Torricelli apologized to voters for his behavior and delivered a speech in which he promised to take full personal responsibility for his actions . On September 30 , 2002 , Torricelli ended his 2002 re-election campaign after Republicans successfully made the incumbents ethics troubles -- stemming from illegal 1996 campaign donations and questionable gifts -- a campaign issue.. . Shortly thereafter , the New Jersey Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the Democratic Party could legally replace Torricellis name on the ballot with that of former U.S . Senator Frank Lautenberg . In 2007 , Torricelli drew public criticism despite federal rules allowing retired officials to give leftover campaign funds to political parties , candidates and charities when his leftover campaign funds , given to the Rosemont Foundation , were not funneled back to his political party . During his time in the Senate , Torricelli was a member of the Governmental Affairs Committee , the Finance Committee , and the Rules Committee . Post-congressional career . In 2003 , Torricelli was appointed by the U.S . Federal District Court as special master overseeing the environmental cleanup project of the Mutual Chemical site In Jersey City , New Jersey , owned by the Honeywell Corporation . Torricelli founded business and government affairs consulting firm Rosemont Associates . He is a partner in real estate firm Woodrose Properties , which is invested in over 50 multi family or commercial properties in 10 states . Torricelli has represented the Iranian opposition group , the MEK . Personal life . Torricelli was married to Susan Holloway and has dated Bianca Jagger . |
[
"Bertrand de Jouvenel"
] | easy | Who was Martha Gellhorn 's spouse from 1930 to 1936? | /wiki/Martha_Gellhorn#P26#0 | Martha Gellhorn Martha Ellis Gellhorn ( November 8 , 1908 – February 15 , 1998 ) was an American novelist , travel writer , and journalist who is considered one of the great war correspondents of the 20th century . She reported on virtually every major world conflict that took place during her 60-year career . Gellhorn was also the third wife of American novelist Ernest Hemingway , from 1940 to 1945 . She died in 1998 in an apparent suicide at the age of 89 , ill and almost completely blind . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism is named after her . Early life . Gellhorn was born on November 8 , 1908 , in St . Louis , Missouri , the daughter of Edna Fischel Gellhorn , a suffragist , and George Gellhorn , a German-born gynecologist . Her father and maternal grandfather were Jewish , and her maternal grandmother came from a Protestant family . Her brother Walter became a noted law professor at Columbia University , and her younger brother Alfred was an oncologist and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . At age 7 , Gellhorn participated in The Golden Lane , a rally for womens suffrage at the Democratic Partys 1916 national convention in St . Louis . Women carrying yellow parasols and wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main street leading to the St . Louis Coliseum . A tableau of the states was in front of the Art Museum ; states that had not enfranchised women were draped in black . Gellhorn and another girl , Mary Taussig , stood in front of the line , representing future voters . In 1926 , Gellhorn graduated from John Burroughs School in St . Louis , and enrolled in Bryn Mawr College , several miles outside Philadelphia . The following year , she left without having graduated to pursue a career as a journalist . Her first published articles appeared in The New Republic . In 1930 , determined to become a foreign correspondent , she went to France for two years , where she worked at the United Press bureau in Paris , but was fired after she reported sexual harassment by a man connected with the agency . She spent years traveling Europe , writing for newspapers in Paris and St . Louis and covering fashion for Vogue . She became active in the pacifist movement , and wrote about her experiences in her 1934 book What Mad Pursuit . Returning to the United States in 1932 , Gellhorn was hired by Harry Hopkins , whom she had met through her friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt . The Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to live at the White House , and she spent evenings there helping Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence and the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women’s Home Companion . She was hired as a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) , created by Franklin D . Roosevelt to help end the Great Depression . Gellhorn traveled around the United States for FERA to report on how the Depression was affecting the country . She first went to Gastonia , North Carolina . Later , she worked with Dorothea Lange , a photographer , to document the everyday lives of the hungry and homeless . Their reports became part of the official government files for the Great Depression . They were able to investigate topics that were not usually open to women of the 1930s . She drew on her research to write a collection of short stories , The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 ) . In Idaho doing FERA work , Gellhorn convinced a group of workers to break the windows of the FERA office to draw attention to their crooked boss . Although this worked , she was fired from FERA . War in Europe and marriage to Hemingway . Gellhorn met Ernest Hemingway during a 1936 Christmas family trip to Key West , Florida . Gellhorn had been hired to report for Colliers Weekly on the Spanish Civil War , and the pair decided to travel to Spain together . They celebrated Christmas of 1937 in Barcelona . In Germany , she reported on the rise of Adolf Hitler and in the spring of 1938 , months before the Munich Agreement , she was in Czechoslovakia . After the outbreak of World War II , she described these events in the novel A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) . She later reported the war from Finland , Hong Kong , Burma , Singapore , and England . Lacking official press credentials to witness the Normandy landings , she hid in a hospital ship bathroom , and upon landing impersonated a stretcher bearer ; she later recalled , I followed the war wherever I could reach it . She was the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day on June 6 , 1944 . She was also among the first journalists to report from Dachau concentration camp after it was liberated by US troops on April 29 , 1945 . Gellhorn and Hemingway lived together off and on for four years , before marrying in November 1940 . ( Hemingway had ostensibly lived with his second wife , Pauline Pfeiffer , until 1939 ) . Increasingly resentful of Gellhorns long absences during her reporting assignments , Hemingway wrote to her when she left their Finca Vigía estate near Havana in 1943 to cover the Italian Front : Are you a war correspondent , or wife in my bed ? Hemingway , however , would later go to the front just before the Normandy landings , and Gellhorn also went , with Hemingway trying to block her travel . When she arrived by means of a dangerous ocean voyage in war-torn London , she told him she had had enough . She had found , as had his other wives , that , as described by Bernice Kert in The Hemingway Women : Hemingway could never sustain a long-lived , wholly satisfying relationship with any one of his four wives . Married domesticity may have seemed to him the desirable culmination of romantic love , but sooner or later he became bored and restless , critical and bullying . After four contentious years of marriage , they divorced in 1945 . The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these years . The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman : The Women Who Fought to Report WWII features Gellhorn and how she changed war reporting . Later career . After the war , Gellhorn worked for the Atlantic Monthly , covering the Vietnam War and the Arab-Israel conflicts in the 1960s and 70s . She passed her 70th birthday in 1979 , but continued working in the following decade , covering the civil wars in Central America . As she approached 80 , Gellhorn began to slow down physically and although she still managed to cover the U.S . invasion of Panama in 1989 , she finally retired from journalism as the 1990s began . An operation for cataracts was unsuccessful and left her with permanently impaired vision . Gellhorn announced that she was too old to cover the Balkan conflicts in the 1990s . She did manage one last overseas trip to Brazil in 1995 to report on poverty in that country , which was published in the literary journal Granta . This last feat was accomplished with great difficulty as Gellhorns eyesight was failing , and she could not read her own manuscripts . Gellhorn published numerous books , including a collection of articles on war , The Face of War ( 1959 ) ; The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) , a novel about McCarthyism ; an account of her travels ( including one trip with Hemingway ) , Travels with Myself and Another ( 1978 ) ; and a collection of her peacetime journalism , The View from the Ground ( 1988 ) . Peripatetic by nature , Gellhorn reckoned that in a 40-year span of her life , she had created homes in 19 different locales . Personal life . Gellhorns first major affair was with the French economist Bertrand de Jouvenel . It began in 1930 , when she was 22 years old , and lasted until 1934 . She would have married de Jouvenel if his wife had consented to a divorce . She met Ernest Hemingway in Key West , Florida , in 1936 . They married in 1940 . Gellhorn resented her reflected fame as Hemingways third wife , remarking that she had no intention of being a footnote in someone elses life . As a condition for granting interviews , she was known to insist that Hemingways name not be mentioned . As she put it once , Ive been a writer for over 40 years . I was a writer before I met him and I was a writer after I left him . Why should I be merely a footnote in his life ? While married to Hemingway , Gellhorn had an affair with U.S . paratrooper Major General James M . Gavin , commanding general of the 82nd Airborne Division . Gavin was the youngest divisional commander in the U.S . army in World War II . Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945 , Gellhorn had romantic liaisons with L , Laurance Rockefeller , an American businessman ( 1945 ) ; journalist William Walton ( 1947 ) ( no relation to the British composer ) ; and medical doctor David Gurewitsch ( 1950 ) . In 1954 , she married the former managing editor of Time Magazine , T . S . Matthews . She and Matthews divorced in 1963 . She stayed in London for some time before moving to Kenya and then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent , south Wales , where she was very taken by the niceness of the Welsh people , before finally returning to London because of her ill-health . In 1949 , Gellhorn adopted a boy , Sandro , from an Italian orphanage . He was formally renamed George Alexander Gellhorn , and widely called Sandy . Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother for a time , but was not by nature maternal . She left Sandy in the care of relatives in Englewood , New Jersey , for long periods as she travelled , and he eventually attended boarding school . Their relationship was said to have become embittered . Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong platonic friendship . It long survived volatility on both sides , and entailed much moral , creative and financial support for her friend on Gellhorns part until she ended the friendship in the early 1980s . Regarding sex , in 1972 Gellhorn wrote : If I practised sex out of moral conviction , that was one thing ; but to enjoy it .. . seemed a defeat . I accompanied men and was accompanied in action , in the extrovert part of life ; I plunged into that .. . but not sex ; that seemed to be their delight , and all I got was a pleasure of being wanted , I suppose , and the tenderness ( not nearly enough ) that a man gives when he is satisfied . I daresay I was the worst bed partner in five continents . On her relationship with Hemingway , she said My whole memory of sex with Ernest is the invention of excuses , and failing that , the hope that it would soon be over . However , the legacy of Gellhorns personal life remains shrouded in controversy . Supporters of Gellhorn say her unauthorized biographer , Carl Rollyson , is guilty of sexual scandal-mongering and cod psychology . Several of her prominent close friends ( among them the actress Betsy Drake , journalist John Pilger , writer James Fox , and Marthas younger brother Alfred ) have dismissed the characterizations of her as sexually manipulative and maternally deficient . Her supporters include her stepson , Sandy Matthews , who describes Gellhorn as very conscientious in her role as stepmother ; and Jack Hemingway once said that Gellhorn , his fathers third wife , was his favorite other mother . Death and legacy . In her last years , Gellhorn was in frail health , nearly blind and suffering from ovarian cancer that had spread to her liver . On February 15 , 1998 , she committed suicide in London apparently by swallowing a cyanide capsule . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 in her honor . In 2019 , a blue English Heritage plaque was unveiled at Gellhorn’s former London home , the first to feature the dedication of war correspondent . In popular culture . On October 5 , 2007 , the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists with first-class rate postage stamps , to be issued on April 22 , 2008 : Martha Gellhorn ; John Hersey ; George Polk ; Ruben Salazar ; and Eric Sevareid . Postmaster General Jack Potter announced the stamp series at the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington , D.C . In 2011 , Gellhorn was the subject of an hour-long episode of the World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women , which airs on the BBC , and periodically in the United States on PBS . In 2012 , Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufmans film , Hemingway & Gellhorn . Martha Gellhorns relationship with Ernest Hemingway is the subject of Paula McLains 2018 novel , Love and Ruin . In April , 2021 , Hemingway , a three-episode , six-hour documentary recapitulation of Hemingways life , labors , and loves , debuted on the Public Broadcasting System . It was co-produced and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . It contains considerable footage and photographs of Gellhorn , who is voiced by Meryl Streep , and recollections of those who knew her and her life with Hemingway first-hand . Bibliography . - What Mad Pursuit ( 1934 ) her time as a pacifist ; - The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 , new edition by Eland , 2012 ) Depression-era set of short stories ; - A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) novel set in Czechoslovakia at the outbreak of war ; - The Heart of Another ( 1941 ) ; - Liana ( 1944 ) ; - The Undefeated ( 1945 ) ; - Love Goes to Press : A Comedy in Three Acts ( 1947 ) ( with Virginia Cowles ) ; - The Wine of Astonishment ( 1948 ) World War II novel , republished in 1989 as Point of No Return ; - The Honeyed Peace : Stories ( 1953 ) ; - Two by Two ( 1958 ) ; - The Face of War ( 1959 ) collection of war journalism , updated in 1993 ; - His Own Man ( 1961 ) ; - Pretty Tales for Tired People ( 1965 ) ; - Vietnam : A New Kind of War ( 1966 ) ; - The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) a novel ; - Travels with Myself and Another : A Memoir ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2002 ) ; - The Weather in Africa ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2006 ) ; - The View From the Ground ( 1989 ; new edition by Eland , 2016 ) , a collection of peacetime journalism ; - The Short Novels of Martha Gellhorn ( 1991 ) ; US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn ( 1993 ) - Selected Letters of Martha Gellhorn ( 2006 ) , edited by Caroline Moorehead ; - Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War 1930–1949 ( 2019 ) , edited by Janet Somerville . Books about Gellhorn . - Somerville , Janet ( 2019 ) Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and WarAmazon link - Clayton , Meg Waite ( 2018 ) Beautiful Exiles : A Novel - Hardy Dorman , Angelia ( 2012 ) . Martha Gellhorn : Myth , Motif and Remembrance . - ( a.k.a . Gellhorn : A Twentieth-Century Life ) References . Notes Sources ( re-published as Gellhorn : A 20th-Century Life , Henry Holt & Co. , New York ( 2003 ) ) Further reading . - OToole , Fintan , A Moral Witness ( review of Janet Somerville , ed. , Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War , 1930–1949 , Firefly , 528 pp. ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXVII , no . 15 ( 8 October 2020 ) , pp . 29–31 . Fintan OToole writes ( p . 31 ) : Her [ war ] dispatches were not first drafts of history ; they were letters from eternity . [ ... ] To see history – at least the history of war – in terms of people is to see it not as a linear process but as a series of terrible repetitions [ ... ] . It is her ability to capture [ ... ] the terrible futility of this sameness that makes Gellhorns reportage so genuinely timeless . [ W ] e are [ ... ] drawn [ ... ] into the undertow of her distraught awareness that this moment , in its essence , has happened before and will happen again . External links . - Review of Martha Gellhorn : A Life ( The Age ) - <a Gellhorn talks about the Spanish Civil War </a> ( from a BBC Radio 4 live stream ) . - Electric Sky – Martha Gellhorn – On The Record - Is There a New Germany? , Martha Gellhorn , The Atlantic Monthly , February 1964 - The Arabs of Palestine , from Martha Gellhorn - The Outsiders : Martha Gellhorn a 1983 interview by John Pilge |
[
"Hemingway"
] | easy | Who was Martha Gellhorn 's spouse from 1940 to 1945? | /wiki/Martha_Gellhorn#P26#1 | Martha Gellhorn Martha Ellis Gellhorn ( November 8 , 1908 – February 15 , 1998 ) was an American novelist , travel writer , and journalist who is considered one of the great war correspondents of the 20th century . She reported on virtually every major world conflict that took place during her 60-year career . Gellhorn was also the third wife of American novelist Ernest Hemingway , from 1940 to 1945 . She died in 1998 in an apparent suicide at the age of 89 , ill and almost completely blind . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism is named after her . Early life . Gellhorn was born on November 8 , 1908 , in St . Louis , Missouri , the daughter of Edna Fischel Gellhorn , a suffragist , and George Gellhorn , a German-born gynecologist . Her father and maternal grandfather were Jewish , and her maternal grandmother came from a Protestant family . Her brother Walter became a noted law professor at Columbia University , and her younger brother Alfred was an oncologist and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . At age 7 , Gellhorn participated in The Golden Lane , a rally for womens suffrage at the Democratic Partys 1916 national convention in St . Louis . Women carrying yellow parasols and wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main street leading to the St . Louis Coliseum . A tableau of the states was in front of the Art Museum ; states that had not enfranchised women were draped in black . Gellhorn and another girl , Mary Taussig , stood in front of the line , representing future voters . In 1926 , Gellhorn graduated from John Burroughs School in St . Louis , and enrolled in Bryn Mawr College , several miles outside Philadelphia . The following year , she left without having graduated to pursue a career as a journalist . Her first published articles appeared in The New Republic . In 1930 , determined to become a foreign correspondent , she went to France for two years , where she worked at the United Press bureau in Paris , but was fired after she reported sexual harassment by a man connected with the agency . She spent years traveling Europe , writing for newspapers in Paris and St . Louis and covering fashion for Vogue . She became active in the pacifist movement , and wrote about her experiences in her 1934 book What Mad Pursuit . Returning to the United States in 1932 , Gellhorn was hired by Harry Hopkins , whom she had met through her friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt . The Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to live at the White House , and she spent evenings there helping Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence and the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women’s Home Companion . She was hired as a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) , created by Franklin D . Roosevelt to help end the Great Depression . Gellhorn traveled around the United States for FERA to report on how the Depression was affecting the country . She first went to Gastonia , North Carolina . Later , she worked with Dorothea Lange , a photographer , to document the everyday lives of the hungry and homeless . Their reports became part of the official government files for the Great Depression . They were able to investigate topics that were not usually open to women of the 1930s . She drew on her research to write a collection of short stories , The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 ) . In Idaho doing FERA work , Gellhorn convinced a group of workers to break the windows of the FERA office to draw attention to their crooked boss . Although this worked , she was fired from FERA . War in Europe and marriage to Hemingway . Gellhorn met Ernest Hemingway during a 1936 Christmas family trip to Key West , Florida . Gellhorn had been hired to report for Colliers Weekly on the Spanish Civil War , and the pair decided to travel to Spain together . They celebrated Christmas of 1937 in Barcelona . In Germany , she reported on the rise of Adolf Hitler and in the spring of 1938 , months before the Munich Agreement , she was in Czechoslovakia . After the outbreak of World War II , she described these events in the novel A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) . She later reported the war from Finland , Hong Kong , Burma , Singapore , and England . Lacking official press credentials to witness the Normandy landings , she hid in a hospital ship bathroom , and upon landing impersonated a stretcher bearer ; she later recalled , I followed the war wherever I could reach it . She was the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day on June 6 , 1944 . She was also among the first journalists to report from Dachau concentration camp after it was liberated by US troops on April 29 , 1945 . Gellhorn and Hemingway lived together off and on for four years , before marrying in November 1940 . ( Hemingway had ostensibly lived with his second wife , Pauline Pfeiffer , until 1939 ) . Increasingly resentful of Gellhorns long absences during her reporting assignments , Hemingway wrote to her when she left their Finca Vigía estate near Havana in 1943 to cover the Italian Front : Are you a war correspondent , or wife in my bed ? Hemingway , however , would later go to the front just before the Normandy landings , and Gellhorn also went , with Hemingway trying to block her travel . When she arrived by means of a dangerous ocean voyage in war-torn London , she told him she had had enough . She had found , as had his other wives , that , as described by Bernice Kert in The Hemingway Women : Hemingway could never sustain a long-lived , wholly satisfying relationship with any one of his four wives . Married domesticity may have seemed to him the desirable culmination of romantic love , but sooner or later he became bored and restless , critical and bullying . After four contentious years of marriage , they divorced in 1945 . The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these years . The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman : The Women Who Fought to Report WWII features Gellhorn and how she changed war reporting . Later career . After the war , Gellhorn worked for the Atlantic Monthly , covering the Vietnam War and the Arab-Israel conflicts in the 1960s and 70s . She passed her 70th birthday in 1979 , but continued working in the following decade , covering the civil wars in Central America . As she approached 80 , Gellhorn began to slow down physically and although she still managed to cover the U.S . invasion of Panama in 1989 , she finally retired from journalism as the 1990s began . An operation for cataracts was unsuccessful and left her with permanently impaired vision . Gellhorn announced that she was too old to cover the Balkan conflicts in the 1990s . She did manage one last overseas trip to Brazil in 1995 to report on poverty in that country , which was published in the literary journal Granta . This last feat was accomplished with great difficulty as Gellhorns eyesight was failing , and she could not read her own manuscripts . Gellhorn published numerous books , including a collection of articles on war , The Face of War ( 1959 ) ; The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) , a novel about McCarthyism ; an account of her travels ( including one trip with Hemingway ) , Travels with Myself and Another ( 1978 ) ; and a collection of her peacetime journalism , The View from the Ground ( 1988 ) . Peripatetic by nature , Gellhorn reckoned that in a 40-year span of her life , she had created homes in 19 different locales . Personal life . Gellhorns first major affair was with the French economist Bertrand de Jouvenel . It began in 1930 , when she was 22 years old , and lasted until 1934 . She would have married de Jouvenel if his wife had consented to a divorce . She met Ernest Hemingway in Key West , Florida , in 1936 . They married in 1940 . Gellhorn resented her reflected fame as Hemingways third wife , remarking that she had no intention of being a footnote in someone elses life . As a condition for granting interviews , she was known to insist that Hemingways name not be mentioned . As she put it once , Ive been a writer for over 40 years . I was a writer before I met him and I was a writer after I left him . Why should I be merely a footnote in his life ? While married to Hemingway , Gellhorn had an affair with U.S . paratrooper Major General James M . Gavin , commanding general of the 82nd Airborne Division . Gavin was the youngest divisional commander in the U.S . army in World War II . Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945 , Gellhorn had romantic liaisons with L , Laurance Rockefeller , an American businessman ( 1945 ) ; journalist William Walton ( 1947 ) ( no relation to the British composer ) ; and medical doctor David Gurewitsch ( 1950 ) . In 1954 , she married the former managing editor of Time Magazine , T . S . Matthews . She and Matthews divorced in 1963 . She stayed in London for some time before moving to Kenya and then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent , south Wales , where she was very taken by the niceness of the Welsh people , before finally returning to London because of her ill-health . In 1949 , Gellhorn adopted a boy , Sandro , from an Italian orphanage . He was formally renamed George Alexander Gellhorn , and widely called Sandy . Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother for a time , but was not by nature maternal . She left Sandy in the care of relatives in Englewood , New Jersey , for long periods as she travelled , and he eventually attended boarding school . Their relationship was said to have become embittered . Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong platonic friendship . It long survived volatility on both sides , and entailed much moral , creative and financial support for her friend on Gellhorns part until she ended the friendship in the early 1980s . Regarding sex , in 1972 Gellhorn wrote : If I practised sex out of moral conviction , that was one thing ; but to enjoy it .. . seemed a defeat . I accompanied men and was accompanied in action , in the extrovert part of life ; I plunged into that .. . but not sex ; that seemed to be their delight , and all I got was a pleasure of being wanted , I suppose , and the tenderness ( not nearly enough ) that a man gives when he is satisfied . I daresay I was the worst bed partner in five continents . On her relationship with Hemingway , she said My whole memory of sex with Ernest is the invention of excuses , and failing that , the hope that it would soon be over . However , the legacy of Gellhorns personal life remains shrouded in controversy . Supporters of Gellhorn say her unauthorized biographer , Carl Rollyson , is guilty of sexual scandal-mongering and cod psychology . Several of her prominent close friends ( among them the actress Betsy Drake , journalist John Pilger , writer James Fox , and Marthas younger brother Alfred ) have dismissed the characterizations of her as sexually manipulative and maternally deficient . Her supporters include her stepson , Sandy Matthews , who describes Gellhorn as very conscientious in her role as stepmother ; and Jack Hemingway once said that Gellhorn , his fathers third wife , was his favorite other mother . Death and legacy . In her last years , Gellhorn was in frail health , nearly blind and suffering from ovarian cancer that had spread to her liver . On February 15 , 1998 , she committed suicide in London apparently by swallowing a cyanide capsule . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 in her honor . In 2019 , a blue English Heritage plaque was unveiled at Gellhorn’s former London home , the first to feature the dedication of war correspondent . In popular culture . On October 5 , 2007 , the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists with first-class rate postage stamps , to be issued on April 22 , 2008 : Martha Gellhorn ; John Hersey ; George Polk ; Ruben Salazar ; and Eric Sevareid . Postmaster General Jack Potter announced the stamp series at the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington , D.C . In 2011 , Gellhorn was the subject of an hour-long episode of the World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women , which airs on the BBC , and periodically in the United States on PBS . In 2012 , Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufmans film , Hemingway & Gellhorn . Martha Gellhorns relationship with Ernest Hemingway is the subject of Paula McLains 2018 novel , Love and Ruin . In April , 2021 , Hemingway , a three-episode , six-hour documentary recapitulation of Hemingways life , labors , and loves , debuted on the Public Broadcasting System . It was co-produced and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . It contains considerable footage and photographs of Gellhorn , who is voiced by Meryl Streep , and recollections of those who knew her and her life with Hemingway first-hand . Bibliography . - What Mad Pursuit ( 1934 ) her time as a pacifist ; - The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 , new edition by Eland , 2012 ) Depression-era set of short stories ; - A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) novel set in Czechoslovakia at the outbreak of war ; - The Heart of Another ( 1941 ) ; - Liana ( 1944 ) ; - The Undefeated ( 1945 ) ; - Love Goes to Press : A Comedy in Three Acts ( 1947 ) ( with Virginia Cowles ) ; - The Wine of Astonishment ( 1948 ) World War II novel , republished in 1989 as Point of No Return ; - The Honeyed Peace : Stories ( 1953 ) ; - Two by Two ( 1958 ) ; - The Face of War ( 1959 ) collection of war journalism , updated in 1993 ; - His Own Man ( 1961 ) ; - Pretty Tales for Tired People ( 1965 ) ; - Vietnam : A New Kind of War ( 1966 ) ; - The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) a novel ; - Travels with Myself and Another : A Memoir ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2002 ) ; - The Weather in Africa ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2006 ) ; - The View From the Ground ( 1989 ; new edition by Eland , 2016 ) , a collection of peacetime journalism ; - The Short Novels of Martha Gellhorn ( 1991 ) ; US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn ( 1993 ) - Selected Letters of Martha Gellhorn ( 2006 ) , edited by Caroline Moorehead ; - Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War 1930–1949 ( 2019 ) , edited by Janet Somerville . Books about Gellhorn . - Somerville , Janet ( 2019 ) Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and WarAmazon link - Clayton , Meg Waite ( 2018 ) Beautiful Exiles : A Novel - Hardy Dorman , Angelia ( 2012 ) . Martha Gellhorn : Myth , Motif and Remembrance . - ( a.k.a . Gellhorn : A Twentieth-Century Life ) References . Notes Sources ( re-published as Gellhorn : A 20th-Century Life , Henry Holt & Co. , New York ( 2003 ) ) Further reading . - OToole , Fintan , A Moral Witness ( review of Janet Somerville , ed. , Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War , 1930–1949 , Firefly , 528 pp. ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXVII , no . 15 ( 8 October 2020 ) , pp . 29–31 . Fintan OToole writes ( p . 31 ) : Her [ war ] dispatches were not first drafts of history ; they were letters from eternity . [ ... ] To see history – at least the history of war – in terms of people is to see it not as a linear process but as a series of terrible repetitions [ ... ] . It is her ability to capture [ ... ] the terrible futility of this sameness that makes Gellhorns reportage so genuinely timeless . [ W ] e are [ ... ] drawn [ ... ] into the undertow of her distraught awareness that this moment , in its essence , has happened before and will happen again . External links . - Review of Martha Gellhorn : A Life ( The Age ) - <a Gellhorn talks about the Spanish Civil War </a> ( from a BBC Radio 4 live stream ) . - Electric Sky – Martha Gellhorn – On The Record - Is There a New Germany? , Martha Gellhorn , The Atlantic Monthly , February 1964 - The Arabs of Palestine , from Martha Gellhorn - The Outsiders : Martha Gellhorn a 1983 interview by John Pilge |
[
"T . S . Matthews"
] | easy | Who was Martha Gellhorn 's spouse from 1953 to 1963? | /wiki/Martha_Gellhorn#P26#2 | Martha Gellhorn Martha Ellis Gellhorn ( November 8 , 1908 – February 15 , 1998 ) was an American novelist , travel writer , and journalist who is considered one of the great war correspondents of the 20th century . She reported on virtually every major world conflict that took place during her 60-year career . Gellhorn was also the third wife of American novelist Ernest Hemingway , from 1940 to 1945 . She died in 1998 in an apparent suicide at the age of 89 , ill and almost completely blind . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism is named after her . Early life . Gellhorn was born on November 8 , 1908 , in St . Louis , Missouri , the daughter of Edna Fischel Gellhorn , a suffragist , and George Gellhorn , a German-born gynecologist . Her father and maternal grandfather were Jewish , and her maternal grandmother came from a Protestant family . Her brother Walter became a noted law professor at Columbia University , and her younger brother Alfred was an oncologist and former dean of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . At age 7 , Gellhorn participated in The Golden Lane , a rally for womens suffrage at the Democratic Partys 1916 national convention in St . Louis . Women carrying yellow parasols and wearing yellow sashes lined both sides of a main street leading to the St . Louis Coliseum . A tableau of the states was in front of the Art Museum ; states that had not enfranchised women were draped in black . Gellhorn and another girl , Mary Taussig , stood in front of the line , representing future voters . In 1926 , Gellhorn graduated from John Burroughs School in St . Louis , and enrolled in Bryn Mawr College , several miles outside Philadelphia . The following year , she left without having graduated to pursue a career as a journalist . Her first published articles appeared in The New Republic . In 1930 , determined to become a foreign correspondent , she went to France for two years , where she worked at the United Press bureau in Paris , but was fired after she reported sexual harassment by a man connected with the agency . She spent years traveling Europe , writing for newspapers in Paris and St . Louis and covering fashion for Vogue . She became active in the pacifist movement , and wrote about her experiences in her 1934 book What Mad Pursuit . Returning to the United States in 1932 , Gellhorn was hired by Harry Hopkins , whom she had met through her friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt . The Roosevelts invited Gellhorn to live at the White House , and she spent evenings there helping Eleanor Roosevelt write correspondence and the first lady’s “My Day” column in Women’s Home Companion . She was hired as a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) , created by Franklin D . Roosevelt to help end the Great Depression . Gellhorn traveled around the United States for FERA to report on how the Depression was affecting the country . She first went to Gastonia , North Carolina . Later , she worked with Dorothea Lange , a photographer , to document the everyday lives of the hungry and homeless . Their reports became part of the official government files for the Great Depression . They were able to investigate topics that were not usually open to women of the 1930s . She drew on her research to write a collection of short stories , The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 ) . In Idaho doing FERA work , Gellhorn convinced a group of workers to break the windows of the FERA office to draw attention to their crooked boss . Although this worked , she was fired from FERA . War in Europe and marriage to Hemingway . Gellhorn met Ernest Hemingway during a 1936 Christmas family trip to Key West , Florida . Gellhorn had been hired to report for Colliers Weekly on the Spanish Civil War , and the pair decided to travel to Spain together . They celebrated Christmas of 1937 in Barcelona . In Germany , she reported on the rise of Adolf Hitler and in the spring of 1938 , months before the Munich Agreement , she was in Czechoslovakia . After the outbreak of World War II , she described these events in the novel A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) . She later reported the war from Finland , Hong Kong , Burma , Singapore , and England . Lacking official press credentials to witness the Normandy landings , she hid in a hospital ship bathroom , and upon landing impersonated a stretcher bearer ; she later recalled , I followed the war wherever I could reach it . She was the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day on June 6 , 1944 . She was also among the first journalists to report from Dachau concentration camp after it was liberated by US troops on April 29 , 1945 . Gellhorn and Hemingway lived together off and on for four years , before marrying in November 1940 . ( Hemingway had ostensibly lived with his second wife , Pauline Pfeiffer , until 1939 ) . Increasingly resentful of Gellhorns long absences during her reporting assignments , Hemingway wrote to her when she left their Finca Vigía estate near Havana in 1943 to cover the Italian Front : Are you a war correspondent , or wife in my bed ? Hemingway , however , would later go to the front just before the Normandy landings , and Gellhorn also went , with Hemingway trying to block her travel . When she arrived by means of a dangerous ocean voyage in war-torn London , she told him she had had enough . She had found , as had his other wives , that , as described by Bernice Kert in The Hemingway Women : Hemingway could never sustain a long-lived , wholly satisfying relationship with any one of his four wives . Married domesticity may have seemed to him the desirable culmination of romantic love , but sooner or later he became bored and restless , critical and bullying . After four contentious years of marriage , they divorced in 1945 . The 2012 film Hemingway & Gellhorn is based on these years . The 2011 documentary film No Job for a Woman : The Women Who Fought to Report WWII features Gellhorn and how she changed war reporting . Later career . After the war , Gellhorn worked for the Atlantic Monthly , covering the Vietnam War and the Arab-Israel conflicts in the 1960s and 70s . She passed her 70th birthday in 1979 , but continued working in the following decade , covering the civil wars in Central America . As she approached 80 , Gellhorn began to slow down physically and although she still managed to cover the U.S . invasion of Panama in 1989 , she finally retired from journalism as the 1990s began . An operation for cataracts was unsuccessful and left her with permanently impaired vision . Gellhorn announced that she was too old to cover the Balkan conflicts in the 1990s . She did manage one last overseas trip to Brazil in 1995 to report on poverty in that country , which was published in the literary journal Granta . This last feat was accomplished with great difficulty as Gellhorns eyesight was failing , and she could not read her own manuscripts . Gellhorn published numerous books , including a collection of articles on war , The Face of War ( 1959 ) ; The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) , a novel about McCarthyism ; an account of her travels ( including one trip with Hemingway ) , Travels with Myself and Another ( 1978 ) ; and a collection of her peacetime journalism , The View from the Ground ( 1988 ) . Peripatetic by nature , Gellhorn reckoned that in a 40-year span of her life , she had created homes in 19 different locales . Personal life . Gellhorns first major affair was with the French economist Bertrand de Jouvenel . It began in 1930 , when she was 22 years old , and lasted until 1934 . She would have married de Jouvenel if his wife had consented to a divorce . She met Ernest Hemingway in Key West , Florida , in 1936 . They married in 1940 . Gellhorn resented her reflected fame as Hemingways third wife , remarking that she had no intention of being a footnote in someone elses life . As a condition for granting interviews , she was known to insist that Hemingways name not be mentioned . As she put it once , Ive been a writer for over 40 years . I was a writer before I met him and I was a writer after I left him . Why should I be merely a footnote in his life ? While married to Hemingway , Gellhorn had an affair with U.S . paratrooper Major General James M . Gavin , commanding general of the 82nd Airborne Division . Gavin was the youngest divisional commander in the U.S . army in World War II . Between marriages after divorcing Hemingway in 1945 , Gellhorn had romantic liaisons with L , Laurance Rockefeller , an American businessman ( 1945 ) ; journalist William Walton ( 1947 ) ( no relation to the British composer ) ; and medical doctor David Gurewitsch ( 1950 ) . In 1954 , she married the former managing editor of Time Magazine , T . S . Matthews . She and Matthews divorced in 1963 . She stayed in London for some time before moving to Kenya and then to Kilgwrrwg near Devauden in Gwent , south Wales , where she was very taken by the niceness of the Welsh people , before finally returning to London because of her ill-health . In 1949 , Gellhorn adopted a boy , Sandro , from an Italian orphanage . He was formally renamed George Alexander Gellhorn , and widely called Sandy . Gellhorn was reportedly a devoted mother for a time , but was not by nature maternal . She left Sandy in the care of relatives in Englewood , New Jersey , for long periods as she travelled , and he eventually attended boarding school . Their relationship was said to have become embittered . Gellhorn and the writer Sybille Bedford met in Rome in 1949 and developed a strong platonic friendship . It long survived volatility on both sides , and entailed much moral , creative and financial support for her friend on Gellhorns part until she ended the friendship in the early 1980s . Regarding sex , in 1972 Gellhorn wrote : If I practised sex out of moral conviction , that was one thing ; but to enjoy it .. . seemed a defeat . I accompanied men and was accompanied in action , in the extrovert part of life ; I plunged into that .. . but not sex ; that seemed to be their delight , and all I got was a pleasure of being wanted , I suppose , and the tenderness ( not nearly enough ) that a man gives when he is satisfied . I daresay I was the worst bed partner in five continents . On her relationship with Hemingway , she said My whole memory of sex with Ernest is the invention of excuses , and failing that , the hope that it would soon be over . However , the legacy of Gellhorns personal life remains shrouded in controversy . Supporters of Gellhorn say her unauthorized biographer , Carl Rollyson , is guilty of sexual scandal-mongering and cod psychology . Several of her prominent close friends ( among them the actress Betsy Drake , journalist John Pilger , writer James Fox , and Marthas younger brother Alfred ) have dismissed the characterizations of her as sexually manipulative and maternally deficient . Her supporters include her stepson , Sandy Matthews , who describes Gellhorn as very conscientious in her role as stepmother ; and Jack Hemingway once said that Gellhorn , his fathers third wife , was his favorite other mother . Death and legacy . In her last years , Gellhorn was in frail health , nearly blind and suffering from ovarian cancer that had spread to her liver . On February 15 , 1998 , she committed suicide in London apparently by swallowing a cyanide capsule . The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism was established in 1999 in her honor . In 2019 , a blue English Heritage plaque was unveiled at Gellhorn’s former London home , the first to feature the dedication of war correspondent . In popular culture . On October 5 , 2007 , the United States Postal Service announced that it would honor five 20th-century journalists with first-class rate postage stamps , to be issued on April 22 , 2008 : Martha Gellhorn ; John Hersey ; George Polk ; Ruben Salazar ; and Eric Sevareid . Postmaster General Jack Potter announced the stamp series at the Associated Press Managing Editors Meeting in Washington , D.C . In 2011 , Gellhorn was the subject of an hour-long episode of the World Media Rights series Extraordinary Women , which airs on the BBC , and periodically in the United States on PBS . In 2012 , Gellhorn was played by Nicole Kidman in Philip Kaufmans film , Hemingway & Gellhorn . Martha Gellhorns relationship with Ernest Hemingway is the subject of Paula McLains 2018 novel , Love and Ruin . In April , 2021 , Hemingway , a three-episode , six-hour documentary recapitulation of Hemingways life , labors , and loves , debuted on the Public Broadcasting System . It was co-produced and directed by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick . It contains considerable footage and photographs of Gellhorn , who is voiced by Meryl Streep , and recollections of those who knew her and her life with Hemingway first-hand . Bibliography . - What Mad Pursuit ( 1934 ) her time as a pacifist ; - The Trouble Ive Seen ( 1936 , new edition by Eland , 2012 ) Depression-era set of short stories ; - A Stricken Field ( 1940 ) novel set in Czechoslovakia at the outbreak of war ; - The Heart of Another ( 1941 ) ; - Liana ( 1944 ) ; - The Undefeated ( 1945 ) ; - Love Goes to Press : A Comedy in Three Acts ( 1947 ) ( with Virginia Cowles ) ; - The Wine of Astonishment ( 1948 ) World War II novel , republished in 1989 as Point of No Return ; - The Honeyed Peace : Stories ( 1953 ) ; - Two by Two ( 1958 ) ; - The Face of War ( 1959 ) collection of war journalism , updated in 1993 ; - His Own Man ( 1961 ) ; - Pretty Tales for Tired People ( 1965 ) ; - Vietnam : A New Kind of War ( 1966 ) ; - The Lowest Trees Have Tops ( 1967 ) a novel ; - Travels with Myself and Another : A Memoir ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2002 ) ; - The Weather in Africa ( 1978 , new edition by Eland , 2006 ) ; - The View From the Ground ( 1989 ; new edition by Eland , 2016 ) , a collection of peacetime journalism ; - The Short Novels of Martha Gellhorn ( 1991 ) ; US edition being The Novellas of Martha Gellhorn ( 1993 ) - Selected Letters of Martha Gellhorn ( 2006 ) , edited by Caroline Moorehead ; - Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War 1930–1949 ( 2019 ) , edited by Janet Somerville . Books about Gellhorn . - Somerville , Janet ( 2019 ) Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and WarAmazon link - Clayton , Meg Waite ( 2018 ) Beautiful Exiles : A Novel - Hardy Dorman , Angelia ( 2012 ) . Martha Gellhorn : Myth , Motif and Remembrance . - ( a.k.a . Gellhorn : A Twentieth-Century Life ) References . Notes Sources ( re-published as Gellhorn : A 20th-Century Life , Henry Holt & Co. , New York ( 2003 ) ) Further reading . - OToole , Fintan , A Moral Witness ( review of Janet Somerville , ed. , Yours , for Probably Always : Martha Gellhorns Letters of Love and War , 1930–1949 , Firefly , 528 pp. ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXVII , no . 15 ( 8 October 2020 ) , pp . 29–31 . Fintan OToole writes ( p . 31 ) : Her [ war ] dispatches were not first drafts of history ; they were letters from eternity . [ ... ] To see history – at least the history of war – in terms of people is to see it not as a linear process but as a series of terrible repetitions [ ... ] . It is her ability to capture [ ... ] the terrible futility of this sameness that makes Gellhorns reportage so genuinely timeless . [ W ] e are [ ... ] drawn [ ... ] into the undertow of her distraught awareness that this moment , in its essence , has happened before and will happen again . External links . - Review of Martha Gellhorn : A Life ( The Age ) - <a Gellhorn talks about the Spanish Civil War </a> ( from a BBC Radio 4 live stream ) . - Electric Sky – Martha Gellhorn – On The Record - Is There a New Germany? , Martha Gellhorn , The Atlantic Monthly , February 1964 - The Arabs of Palestine , from Martha Gellhorn - The Outsiders : Martha Gellhorn a 1983 interview by John Pilge |
[
"IM norm"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Razvan Preotu in 2014? | /wiki/Razvan_Preotu#P2962#0 | Razvan Preotu Razvan Preotu ( born August 11 , 1999 in Toronto , Ontario ) is a Canadian chess Grandmaster . Early life , family , and education . Preotu is the son of Rene and Gabriela Preotu , who came to Canada from Romania in 1998 . The family settled in Toronto , and moved to nearby Burlington , Ontario in 2003 . Razvan graduated from Dr . Frank J . Hayden Secondary School in the summer of 2017 and is currently studying computer science at The University of Texas at Dallas . He was awarded a chess scholarship and is a member of the university chess team . Chess career . Early years , coaches . Razvans first coach was his father Rene , a class B / Category II player , who is also a FIDE chess Arbiter . His first organized tournament was at age seven—the Grade 2 Chessn Math Association event in Toronto , in 2007 . Razvan studied with National Master Michael Egorov , a Hamilton , Ontario resident . He then began to work online with Romanian Grandmaster George-Gabriel Grigore . Upon Grigores retirement from coaching chess , Razvan worked with another Romanian GM Gergely Szabo , until summer 2016 . Early successes . Three straight national titles . Razvan won the Canadian Chess Challenge three consecutive times , for his grade 8 , grade 9 , and grade 10 years , in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . This annual event , organized by the Chessn Math Association , is Canadas national grade school championship , bringing together all of the provincial champions . FM title . Upon attaining a FIDE rating of 2300 , Razvan was awarded the FIDE Master title in 2013 , at age 14 . International Master . Razvan scored his first International Master ( IM ) norm at the 2013 North American Open in Las Vegas . He earned his first win over a Grandmaster when he defeated Bator Sambuev , a Canadian Olympic team member , at the 2013 Guelph Pro-Am . He made his second IM norm at the 2014 World Open at Arlington , Virginia ; this was also a Grandmaster norm . He attained his third and final required IM norm at the 2014 U.S . Masters , and was awarded the title by FIDE later that year , as his FIDE rating had topped 2400 . Grandmaster . Razvan achieved his second GM norm at the 2014 SPICE Cup , in St Louis , Missouri . He made his third and final required GM norm at the 2016 World Open in Philadelphia . One final step still remained before he could formally be awarded the GM title : the minimum 2500 rating , and Razvan completed this with his draw against GM Gata Kamsky in round five of the 2016 Washington , D.C . International . Razvan was granted the GM title during the 2016 FIDE Congress at Baku , Azerbaijan , in early September , 2016 , becoming the second youngest Canadian-born GM . Notable tournament results . Razvan played board one for Canada at the 2014 World Youth U16 Olympiad ; Canada placed fifth . He won the U16 Canadian title in 2015 , and placed sixth at the 2015 World Youth Chess Championship for U16 . Razvan won the championship at the 2016 Calgary International , ahead of five GMs , becoming the first Canadian to win this title outright . He also won the 2018 Quebec Open with an undefeated 7.5/9 , including wins over 2nd and 4th place GMs Edouard and Mikhalevskyi . As of August 1 , 2018 , Razvan is currently the #2 ranked Canadian for national rating , behind GM Anton Kovalyov . Razvan will be playing for Team Canada at the 2018 Chess Olympiad , Batumi , Georgia Chess writer . He has written articles for Chess Canada magazine , and recently released a book . Books . - Michael Song , Razvan Preotu , Foreword by Evgeny Bareev . 2017 . The Chess Attackers Handbook . Gambit Publications . External links . - Razvan Preotu blog website |
[
"GM norm"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Razvan Preotu in 2016? | /wiki/Razvan_Preotu#P2962#1 | Razvan Preotu Razvan Preotu ( born August 11 , 1999 in Toronto , Ontario ) is a Canadian chess Grandmaster . Early life , family , and education . Preotu is the son of Rene and Gabriela Preotu , who came to Canada from Romania in 1998 . The family settled in Toronto , and moved to nearby Burlington , Ontario in 2003 . Razvan graduated from Dr . Frank J . Hayden Secondary School in the summer of 2017 and is currently studying computer science at The University of Texas at Dallas . He was awarded a chess scholarship and is a member of the university chess team . Chess career . Early years , coaches . Razvans first coach was his father Rene , a class B / Category II player , who is also a FIDE chess Arbiter . His first organized tournament was at age seven—the Grade 2 Chessn Math Association event in Toronto , in 2007 . Razvan studied with National Master Michael Egorov , a Hamilton , Ontario resident . He then began to work online with Romanian Grandmaster George-Gabriel Grigore . Upon Grigores retirement from coaching chess , Razvan worked with another Romanian GM Gergely Szabo , until summer 2016 . Early successes . Three straight national titles . Razvan won the Canadian Chess Challenge three consecutive times , for his grade 8 , grade 9 , and grade 10 years , in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . This annual event , organized by the Chessn Math Association , is Canadas national grade school championship , bringing together all of the provincial champions . FM title . Upon attaining a FIDE rating of 2300 , Razvan was awarded the FIDE Master title in 2013 , at age 14 . International Master . Razvan scored his first International Master ( IM ) norm at the 2013 North American Open in Las Vegas . He earned his first win over a Grandmaster when he defeated Bator Sambuev , a Canadian Olympic team member , at the 2013 Guelph Pro-Am . He made his second IM norm at the 2014 World Open at Arlington , Virginia ; this was also a Grandmaster norm . He attained his third and final required IM norm at the 2014 U.S . Masters , and was awarded the title by FIDE later that year , as his FIDE rating had topped 2400 . Grandmaster . Razvan achieved his second GM norm at the 2014 SPICE Cup , in St Louis , Missouri . He made his third and final required GM norm at the 2016 World Open in Philadelphia . One final step still remained before he could formally be awarded the GM title : the minimum 2500 rating , and Razvan completed this with his draw against GM Gata Kamsky in round five of the 2016 Washington , D.C . International . Razvan was granted the GM title during the 2016 FIDE Congress at Baku , Azerbaijan , in early September , 2016 , becoming the second youngest Canadian-born GM . Notable tournament results . Razvan played board one for Canada at the 2014 World Youth U16 Olympiad ; Canada placed fifth . He won the U16 Canadian title in 2015 , and placed sixth at the 2015 World Youth Chess Championship for U16 . Razvan won the championship at the 2016 Calgary International , ahead of five GMs , becoming the first Canadian to win this title outright . He also won the 2018 Quebec Open with an undefeated 7.5/9 , including wins over 2nd and 4th place GMs Edouard and Mikhalevskyi . As of August 1 , 2018 , Razvan is currently the #2 ranked Canadian for national rating , behind GM Anton Kovalyov . Razvan will be playing for Team Canada at the 2018 Chess Olympiad , Batumi , Georgia Chess writer . He has written articles for Chess Canada magazine , and recently released a book . Books . - Michael Song , Razvan Preotu , Foreword by Evgeny Bareev . 2017 . The Chess Attackers Handbook . Gambit Publications . External links . - Razvan Preotu blog website |
[
"FIDE Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Razvan Preotu in 2013? | /wiki/Razvan_Preotu#P2962#2 | Razvan Preotu Razvan Preotu ( born August 11 , 1999 in Toronto , Ontario ) is a Canadian chess Grandmaster . Early life , family , and education . Preotu is the son of Rene and Gabriela Preotu , who came to Canada from Romania in 1998 . The family settled in Toronto , and moved to nearby Burlington , Ontario in 2003 . Razvan graduated from Dr . Frank J . Hayden Secondary School in the summer of 2017 and is currently studying computer science at The University of Texas at Dallas . He was awarded a chess scholarship and is a member of the university chess team . Chess career . Early years , coaches . Razvans first coach was his father Rene , a class B / Category II player , who is also a FIDE chess Arbiter . His first organized tournament was at age seven—the Grade 2 Chessn Math Association event in Toronto , in 2007 . Razvan studied with National Master Michael Egorov , a Hamilton , Ontario resident . He then began to work online with Romanian Grandmaster George-Gabriel Grigore . Upon Grigores retirement from coaching chess , Razvan worked with another Romanian GM Gergely Szabo , until summer 2016 . Early successes . Three straight national titles . Razvan won the Canadian Chess Challenge three consecutive times , for his grade 8 , grade 9 , and grade 10 years , in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . This annual event , organized by the Chessn Math Association , is Canadas national grade school championship , bringing together all of the provincial champions . FM title . Upon attaining a FIDE rating of 2300 , Razvan was awarded the FIDE Master title in 2013 , at age 14 . International Master . Razvan scored his first International Master ( IM ) norm at the 2013 North American Open in Las Vegas . He earned his first win over a Grandmaster when he defeated Bator Sambuev , a Canadian Olympic team member , at the 2013 Guelph Pro-Am . He made his second IM norm at the 2014 World Open at Arlington , Virginia ; this was also a Grandmaster norm . He attained his third and final required IM norm at the 2014 U.S . Masters , and was awarded the title by FIDE later that year , as his FIDE rating had topped 2400 . Grandmaster . Razvan achieved his second GM norm at the 2014 SPICE Cup , in St Louis , Missouri . He made his third and final required GM norm at the 2016 World Open in Philadelphia . One final step still remained before he could formally be awarded the GM title : the minimum 2500 rating , and Razvan completed this with his draw against GM Gata Kamsky in round five of the 2016 Washington , D.C . International . Razvan was granted the GM title during the 2016 FIDE Congress at Baku , Azerbaijan , in early September , 2016 , becoming the second youngest Canadian-born GM . Notable tournament results . Razvan played board one for Canada at the 2014 World Youth U16 Olympiad ; Canada placed fifth . He won the U16 Canadian title in 2015 , and placed sixth at the 2015 World Youth Chess Championship for U16 . Razvan won the championship at the 2016 Calgary International , ahead of five GMs , becoming the first Canadian to win this title outright . He also won the 2018 Quebec Open with an undefeated 7.5/9 , including wins over 2nd and 4th place GMs Edouard and Mikhalevskyi . As of August 1 , 2018 , Razvan is currently the #2 ranked Canadian for national rating , behind GM Anton Kovalyov . Razvan will be playing for Team Canada at the 2018 Chess Olympiad , Batumi , Georgia Chess writer . He has written articles for Chess Canada magazine , and recently released a book . Books . - Michael Song , Razvan Preotu , Foreword by Evgeny Bareev . 2017 . The Chess Attackers Handbook . Gambit Publications . External links . - Razvan Preotu blog website |
[
"Waco High School"
] | easy | Joe Barton went to which school from 1967 to 1968? | /wiki/Joe_Barton#P69#0 | Joe Barton Joe Linus Barton ( born September 15 , 1949 ) is an American politician who represented in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1985 to 2019 . The district included Arlington , part of Fort Worth , and several small towns and rural areas south of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex . He was also a member of the Tea Party Caucus . In 2014 , Barton became the longest-serving member of the Texas congressional delegation . Barton describes himself as a constant defender of conservative ideals and values . He advocates for deregulation of the electricity and natural gas industries , and serves as vice-chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committees . He denies that manmade carbon emissions have contributed to global warming , is a proponent of the use of fossil fuels , voted in favor of the May 2017 GOP plan to replace Obamacare , supported President Donald Trumps ban on immigration from certain predominantly Muslim nations , and supports the death penalty for persons caught spying . Barton led a successful effort to repeal the oil export ban in the House in 2017 . His environmental record of defending industries against tighter pollution controls earned him the nickname Smokey Joe . Barton came to national prominence after telling a citizen at a town hall meeting to shut up . He came to national attention again when sexually explicit photos that he had shared with women surfaced online in 2017 . In November 2017 , Barton announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018 . Early life , education , and early career . Barton was born in Waco , Texas , the son of Bess Wynell ( née Buice ) and Larry Linus Barton . He graduated from Waco High School . He attended Texas A&M University in College Station on a Gifford-Hill Opportunity Award scholarship , and received a B.S . in industrial engineering in 1972 . An M.Sc . in industrial administration from Purdue University followed in 1973 . Following college , Barton entered private industry until 1981 , when he became a White House Fellow and served under United States Secretary of Energy James B . Edwards . Later , he began consulting for Atlantic Richfield Oil and Gas Co. , before being elected to the United States Congress in 1984 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 1984–86 . Barton made his first run for elected office in 1984 , when he entered the Republican primary for Texass 6th congressional district after three-term incumbent Phil Gramm left his seat to run for the United States Senate that year . He finished first in the five-candidate field with 42% , and very narrowly defeated Max Hoyt in the runoff with 50% . He then defeated Democratic nominee and former State Representative Dan Kubiak 57%–43% . Barton was one of six freshmen Republican U.S . congressmen elected from Texas in 1984 , known as the Texas Six Pack . In 1986 , Barton won re-election against Democratic candidate Pete Geren , who was later elected to Congress from a neighboring district . Barton defeated Geren 56%–44% . 1988–2010 . During this period , Barton won each re-election with 60% of the vote or more . His worst general election performance was in 2006 , when he defeated Democratic candidate David Harris 60%–37% , a 23-point margin . The 2008 election was his second-worst performance , defeating Democratic candidate Ludwig Otto by a 26-point margin , 62%–36% . He was only challenged in the primary twice in this time period : in 1992 and 1994 . In 1992 , he defeated Mike McGinn 79 to 21% . In 1994 , he defeated Jerry Goode 89%–11% . 2012 . Because of increasing controversy surrounding his record in office , election battles became increasingly contentious . In 2011 , a Super PAC was formed by Texas conservative groups to remove him and several other long-time incumbents from office . The Democratic National Committee used Bartons comments in political ads , shown nationally against all Republican candidates . Several websites were created and dedicated to simply removing Barton from office . DefeatJoeBarton.com/ was created by Democratic challengers . All content was later removed , though the site is still owned . Barton drew three primary challengers : Joe Chow , Mayor of Addison ; Itamar Gelbman , a security consultant ; and Frank C . Kuchar , a Dallas businessman and former preacher . Chow is Texas first Asian-American mayor . He called Barton the most corrupt congressman in the State of Texas . At the end of March 2012 , Barton had $1.3 million in cash on hand , compared with $28,800 for Chow , $178,000 for Gelbman , and $463 for Kuchar . 2014 . In the Republican primary on March 4 , Barton won re-nomination to a 16th term in the U.S . House . He polled 32,579 ( 72.7% ) ; his 2012 primary opponent , Frank Kuchar , trailed with 12,260 votes ( 27.3% ) . On November 4 , Barton handily won re-election over Democratic opponent David Cozad . 2016 . Barton polled 55,197 votes ( 68.7% ) in a three-candidate field for the Republican House nomination in the March 1 primary election . The runner-up , Steven Fowler , received 17,927 votes ( 22.3% ) . To win his 17th consecutive term in the House , Barton then defeated in the November 8 general election the Democrat Ruby Faye Woolridge ( born 1948 ) of Arlington , who had polled 22,954 votes ( 69.7% ) in her earlier three-candidate Democratic primary . Barton finished with 159,444 votes ( 58.3% ) to Woolridges 106,667 ( 39% ) ; the most any Democrat had received against Barton in his three-decade career . The remaining 7,185 votes ( 2.6% ) went to the Green Party candidate , Darrel Smith , Jr . 2018 . Texass filing deadline for the House seat held by Barton was December 11 , 2017 . The primary was held March 6 , 2018 . Barton initially said that he would run for reelection , but announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection in 2018 . If Barton resigned from his seat ( as predicted by Austin Republican strategist Matt Mackowiak ) , there would be a special , open primary election in 2018 , in which candidates from all parties would appear on a single ballot ; if no candidate received more than 50% of the vote , then the top two vote-getters ( regardless of party ) will advance to a runoff . Democrat former educator Ruby Faye Woolridge had indicated she would run for the seat , as did Democrats Jana Lynne Sanchez ( endorsed by the New Democrat Coalition and the environmental group Climate Hawks Vote ) , party activist Justin Snider , Levii R . Shocklee of Arlington , and lawyer John Duncan . Republicans Jake Ellzey ( a retired U.S . Navy fighter pilot and commissioner on the Texas Veterans Commission ) and Dr . Monte Mark Mitchell ( a Fort Worth physician , attorney , and custom home builder ) filed to oppose Barton , and other Republican candidates for Bartons seat may include State Representative Tony Tinderholt , State Senators Brian Birdwell and Konni Burton , Ellis County Commissioner Paul Perry , and former Tarrant County Tax Assessor-Collector Ron Wright ( Bartons former chief of staff and district director ) . The Fort Worth Star-Telegram urged that Barton not seek re-election . Tim OHare , the Chairman of the Tarrant County Republican Party , called on Barton to not seek re-election and to retire from Congress by the end of [ 2017 ] , saying he is guilty of sexual immorality . Republican State Senators Konni Burton and Brian Birdwell also urged Barton to not seek re-election . Brian Mayes , a Dallas political consultant , said Barton was vulnerable in his upcoming election battle if he gets a motivated opponent , and that he risked getting lumped in fairly or unfairly with sexual misconduct allegations in Congress . Barton announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection . Tenure . Barton voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in both of its manifestations . In March 2011 , Barton sponsored the Better Use of Light Bulbs Act , which would repeal the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 , signed by President George W . Bush . The 2007 law would set energy efficiency standards for light bulbs , effectively eliminating most or all incandescent light bulbs . Barton said People dont want Congress dictating what light fixtures they can use . Barton is a member of the Freedom Caucus and the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . In the first session of the 115th United States Congress , Barton was ranked the 42nd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index , a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetowns McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship . - Congressional action - Former Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee , House sponsor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , and chairman of the House–Senate energy conference committee . On his website he speaks of his diligent work to promote a conservative agenda , and how in his first legislative victory as Chairman , the House overwhelmingly passed legislation to limit indecency on the public airwaves . - Both initiated and eliminated safe harbor provision for MTBE ( in Energy Policy Act of 2005 ) . - Co-founded the Congressional Privacy Caucus , cosponsor of the anti-spyware SPY ACT , initiated . - Opposed the extension of the Voting Rights Act in 2006 - Barton was a leading voice in Congress for forcing the switch from analog to digital TV . - Barton has supported the auctioning off the public airwaves to private companies . Global warming . Prompted by a February 2005 Wall Street Journal article , Barton launched an investigation that year into two climate change studies from 1998 and 1999 . In his letters to the authors of the studies he requested details on the studies and the sources of the authors grant funding . The Washington Post condemned Bartons investigation as a witch-hunt . During former Vice President Al Gores testimony to the Energy and Commerce Committee in March 2007 , Barton asserted to Gore that Youre not just off a little , youre totally wrong ( climate scientists have refuted Bartons assertion ) , stating that Global warming science is uneven and evolving . Upset with House Speaker Nancy Pelosis passage of global warming legislation in 2009 , he said : You cant regulate God . At the same time , Barton implied in 2009 that wind is a finite resource , and there was a claim made that Barton was suggesting that greater use of wind turbines would slow the winds down , which would cause the temperature to go up , although a report in Snopes suggested that Barton was merely quoting an academic study which suggested that increased use of wind turbines might have unintended consequences for the environment , and that the claim about the linkage between increased use of wind turbines and slowing down the winds was incorrect . In 2013 , when discussing the Keystone XL pipeline , he referred to the Genesis flood narrative in the Bible to argue that current climate change isnt man-made . Barton rejects the scientific consensus on climate change that climate change is real and that human activity is the primary cause . Barton has mocked human-caused climate change according to The New York Times , and is a long-time denier of global warming according to Time magazine , and a longtime skeptic of human involvement in climate change according to HuffPost . In any event , he suggested that humans will adapt to climate change because we can get shade . Barton has made a reputation for his outspoken rejection of man-made climate change , and for his support for the oil industry , according to Suzanne Goldenberg in The Guardian . Autism bills controversy . Barton tried to block the bipartisan Combating Autism Act of 2006 . He said that the money steered toward environmental causes of autism was not the reason he blocked passage of the bill . The controversy stemmed from the conflict between two bills in the House and Senate . Barton introduced the National Institutes of Health Reform Act of 2006 , while Senator Rick Santorum introduced the Autism bill . Santorum said in a CNN interview that the Senate bill was intended to be fit into Bartons bill in the House bill . He stated that I was in constant conversation with him [ Barton ] and many House members all last week in an attempt to help the NIH bill come through the Senate , as well as try to move the Combating Autism bill through the Senate . Santorum stated that the Senate bill would investigate possible environmental causes , while the House bill would prevent that . Barton let the bill die in committee , which upset many people who were vocal about saying Barton had sacrificed the interests of autistic children in the interests of the oil and gas companies that donate heavily to his campaign . BP oil spill controversy . In June 2010 , Barton accused the Obama administration of a $20 billion shakedown of oil giant BP after the company reached an agreement with the administration to establish an escrow account to pay the claims of people harmed by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . He made the accusation at the outset of a House hearing where BPs chief executive officer , Tony Hayward , appeared for the first time before Congress . Facing Hayward at the witness table , Barton said , I apologize . I do not want to live in a country where any time a citizen or a corporation does something that is legitimately wrong , is subject to some sort of political pressure that is , again , in my words — amounts to a shakedown , so I apologize . Prior to the establishment of the agreement , the Obama administration had been public in their criticism of BP for the oil spill . Bartons remarks were criticized by White House spokesman Robert Gibbs and Vice President Joe Biden , GOP congressional leadership as well as by Bartons fellow Republicans , some of whom called on him to relinquish his leadership role in the House Energy Subcommittee . Barton later said that his earlier remarks had been misconstrued and that he believed BP was responsible for the accident . Later that day , he issued a statement apologizing for using the term shakedown and fully retracted his apology to BP . Sodomy and abortion . In 2010 , Barton backed a policy platform that called for re-criminalizing sodomy in Texas . He has 100% ratings from socially conservative groups such as the Family Research Council and the Christian Coalition of America for his opposition to abortion and LGBTQ rights . CREW report . The organization Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) put Barton on its CREWs Most Corrupt Report 2011 . The article stated that on Bartons 2008 financial disclosure statement , he inaccurately reported on the source of a natural gas interest that he bought into . The share was purchased through a longtime donor and supporter , who later died . This was discovered by the Dallas Morning News in 2010 . According to the Dallas Morning News article , Barton made over $100,000 on the investment . The article and CREW Report both pointed out how Barton buying this undervalued asset from an advisor on energy issues could be a conflict of interest to the Congressmans position as the Chair of the Houses Energy Subcommittee . It quoted James Thurber , a Distinguished Professor of Government at American University , as saying : If you are elected as a public servant to try to do what is right for the public generally and then you use that position to help bring in material wealth , I think its unethical . CREW also reported that Barton paid his wife Terri $57,759 in salary and bonuses , from his campaign funds in the 2006 election cycle . A spokesman said that Terri served as the campaigns outreach director and planned fund raising and special events . in addition , Bartons daughter Kristin was paid $12,622 in salary and bonuses , and his mother , Nell Barton , was paid $7,000 for a car . Crude oil ban . Barton expressed in September 2014 his full support of the U.S . lifting the 40-year-old ban on crude oil exports – an issue that sparked controversy among members of the Republican Party . Several research reports had found that exporting the glut of shale oil would ultimately lower U.S . and global fuel prices , rather than raise them ; U.S . public opinion was divided on the issue . Online poker . Barton has sought to permit online poker , and regulate it on a federal level . To that end , he has introduced the Online Poker Act of 2011 , the Internet Poker Freedom Act of 2013 , and the Internet Poker Freedom Act of 2015 . Health care . Barton favored repealing the Affordable Care Act ( ACA , or Obamacare ) . Explaining why the American Health Care Act ( the House Republicans bill to repeal and replace for the Affordable Care Act ) failed in March 2017 , Barton said , Sometimes youre playing fantasy football and sometimes youre in the real game . We knew the president , if we could get a repeal bill to his desk , would almost certainly veto it . This time we knew if it got to the presidents desk it would be signed . Hurricane Harvey relief . Barton voted against Hurricane Harvey relief in 2017 . Barton said that he could not support an increase in the debt ceiling . Immigration . Barton supported President Donald Trumps 2017 Executive Order 13769 banning entry to the United States by nationals of seven Muslim-majority nations . In November 2017 , Barton called on the House leadership to pass naturalization legislation for children who came across the border illegally with their parents . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce ( Chair emeritus ) - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy and Power - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations 1993 U.S . Senate election . In 1993 , Barton ran in the special election for the U.S . Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen , who became United States Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton administration . Barton finished third in the contest , behind state treasurer Kay Bailey Hutchison and Senator Bob Krueger , thus missing a runoff slot . He divided the more conservative vote in that election with House colleague Jack Fields of Houston . Barton Family Foundation . The Barton Family Foundation was established in 2005 to support charities within the congressmans district . His daughter-in-law , Amy Barton , is the Foundations Executive Director . Major energy corporations , such as the Chicago-based nuclear energy producer , Exelon Corporation , make major gifts to the Foundation . In June 2008 , at a time when Barton had introduced legislation to assist corporations with the recycling of spent nuclear fuel , the corporation donated $25,000 to the Foundation . Exelon has also donated $80,000 to Bartons campaign funds . The Foundation gave $90,000 to the local Boys and Girls Club , this is the only recorded donation made by the Foundation in its seven-year history . Sex scandal . In November 2017 , nude selfie pictures of Barton surfaced online , which he acknowledged were authentic , and which he apologized for to his constituents . He confirmed he himself took the photo , apparently from a video of him masturbating , and sent it to women with whom he was having consensual sexual relationships . An anonymous Twitter user posted the photo of Barton , who had pointed his camera upward from below his genitals , next to a text message reading , I want you soo bad . Right now . Deep and hard . An anonymous woman said that she had received the selfie and other explicit images from Barton , but had not been the person who posted any of them on the internet . She also shared with the Washington Post a 2015 recorded phone call in which Barton warned her against using the explicit materials in a way that would negatively affect my career , threatening to report her to the Capitol Police if she did so . On the taped phone call , Barton said .. . I .. . met you twice while married and had sex with you on two different occasions ; the woman said that they had slept together in 2012 in Washington , DC , and in 2014 in Texas , and that the Congressman had reimbursed her for her airfare in cash on both occasions . The woman also shared with the Washington Post text and social media messages Barton exchanged with her , as well as a 53-second cellphone video in which Barton recorded himself masturbating . She described to the newspaper encounters and contact with Barton spanning a five-year period , beginning in 2011 . She said she came forward because : Its not normal for a member of Congress who runs on a GOP platform of family values and conservatism to be scouring the Internet looking for a new sexual liaison . A week later a second woman , Kelly Canon , a board member of the Arlington Republican Club and a member of the Republican Women of Arlington who is a constituent of Bartons , shared a series of messages — some with sexual overtones — that Barton had sent to her . Barton sent the messages in 2012 and 2013 , while Barton was married to his second wife . The messages included questions from Barton about whether Canon was wearing a tank top only . . and no panties , followed by answer me miss evasive . Barton also messaged her that men are men...and u r definitely a sexy woman . When Canon responded that all the good ones are married , Barton replied : I dont know about good..but I am married .. . but ...I am not thinking good thoughts at this moment .. . blush . Barton confirmed that he had the message exchange . A third woman , Cheryl Small , said on November 30 , 2017 , that Barton had sex with her multiple times in his Ennis office while he was married . His second ex-wife said : Of course I wasnt surprised . I guess I was more surprised that some of these ladies finally came forward . She said she found it ironic that Barton was one of President Bill Clintons loudest critics during the Monica Lewinsky scandal . Similarly , columnist Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer noted that Barton practically built his political career on condemning the behavior of others and even on trying to make other peoples private behavior against the law .. . While Barton had no plans to resign immediately , according to a spokeswoman , and initially had said that he would run for reelection in 2018 , a number of state and local politicians indicated that they might challenge him in the 2018 election for his seat . Barton hired a crisis communication firm , and said he had suffered a potential crime . Outlets including Slate , NBC and CNN opined that Barton might be a victim of revenge porn , which—though not a federal crime—is a class A misdemeanor in Texas , punishable by up to one year in county jail and up to a $4,000 fine . Randy Bellomy , Chairman of the Ellis County Republican Party , said His lifestyle is inconsistent with Republican ideals , and he has brought disgrace not only to Ellis County and the 6th Congressional District , but also to the people of Texas and this great nation . Brian Mayes , a Dallas political consultant , said that the sexting is something youd expect from a young , immature college kid , not a grandfather . Texas GOP Chairman James Dickey said that the case is distinguishable from that of former Congressman Anthony Weiner and his sexting scandal , but that the two controversies share one consistent message that everyone should take to heart : We should all think very hard before we post , text or otherwise share anything . Barton announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection . The Fort Worth Star-Telegram ran an editorial in reaction entitled Hey Joe Barton , skipping the next election is not enough . Its time to go . It opined that it was not appropriate for Barton – who can no longer be taken seriously – to continue to represent the 6th Congressional District for another year , until January 2019 . Personal life . Barton was divorced from his first wife ( Jeanette/Janet Sue Winslow ) in 2003 . He remarried in 2004 , and divorced from his second wife ( Terri ) in 2015 . In 2017 he was again engaged . His wife Terri said she filed for divorce after evidence that Barton had engaged in multiple affairs , and finding a very sexually explicit video of one of his mistresses . He has four children and five grandchildren . In December 2005 , Barton suffered a heart attack and was taken to George Washington University Hospital . Electoral history . ! Year ! Republican ! Votes ! Democratic ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes External links . - Campaign contributors at Newsmeat - Articles - How the Wall Street Journal and Rep . Barton celebrated a global-warming skeptic : The untold story of how a front-page article and powerful U.S . politicians morphed former mining executive Stephen McIntyre into a scientific superstar Environmental Science & Technology , August 31 , 2005 - Big Oil Looking for a Government Handout , Courtesy of Joe Barton World Internet News , April 2006 , - Activists Putting Heat on Barton Dallas Morning News , October 2006 - Eight More Deep Thoughts from Rep . Joe Barton Time , June 2010 |
[
"Texas A&M University"
] | easy | Which school did Joe Barton go to from 1972 to 1973? | /wiki/Joe_Barton#P69#1 | Joe Barton Joe Linus Barton ( born September 15 , 1949 ) is an American politician who represented in the U.S . House of Representatives from 1985 to 2019 . The district included Arlington , part of Fort Worth , and several small towns and rural areas south of the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex . He was also a member of the Tea Party Caucus . In 2014 , Barton became the longest-serving member of the Texas congressional delegation . Barton describes himself as a constant defender of conservative ideals and values . He advocates for deregulation of the electricity and natural gas industries , and serves as vice-chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committees . He denies that manmade carbon emissions have contributed to global warming , is a proponent of the use of fossil fuels , voted in favor of the May 2017 GOP plan to replace Obamacare , supported President Donald Trumps ban on immigration from certain predominantly Muslim nations , and supports the death penalty for persons caught spying . Barton led a successful effort to repeal the oil export ban in the House in 2017 . His environmental record of defending industries against tighter pollution controls earned him the nickname Smokey Joe . Barton came to national prominence after telling a citizen at a town hall meeting to shut up . He came to national attention again when sexually explicit photos that he had shared with women surfaced online in 2017 . In November 2017 , Barton announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018 . Early life , education , and early career . Barton was born in Waco , Texas , the son of Bess Wynell ( née Buice ) and Larry Linus Barton . He graduated from Waco High School . He attended Texas A&M University in College Station on a Gifford-Hill Opportunity Award scholarship , and received a B.S . in industrial engineering in 1972 . An M.Sc . in industrial administration from Purdue University followed in 1973 . Following college , Barton entered private industry until 1981 , when he became a White House Fellow and served under United States Secretary of Energy James B . Edwards . Later , he began consulting for Atlantic Richfield Oil and Gas Co. , before being elected to the United States Congress in 1984 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 1984–86 . Barton made his first run for elected office in 1984 , when he entered the Republican primary for Texass 6th congressional district after three-term incumbent Phil Gramm left his seat to run for the United States Senate that year . He finished first in the five-candidate field with 42% , and very narrowly defeated Max Hoyt in the runoff with 50% . He then defeated Democratic nominee and former State Representative Dan Kubiak 57%–43% . Barton was one of six freshmen Republican U.S . congressmen elected from Texas in 1984 , known as the Texas Six Pack . In 1986 , Barton won re-election against Democratic candidate Pete Geren , who was later elected to Congress from a neighboring district . Barton defeated Geren 56%–44% . 1988–2010 . During this period , Barton won each re-election with 60% of the vote or more . His worst general election performance was in 2006 , when he defeated Democratic candidate David Harris 60%–37% , a 23-point margin . The 2008 election was his second-worst performance , defeating Democratic candidate Ludwig Otto by a 26-point margin , 62%–36% . He was only challenged in the primary twice in this time period : in 1992 and 1994 . In 1992 , he defeated Mike McGinn 79 to 21% . In 1994 , he defeated Jerry Goode 89%–11% . 2012 . Because of increasing controversy surrounding his record in office , election battles became increasingly contentious . In 2011 , a Super PAC was formed by Texas conservative groups to remove him and several other long-time incumbents from office . The Democratic National Committee used Bartons comments in political ads , shown nationally against all Republican candidates . Several websites were created and dedicated to simply removing Barton from office . DefeatJoeBarton.com/ was created by Democratic challengers . All content was later removed , though the site is still owned . Barton drew three primary challengers : Joe Chow , Mayor of Addison ; Itamar Gelbman , a security consultant ; and Frank C . Kuchar , a Dallas businessman and former preacher . Chow is Texas first Asian-American mayor . He called Barton the most corrupt congressman in the State of Texas . At the end of March 2012 , Barton had $1.3 million in cash on hand , compared with $28,800 for Chow , $178,000 for Gelbman , and $463 for Kuchar . 2014 . In the Republican primary on March 4 , Barton won re-nomination to a 16th term in the U.S . House . He polled 32,579 ( 72.7% ) ; his 2012 primary opponent , Frank Kuchar , trailed with 12,260 votes ( 27.3% ) . On November 4 , Barton handily won re-election over Democratic opponent David Cozad . 2016 . Barton polled 55,197 votes ( 68.7% ) in a three-candidate field for the Republican House nomination in the March 1 primary election . The runner-up , Steven Fowler , received 17,927 votes ( 22.3% ) . To win his 17th consecutive term in the House , Barton then defeated in the November 8 general election the Democrat Ruby Faye Woolridge ( born 1948 ) of Arlington , who had polled 22,954 votes ( 69.7% ) in her earlier three-candidate Democratic primary . Barton finished with 159,444 votes ( 58.3% ) to Woolridges 106,667 ( 39% ) ; the most any Democrat had received against Barton in his three-decade career . The remaining 7,185 votes ( 2.6% ) went to the Green Party candidate , Darrel Smith , Jr . 2018 . Texass filing deadline for the House seat held by Barton was December 11 , 2017 . The primary was held March 6 , 2018 . Barton initially said that he would run for reelection , but announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection in 2018 . If Barton resigned from his seat ( as predicted by Austin Republican strategist Matt Mackowiak ) , there would be a special , open primary election in 2018 , in which candidates from all parties would appear on a single ballot ; if no candidate received more than 50% of the vote , then the top two vote-getters ( regardless of party ) will advance to a runoff . Democrat former educator Ruby Faye Woolridge had indicated she would run for the seat , as did Democrats Jana Lynne Sanchez ( endorsed by the New Democrat Coalition and the environmental group Climate Hawks Vote ) , party activist Justin Snider , Levii R . Shocklee of Arlington , and lawyer John Duncan . Republicans Jake Ellzey ( a retired U.S . Navy fighter pilot and commissioner on the Texas Veterans Commission ) and Dr . Monte Mark Mitchell ( a Fort Worth physician , attorney , and custom home builder ) filed to oppose Barton , and other Republican candidates for Bartons seat may include State Representative Tony Tinderholt , State Senators Brian Birdwell and Konni Burton , Ellis County Commissioner Paul Perry , and former Tarrant County Tax Assessor-Collector Ron Wright ( Bartons former chief of staff and district director ) . The Fort Worth Star-Telegram urged that Barton not seek re-election . Tim OHare , the Chairman of the Tarrant County Republican Party , called on Barton to not seek re-election and to retire from Congress by the end of [ 2017 ] , saying he is guilty of sexual immorality . Republican State Senators Konni Burton and Brian Birdwell also urged Barton to not seek re-election . Brian Mayes , a Dallas political consultant , said Barton was vulnerable in his upcoming election battle if he gets a motivated opponent , and that he risked getting lumped in fairly or unfairly with sexual misconduct allegations in Congress . Barton announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection . Tenure . Barton voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in both of its manifestations . In March 2011 , Barton sponsored the Better Use of Light Bulbs Act , which would repeal the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 , signed by President George W . Bush . The 2007 law would set energy efficiency standards for light bulbs , effectively eliminating most or all incandescent light bulbs . Barton said People dont want Congress dictating what light fixtures they can use . Barton is a member of the Freedom Caucus and the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . In the first session of the 115th United States Congress , Barton was ranked the 42nd most bipartisan member of the House by the Bipartisan Index , a metric published by The Lugar Center and Georgetowns McCourt School of Public Policy to assess congressional bipartisanship . - Congressional action - Former Chairman of the House Energy and Commerce Committee , House sponsor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 , and chairman of the House–Senate energy conference committee . On his website he speaks of his diligent work to promote a conservative agenda , and how in his first legislative victory as Chairman , the House overwhelmingly passed legislation to limit indecency on the public airwaves . - Both initiated and eliminated safe harbor provision for MTBE ( in Energy Policy Act of 2005 ) . - Co-founded the Congressional Privacy Caucus , cosponsor of the anti-spyware SPY ACT , initiated . - Opposed the extension of the Voting Rights Act in 2006 - Barton was a leading voice in Congress for forcing the switch from analog to digital TV . - Barton has supported the auctioning off the public airwaves to private companies . Global warming . Prompted by a February 2005 Wall Street Journal article , Barton launched an investigation that year into two climate change studies from 1998 and 1999 . In his letters to the authors of the studies he requested details on the studies and the sources of the authors grant funding . The Washington Post condemned Bartons investigation as a witch-hunt . During former Vice President Al Gores testimony to the Energy and Commerce Committee in March 2007 , Barton asserted to Gore that Youre not just off a little , youre totally wrong ( climate scientists have refuted Bartons assertion ) , stating that Global warming science is uneven and evolving . Upset with House Speaker Nancy Pelosis passage of global warming legislation in 2009 , he said : You cant regulate God . At the same time , Barton implied in 2009 that wind is a finite resource , and there was a claim made that Barton was suggesting that greater use of wind turbines would slow the winds down , which would cause the temperature to go up , although a report in Snopes suggested that Barton was merely quoting an academic study which suggested that increased use of wind turbines might have unintended consequences for the environment , and that the claim about the linkage between increased use of wind turbines and slowing down the winds was incorrect . In 2013 , when discussing the Keystone XL pipeline , he referred to the Genesis flood narrative in the Bible to argue that current climate change isnt man-made . Barton rejects the scientific consensus on climate change that climate change is real and that human activity is the primary cause . Barton has mocked human-caused climate change according to The New York Times , and is a long-time denier of global warming according to Time magazine , and a longtime skeptic of human involvement in climate change according to HuffPost . In any event , he suggested that humans will adapt to climate change because we can get shade . Barton has made a reputation for his outspoken rejection of man-made climate change , and for his support for the oil industry , according to Suzanne Goldenberg in The Guardian . Autism bills controversy . Barton tried to block the bipartisan Combating Autism Act of 2006 . He said that the money steered toward environmental causes of autism was not the reason he blocked passage of the bill . The controversy stemmed from the conflict between two bills in the House and Senate . Barton introduced the National Institutes of Health Reform Act of 2006 , while Senator Rick Santorum introduced the Autism bill . Santorum said in a CNN interview that the Senate bill was intended to be fit into Bartons bill in the House bill . He stated that I was in constant conversation with him [ Barton ] and many House members all last week in an attempt to help the NIH bill come through the Senate , as well as try to move the Combating Autism bill through the Senate . Santorum stated that the Senate bill would investigate possible environmental causes , while the House bill would prevent that . Barton let the bill die in committee , which upset many people who were vocal about saying Barton had sacrificed the interests of autistic children in the interests of the oil and gas companies that donate heavily to his campaign . BP oil spill controversy . In June 2010 , Barton accused the Obama administration of a $20 billion shakedown of oil giant BP after the company reached an agreement with the administration to establish an escrow account to pay the claims of people harmed by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . He made the accusation at the outset of a House hearing where BPs chief executive officer , Tony Hayward , appeared for the first time before Congress . Facing Hayward at the witness table , Barton said , I apologize . I do not want to live in a country where any time a citizen or a corporation does something that is legitimately wrong , is subject to some sort of political pressure that is , again , in my words — amounts to a shakedown , so I apologize . Prior to the establishment of the agreement , the Obama administration had been public in their criticism of BP for the oil spill . Bartons remarks were criticized by White House spokesman Robert Gibbs and Vice President Joe Biden , GOP congressional leadership as well as by Bartons fellow Republicans , some of whom called on him to relinquish his leadership role in the House Energy Subcommittee . Barton later said that his earlier remarks had been misconstrued and that he believed BP was responsible for the accident . Later that day , he issued a statement apologizing for using the term shakedown and fully retracted his apology to BP . Sodomy and abortion . In 2010 , Barton backed a policy platform that called for re-criminalizing sodomy in Texas . He has 100% ratings from socially conservative groups such as the Family Research Council and the Christian Coalition of America for his opposition to abortion and LGBTQ rights . CREW report . The organization Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) put Barton on its CREWs Most Corrupt Report 2011 . The article stated that on Bartons 2008 financial disclosure statement , he inaccurately reported on the source of a natural gas interest that he bought into . The share was purchased through a longtime donor and supporter , who later died . This was discovered by the Dallas Morning News in 2010 . According to the Dallas Morning News article , Barton made over $100,000 on the investment . The article and CREW Report both pointed out how Barton buying this undervalued asset from an advisor on energy issues could be a conflict of interest to the Congressmans position as the Chair of the Houses Energy Subcommittee . It quoted James Thurber , a Distinguished Professor of Government at American University , as saying : If you are elected as a public servant to try to do what is right for the public generally and then you use that position to help bring in material wealth , I think its unethical . CREW also reported that Barton paid his wife Terri $57,759 in salary and bonuses , from his campaign funds in the 2006 election cycle . A spokesman said that Terri served as the campaigns outreach director and planned fund raising and special events . in addition , Bartons daughter Kristin was paid $12,622 in salary and bonuses , and his mother , Nell Barton , was paid $7,000 for a car . Crude oil ban . Barton expressed in September 2014 his full support of the U.S . lifting the 40-year-old ban on crude oil exports – an issue that sparked controversy among members of the Republican Party . Several research reports had found that exporting the glut of shale oil would ultimately lower U.S . and global fuel prices , rather than raise them ; U.S . public opinion was divided on the issue . Online poker . Barton has sought to permit online poker , and regulate it on a federal level . To that end , he has introduced the Online Poker Act of 2011 , the Internet Poker Freedom Act of 2013 , and the Internet Poker Freedom Act of 2015 . Health care . Barton favored repealing the Affordable Care Act ( ACA , or Obamacare ) . Explaining why the American Health Care Act ( the House Republicans bill to repeal and replace for the Affordable Care Act ) failed in March 2017 , Barton said , Sometimes youre playing fantasy football and sometimes youre in the real game . We knew the president , if we could get a repeal bill to his desk , would almost certainly veto it . This time we knew if it got to the presidents desk it would be signed . Hurricane Harvey relief . Barton voted against Hurricane Harvey relief in 2017 . Barton said that he could not support an increase in the debt ceiling . Immigration . Barton supported President Donald Trumps 2017 Executive Order 13769 banning entry to the United States by nationals of seven Muslim-majority nations . In November 2017 , Barton called on the House leadership to pass naturalization legislation for children who came across the border illegally with their parents . Committee assignments . - Committee on Energy and Commerce ( Chair emeritus ) - Subcommittee on Commerce , Manufacturing and Trade - Subcommittee on Communications and Technology - Subcommittee on Energy and Power - Subcommittee on Environment and Economy - Subcommittee on Health - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations 1993 U.S . Senate election . In 1993 , Barton ran in the special election for the U.S . Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Lloyd Bentsen , who became United States Secretary of the Treasury in the Clinton administration . Barton finished third in the contest , behind state treasurer Kay Bailey Hutchison and Senator Bob Krueger , thus missing a runoff slot . He divided the more conservative vote in that election with House colleague Jack Fields of Houston . Barton Family Foundation . The Barton Family Foundation was established in 2005 to support charities within the congressmans district . His daughter-in-law , Amy Barton , is the Foundations Executive Director . Major energy corporations , such as the Chicago-based nuclear energy producer , Exelon Corporation , make major gifts to the Foundation . In June 2008 , at a time when Barton had introduced legislation to assist corporations with the recycling of spent nuclear fuel , the corporation donated $25,000 to the Foundation . Exelon has also donated $80,000 to Bartons campaign funds . The Foundation gave $90,000 to the local Boys and Girls Club , this is the only recorded donation made by the Foundation in its seven-year history . Sex scandal . In November 2017 , nude selfie pictures of Barton surfaced online , which he acknowledged were authentic , and which he apologized for to his constituents . He confirmed he himself took the photo , apparently from a video of him masturbating , and sent it to women with whom he was having consensual sexual relationships . An anonymous Twitter user posted the photo of Barton , who had pointed his camera upward from below his genitals , next to a text message reading , I want you soo bad . Right now . Deep and hard . An anonymous woman said that she had received the selfie and other explicit images from Barton , but had not been the person who posted any of them on the internet . She also shared with the Washington Post a 2015 recorded phone call in which Barton warned her against using the explicit materials in a way that would negatively affect my career , threatening to report her to the Capitol Police if she did so . On the taped phone call , Barton said .. . I .. . met you twice while married and had sex with you on two different occasions ; the woman said that they had slept together in 2012 in Washington , DC , and in 2014 in Texas , and that the Congressman had reimbursed her for her airfare in cash on both occasions . The woman also shared with the Washington Post text and social media messages Barton exchanged with her , as well as a 53-second cellphone video in which Barton recorded himself masturbating . She described to the newspaper encounters and contact with Barton spanning a five-year period , beginning in 2011 . She said she came forward because : Its not normal for a member of Congress who runs on a GOP platform of family values and conservatism to be scouring the Internet looking for a new sexual liaison . A week later a second woman , Kelly Canon , a board member of the Arlington Republican Club and a member of the Republican Women of Arlington who is a constituent of Bartons , shared a series of messages — some with sexual overtones — that Barton had sent to her . Barton sent the messages in 2012 and 2013 , while Barton was married to his second wife . The messages included questions from Barton about whether Canon was wearing a tank top only . . and no panties , followed by answer me miss evasive . Barton also messaged her that men are men...and u r definitely a sexy woman . When Canon responded that all the good ones are married , Barton replied : I dont know about good..but I am married .. . but ...I am not thinking good thoughts at this moment .. . blush . Barton confirmed that he had the message exchange . A third woman , Cheryl Small , said on November 30 , 2017 , that Barton had sex with her multiple times in his Ennis office while he was married . His second ex-wife said : Of course I wasnt surprised . I guess I was more surprised that some of these ladies finally came forward . She said she found it ironic that Barton was one of President Bill Clintons loudest critics during the Monica Lewinsky scandal . Similarly , columnist Jim Schutze of the Dallas Observer noted that Barton practically built his political career on condemning the behavior of others and even on trying to make other peoples private behavior against the law .. . While Barton had no plans to resign immediately , according to a spokeswoman , and initially had said that he would run for reelection in 2018 , a number of state and local politicians indicated that they might challenge him in the 2018 election for his seat . Barton hired a crisis communication firm , and said he had suffered a potential crime . Outlets including Slate , NBC and CNN opined that Barton might be a victim of revenge porn , which—though not a federal crime—is a class A misdemeanor in Texas , punishable by up to one year in county jail and up to a $4,000 fine . Randy Bellomy , Chairman of the Ellis County Republican Party , said His lifestyle is inconsistent with Republican ideals , and he has brought disgrace not only to Ellis County and the 6th Congressional District , but also to the people of Texas and this great nation . Brian Mayes , a Dallas political consultant , said that the sexting is something youd expect from a young , immature college kid , not a grandfather . Texas GOP Chairman James Dickey said that the case is distinguishable from that of former Congressman Anthony Weiner and his sexting scandal , but that the two controversies share one consistent message that everyone should take to heart : We should all think very hard before we post , text or otherwise share anything . Barton announced on November 30 , 2017 , that he would not seek reelection . The Fort Worth Star-Telegram ran an editorial in reaction entitled Hey Joe Barton , skipping the next election is not enough . Its time to go . It opined that it was not appropriate for Barton – who can no longer be taken seriously – to continue to represent the 6th Congressional District for another year , until January 2019 . Personal life . Barton was divorced from his first wife ( Jeanette/Janet Sue Winslow ) in 2003 . He remarried in 2004 , and divorced from his second wife ( Terri ) in 2015 . In 2017 he was again engaged . His wife Terri said she filed for divorce after evidence that Barton had engaged in multiple affairs , and finding a very sexually explicit video of one of his mistresses . He has four children and five grandchildren . In December 2005 , Barton suffered a heart attack and was taken to George Washington University Hospital . Electoral history . ! Year ! Republican ! Votes ! Democratic ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes ! Third Party ! Party ! Votes External links . - Campaign contributors at Newsmeat - Articles - How the Wall Street Journal and Rep . Barton celebrated a global-warming skeptic : The untold story of how a front-page article and powerful U.S . politicians morphed former mining executive Stephen McIntyre into a scientific superstar Environmental Science & Technology , August 31 , 2005 - Big Oil Looking for a Government Handout , Courtesy of Joe Barton World Internet News , April 2006 , - Activists Putting Heat on Barton Dallas Morning News , October 2006 - Eight More Deep Thoughts from Rep . Joe Barton Time , June 2010 |
[
"East High School"
] | easy | Which school did Enid Greene Mickelsen go to from 1975 to 1976? | /wiki/Enid_Greene_Mickelsen#P69#0 | Enid Greene Mickelsen Enid Greene Mickelsen , formerly Enid Greene Waldholtz ( born June 5 , 1958 ) , is an American politician from the state of Utah who served one term in the United States House of Representatives . She was the third woman and first Republican woman elected to congress from Utah . Since her retirement in 1997 , no woman was elected to Congress from Utah until Mia Love in 2014 . Early life . Greene was born in San Rafael , California , to naval officer and financier D . Forrest Greene and Gerda Marie Beyer . She is one of five children . She graduated from East High School and earned her B.A . from the University of Utah in 1980 . She received her law degree from Brigham Young University in 1983 . She worked as a lawyer for software company Novell and then at a Salt Lake City law firm . She was deputy chief of staff for Governor Norman H . Bangerter . Career . Run for the US House of Representatives . While serving as chair of the Young Republican National Federation ( YRNF ) , Enid met Joe Waldholtz and they were soon in a relationship . Greene ran for the House of Representatives in 1992 against Karen Shepherd for the Utah Second District , which was entirely contained in Salt Lake County at that time , losing by four percentage points . Second Run for US House of Representatives . Greene married Waldholtz in 1993 . After her marriage , Greene took the name Enid Greene Waldholtz . During her 1994 rematch against Shepherd , Joe acted as her campaign manager . Her campaign spent approximately $2 million , the most expensive House race in the country that year . Greene was swept into the 104th Congress in the Republican landslide in November . She was named to the House Rules Committee , the first freshman on that committee in over 80 years , and considered to be a potential rising star in the party . In March 1995 , she announced she was pregnant . Greene became the second representative to ever give birth while in office ( the first being Yvonne Brathwaite Burke ) and the first Republican . Misuse of Funds . Her term was marred with scandal as her campaign was accused of campaign finance violations . Almost $1.8 million of the money spent in the 1994 campaign came from her husband , Joe , who had embezzled nearly $4 million from her father . Joe Waldholtz disappeared in November 1995 for six days before surrendering to police . During that time she announced that she was suing for divorce , for custody of her daughter , and to change her name back to Enid Greene . The Washington Post reported that Waldholtz was addicted to heroin . Under pressure from Utah Republicans , she announced on March 5 , 1996 that she would not seek re-election to Congress . Joe Waldholtz pleaded guilty to federal charges of tax , bank , and campaign fraud , and then , while out on parole , was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father . He was sentenced to three to 15 years in prison . Comeback . Greene has slowly made her way back up the state Republican ladder in Utah . In 2003 , she was elected vice chair of the Utah Republican Party . Greene was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Utah in 2004 , but her ticket with gubernatorial candidate Nolan Karras was unsuccessful , garnering only 34% of the vote in the Republican primary . After losing in the primary , Greene went back to being Utah GOP vice chairwoman . She became acting chair of the Utah Republican Party upon the resignation of Joe Cannon in November 2006 , and was unanimously elected to serve as state party chair in February 2007 until the next convention in June 2007 . Enid Greene remarried in 2008 to then sheriffs deputy , and current judge , Scott J . Mickelsen . She was a delegate at the 2012 Republican National convention , served as chair of the 2016 Republican National Convention Site Selection Committee , and was appointed by RNC Chair Reince Priebus as chair of the 2016 Republican Convention Rules Committee . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1992 , Eileen Koschak of the Socialist Workers party received 650 votes . |
[
"University of Utah"
] | easy | Enid Greene Mickelsen went to which school in 1976? | /wiki/Enid_Greene_Mickelsen#P69#1 | Enid Greene Mickelsen Enid Greene Mickelsen , formerly Enid Greene Waldholtz ( born June 5 , 1958 ) , is an American politician from the state of Utah who served one term in the United States House of Representatives . She was the third woman and first Republican woman elected to congress from Utah . Since her retirement in 1997 , no woman was elected to Congress from Utah until Mia Love in 2014 . Early life . Greene was born in San Rafael , California , to naval officer and financier D . Forrest Greene and Gerda Marie Beyer . She is one of five children . She graduated from East High School and earned her B.A . from the University of Utah in 1980 . She received her law degree from Brigham Young University in 1983 . She worked as a lawyer for software company Novell and then at a Salt Lake City law firm . She was deputy chief of staff for Governor Norman H . Bangerter . Career . Run for the US House of Representatives . While serving as chair of the Young Republican National Federation ( YRNF ) , Enid met Joe Waldholtz and they were soon in a relationship . Greene ran for the House of Representatives in 1992 against Karen Shepherd for the Utah Second District , which was entirely contained in Salt Lake County at that time , losing by four percentage points . Second Run for US House of Representatives . Greene married Waldholtz in 1993 . After her marriage , Greene took the name Enid Greene Waldholtz . During her 1994 rematch against Shepherd , Joe acted as her campaign manager . Her campaign spent approximately $2 million , the most expensive House race in the country that year . Greene was swept into the 104th Congress in the Republican landslide in November . She was named to the House Rules Committee , the first freshman on that committee in over 80 years , and considered to be a potential rising star in the party . In March 1995 , she announced she was pregnant . Greene became the second representative to ever give birth while in office ( the first being Yvonne Brathwaite Burke ) and the first Republican . Misuse of Funds . Her term was marred with scandal as her campaign was accused of campaign finance violations . Almost $1.8 million of the money spent in the 1994 campaign came from her husband , Joe , who had embezzled nearly $4 million from her father . Joe Waldholtz disappeared in November 1995 for six days before surrendering to police . During that time she announced that she was suing for divorce , for custody of her daughter , and to change her name back to Enid Greene . The Washington Post reported that Waldholtz was addicted to heroin . Under pressure from Utah Republicans , she announced on March 5 , 1996 that she would not seek re-election to Congress . Joe Waldholtz pleaded guilty to federal charges of tax , bank , and campaign fraud , and then , while out on parole , was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father . He was sentenced to three to 15 years in prison . Comeback . Greene has slowly made her way back up the state Republican ladder in Utah . In 2003 , she was elected vice chair of the Utah Republican Party . Greene was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Utah in 2004 , but her ticket with gubernatorial candidate Nolan Karras was unsuccessful , garnering only 34% of the vote in the Republican primary . After losing in the primary , Greene went back to being Utah GOP vice chairwoman . She became acting chair of the Utah Republican Party upon the resignation of Joe Cannon in November 2006 , and was unanimously elected to serve as state party chair in February 2007 until the next convention in June 2007 . Enid Greene remarried in 2008 to then sheriffs deputy , and current judge , Scott J . Mickelsen . She was a delegate at the 2012 Republican National convention , served as chair of the 2016 Republican National Convention Site Selection Committee , and was appointed by RNC Chair Reince Priebus as chair of the 2016 Republican Convention Rules Committee . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1992 , Eileen Koschak of the Socialist Workers party received 650 votes . |
[
"Brigham Young University"
] | easy | Enid Greene Mickelsen went to which school in 1980? | /wiki/Enid_Greene_Mickelsen#P69#2 | Enid Greene Mickelsen Enid Greene Mickelsen , formerly Enid Greene Waldholtz ( born June 5 , 1958 ) , is an American politician from the state of Utah who served one term in the United States House of Representatives . She was the third woman and first Republican woman elected to congress from Utah . Since her retirement in 1997 , no woman was elected to Congress from Utah until Mia Love in 2014 . Early life . Greene was born in San Rafael , California , to naval officer and financier D . Forrest Greene and Gerda Marie Beyer . She is one of five children . She graduated from East High School and earned her B.A . from the University of Utah in 1980 . She received her law degree from Brigham Young University in 1983 . She worked as a lawyer for software company Novell and then at a Salt Lake City law firm . She was deputy chief of staff for Governor Norman H . Bangerter . Career . Run for the US House of Representatives . While serving as chair of the Young Republican National Federation ( YRNF ) , Enid met Joe Waldholtz and they were soon in a relationship . Greene ran for the House of Representatives in 1992 against Karen Shepherd for the Utah Second District , which was entirely contained in Salt Lake County at that time , losing by four percentage points . Second Run for US House of Representatives . Greene married Waldholtz in 1993 . After her marriage , Greene took the name Enid Greene Waldholtz . During her 1994 rematch against Shepherd , Joe acted as her campaign manager . Her campaign spent approximately $2 million , the most expensive House race in the country that year . Greene was swept into the 104th Congress in the Republican landslide in November . She was named to the House Rules Committee , the first freshman on that committee in over 80 years , and considered to be a potential rising star in the party . In March 1995 , she announced she was pregnant . Greene became the second representative to ever give birth while in office ( the first being Yvonne Brathwaite Burke ) and the first Republican . Misuse of Funds . Her term was marred with scandal as her campaign was accused of campaign finance violations . Almost $1.8 million of the money spent in the 1994 campaign came from her husband , Joe , who had embezzled nearly $4 million from her father . Joe Waldholtz disappeared in November 1995 for six days before surrendering to police . During that time she announced that she was suing for divorce , for custody of her daughter , and to change her name back to Enid Greene . The Washington Post reported that Waldholtz was addicted to heroin . Under pressure from Utah Republicans , she announced on March 5 , 1996 that she would not seek re-election to Congress . Joe Waldholtz pleaded guilty to federal charges of tax , bank , and campaign fraud , and then , while out on parole , was subsequently convicted of forging insurance and Veterans Affairs checks from his stepmother and his late father . He was sentenced to three to 15 years in prison . Comeback . Greene has slowly made her way back up the state Republican ladder in Utah . In 2003 , she was elected vice chair of the Utah Republican Party . Greene was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Utah in 2004 , but her ticket with gubernatorial candidate Nolan Karras was unsuccessful , garnering only 34% of the vote in the Republican primary . After losing in the primary , Greene went back to being Utah GOP vice chairwoman . She became acting chair of the Utah Republican Party upon the resignation of Joe Cannon in November 2006 , and was unanimously elected to serve as state party chair in February 2007 until the next convention in June 2007 . Enid Greene remarried in 2008 to then sheriffs deputy , and current judge , Scott J . Mickelsen . She was a delegate at the 2012 Republican National convention , served as chair of the 2016 Republican National Convention Site Selection Committee , and was appointed by RNC Chair Reince Priebus as chair of the 2016 Republican Convention Rules Committee . Electoral history . Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 1992 , Eileen Koschak of the Socialist Workers party received 650 votes . |
[
"Chuck Woolery",
"Susan Stafford"
] | easy | Wheel of Fortune (American game show) was presented by whom from 1975 to Dec 1981? | /wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)#P371#0 | Wheel of Fortune ( American game show ) Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . The current version of the series , which airs in nightly syndication , premiered on September 19 , 1983 . It stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and co-host . The original version of Wheel was a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 , then on CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 , and again on NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 , thereby co-existing with the nighttime version from 1983 to 1991 . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , while remaining as host of the nighttime Wheel . Sajak was replaced in daytime by Rolf Benirschke , who was in turn replaced by Bob Goen when the network show moved to CBS ; Goen remained as host for the second NBC run . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version since its inception in 1983 . Jim Thornton has been the shows off-camera announcer since 2010 . Charlie ODonnell served as the shows announcer from its debut until 1980 , and again from 1989 until his death in 2010 . Jack Clark announced from 1980 to his death in 1988 , with M . G . Kelly succeeding him until ODonnells return . Two spin-off versions exist as well . The first was Wheel 2000 , a version featuring child contestants which aired simultaneously on CBS and Game Show Network between 1997 and 1998 ; this versions hosts were David Sidoni and Tanika Ray , the latter in the role of a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . The second , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , began airing on ABC on January 7 , 2021 . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States , with 7,000 episodes taped and aired as of May 10 , 2019 . TV Guide named it the top-rated syndicated series in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No . 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series 38th season premiered on September 14 , 2020 , and Sajak became the longest-running host of any game show , surpassing Bob Barker , who hosted The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 . Gameplay . Main game . The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category . Contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword by saying them in any order , but contestants may not repeat or add any word ( such as and ) while solving the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestants turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewers perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . It also allows the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or attempt to solve the puzzle , with no penalty for a move that would normally result in a lost turn . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1 million . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card and/or million dollar wedge if either was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features five toss-up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first puzzle , worth $1,000 , determines who the host interviews first ; the second , worth $2,000 , determines who spins first in round 1 . The third through fifth , collectively the Triple Toss-Up , take place prior to the fourth round . In the Triple Toss-Up round , three consecutive Toss-Up puzzles are played , each having the same category and a common theme . Solving any of these awards $2,000 cash , while solving the third also earns the right to start the fourth round . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss-up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter is revealed . In this case , the contestant closest to the host goes first . In addition to the toss-ups , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two mystery wedges . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an Express wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either pass and continue the round normally , or play and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a speed-up format , in which the host spins the wheel ; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestants arrow plus $1,000 . If this spin lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , it is edited from the broadcast and the host spins the wheel again . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants scores in the speed-up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn . After the speed-up round , the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who did not solve any puzzles are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round , an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000 , and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round . Since season 35 , the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins ( prior to season 35 , the category and puzzle were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . The puzzle is revealed , as is every instance of the letters R , S , T , L , N , and E . The contestant provides three more consonants and one more vowel . A contestant holding the Wild Card may then choose a fourth consonant . After any instances of those letters are revealed , the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle . The contestant can offer multiple guesses , as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amounts present value . If the contestant did not land on the $1,000,000 , the host reveals the location of the envelope on the prize wheel after the bonus round . Previous rules . Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings either on a gift certificate or on account for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . If a tie for first place occurred on the daytime version , all three players returned to continue the game on the next episode , and it counted as a single appearance . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot began at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the weeks first four shows returned to compete in the Friday Finals . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a permanent bonus round . However , two experimental bonus rounds were attempted before then . In 1978 , some episodes featured a round known as the Star Bonus , where a star-shaped token was placed on the wheel . Contestants who picked up the token played an additional round at the end of the game to win one of four prizes , whose value determined the difficulty of the puzzle . The contestant provided four consonants and a vowel , and was given 15 seconds to attempt solving . In one week of episodes airing in March 1980 , contestants who won the main game were given 30 seconds to attempt solving a puzzle for a chance to win a luxury automobile , in a week called Super Wheel Bonus Week . When the current bonus round was introduced in 1981 , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L . One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998–2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and development . Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune using inspiration from Hangman after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a hook . He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always drawn to such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGEs then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBCs daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shoppers Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shoppers Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a Your Own Clue wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the Shoppers Special where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a Vegas feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting A-E-I-O-U to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel . Hosts and hostesses . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolerys departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his odd sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC , was too local for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschkes term as host came to an end due to NBCs cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Staffords most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Staffords departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Staffords successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as Vannamania . White also hosted the daytime version until its cancellation in 1991 , except for one week in June 1986 when Stafford returned so that White could recover after her fiancé , John Gibson , died in a plane crash . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffins son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie ODonnell co-hosted the third round with White after ODonnells name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that days edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek . Trebek presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively . Lesly Sajak , Pats wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a Vanna for a Day contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take Whites place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the shows website . The winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took Whites place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . In November 2019 , three weeks of episodes were taped with White hosting in Sajaks place while he recovered from intestinal surgery . During her time as hostess , several guests appeared at the puzzle board , including costumed performers of Mickey and Minnie Mouse ( during the Secret Santa shows ) , and Maggie Sajak ( Sajaks daughter ) . Announcers . Charlie ODonnell was the programs first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and ODonnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but ODonnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M . G . Kelly was Clarks replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until ODonnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season . ODonnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After ODonnells death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton . For the shows twenty-ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the shows fourth announcer . Production staff . Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated versions executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . On August 1 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Friedman would retire as executive producer of both Wheel and Jeopardy ! at the end of the 2019–20 season . On August 29 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Mike Richards will replace Friedman at the start of 2020–21 season . John Rhinehart was the programs first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBCs West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffiths and Schwartzs former position . The shows original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwins associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full-time director . Production . Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Media Ventures , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBCs 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set . Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated versions premiere in 1983 . In 1997 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . Shoppers Bazaar used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen . Ed Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy! , redesigned the wheel mechanism , in which the wheel lays flat while a camera zooms in from above . The first incarnation of the wheel was mostly made of paint and cardboard , and has since seen multiple design changes . Until the mid-1990s , the wheel spun automatically during the opening and closing of the show . The current incarnation , in use since 2003 , is framed on a steel tube surrounded by Plexiglas panels and contains more than 200 lighting instruments . It is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately . The wheel , including its light extensions , is in diameter . The shows original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 , and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop-downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Accommodations for COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020 , Sony suspended production of the show due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In August 2020 , taping resumed with new safety measures . Taping is currently ongoing . New episodes tape without studio audiences ; only essential staff and crew are allowed on stage . Personal protective equipment is also provided to everyone behind the scenes for their safety . All staff and crew undergo testing on a regular basis , while contestants are tested before they step onto the set . Additionally , social distancing measures are enforced both on the set and off stage , and Sajaks and the players podiums have thus been widened to allow for greater distance during gameplay . Contestants spin the wheel with a white , tube-like device that fits over the wheels pegs so they do not have to touch the wheel directly ; Sajak also spins the wheel with his own device during the final spin . During the bonus round , Sajak picks up the prize envelope instead of the contestant and remains at the bonus wheel for the duration of the round . These new episodes began airing September 14 , 2020 when the shows 38th nighttime season premiered . Many season 37 episodes were taped before the pandemic began and before public health authorities had started enforcing current safety regulations . Because these episodes do not employ cautionary measures and were only aired in the middle of the crisis , they were broadcast with a message at the beginning stating that they had been taped before the pandemic started ( as not to mislead audiences into thinking incorrectly that the producers were ignoring public health advice ) . Music . Alan Thicke composed the shows original theme , which was titled Big Wheels . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffins own composition , Changing Keys , to allow him to derive royalties from that compositions use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of Changing Keys , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000–01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled Happy Wheels . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of Happy Wheels and an original rock-based composition . In addition to Changing Keys , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the shows early years . Among them were Frisco Disco ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , A Time for Tony ( whose basic melody evolved into Think! , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ) , Buzzword ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffins Crosswords ) , Nightwalk , Struttin on Sunset , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process . Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortunes audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of ViacomCBS , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the Wheelmobile to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one-hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the most promising candidates are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the shows website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history . Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10:30 am ( 9:30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that versions run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Lets Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated nighttime version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season , Griffin followed up on the shows success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the periods three longest-running and most popular game shows , Tic-Tac-Dough , The Jokers Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the shows popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy! , remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become Americas longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . In 1992 , the show began airing on most of the owned-and-operated stations for ABC , currently known as the ABC Owned Television Stations . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , , Denmark , France , , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as Wheel Around the World , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special childrens version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the shows child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . In November 2020 , ABC ordered a prime time spin-off show , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , with Richards as executive producer and Sajak and White as hosts , which premiered on January 7 , 2021 . Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games , with the same three celebrities playing on behalf of designated charities in both . In May 2021 , ABC renewed Celebrity Wheel of Fortune for a second season . Reception . Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S . syndicated television . It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010–11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSNs list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSNs Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel ; and ODonnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , Id like to buy a vowel , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to Come on down! , the announcers catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , Changing Keys was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , Think ! from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the shows taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheels syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to Whites wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double-decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise . Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the shopping prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco/Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . |
[
"Pat Sajak"
] | easy | Wheel of Fortune (American game show) was presented by whom in Dec 1981? | /wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)#P371#1 | Wheel of Fortune ( American game show ) Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . The current version of the series , which airs in nightly syndication , premiered on September 19 , 1983 . It stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and co-host . The original version of Wheel was a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 , then on CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 , and again on NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 , thereby co-existing with the nighttime version from 1983 to 1991 . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , while remaining as host of the nighttime Wheel . Sajak was replaced in daytime by Rolf Benirschke , who was in turn replaced by Bob Goen when the network show moved to CBS ; Goen remained as host for the second NBC run . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version since its inception in 1983 . Jim Thornton has been the shows off-camera announcer since 2010 . Charlie ODonnell served as the shows announcer from its debut until 1980 , and again from 1989 until his death in 2010 . Jack Clark announced from 1980 to his death in 1988 , with M . G . Kelly succeeding him until ODonnells return . Two spin-off versions exist as well . The first was Wheel 2000 , a version featuring child contestants which aired simultaneously on CBS and Game Show Network between 1997 and 1998 ; this versions hosts were David Sidoni and Tanika Ray , the latter in the role of a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . The second , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , began airing on ABC on January 7 , 2021 . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States , with 7,000 episodes taped and aired as of May 10 , 2019 . TV Guide named it the top-rated syndicated series in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No . 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series 38th season premiered on September 14 , 2020 , and Sajak became the longest-running host of any game show , surpassing Bob Barker , who hosted The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 . Gameplay . Main game . The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category . Contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword by saying them in any order , but contestants may not repeat or add any word ( such as and ) while solving the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestants turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewers perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . It also allows the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or attempt to solve the puzzle , with no penalty for a move that would normally result in a lost turn . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1 million . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card and/or million dollar wedge if either was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features five toss-up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first puzzle , worth $1,000 , determines who the host interviews first ; the second , worth $2,000 , determines who spins first in round 1 . The third through fifth , collectively the Triple Toss-Up , take place prior to the fourth round . In the Triple Toss-Up round , three consecutive Toss-Up puzzles are played , each having the same category and a common theme . Solving any of these awards $2,000 cash , while solving the third also earns the right to start the fourth round . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss-up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter is revealed . In this case , the contestant closest to the host goes first . In addition to the toss-ups , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two mystery wedges . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an Express wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either pass and continue the round normally , or play and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a speed-up format , in which the host spins the wheel ; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestants arrow plus $1,000 . If this spin lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , it is edited from the broadcast and the host spins the wheel again . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants scores in the speed-up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn . After the speed-up round , the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who did not solve any puzzles are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round , an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000 , and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round . Since season 35 , the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins ( prior to season 35 , the category and puzzle were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . The puzzle is revealed , as is every instance of the letters R , S , T , L , N , and E . The contestant provides three more consonants and one more vowel . A contestant holding the Wild Card may then choose a fourth consonant . After any instances of those letters are revealed , the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle . The contestant can offer multiple guesses , as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amounts present value . If the contestant did not land on the $1,000,000 , the host reveals the location of the envelope on the prize wheel after the bonus round . Previous rules . Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings either on a gift certificate or on account for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . If a tie for first place occurred on the daytime version , all three players returned to continue the game on the next episode , and it counted as a single appearance . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot began at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the weeks first four shows returned to compete in the Friday Finals . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a permanent bonus round . However , two experimental bonus rounds were attempted before then . In 1978 , some episodes featured a round known as the Star Bonus , where a star-shaped token was placed on the wheel . Contestants who picked up the token played an additional round at the end of the game to win one of four prizes , whose value determined the difficulty of the puzzle . The contestant provided four consonants and a vowel , and was given 15 seconds to attempt solving . In one week of episodes airing in March 1980 , contestants who won the main game were given 30 seconds to attempt solving a puzzle for a chance to win a luxury automobile , in a week called Super Wheel Bonus Week . When the current bonus round was introduced in 1981 , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L . One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998–2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and development . Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune using inspiration from Hangman after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a hook . He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always drawn to such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGEs then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBCs daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shoppers Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shoppers Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a Your Own Clue wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the Shoppers Special where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a Vegas feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting A-E-I-O-U to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel . Hosts and hostesses . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolerys departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his odd sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC , was too local for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschkes term as host came to an end due to NBCs cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Staffords most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Staffords departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Staffords successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as Vannamania . White also hosted the daytime version until its cancellation in 1991 , except for one week in June 1986 when Stafford returned so that White could recover after her fiancé , John Gibson , died in a plane crash . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffins son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie ODonnell co-hosted the third round with White after ODonnells name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that days edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek . Trebek presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively . Lesly Sajak , Pats wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a Vanna for a Day contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take Whites place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the shows website . The winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took Whites place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . In November 2019 , three weeks of episodes were taped with White hosting in Sajaks place while he recovered from intestinal surgery . During her time as hostess , several guests appeared at the puzzle board , including costumed performers of Mickey and Minnie Mouse ( during the Secret Santa shows ) , and Maggie Sajak ( Sajaks daughter ) . Announcers . Charlie ODonnell was the programs first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and ODonnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but ODonnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M . G . Kelly was Clarks replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until ODonnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season . ODonnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After ODonnells death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton . For the shows twenty-ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the shows fourth announcer . Production staff . Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated versions executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . On August 1 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Friedman would retire as executive producer of both Wheel and Jeopardy ! at the end of the 2019–20 season . On August 29 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Mike Richards will replace Friedman at the start of 2020–21 season . John Rhinehart was the programs first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBCs West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffiths and Schwartzs former position . The shows original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwins associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full-time director . Production . Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Media Ventures , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBCs 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set . Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated versions premiere in 1983 . In 1997 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . Shoppers Bazaar used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen . Ed Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy! , redesigned the wheel mechanism , in which the wheel lays flat while a camera zooms in from above . The first incarnation of the wheel was mostly made of paint and cardboard , and has since seen multiple design changes . Until the mid-1990s , the wheel spun automatically during the opening and closing of the show . The current incarnation , in use since 2003 , is framed on a steel tube surrounded by Plexiglas panels and contains more than 200 lighting instruments . It is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately . The wheel , including its light extensions , is in diameter . The shows original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 , and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop-downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Accommodations for COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020 , Sony suspended production of the show due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In August 2020 , taping resumed with new safety measures . Taping is currently ongoing . New episodes tape without studio audiences ; only essential staff and crew are allowed on stage . Personal protective equipment is also provided to everyone behind the scenes for their safety . All staff and crew undergo testing on a regular basis , while contestants are tested before they step onto the set . Additionally , social distancing measures are enforced both on the set and off stage , and Sajaks and the players podiums have thus been widened to allow for greater distance during gameplay . Contestants spin the wheel with a white , tube-like device that fits over the wheels pegs so they do not have to touch the wheel directly ; Sajak also spins the wheel with his own device during the final spin . During the bonus round , Sajak picks up the prize envelope instead of the contestant and remains at the bonus wheel for the duration of the round . These new episodes began airing September 14 , 2020 when the shows 38th nighttime season premiered . Many season 37 episodes were taped before the pandemic began and before public health authorities had started enforcing current safety regulations . Because these episodes do not employ cautionary measures and were only aired in the middle of the crisis , they were broadcast with a message at the beginning stating that they had been taped before the pandemic started ( as not to mislead audiences into thinking incorrectly that the producers were ignoring public health advice ) . Music . Alan Thicke composed the shows original theme , which was titled Big Wheels . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffins own composition , Changing Keys , to allow him to derive royalties from that compositions use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of Changing Keys , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000–01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled Happy Wheels . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of Happy Wheels and an original rock-based composition . In addition to Changing Keys , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the shows early years . Among them were Frisco Disco ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , A Time for Tony ( whose basic melody evolved into Think! , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ) , Buzzword ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffins Crosswords ) , Nightwalk , Struttin on Sunset , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process . Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortunes audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of ViacomCBS , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the Wheelmobile to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one-hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the most promising candidates are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the shows website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history . Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10:30 am ( 9:30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that versions run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Lets Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated nighttime version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season , Griffin followed up on the shows success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the periods three longest-running and most popular game shows , Tic-Tac-Dough , The Jokers Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the shows popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy! , remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become Americas longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . In 1992 , the show began airing on most of the owned-and-operated stations for ABC , currently known as the ABC Owned Television Stations . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , , Denmark , France , , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as Wheel Around the World , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special childrens version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the shows child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . In November 2020 , ABC ordered a prime time spin-off show , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , with Richards as executive producer and Sajak and White as hosts , which premiered on January 7 , 2021 . Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games , with the same three celebrities playing on behalf of designated charities in both . In May 2021 , ABC renewed Celebrity Wheel of Fortune for a second season . Reception . Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S . syndicated television . It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010–11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSNs list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSNs Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel ; and ODonnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , Id like to buy a vowel , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to Come on down! , the announcers catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , Changing Keys was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , Think ! from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the shows taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheels syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to Whites wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double-decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise . Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the shopping prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco/Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . |
[
"Pat Sajak",
"Susan Stafford"
] | easy | Wheel of Fortune (American game show) was presented by whom in Dec 1981? | /wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)#P371#2 | Wheel of Fortune ( American game show ) Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . The current version of the series , which airs in nightly syndication , premiered on September 19 , 1983 . It stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and co-host . The original version of Wheel was a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 , then on CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 , and again on NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 , thereby co-existing with the nighttime version from 1983 to 1991 . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , while remaining as host of the nighttime Wheel . Sajak was replaced in daytime by Rolf Benirschke , who was in turn replaced by Bob Goen when the network show moved to CBS ; Goen remained as host for the second NBC run . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version since its inception in 1983 . Jim Thornton has been the shows off-camera announcer since 2010 . Charlie ODonnell served as the shows announcer from its debut until 1980 , and again from 1989 until his death in 2010 . Jack Clark announced from 1980 to his death in 1988 , with M . G . Kelly succeeding him until ODonnells return . Two spin-off versions exist as well . The first was Wheel 2000 , a version featuring child contestants which aired simultaneously on CBS and Game Show Network between 1997 and 1998 ; this versions hosts were David Sidoni and Tanika Ray , the latter in the role of a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . The second , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , began airing on ABC on January 7 , 2021 . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States , with 7,000 episodes taped and aired as of May 10 , 2019 . TV Guide named it the top-rated syndicated series in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No . 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series 38th season premiered on September 14 , 2020 , and Sajak became the longest-running host of any game show , surpassing Bob Barker , who hosted The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 . Gameplay . Main game . The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category . Contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword by saying them in any order , but contestants may not repeat or add any word ( such as and ) while solving the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestants turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewers perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . It also allows the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or attempt to solve the puzzle , with no penalty for a move that would normally result in a lost turn . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1 million . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card and/or million dollar wedge if either was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features five toss-up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first puzzle , worth $1,000 , determines who the host interviews first ; the second , worth $2,000 , determines who spins first in round 1 . The third through fifth , collectively the Triple Toss-Up , take place prior to the fourth round . In the Triple Toss-Up round , three consecutive Toss-Up puzzles are played , each having the same category and a common theme . Solving any of these awards $2,000 cash , while solving the third also earns the right to start the fourth round . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss-up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter is revealed . In this case , the contestant closest to the host goes first . In addition to the toss-ups , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two mystery wedges . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an Express wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either pass and continue the round normally , or play and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a speed-up format , in which the host spins the wheel ; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestants arrow plus $1,000 . If this spin lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , it is edited from the broadcast and the host spins the wheel again . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants scores in the speed-up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn . After the speed-up round , the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who did not solve any puzzles are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round , an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000 , and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round . Since season 35 , the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins ( prior to season 35 , the category and puzzle were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . The puzzle is revealed , as is every instance of the letters R , S , T , L , N , and E . The contestant provides three more consonants and one more vowel . A contestant holding the Wild Card may then choose a fourth consonant . After any instances of those letters are revealed , the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle . The contestant can offer multiple guesses , as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amounts present value . If the contestant did not land on the $1,000,000 , the host reveals the location of the envelope on the prize wheel after the bonus round . Previous rules . Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings either on a gift certificate or on account for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . If a tie for first place occurred on the daytime version , all three players returned to continue the game on the next episode , and it counted as a single appearance . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot began at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the weeks first four shows returned to compete in the Friday Finals . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a permanent bonus round . However , two experimental bonus rounds were attempted before then . In 1978 , some episodes featured a round known as the Star Bonus , where a star-shaped token was placed on the wheel . Contestants who picked up the token played an additional round at the end of the game to win one of four prizes , whose value determined the difficulty of the puzzle . The contestant provided four consonants and a vowel , and was given 15 seconds to attempt solving . In one week of episodes airing in March 1980 , contestants who won the main game were given 30 seconds to attempt solving a puzzle for a chance to win a luxury automobile , in a week called Super Wheel Bonus Week . When the current bonus round was introduced in 1981 , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L . One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998–2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and development . Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune using inspiration from Hangman after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a hook . He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always drawn to such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGEs then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBCs daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shoppers Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shoppers Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a Your Own Clue wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the Shoppers Special where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a Vegas feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting A-E-I-O-U to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel . Hosts and hostesses . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolerys departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his odd sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC , was too local for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschkes term as host came to an end due to NBCs cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Staffords most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Staffords departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Staffords successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as Vannamania . White also hosted the daytime version until its cancellation in 1991 , except for one week in June 1986 when Stafford returned so that White could recover after her fiancé , John Gibson , died in a plane crash . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffins son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie ODonnell co-hosted the third round with White after ODonnells name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that days edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek . Trebek presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively . Lesly Sajak , Pats wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a Vanna for a Day contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take Whites place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the shows website . The winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took Whites place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . In November 2019 , three weeks of episodes were taped with White hosting in Sajaks place while he recovered from intestinal surgery . During her time as hostess , several guests appeared at the puzzle board , including costumed performers of Mickey and Minnie Mouse ( during the Secret Santa shows ) , and Maggie Sajak ( Sajaks daughter ) . Announcers . Charlie ODonnell was the programs first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and ODonnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but ODonnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M . G . Kelly was Clarks replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until ODonnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season . ODonnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After ODonnells death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton . For the shows twenty-ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the shows fourth announcer . Production staff . Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated versions executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . On August 1 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Friedman would retire as executive producer of both Wheel and Jeopardy ! at the end of the 2019–20 season . On August 29 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Mike Richards will replace Friedman at the start of 2020–21 season . John Rhinehart was the programs first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBCs West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffiths and Schwartzs former position . The shows original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwins associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full-time director . Production . Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Media Ventures , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBCs 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set . Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated versions premiere in 1983 . In 1997 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . Shoppers Bazaar used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen . Ed Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy! , redesigned the wheel mechanism , in which the wheel lays flat while a camera zooms in from above . The first incarnation of the wheel was mostly made of paint and cardboard , and has since seen multiple design changes . Until the mid-1990s , the wheel spun automatically during the opening and closing of the show . The current incarnation , in use since 2003 , is framed on a steel tube surrounded by Plexiglas panels and contains more than 200 lighting instruments . It is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately . The wheel , including its light extensions , is in diameter . The shows original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 , and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop-downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Accommodations for COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020 , Sony suspended production of the show due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In August 2020 , taping resumed with new safety measures . Taping is currently ongoing . New episodes tape without studio audiences ; only essential staff and crew are allowed on stage . Personal protective equipment is also provided to everyone behind the scenes for their safety . All staff and crew undergo testing on a regular basis , while contestants are tested before they step onto the set . Additionally , social distancing measures are enforced both on the set and off stage , and Sajaks and the players podiums have thus been widened to allow for greater distance during gameplay . Contestants spin the wheel with a white , tube-like device that fits over the wheels pegs so they do not have to touch the wheel directly ; Sajak also spins the wheel with his own device during the final spin . During the bonus round , Sajak picks up the prize envelope instead of the contestant and remains at the bonus wheel for the duration of the round . These new episodes began airing September 14 , 2020 when the shows 38th nighttime season premiered . Many season 37 episodes were taped before the pandemic began and before public health authorities had started enforcing current safety regulations . Because these episodes do not employ cautionary measures and were only aired in the middle of the crisis , they were broadcast with a message at the beginning stating that they had been taped before the pandemic started ( as not to mislead audiences into thinking incorrectly that the producers were ignoring public health advice ) . Music . Alan Thicke composed the shows original theme , which was titled Big Wheels . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffins own composition , Changing Keys , to allow him to derive royalties from that compositions use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of Changing Keys , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000–01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled Happy Wheels . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of Happy Wheels and an original rock-based composition . In addition to Changing Keys , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the shows early years . Among them were Frisco Disco ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , A Time for Tony ( whose basic melody evolved into Think! , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ) , Buzzword ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffins Crosswords ) , Nightwalk , Struttin on Sunset , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process . Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortunes audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of ViacomCBS , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the Wheelmobile to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one-hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the most promising candidates are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the shows website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history . Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10:30 am ( 9:30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that versions run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Lets Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated nighttime version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season , Griffin followed up on the shows success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the periods three longest-running and most popular game shows , Tic-Tac-Dough , The Jokers Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the shows popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy! , remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become Americas longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . In 1992 , the show began airing on most of the owned-and-operated stations for ABC , currently known as the ABC Owned Television Stations . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , , Denmark , France , , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as Wheel Around the World , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special childrens version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the shows child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . In November 2020 , ABC ordered a prime time spin-off show , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , with Richards as executive producer and Sajak and White as hosts , which premiered on January 7 , 2021 . Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games , with the same three celebrities playing on behalf of designated charities in both . In May 2021 , ABC renewed Celebrity Wheel of Fortune for a second season . Reception . Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S . syndicated television . It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010–11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSNs list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSNs Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel ; and ODonnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , Id like to buy a vowel , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to Come on down! , the announcers catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , Changing Keys was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , Think ! from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the shows taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheels syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to Whites wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double-decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise . Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the shopping prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco/Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . |
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"Vanna White"
] | easy | Wheel of Fortune (American game show) was presented by whom from 1982 to Jul 1989? | /wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)#P371#3 | Wheel of Fortune ( American game show ) Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . The current version of the series , which airs in nightly syndication , premiered on September 19 , 1983 . It stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and co-host . The original version of Wheel was a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 , then on CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 , and again on NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 , thereby co-existing with the nighttime version from 1983 to 1991 . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , while remaining as host of the nighttime Wheel . Sajak was replaced in daytime by Rolf Benirschke , who was in turn replaced by Bob Goen when the network show moved to CBS ; Goen remained as host for the second NBC run . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version since its inception in 1983 . Jim Thornton has been the shows off-camera announcer since 2010 . Charlie ODonnell served as the shows announcer from its debut until 1980 , and again from 1989 until his death in 2010 . Jack Clark announced from 1980 to his death in 1988 , with M . G . Kelly succeeding him until ODonnells return . Two spin-off versions exist as well . The first was Wheel 2000 , a version featuring child contestants which aired simultaneously on CBS and Game Show Network between 1997 and 1998 ; this versions hosts were David Sidoni and Tanika Ray , the latter in the role of a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . The second , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , began airing on ABC on January 7 , 2021 . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States , with 7,000 episodes taped and aired as of May 10 , 2019 . TV Guide named it the top-rated syndicated series in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No . 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series 38th season premiered on September 14 , 2020 , and Sajak became the longest-running host of any game show , surpassing Bob Barker , who hosted The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 . Gameplay . Main game . The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category . Contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword by saying them in any order , but contestants may not repeat or add any word ( such as and ) while solving the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestants turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewers perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . It also allows the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or attempt to solve the puzzle , with no penalty for a move that would normally result in a lost turn . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1 million . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card and/or million dollar wedge if either was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features five toss-up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first puzzle , worth $1,000 , determines who the host interviews first ; the second , worth $2,000 , determines who spins first in round 1 . The third through fifth , collectively the Triple Toss-Up , take place prior to the fourth round . In the Triple Toss-Up round , three consecutive Toss-Up puzzles are played , each having the same category and a common theme . Solving any of these awards $2,000 cash , while solving the third also earns the right to start the fourth round . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss-up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter is revealed . In this case , the contestant closest to the host goes first . In addition to the toss-ups , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two mystery wedges . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an Express wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either pass and continue the round normally , or play and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a speed-up format , in which the host spins the wheel ; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestants arrow plus $1,000 . If this spin lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , it is edited from the broadcast and the host spins the wheel again . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants scores in the speed-up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn . After the speed-up round , the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who did not solve any puzzles are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round , an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000 , and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round . Since season 35 , the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins ( prior to season 35 , the category and puzzle were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . The puzzle is revealed , as is every instance of the letters R , S , T , L , N , and E . The contestant provides three more consonants and one more vowel . A contestant holding the Wild Card may then choose a fourth consonant . After any instances of those letters are revealed , the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle . The contestant can offer multiple guesses , as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amounts present value . If the contestant did not land on the $1,000,000 , the host reveals the location of the envelope on the prize wheel after the bonus round . Previous rules . Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings either on a gift certificate or on account for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . If a tie for first place occurred on the daytime version , all three players returned to continue the game on the next episode , and it counted as a single appearance . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot began at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the weeks first four shows returned to compete in the Friday Finals . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a permanent bonus round . However , two experimental bonus rounds were attempted before then . In 1978 , some episodes featured a round known as the Star Bonus , where a star-shaped token was placed on the wheel . Contestants who picked up the token played an additional round at the end of the game to win one of four prizes , whose value determined the difficulty of the puzzle . The contestant provided four consonants and a vowel , and was given 15 seconds to attempt solving . In one week of episodes airing in March 1980 , contestants who won the main game were given 30 seconds to attempt solving a puzzle for a chance to win a luxury automobile , in a week called Super Wheel Bonus Week . When the current bonus round was introduced in 1981 , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L . One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998–2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and development . Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune using inspiration from Hangman after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a hook . He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always drawn to such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGEs then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBCs daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shoppers Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shoppers Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a Your Own Clue wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the Shoppers Special where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a Vegas feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting A-E-I-O-U to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel . Hosts and hostesses . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolerys departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his odd sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC , was too local for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschkes term as host came to an end due to NBCs cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Staffords most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Staffords departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Staffords successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as Vannamania . White also hosted the daytime version until its cancellation in 1991 , except for one week in June 1986 when Stafford returned so that White could recover after her fiancé , John Gibson , died in a plane crash . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffins son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie ODonnell co-hosted the third round with White after ODonnells name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that days edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek . Trebek presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively . Lesly Sajak , Pats wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a Vanna for a Day contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take Whites place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the shows website . The winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took Whites place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . In November 2019 , three weeks of episodes were taped with White hosting in Sajaks place while he recovered from intestinal surgery . During her time as hostess , several guests appeared at the puzzle board , including costumed performers of Mickey and Minnie Mouse ( during the Secret Santa shows ) , and Maggie Sajak ( Sajaks daughter ) . Announcers . Charlie ODonnell was the programs first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and ODonnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but ODonnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M . G . Kelly was Clarks replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until ODonnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season . ODonnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After ODonnells death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton . For the shows twenty-ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the shows fourth announcer . Production staff . Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated versions executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . On August 1 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Friedman would retire as executive producer of both Wheel and Jeopardy ! at the end of the 2019–20 season . On August 29 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Mike Richards will replace Friedman at the start of 2020–21 season . John Rhinehart was the programs first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBCs West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffiths and Schwartzs former position . The shows original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwins associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full-time director . Production . Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Media Ventures , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBCs 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set . Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated versions premiere in 1983 . In 1997 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . Shoppers Bazaar used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen . Ed Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy! , redesigned the wheel mechanism , in which the wheel lays flat while a camera zooms in from above . The first incarnation of the wheel was mostly made of paint and cardboard , and has since seen multiple design changes . Until the mid-1990s , the wheel spun automatically during the opening and closing of the show . The current incarnation , in use since 2003 , is framed on a steel tube surrounded by Plexiglas panels and contains more than 200 lighting instruments . It is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately . The wheel , including its light extensions , is in diameter . The shows original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 , and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop-downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Accommodations for COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020 , Sony suspended production of the show due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In August 2020 , taping resumed with new safety measures . Taping is currently ongoing . New episodes tape without studio audiences ; only essential staff and crew are allowed on stage . Personal protective equipment is also provided to everyone behind the scenes for their safety . All staff and crew undergo testing on a regular basis , while contestants are tested before they step onto the set . Additionally , social distancing measures are enforced both on the set and off stage , and Sajaks and the players podiums have thus been widened to allow for greater distance during gameplay . Contestants spin the wheel with a white , tube-like device that fits over the wheels pegs so they do not have to touch the wheel directly ; Sajak also spins the wheel with his own device during the final spin . During the bonus round , Sajak picks up the prize envelope instead of the contestant and remains at the bonus wheel for the duration of the round . These new episodes began airing September 14 , 2020 when the shows 38th nighttime season premiered . Many season 37 episodes were taped before the pandemic began and before public health authorities had started enforcing current safety regulations . Because these episodes do not employ cautionary measures and were only aired in the middle of the crisis , they were broadcast with a message at the beginning stating that they had been taped before the pandemic started ( as not to mislead audiences into thinking incorrectly that the producers were ignoring public health advice ) . Music . Alan Thicke composed the shows original theme , which was titled Big Wheels . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffins own composition , Changing Keys , to allow him to derive royalties from that compositions use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of Changing Keys , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000–01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled Happy Wheels . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of Happy Wheels and an original rock-based composition . In addition to Changing Keys , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the shows early years . Among them were Frisco Disco ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , A Time for Tony ( whose basic melody evolved into Think! , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ) , Buzzword ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffins Crosswords ) , Nightwalk , Struttin on Sunset , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process . Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortunes audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of ViacomCBS , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the Wheelmobile to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one-hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the most promising candidates are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the shows website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history . Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10:30 am ( 9:30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that versions run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Lets Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated nighttime version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season , Griffin followed up on the shows success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the periods three longest-running and most popular game shows , Tic-Tac-Dough , The Jokers Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the shows popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy! , remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become Americas longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . In 1992 , the show began airing on most of the owned-and-operated stations for ABC , currently known as the ABC Owned Television Stations . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , , Denmark , France , , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as Wheel Around the World , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special childrens version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the shows child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . In November 2020 , ABC ordered a prime time spin-off show , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , with Richards as executive producer and Sajak and White as hosts , which premiered on January 7 , 2021 . Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games , with the same three celebrities playing on behalf of designated charities in both . In May 2021 , ABC renewed Celebrity Wheel of Fortune for a second season . Reception . Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S . syndicated television . It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010–11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSNs list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSNs Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel ; and ODonnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , Id like to buy a vowel , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to Come on down! , the announcers catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , Changing Keys was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , Think ! from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the shows taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheels syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to Whites wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double-decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise . Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the shopping prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco/Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . |
[
"Bob Goen",
"Vanna White"
] | easy | Wheel of Fortune (American game show) was presented by whom from Jul 1989 to Sep 1991? | /wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)#P371#4 | Wheel of Fortune ( American game show ) Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . The current version of the series , which airs in nightly syndication , premiered on September 19 , 1983 . It stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White as host and co-host . The original version of Wheel was a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 , then on CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 , and again on NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 , thereby co-existing with the nighttime version from 1983 to 1991 . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show , while remaining as host of the nighttime Wheel . Sajak was replaced in daytime by Rolf Benirschke , who was in turn replaced by Bob Goen when the network show moved to CBS ; Goen remained as host for the second NBC run . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . Sajak and White have hosted the nighttime version since its inception in 1983 . Jim Thornton has been the shows off-camera announcer since 2010 . Charlie ODonnell served as the shows announcer from its debut until 1980 , and again from 1989 until his death in 2010 . Jack Clark announced from 1980 to his death in 1988 , with M . G . Kelly succeeding him until ODonnells return . Two spin-off versions exist as well . The first was Wheel 2000 , a version featuring child contestants which aired simultaneously on CBS and Game Show Network between 1997 and 1998 ; this versions hosts were David Sidoni and Tanika Ray , the latter in the role of a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . The second , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , began airing on ABC on January 7 , 2021 . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States , with 7,000 episodes taped and aired as of May 10 , 2019 . TV Guide named it the top-rated syndicated series in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No . 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series 38th season premiered on September 14 , 2020 , and Sajak became the longest-running host of any game show , surpassing Bob Barker , who hosted The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007 . Gameplay . Main game . The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category . Contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword by saying them in any order , but contestants may not repeat or add any word ( such as and ) while solving the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestants turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewers perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . It also allows the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or attempt to solve the puzzle , with no penalty for a move that would normally result in a lost turn . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1 million . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card and/or million dollar wedge if either was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features five toss-up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first puzzle , worth $1,000 , determines who the host interviews first ; the second , worth $2,000 , determines who spins first in round 1 . The third through fifth , collectively the Triple Toss-Up , take place prior to the fourth round . In the Triple Toss-Up round , three consecutive Toss-Up puzzles are played , each having the same category and a common theme . Solving any of these awards $2,000 cash , while solving the third also earns the right to start the fourth round . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss-up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter is revealed . In this case , the contestant closest to the host goes first . In addition to the toss-ups , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two mystery wedges . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an Express wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either pass and continue the round normally , or play and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a speed-up format , in which the host spins the wheel ; each consonant in that round is worth the value at the red contestants arrow plus $1,000 . If this spin lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , it is edited from the broadcast and the host spins the wheel again . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants scores in the speed-up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn . After the speed-up round , the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who did not solve any puzzles are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round , an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000 , and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round . Since season 35 , the winning contestant chooses one of three puzzle categories before the round begins ( prior to season 35 , the category and puzzle were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . The puzzle is revealed , as is every instance of the letters R , S , T , L , N , and E . The contestant provides three more consonants and one more vowel . A contestant holding the Wild Card may then choose a fourth consonant . After any instances of those letters are revealed , the contestant has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle . The contestant can offer multiple guesses , as long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amounts present value . If the contestant did not land on the $1,000,000 , the host reveals the location of the envelope on the prize wheel after the bonus round . Previous rules . Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings either on a gift certificate or on account for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . If a tie for first place occurred on the daytime version , all three players returned to continue the game on the next episode , and it counted as a single appearance . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot began at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the weeks first four shows returned to compete in the Friday Finals . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a permanent bonus round . However , two experimental bonus rounds were attempted before then . In 1978 , some episodes featured a round known as the Star Bonus , where a star-shaped token was placed on the wheel . Contestants who picked up the token played an additional round at the end of the game to win one of four prizes , whose value determined the difficulty of the puzzle . The contestant provided four consonants and a vowel , and was given 15 seconds to attempt solving . In one week of episodes airing in March 1980 , contestants who won the main game were given 30 seconds to attempt solving a puzzle for a chance to win a luxury automobile , in a week called Super Wheel Bonus Week . When the current bonus round was introduced in 1981 , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L . One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998–2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and development . Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune using inspiration from Hangman after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a hook . He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always drawn to such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGEs then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBCs daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shoppers Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shoppers Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a Your Own Clue wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the Shoppers Special where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a Vegas feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting A-E-I-O-U to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel . Hosts and hostesses . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolerys departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his odd sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC , was too local for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschkes term as host came to an end due to NBCs cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Staffords most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Staffords departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Staffords successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as Vannamania . White also hosted the daytime version until its cancellation in 1991 , except for one week in June 1986 when Stafford returned so that White could recover after her fiancé , John Gibson , died in a plane crash . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffins son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie ODonnell co-hosted the third round with White after ODonnells name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that days edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek . Trebek presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively . Lesly Sajak , Pats wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a Vanna for a Day contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take Whites place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the shows website . The winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took Whites place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . In November 2019 , three weeks of episodes were taped with White hosting in Sajaks place while he recovered from intestinal surgery . During her time as hostess , several guests appeared at the puzzle board , including costumed performers of Mickey and Minnie Mouse ( during the Secret Santa shows ) , and Maggie Sajak ( Sajaks daughter ) . Announcers . Charlie ODonnell was the programs first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and ODonnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but ODonnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M . G . Kelly was Clarks replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until ODonnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season . ODonnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After ODonnells death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain , and Jim Thornton . For the shows twenty-ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the shows fourth announcer . Production staff . Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated versions executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . On August 1 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Friedman would retire as executive producer of both Wheel and Jeopardy ! at the end of the 2019–20 season . On August 29 , 2019 , Sony Pictures Television announced that Mike Richards will replace Friedman at the start of 2020–21 season . John Rhinehart was the programs first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBCs West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffiths and Schwartzs former position . The shows original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwins associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full-time director . Production . Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Media Ventures , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBCs 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set . Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated versions premiere in 1983 . In 1997 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . Shoppers Bazaar used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen . Ed Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy! , redesigned the wheel mechanism , in which the wheel lays flat while a camera zooms in from above . The first incarnation of the wheel was mostly made of paint and cardboard , and has since seen multiple design changes . Until the mid-1990s , the wheel spun automatically during the opening and closing of the show . The current incarnation , in use since 2003 , is framed on a steel tube surrounded by Plexiglas panels and contains more than 200 lighting instruments . It is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately . The wheel , including its light extensions , is in diameter . The shows original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 , and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop-downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Accommodations for COVID-19 pandemic . In March 2020 , Sony suspended production of the show due to the COVID-19 pandemic . In August 2020 , taping resumed with new safety measures . Taping is currently ongoing . New episodes tape without studio audiences ; only essential staff and crew are allowed on stage . Personal protective equipment is also provided to everyone behind the scenes for their safety . All staff and crew undergo testing on a regular basis , while contestants are tested before they step onto the set . Additionally , social distancing measures are enforced both on the set and off stage , and Sajaks and the players podiums have thus been widened to allow for greater distance during gameplay . Contestants spin the wheel with a white , tube-like device that fits over the wheels pegs so they do not have to touch the wheel directly ; Sajak also spins the wheel with his own device during the final spin . During the bonus round , Sajak picks up the prize envelope instead of the contestant and remains at the bonus wheel for the duration of the round . These new episodes began airing September 14 , 2020 when the shows 38th nighttime season premiered . Many season 37 episodes were taped before the pandemic began and before public health authorities had started enforcing current safety regulations . Because these episodes do not employ cautionary measures and were only aired in the middle of the crisis , they were broadcast with a message at the beginning stating that they had been taped before the pandemic started ( as not to mislead audiences into thinking incorrectly that the producers were ignoring public health advice ) . Music . Alan Thicke composed the shows original theme , which was titled Big Wheels . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffins own composition , Changing Keys , to allow him to derive royalties from that compositions use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of Changing Keys , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000–01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled Happy Wheels . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of Happy Wheels and an original rock-based composition . In addition to Changing Keys , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the shows early years . Among them were Frisco Disco ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , A Time for Tony ( whose basic melody evolved into Think! , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy! ) , Buzzword ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffins Crosswords ) , Nightwalk , Struttin on Sunset , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process . Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortunes audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of ViacomCBS , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the Wheelmobile to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one-hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the most promising candidates are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the shows website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history . Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10:30 am ( 9:30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheels premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that versions run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Lets Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated nighttime version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season , Griffin followed up on the shows success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the periods three longest-running and most popular game shows , Tic-Tac-Dough , The Jokers Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the shows popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy! , remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become Americas longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . In 1992 , the show began airing on most of the owned-and-operated stations for ABC , currently known as the ABC Owned Television Stations . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , , Denmark , France , , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as Wheel Around the World , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special childrens version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a CGI hostess named Cyber Lucy . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the shows child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . In November 2020 , ABC ordered a prime time spin-off show , Celebrity Wheel of Fortune , with Richards as executive producer and Sajak and White as hosts , which premiered on January 7 , 2021 . Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games , with the same three celebrities playing on behalf of designated charities in both . In May 2021 , ABC renewed Celebrity Wheel of Fortune for a second season . Reception . Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S . syndicated television . It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010–11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSNs list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSNs Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deals Howie Mandel ; and ODonnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , Id like to buy a vowel , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to Come on down! , the announcers catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , Changing Keys was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , Think ! from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the shows taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheels syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to Whites wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double-decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise . Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the shopping prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco/Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . |
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"member of the South Australian House of Assembly"
] | easy | Which position did Lancelot Stirling hold from Apr 1881 to Apr 1887? | /wiki/Lancelot_Stirling#P39#0 | Lancelot Stirling Sir John Lancelot Stirling , ( 5 November 1849 – 24 May 1932 ) , generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling , was an Australian politician and grazier . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887 , representing Mount Barker , and 1888 to 1890 , representing Gumeracha . He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932 , representing the Southern District . He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899 . Early life . Stirling was born at Strathalbyn , South Australia , the son of Edward Stirling ( 1804–1873 ) and his wife Harriett , née Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling . J . L . Stirling was educated at St Peters College , Adelaide and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated B.A . and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and , representing Cambridge against Oxford , won the 120 yards hurdles . Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872 , his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds , considered a good performance at that time . Career . Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872 , but never practised . Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards , became a pastoralist , and bred prize horses and merino sheep . He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker , which he held until April 1887 , and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890 , when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council , representing the Southern District . In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met . In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council , and would serve in the position for a record 31 years . Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902 , after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1918 . He continued his interest in sport all his life , pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria . For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings . He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893 ; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Pastoralists Association , the St Peters Old Collegians Association , the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society , and was a member of the Adelaide University council . He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia , and its Chief 1885–1886 . Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies . In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker . Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council , admirably carrying out his duties ; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members . Family . On 2 December 1882 , Stirling married Florence Marion , daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife , three sons and two daughters . His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling ( 1887–1940 ) married Knox Lister Colley ( 1885 – 7 December 1934 ) on 28 January 1914 . Knox was a grandson of R . B . Colley , first mayor of Glenelg . |
[
"member of the South Australian House of Assembly"
] | easy | Which position did Lancelot Stirling hold from May 1888 to Apr 1890? | /wiki/Lancelot_Stirling#P39#1 | Lancelot Stirling Sir John Lancelot Stirling , ( 5 November 1849 – 24 May 1932 ) , generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling , was an Australian politician and grazier . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887 , representing Mount Barker , and 1888 to 1890 , representing Gumeracha . He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932 , representing the Southern District . He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899 . Early life . Stirling was born at Strathalbyn , South Australia , the son of Edward Stirling ( 1804–1873 ) and his wife Harriett , née Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling . J . L . Stirling was educated at St Peters College , Adelaide and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated B.A . and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and , representing Cambridge against Oxford , won the 120 yards hurdles . Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872 , his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds , considered a good performance at that time . Career . Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872 , but never practised . Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards , became a pastoralist , and bred prize horses and merino sheep . He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker , which he held until April 1887 , and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890 , when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council , representing the Southern District . In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met . In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council , and would serve in the position for a record 31 years . Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902 , after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1918 . He continued his interest in sport all his life , pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria . For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings . He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893 ; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Pastoralists Association , the St Peters Old Collegians Association , the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society , and was a member of the Adelaide University council . He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia , and its Chief 1885–1886 . Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies . In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker . Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council , admirably carrying out his duties ; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members . Family . On 2 December 1882 , Stirling married Florence Marion , daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife , three sons and two daughters . His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling ( 1887–1940 ) married Knox Lister Colley ( 1885 – 7 December 1934 ) on 28 January 1914 . Knox was a grandson of R . B . Colley , first mayor of Glenelg . |
[
"member of the South Australian Legislative Council"
] | easy | Lancelot Stirling took which position from Jul 1891 to Dec 1899? | /wiki/Lancelot_Stirling#P39#2 | Lancelot Stirling Sir John Lancelot Stirling , ( 5 November 1849 – 24 May 1932 ) , generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling , was an Australian politician and grazier . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887 , representing Mount Barker , and 1888 to 1890 , representing Gumeracha . He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932 , representing the Southern District . He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899 . Early life . Stirling was born at Strathalbyn , South Australia , the son of Edward Stirling ( 1804–1873 ) and his wife Harriett , née Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling . J . L . Stirling was educated at St Peters College , Adelaide and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated B.A . and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and , representing Cambridge against Oxford , won the 120 yards hurdles . Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872 , his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds , considered a good performance at that time . Career . Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872 , but never practised . Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards , became a pastoralist , and bred prize horses and merino sheep . He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker , which he held until April 1887 , and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890 , when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council , representing the Southern District . In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met . In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council , and would serve in the position for a record 31 years . Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902 , after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1918 . He continued his interest in sport all his life , pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria . For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings . He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893 ; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Pastoralists Association , the St Peters Old Collegians Association , the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society , and was a member of the Adelaide University council . He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia , and its Chief 1885–1886 . Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies . In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker . Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council , admirably carrying out his duties ; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members . Family . On 2 December 1882 , Stirling married Florence Marion , daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife , three sons and two daughters . His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling ( 1887–1940 ) married Knox Lister Colley ( 1885 – 7 December 1934 ) on 28 January 1914 . Knox was a grandson of R . B . Colley , first mayor of Glenelg . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Lancelot Stirling in Dec 1899? | /wiki/Lancelot_Stirling#P39#3 | Lancelot Stirling Sir John Lancelot Stirling , ( 5 November 1849 – 24 May 1932 ) , generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling , was an Australian politician and grazier . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887 , representing Mount Barker , and 1888 to 1890 , representing Gumeracha . He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932 , representing the Southern District . He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899 . Early life . Stirling was born at Strathalbyn , South Australia , the son of Edward Stirling ( 1804–1873 ) and his wife Harriett , née Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling . J . L . Stirling was educated at St Peters College , Adelaide and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated B.A . and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and , representing Cambridge against Oxford , won the 120 yards hurdles . Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872 , his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds , considered a good performance at that time . Career . Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872 , but never practised . Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards , became a pastoralist , and bred prize horses and merino sheep . He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker , which he held until April 1887 , and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890 , when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council , representing the Southern District . In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met . In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council , and would serve in the position for a record 31 years . Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902 , after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1918 . He continued his interest in sport all his life , pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria . For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings . He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893 ; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Pastoralists Association , the St Peters Old Collegians Association , the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society , and was a member of the Adelaide University council . He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia , and its Chief 1885–1886 . Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies . In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker . Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council , admirably carrying out his duties ; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members . Family . On 2 December 1882 , Stirling married Florence Marion , daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife , three sons and two daughters . His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling ( 1887–1940 ) married Knox Lister Colley ( 1885 – 7 December 1934 ) on 28 January 1914 . Knox was a grandson of R . B . Colley , first mayor of Glenelg . |
[
"President of the South Australian Legislative Council"
] | easy | What was the position of Lancelot Stirling from Jul 1901 to May 1932? | /wiki/Lancelot_Stirling#P39#4 | Lancelot Stirling Sir John Lancelot Stirling , ( 5 November 1849 – 24 May 1932 ) , generally known as Sir Lancelot Stirling , was an Australian politician and grazier . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1881 to 1887 , representing Mount Barker , and 1888 to 1890 , representing Gumeracha . He was then a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1891 to 1932 , representing the Southern District . He was President of the Legislative Council from 1901 to 1932 and was Chief Secretary in the seven-day Solomon Ministry of 1899 . Early life . Stirling was born at Strathalbyn , South Australia , the son of Edward Stirling ( 1804–1873 ) and his wife Harriett , née Taylor and brother of Sir Edward Charles Stirling . J . L . Stirling was educated at St Peters College , Adelaide and Trinity College , Cambridge , where he graduated B.A . and LL.B Stirling was a good athlete and , representing Cambridge against Oxford , won the 120 yards hurdles . Stirling also won the amateur championship of England in this event in 1870 and again in 1872 , his time in the latter year being 16.8 seconds , considered a good performance at that time . Career . Stirling read for the bar and was admitted at the Inner Temple in 1872 , but never practised . Stirling returned to South Australia soon afterwards , became a pastoralist , and bred prize horses and merino sheep . He entered the South Australian Legislative Assembly in 1881 for Mount Barker , which he held until April 1887 , and afterwards represented Gumeracha until 1890 , when he became a member of the then-conservative South Australian Legislative Council , representing the Southern District . In December 1899 Stirling was chief secretary in the conservative Solomon government but this ministry was defeated as soon as the house met . In 1901 Stirling was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council , and would serve in the position for a record 31 years . Stirling was made a knight bachelor on 14 August 1902 , after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1909 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 1918 . He continued his interest in sport all his life , pioneering polo in South Australia and captaining the team which twice beat Victoria . For a time Stirling was master of the Adelaide Hounds and was a well-known figure at racing meetings . He was a member of the Royal Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president from 1891 to 1893 ; he was president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , the Pastoralists Association , the St Peters Old Collegians Association , the South Australian Zoological and Acclimatization Society , and was a member of the Adelaide University council . He was a member of the Caledonian Society of South Australia , and its Chief 1885–1886 . Stirling also possessed a good business sense and was a director of well-known companies . In politics he was respected as a man of individuality but not regarded as a first-rate speaker . Stirling found his ideal position as president of the council , admirably carrying out his duties ; as the years passed becoming a kind of elder brother to the newer members . Family . On 2 December 1882 , Stirling married Florence Marion , daughter of Sir William Milne and was survived by his wife , three sons and two daughters . His elder daughter Madge Mary Stirling ( 1887–1940 ) married Knox Lister Colley ( 1885 – 7 December 1934 ) on 28 January 1914 . Knox was a grandson of R . B . Colley , first mayor of Glenelg . |
[
"Member of Parliament ( MP )"
] | easy | Ruth Kelly took which position from May 1997 to May 2001? | /wiki/Ruth_Kelly#P39#0 | Ruth Kelly Ruth Maria Kelly ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bolton West from 1997 until she stood down in 2010 . Previously , she served as the Secretary of State for Transport , Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Minister for Women and Equality and Secretary of State for Education and Skills , serving under both Gordon Brown and Tony Blair . Background . Kelly was born in Limavady , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . She also lived briefly in the Republic of Ireland before moving to England where she attended Edgarley Hall , the preparatory school for Millfield School . She was educated at the independent Sutton High School , run by the Girls Day School Trust ( GDST ) . After being moved up a year and sitting O-levels at Sutton High School at the age of 15 , she decided to move back to Ireland to look after her ill grandmother . Her grandmother died after six weeks , but Kelly stayed for a year , living with her aunt and taking A-level French . She returned to England on winning a scholarship to the sixth-form of Westminster School . From Westminster , Kelly went up to The Queens College , Oxford , to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics in 1986 , graduating in 1989 , and then on to the London School of Economics where she was awarded a MSc degree in Economics in 1992 . Kelly taught at University of Navarra , after she joined the Labour Party in 1990 , becoming a member of the partys Bethnal Green and Stepney constituency party . She was an economics writer for The Guardian from 1990 , before becoming deputy head of the Inflation Report Division of the Bank of England in 1994 . She married Derek John Gadd , a local government officer , in 1996 , and they have four children . Family history . Kellys maternal grandfather , Philip Murphy , served as an officer in the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919–1921 ) . In 1922 he was interned by the Government of Northern Ireland . Murphys detention file refers to him as quartermaster of the West Fermanagh IRA Battalion . He went on hunger strike to protest at his detention . He was released unconditionally in June 1924 , when internment ended . Her paternal grandfather Francis ( Frank ) Kelly joined the Connaught Rangers and served in France during the First World War . After the war , he returned to County Tyrone and took up a post of School Master in Altishane . His first wife died leaving a young family of six . He remarried Mary Agnes and had another six children . One of them James ( Seamus ) was Ruths father . Religion . Kelly is a practising Roman Catholic , a member of the Opus Dei and regular attender at their meetings and events . Her brother , Ronan Kelly , is a supernumerary in the Opus Dei organisation . Previously , uncertainty has existed over Kellys Opus Dei membership , partly because she herself has declined when asked to say whether or not she is a member , saying only that she has received spiritual support from them . Career as an MP . In the 1997 general election , Kelly gained the seat of Bolton West from the Conservatives while heavily pregnant , and gave birth to her first son eleven days later . She gained her place in parliament as Tony Blair became Prime Minister with Labours landslide election victory . She served on the Treasury Select Committee ; she was also appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Agriculture Minister , Nick Brown , from 1998 . Kelly was a member of a commission set up by the Institute for Public Policy Research into the Private Finance Initiative , which expressed some scepticism about the operation of the policy . After Labour won the 2001 general election , Kelly was appointed as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . Her role focused on competition policy and small businesses . After a year she was promoted to be Financial Secretary to the Treasury , giving her responsibility for regulation of the financial services industry . In both positions her principal task was in the thorough revision of the Financial Services regulation system which was introduced by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 . Kelly brought in new regulations to tackle the funding of terrorism after September 2001 attacks . Kelly was assigned the task of dealing with Equitable Life after the Penrose Report into the life insurance company was published . She rejected calls for government compensation to Equitable policyholders , on the grounds that the losses arose from actions of the company rather than from any defect of regulation , and that it was still trading . Equitable policyholders continued to demand redress . As a mother of four young children , she refused to work the long hours normally associated with such positions and refused to take a red box in the evening whilst at the Treasury . In a minor reshuffle , she was promoted to be Minister for the Cabinet Office on 9 September 2004 , replacing Douglas Alexander . Kelly guided the Civil Contingencies Bill through its final stages in Parliament , which faced serious objections from some civil liberties campaigns . Party loyalty . Kelly hardly ever voted against the position of her party and in the most divisive votes over Labours term , she followed the party line . She voted for the Iraq War , and subsequently voted against an independent investigation into the run-up to the war . Kelly also voted for the introduction of tuition top-up fees , in a vote that saw a massive rebellion amongst Labour MPs . She also voted for the introduction of identity cards , voted for replacing Trident , and argued against the addition of a sunset clause in part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 . In a free parliamentary vote on 20 May 2008 , Kelly voted for cutting the upper limit for abortions from 24 to 12 weeks , along with two other Catholic cabinet ministers Des Browne and Paul Murphy . Secretary of State for Education and Skills . In the reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett on 15 December 2004 , Kelly entered the Cabinet ( also becoming a member of the Privy Council ) with the position of Secretary of State for Education and Skills . She became the youngest woman ever to sit in the Cabinet . The Governments Extended Schools policy , which plans to open some schools from 8 a.m . to 6 p.m . and provide child-care services for working parents , has been dubbed by some as Kelly hours after Kelly . although the National Childcare Strategy with before and after school care funded in most schools by the New Opportunities Fund pre-dated extended schools ( and Ruth Kellys ministerial tenure ) by several years . The extended schools initiative is predicated on wider use of and access to schools as community resources , not just for parents and children . Her proposals in the 2005 white paper to reduce the number and influence of parent governors in Trust Schools , were seen as a partial reversal of this earlier stance . Kelly attracted considerable criticism by rejecting the proposals of the Tomlinson report on education reform for the 14–19 age group , which suggested replacing A-level exams with a four-tier diploma . After the 2005 election , it was rumoured that she was to be demoted back into her old post at the Treasury and although she kept her position at the DfES , she was said to have been less than thrilled by the appointment of Tony Blairs adviser Andrew Adonis as a Minister within her Department . Sex offenders in schools controversy . On 9 January 2006 , it came to light that Kellys department had granted permission for a man who had been cautioned by police for viewing child pornography images and who was on a sex offenders register to be employed at a school , on the basis that he had not been convicted of an offence . He , and an unknown number of others on the sex offenders register , were not on the DfES prohibited list , List 99 . On 13 January , Kim Howells , a Minister of State at the DfES , admitted that it was he who had actually made the decision , in accordance with advice given to him by civil servants that the person did not represent an ongoing threat to children but that he should be given a grave warning . In response to the critical media coverage surrounding the issue , Downing Street issued a statement confirming their confidence in Kelly and denying rumours that she was to be replaced . There was further controversy when it transpired that another teacher had been cleared to work at a school , despite the fact that he had been convicted in 1980 for indecent assault on a 15-year-old girl and had been previously removed from three schools . A letter from the Department for Education that suggested the Secretary of State had considered his case and found that although his past actions had been unwise and unacceptable , he had undertaken teaching work to good effect since . Trust schools . A notable controversy in Ruth Kellys time at the DfES was the proposed introduction of Trust schools . The Trusts were intended to be non-profit making and to have charitable status , although they could be formed by commercial enterprises . In fact , one of the early DfES-hosted seminars on the establishment of Trusts included representatives from Microsoft and KPMG . However , it was their ability to set their own admission arrangements that generated the most criticism . A large number of Labour backbenchers , as well as numerous party luminaries like Neil Kinnock and former Education Secretary Estelle Morris , made known their opposition to the proposals and published an alternative white paper . Faced with such a rebellion , the government initially stressed that it would press on with the reforms . However , new Tory leader David Cameron unexpectedly announced that these reforms were in line with Tory policies and that he would support the bill if presented in the proposed form . The government were faced with the prospect of pushing through their reforms only with opposition support and in the face of increased resistance from its own supporters . When the Education and Inspections Bill 2006 was finally published on 28 February 2006 , it contained much of what had been trailed , although most notable by its absence was any mention of trust school . Foundation and Voluntary Aided schools were left to pick up the mantle of trust schools . Religion and political views . The effect of her religious viewpoint on her opinions regarding controversial scientific questions has been of concern to some scientists who have speculated that her religious views could have an effect on government policy regarding stem cell research . Childrens schooling . All four of Ruth Kellys children started at a Roman Catholic primary school in Wapping , east London . However , on 8 January 2007 , the Daily Mirror revealed that she had withdrawn her son from the voluntary aided school , and — following professional advice — sent him to a preparatory school that specialises in the education of boys aged 7–13 with dyslexia and/or developmental coordination disorder . Though the additional cost for specialist support outside the state sector sometimes is covered by the local authority , Kelly stated she has not and will not seek its help in meeting these costs . According to Ofsted inspection in 2002 those with special educational needs , make particularly good progress at English Martyrs Roman Catholic school , and that pupils generally meet standards that are much better than those gained by pupils in similar schools . The school achieved the best exam results in the borough of Tower Hamlets and among the best in the UK , with 96% of children reaching the expected standard for English , and 100% for Maths and Science . The areas education authority also runs six special needs schools within reach of Kellys home and responded to the controversy saying , We are proud of the quality of education we offer to all children . We have a strong record in helping children with a wide range of learning needs to succeed . Ian Gibson , Labour MP for Norwich North , called the decision a slap in the face for the teachers and pupils in the school the child has been taken out of . However , Conservative Party leader David Cameron , whose own disabled son Ivan attended a state special needs school , defended her decision , saying People should recognise that politicians like everyone else are parents first and will act in the best interests of their children . Kelly made a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission about the Mirrors reporting of the story , but the complaint was rejected , with the PCC ruling that the story was a matter of considerable public interest , given that she is a Cabinet minister – who had previously been Secretary of State for Education and Skills , and even if government policy included an acceptance of private schooling for those with special needs , the fact that the complainant did not feel that the current state system could meet her childs requirements raised questions about the nature of funded schooling and its ability to cater for children with special needs – including those whose families would not be able to pay for private schooling . Fathers for Justice attacks . Twice Kelly has been targeted by members of fathers rights group Fathers 4 Justice in egg-throwing incidents . The first was in April 2005 ; protester Simon Wilmot-Coverdale was charged , and in February 2006 Kelly gave evidence at Salford Magistrates Court . As she left the court , she was again attacked , this time by Michael Downe ; the egg smashed on the back of her head . Downes was fined and given an ASBO , which he proceeded to rip up outside the court , promising to continue to fight for fathers rights . Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . After the English local elections in May 2006 , Ruth Kelly was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , a position created when these functions were split off from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . The Department also took over the Home Offices responsibilities for active communities and civic renewal . She was also given the post of Minister for Women and Equality . Ruth Kellys successor at the Department for Education and Skills was Alan Johnson . On 16 October 2006 , she announced that her new role would involve cutting down on extremists within communities . Catholic social views and homosexuality . Kellys staunchly Catholic beliefs and social positions clashed with her Cabinet position as a member of Tony Blairs government , which was pushing for a number of progressive reforms and equality for gay and bisexual people . Criticism intensified when Kelly later became Minister for Women and Equality , and criticism was aired on BBC Radio 5 Live and the front page of The Independent in 2006 over her stance on homosexuality . Blairs government repealed many laws that were perceived as being anti-gay , but Kelly consistently opted out of voting on her partys measures . Kelly opposed lowering the age of consent for homosexuality , as well as voting against outlawing discrimination against gay couples adopting children . Out of fourteen votes during the Blair government surrounding the political issues of homosexuality , Kelly had only attended two . LGBT rights activist Peter Tatchell attacked Kelly for her views on homosexuality , claiming : Tony Blair would never appoint someone to a race equality post who had a lukewarm record of opposing racism . In a letter published in The Times on 11 May 2006 , the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster claimed that attacks on Kelly were anti-Catholic . Cardinal Cormac Murphy-OConnor wrote Ms Kelly may well be scrutinised for her fitness in office . That is a political judgement . But her Catholicism should not be a criterion in forming that judgement . The Observer newspaper reported on 15 October 2006 that Kelly had joined the Prime Minister in seeking to exempt churches from new equality laws which would require Christian churches to treat homosexuality with equal validity to heterosexuality , which Kelly felt went against Catholic teaching . Lorely Burt , the Liberal Democrat Equalities spokesperson , who opposed allowing churches to preach against homosexuality in schools , called for Kelly to be removed from the Cabinet . It was reported in January 2007 that Kelly supported an exemption for Catholic adoption agencies from new laws that would allow them to refuse service to gay couples . Planning decisions . Ruth Kelly demonstrated some opposition to the development of skyscrapers from her first months as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In November 2006 , she stopped the Brunswick Quay proposal , which represented over £100 million worth of investment into Liverpool , from going ahead . The final report of the planners who carried out the public inquiry had recommended approval for the project . In December 2006 , she called a public inquiry into the 20 Fenchurch Street tower in Londons financial district , on the basis that a tall building would be unsuitable for this site . In May 2007 , she blocked a 42-storey , 120-m tower in the New England Quarter development in Brighton , designed by Allies and Morrison and being planned by the Beetham Organization . She approved the building of new homes and businesses in Walker , Newcastle , in a bid to regenerate the area . Secretary of State for Transport . Ruth Kelly was appointed to the position in Gordon Browns new cabinet on 27 June in a government reshuffle , though it had been speculated she would be removed from the cabinet . Within a few days of entering her job , she faced tough work as she was responsible for securing the publics safety through transport after some attempted terrorist attacks . She came under fire for admitting along with other Labour Ministers that she had smoked cannabis as a teenager . Support for biofuels . Kellys support for biofuels drew criticism from activists who felt that it impoverishes third world farmers to assuage first world environmental guilt . If people starve because of biofuels , Ruth Kelly and her peers will have killed them , wrote environmentalist George Monbiot in The Guardian . Like all such crimes , it is perpetrated by cowards , attacking the weak to avoid confronting the strong . Railways . Ruth Kelly announced a major increase of railway capacity by providing extra trains across the country by 2010 which drew criticism for her London bias as most of the funding would be spent there . Kelly gave the go-ahead in 2007 for billions of pounds of public money to be spent on the Crossrail project in London , which caused outrage amongst MPs in other cities , especially Manchester , who had been told no public transport funding will be given without a congestion charge scheme . Heathrow expansion . Ruth Kelly set out proposals for a third runway and a sixth terminal at Heathrow under new extensive plans . Gordon Brown admitted this was one of the biggest challenges which faced the UK Government over the coming years . Misuse of public funds . In November 2007 it emerged that Kelly had misused part of her £10,000 communications allowance for party political material . The funds should have only been used for politically neutral material , and Kelly apologised for breaking the rules . Cabinet resignation . In September 2008 , Kelly announced her intention to resign from the cabinet to spend more time with her family . This ended her time as Transport Secretary and cabinet minister after four years . She did not stand at the 2010 general election . Damian McBride , a former senior Labour Party strategist , was shifted from being Gordon Browns political spokesman to Number 10 , after criticism of the way he handled Ruth Kellys resignation . Parliamentary expenses . On 18 May 2009 , Kelly became involved in the MPs expenses scandal when the Daily Telegraph revealed she had claimed a total of £31,000 between 2004 and 2008 for rebuilding , refurbishing , and purchasing appliances for her second home . It was subsequently revealed on 21 May 2009 that some of this money was used to repair damage caused by a burst pipe . Kelly was insured for this damage but did not claim on that insurance after being advised by the fees office that a reasonable amount could be claimed under the allowances system . Subsequent career . In May 2010 , Kelly became the Global Head of Client Strategy at HSBC . In 2015 , Kelly left HSBC and was appointed to become Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Enterprise at St Marys University , Twickenham . |
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"Secretary to the Agriculture Minister"
] | easy | Ruth Kelly took which position in Jun 2001? | /wiki/Ruth_Kelly#P39#1 | Ruth Kelly Ruth Maria Kelly ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bolton West from 1997 until she stood down in 2010 . Previously , she served as the Secretary of State for Transport , Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Minister for Women and Equality and Secretary of State for Education and Skills , serving under both Gordon Brown and Tony Blair . Background . Kelly was born in Limavady , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . She also lived briefly in the Republic of Ireland before moving to England where she attended Edgarley Hall , the preparatory school for Millfield School . She was educated at the independent Sutton High School , run by the Girls Day School Trust ( GDST ) . After being moved up a year and sitting O-levels at Sutton High School at the age of 15 , she decided to move back to Ireland to look after her ill grandmother . Her grandmother died after six weeks , but Kelly stayed for a year , living with her aunt and taking A-level French . She returned to England on winning a scholarship to the sixth-form of Westminster School . From Westminster , Kelly went up to The Queens College , Oxford , to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics in 1986 , graduating in 1989 , and then on to the London School of Economics where she was awarded a MSc degree in Economics in 1992 . Kelly taught at University of Navarra , after she joined the Labour Party in 1990 , becoming a member of the partys Bethnal Green and Stepney constituency party . She was an economics writer for The Guardian from 1990 , before becoming deputy head of the Inflation Report Division of the Bank of England in 1994 . She married Derek John Gadd , a local government officer , in 1996 , and they have four children . Family history . Kellys maternal grandfather , Philip Murphy , served as an officer in the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919–1921 ) . In 1922 he was interned by the Government of Northern Ireland . Murphys detention file refers to him as quartermaster of the West Fermanagh IRA Battalion . He went on hunger strike to protest at his detention . He was released unconditionally in June 1924 , when internment ended . Her paternal grandfather Francis ( Frank ) Kelly joined the Connaught Rangers and served in France during the First World War . After the war , he returned to County Tyrone and took up a post of School Master in Altishane . His first wife died leaving a young family of six . He remarried Mary Agnes and had another six children . One of them James ( Seamus ) was Ruths father . Religion . Kelly is a practising Roman Catholic , a member of the Opus Dei and regular attender at their meetings and events . Her brother , Ronan Kelly , is a supernumerary in the Opus Dei organisation . Previously , uncertainty has existed over Kellys Opus Dei membership , partly because she herself has declined when asked to say whether or not she is a member , saying only that she has received spiritual support from them . Career as an MP . In the 1997 general election , Kelly gained the seat of Bolton West from the Conservatives while heavily pregnant , and gave birth to her first son eleven days later . She gained her place in parliament as Tony Blair became Prime Minister with Labours landslide election victory . She served on the Treasury Select Committee ; she was also appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Agriculture Minister , Nick Brown , from 1998 . Kelly was a member of a commission set up by the Institute for Public Policy Research into the Private Finance Initiative , which expressed some scepticism about the operation of the policy . After Labour won the 2001 general election , Kelly was appointed as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . Her role focused on competition policy and small businesses . After a year she was promoted to be Financial Secretary to the Treasury , giving her responsibility for regulation of the financial services industry . In both positions her principal task was in the thorough revision of the Financial Services regulation system which was introduced by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 . Kelly brought in new regulations to tackle the funding of terrorism after September 2001 attacks . Kelly was assigned the task of dealing with Equitable Life after the Penrose Report into the life insurance company was published . She rejected calls for government compensation to Equitable policyholders , on the grounds that the losses arose from actions of the company rather than from any defect of regulation , and that it was still trading . Equitable policyholders continued to demand redress . As a mother of four young children , she refused to work the long hours normally associated with such positions and refused to take a red box in the evening whilst at the Treasury . In a minor reshuffle , she was promoted to be Minister for the Cabinet Office on 9 September 2004 , replacing Douglas Alexander . Kelly guided the Civil Contingencies Bill through its final stages in Parliament , which faced serious objections from some civil liberties campaigns . Party loyalty . Kelly hardly ever voted against the position of her party and in the most divisive votes over Labours term , she followed the party line . She voted for the Iraq War , and subsequently voted against an independent investigation into the run-up to the war . Kelly also voted for the introduction of tuition top-up fees , in a vote that saw a massive rebellion amongst Labour MPs . She also voted for the introduction of identity cards , voted for replacing Trident , and argued against the addition of a sunset clause in part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 . In a free parliamentary vote on 20 May 2008 , Kelly voted for cutting the upper limit for abortions from 24 to 12 weeks , along with two other Catholic cabinet ministers Des Browne and Paul Murphy . Secretary of State for Education and Skills . In the reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett on 15 December 2004 , Kelly entered the Cabinet ( also becoming a member of the Privy Council ) with the position of Secretary of State for Education and Skills . She became the youngest woman ever to sit in the Cabinet . The Governments Extended Schools policy , which plans to open some schools from 8 a.m . to 6 p.m . and provide child-care services for working parents , has been dubbed by some as Kelly hours after Kelly . although the National Childcare Strategy with before and after school care funded in most schools by the New Opportunities Fund pre-dated extended schools ( and Ruth Kellys ministerial tenure ) by several years . The extended schools initiative is predicated on wider use of and access to schools as community resources , not just for parents and children . Her proposals in the 2005 white paper to reduce the number and influence of parent governors in Trust Schools , were seen as a partial reversal of this earlier stance . Kelly attracted considerable criticism by rejecting the proposals of the Tomlinson report on education reform for the 14–19 age group , which suggested replacing A-level exams with a four-tier diploma . After the 2005 election , it was rumoured that she was to be demoted back into her old post at the Treasury and although she kept her position at the DfES , she was said to have been less than thrilled by the appointment of Tony Blairs adviser Andrew Adonis as a Minister within her Department . Sex offenders in schools controversy . On 9 January 2006 , it came to light that Kellys department had granted permission for a man who had been cautioned by police for viewing child pornography images and who was on a sex offenders register to be employed at a school , on the basis that he had not been convicted of an offence . He , and an unknown number of others on the sex offenders register , were not on the DfES prohibited list , List 99 . On 13 January , Kim Howells , a Minister of State at the DfES , admitted that it was he who had actually made the decision , in accordance with advice given to him by civil servants that the person did not represent an ongoing threat to children but that he should be given a grave warning . In response to the critical media coverage surrounding the issue , Downing Street issued a statement confirming their confidence in Kelly and denying rumours that she was to be replaced . There was further controversy when it transpired that another teacher had been cleared to work at a school , despite the fact that he had been convicted in 1980 for indecent assault on a 15-year-old girl and had been previously removed from three schools . A letter from the Department for Education that suggested the Secretary of State had considered his case and found that although his past actions had been unwise and unacceptable , he had undertaken teaching work to good effect since . Trust schools . A notable controversy in Ruth Kellys time at the DfES was the proposed introduction of Trust schools . The Trusts were intended to be non-profit making and to have charitable status , although they could be formed by commercial enterprises . In fact , one of the early DfES-hosted seminars on the establishment of Trusts included representatives from Microsoft and KPMG . However , it was their ability to set their own admission arrangements that generated the most criticism . A large number of Labour backbenchers , as well as numerous party luminaries like Neil Kinnock and former Education Secretary Estelle Morris , made known their opposition to the proposals and published an alternative white paper . Faced with such a rebellion , the government initially stressed that it would press on with the reforms . However , new Tory leader David Cameron unexpectedly announced that these reforms were in line with Tory policies and that he would support the bill if presented in the proposed form . The government were faced with the prospect of pushing through their reforms only with opposition support and in the face of increased resistance from its own supporters . When the Education and Inspections Bill 2006 was finally published on 28 February 2006 , it contained much of what had been trailed , although most notable by its absence was any mention of trust school . Foundation and Voluntary Aided schools were left to pick up the mantle of trust schools . Religion and political views . The effect of her religious viewpoint on her opinions regarding controversial scientific questions has been of concern to some scientists who have speculated that her religious views could have an effect on government policy regarding stem cell research . Childrens schooling . All four of Ruth Kellys children started at a Roman Catholic primary school in Wapping , east London . However , on 8 January 2007 , the Daily Mirror revealed that she had withdrawn her son from the voluntary aided school , and — following professional advice — sent him to a preparatory school that specialises in the education of boys aged 7–13 with dyslexia and/or developmental coordination disorder . Though the additional cost for specialist support outside the state sector sometimes is covered by the local authority , Kelly stated she has not and will not seek its help in meeting these costs . According to Ofsted inspection in 2002 those with special educational needs , make particularly good progress at English Martyrs Roman Catholic school , and that pupils generally meet standards that are much better than those gained by pupils in similar schools . The school achieved the best exam results in the borough of Tower Hamlets and among the best in the UK , with 96% of children reaching the expected standard for English , and 100% for Maths and Science . The areas education authority also runs six special needs schools within reach of Kellys home and responded to the controversy saying , We are proud of the quality of education we offer to all children . We have a strong record in helping children with a wide range of learning needs to succeed . Ian Gibson , Labour MP for Norwich North , called the decision a slap in the face for the teachers and pupils in the school the child has been taken out of . However , Conservative Party leader David Cameron , whose own disabled son Ivan attended a state special needs school , defended her decision , saying People should recognise that politicians like everyone else are parents first and will act in the best interests of their children . Kelly made a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission about the Mirrors reporting of the story , but the complaint was rejected , with the PCC ruling that the story was a matter of considerable public interest , given that she is a Cabinet minister – who had previously been Secretary of State for Education and Skills , and even if government policy included an acceptance of private schooling for those with special needs , the fact that the complainant did not feel that the current state system could meet her childs requirements raised questions about the nature of funded schooling and its ability to cater for children with special needs – including those whose families would not be able to pay for private schooling . Fathers for Justice attacks . Twice Kelly has been targeted by members of fathers rights group Fathers 4 Justice in egg-throwing incidents . The first was in April 2005 ; protester Simon Wilmot-Coverdale was charged , and in February 2006 Kelly gave evidence at Salford Magistrates Court . As she left the court , she was again attacked , this time by Michael Downe ; the egg smashed on the back of her head . Downes was fined and given an ASBO , which he proceeded to rip up outside the court , promising to continue to fight for fathers rights . Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . After the English local elections in May 2006 , Ruth Kelly was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , a position created when these functions were split off from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . The Department also took over the Home Offices responsibilities for active communities and civic renewal . She was also given the post of Minister for Women and Equality . Ruth Kellys successor at the Department for Education and Skills was Alan Johnson . On 16 October 2006 , she announced that her new role would involve cutting down on extremists within communities . Catholic social views and homosexuality . Kellys staunchly Catholic beliefs and social positions clashed with her Cabinet position as a member of Tony Blairs government , which was pushing for a number of progressive reforms and equality for gay and bisexual people . Criticism intensified when Kelly later became Minister for Women and Equality , and criticism was aired on BBC Radio 5 Live and the front page of The Independent in 2006 over her stance on homosexuality . Blairs government repealed many laws that were perceived as being anti-gay , but Kelly consistently opted out of voting on her partys measures . Kelly opposed lowering the age of consent for homosexuality , as well as voting against outlawing discrimination against gay couples adopting children . Out of fourteen votes during the Blair government surrounding the political issues of homosexuality , Kelly had only attended two . LGBT rights activist Peter Tatchell attacked Kelly for her views on homosexuality , claiming : Tony Blair would never appoint someone to a race equality post who had a lukewarm record of opposing racism . In a letter published in The Times on 11 May 2006 , the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster claimed that attacks on Kelly were anti-Catholic . Cardinal Cormac Murphy-OConnor wrote Ms Kelly may well be scrutinised for her fitness in office . That is a political judgement . But her Catholicism should not be a criterion in forming that judgement . The Observer newspaper reported on 15 October 2006 that Kelly had joined the Prime Minister in seeking to exempt churches from new equality laws which would require Christian churches to treat homosexuality with equal validity to heterosexuality , which Kelly felt went against Catholic teaching . Lorely Burt , the Liberal Democrat Equalities spokesperson , who opposed allowing churches to preach against homosexuality in schools , called for Kelly to be removed from the Cabinet . It was reported in January 2007 that Kelly supported an exemption for Catholic adoption agencies from new laws that would allow them to refuse service to gay couples . Planning decisions . Ruth Kelly demonstrated some opposition to the development of skyscrapers from her first months as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In November 2006 , she stopped the Brunswick Quay proposal , which represented over £100 million worth of investment into Liverpool , from going ahead . The final report of the planners who carried out the public inquiry had recommended approval for the project . In December 2006 , she called a public inquiry into the 20 Fenchurch Street tower in Londons financial district , on the basis that a tall building would be unsuitable for this site . In May 2007 , she blocked a 42-storey , 120-m tower in the New England Quarter development in Brighton , designed by Allies and Morrison and being planned by the Beetham Organization . She approved the building of new homes and businesses in Walker , Newcastle , in a bid to regenerate the area . Secretary of State for Transport . Ruth Kelly was appointed to the position in Gordon Browns new cabinet on 27 June in a government reshuffle , though it had been speculated she would be removed from the cabinet . Within a few days of entering her job , she faced tough work as she was responsible for securing the publics safety through transport after some attempted terrorist attacks . She came under fire for admitting along with other Labour Ministers that she had smoked cannabis as a teenager . Support for biofuels . Kellys support for biofuels drew criticism from activists who felt that it impoverishes third world farmers to assuage first world environmental guilt . If people starve because of biofuels , Ruth Kelly and her peers will have killed them , wrote environmentalist George Monbiot in The Guardian . Like all such crimes , it is perpetrated by cowards , attacking the weak to avoid confronting the strong . Railways . Ruth Kelly announced a major increase of railway capacity by providing extra trains across the country by 2010 which drew criticism for her London bias as most of the funding would be spent there . Kelly gave the go-ahead in 2007 for billions of pounds of public money to be spent on the Crossrail project in London , which caused outrage amongst MPs in other cities , especially Manchester , who had been told no public transport funding will be given without a congestion charge scheme . Heathrow expansion . Ruth Kelly set out proposals for a third runway and a sixth terminal at Heathrow under new extensive plans . Gordon Brown admitted this was one of the biggest challenges which faced the UK Government over the coming years . Misuse of public funds . In November 2007 it emerged that Kelly had misused part of her £10,000 communications allowance for party political material . The funds should have only been used for politically neutral material , and Kelly apologised for breaking the rules . Cabinet resignation . In September 2008 , Kelly announced her intention to resign from the cabinet to spend more time with her family . This ended her time as Transport Secretary and cabinet minister after four years . She did not stand at the 2010 general election . Damian McBride , a former senior Labour Party strategist , was shifted from being Gordon Browns political spokesman to Number 10 , after criticism of the way he handled Ruth Kellys resignation . Parliamentary expenses . On 18 May 2009 , Kelly became involved in the MPs expenses scandal when the Daily Telegraph revealed she had claimed a total of £31,000 between 2004 and 2008 for rebuilding , refurbishing , and purchasing appliances for her second home . It was subsequently revealed on 21 May 2009 that some of this money was used to repair damage caused by a burst pipe . Kelly was insured for this damage but did not claim on that insurance after being advised by the fees office that a reasonable amount could be claimed under the allowances system . Subsequent career . In May 2010 , Kelly became the Global Head of Client Strategy at HSBC . In 2015 , Kelly left HSBC and was appointed to become Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Enterprise at St Marys University , Twickenham . |
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] | easy | What was the position of Ruth Kelly from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005? | /wiki/Ruth_Kelly#P39#2 | Ruth Kelly Ruth Maria Kelly ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bolton West from 1997 until she stood down in 2010 . Previously , she served as the Secretary of State for Transport , Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Minister for Women and Equality and Secretary of State for Education and Skills , serving under both Gordon Brown and Tony Blair . Background . Kelly was born in Limavady , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . She also lived briefly in the Republic of Ireland before moving to England where she attended Edgarley Hall , the preparatory school for Millfield School . She was educated at the independent Sutton High School , run by the Girls Day School Trust ( GDST ) . After being moved up a year and sitting O-levels at Sutton High School at the age of 15 , she decided to move back to Ireland to look after her ill grandmother . Her grandmother died after six weeks , but Kelly stayed for a year , living with her aunt and taking A-level French . She returned to England on winning a scholarship to the sixth-form of Westminster School . From Westminster , Kelly went up to The Queens College , Oxford , to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics in 1986 , graduating in 1989 , and then on to the London School of Economics where she was awarded a MSc degree in Economics in 1992 . Kelly taught at University of Navarra , after she joined the Labour Party in 1990 , becoming a member of the partys Bethnal Green and Stepney constituency party . She was an economics writer for The Guardian from 1990 , before becoming deputy head of the Inflation Report Division of the Bank of England in 1994 . She married Derek John Gadd , a local government officer , in 1996 , and they have four children . Family history . Kellys maternal grandfather , Philip Murphy , served as an officer in the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919–1921 ) . In 1922 he was interned by the Government of Northern Ireland . Murphys detention file refers to him as quartermaster of the West Fermanagh IRA Battalion . He went on hunger strike to protest at his detention . He was released unconditionally in June 1924 , when internment ended . Her paternal grandfather Francis ( Frank ) Kelly joined the Connaught Rangers and served in France during the First World War . After the war , he returned to County Tyrone and took up a post of School Master in Altishane . His first wife died leaving a young family of six . He remarried Mary Agnes and had another six children . One of them James ( Seamus ) was Ruths father . Religion . Kelly is a practising Roman Catholic , a member of the Opus Dei and regular attender at their meetings and events . Her brother , Ronan Kelly , is a supernumerary in the Opus Dei organisation . Previously , uncertainty has existed over Kellys Opus Dei membership , partly because she herself has declined when asked to say whether or not she is a member , saying only that she has received spiritual support from them . Career as an MP . In the 1997 general election , Kelly gained the seat of Bolton West from the Conservatives while heavily pregnant , and gave birth to her first son eleven days later . She gained her place in parliament as Tony Blair became Prime Minister with Labours landslide election victory . She served on the Treasury Select Committee ; she was also appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Agriculture Minister , Nick Brown , from 1998 . Kelly was a member of a commission set up by the Institute for Public Policy Research into the Private Finance Initiative , which expressed some scepticism about the operation of the policy . After Labour won the 2001 general election , Kelly was appointed as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . Her role focused on competition policy and small businesses . After a year she was promoted to be Financial Secretary to the Treasury , giving her responsibility for regulation of the financial services industry . In both positions her principal task was in the thorough revision of the Financial Services regulation system which was introduced by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 . Kelly brought in new regulations to tackle the funding of terrorism after September 2001 attacks . Kelly was assigned the task of dealing with Equitable Life after the Penrose Report into the life insurance company was published . She rejected calls for government compensation to Equitable policyholders , on the grounds that the losses arose from actions of the company rather than from any defect of regulation , and that it was still trading . Equitable policyholders continued to demand redress . As a mother of four young children , she refused to work the long hours normally associated with such positions and refused to take a red box in the evening whilst at the Treasury . In a minor reshuffle , she was promoted to be Minister for the Cabinet Office on 9 September 2004 , replacing Douglas Alexander . Kelly guided the Civil Contingencies Bill through its final stages in Parliament , which faced serious objections from some civil liberties campaigns . Party loyalty . Kelly hardly ever voted against the position of her party and in the most divisive votes over Labours term , she followed the party line . She voted for the Iraq War , and subsequently voted against an independent investigation into the run-up to the war . Kelly also voted for the introduction of tuition top-up fees , in a vote that saw a massive rebellion amongst Labour MPs . She also voted for the introduction of identity cards , voted for replacing Trident , and argued against the addition of a sunset clause in part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 . In a free parliamentary vote on 20 May 2008 , Kelly voted for cutting the upper limit for abortions from 24 to 12 weeks , along with two other Catholic cabinet ministers Des Browne and Paul Murphy . Secretary of State for Education and Skills . In the reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett on 15 December 2004 , Kelly entered the Cabinet ( also becoming a member of the Privy Council ) with the position of Secretary of State for Education and Skills . She became the youngest woman ever to sit in the Cabinet . The Governments Extended Schools policy , which plans to open some schools from 8 a.m . to 6 p.m . and provide child-care services for working parents , has been dubbed by some as Kelly hours after Kelly . although the National Childcare Strategy with before and after school care funded in most schools by the New Opportunities Fund pre-dated extended schools ( and Ruth Kellys ministerial tenure ) by several years . The extended schools initiative is predicated on wider use of and access to schools as community resources , not just for parents and children . Her proposals in the 2005 white paper to reduce the number and influence of parent governors in Trust Schools , were seen as a partial reversal of this earlier stance . Kelly attracted considerable criticism by rejecting the proposals of the Tomlinson report on education reform for the 14–19 age group , which suggested replacing A-level exams with a four-tier diploma . After the 2005 election , it was rumoured that she was to be demoted back into her old post at the Treasury and although she kept her position at the DfES , she was said to have been less than thrilled by the appointment of Tony Blairs adviser Andrew Adonis as a Minister within her Department . Sex offenders in schools controversy . On 9 January 2006 , it came to light that Kellys department had granted permission for a man who had been cautioned by police for viewing child pornography images and who was on a sex offenders register to be employed at a school , on the basis that he had not been convicted of an offence . He , and an unknown number of others on the sex offenders register , were not on the DfES prohibited list , List 99 . On 13 January , Kim Howells , a Minister of State at the DfES , admitted that it was he who had actually made the decision , in accordance with advice given to him by civil servants that the person did not represent an ongoing threat to children but that he should be given a grave warning . In response to the critical media coverage surrounding the issue , Downing Street issued a statement confirming their confidence in Kelly and denying rumours that she was to be replaced . There was further controversy when it transpired that another teacher had been cleared to work at a school , despite the fact that he had been convicted in 1980 for indecent assault on a 15-year-old girl and had been previously removed from three schools . A letter from the Department for Education that suggested the Secretary of State had considered his case and found that although his past actions had been unwise and unacceptable , he had undertaken teaching work to good effect since . Trust schools . A notable controversy in Ruth Kellys time at the DfES was the proposed introduction of Trust schools . The Trusts were intended to be non-profit making and to have charitable status , although they could be formed by commercial enterprises . In fact , one of the early DfES-hosted seminars on the establishment of Trusts included representatives from Microsoft and KPMG . However , it was their ability to set their own admission arrangements that generated the most criticism . A large number of Labour backbenchers , as well as numerous party luminaries like Neil Kinnock and former Education Secretary Estelle Morris , made known their opposition to the proposals and published an alternative white paper . Faced with such a rebellion , the government initially stressed that it would press on with the reforms . However , new Tory leader David Cameron unexpectedly announced that these reforms were in line with Tory policies and that he would support the bill if presented in the proposed form . The government were faced with the prospect of pushing through their reforms only with opposition support and in the face of increased resistance from its own supporters . When the Education and Inspections Bill 2006 was finally published on 28 February 2006 , it contained much of what had been trailed , although most notable by its absence was any mention of trust school . Foundation and Voluntary Aided schools were left to pick up the mantle of trust schools . Religion and political views . The effect of her religious viewpoint on her opinions regarding controversial scientific questions has been of concern to some scientists who have speculated that her religious views could have an effect on government policy regarding stem cell research . Childrens schooling . All four of Ruth Kellys children started at a Roman Catholic primary school in Wapping , east London . However , on 8 January 2007 , the Daily Mirror revealed that she had withdrawn her son from the voluntary aided school , and — following professional advice — sent him to a preparatory school that specialises in the education of boys aged 7–13 with dyslexia and/or developmental coordination disorder . Though the additional cost for specialist support outside the state sector sometimes is covered by the local authority , Kelly stated she has not and will not seek its help in meeting these costs . According to Ofsted inspection in 2002 those with special educational needs , make particularly good progress at English Martyrs Roman Catholic school , and that pupils generally meet standards that are much better than those gained by pupils in similar schools . The school achieved the best exam results in the borough of Tower Hamlets and among the best in the UK , with 96% of children reaching the expected standard for English , and 100% for Maths and Science . The areas education authority also runs six special needs schools within reach of Kellys home and responded to the controversy saying , We are proud of the quality of education we offer to all children . We have a strong record in helping children with a wide range of learning needs to succeed . Ian Gibson , Labour MP for Norwich North , called the decision a slap in the face for the teachers and pupils in the school the child has been taken out of . However , Conservative Party leader David Cameron , whose own disabled son Ivan attended a state special needs school , defended her decision , saying People should recognise that politicians like everyone else are parents first and will act in the best interests of their children . Kelly made a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission about the Mirrors reporting of the story , but the complaint was rejected , with the PCC ruling that the story was a matter of considerable public interest , given that she is a Cabinet minister – who had previously been Secretary of State for Education and Skills , and even if government policy included an acceptance of private schooling for those with special needs , the fact that the complainant did not feel that the current state system could meet her childs requirements raised questions about the nature of funded schooling and its ability to cater for children with special needs – including those whose families would not be able to pay for private schooling . Fathers for Justice attacks . Twice Kelly has been targeted by members of fathers rights group Fathers 4 Justice in egg-throwing incidents . The first was in April 2005 ; protester Simon Wilmot-Coverdale was charged , and in February 2006 Kelly gave evidence at Salford Magistrates Court . As she left the court , she was again attacked , this time by Michael Downe ; the egg smashed on the back of her head . Downes was fined and given an ASBO , which he proceeded to rip up outside the court , promising to continue to fight for fathers rights . Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . After the English local elections in May 2006 , Ruth Kelly was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , a position created when these functions were split off from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . The Department also took over the Home Offices responsibilities for active communities and civic renewal . She was also given the post of Minister for Women and Equality . Ruth Kellys successor at the Department for Education and Skills was Alan Johnson . On 16 October 2006 , she announced that her new role would involve cutting down on extremists within communities . Catholic social views and homosexuality . Kellys staunchly Catholic beliefs and social positions clashed with her Cabinet position as a member of Tony Blairs government , which was pushing for a number of progressive reforms and equality for gay and bisexual people . Criticism intensified when Kelly later became Minister for Women and Equality , and criticism was aired on BBC Radio 5 Live and the front page of The Independent in 2006 over her stance on homosexuality . Blairs government repealed many laws that were perceived as being anti-gay , but Kelly consistently opted out of voting on her partys measures . Kelly opposed lowering the age of consent for homosexuality , as well as voting against outlawing discrimination against gay couples adopting children . Out of fourteen votes during the Blair government surrounding the political issues of homosexuality , Kelly had only attended two . LGBT rights activist Peter Tatchell attacked Kelly for her views on homosexuality , claiming : Tony Blair would never appoint someone to a race equality post who had a lukewarm record of opposing racism . In a letter published in The Times on 11 May 2006 , the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster claimed that attacks on Kelly were anti-Catholic . Cardinal Cormac Murphy-OConnor wrote Ms Kelly may well be scrutinised for her fitness in office . That is a political judgement . But her Catholicism should not be a criterion in forming that judgement . The Observer newspaper reported on 15 October 2006 that Kelly had joined the Prime Minister in seeking to exempt churches from new equality laws which would require Christian churches to treat homosexuality with equal validity to heterosexuality , which Kelly felt went against Catholic teaching . Lorely Burt , the Liberal Democrat Equalities spokesperson , who opposed allowing churches to preach against homosexuality in schools , called for Kelly to be removed from the Cabinet . It was reported in January 2007 that Kelly supported an exemption for Catholic adoption agencies from new laws that would allow them to refuse service to gay couples . Planning decisions . Ruth Kelly demonstrated some opposition to the development of skyscrapers from her first months as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In November 2006 , she stopped the Brunswick Quay proposal , which represented over £100 million worth of investment into Liverpool , from going ahead . The final report of the planners who carried out the public inquiry had recommended approval for the project . In December 2006 , she called a public inquiry into the 20 Fenchurch Street tower in Londons financial district , on the basis that a tall building would be unsuitable for this site . In May 2007 , she blocked a 42-storey , 120-m tower in the New England Quarter development in Brighton , designed by Allies and Morrison and being planned by the Beetham Organization . She approved the building of new homes and businesses in Walker , Newcastle , in a bid to regenerate the area . Secretary of State for Transport . Ruth Kelly was appointed to the position in Gordon Browns new cabinet on 27 June in a government reshuffle , though it had been speculated she would be removed from the cabinet . Within a few days of entering her job , she faced tough work as she was responsible for securing the publics safety through transport after some attempted terrorist attacks . She came under fire for admitting along with other Labour Ministers that she had smoked cannabis as a teenager . Support for biofuels . Kellys support for biofuels drew criticism from activists who felt that it impoverishes third world farmers to assuage first world environmental guilt . If people starve because of biofuels , Ruth Kelly and her peers will have killed them , wrote environmentalist George Monbiot in The Guardian . Like all such crimes , it is perpetrated by cowards , attacking the weak to avoid confronting the strong . Railways . Ruth Kelly announced a major increase of railway capacity by providing extra trains across the country by 2010 which drew criticism for her London bias as most of the funding would be spent there . Kelly gave the go-ahead in 2007 for billions of pounds of public money to be spent on the Crossrail project in London , which caused outrage amongst MPs in other cities , especially Manchester , who had been told no public transport funding will be given without a congestion charge scheme . Heathrow expansion . Ruth Kelly set out proposals for a third runway and a sixth terminal at Heathrow under new extensive plans . Gordon Brown admitted this was one of the biggest challenges which faced the UK Government over the coming years . Misuse of public funds . In November 2007 it emerged that Kelly had misused part of her £10,000 communications allowance for party political material . The funds should have only been used for politically neutral material , and Kelly apologised for breaking the rules . Cabinet resignation . In September 2008 , Kelly announced her intention to resign from the cabinet to spend more time with her family . This ended her time as Transport Secretary and cabinet minister after four years . She did not stand at the 2010 general election . Damian McBride , a former senior Labour Party strategist , was shifted from being Gordon Browns political spokesman to Number 10 , after criticism of the way he handled Ruth Kellys resignation . Parliamentary expenses . On 18 May 2009 , Kelly became involved in the MPs expenses scandal when the Daily Telegraph revealed she had claimed a total of £31,000 between 2004 and 2008 for rebuilding , refurbishing , and purchasing appliances for her second home . It was subsequently revealed on 21 May 2009 that some of this money was used to repair damage caused by a burst pipe . Kelly was insured for this damage but did not claim on that insurance after being advised by the fees office that a reasonable amount could be claimed under the allowances system . Subsequent career . In May 2010 , Kelly became the Global Head of Client Strategy at HSBC . In 2015 , Kelly left HSBC and was appointed to become Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Enterprise at St Marys University , Twickenham . |
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] | easy | Which position did Ruth Kelly hold from May 2005 to May 2006? | /wiki/Ruth_Kelly#P39#3 | Ruth Kelly Ruth Maria Kelly ( born 9 May 1968 ) is a former British Labour Party politician , serving as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bolton West from 1997 until she stood down in 2010 . Previously , she served as the Secretary of State for Transport , Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , Minister for Women and Equality and Secretary of State for Education and Skills , serving under both Gordon Brown and Tony Blair . Background . Kelly was born in Limavady , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . She also lived briefly in the Republic of Ireland before moving to England where she attended Edgarley Hall , the preparatory school for Millfield School . She was educated at the independent Sutton High School , run by the Girls Day School Trust ( GDST ) . After being moved up a year and sitting O-levels at Sutton High School at the age of 15 , she decided to move back to Ireland to look after her ill grandmother . Her grandmother died after six weeks , but Kelly stayed for a year , living with her aunt and taking A-level French . She returned to England on winning a scholarship to the sixth-form of Westminster School . From Westminster , Kelly went up to The Queens College , Oxford , to read Philosophy , Politics and Economics in 1986 , graduating in 1989 , and then on to the London School of Economics where she was awarded a MSc degree in Economics in 1992 . Kelly taught at University of Navarra , after she joined the Labour Party in 1990 , becoming a member of the partys Bethnal Green and Stepney constituency party . She was an economics writer for The Guardian from 1990 , before becoming deputy head of the Inflation Report Division of the Bank of England in 1994 . She married Derek John Gadd , a local government officer , in 1996 , and they have four children . Family history . Kellys maternal grandfather , Philip Murphy , served as an officer in the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) during the Irish War of Independence ( 1919–1921 ) . In 1922 he was interned by the Government of Northern Ireland . Murphys detention file refers to him as quartermaster of the West Fermanagh IRA Battalion . He went on hunger strike to protest at his detention . He was released unconditionally in June 1924 , when internment ended . Her paternal grandfather Francis ( Frank ) Kelly joined the Connaught Rangers and served in France during the First World War . After the war , he returned to County Tyrone and took up a post of School Master in Altishane . His first wife died leaving a young family of six . He remarried Mary Agnes and had another six children . One of them James ( Seamus ) was Ruths father . Religion . Kelly is a practising Roman Catholic , a member of the Opus Dei and regular attender at their meetings and events . Her brother , Ronan Kelly , is a supernumerary in the Opus Dei organisation . Previously , uncertainty has existed over Kellys Opus Dei membership , partly because she herself has declined when asked to say whether or not she is a member , saying only that she has received spiritual support from them . Career as an MP . In the 1997 general election , Kelly gained the seat of Bolton West from the Conservatives while heavily pregnant , and gave birth to her first son eleven days later . She gained her place in parliament as Tony Blair became Prime Minister with Labours landslide election victory . She served on the Treasury Select Committee ; she was also appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Agriculture Minister , Nick Brown , from 1998 . Kelly was a member of a commission set up by the Institute for Public Policy Research into the Private Finance Initiative , which expressed some scepticism about the operation of the policy . After Labour won the 2001 general election , Kelly was appointed as Economic Secretary to the Treasury . Her role focused on competition policy and small businesses . After a year she was promoted to be Financial Secretary to the Treasury , giving her responsibility for regulation of the financial services industry . In both positions her principal task was in the thorough revision of the Financial Services regulation system which was introduced by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 . Kelly brought in new regulations to tackle the funding of terrorism after September 2001 attacks . Kelly was assigned the task of dealing with Equitable Life after the Penrose Report into the life insurance company was published . She rejected calls for government compensation to Equitable policyholders , on the grounds that the losses arose from actions of the company rather than from any defect of regulation , and that it was still trading . Equitable policyholders continued to demand redress . As a mother of four young children , she refused to work the long hours normally associated with such positions and refused to take a red box in the evening whilst at the Treasury . In a minor reshuffle , she was promoted to be Minister for the Cabinet Office on 9 September 2004 , replacing Douglas Alexander . Kelly guided the Civil Contingencies Bill through its final stages in Parliament , which faced serious objections from some civil liberties campaigns . Party loyalty . Kelly hardly ever voted against the position of her party and in the most divisive votes over Labours term , she followed the party line . She voted for the Iraq War , and subsequently voted against an independent investigation into the run-up to the war . Kelly also voted for the introduction of tuition top-up fees , in a vote that saw a massive rebellion amongst Labour MPs . She also voted for the introduction of identity cards , voted for replacing Trident , and argued against the addition of a sunset clause in part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 . In a free parliamentary vote on 20 May 2008 , Kelly voted for cutting the upper limit for abortions from 24 to 12 weeks , along with two other Catholic cabinet ministers Des Browne and Paul Murphy . Secretary of State for Education and Skills . In the reshuffle following the resignation of David Blunkett on 15 December 2004 , Kelly entered the Cabinet ( also becoming a member of the Privy Council ) with the position of Secretary of State for Education and Skills . She became the youngest woman ever to sit in the Cabinet . The Governments Extended Schools policy , which plans to open some schools from 8 a.m . to 6 p.m . and provide child-care services for working parents , has been dubbed by some as Kelly hours after Kelly . although the National Childcare Strategy with before and after school care funded in most schools by the New Opportunities Fund pre-dated extended schools ( and Ruth Kellys ministerial tenure ) by several years . The extended schools initiative is predicated on wider use of and access to schools as community resources , not just for parents and children . Her proposals in the 2005 white paper to reduce the number and influence of parent governors in Trust Schools , were seen as a partial reversal of this earlier stance . Kelly attracted considerable criticism by rejecting the proposals of the Tomlinson report on education reform for the 14–19 age group , which suggested replacing A-level exams with a four-tier diploma . After the 2005 election , it was rumoured that she was to be demoted back into her old post at the Treasury and although she kept her position at the DfES , she was said to have been less than thrilled by the appointment of Tony Blairs adviser Andrew Adonis as a Minister within her Department . Sex offenders in schools controversy . On 9 January 2006 , it came to light that Kellys department had granted permission for a man who had been cautioned by police for viewing child pornography images and who was on a sex offenders register to be employed at a school , on the basis that he had not been convicted of an offence . He , and an unknown number of others on the sex offenders register , were not on the DfES prohibited list , List 99 . On 13 January , Kim Howells , a Minister of State at the DfES , admitted that it was he who had actually made the decision , in accordance with advice given to him by civil servants that the person did not represent an ongoing threat to children but that he should be given a grave warning . In response to the critical media coverage surrounding the issue , Downing Street issued a statement confirming their confidence in Kelly and denying rumours that she was to be replaced . There was further controversy when it transpired that another teacher had been cleared to work at a school , despite the fact that he had been convicted in 1980 for indecent assault on a 15-year-old girl and had been previously removed from three schools . A letter from the Department for Education that suggested the Secretary of State had considered his case and found that although his past actions had been unwise and unacceptable , he had undertaken teaching work to good effect since . Trust schools . A notable controversy in Ruth Kellys time at the DfES was the proposed introduction of Trust schools . The Trusts were intended to be non-profit making and to have charitable status , although they could be formed by commercial enterprises . In fact , one of the early DfES-hosted seminars on the establishment of Trusts included representatives from Microsoft and KPMG . However , it was their ability to set their own admission arrangements that generated the most criticism . A large number of Labour backbenchers , as well as numerous party luminaries like Neil Kinnock and former Education Secretary Estelle Morris , made known their opposition to the proposals and published an alternative white paper . Faced with such a rebellion , the government initially stressed that it would press on with the reforms . However , new Tory leader David Cameron unexpectedly announced that these reforms were in line with Tory policies and that he would support the bill if presented in the proposed form . The government were faced with the prospect of pushing through their reforms only with opposition support and in the face of increased resistance from its own supporters . When the Education and Inspections Bill 2006 was finally published on 28 February 2006 , it contained much of what had been trailed , although most notable by its absence was any mention of trust school . Foundation and Voluntary Aided schools were left to pick up the mantle of trust schools . Religion and political views . The effect of her religious viewpoint on her opinions regarding controversial scientific questions has been of concern to some scientists who have speculated that her religious views could have an effect on government policy regarding stem cell research . Childrens schooling . All four of Ruth Kellys children started at a Roman Catholic primary school in Wapping , east London . However , on 8 January 2007 , the Daily Mirror revealed that she had withdrawn her son from the voluntary aided school , and — following professional advice — sent him to a preparatory school that specialises in the education of boys aged 7–13 with dyslexia and/or developmental coordination disorder . Though the additional cost for specialist support outside the state sector sometimes is covered by the local authority , Kelly stated she has not and will not seek its help in meeting these costs . According to Ofsted inspection in 2002 those with special educational needs , make particularly good progress at English Martyrs Roman Catholic school , and that pupils generally meet standards that are much better than those gained by pupils in similar schools . The school achieved the best exam results in the borough of Tower Hamlets and among the best in the UK , with 96% of children reaching the expected standard for English , and 100% for Maths and Science . The areas education authority also runs six special needs schools within reach of Kellys home and responded to the controversy saying , We are proud of the quality of education we offer to all children . We have a strong record in helping children with a wide range of learning needs to succeed . Ian Gibson , Labour MP for Norwich North , called the decision a slap in the face for the teachers and pupils in the school the child has been taken out of . However , Conservative Party leader David Cameron , whose own disabled son Ivan attended a state special needs school , defended her decision , saying People should recognise that politicians like everyone else are parents first and will act in the best interests of their children . Kelly made a complaint to the Press Complaints Commission about the Mirrors reporting of the story , but the complaint was rejected , with the PCC ruling that the story was a matter of considerable public interest , given that she is a Cabinet minister – who had previously been Secretary of State for Education and Skills , and even if government policy included an acceptance of private schooling for those with special needs , the fact that the complainant did not feel that the current state system could meet her childs requirements raised questions about the nature of funded schooling and its ability to cater for children with special needs – including those whose families would not be able to pay for private schooling . Fathers for Justice attacks . Twice Kelly has been targeted by members of fathers rights group Fathers 4 Justice in egg-throwing incidents . The first was in April 2005 ; protester Simon Wilmot-Coverdale was charged , and in February 2006 Kelly gave evidence at Salford Magistrates Court . As she left the court , she was again attacked , this time by Michael Downe ; the egg smashed on the back of her head . Downes was fined and given an ASBO , which he proceeded to rip up outside the court , promising to continue to fight for fathers rights . Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . After the English local elections in May 2006 , Ruth Kelly was appointed Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , a position created when these functions were split off from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . The Department also took over the Home Offices responsibilities for active communities and civic renewal . She was also given the post of Minister for Women and Equality . Ruth Kellys successor at the Department for Education and Skills was Alan Johnson . On 16 October 2006 , she announced that her new role would involve cutting down on extremists within communities . Catholic social views and homosexuality . Kellys staunchly Catholic beliefs and social positions clashed with her Cabinet position as a member of Tony Blairs government , which was pushing for a number of progressive reforms and equality for gay and bisexual people . Criticism intensified when Kelly later became Minister for Women and Equality , and criticism was aired on BBC Radio 5 Live and the front page of The Independent in 2006 over her stance on homosexuality . Blairs government repealed many laws that were perceived as being anti-gay , but Kelly consistently opted out of voting on her partys measures . Kelly opposed lowering the age of consent for homosexuality , as well as voting against outlawing discrimination against gay couples adopting children . Out of fourteen votes during the Blair government surrounding the political issues of homosexuality , Kelly had only attended two . LGBT rights activist Peter Tatchell attacked Kelly for her views on homosexuality , claiming : Tony Blair would never appoint someone to a race equality post who had a lukewarm record of opposing racism . In a letter published in The Times on 11 May 2006 , the Catholic Archbishop of Westminster claimed that attacks on Kelly were anti-Catholic . Cardinal Cormac Murphy-OConnor wrote Ms Kelly may well be scrutinised for her fitness in office . That is a political judgement . But her Catholicism should not be a criterion in forming that judgement . The Observer newspaper reported on 15 October 2006 that Kelly had joined the Prime Minister in seeking to exempt churches from new equality laws which would require Christian churches to treat homosexuality with equal validity to heterosexuality , which Kelly felt went against Catholic teaching . Lorely Burt , the Liberal Democrat Equalities spokesperson , who opposed allowing churches to preach against homosexuality in schools , called for Kelly to be removed from the Cabinet . It was reported in January 2007 that Kelly supported an exemption for Catholic adoption agencies from new laws that would allow them to refuse service to gay couples . Planning decisions . Ruth Kelly demonstrated some opposition to the development of skyscrapers from her first months as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In November 2006 , she stopped the Brunswick Quay proposal , which represented over £100 million worth of investment into Liverpool , from going ahead . The final report of the planners who carried out the public inquiry had recommended approval for the project . In December 2006 , she called a public inquiry into the 20 Fenchurch Street tower in Londons financial district , on the basis that a tall building would be unsuitable for this site . In May 2007 , she blocked a 42-storey , 120-m tower in the New England Quarter development in Brighton , designed by Allies and Morrison and being planned by the Beetham Organization . She approved the building of new homes and businesses in Walker , Newcastle , in a bid to regenerate the area . Secretary of State for Transport . Ruth Kelly was appointed to the position in Gordon Browns new cabinet on 27 June in a government reshuffle , though it had been speculated she would be removed from the cabinet . Within a few days of entering her job , she faced tough work as she was responsible for securing the publics safety through transport after some attempted terrorist attacks . She came under fire for admitting along with other Labour Ministers that she had smoked cannabis as a teenager . Support for biofuels . Kellys support for biofuels drew criticism from activists who felt that it impoverishes third world farmers to assuage first world environmental guilt . If people starve because of biofuels , Ruth Kelly and her peers will have killed them , wrote environmentalist George Monbiot in The Guardian . Like all such crimes , it is perpetrated by cowards , attacking the weak to avoid confronting the strong . Railways . Ruth Kelly announced a major increase of railway capacity by providing extra trains across the country by 2010 which drew criticism for her London bias as most of the funding would be spent there . Kelly gave the go-ahead in 2007 for billions of pounds of public money to be spent on the Crossrail project in London , which caused outrage amongst MPs in other cities , especially Manchester , who had been told no public transport funding will be given without a congestion charge scheme . Heathrow expansion . Ruth Kelly set out proposals for a third runway and a sixth terminal at Heathrow under new extensive plans . Gordon Brown admitted this was one of the biggest challenges which faced the UK Government over the coming years . Misuse of public funds . In November 2007 it emerged that Kelly had misused part of her £10,000 communications allowance for party political material . The funds should have only been used for politically neutral material , and Kelly apologised for breaking the rules . Cabinet resignation . In September 2008 , Kelly announced her intention to resign from the cabinet to spend more time with her family . This ended her time as Transport Secretary and cabinet minister after four years . She did not stand at the 2010 general election . Damian McBride , a former senior Labour Party strategist , was shifted from being Gordon Browns political spokesman to Number 10 , after criticism of the way he handled Ruth Kellys resignation . Parliamentary expenses . On 18 May 2009 , Kelly became involved in the MPs expenses scandal when the Daily Telegraph revealed she had claimed a total of £31,000 between 2004 and 2008 for rebuilding , refurbishing , and purchasing appliances for her second home . It was subsequently revealed on 21 May 2009 that some of this money was used to repair damage caused by a burst pipe . Kelly was insured for this damage but did not claim on that insurance after being advised by the fees office that a reasonable amount could be claimed under the allowances system . Subsequent career . In May 2010 , Kelly became the Global Head of Client Strategy at HSBC . In 2015 , Kelly left HSBC and was appointed to become Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research and Enterprise at St Marys University , Twickenham . |
[
"Gilbert Moses"
] | easy | Who was Denise Nicholas 's spouse from 1964 to 1965? | /wiki/Denise_Nicholas#P26#0 | Denise Nicholas Donna Denise Nicholas ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American retired actress , author , and social activist who was involved in the Civil Rights Movement . She is known primarily for her roles as high-school guidance counselor Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 and Councilwoman Harriet DeLong on the NBC/CBS drama series In the Heat of the Night . Early life . Nicholas was born in Detroit to Louise Carolyn and Otto Nicholas . She spent her early years in Detroit . With the remarriage of her mother to Robert Burgen , she moved to Milan , Michigan , a small town south of Ann Arbor . At the age of 16 , she appeared on the August 25 , 1960 , cover of Jet magazine as a future school teacher prospect at the National High School Institute at Northwestern University . She graduated from Milan High School in 1961 . Nicholas is the middle child of three , with an older brother , Otto , and a younger sister , Michele , who was murdered in 1980 . She entered the University of Michigan as a Pre-Law student . She then switched her major to Latin-American politics , Spanish , and English before dropping out after just one completed academic year . Nicholas moved to New York City , and worked for the J . Walter Thompson ( JWT ) advertising firm . She subsequently transferred to Tulane University , where she majored in Fine Arts . Her acting debut was in a Spanish-language play presented by her language class . She dropped out of Tulane University as well , this time to join the Free Southern Theater ( FST ) , during the Civil Rights Movement . After spending two years touring the deep South with the FST , Nicholas went to New York City and joined the Negro Ensemble Company , working in all productions during the first season of that theatre ensemble . From the stage of the St . Marks Playhouse in New York , Nicholas was cast as Liz McIntyre , the Guidance Counselor on ABC series Room 222 . Nicholas received her Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of Southern California Theater Program in 1987 , after living in Southern California for a number of years . Career . Nicholas began her television acting career in 1968 , with an episode of It Takes a Thief . Nicholas had three consecutive ( 1970–1972 ) Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress in a Drama TV Series , for her role as Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 . Following Room 222 ( 1969–1974 ) , she won two Image Awards in 1976 for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series , for her role as Beth Foster in Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) . Nicholas also played Olivia Ellis on Baby.. . Im Back! , a sitcom that aired on CBS in 1978 Nicholas wrote the song Can We Pretend , which her then-husband Bill Withers recorded on his 1974 album +Justments . She later appeared as Harriet DeLong in the cast of NBC/CBS In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–1995 ) . Nicholas wrote six episodes of the series , beginning her second career as a writer . When that show was cancelled , she enrolled in the Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California , eventually finding her way to the Journeymens Writing Workshop under the tutelage of author Janet Fitch . She worked with Fitch for five years . Nicholas also attended the Squaw Valley Community of Writers Workshop , and the Natalie Goldberg Workshop , in Taos , New Mexico . Her first novel , Freshwater Road , was published by Agate Publishing , in August 2005 . it received a starred review in Publishers Weekly and was selected as one of the best books of 2005 by The Washington Post , The Detroit Free Press , The Atlanta Journal Constitution , Newsday and the Chicago Tribune . The novel won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Award for debut fiction in 2006 , as well as the American Library Associations Black Caucus Award for debut fiction the same year . Freshwater Road was reprinted by Pocket Books . Brown University commissioned Nicholas to write a staged adaptation of Freshwater Road , which was presented in May 2008 . Personal life . At 19 , Nicholas dropped out of the University of Michigan and signed up with the Free Southern Theater in New Orleans , headed by Gilbert Moses , whom she married in May 1964 at the American Theater in New York , and divorced in 1967 . Nicholas married soul singer-songwriter Bill Withers on January 17 , 1973 . Their relationship had been volatile prior to their nuptials . In November 1972 , Nicholas reported to authorities that Withers flew to Tucson , Arizona where she was filming The Soul of Nigger Charley , and beat her in her motel room after she threatened to end their relationship over the telephone ; she refused to press charges . The marriage ended in divorce , filed in April 1974 , and finalized in December 1974 . In February 1980 , Nicholass younger sister Michele Burgen , a 26-year-old editor for Ebony magazine , was shot to death . Her body was found in a locked rental car at LaGuardia Airport in New York City . Nicholas and her older brother Otto searched the country for clues , but no suspect was ever taken to trial . While coping with the loss of her sister , Nicholas met CBS sports anchor Jim Hill at a Sacramento poetry reading in June 1980 . They married on Valentines Day in 1981 . The couple separated in October 1981 and she filed for divorce , before reconciling soon after . Nicholas filed for divorce the final time in 1984 , and the divorce finalized in 1987 . Acting credits . Films . - Blacula ( 1972 ) - The Soul of Nigger Charley ( 1973 ) - Mr . Ricco ( 1975 ) - Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) - A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) - Capricorn One ( 1977 ) - Marvin & Tige ( 1983 ) - Over Here , Mr . President ( 1983 ) - Mothers Day ( 1989 ) - Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) - Ritual ( 2002 ) - Proud ( 2004 ) Television . - It Takes a Thief ( 1968 ) - The F.B.I . ( 1969 ) - N.Y.P.D . ( 1967–69 ) - The Flip Wilson Show ( 1970 ) - Five Desperate Women ( 1971 TV movie ) - Night Gallery episode Logodas Heads ( broadcast December 29 , 1971 ) ( 1971 ) - Love , American Style ( 1972 ) - Room 222 ( 1969–74 ) - Police Story ( 1975 ) - Rhoda ( 1975 ) - Marcus Welby , M.D . ( 1975 ) - Baby , Im Back ( 1978 ) - The Paper Chase ( 1979 ) - The Love Boat ( 1980–82 ) - Benson ( 1980 ) - Diffrent Strokes ( 1980 ) - Secrets of Midland Heights ( 1981 ) - Aloha Paradise ( 1981 ) - Jacqueline Susanns Valley of the Dolls ( 1981 miniseries ) - One Day at a Time ( 1983 ) - Masquerade ( 1983 ) - Magnum , P.I . ( 1983 ) - Hotel ( 1987 ) - 227 ( 1988 ) - Amen ( 1988 ) - In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–95 ) - The Cosby Show ( 1989 ) - A Different World ( 1990 ) - Law & Order ( 1990 ) - B.L . Stryker ( 1990 ) - Hangin with Mr . Cooper ( 1992 ) - The Parent Hood ( 1995 ) - Kenny Kingston Psychic Hotline ( With Kenny Kingston ) ( 1994–96 ) - Living Single ( 1997 ) - 3rd Rock from the Sun ( 1999 ) - My Wife and Kids ( 2001 ) External links . - Whatever Happened To : Denise Nicholas |
[
"Bill Withers"
] | easy | Who was Denise Nicholas 's spouse from 1973 to 1974? | /wiki/Denise_Nicholas#P26#1 | Denise Nicholas Donna Denise Nicholas ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American retired actress , author , and social activist who was involved in the Civil Rights Movement . She is known primarily for her roles as high-school guidance counselor Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 and Councilwoman Harriet DeLong on the NBC/CBS drama series In the Heat of the Night . Early life . Nicholas was born in Detroit to Louise Carolyn and Otto Nicholas . She spent her early years in Detroit . With the remarriage of her mother to Robert Burgen , she moved to Milan , Michigan , a small town south of Ann Arbor . At the age of 16 , she appeared on the August 25 , 1960 , cover of Jet magazine as a future school teacher prospect at the National High School Institute at Northwestern University . She graduated from Milan High School in 1961 . Nicholas is the middle child of three , with an older brother , Otto , and a younger sister , Michele , who was murdered in 1980 . She entered the University of Michigan as a Pre-Law student . She then switched her major to Latin-American politics , Spanish , and English before dropping out after just one completed academic year . Nicholas moved to New York City , and worked for the J . Walter Thompson ( JWT ) advertising firm . She subsequently transferred to Tulane University , where she majored in Fine Arts . Her acting debut was in a Spanish-language play presented by her language class . She dropped out of Tulane University as well , this time to join the Free Southern Theater ( FST ) , during the Civil Rights Movement . After spending two years touring the deep South with the FST , Nicholas went to New York City and joined the Negro Ensemble Company , working in all productions during the first season of that theatre ensemble . From the stage of the St . Marks Playhouse in New York , Nicholas was cast as Liz McIntyre , the Guidance Counselor on ABC series Room 222 . Nicholas received her Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of Southern California Theater Program in 1987 , after living in Southern California for a number of years . Career . Nicholas began her television acting career in 1968 , with an episode of It Takes a Thief . Nicholas had three consecutive ( 1970–1972 ) Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress in a Drama TV Series , for her role as Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 . Following Room 222 ( 1969–1974 ) , she won two Image Awards in 1976 for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series , for her role as Beth Foster in Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) . Nicholas also played Olivia Ellis on Baby.. . Im Back! , a sitcom that aired on CBS in 1978 Nicholas wrote the song Can We Pretend , which her then-husband Bill Withers recorded on his 1974 album +Justments . She later appeared as Harriet DeLong in the cast of NBC/CBS In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–1995 ) . Nicholas wrote six episodes of the series , beginning her second career as a writer . When that show was cancelled , she enrolled in the Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California , eventually finding her way to the Journeymens Writing Workshop under the tutelage of author Janet Fitch . She worked with Fitch for five years . Nicholas also attended the Squaw Valley Community of Writers Workshop , and the Natalie Goldberg Workshop , in Taos , New Mexico . Her first novel , Freshwater Road , was published by Agate Publishing , in August 2005 . it received a starred review in Publishers Weekly and was selected as one of the best books of 2005 by The Washington Post , The Detroit Free Press , The Atlanta Journal Constitution , Newsday and the Chicago Tribune . The novel won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Award for debut fiction in 2006 , as well as the American Library Associations Black Caucus Award for debut fiction the same year . Freshwater Road was reprinted by Pocket Books . Brown University commissioned Nicholas to write a staged adaptation of Freshwater Road , which was presented in May 2008 . Personal life . At 19 , Nicholas dropped out of the University of Michigan and signed up with the Free Southern Theater in New Orleans , headed by Gilbert Moses , whom she married in May 1964 at the American Theater in New York , and divorced in 1967 . Nicholas married soul singer-songwriter Bill Withers on January 17 , 1973 . Their relationship had been volatile prior to their nuptials . In November 1972 , Nicholas reported to authorities that Withers flew to Tucson , Arizona where she was filming The Soul of Nigger Charley , and beat her in her motel room after she threatened to end their relationship over the telephone ; she refused to press charges . The marriage ended in divorce , filed in April 1974 , and finalized in December 1974 . In February 1980 , Nicholass younger sister Michele Burgen , a 26-year-old editor for Ebony magazine , was shot to death . Her body was found in a locked rental car at LaGuardia Airport in New York City . Nicholas and her older brother Otto searched the country for clues , but no suspect was ever taken to trial . While coping with the loss of her sister , Nicholas met CBS sports anchor Jim Hill at a Sacramento poetry reading in June 1980 . They married on Valentines Day in 1981 . The couple separated in October 1981 and she filed for divorce , before reconciling soon after . Nicholas filed for divorce the final time in 1984 , and the divorce finalized in 1987 . Acting credits . Films . - Blacula ( 1972 ) - The Soul of Nigger Charley ( 1973 ) - Mr . Ricco ( 1975 ) - Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) - A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) - Capricorn One ( 1977 ) - Marvin & Tige ( 1983 ) - Over Here , Mr . President ( 1983 ) - Mothers Day ( 1989 ) - Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) - Ritual ( 2002 ) - Proud ( 2004 ) Television . - It Takes a Thief ( 1968 ) - The F.B.I . ( 1969 ) - N.Y.P.D . ( 1967–69 ) - The Flip Wilson Show ( 1970 ) - Five Desperate Women ( 1971 TV movie ) - Night Gallery episode Logodas Heads ( broadcast December 29 , 1971 ) ( 1971 ) - Love , American Style ( 1972 ) - Room 222 ( 1969–74 ) - Police Story ( 1975 ) - Rhoda ( 1975 ) - Marcus Welby , M.D . ( 1975 ) - Baby , Im Back ( 1978 ) - The Paper Chase ( 1979 ) - The Love Boat ( 1980–82 ) - Benson ( 1980 ) - Diffrent Strokes ( 1980 ) - Secrets of Midland Heights ( 1981 ) - Aloha Paradise ( 1981 ) - Jacqueline Susanns Valley of the Dolls ( 1981 miniseries ) - One Day at a Time ( 1983 ) - Masquerade ( 1983 ) - Magnum , P.I . ( 1983 ) - Hotel ( 1987 ) - 227 ( 1988 ) - Amen ( 1988 ) - In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–95 ) - The Cosby Show ( 1989 ) - A Different World ( 1990 ) - Law & Order ( 1990 ) - B.L . Stryker ( 1990 ) - Hangin with Mr . Cooper ( 1992 ) - The Parent Hood ( 1995 ) - Kenny Kingston Psychic Hotline ( With Kenny Kingston ) ( 1994–96 ) - Living Single ( 1997 ) - 3rd Rock from the Sun ( 1999 ) - My Wife and Kids ( 2001 ) External links . - Whatever Happened To : Denise Nicholas |
[
"Jim Hill"
] | easy | Who was Denise Nicholas 's spouse from 1981 to 1984? | /wiki/Denise_Nicholas#P26#2 | Denise Nicholas Donna Denise Nicholas ( born July 12 , 1944 ) is an American retired actress , author , and social activist who was involved in the Civil Rights Movement . She is known primarily for her roles as high-school guidance counselor Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 and Councilwoman Harriet DeLong on the NBC/CBS drama series In the Heat of the Night . Early life . Nicholas was born in Detroit to Louise Carolyn and Otto Nicholas . She spent her early years in Detroit . With the remarriage of her mother to Robert Burgen , she moved to Milan , Michigan , a small town south of Ann Arbor . At the age of 16 , she appeared on the August 25 , 1960 , cover of Jet magazine as a future school teacher prospect at the National High School Institute at Northwestern University . She graduated from Milan High School in 1961 . Nicholas is the middle child of three , with an older brother , Otto , and a younger sister , Michele , who was murdered in 1980 . She entered the University of Michigan as a Pre-Law student . She then switched her major to Latin-American politics , Spanish , and English before dropping out after just one completed academic year . Nicholas moved to New York City , and worked for the J . Walter Thompson ( JWT ) advertising firm . She subsequently transferred to Tulane University , where she majored in Fine Arts . Her acting debut was in a Spanish-language play presented by her language class . She dropped out of Tulane University as well , this time to join the Free Southern Theater ( FST ) , during the Civil Rights Movement . After spending two years touring the deep South with the FST , Nicholas went to New York City and joined the Negro Ensemble Company , working in all productions during the first season of that theatre ensemble . From the stage of the St . Marks Playhouse in New York , Nicholas was cast as Liz McIntyre , the Guidance Counselor on ABC series Room 222 . Nicholas received her Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of Southern California Theater Program in 1987 , after living in Southern California for a number of years . Career . Nicholas began her television acting career in 1968 , with an episode of It Takes a Thief . Nicholas had three consecutive ( 1970–1972 ) Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress in a Drama TV Series , for her role as Liz McIntyre on the ABC comedy-drama series Room 222 . Following Room 222 ( 1969–1974 ) , she won two Image Awards in 1976 for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series , for her role as Beth Foster in Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) . Nicholas also played Olivia Ellis on Baby.. . Im Back! , a sitcom that aired on CBS in 1978 Nicholas wrote the song Can We Pretend , which her then-husband Bill Withers recorded on his 1974 album +Justments . She later appeared as Harriet DeLong in the cast of NBC/CBS In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–1995 ) . Nicholas wrote six episodes of the series , beginning her second career as a writer . When that show was cancelled , she enrolled in the Professional Writing Program at the University of Southern California , eventually finding her way to the Journeymens Writing Workshop under the tutelage of author Janet Fitch . She worked with Fitch for five years . Nicholas also attended the Squaw Valley Community of Writers Workshop , and the Natalie Goldberg Workshop , in Taos , New Mexico . Her first novel , Freshwater Road , was published by Agate Publishing , in August 2005 . it received a starred review in Publishers Weekly and was selected as one of the best books of 2005 by The Washington Post , The Detroit Free Press , The Atlanta Journal Constitution , Newsday and the Chicago Tribune . The novel won the Zora Neale Hurston/Richard Wright Award for debut fiction in 2006 , as well as the American Library Associations Black Caucus Award for debut fiction the same year . Freshwater Road was reprinted by Pocket Books . Brown University commissioned Nicholas to write a staged adaptation of Freshwater Road , which was presented in May 2008 . Personal life . At 19 , Nicholas dropped out of the University of Michigan and signed up with the Free Southern Theater in New Orleans , headed by Gilbert Moses , whom she married in May 1964 at the American Theater in New York , and divorced in 1967 . Nicholas married soul singer-songwriter Bill Withers on January 17 , 1973 . Their relationship had been volatile prior to their nuptials . In November 1972 , Nicholas reported to authorities that Withers flew to Tucson , Arizona where she was filming The Soul of Nigger Charley , and beat her in her motel room after she threatened to end their relationship over the telephone ; she refused to press charges . The marriage ended in divorce , filed in April 1974 , and finalized in December 1974 . In February 1980 , Nicholass younger sister Michele Burgen , a 26-year-old editor for Ebony magazine , was shot to death . Her body was found in a locked rental car at LaGuardia Airport in New York City . Nicholas and her older brother Otto searched the country for clues , but no suspect was ever taken to trial . While coping with the loss of her sister , Nicholas met CBS sports anchor Jim Hill at a Sacramento poetry reading in June 1980 . They married on Valentines Day in 1981 . The couple separated in October 1981 and she filed for divorce , before reconciling soon after . Nicholas filed for divorce the final time in 1984 , and the divorce finalized in 1987 . Acting credits . Films . - Blacula ( 1972 ) - The Soul of Nigger Charley ( 1973 ) - Mr . Ricco ( 1975 ) - Lets Do It Again ( 1975 ) - A Piece of the Action ( 1977 ) - Capricorn One ( 1977 ) - Marvin & Tige ( 1983 ) - Over Here , Mr . President ( 1983 ) - Mothers Day ( 1989 ) - Ghost Dad ( 1990 ) - Ritual ( 2002 ) - Proud ( 2004 ) Television . - It Takes a Thief ( 1968 ) - The F.B.I . ( 1969 ) - N.Y.P.D . ( 1967–69 ) - The Flip Wilson Show ( 1970 ) - Five Desperate Women ( 1971 TV movie ) - Night Gallery episode Logodas Heads ( broadcast December 29 , 1971 ) ( 1971 ) - Love , American Style ( 1972 ) - Room 222 ( 1969–74 ) - Police Story ( 1975 ) - Rhoda ( 1975 ) - Marcus Welby , M.D . ( 1975 ) - Baby , Im Back ( 1978 ) - The Paper Chase ( 1979 ) - The Love Boat ( 1980–82 ) - Benson ( 1980 ) - Diffrent Strokes ( 1980 ) - Secrets of Midland Heights ( 1981 ) - Aloha Paradise ( 1981 ) - Jacqueline Susanns Valley of the Dolls ( 1981 miniseries ) - One Day at a Time ( 1983 ) - Masquerade ( 1983 ) - Magnum , P.I . ( 1983 ) - Hotel ( 1987 ) - 227 ( 1988 ) - Amen ( 1988 ) - In the Heat of the Night ( 1989–95 ) - The Cosby Show ( 1989 ) - A Different World ( 1990 ) - Law & Order ( 1990 ) - B.L . Stryker ( 1990 ) - Hangin with Mr . Cooper ( 1992 ) - The Parent Hood ( 1995 ) - Kenny Kingston Psychic Hotline ( With Kenny Kingston ) ( 1994–96 ) - Living Single ( 1997 ) - 3rd Rock from the Sun ( 1999 ) - My Wife and Kids ( 2001 ) External links . - Whatever Happened To : Denise Nicholas |
[
"London County Council"
] | easy | What operated Woolwich Ferry from Mar 1889 to Mar 1965? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P137#0 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Greater London Council"
] | easy | What was the operator of Woolwich Ferry from Apr 1965 to Mar 1986? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P137#1 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"London Borough of Greenwich"
] | easy | What operated Woolwich Ferry from Apr 1986 to Sep 2008? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P137#2 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Serco"
] | easy | What operated Woolwich Ferry from Oct 2008 to Mar 2013? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P137#3 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"Briggs Marine"
] | easy | What operated Woolwich Ferry from Apr 2013 to Apr 2014? | /wiki/Woolwich_Ferry#P137#4 | Woolwich Ferry The Woolwich Ferry is a free vehicle and pedestrian ferry across the River Thames in East London , connecting Woolwich on the south bank with North Woolwich on the north . It is licensed and financed by London River Services , the maritime arm of Transport for London ( TfL ) . The service is operated by Briggs Marine under contract to TfL and carries both foot passengers and vehicles . Around two million passengers use the ferry each year . A ferry has operated on the Thames at Woolwich since the 14th century , and commercial crossings operated intermittently until the mid-19th . The free service opened in 1889 after tolls were abolished on bridges to the west of London . Traffic increased in the 20th century because of the rise in motor vehicle traffic and it remained popular because of the lack of nearby bridges . Pedestrian use dropped after the construction of a parallel foot tunnel and the extension of the Docklands Light Railway to Woolwich Arsenal station . Alternatives such as the Thames Gateway Bridge and Gallions Reach Crossing have been proposed as replacements , but there are no plans to discontinue the Woolwich Ferry as long as there is demand . Services . The service links Woolwich in the Royal Borough of Greenwich with North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham . It also links two ends of the inner London orbital road routes : the North Circular and the South Circular . On weekdays , the ferry operates from 6.10 am until 8 pm with a two-boat service ( 10 minutes nominal interval between sailings ) ; on Saturdays , from 6.10 am to 8 pm with a one-boat service ( 15 minutes nominal interval ; the last south-to-north sailing is 15 minutes earlier at 7.45 pm ) ; on Sundays , from 11.30 am to 7.30 pm with a one-boat service ( last south-to-north sailing at 7.15 pm ) . The ferries can carry heavy goods vehicles and other road traffic across the river , up to a maximum height of and width of . The service is free for all traffic ; in 2012 Transport for London ( TfL ) estimated a subsidy cost of 76.5p per passenger . Nearest alternative crossings . The nearest alternative crossing for pedestrians is the Woolwich foot tunnel about 100 metres ( 110 yds ) to the east . A Docklands Light Railway ( DLR ) station , Woolwich Arsenal on the south side of the Thames , was opened in January 2009 as the new terminus of the London City Airport branch . King George V DLR station , on the opposite side of the river , is close to the north ferry dock . The nearest vehicle alternatives are the Blackwall Tunnel about upstream to the west , or the Dartford Crossing around downstream to the east . Both tunnels have height restrictions for heavy goods vehicles , and users of the Dartford Crossing incur toll charges . History . Early services . There has been a connection across the Thames between what is now Old Woolwich and what would later be North Woolwich since the Norman Conquest . The area was mentioned in Domesday Book as belonging to Hamon , the dapifer ( steward ) , which belong to ( pertinent in ) Woolwich ; the pertinent here refers to the portion of land north of the Thames yet also part of the county of Kent . State papers in 1308 show that a service was running between North Woolwich and Warren Lane . That year , William de Wicton sold the business to William atte Halle for £10 . The ferry was subsequently sold in 1320 for 100 silver marks . Cross-river traffic increased following the establishment of the Royal Arsenal in 1671 . To enable movement of troops and supplies , the army established its own ferry in 1810 . The following year an Act of Parliament established a commercial ferry company , but it was dissolved in 1844 . In 1846 , the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway extended its lines to include a Thames wharf branch ; eventually three steam ferries operated , but they proved inadequate to meet the growing demand . In October 1880 , a public meeting was held in Woolwich to discuss setting up a locally run steam-ferry service , but the cost was seen as prohibitive . Following the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , which had taken over toll bridges in west London and opened them to free public use , it was suggested that the board should fund a free crossing of the Thames in east London . Proposals were made to provide services at Woolwich and further upstream at Greenwich , but the latter plan was abandoned . In 1884 the board agreed to provide two steam-powered ferries , each costing £10,650 , and asked chief engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette to lead design and construction . In September 1887 Messrs Mowlem and company were awarded contracts valued at £54,900 to build approaches , bridges and pontoons . Modern service . The service was officially opened on 23 March 1889 , with the paddle steamer Gordon . Two days before the first service , the Metropolitan Board of Works was replaced by the London County Council ( LCC ) , and the opening ceremony was conducted by Lord Rosebery instead of the expected Bazalgette . The sister vessel Duncan was introduced on 20 April . By the end of the 1920s , the rise in motor traffic had put pressure on the ferrys capacity . A proposed bridge between Shooters Hill and East Ham was rejected as too obvious a target for wartime bombings , and a third vessel was introduced instead . Because of the lack of a fixed crossing , the Thames became a psychological barrier for those living in the East End of London , who could only use a limited number of routes to cross the river , including the Woolwich Ferry . The lack of a suitable alternative route was instrumental in creating plans for what eventually became the Dartford Crossing further downstream . By the 1950s it was still quicker for ferry traffic to divert via the Blackwall Tunnel even with all three vessels operating at full capacity . In April 1963 , the paddle steamers were replaced and the ferry service upgraded to a roll-on/roll-off model , reducing waiting times on the approach roads . The LCC continued to operate the ferry until it was replaced by the Greater London Council ( GLC ) on 31 March 1965 . In 1964 , Marples Ridgway started building the current reinforced concrete terminals , which can operate over a tidal range . The current terminals were opened in 1966 . After the abolition of the GLC in 1986 , the responsibility for operating the service was transferred to the Secretary of State for Transport , who contracted the then London Borough of Greenwich to run the service . Asset ownership and operating rights were subsequently transferred to Transport for London ( TfL ) on the establishment of the Greater London Authority , but the London Borough of Greenwich continued to operate the ferry on behalf of TfL . In March 2008 , the London Borough of Greenwich gave TfL notice that it would cease operating the service from 30 September 2008 . On 12 September TfL announced that the outsourcing group Serco would take over the operation of the service from 1 October 2008 ; the contract ran initially until 31 March 2010 . Control of the crossing passed from Serco to Briggs Marine , which was expanding into public passenger services , in December 2012 . The company was awarded a £50 million seven-year contract , which began in April 2013 . In 2014 , TfL began an upgrade of the ferry service , starting by refurbishing the piers and in 2016 ordering two new boats to replace the existing vessels that were nearing the end of their working life . In early 2017 , it was announced that the new ferries were being built by Polish firm Remontowa to a design by LMG Marin . The diesel-electric hybrid vessels have of space for road vehicles over several lanes and dedicated cyclist accommodation . The vessels are licensed to carry 150 passengers segregated from road traffic . Continuing the tradition of naming the ferries after local people , it was announced in June 2017 that the two new vessels would be named after Dame Vera Lynn , a singer and entertainer from nearby East Ham , and Ben Woollacott , the 19-year-old deckhand on the Woolwich Ferry who drowned after being dragged overboard in a mooring accident in 2011 . In October 2018 , the Woolwich Ferry was suspended for four months in order to undertake major repair work for the piers , and the existing vessels were taken out of service . The foot tunnel remained open . The ferry service resumed on 1 February 2019 . Upon the expiry of Briggs Marines contract in December 2020 , the service will be by London River Services . Incidents . On 3 August 2011 , 19-year-old ferry worker Ben Woollacott died after falling off the boat into the River Thames . The MAIB report published in August 2012 blamed unseamanlike working practices during the unmooring operation for the death . When two new ships were bought to update the service in 2018 , one was named after him . Fleet . The first ferries were the side-loading paddle steamers Gordon , Duncan and Hutton , named after General Gordon of Khartoum , Colonel Francis Duncan MP and Professor Charles Hutton . Each was powered by a condensing engine manufactured by John Penn and Sons of Greenwich , producing 100 nominal horsepower . The initial fleet was eventually replaced , starting in 1923 with The Squire ( named after William Squires , a former mayor of Woolwich ) , and in 1930 with the Will Crooks ( Crooks was Labour MP for Woolwich , 1903–21 ) and the John Benn ( Benn was a member of the London County Council , Liberal MP for St George—which included Wapping—and grandfather of Tony Benn ) . Three vessels were built in Dundee in 1963 by the Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company to replace the paddle steamers , and were each named after prominent local politicians : James Newman ( mayor of Woolwich , 1923–25 ) , John Burns , and Ernest Bevin . These ferries featured Voith Schneider propulsion systems for manoeuvrability . A cycloidal propeller was fitted centrally at either end , each driven by a 500bhp 6-cylinder Mirrlees Blackstone diesel engine . Transport for London introduced an Art On The River scheme in 2014 , showing decorative artwork on the ferry vessels . These vessels ceased operation on 5 October 2018 , after which service was suspended for four months and the ferries sold for demolition . Two new vessels , the Ben Woollacott and the Dame Vera Lynn , were delivered from the Remontowa shipyard in Gdańsk , Poland , to replace the previous fleet in October 2018 . The new vessels entered service on 1 February 2019 . Passenger numbers . The ferry typically carries about two million passengers a year ; occupants of vehicles ( including drivers ) are counted as passengers . In 2012 the ferry carried around 20,000 vehicles and 50,000 passengers weekly . At all times of day , but particularly at peak hours , it is common for vehicles to have to queue beyond the next ferry departure . Various improvements have been made to the vehicle queueing arrangements over the years , especially to avoid impacting local traffic . For foot passengers , bus services connect to both terminals . There is a small bus station on the north side , but some cross-river foot passengers take the foot tunnel instead . About 300 foot passengers used the ferry daily between 1983 and 1985 . Further competition arrived in 2009 with the extension to Woolwich of the Docklands Light Railway , which crosses under the river to the east of the crossing and the tunnel , and has led to a reduction in the number of foot passengers using the ferry . Future . The ferry service provides one of the few road crossings of the Thames east of the City of London . As long as there is a demand for a vehicle ferry it is unlikely to be discontinued , and doing so would require changing the Metropolitan Board of Works ( Various Powers ) Act 1885 . Planning applications were submitted for a new bridge , the Thames Gateway Bridge , close to the Woolwich Ferry , in 2004 although the project was cancelled in 2008 . In 2012 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , announced the Gallions Reach Crossing , a replacement ferry service running further east from Beckton to Thamesmead which was expected to open in 2017 . This did not occur and has been replaced with proposals for either a new bridge or tunnel in the area . TfL planning director Richard de Cani has said that the ferry will continue to operate as long as there are no alternatives , and there are no current plans to discontinue the service . Tolls cannot be levied on the ferry without changing the 1885 Act of Parliament . However , it is possible that the service may eventually be tolled in conjunction with other projects . Media appearances . The Woolwich ferry has made several appearances on TV and film . The John Benn is seen being destroyed by the titular monster in the film Behemoth , the Sea Monster . A detailed scale model is used to interact with a model of the monsters head , which capsizes the ship in the Thames . |
[
"C.D . Platense"
] | easy | Which team did the player Julio César de León belong to from 1996 to 2000? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#0 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Reggina"
] | easy | Julio César de León played for which team from 2001 to 2006? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#1 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Genoa"
] | easy | Which team did Julio César de León play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#2 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Parma FC"
] | easy | Which team did Julio César de León play for from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#3 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Torino"
] | easy | Julio César de León played for which team from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#4 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"F.C . Motagua"
] | easy | Julio César de León played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#5 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Messina"
] | easy | Which team did the player Julio César de León belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Julio_César_de_León#P54#6 | Julio César de León Julio César de León Dailey ( ; born 13 September 1979 ) is a Honduran footballer who currently plays for Olancho F.C . in the Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso as a midfielder . He is known for being a free-kick specialist and was an important key for the Honduras national football team . Club career . Early career . Nicknamed Rambo , he made his debut for C.D . Platense in 1996 against Real Maya of Tegucigalpa , scoring his first National Soccer League goal . His last goal in the Honduran National League was playing for Olimpia on 26 May 2001 against Club Broncos of Choluteca . Earning a good reputation in Honduras , de León moved abroad to Mexicos First Division , where he played for Atletico Celaya . After the season was over , Atletico Celaya did not renew his contract , so he returned to Honduras and became part of C.D . Olimpia of Tegucigalpa . Once he finished his one-year contract with Olimpia , he left for Uruguay where he played shortly for Deportivo Maldonado . Reggina . From there , de León moved to Reggina of Serie B in Italy . De León started off very well for his new club . With his goals and assists , Rambo helped his team to regain a place in the Italys Serie A . Once in the first division , de Leóns participation was intermittent , partly due to the acquisition of the Japanese international Shunsuke Nakamura . De León was relegated to the bench , playing on and off as a substitute player . The following seasons in Italy proved to be frustrating for Rambo . He was sent on loan back to Serie B where he played for a number of teams , including Fiorentina , Teramo and Catanzaro . His lack of playing time continued to such degree , that he was sent to the third division or Serie C1 , where he played for Sambenedettese . In 2006 , Rambo was requested by coach Mazzarri to come back to Reggina Calcio . De León was given a new chance , and he took it . For a while de León was considered the teams most valuable player . Genoa . However , on 16 January 2007 , De León was transferred by Reggina Calcio again , this time in a permanent deal to Genoa of Serie B , for €3.2 million , along with Filippo Carobbio ( co-ownership ) , hoping that his services would help the team to regain a spot in the Serie A . The fans of Reggina disapproved of the sale of de León , in a time when the team really needed his talent . But the president of the team , Lillo Foti , justified the sale with economic reasons : The offer was good and it was something that we could not refuse. . On 10 June 2007 , de Leóns new team , Genoa , did regain a spot in Serie A , tying at home with Napoli 0–0 . After this , his last game of the season , and some subsequent celebrations , de León quickly traveled to Houston , Texas where the Honduran national team would play Cuba on 13 June 2007 . He helped Honduras reach the quarter-finals of the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Parma . He was awarded the Player of the Season award by Genoa . but eventually sold to Parma of Serie B , for €2.9 million, ; Parma player Andrea Gasbarroni ( €2M ) and Magnus Troest ( 50% rights for €1.5M ) moved to opposite side as part of the deal . His Genoa team-mate Alessandro Lucarelli ( €1.2M ) also joined the Emilia–Romagna side . He scored his first goal for the team on 28 November 2008 after a perfectly executed free kick to the corner . Then , he made his second and third goals against Grosseto on 14 February 2009 in Parmas 4–0 victory . He scored his fourth goal for the club on 17 March 2009 against A.C . Mantova in the 82nd minute to put Parma up 1–0 and eventually win the match . His fifth goal was a long-range free kick effort against Pisa F.C . to make the match 2–0 and almost guarantee promotion for Parma into Serie A of Italy . On 16 May 2009 , Julio César de León celebrated the fifth promotion of his career , this time with Parma FC . He finished the season with a total of six goals and also contributed several assists , which proved vital for their return to Serie A . After having not played for Parma in the first two games , on 28 August 2009 , he was loaned to Torino in the Serie B along with Manuel Coppola , as part of Nicola Amoruso deal . He missed the promotion playoffs of Toro due to international call-up . From Shandong Luneng to Messina to Real Sociedad . At the start of 2010–11 Serie A he was sold to Shandong Luneng for just €775 . In the 2011–2012 season he has played for F.C . Motagua . In 2012 , he played for Messina in the Italian Serie D and then moved to newly promoted C.D . Real Sociedad in Honduras . International career . De León played at the 1999 World Youth Cup and made his senior debut for Honduras in a May 1999 friendly match against Haiti . As of December 2012 , he has earned a total of 83 caps , scoring 14 goals . He has represented his country in 34 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2003 UNCAF Nations Cup as well as at the 2000 , 2003 and 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cups. , De León also competed for Honduras at the 1999 Pan American Games and 2000 Summer Olympics . and he also was part of the memorable squad in 2001 that defeated Brazil 2–0 and came third in the Copa América . On 20 August 2008 he scored an excellent goal against Mexico to make the score 1–0 for Honduras in the first half of the match , but this goal wasnt enough to draw Pável Pardos two goals that he scored later in the game . However , shortly after , on October , 2008 , Rambo was excluded from the squad by head coach Reinaldo Rueda due to injury . Julio César de León announced he was returning to Italy shortly after arriving in Miami , Florida to join the National Team for the match against Canada . Upon arrival , he lashed out against the National Team for being malequipped to treat an injury that he had conjured in Italy . The coach had a discussion with him in the hotel and he was sent back on another plane shortly after . After long amounts of speculation , he returned to the squad in February , 2009 where he had not been reported to have any problems since . De León was originally named in the 23-men final 2010 FIFA World Cup squad , but on 15 June , one day before the opening match of Honduras , had to pull out due to injury and was replaced by Jerry Palacios , who he was given the opportunity to play alongside his two brothers . Honours . Club . - C.D . Platense - Honduran Cup ( 2 ) : 1996 , 1997 External links . - Profile - FIFA |
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Kenneth Gibson (Scottish politician) hold from May 1999 to Mar 2003? | /wiki/Kenneth_Gibson_(Scottish_politician)#P39#0 | Kenneth Gibson ( Scottish politician ) Kenneth James Gibson ( born 8 September 1961 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician . He has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Cunninghame North since 2007 . Career . Born in Paisley , Gibson served as an SNP councillor in Glasgow for Mosspark from 1992 to 1999 , becoming the first ever party representative in the city to serve successive terms . Following the defection of three Labour councillors and a by-election win , Gibson ( also known as Kenny ) became Leader of the Opposition on Glasgow City Council from January 1998 until being replaced on the council by his mother Iris in the election of 1999 . Gibson was first elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election as a list member for Glasgow electoral region . Despite these efforts , he failed to win re-election in 2003 . In 2004 , Gibson was third on the SNPs list for election to the European Parliament . In 2007 , he was chosen to contest the constituency of Cunninghame North , winning that seat from Labour by the smallest margin in Scotland of 48 votes . In the subsequent 2011 SNP landslide election , Gibson secured a comfortable majority of 6,117 over Allan Wilson , the same Labour candidate , and former Scottish Minister , he had defeated by so slight a margin in 2007 . In addition to his constituency activities , Gibson was also the Convener of the Finance Committee in the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 and brought attention to enhanced financial powers in the Scotland Act 2012 . Gibson is currently a member of the Culture , Tourism , Europe and External Affairs Committee and the Local Government and Communities Committee . Gibson is also actively involved in a number of Cross-Party Groups , serving as Convener of the Cross-Party Group on Epilepsy ; the Cross-Party Group on Improving Scotlands Health : 2021 and Beyond ; and the Cross-Party Group on Life Sciences . Controversies . In March 1993 , when Gibson was a Councillor for Mosspark , a warrant for his arrest was issued following his failure to appear for trial in connection with an alleged offence under the Representation of the People Act . In February 2000 , The Sunday Mail reported allegations from a disabled SNP member , Gill Strachan , that Gibson had pushed and abused her during the SNP Conference in Inverness in October 1999 . Strachan subsequently resigned from the SNP , accusing the party of mounting a cover-up of the incident . In 2009 , Gibson was criticised by other MSPs for writing to North Ayrshire Council in support of a planning application for 24 houses made by a friend , Billy Maclaren , while failing to disclose either the friendship or his financial relationships with Maclaren . Gibson was identified as one of 12 Holyrood politicians employing a close family member in 2013 , but declined to provide information on the salary , work hours , or whether the job had been advertised . His wife , Patricia Gibson was employed as a policy adviser . Employing family members was declared bad practice in 2010 and outlawed in 2015 . In March 2017 , Holyroods Standards Committee admonished Gibson for failure to make an oral declaration of a registered financial interest . The Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland submitted a report to the Procurator Fiscal . However , the alleged offence was time barred from criminal proceedings . Political opponents called for his suspension from the SNP . The Cunninghame North Constituency Association issued an urgent call for members to come forward to challenge Gibson to be the SNP representative for the area in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election campaign . In October 2020 , it was reported that Gibson would face a reselection challenge for the Cunninghame North Seat . On 14 October it was reported that two SNP party officials had resigned in protest , with allegations that Gibson had been aggressive and abrasive bullying , especially of women . The article quoted Cunninghame North Constituency Organiser Dr Malcolm Kerr as saying the allegations against Mr Gibson include bullying , harassment and abuses of parliamentary expenses rules . Shortly after this , the SNP suspended the selection procedure in Cunninghame North in response to these allegations . External links . - Kenneth J Gibson MSP Personal Webpage - Kenneth Gibson SNP Member Profile |
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament"
] | easy | What was the position of Kenneth Gibson (Scottish politician) from May 2007 to Mar 2011? | /wiki/Kenneth_Gibson_(Scottish_politician)#P39#1 | Kenneth Gibson ( Scottish politician ) Kenneth James Gibson ( born 8 September 1961 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician . He has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Cunninghame North since 2007 . Career . Born in Paisley , Gibson served as an SNP councillor in Glasgow for Mosspark from 1992 to 1999 , becoming the first ever party representative in the city to serve successive terms . Following the defection of three Labour councillors and a by-election win , Gibson ( also known as Kenny ) became Leader of the Opposition on Glasgow City Council from January 1998 until being replaced on the council by his mother Iris in the election of 1999 . Gibson was first elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election as a list member for Glasgow electoral region . Despite these efforts , he failed to win re-election in 2003 . In 2004 , Gibson was third on the SNPs list for election to the European Parliament . In 2007 , he was chosen to contest the constituency of Cunninghame North , winning that seat from Labour by the smallest margin in Scotland of 48 votes . In the subsequent 2011 SNP landslide election , Gibson secured a comfortable majority of 6,117 over Allan Wilson , the same Labour candidate , and former Scottish Minister , he had defeated by so slight a margin in 2007 . In addition to his constituency activities , Gibson was also the Convener of the Finance Committee in the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 and brought attention to enhanced financial powers in the Scotland Act 2012 . Gibson is currently a member of the Culture , Tourism , Europe and External Affairs Committee and the Local Government and Communities Committee . Gibson is also actively involved in a number of Cross-Party Groups , serving as Convener of the Cross-Party Group on Epilepsy ; the Cross-Party Group on Improving Scotlands Health : 2021 and Beyond ; and the Cross-Party Group on Life Sciences . Controversies . In March 1993 , when Gibson was a Councillor for Mosspark , a warrant for his arrest was issued following his failure to appear for trial in connection with an alleged offence under the Representation of the People Act . In February 2000 , The Sunday Mail reported allegations from a disabled SNP member , Gill Strachan , that Gibson had pushed and abused her during the SNP Conference in Inverness in October 1999 . Strachan subsequently resigned from the SNP , accusing the party of mounting a cover-up of the incident . In 2009 , Gibson was criticised by other MSPs for writing to North Ayrshire Council in support of a planning application for 24 houses made by a friend , Billy Maclaren , while failing to disclose either the friendship or his financial relationships with Maclaren . Gibson was identified as one of 12 Holyrood politicians employing a close family member in 2013 , but declined to provide information on the salary , work hours , or whether the job had been advertised . His wife , Patricia Gibson was employed as a policy adviser . Employing family members was declared bad practice in 2010 and outlawed in 2015 . In March 2017 , Holyroods Standards Committee admonished Gibson for failure to make an oral declaration of a registered financial interest . The Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland submitted a report to the Procurator Fiscal . However , the alleged offence was time barred from criminal proceedings . Political opponents called for his suspension from the SNP . The Cunninghame North Constituency Association issued an urgent call for members to come forward to challenge Gibson to be the SNP representative for the area in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election campaign . In October 2020 , it was reported that Gibson would face a reselection challenge for the Cunninghame North Seat . On 14 October it was reported that two SNP party officials had resigned in protest , with allegations that Gibson had been aggressive and abrasive bullying , especially of women . The article quoted Cunninghame North Constituency Organiser Dr Malcolm Kerr as saying the allegations against Mr Gibson include bullying , harassment and abuses of parliamentary expenses rules . Shortly after this , the SNP suspended the selection procedure in Cunninghame North in response to these allegations . External links . - Kenneth J Gibson MSP Personal Webpage - Kenneth Gibson SNP Member Profile |
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament",
"Convener of the Finance Committee"
] | easy | Which position did Kenneth Gibson (Scottish politician) hold from May 2011 to Mar 2016? | /wiki/Kenneth_Gibson_(Scottish_politician)#P39#2 | Kenneth Gibson ( Scottish politician ) Kenneth James Gibson ( born 8 September 1961 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician . He has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Cunninghame North since 2007 . Career . Born in Paisley , Gibson served as an SNP councillor in Glasgow for Mosspark from 1992 to 1999 , becoming the first ever party representative in the city to serve successive terms . Following the defection of three Labour councillors and a by-election win , Gibson ( also known as Kenny ) became Leader of the Opposition on Glasgow City Council from January 1998 until being replaced on the council by his mother Iris in the election of 1999 . Gibson was first elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election as a list member for Glasgow electoral region . Despite these efforts , he failed to win re-election in 2003 . In 2004 , Gibson was third on the SNPs list for election to the European Parliament . In 2007 , he was chosen to contest the constituency of Cunninghame North , winning that seat from Labour by the smallest margin in Scotland of 48 votes . In the subsequent 2011 SNP landslide election , Gibson secured a comfortable majority of 6,117 over Allan Wilson , the same Labour candidate , and former Scottish Minister , he had defeated by so slight a margin in 2007 . In addition to his constituency activities , Gibson was also the Convener of the Finance Committee in the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 and brought attention to enhanced financial powers in the Scotland Act 2012 . Gibson is currently a member of the Culture , Tourism , Europe and External Affairs Committee and the Local Government and Communities Committee . Gibson is also actively involved in a number of Cross-Party Groups , serving as Convener of the Cross-Party Group on Epilepsy ; the Cross-Party Group on Improving Scotlands Health : 2021 and Beyond ; and the Cross-Party Group on Life Sciences . Controversies . In March 1993 , when Gibson was a Councillor for Mosspark , a warrant for his arrest was issued following his failure to appear for trial in connection with an alleged offence under the Representation of the People Act . In February 2000 , The Sunday Mail reported allegations from a disabled SNP member , Gill Strachan , that Gibson had pushed and abused her during the SNP Conference in Inverness in October 1999 . Strachan subsequently resigned from the SNP , accusing the party of mounting a cover-up of the incident . In 2009 , Gibson was criticised by other MSPs for writing to North Ayrshire Council in support of a planning application for 24 houses made by a friend , Billy Maclaren , while failing to disclose either the friendship or his financial relationships with Maclaren . Gibson was identified as one of 12 Holyrood politicians employing a close family member in 2013 , but declined to provide information on the salary , work hours , or whether the job had been advertised . His wife , Patricia Gibson was employed as a policy adviser . Employing family members was declared bad practice in 2010 and outlawed in 2015 . In March 2017 , Holyroods Standards Committee admonished Gibson for failure to make an oral declaration of a registered financial interest . The Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland submitted a report to the Procurator Fiscal . However , the alleged offence was time barred from criminal proceedings . Political opponents called for his suspension from the SNP . The Cunninghame North Constituency Association issued an urgent call for members to come forward to challenge Gibson to be the SNP representative for the area in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election campaign . In October 2020 , it was reported that Gibson would face a reselection challenge for the Cunninghame North Seat . On 14 October it was reported that two SNP party officials had resigned in protest , with allegations that Gibson had been aggressive and abrasive bullying , especially of women . The article quoted Cunninghame North Constituency Organiser Dr Malcolm Kerr as saying the allegations against Mr Gibson include bullying , harassment and abuses of parliamentary expenses rules . Shortly after this , the SNP suspended the selection procedure in Cunninghame North in response to these allegations . External links . - Kenneth J Gibson MSP Personal Webpage - Kenneth Gibson SNP Member Profile |
[
"Member of the Scottish Parliament"
] | easy | Which position did Kenneth Gibson (Scottish politician) hold from May 2016 to May 2017? | /wiki/Kenneth_Gibson_(Scottish_politician)#P39#3 | Kenneth Gibson ( Scottish politician ) Kenneth James Gibson ( born 8 September 1961 ) is a Scottish National Party ( SNP ) politician . He has been the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Cunninghame North since 2007 . Career . Born in Paisley , Gibson served as an SNP councillor in Glasgow for Mosspark from 1992 to 1999 , becoming the first ever party representative in the city to serve successive terms . Following the defection of three Labour councillors and a by-election win , Gibson ( also known as Kenny ) became Leader of the Opposition on Glasgow City Council from January 1998 until being replaced on the council by his mother Iris in the election of 1999 . Gibson was first elected to the Scottish Parliament at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election as a list member for Glasgow electoral region . Despite these efforts , he failed to win re-election in 2003 . In 2004 , Gibson was third on the SNPs list for election to the European Parliament . In 2007 , he was chosen to contest the constituency of Cunninghame North , winning that seat from Labour by the smallest margin in Scotland of 48 votes . In the subsequent 2011 SNP landslide election , Gibson secured a comfortable majority of 6,117 over Allan Wilson , the same Labour candidate , and former Scottish Minister , he had defeated by so slight a margin in 2007 . In addition to his constituency activities , Gibson was also the Convener of the Finance Committee in the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 and brought attention to enhanced financial powers in the Scotland Act 2012 . Gibson is currently a member of the Culture , Tourism , Europe and External Affairs Committee and the Local Government and Communities Committee . Gibson is also actively involved in a number of Cross-Party Groups , serving as Convener of the Cross-Party Group on Epilepsy ; the Cross-Party Group on Improving Scotlands Health : 2021 and Beyond ; and the Cross-Party Group on Life Sciences . Controversies . In March 1993 , when Gibson was a Councillor for Mosspark , a warrant for his arrest was issued following his failure to appear for trial in connection with an alleged offence under the Representation of the People Act . In February 2000 , The Sunday Mail reported allegations from a disabled SNP member , Gill Strachan , that Gibson had pushed and abused her during the SNP Conference in Inverness in October 1999 . Strachan subsequently resigned from the SNP , accusing the party of mounting a cover-up of the incident . In 2009 , Gibson was criticised by other MSPs for writing to North Ayrshire Council in support of a planning application for 24 houses made by a friend , Billy Maclaren , while failing to disclose either the friendship or his financial relationships with Maclaren . Gibson was identified as one of 12 Holyrood politicians employing a close family member in 2013 , but declined to provide information on the salary , work hours , or whether the job had been advertised . His wife , Patricia Gibson was employed as a policy adviser . Employing family members was declared bad practice in 2010 and outlawed in 2015 . In March 2017 , Holyroods Standards Committee admonished Gibson for failure to make an oral declaration of a registered financial interest . The Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland submitted a report to the Procurator Fiscal . However , the alleged offence was time barred from criminal proceedings . Political opponents called for his suspension from the SNP . The Cunninghame North Constituency Association issued an urgent call for members to come forward to challenge Gibson to be the SNP representative for the area in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election campaign . In October 2020 , it was reported that Gibson would face a reselection challenge for the Cunninghame North Seat . On 14 October it was reported that two SNP party officials had resigned in protest , with allegations that Gibson had been aggressive and abrasive bullying , especially of women . The article quoted Cunninghame North Constituency Organiser Dr Malcolm Kerr as saying the allegations against Mr Gibson include bullying , harassment and abuses of parliamentary expenses rules . Shortly after this , the SNP suspended the selection procedure in Cunninghame North in response to these allegations . External links . - Kenneth J Gibson MSP Personal Webpage - Kenneth Gibson SNP Member Profile |
[
"He completed his masters from Ohio State University two years later"
] | easy | Where was J. Eugene Grigsby educated from 1933 to 1934? | /wiki/J._Eugene_Grigsby#P69#0 | J . Eugene Grigsby J . Eugene Grigsby ( October 15 , 1918 – June 9 , 2013 ) was a multimedia artist and educator . His primary mediums were printmaking and painting ; his style of painting was abstract and expressionistic . Grigsby was an influential educator for both college and high school students . He was also heavily involved with community programs focused on uplifting lower socio-economic communities . Early life and education . Grigsby was born in Greensboro , North Carolina , in 1918 . His parents were both teachers and relocated to Charlotte , North Carolina , after moving around throughout much of his childhood . At age 12 , he knocked on a neighbors door to sell newspapers and saw works of art lining the walls of the house . After inquiring about the artwork , the neighbor , a stonemason and painter , began to teach Grigsby to draw . As Grigsby fell in love with painting , his mother was accepting of it immediately , but his father did not believe he could make a living as a painter and was skeptical . He attended Johnson C . Smith University for one year and transferred to Morehouse College in Atlanta , Georgia to finish his Bachelor of Fine Arts . There , he studied under Hale Woodruff , a famed social activist and artist . He completed his masters from Ohio State University two years later . In 1963 he received a doctorate from New York University in Arts Education . Additionally , he studied at the American Artists School in New York and Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Marseilles , France . Career . Grigsby volunteered for World War II in 1942 and served in the Army . Upon returning after the war , he eventually settled in Phoenix , Arizona , where he spent much of his professional career . Starting in 1946 Grigsby served as the Founder and Chair of the Art Department at Carver High School for eight years , followed by serving as the Chair of Phoenix Union High School , once Carver High School closed due to desegregation . Grigsby , who joined Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity while a student at Morehouse , was one of the seven founders of the alumni chapter of the fraternity in Phoenix , in 1949 . In 1966 , Grigsby became a professor in the School of Art at Arizona State University . During his tenure he became the first black author and artist to publish a book for art educators with his book Art and Ethnics : Background for Teaching Youth in a Pluralistic Society . According to Dr . Laura Chapman , an art education consultant , his book remains today , a landmark in literature of art education . She goes on to say it was also the first to address issues and stakes for all students in respecting the heritage and diversity in American society . Art and Ethnics was reprinted by the National Art Education Association in 2000 . As an educator Grigsby was known for encouraging students to use their cultural heritage to understand their own identities and to inform their art practice . Aside from teaching , Grigsby was an active community leader . He attributes his involvement to his experiences working for three months teaching art at the American Pavilion at the Worlds Fair in Brussels in 1958 . Following his time there , he began to start art programs in unlikely places , such as daycare centers and housing projects . He also worked to provide opportunities for young minority artists to exhibit their work . One of the ways he did this was through the founding of COBA ( Consortium of Black Artists and Others for the Arts ) which puts on an invitational exhibition of work from inner-city high school students in Phoenix annually and brings in a prominent African American artist to the Phoenix region every two years among other community supported programs . Additionally he started the Arts in Job Development program through the Opportunities Industrialization Center which provides employment training programs for under-served populations in the United States . On a national stage , Grigsby was involved with the National Art Education Association . He attended the second convening and was Chair of the Committee on Minority Concerns which is now the Committee on Multiethnic Concerns . Grigsby was a prolific artist who continued to create art even at the age of 93 . According to Grigsby a visual artist expresses himself/herself about human conditions , within a framework of design . Grigsbys aesthetics are heavily influenced by African art , specifically from the Kuba Kingdom . Family is cited as one of his many inspirations , however other themes of social injustice and humanity are often present in his work as well . Selected exhibitions . - 1940 : Tanner Art Galleries , Chicago Illinois , Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro - 1968 : Johnson C . Smith University , Charlotte , NC Encounters - 1992 : Delta Arts Center , Winston-Salem , NC - 2001 : Phoenix Art Museum , Phoenix , AZ Eye of Shamba ; A 65 year retrospective - 2014 : Harvey B . Gantt Center , Charlotte , NC The Identity of a Master : Dr . J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr - 2015 : University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC Selected Works of J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr. : Returning to Where the Artistic Seed Was Planted Selected awards . - 1958 : One of 6 artists selected by Museum of Modern Art to represent United States at Worlds Fair in Brussels - 1966 : National Gallery of Arts 25th Anniversary Medallion of Merit - 1988 : National Art Educator of the Year from National Art Education Association - 1992 : Historymaker by Arizona Historical Society - 2007 : Distinguished Contributions to African-American Art and Education from Congressional Black Caucus Celebration of Leadership in the Fine Arts - 2012 : Mayors Art Award , Phoenix , AZ ( now the Eugene Grigsby Visual Art Award ) |
[
""
] | easy | Where was J. Eugene Grigsby educated from 1934 to 1940? | /wiki/J._Eugene_Grigsby#P69#1 | J . Eugene Grigsby J . Eugene Grigsby ( October 15 , 1918 – June 9 , 2013 ) was a multimedia artist and educator . His primary mediums were printmaking and painting ; his style of painting was abstract and expressionistic . Grigsby was an influential educator for both college and high school students . He was also heavily involved with community programs focused on uplifting lower socio-economic communities . Early life and education . Grigsby was born in Greensboro , North Carolina , in 1918 . His parents were both teachers and relocated to Charlotte , North Carolina , after moving around throughout much of his childhood . At age 12 , he knocked on a neighbors door to sell newspapers and saw works of art lining the walls of the house . After inquiring about the artwork , the neighbor , a stonemason and painter , began to teach Grigsby to draw . As Grigsby fell in love with painting , his mother was accepting of it immediately , but his father did not believe he could make a living as a painter and was skeptical . He attended Johnson C . Smith University for one year and transferred to Morehouse College in Atlanta , Georgia to finish his Bachelor of Fine Arts . There , he studied under Hale Woodruff , a famed social activist and artist . He completed his masters from Ohio State University two years later . In 1963 he received a doctorate from New York University in Arts Education . Additionally , he studied at the American Artists School in New York and Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Marseilles , France . Career . Grigsby volunteered for World War II in 1942 and served in the Army . Upon returning after the war , he eventually settled in Phoenix , Arizona , where he spent much of his professional career . Starting in 1946 Grigsby served as the Founder and Chair of the Art Department at Carver High School for eight years , followed by serving as the Chair of Phoenix Union High School , once Carver High School closed due to desegregation . Grigsby , who joined Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity while a student at Morehouse , was one of the seven founders of the alumni chapter of the fraternity in Phoenix , in 1949 . In 1966 , Grigsby became a professor in the School of Art at Arizona State University . During his tenure he became the first black author and artist to publish a book for art educators with his book Art and Ethnics : Background for Teaching Youth in a Pluralistic Society . According to Dr . Laura Chapman , an art education consultant , his book remains today , a landmark in literature of art education . She goes on to say it was also the first to address issues and stakes for all students in respecting the heritage and diversity in American society . Art and Ethnics was reprinted by the National Art Education Association in 2000 . As an educator Grigsby was known for encouraging students to use their cultural heritage to understand their own identities and to inform their art practice . Aside from teaching , Grigsby was an active community leader . He attributes his involvement to his experiences working for three months teaching art at the American Pavilion at the Worlds Fair in Brussels in 1958 . Following his time there , he began to start art programs in unlikely places , such as daycare centers and housing projects . He also worked to provide opportunities for young minority artists to exhibit their work . One of the ways he did this was through the founding of COBA ( Consortium of Black Artists and Others for the Arts ) which puts on an invitational exhibition of work from inner-city high school students in Phoenix annually and brings in a prominent African American artist to the Phoenix region every two years among other community supported programs . Additionally he started the Arts in Job Development program through the Opportunities Industrialization Center which provides employment training programs for under-served populations in the United States . On a national stage , Grigsby was involved with the National Art Education Association . He attended the second convening and was Chair of the Committee on Minority Concerns which is now the Committee on Multiethnic Concerns . Grigsby was a prolific artist who continued to create art even at the age of 93 . According to Grigsby a visual artist expresses himself/herself about human conditions , within a framework of design . Grigsbys aesthetics are heavily influenced by African art , specifically from the Kuba Kingdom . Family is cited as one of his many inspirations , however other themes of social injustice and humanity are often present in his work as well . Selected exhibitions . - 1940 : Tanner Art Galleries , Chicago Illinois , Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro - 1968 : Johnson C . Smith University , Charlotte , NC Encounters - 1992 : Delta Arts Center , Winston-Salem , NC - 2001 : Phoenix Art Museum , Phoenix , AZ Eye of Shamba ; A 65 year retrospective - 2014 : Harvey B . Gantt Center , Charlotte , NC The Identity of a Master : Dr . J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr - 2015 : University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC Selected Works of J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr. : Returning to Where the Artistic Seed Was Planted Selected awards . - 1958 : One of 6 artists selected by Museum of Modern Art to represent United States at Worlds Fair in Brussels - 1966 : National Gallery of Arts 25th Anniversary Medallion of Merit - 1988 : National Art Educator of the Year from National Art Education Association - 1992 : Historymaker by Arizona Historical Society - 2007 : Distinguished Contributions to African-American Art and Education from Congressional Black Caucus Celebration of Leadership in the Fine Arts - 2012 : Mayors Art Award , Phoenix , AZ ( now the Eugene Grigsby Visual Art Award ) |
[
"In 1963 he received a doctorate from New York University"
] | easy | J. Eugene Grigsby went to which school from 1940 to 1963? | /wiki/J._Eugene_Grigsby#P69#2 | J . Eugene Grigsby J . Eugene Grigsby ( October 15 , 1918 – June 9 , 2013 ) was a multimedia artist and educator . His primary mediums were printmaking and painting ; his style of painting was abstract and expressionistic . Grigsby was an influential educator for both college and high school students . He was also heavily involved with community programs focused on uplifting lower socio-economic communities . Early life and education . Grigsby was born in Greensboro , North Carolina , in 1918 . His parents were both teachers and relocated to Charlotte , North Carolina , after moving around throughout much of his childhood . At age 12 , he knocked on a neighbors door to sell newspapers and saw works of art lining the walls of the house . After inquiring about the artwork , the neighbor , a stonemason and painter , began to teach Grigsby to draw . As Grigsby fell in love with painting , his mother was accepting of it immediately , but his father did not believe he could make a living as a painter and was skeptical . He attended Johnson C . Smith University for one year and transferred to Morehouse College in Atlanta , Georgia to finish his Bachelor of Fine Arts . There , he studied under Hale Woodruff , a famed social activist and artist . He completed his masters from Ohio State University two years later . In 1963 he received a doctorate from New York University in Arts Education . Additionally , he studied at the American Artists School in New York and Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Marseilles , France . Career . Grigsby volunteered for World War II in 1942 and served in the Army . Upon returning after the war , he eventually settled in Phoenix , Arizona , where he spent much of his professional career . Starting in 1946 Grigsby served as the Founder and Chair of the Art Department at Carver High School for eight years , followed by serving as the Chair of Phoenix Union High School , once Carver High School closed due to desegregation . Grigsby , who joined Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity while a student at Morehouse , was one of the seven founders of the alumni chapter of the fraternity in Phoenix , in 1949 . In 1966 , Grigsby became a professor in the School of Art at Arizona State University . During his tenure he became the first black author and artist to publish a book for art educators with his book Art and Ethnics : Background for Teaching Youth in a Pluralistic Society . According to Dr . Laura Chapman , an art education consultant , his book remains today , a landmark in literature of art education . She goes on to say it was also the first to address issues and stakes for all students in respecting the heritage and diversity in American society . Art and Ethnics was reprinted by the National Art Education Association in 2000 . As an educator Grigsby was known for encouraging students to use their cultural heritage to understand their own identities and to inform their art practice . Aside from teaching , Grigsby was an active community leader . He attributes his involvement to his experiences working for three months teaching art at the American Pavilion at the Worlds Fair in Brussels in 1958 . Following his time there , he began to start art programs in unlikely places , such as daycare centers and housing projects . He also worked to provide opportunities for young minority artists to exhibit their work . One of the ways he did this was through the founding of COBA ( Consortium of Black Artists and Others for the Arts ) which puts on an invitational exhibition of work from inner-city high school students in Phoenix annually and brings in a prominent African American artist to the Phoenix region every two years among other community supported programs . Additionally he started the Arts in Job Development program through the Opportunities Industrialization Center which provides employment training programs for under-served populations in the United States . On a national stage , Grigsby was involved with the National Art Education Association . He attended the second convening and was Chair of the Committee on Minority Concerns which is now the Committee on Multiethnic Concerns . Grigsby was a prolific artist who continued to create art even at the age of 93 . According to Grigsby a visual artist expresses himself/herself about human conditions , within a framework of design . Grigsbys aesthetics are heavily influenced by African art , specifically from the Kuba Kingdom . Family is cited as one of his many inspirations , however other themes of social injustice and humanity are often present in his work as well . Selected exhibitions . - 1940 : Tanner Art Galleries , Chicago Illinois , Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro - 1968 : Johnson C . Smith University , Charlotte , NC Encounters - 1992 : Delta Arts Center , Winston-Salem , NC - 2001 : Phoenix Art Museum , Phoenix , AZ Eye of Shamba ; A 65 year retrospective - 2014 : Harvey B . Gantt Center , Charlotte , NC The Identity of a Master : Dr . J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr - 2015 : University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC Selected Works of J . Eugene Grigsby , Jr. : Returning to Where the Artistic Seed Was Planted Selected awards . - 1958 : One of 6 artists selected by Museum of Modern Art to represent United States at Worlds Fair in Brussels - 1966 : National Gallery of Arts 25th Anniversary Medallion of Merit - 1988 : National Art Educator of the Year from National Art Education Association - 1992 : Historymaker by Arizona Historical Society - 2007 : Distinguished Contributions to African-American Art and Education from Congressional Black Caucus Celebration of Leadership in the Fine Arts - 2012 : Mayors Art Award , Phoenix , AZ ( now the Eugene Grigsby Visual Art Award ) |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Augusto Riboty take from Mar 1867 to 1868? | /wiki/Augusto_Riboty#P39#0 | Augusto Riboty Augusto Riboty ( Puget-Théniers , 29 November 1816 - Nice , 9 February 1888 ) was an Italian admiral and Minister of the Navy . Early life and career . Born in the County of Nice , he enrolled in 1830 in the Navy School of Genoa , graduating in 1835 . In 1848 he participated , on the brig Colombo , in the First Italian War of Independence ; he also saw service in the Crimean War while serving on the screw frigate Carlo Alberto . He took part in the Second War of Italian Independence as commander of the paddle sloop Monzambano . In 1860 , promoted to the rank of Capitano di Fregata of the newly born Regia Marina Italiana , Riboty was named head of the Navy School of Genoa , which he led until 1864 . He was afterwards promoted to Capitano di Vascello and served as chief of staff to the Squadra di Evoluzione ( Squadron of Evolution ) , the active squadron of the Italian Navy meant to provide experience and training with the new fleet-sized maneuvers ; as such , he participated in the multinational intervention in Tunisia in 1864 , protecting foreign property and subjects during a revolt . When the squadron was deactivated , he served again as head of the Genoese school , as well as that of Naples . In 1866 Riboty was named commander of the new ironclad screw frigate Re di Portogallo , in which he participated in the Third Italian War of Independence . At the Battle of Lissa , he gallantly led his ship , and inflicted serious damage to the screw ship of the line Kaiser ; his actions were praised by all his superiors , and he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Promoted to Rear Admiral , he led the naval forces that contributed to the repression of a revolt in Palermo in September of the same year . Riboty took command of the active naval squadron in 1867 . Minister of the Navy . Riboty was appointed by Prime Minister Luigi Federico Menabrea as Minister of the Navy on January 1868 ; at the time , the Navy was suffering from the backlash of the defeat at Lissa and the precarious financial situation of Italy , resulting in considerable budget cuts which impaired naval buildings , the activity of the ships and the training . One of his first acts was to slash the plethoric number of admirals and high-ranking officers , putting several of them on the retired list ; to avoid controversy , he put himself on the retired list , thus ending his own career for the benefit of the Navy . With his experience as head of the naval schools , Riboty proposed the creation of a single Naval Academy ( a suggestion already put forward by Carlo Pellion di Persano ) , to address the regionalistic spirit that still lingered among the officers , and which had had negative effects at Lissa ; however , this was not followed through , and he only managed to unify the Genoese and Neapolitan schools as a single entity . An unified academy would be achieved only by Benedetto Brin in 1882 . He unsuccessfully attempted to put forward a proposal for an organic plan for the navy in 1869 , which was refused because of its costs ; he also founded the Rivista Marittima ( the still existing monthly journal of the Marina Militare ) , and in 1869 sent a squadron to the inauguration of the Suez Canal . When the Menabrea ministry ended in December 1869 , Riboty left his position as Minister , only to be reappointed by the new Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza on September 1871 . In December 1870 he was appointed a senator . His efforts to renovate the fleet bore fruit in 1872 , when the Parliament authorized new expenses for new ships ; in 1873 , the two revolutionary ironclad ships of the Caio Duilio-class , designed by Ribotys collaborator Benedetto Brin , were laid down . Later life and death . Riboty retired to private life . He died at Nice on 9 February 1888 . Legacy . An esploratore ( later reclassified destroyer ) of the Mirabello-class was named after Riboty ; it served on both World Wars , being scrapped in 1951 . References . - Mariano Gabriele , Augusto Riboty , Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare , 1999 |
[
"Minister of the Navy"
] | easy | What was the position of Augusto Riboty from 1868 to Dec 1869? | /wiki/Augusto_Riboty#P39#1 | Augusto Riboty Augusto Riboty ( Puget-Théniers , 29 November 1816 - Nice , 9 February 1888 ) was an Italian admiral and Minister of the Navy . Early life and career . Born in the County of Nice , he enrolled in 1830 in the Navy School of Genoa , graduating in 1835 . In 1848 he participated , on the brig Colombo , in the First Italian War of Independence ; he also saw service in the Crimean War while serving on the screw frigate Carlo Alberto . He took part in the Second War of Italian Independence as commander of the paddle sloop Monzambano . In 1860 , promoted to the rank of Capitano di Fregata of the newly born Regia Marina Italiana , Riboty was named head of the Navy School of Genoa , which he led until 1864 . He was afterwards promoted to Capitano di Vascello and served as chief of staff to the Squadra di Evoluzione ( Squadron of Evolution ) , the active squadron of the Italian Navy meant to provide experience and training with the new fleet-sized maneuvers ; as such , he participated in the multinational intervention in Tunisia in 1864 , protecting foreign property and subjects during a revolt . When the squadron was deactivated , he served again as head of the Genoese school , as well as that of Naples . In 1866 Riboty was named commander of the new ironclad screw frigate Re di Portogallo , in which he participated in the Third Italian War of Independence . At the Battle of Lissa , he gallantly led his ship , and inflicted serious damage to the screw ship of the line Kaiser ; his actions were praised by all his superiors , and he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Promoted to Rear Admiral , he led the naval forces that contributed to the repression of a revolt in Palermo in September of the same year . Riboty took command of the active naval squadron in 1867 . Minister of the Navy . Riboty was appointed by Prime Minister Luigi Federico Menabrea as Minister of the Navy on January 1868 ; at the time , the Navy was suffering from the backlash of the defeat at Lissa and the precarious financial situation of Italy , resulting in considerable budget cuts which impaired naval buildings , the activity of the ships and the training . One of his first acts was to slash the plethoric number of admirals and high-ranking officers , putting several of them on the retired list ; to avoid controversy , he put himself on the retired list , thus ending his own career for the benefit of the Navy . With his experience as head of the naval schools , Riboty proposed the creation of a single Naval Academy ( a suggestion already put forward by Carlo Pellion di Persano ) , to address the regionalistic spirit that still lingered among the officers , and which had had negative effects at Lissa ; however , this was not followed through , and he only managed to unify the Genoese and Neapolitan schools as a single entity . An unified academy would be achieved only by Benedetto Brin in 1882 . He unsuccessfully attempted to put forward a proposal for an organic plan for the navy in 1869 , which was refused because of its costs ; he also founded the Rivista Marittima ( the still existing monthly journal of the Marina Militare ) , and in 1869 sent a squadron to the inauguration of the Suez Canal . When the Menabrea ministry ended in December 1869 , Riboty left his position as Minister , only to be reappointed by the new Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza on September 1871 . In December 1870 he was appointed a senator . His efforts to renovate the fleet bore fruit in 1872 , when the Parliament authorized new expenses for new ships ; in 1873 , the two revolutionary ironclad ships of the Caio Duilio-class , designed by Ribotys collaborator Benedetto Brin , were laid down . Later life and death . Riboty retired to private life . He died at Nice on 9 February 1888 . Legacy . An esploratore ( later reclassified destroyer ) of the Mirabello-class was named after Riboty ; it served on both World Wars , being scrapped in 1951 . References . - Mariano Gabriele , Augusto Riboty , Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare , 1999 |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Augusto Riboty take from Dec 1869 to Nov 1870? | /wiki/Augusto_Riboty#P39#2 | Augusto Riboty Augusto Riboty ( Puget-Théniers , 29 November 1816 - Nice , 9 February 1888 ) was an Italian admiral and Minister of the Navy . Early life and career . Born in the County of Nice , he enrolled in 1830 in the Navy School of Genoa , graduating in 1835 . In 1848 he participated , on the brig Colombo , in the First Italian War of Independence ; he also saw service in the Crimean War while serving on the screw frigate Carlo Alberto . He took part in the Second War of Italian Independence as commander of the paddle sloop Monzambano . In 1860 , promoted to the rank of Capitano di Fregata of the newly born Regia Marina Italiana , Riboty was named head of the Navy School of Genoa , which he led until 1864 . He was afterwards promoted to Capitano di Vascello and served as chief of staff to the Squadra di Evoluzione ( Squadron of Evolution ) , the active squadron of the Italian Navy meant to provide experience and training with the new fleet-sized maneuvers ; as such , he participated in the multinational intervention in Tunisia in 1864 , protecting foreign property and subjects during a revolt . When the squadron was deactivated , he served again as head of the Genoese school , as well as that of Naples . In 1866 Riboty was named commander of the new ironclad screw frigate Re di Portogallo , in which he participated in the Third Italian War of Independence . At the Battle of Lissa , he gallantly led his ship , and inflicted serious damage to the screw ship of the line Kaiser ; his actions were praised by all his superiors , and he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Promoted to Rear Admiral , he led the naval forces that contributed to the repression of a revolt in Palermo in September of the same year . Riboty took command of the active naval squadron in 1867 . Minister of the Navy . Riboty was appointed by Prime Minister Luigi Federico Menabrea as Minister of the Navy on January 1868 ; at the time , the Navy was suffering from the backlash of the defeat at Lissa and the precarious financial situation of Italy , resulting in considerable budget cuts which impaired naval buildings , the activity of the ships and the training . One of his first acts was to slash the plethoric number of admirals and high-ranking officers , putting several of them on the retired list ; to avoid controversy , he put himself on the retired list , thus ending his own career for the benefit of the Navy . With his experience as head of the naval schools , Riboty proposed the creation of a single Naval Academy ( a suggestion already put forward by Carlo Pellion di Persano ) , to address the regionalistic spirit that still lingered among the officers , and which had had negative effects at Lissa ; however , this was not followed through , and he only managed to unify the Genoese and Neapolitan schools as a single entity . An unified academy would be achieved only by Benedetto Brin in 1882 . He unsuccessfully attempted to put forward a proposal for an organic plan for the navy in 1869 , which was refused because of its costs ; he also founded the Rivista Marittima ( the still existing monthly journal of the Marina Militare ) , and in 1869 sent a squadron to the inauguration of the Suez Canal . When the Menabrea ministry ended in December 1869 , Riboty left his position as Minister , only to be reappointed by the new Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza on September 1871 . In December 1870 he was appointed a senator . His efforts to renovate the fleet bore fruit in 1872 , when the Parliament authorized new expenses for new ships ; in 1873 , the two revolutionary ironclad ships of the Caio Duilio-class , designed by Ribotys collaborator Benedetto Brin , were laid down . Later life and death . Riboty retired to private life . He died at Nice on 9 February 1888 . Legacy . An esploratore ( later reclassified destroyer ) of the Mirabello-class was named after Riboty ; it served on both World Wars , being scrapped in 1951 . References . - Mariano Gabriele , Augusto Riboty , Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare , 1999 |
[
"Minister of the Navy"
] | easy | Augusto Riboty took which position from Aug 1871 to Jul 1873? | /wiki/Augusto_Riboty#P39#3 | Augusto Riboty Augusto Riboty ( Puget-Théniers , 29 November 1816 - Nice , 9 February 1888 ) was an Italian admiral and Minister of the Navy . Early life and career . Born in the County of Nice , he enrolled in 1830 in the Navy School of Genoa , graduating in 1835 . In 1848 he participated , on the brig Colombo , in the First Italian War of Independence ; he also saw service in the Crimean War while serving on the screw frigate Carlo Alberto . He took part in the Second War of Italian Independence as commander of the paddle sloop Monzambano . In 1860 , promoted to the rank of Capitano di Fregata of the newly born Regia Marina Italiana , Riboty was named head of the Navy School of Genoa , which he led until 1864 . He was afterwards promoted to Capitano di Vascello and served as chief of staff to the Squadra di Evoluzione ( Squadron of Evolution ) , the active squadron of the Italian Navy meant to provide experience and training with the new fleet-sized maneuvers ; as such , he participated in the multinational intervention in Tunisia in 1864 , protecting foreign property and subjects during a revolt . When the squadron was deactivated , he served again as head of the Genoese school , as well as that of Naples . In 1866 Riboty was named commander of the new ironclad screw frigate Re di Portogallo , in which he participated in the Third Italian War of Independence . At the Battle of Lissa , he gallantly led his ship , and inflicted serious damage to the screw ship of the line Kaiser ; his actions were praised by all his superiors , and he was awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Promoted to Rear Admiral , he led the naval forces that contributed to the repression of a revolt in Palermo in September of the same year . Riboty took command of the active naval squadron in 1867 . Minister of the Navy . Riboty was appointed by Prime Minister Luigi Federico Menabrea as Minister of the Navy on January 1868 ; at the time , the Navy was suffering from the backlash of the defeat at Lissa and the precarious financial situation of Italy , resulting in considerable budget cuts which impaired naval buildings , the activity of the ships and the training . One of his first acts was to slash the plethoric number of admirals and high-ranking officers , putting several of them on the retired list ; to avoid controversy , he put himself on the retired list , thus ending his own career for the benefit of the Navy . With his experience as head of the naval schools , Riboty proposed the creation of a single Naval Academy ( a suggestion already put forward by Carlo Pellion di Persano ) , to address the regionalistic spirit that still lingered among the officers , and which had had negative effects at Lissa ; however , this was not followed through , and he only managed to unify the Genoese and Neapolitan schools as a single entity . An unified academy would be achieved only by Benedetto Brin in 1882 . He unsuccessfully attempted to put forward a proposal for an organic plan for the navy in 1869 , which was refused because of its costs ; he also founded the Rivista Marittima ( the still existing monthly journal of the Marina Militare ) , and in 1869 sent a squadron to the inauguration of the Suez Canal . When the Menabrea ministry ended in December 1869 , Riboty left his position as Minister , only to be reappointed by the new Prime Minister Giovanni Lanza on September 1871 . In December 1870 he was appointed a senator . His efforts to renovate the fleet bore fruit in 1872 , when the Parliament authorized new expenses for new ships ; in 1873 , the two revolutionary ironclad ships of the Caio Duilio-class , designed by Ribotys collaborator Benedetto Brin , were laid down . Later life and death . Riboty retired to private life . He died at Nice on 9 February 1888 . Legacy . An esploratore ( later reclassified destroyer ) of the Mirabello-class was named after Riboty ; it served on both World Wars , being scrapped in 1951 . References . - Mariano Gabriele , Augusto Riboty , Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare , 1999 |
[
"Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee"
] | easy | What was the position of Mátyás Eörsi from Oct 1994 to Jun 1997? | /wiki/Mátyás_Eörsi#P39#0 | Mátyás Eörsi Mátyás Eörsi ( born 24 November 1954 ) is a Hungarian politician who was the leader of the liberal Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( ALDE-PACE ) Group in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( PACE ) . He became a member of the PACE in 1994 . On 6 March 2009 the Hungarian government nominated Eörsi to Secretary General of the Council of Europe . Eörsi studied law in Budapest and was elected to parliament in 1990 . He was an MP until 2010 . In 1997 he was appointed Political State Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for a period of almost two years . In parliament , he served as Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee , Chairperson of the European Affairs Committee , and he was leader of the Parliamentary Group of the party , SZDSZ as well . Personal background and professional life . Eörsi was born in Budapest . His grandmother , Ernőné Hajdu Fanni , Auer was a Social democrat member of parliament in 1945-1948 . She was arrested and tortured by the Ferenc Szálasi regime in the final months of the war . As a committed democrat , she was one of the 350,000 people purged by the Rákosi regime from 1946 onwards . She was jailed and tortured again . Oddly , the woman who tortured her was the same during both regimes . His father , Gyula Eörsi was a law professor , an author of several books and a major contributor to UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods . His mother , Marianna Eörsi was a teacher of Hungarian literature and grammar at high schools . He is a nephew of the Hungarian author and former dissident István Eörsi . Education . Mátyás Eörsi was educated at the Kossuth Zsuzsa High School in Budapest . He was admitted to the Law Faculty of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest , where he graduated in 1979 . Employment . Eörsis started his career as in house legal counsel to a Hungarian state company KOMPLEX Export-Import in international trading . In 1987 he established his own law firm , Eörsi & Partners which he ran as managing partner until he became an MP . The firm , one of the first private law firms in Hungary , was among others specialized in commercial law and soon became one of the leading Budapest law firms . Although Mátyás Eörsi was a full-time politician now , he is still active as an arbitrator at the Arbitration Court attached to the Hungarian Chamber of Industry and Trade . Since he did not contest the national election in 2010 , Eörsi was working for NDI in Jordan and in Libya , for the Democracy Reporting International in Berlin , for the Parliamentary Forum for Democracy in Vilnius . From 2015 until 2017 Eörsi was the senior advisor to the Secretary General and the Head of Admin , Finances and HR at the Community of Democracies in Warsaw . Eörsi was Head of the Election Observation Missions of OSCE/ODIHR in 2017 in the Czech Republic and in 2019 in the Republic of Moldova . Political biography . Founding member of SZDSZ ( The Hungarian Liberal Party ) in 1989 . He was elected as MP to the Hungarian National Assembly in 1990 . Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee ( 1994-1997 ) Member , Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( 1994-1997,1998-2010 ) State Secretary , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 1997-1998 ) Vice-president , Liberal International ( 2001-2006 ) Leader , ALDE Group Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( 2002-2009 ) Bureau Member , ELDR Party ( 2002-2009 ) Chairperson , European Affairs Committee ( 2004-2010 ) Floor leader of SZDSZ parliamentary group ( 2007-2008 ) He joined Democratic Coalition in January 2012 . Member of National Council – Democratic Coalition Party , Hungary ( 2012- ) Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to the President of the Democratic Coalition Party ( 2016- ) Foreign policy , political state secretary . In 1994 Mátyás Eörsi became President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Hungarian Parliament and in 1997 he was appointed Political State Secretary ( First Deputy Foreign Minister ) at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . After Hungarys entry into the European Union ( 2004 ) , Eörsi became the President of the Committee for European Affairs , a position he held for two consecutive term , until 2010 , when he was not contesting the national elections . International work , Council of Europe . Late 2009/early 2010 Eörsi lead the PACE observers-mission during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential elections . In 1997 Mr . Eörsi was elected as vice-president at Liberal International , and he also served in the Bureau of ELDR Party between 2002 and 2009 . Eörsi is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly , an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations . Personal life . His wife , Katalin Jemnitz is a biologist at the Chemical Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . They have a daughter , Júlia and two sons , Márton and Péter . External links . - Profile of Mátyás Eörsi at the website of the PACE |
[
"Political State Secretary"
] | easy | What was the position of Mátyás Eörsi from Jun 1998 to May 2010? | /wiki/Mátyás_Eörsi#P39#1 | Mátyás Eörsi Mátyás Eörsi ( born 24 November 1954 ) is a Hungarian politician who was the leader of the liberal Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( ALDE-PACE ) Group in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( PACE ) . He became a member of the PACE in 1994 . On 6 March 2009 the Hungarian government nominated Eörsi to Secretary General of the Council of Europe . Eörsi studied law in Budapest and was elected to parliament in 1990 . He was an MP until 2010 . In 1997 he was appointed Political State Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for a period of almost two years . In parliament , he served as Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee , Chairperson of the European Affairs Committee , and he was leader of the Parliamentary Group of the party , SZDSZ as well . Personal background and professional life . Eörsi was born in Budapest . His grandmother , Ernőné Hajdu Fanni , Auer was a Social democrat member of parliament in 1945-1948 . She was arrested and tortured by the Ferenc Szálasi regime in the final months of the war . As a committed democrat , she was one of the 350,000 people purged by the Rákosi regime from 1946 onwards . She was jailed and tortured again . Oddly , the woman who tortured her was the same during both regimes . His father , Gyula Eörsi was a law professor , an author of several books and a major contributor to UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods . His mother , Marianna Eörsi was a teacher of Hungarian literature and grammar at high schools . He is a nephew of the Hungarian author and former dissident István Eörsi . Education . Mátyás Eörsi was educated at the Kossuth Zsuzsa High School in Budapest . He was admitted to the Law Faculty of the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest , where he graduated in 1979 . Employment . Eörsis started his career as in house legal counsel to a Hungarian state company KOMPLEX Export-Import in international trading . In 1987 he established his own law firm , Eörsi & Partners which he ran as managing partner until he became an MP . The firm , one of the first private law firms in Hungary , was among others specialized in commercial law and soon became one of the leading Budapest law firms . Although Mátyás Eörsi was a full-time politician now , he is still active as an arbitrator at the Arbitration Court attached to the Hungarian Chamber of Industry and Trade . Since he did not contest the national election in 2010 , Eörsi was working for NDI in Jordan and in Libya , for the Democracy Reporting International in Berlin , for the Parliamentary Forum for Democracy in Vilnius . From 2015 until 2017 Eörsi was the senior advisor to the Secretary General and the Head of Admin , Finances and HR at the Community of Democracies in Warsaw . Eörsi was Head of the Election Observation Missions of OSCE/ODIHR in 2017 in the Czech Republic and in 2019 in the Republic of Moldova . Political biography . Founding member of SZDSZ ( The Hungarian Liberal Party ) in 1989 . He was elected as MP to the Hungarian National Assembly in 1990 . Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs Committee ( 1994-1997 ) Member , Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( 1994-1997,1998-2010 ) State Secretary , Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 1997-1998 ) Vice-president , Liberal International ( 2001-2006 ) Leader , ALDE Group Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe ( 2002-2009 ) Bureau Member , ELDR Party ( 2002-2009 ) Chairperson , European Affairs Committee ( 2004-2010 ) Floor leader of SZDSZ parliamentary group ( 2007-2008 ) He joined Democratic Coalition in January 2012 . Member of National Council – Democratic Coalition Party , Hungary ( 2012- ) Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to the President of the Democratic Coalition Party ( 2016- ) Foreign policy , political state secretary . In 1994 Mátyás Eörsi became President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Hungarian Parliament and in 1997 he was appointed Political State Secretary ( First Deputy Foreign Minister ) at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . After Hungarys entry into the European Union ( 2004 ) , Eörsi became the President of the Committee for European Affairs , a position he held for two consecutive term , until 2010 , when he was not contesting the national elections . International work , Council of Europe . Late 2009/early 2010 Eörsi lead the PACE observers-mission during the 2010 Ukrainian presidential elections . In 1997 Mr . Eörsi was elected as vice-president at Liberal International , and he also served in the Bureau of ELDR Party between 2002 and 2009 . Eörsi is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly , an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations . Personal life . His wife , Katalin Jemnitz is a biologist at the Chemical Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences . They have a daughter , Júlia and two sons , Márton and Péter . External links . - Profile of Mátyás Eörsi at the website of the PACE |
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""
] | easy | Who commanded Lapland Ranger Regiment from 1978 to 1979? | /wiki/Lapland_Ranger_Regiment#P4791#0 | Lapland Ranger Regiment The Lapland Ranger Regiment ( ) , designations I 22 , I 22/Fo 66 and I 22/GJ 66 , was a Swedish Army light infantry regiment , one of the few new formations raised in the 20th century . The regiment was garrisoned in Lapland . The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . History . The regiment traced its origins from the elite Skidlöparbataljonen ( Skirunners Battalion ) , of Norrbotten Regiment ( I 19 ) , the battalion was raised in 1910 as the first modern ranger unit of the Swedish Army and the first unit specializing in arctic warfare . The battalion was garrisoned in northern Lapland Kiruna in 1940 and was renamed in 1943 as Jägarbataljon K ( Ranger Battalion K ) , K for Kiruna , which became Swedens first special operation unit . In 1945 the battalion became an independent training unit under the army high command as the Army Ranger School for setting up and training three army corps ranger battalions and long range recon companies and special operation units . The unit received independent regimental status with a regimental standard from the hands of the King in 1975 , and was renamed Lapplands jägarregemente I 22 , I 22 stood for infantry regiment no 22 . The Lapland Ranger Regiment was finally disbanded in 2000 . Its tasks and personnel were largely transferred to the heavier equipped Norrland Dragoon Regiment ( K 4 ) , a former mounted ranger cavalry unit that had a de facto light infantry role , later in turn reorganized and downsized as the Army Ranger Battalion as part of the Norrbotten Regiment , the original mother regiment of Lapland Rangers . The rangers of the Lapland Ranger Regiment and the Ranger School wore a green commando beret , from 1960 onward , with the units insignia a crowned wolfs head . For ranger qualification the soldiers had to pass a demanding 7-day march exercise , with daily distances between 25 and 50 kilometers ( 15–31 miles ) carrying 35 to 50 kilo ( 77–110 pounds ) rucksacks , in rough mountain terrain . Despite this the pass rate was high , due to 2 to 3 months prior extensive tough heavy load marching training for recruits . Organisation . The regiment raised independent ranger companies , one or two per year , that was specialized in behind enemy lines operations in Arctic environment on small unit bases , ranger troops . The requirement was for a ranger troop to be able to sustain high combat capability for at least 30 days of operations behind enemy lines without supplies . Heraldry and traditions . Colours , standards and guidons . When the regiment was raised on 1 July 1975 , the regiment inherited the colour of the Army Ranger School from 1948 . A new colour was presented to the Lappland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) in Kiruna by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 8 September 1983 . 8 September became from 1983 the regiments anniversary . The colour of Lapland Ranger Regiment was drawn by Ingrid Lamby and embroidered by machine in insertion technique . The manufacturer is unknown . It was used as regimental colour by I 22/Fo 66 until 1 July 2000 . Blazon : On green cloth the badge of the unit ; an erazed head of a wolf with an open crown inside a ring made of birch leaves , all yellow . In the first corner the badge of the former Kiruna Defence District ( Fo 66 ) ; per pale , on white a rampant black bear with red arms and on red three white bugles in pale . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) used from 1977 to 1982 and the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) from 2000 to 2016 . Blazon : Vert , the regimental badge , an erazed crowned head of a wolf argent . The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or . On 21 June 1982 , the colour of the wolf head was changed from silver ( argent ) to gold ( or ) through an order from the Chief of the Army . Medals . In 2000 , the Lapplands jägarregementes ( I 22/Fo 66 ) minnesmedalj ( Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) Commemorative Medal in silver ( LappljregSMM ) of the 8th size was established in 2000 . The medal ribbon is of green moiré with narrow yellow edges and a yellow stripe on the middle . Heritage . In connection with the disbandment of the 664 . gränsregementet ( 664th Border Regiment ) through the Defence Act of 2000 , its traditions from 1 July 2000 was passed on to the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) and from 1 July 2013 by the Lapland Ranger Battalion in the Lapland Ranger Group . Other . The regiments motto was In omnia paratus ( Ready for all things ) , and its march was Friska tag , which was established on 19 October 1984 . Commanding officers . Commanding officers of the regiment from 1975 to 2000 . - 1975–1979 : Clarence Jonsson - 1979–1984 : Leif Nilsson - 1984–1989 : Sören Jansson - 1989–1997 : Björn Lundquist - 1997–2000 : Håkan Hedström |
[
"Leif Nilsson"
] | easy | Who commanded Lapland Ranger Regiment from 1979 to 1984? | /wiki/Lapland_Ranger_Regiment#P4791#1 | Lapland Ranger Regiment The Lapland Ranger Regiment ( ) , designations I 22 , I 22/Fo 66 and I 22/GJ 66 , was a Swedish Army light infantry regiment , one of the few new formations raised in the 20th century . The regiment was garrisoned in Lapland . The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . History . The regiment traced its origins from the elite Skidlöparbataljonen ( Skirunners Battalion ) , of Norrbotten Regiment ( I 19 ) , the battalion was raised in 1910 as the first modern ranger unit of the Swedish Army and the first unit specializing in arctic warfare . The battalion was garrisoned in northern Lapland Kiruna in 1940 and was renamed in 1943 as Jägarbataljon K ( Ranger Battalion K ) , K for Kiruna , which became Swedens first special operation unit . In 1945 the battalion became an independent training unit under the army high command as the Army Ranger School for setting up and training three army corps ranger battalions and long range recon companies and special operation units . The unit received independent regimental status with a regimental standard from the hands of the King in 1975 , and was renamed Lapplands jägarregemente I 22 , I 22 stood for infantry regiment no 22 . The Lapland Ranger Regiment was finally disbanded in 2000 . Its tasks and personnel were largely transferred to the heavier equipped Norrland Dragoon Regiment ( K 4 ) , a former mounted ranger cavalry unit that had a de facto light infantry role , later in turn reorganized and downsized as the Army Ranger Battalion as part of the Norrbotten Regiment , the original mother regiment of Lapland Rangers . The rangers of the Lapland Ranger Regiment and the Ranger School wore a green commando beret , from 1960 onward , with the units insignia a crowned wolfs head . For ranger qualification the soldiers had to pass a demanding 7-day march exercise , with daily distances between 25 and 50 kilometers ( 15–31 miles ) carrying 35 to 50 kilo ( 77–110 pounds ) rucksacks , in rough mountain terrain . Despite this the pass rate was high , due to 2 to 3 months prior extensive tough heavy load marching training for recruits . Organisation . The regiment raised independent ranger companies , one or two per year , that was specialized in behind enemy lines operations in Arctic environment on small unit bases , ranger troops . The requirement was for a ranger troop to be able to sustain high combat capability for at least 30 days of operations behind enemy lines without supplies . Heraldry and traditions . Colours , standards and guidons . When the regiment was raised on 1 July 1975 , the regiment inherited the colour of the Army Ranger School from 1948 . A new colour was presented to the Lappland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) in Kiruna by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 8 September 1983 . 8 September became from 1983 the regiments anniversary . The colour of Lapland Ranger Regiment was drawn by Ingrid Lamby and embroidered by machine in insertion technique . The manufacturer is unknown . It was used as regimental colour by I 22/Fo 66 until 1 July 2000 . Blazon : On green cloth the badge of the unit ; an erazed head of a wolf with an open crown inside a ring made of birch leaves , all yellow . In the first corner the badge of the former Kiruna Defence District ( Fo 66 ) ; per pale , on white a rampant black bear with red arms and on red three white bugles in pale . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) used from 1977 to 1982 and the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) from 2000 to 2016 . Blazon : Vert , the regimental badge , an erazed crowned head of a wolf argent . The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or . On 21 June 1982 , the colour of the wolf head was changed from silver ( argent ) to gold ( or ) through an order from the Chief of the Army . Medals . In 2000 , the Lapplands jägarregementes ( I 22/Fo 66 ) minnesmedalj ( Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) Commemorative Medal in silver ( LappljregSMM ) of the 8th size was established in 2000 . The medal ribbon is of green moiré with narrow yellow edges and a yellow stripe on the middle . Heritage . In connection with the disbandment of the 664 . gränsregementet ( 664th Border Regiment ) through the Defence Act of 2000 , its traditions from 1 July 2000 was passed on to the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) and from 1 July 2013 by the Lapland Ranger Battalion in the Lapland Ranger Group . Other . The regiments motto was In omnia paratus ( Ready for all things ) , and its march was Friska tag , which was established on 19 October 1984 . Commanding officers . Commanding officers of the regiment from 1975 to 2000 . - 1975–1979 : Clarence Jonsson - 1979–1984 : Leif Nilsson - 1984–1989 : Sören Jansson - 1989–1997 : Björn Lundquist - 1997–2000 : Håkan Hedström |
[
"Sören Jansson"
] | easy | Who was the commander of Lapland Ranger Regiment from 1984 to 1989? | /wiki/Lapland_Ranger_Regiment#P4791#2 | Lapland Ranger Regiment The Lapland Ranger Regiment ( ) , designations I 22 , I 22/Fo 66 and I 22/GJ 66 , was a Swedish Army light infantry regiment , one of the few new formations raised in the 20th century . The regiment was garrisoned in Lapland . The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . History . The regiment traced its origins from the elite Skidlöparbataljonen ( Skirunners Battalion ) , of Norrbotten Regiment ( I 19 ) , the battalion was raised in 1910 as the first modern ranger unit of the Swedish Army and the first unit specializing in arctic warfare . The battalion was garrisoned in northern Lapland Kiruna in 1940 and was renamed in 1943 as Jägarbataljon K ( Ranger Battalion K ) , K for Kiruna , which became Swedens first special operation unit . In 1945 the battalion became an independent training unit under the army high command as the Army Ranger School for setting up and training three army corps ranger battalions and long range recon companies and special operation units . The unit received independent regimental status with a regimental standard from the hands of the King in 1975 , and was renamed Lapplands jägarregemente I 22 , I 22 stood for infantry regiment no 22 . The Lapland Ranger Regiment was finally disbanded in 2000 . Its tasks and personnel were largely transferred to the heavier equipped Norrland Dragoon Regiment ( K 4 ) , a former mounted ranger cavalry unit that had a de facto light infantry role , later in turn reorganized and downsized as the Army Ranger Battalion as part of the Norrbotten Regiment , the original mother regiment of Lapland Rangers . The rangers of the Lapland Ranger Regiment and the Ranger School wore a green commando beret , from 1960 onward , with the units insignia a crowned wolfs head . For ranger qualification the soldiers had to pass a demanding 7-day march exercise , with daily distances between 25 and 50 kilometers ( 15–31 miles ) carrying 35 to 50 kilo ( 77–110 pounds ) rucksacks , in rough mountain terrain . Despite this the pass rate was high , due to 2 to 3 months prior extensive tough heavy load marching training for recruits . Organisation . The regiment raised independent ranger companies , one or two per year , that was specialized in behind enemy lines operations in Arctic environment on small unit bases , ranger troops . The requirement was for a ranger troop to be able to sustain high combat capability for at least 30 days of operations behind enemy lines without supplies . Heraldry and traditions . Colours , standards and guidons . When the regiment was raised on 1 July 1975 , the regiment inherited the colour of the Army Ranger School from 1948 . A new colour was presented to the Lappland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) in Kiruna by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 8 September 1983 . 8 September became from 1983 the regiments anniversary . The colour of Lapland Ranger Regiment was drawn by Ingrid Lamby and embroidered by machine in insertion technique . The manufacturer is unknown . It was used as regimental colour by I 22/Fo 66 until 1 July 2000 . Blazon : On green cloth the badge of the unit ; an erazed head of a wolf with an open crown inside a ring made of birch leaves , all yellow . In the first corner the badge of the former Kiruna Defence District ( Fo 66 ) ; per pale , on white a rampant black bear with red arms and on red three white bugles in pale . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) used from 1977 to 1982 and the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) from 2000 to 2016 . Blazon : Vert , the regimental badge , an erazed crowned head of a wolf argent . The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or . On 21 June 1982 , the colour of the wolf head was changed from silver ( argent ) to gold ( or ) through an order from the Chief of the Army . Medals . In 2000 , the Lapplands jägarregementes ( I 22/Fo 66 ) minnesmedalj ( Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) Commemorative Medal in silver ( LappljregSMM ) of the 8th size was established in 2000 . The medal ribbon is of green moiré with narrow yellow edges and a yellow stripe on the middle . Heritage . In connection with the disbandment of the 664 . gränsregementet ( 664th Border Regiment ) through the Defence Act of 2000 , its traditions from 1 July 2000 was passed on to the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) and from 1 July 2013 by the Lapland Ranger Battalion in the Lapland Ranger Group . Other . The regiments motto was In omnia paratus ( Ready for all things ) , and its march was Friska tag , which was established on 19 October 1984 . Commanding officers . Commanding officers of the regiment from 1975 to 2000 . - 1975–1979 : Clarence Jonsson - 1979–1984 : Leif Nilsson - 1984–1989 : Sören Jansson - 1989–1997 : Björn Lundquist - 1997–2000 : Håkan Hedström |
[
"Björn Lundquist"
] | easy | Who commanded Lapland Ranger Regiment from 1989 to 1997? | /wiki/Lapland_Ranger_Regiment#P4791#3 | Lapland Ranger Regiment The Lapland Ranger Regiment ( ) , designations I 22 , I 22/Fo 66 and I 22/GJ 66 , was a Swedish Army light infantry regiment , one of the few new formations raised in the 20th century . The regiment was garrisoned in Lapland . The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . History . The regiment traced its origins from the elite Skidlöparbataljonen ( Skirunners Battalion ) , of Norrbotten Regiment ( I 19 ) , the battalion was raised in 1910 as the first modern ranger unit of the Swedish Army and the first unit specializing in arctic warfare . The battalion was garrisoned in northern Lapland Kiruna in 1940 and was renamed in 1943 as Jägarbataljon K ( Ranger Battalion K ) , K for Kiruna , which became Swedens first special operation unit . In 1945 the battalion became an independent training unit under the army high command as the Army Ranger School for setting up and training three army corps ranger battalions and long range recon companies and special operation units . The unit received independent regimental status with a regimental standard from the hands of the King in 1975 , and was renamed Lapplands jägarregemente I 22 , I 22 stood for infantry regiment no 22 . The Lapland Ranger Regiment was finally disbanded in 2000 . Its tasks and personnel were largely transferred to the heavier equipped Norrland Dragoon Regiment ( K 4 ) , a former mounted ranger cavalry unit that had a de facto light infantry role , later in turn reorganized and downsized as the Army Ranger Battalion as part of the Norrbotten Regiment , the original mother regiment of Lapland Rangers . The rangers of the Lapland Ranger Regiment and the Ranger School wore a green commando beret , from 1960 onward , with the units insignia a crowned wolfs head . For ranger qualification the soldiers had to pass a demanding 7-day march exercise , with daily distances between 25 and 50 kilometers ( 15–31 miles ) carrying 35 to 50 kilo ( 77–110 pounds ) rucksacks , in rough mountain terrain . Despite this the pass rate was high , due to 2 to 3 months prior extensive tough heavy load marching training for recruits . Organisation . The regiment raised independent ranger companies , one or two per year , that was specialized in behind enemy lines operations in Arctic environment on small unit bases , ranger troops . The requirement was for a ranger troop to be able to sustain high combat capability for at least 30 days of operations behind enemy lines without supplies . Heraldry and traditions . Colours , standards and guidons . When the regiment was raised on 1 July 1975 , the regiment inherited the colour of the Army Ranger School from 1948 . A new colour was presented to the Lappland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) in Kiruna by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 8 September 1983 . 8 September became from 1983 the regiments anniversary . The colour of Lapland Ranger Regiment was drawn by Ingrid Lamby and embroidered by machine in insertion technique . The manufacturer is unknown . It was used as regimental colour by I 22/Fo 66 until 1 July 2000 . Blazon : On green cloth the badge of the unit ; an erazed head of a wolf with an open crown inside a ring made of birch leaves , all yellow . In the first corner the badge of the former Kiruna Defence District ( Fo 66 ) ; per pale , on white a rampant black bear with red arms and on red three white bugles in pale . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) used from 1977 to 1982 and the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) from 2000 to 2016 . Blazon : Vert , the regimental badge , an erazed crowned head of a wolf argent . The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or . On 21 June 1982 , the colour of the wolf head was changed from silver ( argent ) to gold ( or ) through an order from the Chief of the Army . Medals . In 2000 , the Lapplands jägarregementes ( I 22/Fo 66 ) minnesmedalj ( Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) Commemorative Medal in silver ( LappljregSMM ) of the 8th size was established in 2000 . The medal ribbon is of green moiré with narrow yellow edges and a yellow stripe on the middle . Heritage . In connection with the disbandment of the 664 . gränsregementet ( 664th Border Regiment ) through the Defence Act of 2000 , its traditions from 1 July 2000 was passed on to the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) and from 1 July 2013 by the Lapland Ranger Battalion in the Lapland Ranger Group . Other . The regiments motto was In omnia paratus ( Ready for all things ) , and its march was Friska tag , which was established on 19 October 1984 . Commanding officers . Commanding officers of the regiment from 1975 to 2000 . - 1975–1979 : Clarence Jonsson - 1979–1984 : Leif Nilsson - 1984–1989 : Sören Jansson - 1989–1997 : Björn Lundquist - 1997–2000 : Håkan Hedström |
[
"Håkan Hedström"
] | easy | Who was the commander of Lapland Ranger Regiment from 1997 to 1998? | /wiki/Lapland_Ranger_Regiment#P4791#4 | Lapland Ranger Regiment The Lapland Ranger Regiment ( ) , designations I 22 , I 22/Fo 66 and I 22/GJ 66 , was a Swedish Army light infantry regiment , one of the few new formations raised in the 20th century . The regiment was garrisoned in Lapland . The unit was disbanded as a result of the disarmament policies set forward in the Defence Act of 2000 . History . The regiment traced its origins from the elite Skidlöparbataljonen ( Skirunners Battalion ) , of Norrbotten Regiment ( I 19 ) , the battalion was raised in 1910 as the first modern ranger unit of the Swedish Army and the first unit specializing in arctic warfare . The battalion was garrisoned in northern Lapland Kiruna in 1940 and was renamed in 1943 as Jägarbataljon K ( Ranger Battalion K ) , K for Kiruna , which became Swedens first special operation unit . In 1945 the battalion became an independent training unit under the army high command as the Army Ranger School for setting up and training three army corps ranger battalions and long range recon companies and special operation units . The unit received independent regimental status with a regimental standard from the hands of the King in 1975 , and was renamed Lapplands jägarregemente I 22 , I 22 stood for infantry regiment no 22 . The Lapland Ranger Regiment was finally disbanded in 2000 . Its tasks and personnel were largely transferred to the heavier equipped Norrland Dragoon Regiment ( K 4 ) , a former mounted ranger cavalry unit that had a de facto light infantry role , later in turn reorganized and downsized as the Army Ranger Battalion as part of the Norrbotten Regiment , the original mother regiment of Lapland Rangers . The rangers of the Lapland Ranger Regiment and the Ranger School wore a green commando beret , from 1960 onward , with the units insignia a crowned wolfs head . For ranger qualification the soldiers had to pass a demanding 7-day march exercise , with daily distances between 25 and 50 kilometers ( 15–31 miles ) carrying 35 to 50 kilo ( 77–110 pounds ) rucksacks , in rough mountain terrain . Despite this the pass rate was high , due to 2 to 3 months prior extensive tough heavy load marching training for recruits . Organisation . The regiment raised independent ranger companies , one or two per year , that was specialized in behind enemy lines operations in Arctic environment on small unit bases , ranger troops . The requirement was for a ranger troop to be able to sustain high combat capability for at least 30 days of operations behind enemy lines without supplies . Heraldry and traditions . Colours , standards and guidons . When the regiment was raised on 1 July 1975 , the regiment inherited the colour of the Army Ranger School from 1948 . A new colour was presented to the Lappland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) in Kiruna by His Majesty the King Carl XVI Gustaf on 8 September 1983 . 8 September became from 1983 the regiments anniversary . The colour of Lapland Ranger Regiment was drawn by Ingrid Lamby and embroidered by machine in insertion technique . The manufacturer is unknown . It was used as regimental colour by I 22/Fo 66 until 1 July 2000 . Blazon : On green cloth the badge of the unit ; an erazed head of a wolf with an open crown inside a ring made of birch leaves , all yellow . In the first corner the badge of the former Kiruna Defence District ( Fo 66 ) ; per pale , on white a rampant black bear with red arms and on red three white bugles in pale . Coat of arms . The coat of the arms of the Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) used from 1977 to 1982 and the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) from 2000 to 2016 . Blazon : Vert , the regimental badge , an erazed crowned head of a wolf argent . The shield surmounted two muskets in saltire or . On 21 June 1982 , the colour of the wolf head was changed from silver ( argent ) to gold ( or ) through an order from the Chief of the Army . Medals . In 2000 , the Lapplands jägarregementes ( I 22/Fo 66 ) minnesmedalj ( Lapland Ranger Regiment ( I 22/Fo 66 ) Commemorative Medal in silver ( LappljregSMM ) of the 8th size was established in 2000 . The medal ribbon is of green moiré with narrow yellow edges and a yellow stripe on the middle . Heritage . In connection with the disbandment of the 664 . gränsregementet ( 664th Border Regiment ) through the Defence Act of 2000 , its traditions from 1 July 2000 was passed on to the Lapland Ranger Group ( Lapplandsjägargruppen ) and from 1 July 2013 by the Lapland Ranger Battalion in the Lapland Ranger Group . Other . The regiments motto was In omnia paratus ( Ready for all things ) , and its march was Friska tag , which was established on 19 October 1984 . Commanding officers . Commanding officers of the regiment from 1975 to 2000 . - 1975–1979 : Clarence Jonsson - 1979–1984 : Leif Nilsson - 1984–1989 : Sören Jansson - 1989–1997 : Björn Lundquist - 1997–2000 : Håkan Hedström |
[
"Udinese"
] | easy | Which team did the player Cristian Battocchio belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Cristian_Battocchio#P54#0 | Cristian Battocchio Cristian Damián Battocchio ( ; born 10 February 1992 ) is an Argentine-born Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Japanese club Tokushima Vortis . Battocchio is a central midfielder and deep-lying playmaker . Club career . Udinese . Born in Rosario , Argentina , Battocchio arrived at Italian club Udinese in 2009 at the age of 16 from Newells Old Boys in Argentina for a transfer fee of €200,000 In the 2010–11 season he became the captain of the youth team of Udinese . On 27 February 2011 , he made his debut with the first team of Udinese against Palermo In a historic 7–0 victory for Udinese , coming on from the bench after the game had already been won . On 29 September 2011 , he made his second appearance with the first team in the UEFA Europa League competition , facing Celtic in a 1–1 draw . before the match his first team coach Francesco Guidolin said that Battocchio was now ready for the first team and compared him to David Pizarro , Johan Walem , the youth coach of Udinese , said he is now stable for the first team , has important qualities : vision of the game , a good foot , kick the penalties . He can do well as deep-lying playmaker . Watford . On 30 August 2012 , Battocchio was loaned to Watford , with Watford having the choice to purchase him at the end of the deal . Battocchio played in Watfords 4–0 win over Huddersfield on 19 January , and scored Watfords final goal – his first for the club – with a lovely finish from a beautiful team move which has been described as one of the best team goals ever at Vicarage Road . This goal won Watford Goal Of The Season as voted by the fans and Battocchio was awarded the trophy . Battocchio then scored his second goal for Watford against Blackpool on 9 March 2013 . Battocchio signed for Watford on a permanent basis on 19 July 2013 , with the contract running for a period of three years until 2016 . Battocchio scored his first league goal as a permanent Watford player in a 1–0 win at home to Wigan Athletic on 28 September 2013 . Loan to Virtus Entella . After falling down the pecking order under then Watford manager Beppe Sannino , Battocchio moved on a season-long loan to Serie B side Virtus Entella on 26 August 2014 . Brest . Battocchio left Watford in the summer of 2015 , signing a two-year deal at Stade Brestois 29 on 11 August 2015 . Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 10 July 2017 , Battocchio signed a two-year contract at Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C . with an option to extend for another year . Return to Brest . On 19 January 2019 , Battocchio signed to Brest for the second time . On 3 December 2019 , he scored his first Brest goals ( and Brests first top-flight hat-trick in almost 29 years ) in a 5-0 win over RC Strasbourg . Tokushima Vortis . On 4 February 2021 , Battochio signed with Japanese side Tokushima Vortis . International career . On 9 October 2011 , Battocchio was called up to the Italy U20 squad by coach Luigi Di Biagio . Then on 9 November 2011 he made his debut with Italy U20s in a friendly against Ghana U20s , ending in a 3–0 win for the . He went on to play for Italy at U21 level . |
[
"Watford"
] | easy | Cristian Battocchio played for which team from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Cristian_Battocchio#P54#1 | Cristian Battocchio Cristian Damián Battocchio ( ; born 10 February 1992 ) is an Argentine-born Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Japanese club Tokushima Vortis . Battocchio is a central midfielder and deep-lying playmaker . Club career . Udinese . Born in Rosario , Argentina , Battocchio arrived at Italian club Udinese in 2009 at the age of 16 from Newells Old Boys in Argentina for a transfer fee of €200,000 In the 2010–11 season he became the captain of the youth team of Udinese . On 27 February 2011 , he made his debut with the first team of Udinese against Palermo In a historic 7–0 victory for Udinese , coming on from the bench after the game had already been won . On 29 September 2011 , he made his second appearance with the first team in the UEFA Europa League competition , facing Celtic in a 1–1 draw . before the match his first team coach Francesco Guidolin said that Battocchio was now ready for the first team and compared him to David Pizarro , Johan Walem , the youth coach of Udinese , said he is now stable for the first team , has important qualities : vision of the game , a good foot , kick the penalties . He can do well as deep-lying playmaker . Watford . On 30 August 2012 , Battocchio was loaned to Watford , with Watford having the choice to purchase him at the end of the deal . Battocchio played in Watfords 4–0 win over Huddersfield on 19 January , and scored Watfords final goal – his first for the club – with a lovely finish from a beautiful team move which has been described as one of the best team goals ever at Vicarage Road . This goal won Watford Goal Of The Season as voted by the fans and Battocchio was awarded the trophy . Battocchio then scored his second goal for Watford against Blackpool on 9 March 2013 . Battocchio signed for Watford on a permanent basis on 19 July 2013 , with the contract running for a period of three years until 2016 . Battocchio scored his first league goal as a permanent Watford player in a 1–0 win at home to Wigan Athletic on 28 September 2013 . Loan to Virtus Entella . After falling down the pecking order under then Watford manager Beppe Sannino , Battocchio moved on a season-long loan to Serie B side Virtus Entella on 26 August 2014 . Brest . Battocchio left Watford in the summer of 2015 , signing a two-year deal at Stade Brestois 29 on 11 August 2015 . Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 10 July 2017 , Battocchio signed a two-year contract at Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C . with an option to extend for another year . Return to Brest . On 19 January 2019 , Battocchio signed to Brest for the second time . On 3 December 2019 , he scored his first Brest goals ( and Brests first top-flight hat-trick in almost 29 years ) in a 5-0 win over RC Strasbourg . Tokushima Vortis . On 4 February 2021 , Battochio signed with Japanese side Tokushima Vortis . International career . On 9 October 2011 , Battocchio was called up to the Italy U20 squad by coach Luigi Di Biagio . Then on 9 November 2011 he made his debut with Italy U20s in a friendly against Ghana U20s , ending in a 3–0 win for the . He went on to play for Italy at U21 level . |
[
"Virtus Entella",
"Brest"
] | easy | Cristian Battocchio played for which team from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Cristian_Battocchio#P54#2 | Cristian Battocchio Cristian Damián Battocchio ( ; born 10 February 1992 ) is an Argentine-born Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Japanese club Tokushima Vortis . Battocchio is a central midfielder and deep-lying playmaker . Club career . Udinese . Born in Rosario , Argentina , Battocchio arrived at Italian club Udinese in 2009 at the age of 16 from Newells Old Boys in Argentina for a transfer fee of €200,000 In the 2010–11 season he became the captain of the youth team of Udinese . On 27 February 2011 , he made his debut with the first team of Udinese against Palermo In a historic 7–0 victory for Udinese , coming on from the bench after the game had already been won . On 29 September 2011 , he made his second appearance with the first team in the UEFA Europa League competition , facing Celtic in a 1–1 draw . before the match his first team coach Francesco Guidolin said that Battocchio was now ready for the first team and compared him to David Pizarro , Johan Walem , the youth coach of Udinese , said he is now stable for the first team , has important qualities : vision of the game , a good foot , kick the penalties . He can do well as deep-lying playmaker . Watford . On 30 August 2012 , Battocchio was loaned to Watford , with Watford having the choice to purchase him at the end of the deal . Battocchio played in Watfords 4–0 win over Huddersfield on 19 January , and scored Watfords final goal – his first for the club – with a lovely finish from a beautiful team move which has been described as one of the best team goals ever at Vicarage Road . This goal won Watford Goal Of The Season as voted by the fans and Battocchio was awarded the trophy . Battocchio then scored his second goal for Watford against Blackpool on 9 March 2013 . Battocchio signed for Watford on a permanent basis on 19 July 2013 , with the contract running for a period of three years until 2016 . Battocchio scored his first league goal as a permanent Watford player in a 1–0 win at home to Wigan Athletic on 28 September 2013 . Loan to Virtus Entella . After falling down the pecking order under then Watford manager Beppe Sannino , Battocchio moved on a season-long loan to Serie B side Virtus Entella on 26 August 2014 . Brest . Battocchio left Watford in the summer of 2015 , signing a two-year deal at Stade Brestois 29 on 11 August 2015 . Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 10 July 2017 , Battocchio signed a two-year contract at Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C . with an option to extend for another year . Return to Brest . On 19 January 2019 , Battocchio signed to Brest for the second time . On 3 December 2019 , he scored his first Brest goals ( and Brests first top-flight hat-trick in almost 29 years ) in a 5-0 win over RC Strasbourg . Tokushima Vortis . On 4 February 2021 , Battochio signed with Japanese side Tokushima Vortis . International career . On 9 October 2011 , Battocchio was called up to the Italy U20 squad by coach Luigi Di Biagio . Then on 9 November 2011 he made his debut with Italy U20s in a friendly against Ghana U20s , ending in a 3–0 win for the . He went on to play for Italy at U21 level . |
[
"Brest"
] | easy | Which team did Cristian Battocchio play for from 2015 to 2016? | /wiki/Cristian_Battocchio#P54#3 | Cristian Battocchio Cristian Damián Battocchio ( ; born 10 February 1992 ) is an Argentine-born Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Japanese club Tokushima Vortis . Battocchio is a central midfielder and deep-lying playmaker . Club career . Udinese . Born in Rosario , Argentina , Battocchio arrived at Italian club Udinese in 2009 at the age of 16 from Newells Old Boys in Argentina for a transfer fee of €200,000 In the 2010–11 season he became the captain of the youth team of Udinese . On 27 February 2011 , he made his debut with the first team of Udinese against Palermo In a historic 7–0 victory for Udinese , coming on from the bench after the game had already been won . On 29 September 2011 , he made his second appearance with the first team in the UEFA Europa League competition , facing Celtic in a 1–1 draw . before the match his first team coach Francesco Guidolin said that Battocchio was now ready for the first team and compared him to David Pizarro , Johan Walem , the youth coach of Udinese , said he is now stable for the first team , has important qualities : vision of the game , a good foot , kick the penalties . He can do well as deep-lying playmaker . Watford . On 30 August 2012 , Battocchio was loaned to Watford , with Watford having the choice to purchase him at the end of the deal . Battocchio played in Watfords 4–0 win over Huddersfield on 19 January , and scored Watfords final goal – his first for the club – with a lovely finish from a beautiful team move which has been described as one of the best team goals ever at Vicarage Road . This goal won Watford Goal Of The Season as voted by the fans and Battocchio was awarded the trophy . Battocchio then scored his second goal for Watford against Blackpool on 9 March 2013 . Battocchio signed for Watford on a permanent basis on 19 July 2013 , with the contract running for a period of three years until 2016 . Battocchio scored his first league goal as a permanent Watford player in a 1–0 win at home to Wigan Athletic on 28 September 2013 . Loan to Virtus Entella . After falling down the pecking order under then Watford manager Beppe Sannino , Battocchio moved on a season-long loan to Serie B side Virtus Entella on 26 August 2014 . Brest . Battocchio left Watford in the summer of 2015 , signing a two-year deal at Stade Brestois 29 on 11 August 2015 . Maccabi Tel Aviv . On 10 July 2017 , Battocchio signed a two-year contract at Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C . with an option to extend for another year . Return to Brest . On 19 January 2019 , Battocchio signed to Brest for the second time . On 3 December 2019 , he scored his first Brest goals ( and Brests first top-flight hat-trick in almost 29 years ) in a 5-0 win over RC Strasbourg . Tokushima Vortis . On 4 February 2021 , Battochio signed with Japanese side Tokushima Vortis . International career . On 9 October 2011 , Battocchio was called up to the Italy U20 squad by coach Luigi Di Biagio . Then on 9 November 2011 he made his debut with Italy U20s in a friendly against Ghana U20s , ending in a 3–0 win for the . He went on to play for Italy at U21 level . |
[
""
] | easy | Declan Devine played for which team from 1992 to 1995? | /wiki/Declan_Devine#P54#0 | Declan Devine Declan Devine ( born 15 September 1973 in Derry ) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who has played for and managed his hometown club Derry City in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Playing career . Devine began his career with Ipswich Town but was unable to make the breakthrough at Portman Road and returned home . Devine then plied his trade with a number of Irish League clubs as well as Derry City and won the Ulster Young Footballer of the Year Award in 1994 when playing for Roy McCreadies Omagh Town side . Devine was capped right up to U-21 level with Northern Ireland , winning an U-21 cap in a 0–0 draw against Romania in 1994 . He tasted success with Glentoran , helping them to defeat Glenavon in the Irish Cup final in the 1995–96 season . However , at the end of that season Devine moved to the Brandywell for a combined fee of £42,000 which included Liam Coyle , where he provided backup to Tony ODowd as Derry City went on to win the title . Devine was restricted to a limited number of appearances and his highest profile appearance was that in the 1997 FAI Cup final . Derry City , aiming for the double , were rocked with the news of the sudden death of the younger brother of Tony ODowd just days before the final and Devine stepped up to take his place between the sticks . They were defeated 2–0 by Shelbourne in Dalymount Park on a weekend where football very much took a back seat . Devine remained at the Brandywell for the start of the 1997–98 season but again found his opportunities limited and returned to Omagh Town . He was on the move again the following season and ended up with Institute , becoming one of the many players who have played for the two clubs in the Derry . Managerial career . Having stopped playing at the end of the 2001–02 season , Devine became involved in coaching at an underage level . He returned to Derry City as the Youth Development officer in 2003 and was initially involved in the delivery of the community coaching and Football in the Community programmes which were run by the club at that time . The installation of former teammate , Gavin Dykes , as manager in 2003 meant a promotion for Devine and he took on the role of first team coach . Stephen Kenny opted to retain Devine as first team coach when he arrived at the club the following season , and the back room setup , including Paul Hegarty , guided Derry City to successive second-place finishes as well as success in the FAI Cup , League Cup and memorable European runs . Following this success , Kenny lured Devine to join him at Dunfermline Athletic when he left for East End Park and he was appointed first team coach there on 5 December 2006 . Devine described the move as a massive wrench but felt for personal reasons that he needed to move on . However , after Stephen Kennys return to Derry City in late 2007 , Devine , too followed him back to the club . He was instrumental in guiding the team to the First Division title and a third-place finish in the 2011 season . Following the departure of Stephen Kenny to Shamrock Rovers in December 2011 , Devine was appointed manager of Derry City on 6 January 2012 , beating off Willie McStay to land the post . He agreed a two-year deal along with Paul Hegarty who was appointed as his assistant manager . In his first season in charge , the club finished 5th in the league , won the FAI Cup , and were runners-up in the Setanta Sports Cup . In the wake of this success , Devine signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2014 season . At the beginning of his second season in charge , after an opening day defeat to Sligo Rovers , Devine guided his team to a 10-match unbeaten run and top of the table until they were defeated again by Sligo in the second series of fixtures . Devine left by mutual consent at the end of the season despite having qualified for Europe and a 6-0 victory against Limerick . Prior to the 2014 League of Ireland season , Devine was linked with the assistant manager post at champions St . Patricks Athletic , however he turned this down in favour of becoming an underage coach in the Elite Performance Club NI scheme . Devine , along with former Derry City player Pascal Vaudequin , will work with youth players in the west of Northern Ireland . Honours . As a player . - League of Ireland : 1 - Derry City – 1996–97 - Irish Cup : 1 - Glentoran – 1995–96 - Ulster Young Footballer of the Year - Omagh Town – 1994–95 As a manager . - FAI Cup - Derry City F.C . 2012 Managerial statistics . Managerial record . . Includes competitive games only . List of seasons . - LC = League Cup - SC = Setanta Cup - UCL = UEFA Champions League - UEL = UEFA Europa League |
[
"Glentoran"
] | easy | Which team did Declan Devine play for from 1995 to 1996? | /wiki/Declan_Devine#P54#1 | Declan Devine Declan Devine ( born 15 September 1973 in Derry ) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who has played for and managed his hometown club Derry City in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Playing career . Devine began his career with Ipswich Town but was unable to make the breakthrough at Portman Road and returned home . Devine then plied his trade with a number of Irish League clubs as well as Derry City and won the Ulster Young Footballer of the Year Award in 1994 when playing for Roy McCreadies Omagh Town side . Devine was capped right up to U-21 level with Northern Ireland , winning an U-21 cap in a 0–0 draw against Romania in 1994 . He tasted success with Glentoran , helping them to defeat Glenavon in the Irish Cup final in the 1995–96 season . However , at the end of that season Devine moved to the Brandywell for a combined fee of £42,000 which included Liam Coyle , where he provided backup to Tony ODowd as Derry City went on to win the title . Devine was restricted to a limited number of appearances and his highest profile appearance was that in the 1997 FAI Cup final . Derry City , aiming for the double , were rocked with the news of the sudden death of the younger brother of Tony ODowd just days before the final and Devine stepped up to take his place between the sticks . They were defeated 2–0 by Shelbourne in Dalymount Park on a weekend where football very much took a back seat . Devine remained at the Brandywell for the start of the 1997–98 season but again found his opportunities limited and returned to Omagh Town . He was on the move again the following season and ended up with Institute , becoming one of the many players who have played for the two clubs in the Derry . Managerial career . Having stopped playing at the end of the 2001–02 season , Devine became involved in coaching at an underage level . He returned to Derry City as the Youth Development officer in 2003 and was initially involved in the delivery of the community coaching and Football in the Community programmes which were run by the club at that time . The installation of former teammate , Gavin Dykes , as manager in 2003 meant a promotion for Devine and he took on the role of first team coach . Stephen Kenny opted to retain Devine as first team coach when he arrived at the club the following season , and the back room setup , including Paul Hegarty , guided Derry City to successive second-place finishes as well as success in the FAI Cup , League Cup and memorable European runs . Following this success , Kenny lured Devine to join him at Dunfermline Athletic when he left for East End Park and he was appointed first team coach there on 5 December 2006 . Devine described the move as a massive wrench but felt for personal reasons that he needed to move on . However , after Stephen Kennys return to Derry City in late 2007 , Devine , too followed him back to the club . He was instrumental in guiding the team to the First Division title and a third-place finish in the 2011 season . Following the departure of Stephen Kenny to Shamrock Rovers in December 2011 , Devine was appointed manager of Derry City on 6 January 2012 , beating off Willie McStay to land the post . He agreed a two-year deal along with Paul Hegarty who was appointed as his assistant manager . In his first season in charge , the club finished 5th in the league , won the FAI Cup , and were runners-up in the Setanta Sports Cup . In the wake of this success , Devine signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2014 season . At the beginning of his second season in charge , after an opening day defeat to Sligo Rovers , Devine guided his team to a 10-match unbeaten run and top of the table until they were defeated again by Sligo in the second series of fixtures . Devine left by mutual consent at the end of the season despite having qualified for Europe and a 6-0 victory against Limerick . Prior to the 2014 League of Ireland season , Devine was linked with the assistant manager post at champions St . Patricks Athletic , however he turned this down in favour of becoming an underage coach in the Elite Performance Club NI scheme . Devine , along with former Derry City player Pascal Vaudequin , will work with youth players in the west of Northern Ireland . Honours . As a player . - League of Ireland : 1 - Derry City – 1996–97 - Irish Cup : 1 - Glentoran – 1995–96 - Ulster Young Footballer of the Year - Omagh Town – 1994–95 As a manager . - FAI Cup - Derry City F.C . 2012 Managerial statistics . Managerial record . . Includes competitive games only . List of seasons . - LC = League Cup - SC = Setanta Cup - UCL = UEFA Champions League - UEL = UEFA Europa League |
[
"Derry City"
] | easy | Declan Devine played for which team from 1996 to 1997? | /wiki/Declan_Devine#P54#2 | Declan Devine Declan Devine ( born 15 September 1973 in Derry ) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who has played for and managed his hometown club Derry City in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Playing career . Devine began his career with Ipswich Town but was unable to make the breakthrough at Portman Road and returned home . Devine then plied his trade with a number of Irish League clubs as well as Derry City and won the Ulster Young Footballer of the Year Award in 1994 when playing for Roy McCreadies Omagh Town side . Devine was capped right up to U-21 level with Northern Ireland , winning an U-21 cap in a 0–0 draw against Romania in 1994 . He tasted success with Glentoran , helping them to defeat Glenavon in the Irish Cup final in the 1995–96 season . However , at the end of that season Devine moved to the Brandywell for a combined fee of £42,000 which included Liam Coyle , where he provided backup to Tony ODowd as Derry City went on to win the title . Devine was restricted to a limited number of appearances and his highest profile appearance was that in the 1997 FAI Cup final . Derry City , aiming for the double , were rocked with the news of the sudden death of the younger brother of Tony ODowd just days before the final and Devine stepped up to take his place between the sticks . They were defeated 2–0 by Shelbourne in Dalymount Park on a weekend where football very much took a back seat . Devine remained at the Brandywell for the start of the 1997–98 season but again found his opportunities limited and returned to Omagh Town . He was on the move again the following season and ended up with Institute , becoming one of the many players who have played for the two clubs in the Derry . Managerial career . Having stopped playing at the end of the 2001–02 season , Devine became involved in coaching at an underage level . He returned to Derry City as the Youth Development officer in 2003 and was initially involved in the delivery of the community coaching and Football in the Community programmes which were run by the club at that time . The installation of former teammate , Gavin Dykes , as manager in 2003 meant a promotion for Devine and he took on the role of first team coach . Stephen Kenny opted to retain Devine as first team coach when he arrived at the club the following season , and the back room setup , including Paul Hegarty , guided Derry City to successive second-place finishes as well as success in the FAI Cup , League Cup and memorable European runs . Following this success , Kenny lured Devine to join him at Dunfermline Athletic when he left for East End Park and he was appointed first team coach there on 5 December 2006 . Devine described the move as a massive wrench but felt for personal reasons that he needed to move on . However , after Stephen Kennys return to Derry City in late 2007 , Devine , too followed him back to the club . He was instrumental in guiding the team to the First Division title and a third-place finish in the 2011 season . Following the departure of Stephen Kenny to Shamrock Rovers in December 2011 , Devine was appointed manager of Derry City on 6 January 2012 , beating off Willie McStay to land the post . He agreed a two-year deal along with Paul Hegarty who was appointed as his assistant manager . In his first season in charge , the club finished 5th in the league , won the FAI Cup , and were runners-up in the Setanta Sports Cup . In the wake of this success , Devine signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2014 season . At the beginning of his second season in charge , after an opening day defeat to Sligo Rovers , Devine guided his team to a 10-match unbeaten run and top of the table until they were defeated again by Sligo in the second series of fixtures . Devine left by mutual consent at the end of the season despite having qualified for Europe and a 6-0 victory against Limerick . Prior to the 2014 League of Ireland season , Devine was linked with the assistant manager post at champions St . Patricks Athletic , however he turned this down in favour of becoming an underage coach in the Elite Performance Club NI scheme . Devine , along with former Derry City player Pascal Vaudequin , will work with youth players in the west of Northern Ireland . Honours . As a player . - League of Ireland : 1 - Derry City – 1996–97 - Irish Cup : 1 - Glentoran – 1995–96 - Ulster Young Footballer of the Year - Omagh Town – 1994–95 As a manager . - FAI Cup - Derry City F.C . 2012 Managerial statistics . Managerial record . . Includes competitive games only . List of seasons . - LC = League Cup - SC = Setanta Cup - UCL = UEFA Champions League - UEL = UEFA Europa League |
[
"Omagh Town",
"Derry City"
] | easy | Which team did the player Declan Devine belong to from 1997 to 1998? | /wiki/Declan_Devine#P54#3 | Declan Devine Declan Devine ( born 15 September 1973 in Derry ) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who has played for and managed his hometown club Derry City in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Playing career . Devine began his career with Ipswich Town but was unable to make the breakthrough at Portman Road and returned home . Devine then plied his trade with a number of Irish League clubs as well as Derry City and won the Ulster Young Footballer of the Year Award in 1994 when playing for Roy McCreadies Omagh Town side . Devine was capped right up to U-21 level with Northern Ireland , winning an U-21 cap in a 0–0 draw against Romania in 1994 . He tasted success with Glentoran , helping them to defeat Glenavon in the Irish Cup final in the 1995–96 season . However , at the end of that season Devine moved to the Brandywell for a combined fee of £42,000 which included Liam Coyle , where he provided backup to Tony ODowd as Derry City went on to win the title . Devine was restricted to a limited number of appearances and his highest profile appearance was that in the 1997 FAI Cup final . Derry City , aiming for the double , were rocked with the news of the sudden death of the younger brother of Tony ODowd just days before the final and Devine stepped up to take his place between the sticks . They were defeated 2–0 by Shelbourne in Dalymount Park on a weekend where football very much took a back seat . Devine remained at the Brandywell for the start of the 1997–98 season but again found his opportunities limited and returned to Omagh Town . He was on the move again the following season and ended up with Institute , becoming one of the many players who have played for the two clubs in the Derry . Managerial career . Having stopped playing at the end of the 2001–02 season , Devine became involved in coaching at an underage level . He returned to Derry City as the Youth Development officer in 2003 and was initially involved in the delivery of the community coaching and Football in the Community programmes which were run by the club at that time . The installation of former teammate , Gavin Dykes , as manager in 2003 meant a promotion for Devine and he took on the role of first team coach . Stephen Kenny opted to retain Devine as first team coach when he arrived at the club the following season , and the back room setup , including Paul Hegarty , guided Derry City to successive second-place finishes as well as success in the FAI Cup , League Cup and memorable European runs . Following this success , Kenny lured Devine to join him at Dunfermline Athletic when he left for East End Park and he was appointed first team coach there on 5 December 2006 . Devine described the move as a massive wrench but felt for personal reasons that he needed to move on . However , after Stephen Kennys return to Derry City in late 2007 , Devine , too followed him back to the club . He was instrumental in guiding the team to the First Division title and a third-place finish in the 2011 season . Following the departure of Stephen Kenny to Shamrock Rovers in December 2011 , Devine was appointed manager of Derry City on 6 January 2012 , beating off Willie McStay to land the post . He agreed a two-year deal along with Paul Hegarty who was appointed as his assistant manager . In his first season in charge , the club finished 5th in the league , won the FAI Cup , and were runners-up in the Setanta Sports Cup . In the wake of this success , Devine signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2014 season . At the beginning of his second season in charge , after an opening day defeat to Sligo Rovers , Devine guided his team to a 10-match unbeaten run and top of the table until they were defeated again by Sligo in the second series of fixtures . Devine left by mutual consent at the end of the season despite having qualified for Europe and a 6-0 victory against Limerick . Prior to the 2014 League of Ireland season , Devine was linked with the assistant manager post at champions St . Patricks Athletic , however he turned this down in favour of becoming an underage coach in the Elite Performance Club NI scheme . Devine , along with former Derry City player Pascal Vaudequin , will work with youth players in the west of Northern Ireland . Honours . As a player . - League of Ireland : 1 - Derry City – 1996–97 - Irish Cup : 1 - Glentoran – 1995–96 - Ulster Young Footballer of the Year - Omagh Town – 1994–95 As a manager . - FAI Cup - Derry City F.C . 2012 Managerial statistics . Managerial record . . Includes competitive games only . List of seasons . - LC = League Cup - SC = Setanta Cup - UCL = UEFA Champions League - UEL = UEFA Europa League |
[
"Institute"
] | easy | Which team did the player Declan Devine belong to from 1998 to 2002? | /wiki/Declan_Devine#P54#4 | Declan Devine Declan Devine ( born 15 September 1973 in Derry ) is an Irish football manager and former footballer who has played for and managed his hometown club Derry City in the League of Ireland Premier Division . Playing career . Devine began his career with Ipswich Town but was unable to make the breakthrough at Portman Road and returned home . Devine then plied his trade with a number of Irish League clubs as well as Derry City and won the Ulster Young Footballer of the Year Award in 1994 when playing for Roy McCreadies Omagh Town side . Devine was capped right up to U-21 level with Northern Ireland , winning an U-21 cap in a 0–0 draw against Romania in 1994 . He tasted success with Glentoran , helping them to defeat Glenavon in the Irish Cup final in the 1995–96 season . However , at the end of that season Devine moved to the Brandywell for a combined fee of £42,000 which included Liam Coyle , where he provided backup to Tony ODowd as Derry City went on to win the title . Devine was restricted to a limited number of appearances and his highest profile appearance was that in the 1997 FAI Cup final . Derry City , aiming for the double , were rocked with the news of the sudden death of the younger brother of Tony ODowd just days before the final and Devine stepped up to take his place between the sticks . They were defeated 2–0 by Shelbourne in Dalymount Park on a weekend where football very much took a back seat . Devine remained at the Brandywell for the start of the 1997–98 season but again found his opportunities limited and returned to Omagh Town . He was on the move again the following season and ended up with Institute , becoming one of the many players who have played for the two clubs in the Derry . Managerial career . Having stopped playing at the end of the 2001–02 season , Devine became involved in coaching at an underage level . He returned to Derry City as the Youth Development officer in 2003 and was initially involved in the delivery of the community coaching and Football in the Community programmes which were run by the club at that time . The installation of former teammate , Gavin Dykes , as manager in 2003 meant a promotion for Devine and he took on the role of first team coach . Stephen Kenny opted to retain Devine as first team coach when he arrived at the club the following season , and the back room setup , including Paul Hegarty , guided Derry City to successive second-place finishes as well as success in the FAI Cup , League Cup and memorable European runs . Following this success , Kenny lured Devine to join him at Dunfermline Athletic when he left for East End Park and he was appointed first team coach there on 5 December 2006 . Devine described the move as a massive wrench but felt for personal reasons that he needed to move on . However , after Stephen Kennys return to Derry City in late 2007 , Devine , too followed him back to the club . He was instrumental in guiding the team to the First Division title and a third-place finish in the 2011 season . Following the departure of Stephen Kenny to Shamrock Rovers in December 2011 , Devine was appointed manager of Derry City on 6 January 2012 , beating off Willie McStay to land the post . He agreed a two-year deal along with Paul Hegarty who was appointed as his assistant manager . In his first season in charge , the club finished 5th in the league , won the FAI Cup , and were runners-up in the Setanta Sports Cup . In the wake of this success , Devine signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at the club until the end of the 2014 season . At the beginning of his second season in charge , after an opening day defeat to Sligo Rovers , Devine guided his team to a 10-match unbeaten run and top of the table until they were defeated again by Sligo in the second series of fixtures . Devine left by mutual consent at the end of the season despite having qualified for Europe and a 6-0 victory against Limerick . Prior to the 2014 League of Ireland season , Devine was linked with the assistant manager post at champions St . Patricks Athletic , however he turned this down in favour of becoming an underage coach in the Elite Performance Club NI scheme . Devine , along with former Derry City player Pascal Vaudequin , will work with youth players in the west of Northern Ireland . Honours . As a player . - League of Ireland : 1 - Derry City – 1996–97 - Irish Cup : 1 - Glentoran – 1995–96 - Ulster Young Footballer of the Year - Omagh Town – 1994–95 As a manager . - FAI Cup - Derry City F.C . 2012 Managerial statistics . Managerial record . . Includes competitive games only . List of seasons . - LC = League Cup - SC = Setanta Cup - UCL = UEFA Champions League - UEL = UEFA Europa League |
[
"LA Galaxy"
] | easy | Which team did Jose Villarreal (soccer) play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Jose_Villarreal_(soccer)#P54#0 | Jose Villarreal ( soccer ) Jose Villarreal ( born September 10 , 1993 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a forward for Global . He has previously played for LA Galaxy and Orlando City in MLS , Cruz Azul in Liga MX and Las Vegas Lights in the USL Championship . Club career . Youth career . Villarreal won the U.S . Soccer Development Academy U-17/18 championship with Pateadores during the 2010–2011 Development Academy season . Pateadores won the championship after defeating FC Dallas 2–1 with Villarreal scoring both goals . LA Galaxy . On December 22 , 2011 , Villarreal signed with LA Galaxy as a Homegrown Player . Aged 17 , he made his debut for LA Galaxy on July 15 , 2012 against Portland Timbers , coming on in the 90th minute , replacing Robbie Keane . Villarreal scored for LA Galaxy on July 18 , with a late long-range goal , to tie the game at 2–2 in only his second MLS match . On March 30 , 2013 , Villarreal scored a stoppage-time goal against Toronto FC to earn a 2–2 draw for LA Galaxy . Villarreal’s goal was named the No . 1 play of the day on SportsCenter . On December 20 , 2013 Villarreal moved to Mexican club Cruz Azul on loan from the LA Galaxy for a year with an option to buy after the loan for the Mexican side . However , Villarreal never made a first team roster for Cruz Azul and he terminated his loan early following the collapse of Cruz Azul Hidalgo , the clubs reserve team that competed in Ascenso MX with whom he played once . On March 6 , 2015 he scored the first goal of the MLS season in a 2–0 home win over the Chicago Fire . On July 1 , 2015 Villarreal scored the winner in the opening 10 minutes in the Fifth Round of the U.S . Open Cup against San Jose Earthquakes . Orlando City . On December 27 , 2017 , Villarreal was traded by LA Galaxy to Orlando City SC in exchange for a third-round selection in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft . Villarreal made his Orlando City debut on June 2 , 2018 against New York City FC . On November 27 , 2018 , Villarreal had his contract option declined by the club having only made 3 substitute appearances for the Lions in MLS . Las Vegas Lights . On May 29 , 2019 , Villarreal signed for the Las Vegas Lights FC for the remainder of the 2019 USL Championship season . He made his Lights FC debut in the 69th minute of a U.S . Open Cup match against Orange County FC . Global F.C. . In January 2020 , Villarreal signed for Philippines Football League club Global F.C. . International career . Villarreal has been capped for the United States at under-18 , under-20 and under-23 level . He competed at the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship where he scored 3 goals and was named to the All-Tournament Team . The team lost the final 3-1 after extra time to hosts and defending champions Mexico . He then represented the United States at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Personal life . Villarreal was born in Inglewood , California to immigrant Mexican parents . His younger brother Jaime ( born 1995 ) is also a professional soccer player . Honors . - LA Galaxy - MLS Cup ( 2 ) : 2012 , 2014 |
[
"LA Galaxy"
] | easy | Jose Villarreal (soccer) played for which team from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Jose_Villarreal_(soccer)#P54#1 | Jose Villarreal ( soccer ) Jose Villarreal ( born September 10 , 1993 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a forward for Global . He has previously played for LA Galaxy and Orlando City in MLS , Cruz Azul in Liga MX and Las Vegas Lights in the USL Championship . Club career . Youth career . Villarreal won the U.S . Soccer Development Academy U-17/18 championship with Pateadores during the 2010–2011 Development Academy season . Pateadores won the championship after defeating FC Dallas 2–1 with Villarreal scoring both goals . LA Galaxy . On December 22 , 2011 , Villarreal signed with LA Galaxy as a Homegrown Player . Aged 17 , he made his debut for LA Galaxy on July 15 , 2012 against Portland Timbers , coming on in the 90th minute , replacing Robbie Keane . Villarreal scored for LA Galaxy on July 18 , with a late long-range goal , to tie the game at 2–2 in only his second MLS match . On March 30 , 2013 , Villarreal scored a stoppage-time goal against Toronto FC to earn a 2–2 draw for LA Galaxy . Villarreal’s goal was named the No . 1 play of the day on SportsCenter . On December 20 , 2013 Villarreal moved to Mexican club Cruz Azul on loan from the LA Galaxy for a year with an option to buy after the loan for the Mexican side . However , Villarreal never made a first team roster for Cruz Azul and he terminated his loan early following the collapse of Cruz Azul Hidalgo , the clubs reserve team that competed in Ascenso MX with whom he played once . On March 6 , 2015 he scored the first goal of the MLS season in a 2–0 home win over the Chicago Fire . On July 1 , 2015 Villarreal scored the winner in the opening 10 minutes in the Fifth Round of the U.S . Open Cup against San Jose Earthquakes . Orlando City . On December 27 , 2017 , Villarreal was traded by LA Galaxy to Orlando City SC in exchange for a third-round selection in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft . Villarreal made his Orlando City debut on June 2 , 2018 against New York City FC . On November 27 , 2018 , Villarreal had his contract option declined by the club having only made 3 substitute appearances for the Lions in MLS . Las Vegas Lights . On May 29 , 2019 , Villarreal signed for the Las Vegas Lights FC for the remainder of the 2019 USL Championship season . He made his Lights FC debut in the 69th minute of a U.S . Open Cup match against Orange County FC . Global F.C. . In January 2020 , Villarreal signed for Philippines Football League club Global F.C. . International career . Villarreal has been capped for the United States at under-18 , under-20 and under-23 level . He competed at the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship where he scored 3 goals and was named to the All-Tournament Team . The team lost the final 3-1 after extra time to hosts and defending champions Mexico . He then represented the United States at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Personal life . Villarreal was born in Inglewood , California to immigrant Mexican parents . His younger brother Jaime ( born 1995 ) is also a professional soccer player . Honors . - LA Galaxy - MLS Cup ( 2 ) : 2012 , 2014 |
[
"LA Galaxy"
] | easy | Which team did Jose Villarreal (soccer) play for from 2013 to 2014? | /wiki/Jose_Villarreal_(soccer)#P54#2 | Jose Villarreal ( soccer ) Jose Villarreal ( born September 10 , 1993 ) is an American soccer player who currently plays as a forward for Global . He has previously played for LA Galaxy and Orlando City in MLS , Cruz Azul in Liga MX and Las Vegas Lights in the USL Championship . Club career . Youth career . Villarreal won the U.S . Soccer Development Academy U-17/18 championship with Pateadores during the 2010–2011 Development Academy season . Pateadores won the championship after defeating FC Dallas 2–1 with Villarreal scoring both goals . LA Galaxy . On December 22 , 2011 , Villarreal signed with LA Galaxy as a Homegrown Player . Aged 17 , he made his debut for LA Galaxy on July 15 , 2012 against Portland Timbers , coming on in the 90th minute , replacing Robbie Keane . Villarreal scored for LA Galaxy on July 18 , with a late long-range goal , to tie the game at 2–2 in only his second MLS match . On March 30 , 2013 , Villarreal scored a stoppage-time goal against Toronto FC to earn a 2–2 draw for LA Galaxy . Villarreal’s goal was named the No . 1 play of the day on SportsCenter . On December 20 , 2013 Villarreal moved to Mexican club Cruz Azul on loan from the LA Galaxy for a year with an option to buy after the loan for the Mexican side . However , Villarreal never made a first team roster for Cruz Azul and he terminated his loan early following the collapse of Cruz Azul Hidalgo , the clubs reserve team that competed in Ascenso MX with whom he played once . On March 6 , 2015 he scored the first goal of the MLS season in a 2–0 home win over the Chicago Fire . On July 1 , 2015 Villarreal scored the winner in the opening 10 minutes in the Fifth Round of the U.S . Open Cup against San Jose Earthquakes . Orlando City . On December 27 , 2017 , Villarreal was traded by LA Galaxy to Orlando City SC in exchange for a third-round selection in the 2019 MLS SuperDraft . Villarreal made his Orlando City debut on June 2 , 2018 against New York City FC . On November 27 , 2018 , Villarreal had his contract option declined by the club having only made 3 substitute appearances for the Lions in MLS . Las Vegas Lights . On May 29 , 2019 , Villarreal signed for the Las Vegas Lights FC for the remainder of the 2019 USL Championship season . He made his Lights FC debut in the 69th minute of a U.S . Open Cup match against Orange County FC . Global F.C. . In January 2020 , Villarreal signed for Philippines Football League club Global F.C. . International career . Villarreal has been capped for the United States at under-18 , under-20 and under-23 level . He competed at the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship where he scored 3 goals and was named to the All-Tournament Team . The team lost the final 3-1 after extra time to hosts and defending champions Mexico . He then represented the United States at the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Personal life . Villarreal was born in Inglewood , California to immigrant Mexican parents . His younger brother Jaime ( born 1995 ) is also a professional soccer player . Honors . - LA Galaxy - MLS Cup ( 2 ) : 2012 , 2014 |
[
"Ajax"
] | easy | Edgar Davids played for which team from 1991 to 1994? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#0 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Milan"
] | easy | Which team did the player Edgar Davids belong to from 1996 to 1997? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#1 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Juventus"
] | easy | Which team did Edgar Davids play for from 1997 to 2004? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#2 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Inter Milan"
] | easy | Which team did Edgar Davids play for from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#3 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Tottenham Hotspur"
] | easy | Which team did the player Edgar Davids belong to from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#4 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Ajax"
] | easy | Edgar Davids played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#5 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Edgar Davids play for from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Edgar_Davids#P54#6 | Edgar Davids Edgar Steven Davids ( ; born 13 March 1973 ) is a Dutch-Surinamese former professional footballer , and the current coach of Portuguese side , Olhanense . After beginning his career with Ajax , winning several domestic and international titles , he subsequently played in Italy for Milan , and later enjoyed a successful spell with Juventus , before being loaned out to Barcelona in 2004 . He went on to play for Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur before returning to Ajax . Having struggled with injuries for two years , Davids returned to competitive football during a brief spell with Crystal Palace before retiring at the age of 37 . In 2012 , he was appointed player-manager at the English League Two club Barnet . He resigned by mutual agreement as manager in January 2014 . He was capped 74 times by the Netherlands at international level , scoring six goals , and represented his country at the FIFA World Cup ( once ) and the UEFA European Championship ( three times ) . One of the greatest and most recognisable players of his generation , Davids often stood out on the football field due to his dreadlocked hair and the protective goggles he wore due to glaucoma . A combative and energetic , yet creative and skilful midfielder , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Louis van Gaal because of his marking ability , aggression , and hard tackling style of play . In 2004 , he was one of the players chosen by Pelé to feature in the FIFA 100 , his list of the worlds greatest living footballers . Early life . Davids was born in Suriname and is of Afro-Surinamese and partial Jewish descent from his maternal grandmother . The family moved to the Netherlands when Davids was an infant . His cousin Lorenzo is also a footballer . Club career . Ajax . After being rejected on two previous occasions by the club , Davids started his career at the age of 12 with Ajax . He made his first team debut on 6 September 1991 in a 5–1 home win over RKC Waalwijk . He helped the Amsterdam club to three domestic Eredivisie titles , as well as continental success with the 1992 UEFA Cup and the 1995 UEFA Champions League . In the 1996 UEFA Champions League final , he missed Ajaxs first penalty in the shoot-out , which they ultimately lost to Juventus . While at Ajax , Davids was nicknamed The Pitbull by Ajax manager Louis van Gaal due to his fierce style of play in the teams midfield . Milan and Juventus . At the start of the 1996–97 season , Davids moved to Italy to play for Milan . After an unsuccessful spell where he failed to establish himself in the first team , he moved on to league rivals Juventus in December 1997 for a £5.3 million transfer fee . He soon became a permanent first team member in the midfield , usually playing on the left flank or in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , forming a notable midfield partnership alongside French playmaker Zinedine Zidane . Six successful years in Turin followed , with Davids helping the side to the Serie A title in 1998 , 2002 and 2003 , as well as two Supercoppa Italiana and the UEFA Intertoto Cup . Juventus manager Marcello Lippi once described him as my one-man engine room . Davids was often inspirational in Europe , playing 15 times as the club made it all the way to the 2002–03 Champions League final before losing to Milan on penalties . He had also previously managed to reach the Champions League final with Juventus in 1998 , followed by a semi-final finish during the 1998–99 season , as well as reaching the 2002 Coppa Italia Final . Barcelona ( loan ) . Davids joined Barcelona on loan in January 2004 from Juventus . Joining midway through a season where the club was struggling in mid-table and recently appointed manager Frank Rijkaard was under considerable pressure , Davids led Barças successful resurgence of form which saw them finishing second to Valencia in La Liga . Davids arrival has been cited as the catalyst for the Catalan clubs dominance of Spanish and European football during the mid-to-late 2000s ( decade ) , with Barcelona winning La Liga the following season ( after five years without winning the league title ) and a La Liga and Champions League double in 2005–06 . Inter Milan and Tottenham Hotspur . In the summer of 2004 , Davids permanently moved on to Italian club Inter Milan on a three-year contract . When Inter terminated the remaining years of his contract in August 2005 , he moved to England on a free transfer to play for Tottenham Hotspur . He had a successful stay at Tottenham and instantly became a fan favourite . His first and only goal was in a 2–1 away win against Wigan Athletic . Davids played for Spurs in the 2005–06 and the 2006–07 seasons , with the club finishing fifth in both seasons . Return to Ajax . Davids signed once more for Ajax on 28 January 2007 and played his first match against club rivals Feyenoord on 4 February . After the mid-season switch , Davids proved his value for the Ajax team again . He was one of the key midfielders in the run for the Dutch championship that was lost on one single goal to PSV on the final day of the league . He also played a major role in Ajaxs cup campaign . He secured the KNVB Cup for Ajax by scoring the final penalty in a thrilling penalty shoot-out against AZ . Prior to the start of the 2007–08 season , Davids leg was broken in a pre-season friendly against Go Ahead Eagles , sidelining him for around three months . In May 2008 , Davids said he would leave Ajax when his contract expired on 30 June . Davids played against the LA Galaxy on 6 December 2008 in an exhibition match held at Mount Smart Stadium in Auckland , New Zealand , as part of an Oceania XI All-Star team , despite the fact he is not from Oceania and has never played for an Oceanic club or national team . Davids was in contract negotiations with English Championship club Leicester City from 22 October 2009 , however he failed to make a decision for over a week and the club withdrew their offer on 30 October . Crystal Palace . On 20 August 2010 , Davids agreed a pay-as-you-play deal with English Championship club Crystal Palace . He made his debut on 24 August 2010 at left-back in the Second Round of the League Cup against Portsmouth . On 8 November 2010 , he announced his departure from the club , stating it was one of the greatest experiences of my life . International career . Davids was an integral part of the Netherlands national team since his debut on 20 April 1994 in Tilburg against the Republic of Ireland ( 0–1 ) , though he has not won any major tournaments for the Oranje . During UEFA Euro 1996 , he was sent home by then manager Guus Hiddink for saying in a radio interview , Hiddink should stop putting his head in some players asses . Nonetheless , Davids remained appreciated by Hiddink , who included him in the Dutch squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France . Davids most notable performance for the national team came in the second round match against FR Yugoslavia . He scored the winning goal in the last minute of the game and ensured that the Dutch team went through to the next round to meet Argentina . The Netherlands eventually finished fourth overall and Davids was named to the official FIFA Team of the Tournament . In 1999 , Davids began wearing protective glasses following surgery in his right eye caused by glaucoma , which developed in 1995 following eye injuries . Davids first wore them on 4 September 1999 in a friendly match against Belgium . On 17 May 2001 , Davids was suspended by FIFA when he tested positive for the banned anabolic steroid , nandrolone . Davids played in the Euro 2000 when he was named for the UEFA Team of the Tournament . The Netherlands reached the semi-finals and played against Italy in a thrilling game that ended up being decided in Italys favour with a penalty shootout . During the Netherlands Euro 2004 qualifying matches , Davids scored the Netherlands first qualifying goal in their opening 3–0 victory against Belarus and subsequently bossed the midfield in five of the remaining seven Group 3 fixtures and both legs of the play-off victory against Scotland . After Euro 2004 , new national team coach Marco van Basten appointed Davids as captain of the team . However , lack of first team football at his club Inter meant Davids also lost his place in the national team in October 2004 , thus losing the captains armband in the process , which was later handed to goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar . At the latter stages of the qualifying series for the 2006 World Cup in October 2005 , he was recalled back into the national team , though not as captain . He fell out of the picture again shortly after , thereby missing out on the Dutch squad for the World Cup . Style of play . A quick , hard-working , tenacious team player , gifted with power and pace , as well as exceptional physical strength and stamina in spite of his diminutive stature . Davids was renowned for his dynamic and combative style of play , tight marking of opponents , and ability to break down opposition plays as a defensive midfielder . In addition to his ball-winning ability , as well as his physical and athletic attributes , Davids was also a highly talented and creative player , who was known for his outstanding technique , vision , acceleration , close control , quick footwork , and ball-juggling skills ; his technical ability and prowess at street soccer and as a freestyle footballer earned him the nickname The Mayor of the Street in his youth . Davids was also a powerful striker of the ball , as well as being an accurate passer and crosser with his excellent left foot , which enabled him to create chances for teammates after winning back possession . His tactical intelligence , awareness , and ability to read the game , combined with his speed , energy , tackling , vision , and dribbling ability , allowed him to start counter-attacks after winning back possession and also enabled him to carry the ball forward , make attacking runs , and contribute to his teams offensive play by linking up the defence and the attack effectively . His versatility and wide range of skills thus enabled him to be deployed in several other midfield positions throughout his career ; he was capable of playing as a left midfielder , or as a central or box-to-box midfielder , or even as a left back , and in his youth , was also deployed as an attacking midfielder , or as a second striker on occasion . Regarded as one of the greatest midfielders of his generation , although he received acclaim for his playing ability and leadership as a footballer , Davids also gained a degree of infamy due to his strong character , temper , and outspokenness , which often led him to be involved in conflicts with his managers ; he also struggled with injuries throughout his career . Due to his aggressive and hard-tackling playing style , Davids earned several nicknames throughout his career , such as The Piranha , Tubarão ( The Shark ) , and most notably , The Pitbull . Media . Davids has appeared in commercials for the American sportswear company Nike . In 1996 , he starred in a Nike commercial titled Good vs Evil in a gladiatorial game set in a Roman amphitheatre . Appearing alongside football players from around the world , including Ronaldo , Paolo Maldini , Eric Cantona , Patrick Kluivert and Jorge Campos , they defend the beautiful game against a team of demonic warriors , before it culminates with Cantona striking the ball and destroying evil . In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan , Davids starred in a Secret Tournament commercial ( branded by Nike as Scorpion KO ) directed by Terry Gilliam , appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry , Ronaldinho , Francesco Totti , Luís Figo and Japanese star Hidetoshi Nakata , with former player Eric Cantona the tournament referee . Davids features in EA Sports FIFA video game series , and was selected to appear on the cover of FIFA Football 2003 alongside Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs and Brazilian international Roberto Carlos . The online game League of Legends by Riot Games used Davids likeness for a character skin called Striker Lucian without permission . Davids sued , and Dutch courts ruled that Riot Games must compensate Davids a percentage of their earnings from the skin . Coaching career . Ajax . In June 2011 , Davids was elected to the new supervisory board at Ajax alongside Johan Cruyff . Barnet . Since 2010 , Davids had been living in North London with his partner and had been participating in street football as well as managing Sunday league amateur side Brixton United . On 11 October 2012 , Davids joined League Two side Barnet in a player-manager role , alongside Mark Robson . The next day , on his managerial debut for Barnet , his side lost 4–1 at Underhill to Plymouth Argyle which Davids had left himself out of the squad for this League Two game . They followed this up with a 4–0 home win over Northampton Town where Davids played the full match , captaining the team and being voted Man of the Match . In November , he started against Morecambe which Barnet lost 4–1 . Near the end of December 2012 , following the departure of Robson , Davids took charge of the club by himself . Davids scored his first goal for Barnet in February 2013 in a 2–0 home victory over Southend United . In March 2013 , on the return journey from a defeat at Accrington Stanley , Davids sent the Barnet team coach back to pick up 36 supporters whose coach had broken down on the motorway and take them to the next service station . Despite initially guiding Barnet off the foot of League Two , and lifting them out of the relegation zone , Barnet dropped back into the bottom two on the final day of the 2012–13 season , following a defeat to Northampton Town , and were relegated out of the Football League at the expense of AFC Wimbledon who were able to escape by beating Fleetwood Town . On 21 May 2013 , it was announced that Davids would remain in charge of Barnet for the clubs 2013–14 Conference Premier season . In July 2013 , Davids announced his decision to wear the number 1 shirt for the 2013–14 season , a shirt number traditionally worn by goalkeepers , saying that he intends to set a trend of midfielders wearing the number 1 shirt . Discipline was a major problem for Davids in the 2013–14 season . He was booked in each of the first eight league games he played , and he was sent off three times in those first eight games . There was also controversy when it emerged that he would not attend away games that required an overnight stay , leaving assistant manager Ulrich Landvreugd to take charge . In December 2013 , Davids considered retiring from football after being sent off for the third time in the season in Barnets 2–1 defeat by Salisbury City . Davids resigned from his post as manager on 18 January 2014 . In June 2014 , Southern Counties East Football League side Greenwich Borough announced they were in advanced talks with Davids , with chairman Perry Skinner stating that he was 70% sure hell come on board . The following month it was announced the clubs attempt to sign Davids had been unsuccessful . Telstar . In 2020 , Davids was appointed assistant coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Telstar . Olhanense . On January 4 , 2021 , Davids was announced as the head coach of Portuguese side , S.C . Olhanense . Personal life . Davids was engaged to fashion designer Olcay Gulsen . In 1999 , Davids started his own Street Soccer brand called Monta Street . Davids won a lawsuit filed in a Dutch court against League of Legends developer Riot Games for using his likeness in an in-game association football-themed skin for the champion Lucian without his permission . Honours . Ajax - Eredivisie : 1993–94 , 1994–95 , 1995–96 - KNVB Cup : 1992–93 , 2006–07 - Johan Cruyff Shield : 1995 - UEFA Champions League : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1991–92 - UEFA Super Cup : 1995 - Intercontinental Cup : 1995 Juventus - Serie A : 1997–98 , 2001–02 , 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2002 , 2003 Inter Milan - Coppa Italia : 2004–05 Netherlands - FIFA World Cup fourth place : 1998 Individual - UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2000 - FIFA World Cup All-Star Team : 1998 - FIFA 100 |
[
"Buggles"
] | easy | Trevor Horn became a member of what organization or association in 1977? | /wiki/Trevor_Horn#P463#0 | Trevor Horn Trevor Charles Horn ( born 15 July 1949 ) is a British music producer , label and recording studio owner , songwriter , singer and bassist . He is best known for his production work in the 1980s , and for being one half of the new wave band the Buggles ( with Geoff Downes ) . Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself the instrument and to sight-read music . In the 1970s , he worked as a session musician , built his own studio , and wrote and produced singles for various artists . Horn and Downes gained international fame in 1979 with the Buggles hit single Video Killed the Radio Star . This was followed by their one-year tenure with the progressive rock band Yes , with Horn becoming their lead singer . In 1981 , Horn became a full-time producer , working on commercially successful songs and albums for numerous artists , among them Dollar , ABC , Malcolm McLaren , Yes , and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . He ventured into business with his wife Jill Sinclair , purchasing SARM West Studios and establishing the publishers Perfect Songs and their own label , ZTT Records . In the following year , Horn co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise . In the 1990s , Horns success continued with his association with Seal . He has been a member of the supergroup Producers , later known as the Trevor Horn Band , since 2006 . Horn has won numerous awards , including three Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983 , 1985 , and 1992 . He won a Grammy Award for producing Seals 1994 hit Kiss from a Rose . In 2010 , Horn received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties . Early life . Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton Le Hole , in the North East of England and grew up near the Stonebridge Pub , Durham City . The second of four children , Horn has two sisters and a brother , Ken Horn . His father was a civil engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a semi-professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week . Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham . At around eight years of age , Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father , including the concept of playing triads . He then taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music , using guide books and practising on his fathers four-string guitar in the spare room of the house . In his early teens , Horn would fill in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig . At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge , and performed in the local youth orchestra . His interests soon turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan . At fourteen Horn played electric guitar in his first group , the Outer Limits , named after the 1963 television series of the same name , playing mainly covers by the Kinks . Horn went on to pursue a succession of day jobs , including one at a rubber company . He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week with a harmonica around my neck , and played the bass at odd gigs . Then , at seventeen , Horn decided to pursue a career in music and woke my parents up at 4am to tell them . They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths , but Horn had failed the required exams . Horns parents pleaded with him to try one more job , but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory , he was fired . I said , Thats it , Im never going into that world again! , and the next day , received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom , playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights work . Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester , performing self-written songs on a guitar . Career . 1971–1979 : Early work . At 21 , Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place . This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVays big band , and earning as a session musician , producing jingles , records , and working with rock groups . His time with Ray McVay included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing . At 24 , Horn began a period of work in Leicester where his growing interest in recording studios led to his assistance in the construction of a studio in the city , while playing the bass at Baileys club for seven nights for money . Upon completion of the studio , Horn produced songs for local artists , including a song for Leicester City F.C . By 1976 , Horn had returned to London . He played bass in Northern Lights , a covers band , which also featured keyboardist Geoff Downes and disco singer Tina Charles . Horn went on to form Tracks , a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock , with future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell , before he left the group to play in Tina Charless backing band . The two entered a short relationship , and Horn learned a lot from her inspiring producer Biddu . Also featured in Charless band were Horns future Buggles partners , keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and guitarist Bruce Woolley . In the mid-1970s , Horn worked for a music publishers on Denmark Street in London , producing demos which sometimes had Horn in charge of producing a master if a deal for a demo was made . From 1977 to 1979 , Horn worked on various singles either as a songwriter , producer , or orchestra director , without ever making any money out of it . Among his first was Natural Dance by Tony Cole and Dont Come Back by Fallen Angel and the T.C . Band , featuring Woolley as songwriter , which Horn produced under the name T.C . Horn . He wrote Boot Boot Woman , the B-side to the Boogatti single Come Back Marianne , under his real name . In 1978 , Horn wrote , sang , and produced Caribbean Air Control under the pseudonym Big A , which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve . In 1979 , a full studio album by Chromium , a sci-fi disco project named Star to Star was released that featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers , and Horns future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards . Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley , John Howard , Dusty Springfield ( Baby Blue ) and the Jags ( Back of My Hand ) . Horn scored his first production hit when Monkey Chop by Dan-I reached No . 17 on the UK singles chart in 1979 . 1978–1981 : The Buggles and Yes . In 1978 , Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley . They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album , The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) . The credits list Horn with co-production , lead vocals , guitar and bass . Its lead single Video Killed the Radio Star was released in September 1979 and reached No . 1 in the UK , propelling Horn , then aged 30 , and Downes to mainstream fame . In August 1981 , the song was the first music video to air on MTV . The success of Video Killed the Radio Star led to Horn and Downes secure management from Brian Lane , who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes . They were in need of a singer and keyboardist following the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman , which led to Horn and Downes pitching We Can Fly from Here , a demo that they had written with Yes in mind . Both accepted to join Yes and work got underway on Drama ( 1980 ) with Horn on lead vocals and fretless bass . Horn spent much of his time on the album , and cut his wedding reception short in order to resume working on it . Horn sang on the bands 1980 tour of North America and the UK , after which he left to become a full-time producer . In 1981 , he completed a second Buggles album Adventures in Modern Recording largely on his own following Downess decision to form Asia . Horn resumed working with Yes as a producer on their albums 90125 ( 1983 ) and Big Generator ( 1987 ) . Horn rated Owner of a Lonely Heart , the lead single from 90125 , as technically his best work . 1981–present : Producer and other projects . 1980s . In early 1981 , Horn left Yes and became a full-time producer . His wife advised him to branch off from being an instrumental musician as he could reach greater success in production , and subsequently she became Horns manager . He assembled a studio rig which included a Roland TR-808 drum machine and sequencer and a set of Simmons electronic drum modules . He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI synthesiser , one of four in the country at the time . I knew what it was capable of , because I understood what it did . Most other people didnt understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world . Horn realised he needed full-time assistance in operating the machine and hired J . J . Jeczalik to programme it . For his use of the Fairlight , Horn is credited as the key architect in incorporating sampling into the language of pop . Horn had commercial success with his first project , The Dollar Album ( 1982 ) by pop duo Dollar , which his wife had assigned him to work on . He co-wrote and produced four songs that follow a love story across them : Mirror Mirror , Hand Held in Black and White , Give Me Back My Heart , and Videotheque . All four became top 20 hits in the UK . The potent production work made him noticed by other bands and it was followed by even greater success with The Lexicon of Love ( 1982 ) by ABC , which reached No . 1 on the UK albums chart . It was during these sessions that Horn acquired a LinnDrum drum machine , and assembled a team that would characterise and define the sound of much of his work in the 1980s , with Dudley on keyboards and arrangements , Gary Langan and later Stephen Lipson as chief engineer , Jeczalik as programmer , backing vocalist Tessa Webb , and percussionist Luis Jardim . In 1982 , Horn and his wife formed a music publishing company , Perfect Songs . This coincided with their then recent acquisition of Basing Street Studios , which also housed the fledgling publishing company . Perfect Songs was able to harness and develop the up-and-coming young artists working in the recording studio . The first to be signed were Frankie Goes to Hollywood , followed by Art of Noise and Propaganda . These first few signings to the company were instrumental in establishing the company ethos of innovation and artiste development , taking risks and signing acts far into the left field . In 1983 , Horn and his wife purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it SARM West Studios . The deal included the rights for them to operate a record label through Island Records distribution which led to the formation of ZTT Records with NME writer Paul Morley . It is named after the sound poem of the same name by Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . During 1982 and 1983 , Horn worked with Malcolm McLaren and Anne Dudley , writing numerous worldwide hits including Buffalo Gals , Double Dutch , Duck for the Oyster and the Duck Rock album . In 1983 , Horn also co-formed Art of Noise , co-writing several hits including Close ( To the Edit ) , Beat Box , Moments in Love , and Slave to the Rhythm . This was originally intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywoods second single , but was instead given to Grace Jones . Horn and his studio team reworked and reinterpreted it , jazz style , into six separate songs to form Joness album Slave to the Rhythm . Horn got David Gilmour to play the guitar . In 1984 , Horn was approached by Bob Geldof to produce the song Do They Know Its Christmas? , but he was unavailable . Instead , he gave use of SARM West Studio free of charge to the project for 24 hours , which Geldof accepted , assigning Midge Ure as the producer instead . The song was recorded and mixed on 25 November . Horn produced the B-side featuring messages from artists who had and had not made the recording , including David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Paul McCartney , Big Country , and Holly Johnson . They were also recorded over the same backing track as the Do They Know Its Christmas ? Several musicians have described Horns style of production as dominating . Frankie Goes to Hollywoods debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome barely featured any of the bands performances , instead featuring Horn and session musicians ( lead single Relax cost £70,000 spent across three sessions that included scrapped versions by the band and by Ian Durys backing band , before Horn re-recorded the song himself ) ; and the Pet Shop Boys remarked that although Horn had promised to complete their single Left to My Own Devices in a couple of weeks , it took several months for them to receive the final mix due to the lavish live orchestration and studio work . In the late 1980s , Horn relocated to Bel Air , Los Angeles where he established Sarm West Coast LA , a residential recording studio . 1990s . In 1990 , Horn produced English musician Seals eponymous debut album . This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seals voice and a musical empathy with how he works and the songs he writes . Seal reached No . 1 in the UK and lead single Crazy went to No . 2 . The album marked a turning point in Horns production method , switching typical studio hardware for computers , and recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software . Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh . At this stage of his career , Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs and brought in other remixers to make them , while concentrating on albums . He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almonds 1991 album Tenement Symphony , including the three singles on the album : Jacky , My Hand Over My Heart and The Days of Pearly Spencer , which reached #4 in the UK charts . In the 1990s , Horn wrote two songs for solo female singers . Riding into Blue ( Cowboy Song ) was recorded by Inga Humpe and Docklands was recorded by Betsy Cook . He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album , The Driver and The Shape of Things to Come for Chers 1995 album Its a Mans World . Horn co-produced Mike Oldfields 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman . Horn co-wrote the theme song Everybody Up to the TV programme The Glam Metal Detectives , a comedy sketch show which appeared on BBC Two in 1995 . This was another collaboration with Lol Creme . Horns songwriting can be heard on numerous film soundtracks . In 1992 , Horn collaborated with composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the film Toys , which included interpretations by Tori Amos , Pat Metheny and Thomas Dolby . In the mid-1990s , Horn bought Hook End Manor and renamed its recording facility SARM Hook End . He put the property on sale in 2007 for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill in London . In 1995 , Horn produced The Carpet Crawlers 1999 , a rerecording of The Carpet Crawlers by Genesis which featured vocals from their former singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins . It was released on their ( 1999 ) box set . 2000s . In the 2000s , Horn provided additional production on three international hits for t.A.T.u. , All the Things She Said , Not Gonna Get Us , and Clowns ( Can You See Me Now ) . He also produced the theme tune to the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , Cant Fight the Moonlight , recorded by Leann Rimes , co-wrote Pass the Flame ( the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens ) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfields 2004 album The Moment . He co-wrote Sound the Bugle , performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . and : produced 3 tracks ( La Sombra del Gigante , Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia ) of Stilelibero ( Freestyle ) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti , released on 29 May 2001 . On 11 November 2004 , a Princes Trust charity concert celebrating Horns 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena . Performers at the show included the Buggles , Bruce Woolley , ABC , Art of Noise , Belle & Sebastian , Lisa Stansfield , Pet Shop Boys , Seal , Dollar , Propaganda , t.A.T.u. , Yes , Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( with Ryan Molloy replacing original vocalist Holly Johnson ) . A double album , Produced by Trevor Horn , was released in conjunction with the concert . An edited version of the concert has been broadcast on television in several countries under the title 25 Years of Pop : Produced by Trevor Horn , and a DVD release of the full concert called Slaves to the Rhythm is available . In 2006 , Horn co-formed the supergroup Producers , in which Horn plays with various musicians/producers , namely Lol Creme , producer Steve Lipson , drummer Ash Soan and initially singer/songwriter Chris Braide . The band performed its first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006 . They continue to perform , now under the name the Trevor Horn Band . On 22 May 2006 , the Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental which was produced by Horn . The album reached No . 5 in the UK chart . In the same month , he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2 . Horn produced an album version of the event , Concrete , released on 23 October 2006 . Horn also produced Captains debut album , This is Hazelville , released late 2006 . He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan . For the 2008 movie Wanted ( starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie ) , Horn produced Danny Elfmans vocals on the closing credits song The Little Things . In 2009 , Horn produced the album Reality Killed the Video Star for Robbie Williams . Aside from the album title paying homage to Horns hit single with the Buggles back in 1979 , it also reflects Horn and Williams mutual disdain for the ongoing crop of reality television and music contest programmes in the UK and elsewhere . Ironically , the album was Williams first studio album not to reach number 1 in the UK , beaten to the top spot by the debut album by JLS , who were runners-up on televisions The X Factor in 2008 . 2010s . Horn was also the executive producer of Jeff Becks album , Emotion & Commotion , released in early 2010 . He returned to work with Yes again , producing their new album from October 2010 . That album , 2011s Fly From Here , is a reunion of sorts for Horns former bandmate Geoff Downes ; not only is Downes a member of the bands current incarnation , but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980 . In 2017 , Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection – Wave One , the soundtrack being released , the first album under Trevor Horns name . In January 2018 , Horn played the bass with Dire Straits Legacy for their Brazilian tour . He continued to tour with the band throughout the year . Horn re-mixed 2011s Fly From Here with Yes , adding new vocals and editing parts . The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018 . He has also been working on musicals , including one called The Robot Sings . In November 2018 , Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London . Horns new album , Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties , was released on 25 January 2019 . A single , Everybody Wants to Rule the World , with vocals by Robbie Williams , was released on 24 October 2018 . Further guests include Rumer , All Saints , Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin . Horn has been touring as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2019–20 . Influence . Producer Nigel Godrich credits Trevor Horn as an influence . Awards . - BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer - Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year ( as producer of Kiss From A Rose ) - Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry . - Honorary degree of Doctor of Music ( 2012 ) by Southampton Solent University , England . Personal life . Horn met his future wife Jill Sinclair , a former mathematics teacher and business partner , in 1977 . They married in 1980 and became business partners . They have four children : two sons , Aaron and Will , and two daughters , Gabriella and Alexandra , the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor . Aaron ( known in the industry as Aaron Audio ) , like his father , is a musician and producer . He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London . Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios . , Horn has three grandsons . He is not Jewish , but has attended synagogue with his children , who were raised in his wifes faith . In a 2019 interview , he said that he believes in [ Judaism ] more than anything else . On 25 June 2006 , while at home from Goldsmiths College , University of London , Aaron was practising with his air rifle , not realising his mother was close by . A 4.5 mm ( .177 calibre ) air gun pellet accidentally hit Jill in the neck , severing an artery and causing irreversible brain damage from hypoxia , leaving only her lower brain functions and no chance for recovery . She was taken to the Royal Berkshire Hospital intensive care unit where her condition was described as critical but stable . Communication from ZTT Records confirmed on 1 September 2006 that Jill was in a natural coma and had been moved to a rehabilitation centre . In September 2009 , Horn told The Times confirmed that she was still in a coma . In June 2012 , Horn told The Sunday Times that his wife was not in a coma , but , She cannot speak , move , or smile . The only expression she can show is of discomfort . Jill Sinclair died of cancer on 22 March 2014 , aged 61 . In late 2017 , Horns home and recording studio in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles were destroyed by the Skirball Fire . Horn indicated via Twitter that he intended to rebuild at the property . External links . - Official website |
[
"Yes"
] | easy | Trevor Horn became a member of what organization or association in 1980? | /wiki/Trevor_Horn#P463#1 | Trevor Horn Trevor Charles Horn ( born 15 July 1949 ) is a British music producer , label and recording studio owner , songwriter , singer and bassist . He is best known for his production work in the 1980s , and for being one half of the new wave band the Buggles ( with Geoff Downes ) . Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself the instrument and to sight-read music . In the 1970s , he worked as a session musician , built his own studio , and wrote and produced singles for various artists . Horn and Downes gained international fame in 1979 with the Buggles hit single Video Killed the Radio Star . This was followed by their one-year tenure with the progressive rock band Yes , with Horn becoming their lead singer . In 1981 , Horn became a full-time producer , working on commercially successful songs and albums for numerous artists , among them Dollar , ABC , Malcolm McLaren , Yes , and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . He ventured into business with his wife Jill Sinclair , purchasing SARM West Studios and establishing the publishers Perfect Songs and their own label , ZTT Records . In the following year , Horn co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise . In the 1990s , Horns success continued with his association with Seal . He has been a member of the supergroup Producers , later known as the Trevor Horn Band , since 2006 . Horn has won numerous awards , including three Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983 , 1985 , and 1992 . He won a Grammy Award for producing Seals 1994 hit Kiss from a Rose . In 2010 , Horn received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties . Early life . Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton Le Hole , in the North East of England and grew up near the Stonebridge Pub , Durham City . The second of four children , Horn has two sisters and a brother , Ken Horn . His father was a civil engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a semi-professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week . Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham . At around eight years of age , Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father , including the concept of playing triads . He then taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music , using guide books and practising on his fathers four-string guitar in the spare room of the house . In his early teens , Horn would fill in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig . At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge , and performed in the local youth orchestra . His interests soon turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan . At fourteen Horn played electric guitar in his first group , the Outer Limits , named after the 1963 television series of the same name , playing mainly covers by the Kinks . Horn went on to pursue a succession of day jobs , including one at a rubber company . He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week with a harmonica around my neck , and played the bass at odd gigs . Then , at seventeen , Horn decided to pursue a career in music and woke my parents up at 4am to tell them . They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths , but Horn had failed the required exams . Horns parents pleaded with him to try one more job , but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory , he was fired . I said , Thats it , Im never going into that world again! , and the next day , received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom , playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights work . Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester , performing self-written songs on a guitar . Career . 1971–1979 : Early work . At 21 , Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place . This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVays big band , and earning as a session musician , producing jingles , records , and working with rock groups . His time with Ray McVay included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing . At 24 , Horn began a period of work in Leicester where his growing interest in recording studios led to his assistance in the construction of a studio in the city , while playing the bass at Baileys club for seven nights for money . Upon completion of the studio , Horn produced songs for local artists , including a song for Leicester City F.C . By 1976 , Horn had returned to London . He played bass in Northern Lights , a covers band , which also featured keyboardist Geoff Downes and disco singer Tina Charles . Horn went on to form Tracks , a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock , with future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell , before he left the group to play in Tina Charless backing band . The two entered a short relationship , and Horn learned a lot from her inspiring producer Biddu . Also featured in Charless band were Horns future Buggles partners , keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and guitarist Bruce Woolley . In the mid-1970s , Horn worked for a music publishers on Denmark Street in London , producing demos which sometimes had Horn in charge of producing a master if a deal for a demo was made . From 1977 to 1979 , Horn worked on various singles either as a songwriter , producer , or orchestra director , without ever making any money out of it . Among his first was Natural Dance by Tony Cole and Dont Come Back by Fallen Angel and the T.C . Band , featuring Woolley as songwriter , which Horn produced under the name T.C . Horn . He wrote Boot Boot Woman , the B-side to the Boogatti single Come Back Marianne , under his real name . In 1978 , Horn wrote , sang , and produced Caribbean Air Control under the pseudonym Big A , which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve . In 1979 , a full studio album by Chromium , a sci-fi disco project named Star to Star was released that featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers , and Horns future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards . Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley , John Howard , Dusty Springfield ( Baby Blue ) and the Jags ( Back of My Hand ) . Horn scored his first production hit when Monkey Chop by Dan-I reached No . 17 on the UK singles chart in 1979 . 1978–1981 : The Buggles and Yes . In 1978 , Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley . They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album , The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) . The credits list Horn with co-production , lead vocals , guitar and bass . Its lead single Video Killed the Radio Star was released in September 1979 and reached No . 1 in the UK , propelling Horn , then aged 30 , and Downes to mainstream fame . In August 1981 , the song was the first music video to air on MTV . The success of Video Killed the Radio Star led to Horn and Downes secure management from Brian Lane , who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes . They were in need of a singer and keyboardist following the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman , which led to Horn and Downes pitching We Can Fly from Here , a demo that they had written with Yes in mind . Both accepted to join Yes and work got underway on Drama ( 1980 ) with Horn on lead vocals and fretless bass . Horn spent much of his time on the album , and cut his wedding reception short in order to resume working on it . Horn sang on the bands 1980 tour of North America and the UK , after which he left to become a full-time producer . In 1981 , he completed a second Buggles album Adventures in Modern Recording largely on his own following Downess decision to form Asia . Horn resumed working with Yes as a producer on their albums 90125 ( 1983 ) and Big Generator ( 1987 ) . Horn rated Owner of a Lonely Heart , the lead single from 90125 , as technically his best work . 1981–present : Producer and other projects . 1980s . In early 1981 , Horn left Yes and became a full-time producer . His wife advised him to branch off from being an instrumental musician as he could reach greater success in production , and subsequently she became Horns manager . He assembled a studio rig which included a Roland TR-808 drum machine and sequencer and a set of Simmons electronic drum modules . He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI synthesiser , one of four in the country at the time . I knew what it was capable of , because I understood what it did . Most other people didnt understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world . Horn realised he needed full-time assistance in operating the machine and hired J . J . Jeczalik to programme it . For his use of the Fairlight , Horn is credited as the key architect in incorporating sampling into the language of pop . Horn had commercial success with his first project , The Dollar Album ( 1982 ) by pop duo Dollar , which his wife had assigned him to work on . He co-wrote and produced four songs that follow a love story across them : Mirror Mirror , Hand Held in Black and White , Give Me Back My Heart , and Videotheque . All four became top 20 hits in the UK . The potent production work made him noticed by other bands and it was followed by even greater success with The Lexicon of Love ( 1982 ) by ABC , which reached No . 1 on the UK albums chart . It was during these sessions that Horn acquired a LinnDrum drum machine , and assembled a team that would characterise and define the sound of much of his work in the 1980s , with Dudley on keyboards and arrangements , Gary Langan and later Stephen Lipson as chief engineer , Jeczalik as programmer , backing vocalist Tessa Webb , and percussionist Luis Jardim . In 1982 , Horn and his wife formed a music publishing company , Perfect Songs . This coincided with their then recent acquisition of Basing Street Studios , which also housed the fledgling publishing company . Perfect Songs was able to harness and develop the up-and-coming young artists working in the recording studio . The first to be signed were Frankie Goes to Hollywood , followed by Art of Noise and Propaganda . These first few signings to the company were instrumental in establishing the company ethos of innovation and artiste development , taking risks and signing acts far into the left field . In 1983 , Horn and his wife purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it SARM West Studios . The deal included the rights for them to operate a record label through Island Records distribution which led to the formation of ZTT Records with NME writer Paul Morley . It is named after the sound poem of the same name by Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . During 1982 and 1983 , Horn worked with Malcolm McLaren and Anne Dudley , writing numerous worldwide hits including Buffalo Gals , Double Dutch , Duck for the Oyster and the Duck Rock album . In 1983 , Horn also co-formed Art of Noise , co-writing several hits including Close ( To the Edit ) , Beat Box , Moments in Love , and Slave to the Rhythm . This was originally intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywoods second single , but was instead given to Grace Jones . Horn and his studio team reworked and reinterpreted it , jazz style , into six separate songs to form Joness album Slave to the Rhythm . Horn got David Gilmour to play the guitar . In 1984 , Horn was approached by Bob Geldof to produce the song Do They Know Its Christmas? , but he was unavailable . Instead , he gave use of SARM West Studio free of charge to the project for 24 hours , which Geldof accepted , assigning Midge Ure as the producer instead . The song was recorded and mixed on 25 November . Horn produced the B-side featuring messages from artists who had and had not made the recording , including David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Paul McCartney , Big Country , and Holly Johnson . They were also recorded over the same backing track as the Do They Know Its Christmas ? Several musicians have described Horns style of production as dominating . Frankie Goes to Hollywoods debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome barely featured any of the bands performances , instead featuring Horn and session musicians ( lead single Relax cost £70,000 spent across three sessions that included scrapped versions by the band and by Ian Durys backing band , before Horn re-recorded the song himself ) ; and the Pet Shop Boys remarked that although Horn had promised to complete their single Left to My Own Devices in a couple of weeks , it took several months for them to receive the final mix due to the lavish live orchestration and studio work . In the late 1980s , Horn relocated to Bel Air , Los Angeles where he established Sarm West Coast LA , a residential recording studio . 1990s . In 1990 , Horn produced English musician Seals eponymous debut album . This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seals voice and a musical empathy with how he works and the songs he writes . Seal reached No . 1 in the UK and lead single Crazy went to No . 2 . The album marked a turning point in Horns production method , switching typical studio hardware for computers , and recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software . Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh . At this stage of his career , Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs and brought in other remixers to make them , while concentrating on albums . He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almonds 1991 album Tenement Symphony , including the three singles on the album : Jacky , My Hand Over My Heart and The Days of Pearly Spencer , which reached #4 in the UK charts . In the 1990s , Horn wrote two songs for solo female singers . Riding into Blue ( Cowboy Song ) was recorded by Inga Humpe and Docklands was recorded by Betsy Cook . He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album , The Driver and The Shape of Things to Come for Chers 1995 album Its a Mans World . Horn co-produced Mike Oldfields 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman . Horn co-wrote the theme song Everybody Up to the TV programme The Glam Metal Detectives , a comedy sketch show which appeared on BBC Two in 1995 . This was another collaboration with Lol Creme . Horns songwriting can be heard on numerous film soundtracks . In 1992 , Horn collaborated with composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the film Toys , which included interpretations by Tori Amos , Pat Metheny and Thomas Dolby . In the mid-1990s , Horn bought Hook End Manor and renamed its recording facility SARM Hook End . He put the property on sale in 2007 for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill in London . In 1995 , Horn produced The Carpet Crawlers 1999 , a rerecording of The Carpet Crawlers by Genesis which featured vocals from their former singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins . It was released on their ( 1999 ) box set . 2000s . In the 2000s , Horn provided additional production on three international hits for t.A.T.u. , All the Things She Said , Not Gonna Get Us , and Clowns ( Can You See Me Now ) . He also produced the theme tune to the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , Cant Fight the Moonlight , recorded by Leann Rimes , co-wrote Pass the Flame ( the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens ) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfields 2004 album The Moment . He co-wrote Sound the Bugle , performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . and : produced 3 tracks ( La Sombra del Gigante , Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia ) of Stilelibero ( Freestyle ) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti , released on 29 May 2001 . On 11 November 2004 , a Princes Trust charity concert celebrating Horns 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena . Performers at the show included the Buggles , Bruce Woolley , ABC , Art of Noise , Belle & Sebastian , Lisa Stansfield , Pet Shop Boys , Seal , Dollar , Propaganda , t.A.T.u. , Yes , Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( with Ryan Molloy replacing original vocalist Holly Johnson ) . A double album , Produced by Trevor Horn , was released in conjunction with the concert . An edited version of the concert has been broadcast on television in several countries under the title 25 Years of Pop : Produced by Trevor Horn , and a DVD release of the full concert called Slaves to the Rhythm is available . In 2006 , Horn co-formed the supergroup Producers , in which Horn plays with various musicians/producers , namely Lol Creme , producer Steve Lipson , drummer Ash Soan and initially singer/songwriter Chris Braide . The band performed its first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006 . They continue to perform , now under the name the Trevor Horn Band . On 22 May 2006 , the Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental which was produced by Horn . The album reached No . 5 in the UK chart . In the same month , he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2 . Horn produced an album version of the event , Concrete , released on 23 October 2006 . Horn also produced Captains debut album , This is Hazelville , released late 2006 . He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan . For the 2008 movie Wanted ( starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie ) , Horn produced Danny Elfmans vocals on the closing credits song The Little Things . In 2009 , Horn produced the album Reality Killed the Video Star for Robbie Williams . Aside from the album title paying homage to Horns hit single with the Buggles back in 1979 , it also reflects Horn and Williams mutual disdain for the ongoing crop of reality television and music contest programmes in the UK and elsewhere . Ironically , the album was Williams first studio album not to reach number 1 in the UK , beaten to the top spot by the debut album by JLS , who were runners-up on televisions The X Factor in 2008 . 2010s . Horn was also the executive producer of Jeff Becks album , Emotion & Commotion , released in early 2010 . He returned to work with Yes again , producing their new album from October 2010 . That album , 2011s Fly From Here , is a reunion of sorts for Horns former bandmate Geoff Downes ; not only is Downes a member of the bands current incarnation , but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980 . In 2017 , Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection – Wave One , the soundtrack being released , the first album under Trevor Horns name . In January 2018 , Horn played the bass with Dire Straits Legacy for their Brazilian tour . He continued to tour with the band throughout the year . Horn re-mixed 2011s Fly From Here with Yes , adding new vocals and editing parts . The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018 . He has also been working on musicals , including one called The Robot Sings . In November 2018 , Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London . Horns new album , Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties , was released on 25 January 2019 . A single , Everybody Wants to Rule the World , with vocals by Robbie Williams , was released on 24 October 2018 . Further guests include Rumer , All Saints , Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin . Horn has been touring as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2019–20 . Influence . Producer Nigel Godrich credits Trevor Horn as an influence . Awards . - BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer - Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year ( as producer of Kiss From A Rose ) - Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry . - Honorary degree of Doctor of Music ( 2012 ) by Southampton Solent University , England . Personal life . Horn met his future wife Jill Sinclair , a former mathematics teacher and business partner , in 1977 . They married in 1980 and became business partners . They have four children : two sons , Aaron and Will , and two daughters , Gabriella and Alexandra , the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor . Aaron ( known in the industry as Aaron Audio ) , like his father , is a musician and producer . He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London . Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios . , Horn has three grandsons . He is not Jewish , but has attended synagogue with his children , who were raised in his wifes faith . In a 2019 interview , he said that he believes in [ Judaism ] more than anything else . On 25 June 2006 , while at home from Goldsmiths College , University of London , Aaron was practising with his air rifle , not realising his mother was close by . A 4.5 mm ( .177 calibre ) air gun pellet accidentally hit Jill in the neck , severing an artery and causing irreversible brain damage from hypoxia , leaving only her lower brain functions and no chance for recovery . She was taken to the Royal Berkshire Hospital intensive care unit where her condition was described as critical but stable . Communication from ZTT Records confirmed on 1 September 2006 that Jill was in a natural coma and had been moved to a rehabilitation centre . In September 2009 , Horn told The Times confirmed that she was still in a coma . In June 2012 , Horn told The Sunday Times that his wife was not in a coma , but , She cannot speak , move , or smile . The only expression she can show is of discomfort . Jill Sinclair died of cancer on 22 March 2014 , aged 61 . In late 2017 , Horns home and recording studio in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles were destroyed by the Skirball Fire . Horn indicated via Twitter that he intended to rebuild at the property . External links . - Official website |
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"the Trevor Horn Band"
] | easy | Trevor Horn became a member of what organization or association in 2006? | /wiki/Trevor_Horn#P463#2 | Trevor Horn Trevor Charles Horn ( born 15 July 1949 ) is a British music producer , label and recording studio owner , songwriter , singer and bassist . He is best known for his production work in the 1980s , and for being one half of the new wave band the Buggles ( with Geoff Downes ) . Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself the instrument and to sight-read music . In the 1970s , he worked as a session musician , built his own studio , and wrote and produced singles for various artists . Horn and Downes gained international fame in 1979 with the Buggles hit single Video Killed the Radio Star . This was followed by their one-year tenure with the progressive rock band Yes , with Horn becoming their lead singer . In 1981 , Horn became a full-time producer , working on commercially successful songs and albums for numerous artists , among them Dollar , ABC , Malcolm McLaren , Yes , and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . He ventured into business with his wife Jill Sinclair , purchasing SARM West Studios and establishing the publishers Perfect Songs and their own label , ZTT Records . In the following year , Horn co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise . In the 1990s , Horns success continued with his association with Seal . He has been a member of the supergroup Producers , later known as the Trevor Horn Band , since 2006 . Horn has won numerous awards , including three Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983 , 1985 , and 1992 . He won a Grammy Award for producing Seals 1994 hit Kiss from a Rose . In 2010 , Horn received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties . Early life . Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton Le Hole , in the North East of England and grew up near the Stonebridge Pub , Durham City . The second of four children , Horn has two sisters and a brother , Ken Horn . His father was a civil engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a semi-professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week . Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham . At around eight years of age , Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father , including the concept of playing triads . He then taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music , using guide books and practising on his fathers four-string guitar in the spare room of the house . In his early teens , Horn would fill in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig . At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge , and performed in the local youth orchestra . His interests soon turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan . At fourteen Horn played electric guitar in his first group , the Outer Limits , named after the 1963 television series of the same name , playing mainly covers by the Kinks . Horn went on to pursue a succession of day jobs , including one at a rubber company . He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week with a harmonica around my neck , and played the bass at odd gigs . Then , at seventeen , Horn decided to pursue a career in music and woke my parents up at 4am to tell them . They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths , but Horn had failed the required exams . Horns parents pleaded with him to try one more job , but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory , he was fired . I said , Thats it , Im never going into that world again! , and the next day , received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom , playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights work . Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester , performing self-written songs on a guitar . Career . 1971–1979 : Early work . At 21 , Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place . This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVays big band , and earning as a session musician , producing jingles , records , and working with rock groups . His time with Ray McVay included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing . At 24 , Horn began a period of work in Leicester where his growing interest in recording studios led to his assistance in the construction of a studio in the city , while playing the bass at Baileys club for seven nights for money . Upon completion of the studio , Horn produced songs for local artists , including a song for Leicester City F.C . By 1976 , Horn had returned to London . He played bass in Northern Lights , a covers band , which also featured keyboardist Geoff Downes and disco singer Tina Charles . Horn went on to form Tracks , a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock , with future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell , before he left the group to play in Tina Charless backing band . The two entered a short relationship , and Horn learned a lot from her inspiring producer Biddu . Also featured in Charless band were Horns future Buggles partners , keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and guitarist Bruce Woolley . In the mid-1970s , Horn worked for a music publishers on Denmark Street in London , producing demos which sometimes had Horn in charge of producing a master if a deal for a demo was made . From 1977 to 1979 , Horn worked on various singles either as a songwriter , producer , or orchestra director , without ever making any money out of it . Among his first was Natural Dance by Tony Cole and Dont Come Back by Fallen Angel and the T.C . Band , featuring Woolley as songwriter , which Horn produced under the name T.C . Horn . He wrote Boot Boot Woman , the B-side to the Boogatti single Come Back Marianne , under his real name . In 1978 , Horn wrote , sang , and produced Caribbean Air Control under the pseudonym Big A , which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve . In 1979 , a full studio album by Chromium , a sci-fi disco project named Star to Star was released that featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers , and Horns future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards . Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley , John Howard , Dusty Springfield ( Baby Blue ) and the Jags ( Back of My Hand ) . Horn scored his first production hit when Monkey Chop by Dan-I reached No . 17 on the UK singles chart in 1979 . 1978–1981 : The Buggles and Yes . In 1978 , Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley . They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album , The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) . The credits list Horn with co-production , lead vocals , guitar and bass . Its lead single Video Killed the Radio Star was released in September 1979 and reached No . 1 in the UK , propelling Horn , then aged 30 , and Downes to mainstream fame . In August 1981 , the song was the first music video to air on MTV . The success of Video Killed the Radio Star led to Horn and Downes secure management from Brian Lane , who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes . They were in need of a singer and keyboardist following the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman , which led to Horn and Downes pitching We Can Fly from Here , a demo that they had written with Yes in mind . Both accepted to join Yes and work got underway on Drama ( 1980 ) with Horn on lead vocals and fretless bass . Horn spent much of his time on the album , and cut his wedding reception short in order to resume working on it . Horn sang on the bands 1980 tour of North America and the UK , after which he left to become a full-time producer . In 1981 , he completed a second Buggles album Adventures in Modern Recording largely on his own following Downess decision to form Asia . Horn resumed working with Yes as a producer on their albums 90125 ( 1983 ) and Big Generator ( 1987 ) . Horn rated Owner of a Lonely Heart , the lead single from 90125 , as technically his best work . 1981–present : Producer and other projects . 1980s . In early 1981 , Horn left Yes and became a full-time producer . His wife advised him to branch off from being an instrumental musician as he could reach greater success in production , and subsequently she became Horns manager . He assembled a studio rig which included a Roland TR-808 drum machine and sequencer and a set of Simmons electronic drum modules . He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI synthesiser , one of four in the country at the time . I knew what it was capable of , because I understood what it did . Most other people didnt understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world . Horn realised he needed full-time assistance in operating the machine and hired J . J . Jeczalik to programme it . For his use of the Fairlight , Horn is credited as the key architect in incorporating sampling into the language of pop . Horn had commercial success with his first project , The Dollar Album ( 1982 ) by pop duo Dollar , which his wife had assigned him to work on . He co-wrote and produced four songs that follow a love story across them : Mirror Mirror , Hand Held in Black and White , Give Me Back My Heart , and Videotheque . All four became top 20 hits in the UK . The potent production work made him noticed by other bands and it was followed by even greater success with The Lexicon of Love ( 1982 ) by ABC , which reached No . 1 on the UK albums chart . It was during these sessions that Horn acquired a LinnDrum drum machine , and assembled a team that would characterise and define the sound of much of his work in the 1980s , with Dudley on keyboards and arrangements , Gary Langan and later Stephen Lipson as chief engineer , Jeczalik as programmer , backing vocalist Tessa Webb , and percussionist Luis Jardim . In 1982 , Horn and his wife formed a music publishing company , Perfect Songs . This coincided with their then recent acquisition of Basing Street Studios , which also housed the fledgling publishing company . Perfect Songs was able to harness and develop the up-and-coming young artists working in the recording studio . The first to be signed were Frankie Goes to Hollywood , followed by Art of Noise and Propaganda . These first few signings to the company were instrumental in establishing the company ethos of innovation and artiste development , taking risks and signing acts far into the left field . In 1983 , Horn and his wife purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it SARM West Studios . The deal included the rights for them to operate a record label through Island Records distribution which led to the formation of ZTT Records with NME writer Paul Morley . It is named after the sound poem of the same name by Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . During 1982 and 1983 , Horn worked with Malcolm McLaren and Anne Dudley , writing numerous worldwide hits including Buffalo Gals , Double Dutch , Duck for the Oyster and the Duck Rock album . In 1983 , Horn also co-formed Art of Noise , co-writing several hits including Close ( To the Edit ) , Beat Box , Moments in Love , and Slave to the Rhythm . This was originally intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywoods second single , but was instead given to Grace Jones . Horn and his studio team reworked and reinterpreted it , jazz style , into six separate songs to form Joness album Slave to the Rhythm . Horn got David Gilmour to play the guitar . In 1984 , Horn was approached by Bob Geldof to produce the song Do They Know Its Christmas? , but he was unavailable . Instead , he gave use of SARM West Studio free of charge to the project for 24 hours , which Geldof accepted , assigning Midge Ure as the producer instead . The song was recorded and mixed on 25 November . Horn produced the B-side featuring messages from artists who had and had not made the recording , including David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Paul McCartney , Big Country , and Holly Johnson . They were also recorded over the same backing track as the Do They Know Its Christmas ? Several musicians have described Horns style of production as dominating . Frankie Goes to Hollywoods debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome barely featured any of the bands performances , instead featuring Horn and session musicians ( lead single Relax cost £70,000 spent across three sessions that included scrapped versions by the band and by Ian Durys backing band , before Horn re-recorded the song himself ) ; and the Pet Shop Boys remarked that although Horn had promised to complete their single Left to My Own Devices in a couple of weeks , it took several months for them to receive the final mix due to the lavish live orchestration and studio work . In the late 1980s , Horn relocated to Bel Air , Los Angeles where he established Sarm West Coast LA , a residential recording studio . 1990s . In 1990 , Horn produced English musician Seals eponymous debut album . This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seals voice and a musical empathy with how he works and the songs he writes . Seal reached No . 1 in the UK and lead single Crazy went to No . 2 . The album marked a turning point in Horns production method , switching typical studio hardware for computers , and recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software . Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh . At this stage of his career , Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs and brought in other remixers to make them , while concentrating on albums . He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almonds 1991 album Tenement Symphony , including the three singles on the album : Jacky , My Hand Over My Heart and The Days of Pearly Spencer , which reached #4 in the UK charts . In the 1990s , Horn wrote two songs for solo female singers . Riding into Blue ( Cowboy Song ) was recorded by Inga Humpe and Docklands was recorded by Betsy Cook . He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album , The Driver and The Shape of Things to Come for Chers 1995 album Its a Mans World . Horn co-produced Mike Oldfields 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman . Horn co-wrote the theme song Everybody Up to the TV programme The Glam Metal Detectives , a comedy sketch show which appeared on BBC Two in 1995 . This was another collaboration with Lol Creme . Horns songwriting can be heard on numerous film soundtracks . In 1992 , Horn collaborated with composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the film Toys , which included interpretations by Tori Amos , Pat Metheny and Thomas Dolby . In the mid-1990s , Horn bought Hook End Manor and renamed its recording facility SARM Hook End . He put the property on sale in 2007 for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill in London . In 1995 , Horn produced The Carpet Crawlers 1999 , a rerecording of The Carpet Crawlers by Genesis which featured vocals from their former singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins . It was released on their ( 1999 ) box set . 2000s . In the 2000s , Horn provided additional production on three international hits for t.A.T.u. , All the Things She Said , Not Gonna Get Us , and Clowns ( Can You See Me Now ) . He also produced the theme tune to the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , Cant Fight the Moonlight , recorded by Leann Rimes , co-wrote Pass the Flame ( the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens ) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfields 2004 album The Moment . He co-wrote Sound the Bugle , performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . and : produced 3 tracks ( La Sombra del Gigante , Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia ) of Stilelibero ( Freestyle ) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti , released on 29 May 2001 . On 11 November 2004 , a Princes Trust charity concert celebrating Horns 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena . Performers at the show included the Buggles , Bruce Woolley , ABC , Art of Noise , Belle & Sebastian , Lisa Stansfield , Pet Shop Boys , Seal , Dollar , Propaganda , t.A.T.u. , Yes , Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( with Ryan Molloy replacing original vocalist Holly Johnson ) . A double album , Produced by Trevor Horn , was released in conjunction with the concert . An edited version of the concert has been broadcast on television in several countries under the title 25 Years of Pop : Produced by Trevor Horn , and a DVD release of the full concert called Slaves to the Rhythm is available . In 2006 , Horn co-formed the supergroup Producers , in which Horn plays with various musicians/producers , namely Lol Creme , producer Steve Lipson , drummer Ash Soan and initially singer/songwriter Chris Braide . The band performed its first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006 . They continue to perform , now under the name the Trevor Horn Band . On 22 May 2006 , the Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental which was produced by Horn . The album reached No . 5 in the UK chart . In the same month , he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2 . Horn produced an album version of the event , Concrete , released on 23 October 2006 . Horn also produced Captains debut album , This is Hazelville , released late 2006 . He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan . For the 2008 movie Wanted ( starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie ) , Horn produced Danny Elfmans vocals on the closing credits song The Little Things . In 2009 , Horn produced the album Reality Killed the Video Star for Robbie Williams . Aside from the album title paying homage to Horns hit single with the Buggles back in 1979 , it also reflects Horn and Williams mutual disdain for the ongoing crop of reality television and music contest programmes in the UK and elsewhere . Ironically , the album was Williams first studio album not to reach number 1 in the UK , beaten to the top spot by the debut album by JLS , who were runners-up on televisions The X Factor in 2008 . 2010s . Horn was also the executive producer of Jeff Becks album , Emotion & Commotion , released in early 2010 . He returned to work with Yes again , producing their new album from October 2010 . That album , 2011s Fly From Here , is a reunion of sorts for Horns former bandmate Geoff Downes ; not only is Downes a member of the bands current incarnation , but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980 . In 2017 , Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection – Wave One , the soundtrack being released , the first album under Trevor Horns name . In January 2018 , Horn played the bass with Dire Straits Legacy for their Brazilian tour . He continued to tour with the band throughout the year . Horn re-mixed 2011s Fly From Here with Yes , adding new vocals and editing parts . The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018 . He has also been working on musicals , including one called The Robot Sings . In November 2018 , Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London . Horns new album , Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties , was released on 25 January 2019 . A single , Everybody Wants to Rule the World , with vocals by Robbie Williams , was released on 24 October 2018 . Further guests include Rumer , All Saints , Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin . Horn has been touring as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2019–20 . Influence . Producer Nigel Godrich credits Trevor Horn as an influence . Awards . - BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer - Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year ( as producer of Kiss From A Rose ) - Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry . - Honorary degree of Doctor of Music ( 2012 ) by Southampton Solent University , England . Personal life . Horn met his future wife Jill Sinclair , a former mathematics teacher and business partner , in 1977 . They married in 1980 and became business partners . They have four children : two sons , Aaron and Will , and two daughters , Gabriella and Alexandra , the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor . Aaron ( known in the industry as Aaron Audio ) , like his father , is a musician and producer . He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London . Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios . , Horn has three grandsons . He is not Jewish , but has attended synagogue with his children , who were raised in his wifes faith . In a 2019 interview , he said that he believes in [ Judaism ] more than anything else . On 25 June 2006 , while at home from Goldsmiths College , University of London , Aaron was practising with his air rifle , not realising his mother was close by . A 4.5 mm ( .177 calibre ) air gun pellet accidentally hit Jill in the neck , severing an artery and causing irreversible brain damage from hypoxia , leaving only her lower brain functions and no chance for recovery . She was taken to the Royal Berkshire Hospital intensive care unit where her condition was described as critical but stable . Communication from ZTT Records confirmed on 1 September 2006 that Jill was in a natural coma and had been moved to a rehabilitation centre . In September 2009 , Horn told The Times confirmed that she was still in a coma . In June 2012 , Horn told The Sunday Times that his wife was not in a coma , but , She cannot speak , move , or smile . The only expression she can show is of discomfort . Jill Sinclair died of cancer on 22 March 2014 , aged 61 . In late 2017 , Horns home and recording studio in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles were destroyed by the Skirball Fire . Horn indicated via Twitter that he intended to rebuild at the property . External links . - Official website |
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] | easy | Trevor Horn became a member of what organization or association in 1983? | /wiki/Trevor_Horn#P463#3 | Trevor Horn Trevor Charles Horn ( born 15 July 1949 ) is a British music producer , label and recording studio owner , songwriter , singer and bassist . He is best known for his production work in the 1980s , and for being one half of the new wave band the Buggles ( with Geoff Downes ) . Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself the instrument and to sight-read music . In the 1970s , he worked as a session musician , built his own studio , and wrote and produced singles for various artists . Horn and Downes gained international fame in 1979 with the Buggles hit single Video Killed the Radio Star . This was followed by their one-year tenure with the progressive rock band Yes , with Horn becoming their lead singer . In 1981 , Horn became a full-time producer , working on commercially successful songs and albums for numerous artists , among them Dollar , ABC , Malcolm McLaren , Yes , and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . He ventured into business with his wife Jill Sinclair , purchasing SARM West Studios and establishing the publishers Perfect Songs and their own label , ZTT Records . In the following year , Horn co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise . In the 1990s , Horns success continued with his association with Seal . He has been a member of the supergroup Producers , later known as the Trevor Horn Band , since 2006 . Horn has won numerous awards , including three Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983 , 1985 , and 1992 . He won a Grammy Award for producing Seals 1994 hit Kiss from a Rose . In 2010 , Horn received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties . Early life . Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton Le Hole , in the North East of England and grew up near the Stonebridge Pub , Durham City . The second of four children , Horn has two sisters and a brother , Ken Horn . His father was a civil engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a semi-professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week . Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham . At around eight years of age , Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father , including the concept of playing triads . He then taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music , using guide books and practising on his fathers four-string guitar in the spare room of the house . In his early teens , Horn would fill in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig . At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge , and performed in the local youth orchestra . His interests soon turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan . At fourteen Horn played electric guitar in his first group , the Outer Limits , named after the 1963 television series of the same name , playing mainly covers by the Kinks . Horn went on to pursue a succession of day jobs , including one at a rubber company . He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week with a harmonica around my neck , and played the bass at odd gigs . Then , at seventeen , Horn decided to pursue a career in music and woke my parents up at 4am to tell them . They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths , but Horn had failed the required exams . Horns parents pleaded with him to try one more job , but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory , he was fired . I said , Thats it , Im never going into that world again! , and the next day , received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom , playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights work . Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester , performing self-written songs on a guitar . Career . 1971–1979 : Early work . At 21 , Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place . This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVays big band , and earning as a session musician , producing jingles , records , and working with rock groups . His time with Ray McVay included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing . At 24 , Horn began a period of work in Leicester where his growing interest in recording studios led to his assistance in the construction of a studio in the city , while playing the bass at Baileys club for seven nights for money . Upon completion of the studio , Horn produced songs for local artists , including a song for Leicester City F.C . By 1976 , Horn had returned to London . He played bass in Northern Lights , a covers band , which also featured keyboardist Geoff Downes and disco singer Tina Charles . Horn went on to form Tracks , a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock , with future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell , before he left the group to play in Tina Charless backing band . The two entered a short relationship , and Horn learned a lot from her inspiring producer Biddu . Also featured in Charless band were Horns future Buggles partners , keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and guitarist Bruce Woolley . In the mid-1970s , Horn worked for a music publishers on Denmark Street in London , producing demos which sometimes had Horn in charge of producing a master if a deal for a demo was made . From 1977 to 1979 , Horn worked on various singles either as a songwriter , producer , or orchestra director , without ever making any money out of it . Among his first was Natural Dance by Tony Cole and Dont Come Back by Fallen Angel and the T.C . Band , featuring Woolley as songwriter , which Horn produced under the name T.C . Horn . He wrote Boot Boot Woman , the B-side to the Boogatti single Come Back Marianne , under his real name . In 1978 , Horn wrote , sang , and produced Caribbean Air Control under the pseudonym Big A , which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve . In 1979 , a full studio album by Chromium , a sci-fi disco project named Star to Star was released that featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers , and Horns future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards . Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley , John Howard , Dusty Springfield ( Baby Blue ) and the Jags ( Back of My Hand ) . Horn scored his first production hit when Monkey Chop by Dan-I reached No . 17 on the UK singles chart in 1979 . 1978–1981 : The Buggles and Yes . In 1978 , Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley . They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album , The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) . The credits list Horn with co-production , lead vocals , guitar and bass . Its lead single Video Killed the Radio Star was released in September 1979 and reached No . 1 in the UK , propelling Horn , then aged 30 , and Downes to mainstream fame . In August 1981 , the song was the first music video to air on MTV . The success of Video Killed the Radio Star led to Horn and Downes secure management from Brian Lane , who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes . They were in need of a singer and keyboardist following the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman , which led to Horn and Downes pitching We Can Fly from Here , a demo that they had written with Yes in mind . Both accepted to join Yes and work got underway on Drama ( 1980 ) with Horn on lead vocals and fretless bass . Horn spent much of his time on the album , and cut his wedding reception short in order to resume working on it . Horn sang on the bands 1980 tour of North America and the UK , after which he left to become a full-time producer . In 1981 , he completed a second Buggles album Adventures in Modern Recording largely on his own following Downess decision to form Asia . Horn resumed working with Yes as a producer on their albums 90125 ( 1983 ) and Big Generator ( 1987 ) . Horn rated Owner of a Lonely Heart , the lead single from 90125 , as technically his best work . 1981–present : Producer and other projects . 1980s . In early 1981 , Horn left Yes and became a full-time producer . His wife advised him to branch off from being an instrumental musician as he could reach greater success in production , and subsequently she became Horns manager . He assembled a studio rig which included a Roland TR-808 drum machine and sequencer and a set of Simmons electronic drum modules . He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI synthesiser , one of four in the country at the time . I knew what it was capable of , because I understood what it did . Most other people didnt understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world . Horn realised he needed full-time assistance in operating the machine and hired J . J . Jeczalik to programme it . For his use of the Fairlight , Horn is credited as the key architect in incorporating sampling into the language of pop . Horn had commercial success with his first project , The Dollar Album ( 1982 ) by pop duo Dollar , which his wife had assigned him to work on . He co-wrote and produced four songs that follow a love story across them : Mirror Mirror , Hand Held in Black and White , Give Me Back My Heart , and Videotheque . All four became top 20 hits in the UK . The potent production work made him noticed by other bands and it was followed by even greater success with The Lexicon of Love ( 1982 ) by ABC , which reached No . 1 on the UK albums chart . It was during these sessions that Horn acquired a LinnDrum drum machine , and assembled a team that would characterise and define the sound of much of his work in the 1980s , with Dudley on keyboards and arrangements , Gary Langan and later Stephen Lipson as chief engineer , Jeczalik as programmer , backing vocalist Tessa Webb , and percussionist Luis Jardim . In 1982 , Horn and his wife formed a music publishing company , Perfect Songs . This coincided with their then recent acquisition of Basing Street Studios , which also housed the fledgling publishing company . Perfect Songs was able to harness and develop the up-and-coming young artists working in the recording studio . The first to be signed were Frankie Goes to Hollywood , followed by Art of Noise and Propaganda . These first few signings to the company were instrumental in establishing the company ethos of innovation and artiste development , taking risks and signing acts far into the left field . In 1983 , Horn and his wife purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it SARM West Studios . The deal included the rights for them to operate a record label through Island Records distribution which led to the formation of ZTT Records with NME writer Paul Morley . It is named after the sound poem of the same name by Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . During 1982 and 1983 , Horn worked with Malcolm McLaren and Anne Dudley , writing numerous worldwide hits including Buffalo Gals , Double Dutch , Duck for the Oyster and the Duck Rock album . In 1983 , Horn also co-formed Art of Noise , co-writing several hits including Close ( To the Edit ) , Beat Box , Moments in Love , and Slave to the Rhythm . This was originally intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywoods second single , but was instead given to Grace Jones . Horn and his studio team reworked and reinterpreted it , jazz style , into six separate songs to form Joness album Slave to the Rhythm . Horn got David Gilmour to play the guitar . In 1984 , Horn was approached by Bob Geldof to produce the song Do They Know Its Christmas? , but he was unavailable . Instead , he gave use of SARM West Studio free of charge to the project for 24 hours , which Geldof accepted , assigning Midge Ure as the producer instead . The song was recorded and mixed on 25 November . Horn produced the B-side featuring messages from artists who had and had not made the recording , including David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Paul McCartney , Big Country , and Holly Johnson . They were also recorded over the same backing track as the Do They Know Its Christmas ? Several musicians have described Horns style of production as dominating . Frankie Goes to Hollywoods debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome barely featured any of the bands performances , instead featuring Horn and session musicians ( lead single Relax cost £70,000 spent across three sessions that included scrapped versions by the band and by Ian Durys backing band , before Horn re-recorded the song himself ) ; and the Pet Shop Boys remarked that although Horn had promised to complete their single Left to My Own Devices in a couple of weeks , it took several months for them to receive the final mix due to the lavish live orchestration and studio work . In the late 1980s , Horn relocated to Bel Air , Los Angeles where he established Sarm West Coast LA , a residential recording studio . 1990s . In 1990 , Horn produced English musician Seals eponymous debut album . This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seals voice and a musical empathy with how he works and the songs he writes . Seal reached No . 1 in the UK and lead single Crazy went to No . 2 . The album marked a turning point in Horns production method , switching typical studio hardware for computers , and recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software . Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh . At this stage of his career , Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs and brought in other remixers to make them , while concentrating on albums . He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almonds 1991 album Tenement Symphony , including the three singles on the album : Jacky , My Hand Over My Heart and The Days of Pearly Spencer , which reached #4 in the UK charts . In the 1990s , Horn wrote two songs for solo female singers . Riding into Blue ( Cowboy Song ) was recorded by Inga Humpe and Docklands was recorded by Betsy Cook . He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album , The Driver and The Shape of Things to Come for Chers 1995 album Its a Mans World . Horn co-produced Mike Oldfields 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman . Horn co-wrote the theme song Everybody Up to the TV programme The Glam Metal Detectives , a comedy sketch show which appeared on BBC Two in 1995 . This was another collaboration with Lol Creme . Horns songwriting can be heard on numerous film soundtracks . In 1992 , Horn collaborated with composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the film Toys , which included interpretations by Tori Amos , Pat Metheny and Thomas Dolby . In the mid-1990s , Horn bought Hook End Manor and renamed its recording facility SARM Hook End . He put the property on sale in 2007 for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill in London . In 1995 , Horn produced The Carpet Crawlers 1999 , a rerecording of The Carpet Crawlers by Genesis which featured vocals from their former singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins . It was released on their ( 1999 ) box set . 2000s . In the 2000s , Horn provided additional production on three international hits for t.A.T.u. , All the Things She Said , Not Gonna Get Us , and Clowns ( Can You See Me Now ) . He also produced the theme tune to the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , Cant Fight the Moonlight , recorded by Leann Rimes , co-wrote Pass the Flame ( the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens ) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfields 2004 album The Moment . He co-wrote Sound the Bugle , performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . and : produced 3 tracks ( La Sombra del Gigante , Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia ) of Stilelibero ( Freestyle ) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti , released on 29 May 2001 . On 11 November 2004 , a Princes Trust charity concert celebrating Horns 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena . Performers at the show included the Buggles , Bruce Woolley , ABC , Art of Noise , Belle & Sebastian , Lisa Stansfield , Pet Shop Boys , Seal , Dollar , Propaganda , t.A.T.u. , Yes , Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( with Ryan Molloy replacing original vocalist Holly Johnson ) . A double album , Produced by Trevor Horn , was released in conjunction with the concert . An edited version of the concert has been broadcast on television in several countries under the title 25 Years of Pop : Produced by Trevor Horn , and a DVD release of the full concert called Slaves to the Rhythm is available . In 2006 , Horn co-formed the supergroup Producers , in which Horn plays with various musicians/producers , namely Lol Creme , producer Steve Lipson , drummer Ash Soan and initially singer/songwriter Chris Braide . The band performed its first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006 . They continue to perform , now under the name the Trevor Horn Band . On 22 May 2006 , the Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental which was produced by Horn . The album reached No . 5 in the UK chart . In the same month , he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2 . Horn produced an album version of the event , Concrete , released on 23 October 2006 . Horn also produced Captains debut album , This is Hazelville , released late 2006 . He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan . For the 2008 movie Wanted ( starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie ) , Horn produced Danny Elfmans vocals on the closing credits song The Little Things . In 2009 , Horn produced the album Reality Killed the Video Star for Robbie Williams . Aside from the album title paying homage to Horns hit single with the Buggles back in 1979 , it also reflects Horn and Williams mutual disdain for the ongoing crop of reality television and music contest programmes in the UK and elsewhere . Ironically , the album was Williams first studio album not to reach number 1 in the UK , beaten to the top spot by the debut album by JLS , who were runners-up on televisions The X Factor in 2008 . 2010s . Horn was also the executive producer of Jeff Becks album , Emotion & Commotion , released in early 2010 . He returned to work with Yes again , producing their new album from October 2010 . That album , 2011s Fly From Here , is a reunion of sorts for Horns former bandmate Geoff Downes ; not only is Downes a member of the bands current incarnation , but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980 . In 2017 , Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection – Wave One , the soundtrack being released , the first album under Trevor Horns name . In January 2018 , Horn played the bass with Dire Straits Legacy for their Brazilian tour . He continued to tour with the band throughout the year . Horn re-mixed 2011s Fly From Here with Yes , adding new vocals and editing parts . The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018 . He has also been working on musicals , including one called The Robot Sings . In November 2018 , Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London . Horns new album , Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties , was released on 25 January 2019 . A single , Everybody Wants to Rule the World , with vocals by Robbie Williams , was released on 24 October 2018 . Further guests include Rumer , All Saints , Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin . Horn has been touring as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2019–20 . Influence . Producer Nigel Godrich credits Trevor Horn as an influence . Awards . - BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer - Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year ( as producer of Kiss From A Rose ) - Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry . - Honorary degree of Doctor of Music ( 2012 ) by Southampton Solent University , England . Personal life . Horn met his future wife Jill Sinclair , a former mathematics teacher and business partner , in 1977 . They married in 1980 and became business partners . They have four children : two sons , Aaron and Will , and two daughters , Gabriella and Alexandra , the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor . Aaron ( known in the industry as Aaron Audio ) , like his father , is a musician and producer . He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London . Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios . , Horn has three grandsons . He is not Jewish , but has attended synagogue with his children , who were raised in his wifes faith . In a 2019 interview , he said that he believes in [ Judaism ] more than anything else . On 25 June 2006 , while at home from Goldsmiths College , University of London , Aaron was practising with his air rifle , not realising his mother was close by . A 4.5 mm ( .177 calibre ) air gun pellet accidentally hit Jill in the neck , severing an artery and causing irreversible brain damage from hypoxia , leaving only her lower brain functions and no chance for recovery . She was taken to the Royal Berkshire Hospital intensive care unit where her condition was described as critical but stable . Communication from ZTT Records confirmed on 1 September 2006 that Jill was in a natural coma and had been moved to a rehabilitation centre . In September 2009 , Horn told The Times confirmed that she was still in a coma . In June 2012 , Horn told The Sunday Times that his wife was not in a coma , but , She cannot speak , move , or smile . The only expression she can show is of discomfort . Jill Sinclair died of cancer on 22 March 2014 , aged 61 . In late 2017 , Horns home and recording studio in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles were destroyed by the Skirball Fire . Horn indicated via Twitter that he intended to rebuild at the property . External links . - Official website |
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] | easy | What organization did Trevor Horn join in 1998? | /wiki/Trevor_Horn#P463#4 | Trevor Horn Trevor Charles Horn ( born 15 July 1949 ) is a British music producer , label and recording studio owner , songwriter , singer and bassist . He is best known for his production work in the 1980s , and for being one half of the new wave band the Buggles ( with Geoff Downes ) . Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself the instrument and to sight-read music . In the 1970s , he worked as a session musician , built his own studio , and wrote and produced singles for various artists . Horn and Downes gained international fame in 1979 with the Buggles hit single Video Killed the Radio Star . This was followed by their one-year tenure with the progressive rock band Yes , with Horn becoming their lead singer . In 1981 , Horn became a full-time producer , working on commercially successful songs and albums for numerous artists , among them Dollar , ABC , Malcolm McLaren , Yes , and Frankie Goes to Hollywood . He ventured into business with his wife Jill Sinclair , purchasing SARM West Studios and establishing the publishers Perfect Songs and their own label , ZTT Records . In the following year , Horn co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise . In the 1990s , Horns success continued with his association with Seal . He has been a member of the supergroup Producers , later known as the Trevor Horn Band , since 2006 . Horn has won numerous awards , including three Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983 , 1985 , and 1992 . He won a Grammy Award for producing Seals 1994 hit Kiss from a Rose . In 2010 , Horn received an Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called The Man Who Invented the Eighties . Early life . Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton Le Hole , in the North East of England and grew up near the Stonebridge Pub , Durham City . The second of four children , Horn has two sisters and a brother , Ken Horn . His father was a civil engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a semi-professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week . Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham . At around eight years of age , Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father , including the concept of playing triads . He then taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music , using guide books and practising on his fathers four-string guitar in the spare room of the house . In his early teens , Horn would fill in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig . At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge , and performed in the local youth orchestra . His interests soon turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and Bob Dylan . At fourteen Horn played electric guitar in his first group , the Outer Limits , named after the 1963 television series of the same name , playing mainly covers by the Kinks . Horn went on to pursue a succession of day jobs , including one at a rubber company . He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week with a harmonica around my neck , and played the bass at odd gigs . Then , at seventeen , Horn decided to pursue a career in music and woke my parents up at 4am to tell them . They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths , but Horn had failed the required exams . Horns parents pleaded with him to try one more job , but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory , he was fired . I said , Thats it , Im never going into that world again! , and the next day , received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom , playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights work . Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester , performing self-written songs on a guitar . Career . 1971–1979 : Early work . At 21 , Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place . This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVays big band , and earning as a session musician , producing jingles , records , and working with rock groups . His time with Ray McVay included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing . At 24 , Horn began a period of work in Leicester where his growing interest in recording studios led to his assistance in the construction of a studio in the city , while playing the bass at Baileys club for seven nights for money . Upon completion of the studio , Horn produced songs for local artists , including a song for Leicester City F.C . By 1976 , Horn had returned to London . He played bass in Northern Lights , a covers band , which also featured keyboardist Geoff Downes and disco singer Tina Charles . Horn went on to form Tracks , a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock , with future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell , before he left the group to play in Tina Charless backing band . The two entered a short relationship , and Horn learned a lot from her inspiring producer Biddu . Also featured in Charless band were Horns future Buggles partners , keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and guitarist Bruce Woolley . In the mid-1970s , Horn worked for a music publishers on Denmark Street in London , producing demos which sometimes had Horn in charge of producing a master if a deal for a demo was made . From 1977 to 1979 , Horn worked on various singles either as a songwriter , producer , or orchestra director , without ever making any money out of it . Among his first was Natural Dance by Tony Cole and Dont Come Back by Fallen Angel and the T.C . Band , featuring Woolley as songwriter , which Horn produced under the name T.C . Horn . He wrote Boot Boot Woman , the B-side to the Boogatti single Come Back Marianne , under his real name . In 1978 , Horn wrote , sang , and produced Caribbean Air Control under the pseudonym Big A , which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve . In 1979 , a full studio album by Chromium , a sci-fi disco project named Star to Star was released that featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers , and Horns future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards . Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley , John Howard , Dusty Springfield ( Baby Blue ) and the Jags ( Back of My Hand ) . Horn scored his first production hit when Monkey Chop by Dan-I reached No . 17 on the UK singles chart in 1979 . 1978–1981 : The Buggles and Yes . In 1978 , Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley . They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album , The Age of Plastic ( 1980 ) . The credits list Horn with co-production , lead vocals , guitar and bass . Its lead single Video Killed the Radio Star was released in September 1979 and reached No . 1 in the UK , propelling Horn , then aged 30 , and Downes to mainstream fame . In August 1981 , the song was the first music video to air on MTV . The success of Video Killed the Radio Star led to Horn and Downes secure management from Brian Lane , who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes . They were in need of a singer and keyboardist following the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman , which led to Horn and Downes pitching We Can Fly from Here , a demo that they had written with Yes in mind . Both accepted to join Yes and work got underway on Drama ( 1980 ) with Horn on lead vocals and fretless bass . Horn spent much of his time on the album , and cut his wedding reception short in order to resume working on it . Horn sang on the bands 1980 tour of North America and the UK , after which he left to become a full-time producer . In 1981 , he completed a second Buggles album Adventures in Modern Recording largely on his own following Downess decision to form Asia . Horn resumed working with Yes as a producer on their albums 90125 ( 1983 ) and Big Generator ( 1987 ) . Horn rated Owner of a Lonely Heart , the lead single from 90125 , as technically his best work . 1981–present : Producer and other projects . 1980s . In early 1981 , Horn left Yes and became a full-time producer . His wife advised him to branch off from being an instrumental musician as he could reach greater success in production , and subsequently she became Horns manager . He assembled a studio rig which included a Roland TR-808 drum machine and sequencer and a set of Simmons electronic drum modules . He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI synthesiser , one of four in the country at the time . I knew what it was capable of , because I understood what it did . Most other people didnt understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world . Horn realised he needed full-time assistance in operating the machine and hired J . J . Jeczalik to programme it . For his use of the Fairlight , Horn is credited as the key architect in incorporating sampling into the language of pop . Horn had commercial success with his first project , The Dollar Album ( 1982 ) by pop duo Dollar , which his wife had assigned him to work on . He co-wrote and produced four songs that follow a love story across them : Mirror Mirror , Hand Held in Black and White , Give Me Back My Heart , and Videotheque . All four became top 20 hits in the UK . The potent production work made him noticed by other bands and it was followed by even greater success with The Lexicon of Love ( 1982 ) by ABC , which reached No . 1 on the UK albums chart . It was during these sessions that Horn acquired a LinnDrum drum machine , and assembled a team that would characterise and define the sound of much of his work in the 1980s , with Dudley on keyboards and arrangements , Gary Langan and later Stephen Lipson as chief engineer , Jeczalik as programmer , backing vocalist Tessa Webb , and percussionist Luis Jardim . In 1982 , Horn and his wife formed a music publishing company , Perfect Songs . This coincided with their then recent acquisition of Basing Street Studios , which also housed the fledgling publishing company . Perfect Songs was able to harness and develop the up-and-coming young artists working in the recording studio . The first to be signed were Frankie Goes to Hollywood , followed by Art of Noise and Propaganda . These first few signings to the company were instrumental in establishing the company ethos of innovation and artiste development , taking risks and signing acts far into the left field . In 1983 , Horn and his wife purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it SARM West Studios . The deal included the rights for them to operate a record label through Island Records distribution which led to the formation of ZTT Records with NME writer Paul Morley . It is named after the sound poem of the same name by Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti . During 1982 and 1983 , Horn worked with Malcolm McLaren and Anne Dudley , writing numerous worldwide hits including Buffalo Gals , Double Dutch , Duck for the Oyster and the Duck Rock album . In 1983 , Horn also co-formed Art of Noise , co-writing several hits including Close ( To the Edit ) , Beat Box , Moments in Love , and Slave to the Rhythm . This was originally intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywoods second single , but was instead given to Grace Jones . Horn and his studio team reworked and reinterpreted it , jazz style , into six separate songs to form Joness album Slave to the Rhythm . Horn got David Gilmour to play the guitar . In 1984 , Horn was approached by Bob Geldof to produce the song Do They Know Its Christmas? , but he was unavailable . Instead , he gave use of SARM West Studio free of charge to the project for 24 hours , which Geldof accepted , assigning Midge Ure as the producer instead . The song was recorded and mixed on 25 November . Horn produced the B-side featuring messages from artists who had and had not made the recording , including David Bowie , Annie Lennox , Paul McCartney , Big Country , and Holly Johnson . They were also recorded over the same backing track as the Do They Know Its Christmas ? Several musicians have described Horns style of production as dominating . Frankie Goes to Hollywoods debut album Welcome to the Pleasuredome barely featured any of the bands performances , instead featuring Horn and session musicians ( lead single Relax cost £70,000 spent across three sessions that included scrapped versions by the band and by Ian Durys backing band , before Horn re-recorded the song himself ) ; and the Pet Shop Boys remarked that although Horn had promised to complete their single Left to My Own Devices in a couple of weeks , it took several months for them to receive the final mix due to the lavish live orchestration and studio work . In the late 1980s , Horn relocated to Bel Air , Los Angeles where he established Sarm West Coast LA , a residential recording studio . 1990s . In 1990 , Horn produced English musician Seals eponymous debut album . This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seals voice and a musical empathy with how he works and the songs he writes . Seal reached No . 1 in the UK and lead single Crazy went to No . 2 . The album marked a turning point in Horns production method , switching typical studio hardware for computers , and recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software . Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh . At this stage of his career , Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs and brought in other remixers to make them , while concentrating on albums . He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almonds 1991 album Tenement Symphony , including the three singles on the album : Jacky , My Hand Over My Heart and The Days of Pearly Spencer , which reached #4 in the UK charts . In the 1990s , Horn wrote two songs for solo female singers . Riding into Blue ( Cowboy Song ) was recorded by Inga Humpe and Docklands was recorded by Betsy Cook . He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album , The Driver and The Shape of Things to Come for Chers 1995 album Its a Mans World . Horn co-produced Mike Oldfields 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman . Horn co-wrote the theme song Everybody Up to the TV programme The Glam Metal Detectives , a comedy sketch show which appeared on BBC Two in 1995 . This was another collaboration with Lol Creme . Horns songwriting can be heard on numerous film soundtracks . In 1992 , Horn collaborated with composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the film Toys , which included interpretations by Tori Amos , Pat Metheny and Thomas Dolby . In the mid-1990s , Horn bought Hook End Manor and renamed its recording facility SARM Hook End . He put the property on sale in 2007 for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill in London . In 1995 , Horn produced The Carpet Crawlers 1999 , a rerecording of The Carpet Crawlers by Genesis which featured vocals from their former singers Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins . It was released on their ( 1999 ) box set . 2000s . In the 2000s , Horn provided additional production on three international hits for t.A.T.u. , All the Things She Said , Not Gonna Get Us , and Clowns ( Can You See Me Now ) . He also produced the theme tune to the 2000 film Coyote Ugly , Cant Fight the Moonlight , recorded by Leann Rimes , co-wrote Pass the Flame ( the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens ) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfields 2004 album The Moment . He co-wrote Sound the Bugle , performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack . and : produced 3 tracks ( La Sombra del Gigante , Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia ) of Stilelibero ( Freestyle ) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti , released on 29 May 2001 . On 11 November 2004 , a Princes Trust charity concert celebrating Horns 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena . Performers at the show included the Buggles , Bruce Woolley , ABC , Art of Noise , Belle & Sebastian , Lisa Stansfield , Pet Shop Boys , Seal , Dollar , Propaganda , t.A.T.u. , Yes , Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood ( with Ryan Molloy replacing original vocalist Holly Johnson ) . A double album , Produced by Trevor Horn , was released in conjunction with the concert . An edited version of the concert has been broadcast on television in several countries under the title 25 Years of Pop : Produced by Trevor Horn , and a DVD release of the full concert called Slaves to the Rhythm is available . In 2006 , Horn co-formed the supergroup Producers , in which Horn plays with various musicians/producers , namely Lol Creme , producer Steve Lipson , drummer Ash Soan and initially singer/songwriter Chris Braide . The band performed its first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006 . They continue to perform , now under the name the Trevor Horn Band . On 22 May 2006 , the Pet Shop Boys released their album Fundamental which was produced by Horn . The album reached No . 5 in the UK chart . In the same month , he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2 . Horn produced an album version of the event , Concrete , released on 23 October 2006 . Horn also produced Captains debut album , This is Hazelville , released late 2006 . He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan . For the 2008 movie Wanted ( starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie ) , Horn produced Danny Elfmans vocals on the closing credits song The Little Things . In 2009 , Horn produced the album Reality Killed the Video Star for Robbie Williams . Aside from the album title paying homage to Horns hit single with the Buggles back in 1979 , it also reflects Horn and Williams mutual disdain for the ongoing crop of reality television and music contest programmes in the UK and elsewhere . Ironically , the album was Williams first studio album not to reach number 1 in the UK , beaten to the top spot by the debut album by JLS , who were runners-up on televisions The X Factor in 2008 . 2010s . Horn was also the executive producer of Jeff Becks album , Emotion & Commotion , released in early 2010 . He returned to work with Yes again , producing their new album from October 2010 . That album , 2011s Fly From Here , is a reunion of sorts for Horns former bandmate Geoff Downes ; not only is Downes a member of the bands current incarnation , but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980 . In 2017 , Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection – Wave One , the soundtrack being released , the first album under Trevor Horns name . In January 2018 , Horn played the bass with Dire Straits Legacy for their Brazilian tour . He continued to tour with the band throughout the year . Horn re-mixed 2011s Fly From Here with Yes , adding new vocals and editing parts . The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018 . He has also been working on musicals , including one called The Robot Sings . In November 2018 , Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London . Horns new album , Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties , was released on 25 January 2019 . A single , Everybody Wants to Rule the World , with vocals by Robbie Williams , was released on 24 October 2018 . Further guests include Rumer , All Saints , Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin . Horn has been touring as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2019–20 . Influence . Producer Nigel Godrich credits Trevor Horn as an influence . Awards . - BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer - BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer - Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year ( as producer of Kiss From A Rose ) - Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry . - Honorary degree of Doctor of Music ( 2012 ) by Southampton Solent University , England . Personal life . Horn met his future wife Jill Sinclair , a former mathematics teacher and business partner , in 1977 . They married in 1980 and became business partners . They have four children : two sons , Aaron and Will , and two daughters , Gabriella and Alexandra , the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor . Aaron ( known in the industry as Aaron Audio ) , like his father , is a musician and producer . He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London . Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios . , Horn has three grandsons . He is not Jewish , but has attended synagogue with his children , who were raised in his wifes faith . In a 2019 interview , he said that he believes in [ Judaism ] more than anything else . On 25 June 2006 , while at home from Goldsmiths College , University of London , Aaron was practising with his air rifle , not realising his mother was close by . A 4.5 mm ( .177 calibre ) air gun pellet accidentally hit Jill in the neck , severing an artery and causing irreversible brain damage from hypoxia , leaving only her lower brain functions and no chance for recovery . She was taken to the Royal Berkshire Hospital intensive care unit where her condition was described as critical but stable . Communication from ZTT Records confirmed on 1 September 2006 that Jill was in a natural coma and had been moved to a rehabilitation centre . In September 2009 , Horn told The Times confirmed that she was still in a coma . In June 2012 , Horn told The Sunday Times that his wife was not in a coma , but , She cannot speak , move , or smile . The only expression she can show is of discomfort . Jill Sinclair died of cancer on 22 March 2014 , aged 61 . In late 2017 , Horns home and recording studio in the Bel Air neighbourhood of Los Angeles were destroyed by the Skirball Fire . Horn indicated via Twitter that he intended to rebuild at the property . External links . - Official website |
[
"football"
] | easy | What sport did Swedish Football Association participate from Dec 1904 to Nov 1922? | /wiki/Swedish_Football_Association#P641#0 | Swedish Football Association The Swedish Football Association ( ) also known as SvFF is the governing and body of football in Sweden . It organises the football leagues – Allsvenskan for men and Damallsvenskan for women – and the mens and womens national teams . It is based in Solna and is a founding member of both FIFA and UEFA . SvFF is supported by 24 district organisations . Background . Svenska Fotbollförbundet ( SvFF ) ( English:Swedish Football Association ) was founded in Stockholm on 18 December 1904 and is the sports federation responsible for the promotion and administration of organised football in Sweden and also represents the country outside Sweden . SvFF is affiliated to the Swedish Sports Confederation ( RF ) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) and Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Karl-Erik Nilsson has been the President since 2012 . In 2009 there were 3,359 clubs affiliated to the Svenska Fotbollförbundet with a total of more than a million members , of whom about 500,000 were active players . Together , they accounted for almost one third of the total Swedish sports movement activities . SvFF administers the Swedish mens respectively womens national football teams , other football teams and leagues including the Allsvenskan and Superettan . The motto of Swedish football – one club in every village , football for all – is reflected in the democratic constitution of Swedish football . All football competition in the nation is arranged by the SvFF and its 24 district organisations . The clubs are voting members at the annual meetings of the district organisations . The district organisations and the elite clubs are entitled to vote at the F.A.s general meeting . SvFF was the sole owner of Swedens national stadium , the Råsunda Stadium in Solna , from 1999 until it was replaced in 2012 by Friends Arena , located about 1 kilometer away and also in Solna . SvFF is the lead partner in the consortium that owns the current stadium , and maintains its offices there ( as it did at the prior stadium ) . The Swedish Football Association Football Gala is held annually in November since 2005 . It includes the award for the best male player ( Guldbollen ) and female players ( Diamantbollen ) . SvFF had a turnover 2008 of 554 MSEK . Early history . The first Swedish national football championship was played in 1896 but it was 7 years later in 1903 that the Riksidrottsförbundet was formed which was to be the precursor to the Svenska Fotbollförbundet . The new organisation had a football and hockey section ( hockey being the term for bandy at that time and not ice hockey or field hockey ) . In 1904 Sweden was one of 7 nations that founded FIFA . It also introduced ice hockey to Sweden in 1920 , before the 1922 establishment of the Swedish Ice Hockey Association . Before the 1925 establishment of the Swedish Bandy Association , the Swedish Football Association also administered organized bandy in Sweden . In 1906 the name Svenska Fotbollförbundet ( Swedish Football Association ) was officially accepted and the following year SvFF was officially voted into FIFA . On 12 July 1908 , Swedens first international match was played in which Norway were defeated 11–3 in Gothenburg . However the Olympics were a disappointment for Sweden , losing 1–12 to England and 0–2 to the Netherlands . Competitions . Svenska Fotbollförbundet is responsible for organising the following competitions : Mens football . - Allsvenskan ( Tier 1 ) - Superettan ( Tier 2 ) - Division 1 ( Tier 3 ) – two sections - Division 2 ( Tier 4 ) – six sections - Division 3 ( Tier 5 ) – twelve sections - Folksam utvecklingsserie – two sections Womens football . - Damallsvenskan ( Tier 1 ) - Elitettan ( Tier 2 ) - Division 1 Norrettan ( Tier 3 ) - Division 1 Söderettan ( Tier 3 ) - Division 2 ( Tier 4 ) – nine sections Junior . - Juniorallsvenskan - Pojkallsvenskan Cups . - Svenska Cupen – Men - Svenska Cupen – Women - CANAL+-cupen – Junior Boys - Cup Kommunal – Junior Girls Honours . Mens . - FIFA World Cup - Runners-up ( 1958 ) - Third place ( 1950 , 1994 ) - Olympic Games - Winners ( 1948 ) - Third place ( 1924 , 1952 ) - FIFA U-17 World Cup - Third place ( 2013 ) - UEFA European Under-21 Championship - Winners ( 2015 ) - Runners-up ( 1992 ) Womens . - FIFA Womens World Cup - Runners-up ( 2003 ) - Third place ( 1991 , 2011 , 2019 ) - Olympic Games - Runners-up ( 2016 ) - UEFA Womens Championship - Winners ( 1984 ) - Runners-up ( 1987 , 1995 , 2001 ) - UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship - Winners ( 1999 , 2012 , 2015 ) - Runners-up ( 2009 ) - UEFA Womens Under-17 Championship - Runners-up ( 2013 ) District Football Associations . Swedish football is built on a single pyramid league system . While the SvFF administers the top leagues , the 24 district or regional associations administers youth football and the lower tier leagues from Division 4 ( men ) and Division 3 ( women ) , respectively , and further below . The 24 district organisations are as follows : - Blekinge Fotbollförbund - Bohusläns Fotbollförbund - Dalarnas Fotbollförbund - Dalslands Fotbollförbund - Gestriklands Fotbollförbund - Göteborgs Fotbollförbund - Gotlands Fotbollförbund - Hallands Fotbollförbund - Hälsinglands Fotbollförbund - Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund - Medelpads Fotbollförbund - Norrbottens Fotbollförbund - Skånes Fotbollförbund - Smålands Fotbollförbund - Södermanlands Fotbollförbund - Stockholms Fotbollförbund - Upplands Fotbollförbund - Värmlands Fotbollförbund - Västerbottens Fotbollförbund - Västergötlands Fotbollförbund - Västmanlands Fotbollförbund - Ångermanlands Fotbollförbund - Örebro Läns Fotbollförbund - Östergötlands Fotbollförbund External links . - Swedish Football Association ( official website ) - Sweden at FIFA site - Sweden at UEFA site |
[
"football"
] | easy | What sport did Swedish Football Association participate in Apr 1925? | /wiki/Swedish_Football_Association#P641#1 | Swedish Football Association The Swedish Football Association ( ) also known as SvFF is the governing and body of football in Sweden . It organises the football leagues – Allsvenskan for men and Damallsvenskan for women – and the mens and womens national teams . It is based in Solna and is a founding member of both FIFA and UEFA . SvFF is supported by 24 district organisations . Background . Svenska Fotbollförbundet ( SvFF ) ( English:Swedish Football Association ) was founded in Stockholm on 18 December 1904 and is the sports federation responsible for the promotion and administration of organised football in Sweden and also represents the country outside Sweden . SvFF is affiliated to the Swedish Sports Confederation ( RF ) and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) and Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Karl-Erik Nilsson has been the President since 2012 . In 2009 there were 3,359 clubs affiliated to the Svenska Fotbollförbundet with a total of more than a million members , of whom about 500,000 were active players . Together , they accounted for almost one third of the total Swedish sports movement activities . SvFF administers the Swedish mens respectively womens national football teams , other football teams and leagues including the Allsvenskan and Superettan . The motto of Swedish football – one club in every village , football for all – is reflected in the democratic constitution of Swedish football . All football competition in the nation is arranged by the SvFF and its 24 district organisations . The clubs are voting members at the annual meetings of the district organisations . The district organisations and the elite clubs are entitled to vote at the F.A.s general meeting . SvFF was the sole owner of Swedens national stadium , the Råsunda Stadium in Solna , from 1999 until it was replaced in 2012 by Friends Arena , located about 1 kilometer away and also in Solna . SvFF is the lead partner in the consortium that owns the current stadium , and maintains its offices there ( as it did at the prior stadium ) . The Swedish Football Association Football Gala is held annually in November since 2005 . It includes the award for the best male player ( Guldbollen ) and female players ( Diamantbollen ) . SvFF had a turnover 2008 of 554 MSEK . Early history . The first Swedish national football championship was played in 1896 but it was 7 years later in 1903 that the Riksidrottsförbundet was formed which was to be the precursor to the Svenska Fotbollförbundet . The new organisation had a football and hockey section ( hockey being the term for bandy at that time and not ice hockey or field hockey ) . In 1904 Sweden was one of 7 nations that founded FIFA . It also introduced ice hockey to Sweden in 1920 , before the 1922 establishment of the Swedish Ice Hockey Association . Before the 1925 establishment of the Swedish Bandy Association , the Swedish Football Association also administered organized bandy in Sweden . In 1906 the name Svenska Fotbollförbundet ( Swedish Football Association ) was officially accepted and the following year SvFF was officially voted into FIFA . On 12 July 1908 , Swedens first international match was played in which Norway were defeated 11–3 in Gothenburg . However the Olympics were a disappointment for Sweden , losing 1–12 to England and 0–2 to the Netherlands . Competitions . Svenska Fotbollförbundet is responsible for organising the following competitions : Mens football . - Allsvenskan ( Tier 1 ) - Superettan ( Tier 2 ) - Division 1 ( Tier 3 ) – two sections - Division 2 ( Tier 4 ) – six sections - Division 3 ( Tier 5 ) – twelve sections - Folksam utvecklingsserie – two sections Womens football . - Damallsvenskan ( Tier 1 ) - Elitettan ( Tier 2 ) - Division 1 Norrettan ( Tier 3 ) - Division 1 Söderettan ( Tier 3 ) - Division 2 ( Tier 4 ) – nine sections Junior . - Juniorallsvenskan - Pojkallsvenskan Cups . - Svenska Cupen – Men - Svenska Cupen – Women - CANAL+-cupen – Junior Boys - Cup Kommunal – Junior Girls Honours . Mens . - FIFA World Cup - Runners-up ( 1958 ) - Third place ( 1950 , 1994 ) - Olympic Games - Winners ( 1948 ) - Third place ( 1924 , 1952 ) - FIFA U-17 World Cup - Third place ( 2013 ) - UEFA European Under-21 Championship - Winners ( 2015 ) - Runners-up ( 1992 ) Womens . - FIFA Womens World Cup - Runners-up ( 2003 ) - Third place ( 1991 , 2011 , 2019 ) - Olympic Games - Runners-up ( 2016 ) - UEFA Womens Championship - Winners ( 1984 ) - Runners-up ( 1987 , 1995 , 2001 ) - UEFA Womens Under-19 Championship - Winners ( 1999 , 2012 , 2015 ) - Runners-up ( 2009 ) - UEFA Womens Under-17 Championship - Runners-up ( 2013 ) District Football Associations . Swedish football is built on a single pyramid league system . While the SvFF administers the top leagues , the 24 district or regional associations administers youth football and the lower tier leagues from Division 4 ( men ) and Division 3 ( women ) , respectively , and further below . The 24 district organisations are as follows : - Blekinge Fotbollförbund - Bohusläns Fotbollförbund - Dalarnas Fotbollförbund - Dalslands Fotbollförbund - Gestriklands Fotbollförbund - Göteborgs Fotbollförbund - Gotlands Fotbollförbund - Hallands Fotbollförbund - Hälsinglands Fotbollförbund - Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund - Medelpads Fotbollförbund - Norrbottens Fotbollförbund - Skånes Fotbollförbund - Smålands Fotbollförbund - Södermanlands Fotbollförbund - Stockholms Fotbollförbund - Upplands Fotbollförbund - Värmlands Fotbollförbund - Västerbottens Fotbollförbund - Västergötlands Fotbollförbund - Västmanlands Fotbollförbund - Ångermanlands Fotbollförbund - Örebro Läns Fotbollförbund - Östergötlands Fotbollförbund External links . - Swedish Football Association ( official website ) - Sweden at FIFA site - Sweden at UEFA site |
[
"Moscow Zoo"
] | easy | Which employer did Vera Chaplina work for from 1924 to 1941? | /wiki/Vera_Chaplina#P108#0 | Vera Chaplina Vera Vasilievna Chaplina ( ; 24 April 1908 – 19 December 1994 ) was a Soviet childrens literature writer and naturalist . Biography . Vera Chaplina was born in Moscow , her grandfather , Vladimir Chaplin , was an engineer , professor and educator of the architect Melnikov . After the Revolution of 1917 , 10-year-old Vera was lost and spent several years in an orphanage in Tashkent . In 1923 she returned to Moscow . Her career at the Moscow Zoo began when she was sixteen years old . Chaplina visited the zoo as often as she could and was particularly attracted , as many children are , by the cubs . She appeared so often and stayed so long that she finally attracted the attention of professor Pyotr Manteifel , the zoos principal naturalist , and he asked her if she would like to become a junior helper . She gladly accepted the offer , and from that time has worked daily in the zoo . In 1924 she entered the Young Biologists Circle at the Moscow Zoo . Vera Chaplinas special interest was the baby animals , and in 1933 she was put in charge of the zoos motherless youngsters . In 1937 she became chief of one of the zoos largest departments , the wild animals section Moscow Zoo . Over the years Vera Chaplina and her family played host at home to a number of animals — wolves , a leopard , a lynx and a lion cub named Kinuli . Kinuli in Russian means “abandoned” , and the cub had been abandoned by her mother . Vera Chaplina saved the cub . She took it home . fed it from a bottle , nursed it through its first days . And so Kinuli came to be raised in a Moscow apartment in the middle 1930s with Chaplina , her husband , young son and brother — and an assortment of neighbors and their children the growing lioness . Kinulis story glows with Mrs . Chaplinas love of animals , and her desire to unstill something of this feeling in her readers . Vera Chaplinas first book about baby animals Cubs from the green enclosure ( Malyshi s zelenoĭ proshchadki ) , was first published in Russian in 1935 . Since then , she wrote many childrens books about animals , including My animal pupils ( 1937 ; Мои воспитанники ) , Four-legged friends ( 1949 ; Четвероногие друзья ) , Pupils of the Zoo ( 1955—1965 ; Питомцы зоопарка ) , Casual encounters ( 1976 ; Случайные встречи ) . “Chaplina`s writing is affectionate , but is not sentimental.” “The writing is straightforward and simple , the author`s attitude toward the creatures she cared for both tender and practical.” Vera Chaplina worked at the Moscow Zoo until 1946 , writing stories when she could find the time . Since then she has devoted more time to literary pursuits and became a full-time writer . Chaplinas stories were translated into English , German , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Japanese Chinese , Hebrew , Polish , Czech , Hungarian , Latvian , Estonian , Romanian , Danish , Swedish , and Serbian . Selected works . - My animal friends ( 1939 ) London ; Gtorge Routledge & Sons Ltd . P . 255 ( translated by Stephen Garry ) - Zoo babies ( 1956 ) Moscow ; Foreign Languages Publishing House . P . 208 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - Scamp and Crybaby ( 1959 ) Moscow ; Foreign Languages Publishing House . P . 24 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - Kinuli ( 1965 ) New York ; Henry Z.Walck , Inc . P . 95 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - True Stories from the Moscow Zoo ( 1970 ) Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey ; Prentice-Hall , Inc . P . 152 ( translated by Lila Pargment , Estel Titiev ) - Forest travelers . A film story ( 1972 ) Moscow ; Union of Soviet film workers . P . 24 ( translated by Faina Glagoleva ) - The birds in our wood ( 1984 ) Moscow ; Malysh Publishers . P . 10 ( translated by V.Korotky ) Script author . - Kinuli — documentary film ( 1935 , Кинули ; Mostehfilm ) - Adventures of a bear cub — comedy film ( 1936 , Похождения медвежонка ; Mezhrabpomfilm ) - Instinct in animal behavior — documentary film ( 1940 , Инстинкт в поведении животных ; Mostehfilm ) - Forest travelers — animated film ( 1951 , Лесные путешественники ; with G . Skrebitskiy ; Soyuzmultfilm ) - In the Heart of the Forest — animated film ( 1954 , В лесной чаще ; with G . Skrebitskiy ; Soyuzmultfilm ) External links . - Forest travelers — IMDb entry - In the Heart of the Forest — IMDb entry - Omsk Vera Chaplina Library ( in Russian ) - Mon amie Kinuoli // Ce Soir , 26.03.1939 / BNF ( in French ) - Antje Leetz . Four-legged friends . A Russian childrens book and its history – Radio SWR2 ( 30.12.2010 ) ( in German ) - Kristina Safonova . ‘Why didn’t you show me the lion?’ The forgotten story of Vera Chaplina — the Moscow zookeeper who raised a lion in her communal apartment – Meduza ( 23.03.2021 ) |
[
"Moscow Zoo"
] | easy | Who did Vera Chaplina work for from 1941 to 1945? | /wiki/Vera_Chaplina#P108#1 | Vera Chaplina Vera Vasilievna Chaplina ( ; 24 April 1908 – 19 December 1994 ) was a Soviet childrens literature writer and naturalist . Biography . Vera Chaplina was born in Moscow , her grandfather , Vladimir Chaplin , was an engineer , professor and educator of the architect Melnikov . After the Revolution of 1917 , 10-year-old Vera was lost and spent several years in an orphanage in Tashkent . In 1923 she returned to Moscow . Her career at the Moscow Zoo began when she was sixteen years old . Chaplina visited the zoo as often as she could and was particularly attracted , as many children are , by the cubs . She appeared so often and stayed so long that she finally attracted the attention of professor Pyotr Manteifel , the zoos principal naturalist , and he asked her if she would like to become a junior helper . She gladly accepted the offer , and from that time has worked daily in the zoo . In 1924 she entered the Young Biologists Circle at the Moscow Zoo . Vera Chaplinas special interest was the baby animals , and in 1933 she was put in charge of the zoos motherless youngsters . In 1937 she became chief of one of the zoos largest departments , the wild animals section Moscow Zoo . Over the years Vera Chaplina and her family played host at home to a number of animals — wolves , a leopard , a lynx and a lion cub named Kinuli . Kinuli in Russian means “abandoned” , and the cub had been abandoned by her mother . Vera Chaplina saved the cub . She took it home . fed it from a bottle , nursed it through its first days . And so Kinuli came to be raised in a Moscow apartment in the middle 1930s with Chaplina , her husband , young son and brother — and an assortment of neighbors and their children the growing lioness . Kinulis story glows with Mrs . Chaplinas love of animals , and her desire to unstill something of this feeling in her readers . Vera Chaplinas first book about baby animals Cubs from the green enclosure ( Malyshi s zelenoĭ proshchadki ) , was first published in Russian in 1935 . Since then , she wrote many childrens books about animals , including My animal pupils ( 1937 ; Мои воспитанники ) , Four-legged friends ( 1949 ; Четвероногие друзья ) , Pupils of the Zoo ( 1955—1965 ; Питомцы зоопарка ) , Casual encounters ( 1976 ; Случайные встречи ) . “Chaplina`s writing is affectionate , but is not sentimental.” “The writing is straightforward and simple , the author`s attitude toward the creatures she cared for both tender and practical.” Vera Chaplina worked at the Moscow Zoo until 1946 , writing stories when she could find the time . Since then she has devoted more time to literary pursuits and became a full-time writer . Chaplinas stories were translated into English , German , French , Spanish , Portuguese , Japanese Chinese , Hebrew , Polish , Czech , Hungarian , Latvian , Estonian , Romanian , Danish , Swedish , and Serbian . Selected works . - My animal friends ( 1939 ) London ; Gtorge Routledge & Sons Ltd . P . 255 ( translated by Stephen Garry ) - Zoo babies ( 1956 ) Moscow ; Foreign Languages Publishing House . P . 208 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - Scamp and Crybaby ( 1959 ) Moscow ; Foreign Languages Publishing House . P . 24 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - Kinuli ( 1965 ) New York ; Henry Z.Walck , Inc . P . 95 ( translated by Ivy Litvinova ) - True Stories from the Moscow Zoo ( 1970 ) Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey ; Prentice-Hall , Inc . P . 152 ( translated by Lila Pargment , Estel Titiev ) - Forest travelers . A film story ( 1972 ) Moscow ; Union of Soviet film workers . P . 24 ( translated by Faina Glagoleva ) - The birds in our wood ( 1984 ) Moscow ; Malysh Publishers . P . 10 ( translated by V.Korotky ) Script author . - Kinuli — documentary film ( 1935 , Кинули ; Mostehfilm ) - Adventures of a bear cub — comedy film ( 1936 , Похождения медвежонка ; Mezhrabpomfilm ) - Instinct in animal behavior — documentary film ( 1940 , Инстинкт в поведении животных ; Mostehfilm ) - Forest travelers — animated film ( 1951 , Лесные путешественники ; with G . Skrebitskiy ; Soyuzmultfilm ) - In the Heart of the Forest — animated film ( 1954 , В лесной чаще ; with G . Skrebitskiy ; Soyuzmultfilm ) External links . - Forest travelers — IMDb entry - In the Heart of the Forest — IMDb entry - Omsk Vera Chaplina Library ( in Russian ) - Mon amie Kinuoli // Ce Soir , 26.03.1939 / BNF ( in French ) - Antje Leetz . Four-legged friends . A Russian childrens book and its history – Radio SWR2 ( 30.12.2010 ) ( in German ) - Kristina Safonova . ‘Why didn’t you show me the lion?’ The forgotten story of Vera Chaplina — the Moscow zookeeper who raised a lion in her communal apartment – Meduza ( 23.03.2021 ) |
[
"British Eastern Fleet"
] | easy | What operated HMAS Ipswich (J186) from Jul 1945 to Jul 1946? | /wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)#P137#0 | HMAS Ipswich ( J186 ) HMAS Ipswich ( J186/B244/A118 ) , named for the city of Ipswich , Queensland , was one of 60 s built during World War II and one of 20 built on Admiralty order but manned by personnel of and later commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Ipswich was later operated by the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) as HNLMS Morotai , and by the Indonesian Navy ( TNI-AL ) as KRI Hang Tuah . In Indonesian service in 1958 the ship was attacked by a CIA aircraft and sunk with considerable loss of life . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Ipswich ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Ipswich was laid down by Evans Deakin & Co at Brisbane in Queensland on 6 March 1941 . She was launched on 11 August 1941 by Evelyn Foll , wife of the Minister for the Interior Harry Foll , and commissioned on 13 June 1942 . Operational history . RAN . Ipswich was employed from commissioning until 3 November 1942 as a convoy escort in Australian waters . From 3 November 1942 until 21 January 1945 , Ipswich was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet , primarily serving in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf , but spending May to October 1943 in the Mediterranean . During this time , Ipswich was credited with shooting down a twin-engined bomber near Syracuse on 25 July 1943 , and on 11 February 1944 worked with and to sink the . Upon leaving the British Eastern Fleet , Ipswich returned to Australia , where she was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . Ipswich was present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day ( 2 September 1945 ) , when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed . Ipswich earned five battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , East Indies 1944 , and Okinawa 1945 . RNLN . Ipswich paid off from RAN service on 5 July 1946 and was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy and renamed HNLMS Morotai . TNI-AL . Morotai was transferred to the Indonesian Navy in 1949 and renamed KRI Hang Tuah . On 28 April 1958 a Douglas B-26 Invader aircraft , painted black and showing no markings , bombed and sank her off Balikpapan in southern Borneo . 18 crew were killed and another 28 were wounded . The B-26s co-pilot was Colonel Muharto of the Permesta rebel movements AUREV insurgent air force but the aircraft , its ammunition and pilot were supplied by the CIA as part of an insurgency to destabilise President Sukarnos government . The pilot was William H . Beale , a former United States Army Air Forces lieutenant colonel then employed by a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation , Civil Air Transport . |
[
"Royal Netherlands Navy"
] | easy | What operated HMAS Ipswich (J186) from Jul 1946 to 1949? | /wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)#P137#1 | HMAS Ipswich ( J186 ) HMAS Ipswich ( J186/B244/A118 ) , named for the city of Ipswich , Queensland , was one of 60 s built during World War II and one of 20 built on Admiralty order but manned by personnel of and later commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Ipswich was later operated by the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) as HNLMS Morotai , and by the Indonesian Navy ( TNI-AL ) as KRI Hang Tuah . In Indonesian service in 1958 the ship was attacked by a CIA aircraft and sunk with considerable loss of life . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Ipswich ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Ipswich was laid down by Evans Deakin & Co at Brisbane in Queensland on 6 March 1941 . She was launched on 11 August 1941 by Evelyn Foll , wife of the Minister for the Interior Harry Foll , and commissioned on 13 June 1942 . Operational history . RAN . Ipswich was employed from commissioning until 3 November 1942 as a convoy escort in Australian waters . From 3 November 1942 until 21 January 1945 , Ipswich was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet , primarily serving in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf , but spending May to October 1943 in the Mediterranean . During this time , Ipswich was credited with shooting down a twin-engined bomber near Syracuse on 25 July 1943 , and on 11 February 1944 worked with and to sink the . Upon leaving the British Eastern Fleet , Ipswich returned to Australia , where she was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . Ipswich was present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day ( 2 September 1945 ) , when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed . Ipswich earned five battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , East Indies 1944 , and Okinawa 1945 . RNLN . Ipswich paid off from RAN service on 5 July 1946 and was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy and renamed HNLMS Morotai . TNI-AL . Morotai was transferred to the Indonesian Navy in 1949 and renamed KRI Hang Tuah . On 28 April 1958 a Douglas B-26 Invader aircraft , painted black and showing no markings , bombed and sank her off Balikpapan in southern Borneo . 18 crew were killed and another 28 were wounded . The B-26s co-pilot was Colonel Muharto of the Permesta rebel movements AUREV insurgent air force but the aircraft , its ammunition and pilot were supplied by the CIA as part of an insurgency to destabilise President Sukarnos government . The pilot was William H . Beale , a former United States Army Air Forces lieutenant colonel then employed by a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation , Civil Air Transport . |
[
"Indonesian Navy"
] | easy | What was the operator of HMAS Ipswich (J186) from 1949 to 1950? | /wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)#P137#2 | HMAS Ipswich ( J186 ) HMAS Ipswich ( J186/B244/A118 ) , named for the city of Ipswich , Queensland , was one of 60 s built during World War II and one of 20 built on Admiralty order but manned by personnel of and later commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Ipswich was later operated by the Royal Netherlands Navy ( RNLN ) as HNLMS Morotai , and by the Indonesian Navy ( TNI-AL ) as KRI Hang Tuah . In Indonesian service in 1958 the ship was attacked by a CIA aircraft and sunk with considerable loss of life . Design and construction . In 1938 , the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board ( ACNB ) identified the need for a general purpose local defence vessel capable of both anti-submarine and mine-warfare duties , while easy to construct and operate . The vessel was initially envisaged as having a displacement of approximately 500 tons , a speed of at least , and a range of The opportunity to build a prototype in the place of a cancelled saw the proposed design increased to a 680-ton vessel , with a top speed , and a range of , armed with a gun , equipped with asdic , and able to fitted with either depth charges or minesweeping equipment depending on the planned operations : although closer in size to a sloop than a local defence vessel , the resulting increased capabilities were accepted due to advantages over British-designed mine warfare and anti-submarine vessels . Construction of the prototype did not go ahead , but the plans were retained . The need for locally built all-rounder vessels at the start of World War II saw the Australian Minesweepers ( designated as such to hide their anti-submarine capability , but popularly referred to as corvettes ) approved in September 1939 , with 60 constructed during the course of the war : 36 ordered by the RAN , 20 ( including Ipswich ) ordered by the British Admiralty but manned and commissioned as RAN vessels , and 4 for the Royal Indian Navy . Ipswich was laid down by Evans Deakin & Co at Brisbane in Queensland on 6 March 1941 . She was launched on 11 August 1941 by Evelyn Foll , wife of the Minister for the Interior Harry Foll , and commissioned on 13 June 1942 . Operational history . RAN . Ipswich was employed from commissioning until 3 November 1942 as a convoy escort in Australian waters . From 3 November 1942 until 21 January 1945 , Ipswich was assigned to the British Eastern Fleet , primarily serving in the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf , but spending May to October 1943 in the Mediterranean . During this time , Ipswich was credited with shooting down a twin-engined bomber near Syracuse on 25 July 1943 , and on 11 February 1944 worked with and to sink the . Upon leaving the British Eastern Fleet , Ipswich returned to Australia , where she was assigned to the British Pacific Fleet . Ipswich was present in Tokyo Bay on Victory over Japan Day ( 2 September 1945 ) , when the Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed . Ipswich earned five battle honours for her wartime service : Pacific 1942 , Indian Ocean 1942–45 , Sicily 1943 , East Indies 1944 , and Okinawa 1945 . RNLN . Ipswich paid off from RAN service on 5 July 1946 and was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy and renamed HNLMS Morotai . TNI-AL . Morotai was transferred to the Indonesian Navy in 1949 and renamed KRI Hang Tuah . On 28 April 1958 a Douglas B-26 Invader aircraft , painted black and showing no markings , bombed and sank her off Balikpapan in southern Borneo . 18 crew were killed and another 28 were wounded . The B-26s co-pilot was Colonel Muharto of the Permesta rebel movements AUREV insurgent air force but the aircraft , its ammunition and pilot were supplied by the CIA as part of an insurgency to destabilise President Sukarnos government . The pilot was William H . Beale , a former United States Army Air Forces lieutenant colonel then employed by a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation , Civil Air Transport . |
Subsets and Splits