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[
"MTK Budapest"
] | easy | Which team did Ákos Buzsáky play for from 1999 to 2002? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#0 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"Porto"
] | easy | Which team did the player Ákos Buzsáky belong to from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#1 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"Academica"
] | easy | Which team did Ákos Buzsáky play for from 2003 to 2004? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#2 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"Plymouth Argyle"
] | easy | Ákos Buzsáky played for which team from 2005 to 2008? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#3 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"Portsmouth"
] | easy | Which team did the player Ákos Buzsáky belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#4 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"Ferencváros"
] | easy | Ákos Buzsáky played for which team from 2013 to 2015? | /wiki/Ákos_Buzsáky#P54#5 | Ákos Buzsáky Ákos Buzsáky ( born 7 May 1982 ) is a Hungarian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He played in the Nemzeti Bajnokság for MTK Budapest and Ferencváros , the Primeira Liga for Porto , the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers , and the Football League for Plymouth Argyle , Queens Park Rangers , Portsmouth and Barnsley . Buzsáky has been capped at international level by the Hungary national team , for whom he made his debut in 2005 . In 2008 Queens Park Rangers fans nicknamed Buzsáky The White Pelé . Club career . Early years . Buzsáky was born in Budapest . He began playing football at the age of four when playing with his father , and this led to an opportunity to join the youth team Grund FC in 1986 when Buzsáky was six years old . His impressive talent enabled him to join his first club MTK Budapest . At this time under manager Henk ten Cate , MTK began to give youngsters opportunities to play in the first team , and among those given the chance to impress was Buzsáky , making his Champions League debut in the second round with a 5–1 ( on aggregate ) against ÍBV . Buzsáky made his league debut on 3 October 1999 in a match against Haladás , and on 22 April 2000 , Buzsáky scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over against ZTE . In 2000 , he won the Hungarian Cup with MTK and Buzsáky was linked with a move to NAC Breda , reuniting him with Henk ten Cate , but the club rejected the offer for Buzsáky . Buzsáky would go on to become a regular at MTK Budapest . Porto . He then joined Porto under new manager José Mourinho for £400,000 in July 2002 . After signing , Buzsáky had to wait eight months to make his league debut ( in a 3–0 win over Beira-Mar on 23 February 2003 ) . The previous month he had made his first appearance for Porto in the UEFA Cup against Denizlispor playing 90 minutes ( the match finished in a 2–2 draw ) . He was later loaned out to Portuguese Superliga side Academica de Coimbra in 2003–04 making eleven appearances . Prior to signing for English side Plymouth Argyle he had been playing for Portos B side in the Portuguese third division . Plymouth Argyle . Buzsáky joined Plymouth on loan until the end of the 2004–05 season after the former Hungarian Under-21 international captain impressed manager Bobby Williamson during a behind-closed-doors friendly against Torquay United . Buzsáky moved to Plymouth on a permanent basis for an undisclosed fee . In October 2007 , Buzsáky informed Plymouth he would not sign a new contract when his ran out in the summer , allegedly due to Plymouths refusal to pay a fee to his agent . He was subsequently loaned to Queens Park Rangers , and the move was made permanent on 2 January 2008 for an undisclosed fee , with Buzsáky signing a two-and-a-half-year contract . In May 2013 , Buzsáky said that he would love to play for the club again at some point , but now was not the right time . He was responding to speculation about his future and a possible return to Argyle . I have seen the same speculation about me saying I was going back to Plymouth , but that is not the case , he said in an interview with The Herald . Everybody knows how much the club and the place means to me , so I am keen that the Argyle fans know the truth . But , like I say , while I would love to play someday again for Argyle , now is not the right time . Queens Park Rangers . On 3 November 2007 , Buzsáky made his debut in a 2–0 win over Hull City and score his first goal , the next game three days later , in a 2–1 loss against Coventry City . Buzsáky won the Kiyan Prince Goal of the Season award for a side footed lob against Blackpool . However , his first full season at QPR proved to be a frustrating one due to an injury he picked up in a League Cup tie away to Manchester United , resulting in him being out for the rest of the season . Afterwards , Buzsáky spoke about his injury , stating he had never suffered a knee injury before and vowed to bounce back next season . Following his return to fitness , Buzsáky played a large part in the opening part of the 09/10 season . However in December 2009 , following the 3–1 defeat away to Watford , it was reported that he was involved in a confrontation with manager Jim Magilton , where it was reported that Buzsáky was assaulted by Magilton . This led to Magilton being suspended by QPR and subsequently leaving the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 . There was speculation that Buzsáky had requested a transfer but this was denied by Buzsáky . On 21 January 2012 Buzsáky scored his first Premier League goal against Wigan in a 3–1 victory. , but at the end of the season , on 13 July 2012 , it was announced that Buzsáky would be leaving the club , having failed to agree on a new contract . Whilst he decided his next move , Buzsáky trained in his native Hungary , with Hungarian outfit Videoton . Buzsáky was linked with Championship sides like Nottingham Forest and Bristol City . Portsmouth . On 27 September , it was reported that Buzsáky was on trial with League One side Portsmouth and on 1 October 2012 , Buzsáky agreed terms on a one-month deal with the League One outfit . He made his debut , coming on as a substitute , in the 2–2 away draw at MK Dons on 6 October 2012 . He made six appearances for the club before joining Barnsley on loan . Buzsáky spoke about joining Portsmouth , citing building his fitness as the principal reason , and admitted he was keen to stay at the club . However , in January 2013 , he left Portsmouth as a free agent to live in his home country of Hungary whilst he recovered from a knee operation . Portsmouths caretaker manager Guy Whittingham claimed Buzsáky asked to leave the club after being left out of the first-team . Ferencváros . On 11 September 2013 , Buzsáky returned to Hungary to sign for Ferencváros . He announced his retirement from professional football on 13 October 2015 due to injury problems . International career . Buzsáky has represented Hungary as a full international , gaining his first cap on 3 September 2005 against Malta in Budapest . He scored his first international goal on 21 November 2007 in a Euro 2008 qualifier , a 2–1 defeat at home against European champions Greece , although the goal is sometimes given as a Kostas Katsouranis own goal as it took a big deflection off the Greek midfielder . Honours . Club . - MTK Hungária - Hungarian Cup : 2000 - Hungarian League : Runner-up 2000 - FC Porto - UEFA Cup : 2003 - Super Cup Cândido de Oliveira : 2003 - Queens Park Rangers - Football League Championship : 2010–11 Individual . - Young Hungarian Player of the Year : 2003 - Player of the Month in The Championship : January 2007 |
[
"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) work for from 1983 to 1985? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P108#0 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
[
"California State University"
] | easy | Which employer did Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) work for from 1985 to 1990? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P108#1 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
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] | easy | Which employer did Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) work for from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P108#2 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
[
""
] | easy | Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist) was an employee for whom from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)#P108#3 | Kevin MacDonald ( evolutionary psychologist ) Kevin B . MacDonald ( born January 24 , 1944 ) is an American anti-semitic conspiracy theorist , white supremacist , and a retired professor of evolutionary psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSULB ) . In 2008 , the CSULB academic senate voted to disassociate itself from MacDonalds work . MacDonald is known for his promotion of an antisemitic theory , most prominently within The Culture of Critique series , according to which Western Jews have tended to be politically liberal and involved in politically or sexually transgressive social , philosophical , and artistic movements , because Jews have biologically evolved to undermine the societies in which they live . In short , MacDonald argues that Jews have evolved to be highly ethnocentric , and hostile to the interests of white people . In an interview with Tablet magazine in 2020 , MacDonald said : Jews are just gonna destroy white power completely , and destroy America as a white country . Scholars characterize MacDonalds theory as a tendentious form of circular reasoning , which assumes its conclusion to be true regardless of empirical evidence . The theory fails the basic test of any scientific theory , the criterion of falsifiability , because MacDonald refuses to provide or acknowledge any factual pattern of Jewish behavior that would tend to disprove his idea that Jews have evolved to be ethnocentric and anti-white . Other scholars in his field dismiss the theory as pseudoscience analogous to older conspiracy theories about a Jewish plot to undermine European civilization . MacDonalds theory has received support from his fellow antisemitic conspiracy theorists and neo-Nazi groups . He serves as editor of The Occidental Observer , which he says covers white identity , white interests , and the culture of the West . He is described by the Anti-Defamation League as having become a primary voice for anti-Semitism from far-right intellectuals and by the Southern Poverty Law Center as the neo-Nazi movements favorite academic . He has been described as part of the alt-right movement . By 2010 , MacDonald was one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , an organization stating that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . MacDonald claims a suite of traits he attributes to Jews , including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism , have culturally evolved to enhance their ability to outcompete non-Jews for resources . MacDonald believes Jews are motivated by a hatred and hostility toward American Christian culture and have used this purported advantage to scheme to advance Jewish group interests and end potential antisemitism by either deliberately or inadvertently undermining the power of the European-derived Christian majorities in the Western world . Early years . MacDonald was born in Oshkosh , Wisconsin to a Roman Catholic family . His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary . He attended Catholic parochial schools and played basketball in high school . He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a philosophy major and became involved in the anti-war movement , which brought him into contact with Jewish student activists . Between 1970 and 1974 , he worked towards becoming a jazz pianist , spending two years in Jamaica , where he taught high school . By the late 1970s , he had left that career . Professional background . MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary theory and child development and is the author or editor of over 30 academic articles in refereed journals . He received his B.A . from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1966 , and M.S . in biology from the University of Connecticut in 1976 . In 1981 , he earned a PhD in biobehavioral sciences from the University of Connecticut , where his adviser was Benson Ginsburg , a founder of modern behavioral genetics . His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications . MacDonald completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke in the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1983 . MacDonald and Parkes work there resulted in three publications . MacDonald joined the Department of Psychology at California State University , Long Beach ( CSU-LB ) in 1985 , and became a full professor in 1995 . He announced his retirement at the end of 2014 . MacDonald served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001 . He was editor of Population and Environment from 1999 to 2004 , working with Virginia Abernethy , the previous editor , who he persuaded to join the editorial board , along with J . Philippe Rushton , both intellectual allies according to the SPLC . He is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture and makes occasional contributions to VDARE , a website focused on opposition to immigration to the United States and classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . Work on ethnicity . Judaism and Jewish culture . MacDonald wrote a trilogy of books analyzing Judaism and secular Jewish culture from the perspective of evolutionary psychology : A People That Shall Dwell Alone ( 1994 ) , Separation and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) , and The Culture of Critique ( 1998 ) . He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy to enhance the ability of Jews to outcompete non-Jews for resources . Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism , he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits , including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior , as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements . MacDonald says that not all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies . Separation and Its Discontents contains a chapter entitled National Socialism as an Anti-Jewish Group Evolutionary Strategy . Heidi Beirich of the SPLC in 2007 wrote that MacDonald argues that Nazism emerged as a means of opposing , to use his term , Judaism as a group evolutionary strategy . He contends Jewish group behavior created understandable hatred for Jews . Thus in MacDonalds opinion , writes Beirich:anti-Semitism , rather than being an irrational hatred for Jews , is actually a logical reaction to Jewish success . In other words , the Nazis , like many other anti-Semites , were only anti-Semitic because they were countering a genuine Jewish threat to their well-being . MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatism and other movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated . He argues that Taken as a whole , neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism : ethnocentrism , intelligence and wealth , psychological intensity , and aggressiveness . Other ethnic groups . MacDonald has also written about other ethnic groups living in diaspora , such as overseas Chinese people and Assyrians . Reception . Irving v Lipstadt libel trial ( 2000 ) . MacDonald testified in the unsuccessful libel suit brought by the Holocaust denier David Irving against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt , the only witness for Irving who spoke on his behalf willingly . Irving said MacDonald would need to be on the witness stand for three days , but his testimony only took a few hours . MacDonald was asked by Irving , who served as his own defence counsel , if he ( Irving ) was an antisemite an idea MacDonald rejected : I have had quite a few discussions with you and you almost never mentioned Jews - never in the general negative way . He was asked by the plaintiff if he perceived the Jewish community as working in a certain way in order to suppress a certain book and responded in the affirmative asserting there were several tactics the Jewish organizations have used . MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an agnostic in regards to the Holocaust , though he denied the accuracy of the quote . Deborah Lipstadts lawyer Richard Rampton thought MacDonalds testimony on behalf of Irving was so unsatisfactory that he did not cross examine him . MacDonald later commented in an article for the Journal of Historical Review , published by the Institute for Historical Review a Holocaust-denying organisation , that Lipstadt and Jewish groups were attempting to restrict access to Irvings work because it was against Jewish interests and agenda . On the Holocaust itself , MacDonald later said that he ha [ d ] never doubted the Holocaust took place , but because he ha [ d ] not studied its history he describe [ d ] himself as an agnostic on the subject . Academic reception . At the time of its release , A People That Shall Dwell Alone received mixed reviews from scholars , although his subsequent books were less well received . John Tooby , the founder of MacDonalds field of evolutionary psychology , criticized MacDonald in an article for Salon in 2000 . He wrote , MacDonalds ideas—not just on Jews—violate fundamental principles of the field . Tooby posits that MacDonald is not an evolutionary psychologist . MacDonald has been accused by some academics in Policing the National Body : Sex , Race , and Criminalization of employing racial techniques of scapegoating [ that ] may have evolved in complexity from classical Nazi fascism , but the similarities [ to which ] are far from remote . Steven Pinker , the Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University , wrote that MacDonalds work fails basic tests of scientific credibility . Pinker , while acknowledging that he had not plowed through MacDonalds trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments , and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology , states that MacDonalds theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval , and contain a consistently invidious portrayal of Jews , couched in value-laden , disparaging language . Reviewing MacDonalds Separation and Its Discontents in 2000 , Chair of Jewish Studies Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world , and that he sees contemporary antisemitism , the Holocaust , and attacks against Israel as provoked by Jews themselves . Garber concludes that MacDonalds rambling who-is-who-isnt roundup of Jews responsible for the Jewish Problem borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation . In 2001 , David Lieberman , a Holocaust researcher at Brandeis University , wrote Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy : A Case Study of Kevin MacDonalds Research Techniques , a paper in which he notes that one of MacDonalds sources , Jaff Schatz , objected to how MacDonald used his writings to further his premise that Jewish self-identity validates antisemitic sentiments and actions . At issue , however , is not the quality of Schatzs research , but MacDonalds use of it , a discussion that relies less on topical expertise than on a willingness to conduct close comparative readings , Lieberman wrote . Lieberman accused MacDonald of dishonestly using lines from the work of Holocaust denier David Irving . Citing Irvings Uprising , published in 1981 for the 25th anniversary of Hungarys failed anti-Communist revolution in 1956 , MacDonald asserted in the Culture of Critique : The domination of the Hungarian communist Jewish bureaucracy thus appears to have had overtones of sexual and reproductive domination of gentiles in which Jewish males were able to have disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . Lieberman , who said that MacDonald is not a historian , debunked those assertions , concluding , ( T ) he passage offers not a shred of evidence that , as MacDonald would have it , Jewish males enjoyed disproportionate sexual access to gentile females . While most academics have not engaged MacDonald on his views about Judaism , Nathan Cofnas of the University of Oxford published a negative critique of MacDonald in the journal Human Nature in 2018 . Cofnas argued contra Pinker that scholars needed to critically engage with MacDonalds work , in part because it had proved enormously influential among antisemites . Cofnass own conclusion was that MacDonalds work relied upon misrepresented sources and cherry-picked facts and that the evidence actually favors a simpler explanation of Jewish overrepresentation in intellectual movements involving Jewish high intelligence and geographic distribution . In an April 2018 commentary in The Wall Street Journal , political scientist Abraham Miller wrote that MacDonalds theories about Jews were the philosophical and theoretical inspiration behind the slogan Jews will not replace us used at the 2017 white supremacist Unite the Right rally . Criticism by the ADL and the SPLC . Mark Potok of the Southern Poverty Law Center ( SPLC ) claims of MacDonald that he put the anti-Semitism under the guise of scholarly work.. . Kevin MacDonalds work is nothing but gussied-up anti-Semitism . At base it says that Jews are out to get us through their agenda.. . His work is bandied about by just about every neo-Nazi group in America . The Anti-Defamation League ( ADL ) includes MacDonald in its list of American extremists , Extremism in America , and wrote a report on MacDonalds views and ties . According to the ADL , his views on Jews mimic those of antisemites from the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Heidi Beirich wrote in an SPLC Intelligence Report in April 2007:Not since Hitlers Mein Kampf have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to whats wrong with Jews . His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books , which considers them the most important books of the last 100 years . MacDonald claims the SPLC has misrepresented and distorted his work . CSULB comments . A university spokeswoman stated , The university will support MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech . MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website : nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority , genocide , Nazism , or Holocaust denial . I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do . Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group . He has since removed that disclaimer . In addition , the Psychology Department in 2006 issued three statements : a Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research , a Statement on Diversity , and a Statement on Misuse of Psychologists Work . A spokeswoman for CSULB , said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations , and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended , allowing students to raise any issue . Nothing has come through to suggest bias in class , she said . We dont see it . Jonathan Knight , who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class , I dont see a basis for an investigation into what goes on in his courses . CSULB disassociates from MacDonalds views . In late 2007 , California State University–Long Beachs Department of Psychology began the process of formally disassociating itself from MacDonalds views on Judaism , which in some cases are used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology . The departments move followed a discussion of MacDonalds December forum presentation at meeting of the departments advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies . Late in 2006 , a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda , and described increasing concern about Macdonalds views by CSULB faculty members . A colleague of MacDonald , Martin Fiebert in April 2007 criticized MacDonald for bigotry and cultural insensitivity and called it troubling that MacDonalds work was being cited by white supremacist and neo-Nazi organizations . In an e-mail sent to the colleges Daily Forty-Niner newspaper , MacDonald said that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class , and expressed that he was not happy about the disassociation . The newspaper reported that in the email , MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization . He said in an interview posted on his website by February 2008 that he had been the victim of faculty e-mail wars and tried to defend myself showing that what I was doing was scientific and rational and reasonable — and people have not responded . The Department of Psychology voted to release an April 23 , 2008 statement saying , We respect and defend his right to express his views , but we affirm that they are his alone and are in no way endorsed by the Department . The department expressed particular concern that Dr . MacDonalds research on Jewish culture does not adhere to the Departments explicitly stated values . On May 5 , the schools academic senate issued a joint statement disassociating the school from MacDonalds antisemitic views , including specific statements from the Psychology department , the History department , the Anthropology department , the Jewish Studies program , and the Linguistics department . The statement concludes : While the Academic Senate defends Dr . Kevin MacDonalds academic freedom and freedom of speech , as it does for all faculty , it firmly and unequivocally disassociates itself from the anti-Semitic and white ethnocentric views he has expressed . The senate considered but rejected the use of the word condemns in the statement . Non-academic affiliations . The Occidental Quarterly and the NPI . MacDonald has contributed to The Occidental Quarterly on many occasions , a publication of the National Policy Institute , a white supremacist think tank . The Occidental Quarterly was described by the Anti-Defamation League in 2012 as a racist print publication that mimics the look and style of academic journals . The Occidental Quarterly published MacDonalds monograph , Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , in 2004 . Journalist Max Blumenthal reported in a 2006 article for The Nation that the work has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles . In October 2004 , MacDonald accepted the Jack London Literary Prize of $10,000 from The Occidental Quarterly ; the SPLC states it is a white supremacist organization . In his acceptance speech , he opined : The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens . According to MacDonald , one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity . At the conclusion of his speech , he remarked : The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples , many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them . Europeans promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions . In November 2016 , MacDonald was a keynote speaker at an event hosted in Washington , D.C . by the National Policy Institute , which NPR described as a white nationalist think tank led by Richard B . Spencer . The event concluded with Spencer leading the chant , Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory . David Duke . Former Ku Klux Klan leader David Duke praised MacDonalds work on his website . MacDonald has appeared on Dukes radio program on multiple occasions saying he agrees with the vast majority of Dukes statements . When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly , the ceremony was attended by David Duke ; Don Black , the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront ; Jamie Kelso , a senior moderator at Stormfront ; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard , Kevin Alfred Strom . In 2005 , Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business . MacDonald is featured in the Stormfront member Brian Josts anti-immigration film , The Line in the Sand , where he blam [ ed ] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries . American Freedom Party . In January 2010 , it became known that MacDonald had accepted a position as one of the eight members of the board of directors of the newly founded American Third Position ( known from 2013 as the American Freedom Party ) , which states that it exists to represent the political interests of White Americans . A statement on their website reads , If current demographic trends persist , European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time . The American Third Position will not allow this to happen . To safeguard our identity and culture , and to secure an American future for our people , we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration . Bibliography . - MacDonald , K . B . Individualism and the Western Liberal Tradition : Evolutionary Origins , History , and Prospects for the Future ( self-published ) - MacDonald , K.B . Understanding Jewish Influence : A Study in Ethnic Activism , with an Introduction by Samuel T . Francis , ( Occidental Quarterly , November 2004 ) ; Introduction online - Burgess , Robert L . and MacDonald , K.B . ( eds. ) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development , 2nd ed. , ( Sage 2004 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . The Culture of Critique : An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements ( Praeger 1998 ) ; ( Preface online ) - MacDonald , K.B . Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism ( Praeger 1998 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . A People That Shall Dwell Alone : Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy , With Diaspora Peoples ( Praeger 1994 ) ; - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) , Parent-Child Play : Descriptions and Implications ( State University of New York Press , 1993 ) - MacDonald , K.B . ( Ed. ) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development , ( Springer-Verlag , 1988 ) - MacDonald , K.B . Social and Personality Development : An Evolutionary Synthesis ( Plenum , 1988 ) External links . - MacDonalds article archive at the Occidental Observer blog |
[
"Northwich Victoria"
] | easy | Which team did Jake Sedgemore play for from 2001 to 2003? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#0 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"Shrewsbury Town"
] | easy | Jake Sedgemore played for which team from 2003 to 2005? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#1 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"Shrewsbury"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jake Sedgemore belong to from 2005 to 2006? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#2 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"Kidderminster Harriers"
] | easy | Jake Sedgemore played for which team from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#3 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"Altrincham"
] | easy | Jake Sedgemore played for which team from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#4 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"Solihull Moors"
] | easy | Which team did the player Jake Sedgemore belong to from 2008 to 2010? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#5 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"AFC Wulfrunians"
] | easy | Which team did Jake Sedgemore play for from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Jake_Sedgemore#P54#6 | Jake Sedgemore Jacob Oliver Jake Sedgemore ( born 20 October 1978 in Wolverhampton ) is an English footballer who plays for AFC Wulfrunians . He previously played in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town and Bury . His brother Ben was also a professional footballer . Football career . Sedgemore began his footballing career at home in the Midlands with West Bromwich Albion , whom he joined as a trainee in August 1997 . In December of that year , he spent a short loan spell with non-league side Hednesford Town . After impressing , the deal was made permanent in October 1998 . Renowned for his footballing versatility , he actually spent part of his career with the club playing as a goalkeeper , a far cry from his preferred and arguably specialized position of midfield . He spent just under three years with Hednesford , making around 40 appearances before leaving at the end of the 2000-01 season when they were relegated . He signed briefly for Hereford United making only two appearances in a defensive role , before moving on to join Northwich Victoria early in the season . He played more than 60 matches at Victoria , before joining Shrewsbury Town in July 2003 , and was part of the team that won promotion from the Conference back to the Football League in the 2003–04 season . After making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club , he was released in the summer of 2005 . Despite interest from a number of clubs , he opted to join Bury , where he spent a rather unsuccessful six months . On the flipside , during that time Sedgemore was loaned out to Football Conference club Burton Albion , and whilst there he played a full part in both of the clubs memorable FA Cup matches against Manchester United in January 2006 . After sealing his release from Bury later that month , Sedgemore opted against a one-year contract with Burton Albion in favour of a two-year deal with Kidderminster Harriers . He made his debut for them in early February 2006 against Halifax Town , but failed to sustain a regular first team place and left at the end of the 2006–07 season . Sedgemore signed for Conference side Altrincham at the start of July 2007 . However it was a season of disappointment for him and he was released at the end of the season . He then joined Conference North club Solihull Moors , before switching to Nantwich Town in 2009 . In 2011 , Sedgemore signed for Chasetown , before a move to AFC Wulfrunians , where he captained the club to their second West Midlands Regional League Premier Division title in 2013 . Sedgemores brother , Ben , played football for several clubs including Kings Lynn . Despite both the pair being professional footballers for a number of years , injuries and suspensions always prevented the two from playing against one another . |
[
"member of the constituent assembly"
] | easy | Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat took which position from Apr 1848 to Dec 1851? | /wiki/Lucien,_3rd_Prince_Murat#P39#0 | Lucien , 3rd Prince Murat Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon , Prince Français , Prince of Naples , 2nd Prince de Pontecorvo , 3rd Prince Murat ( 16 May 1803 – 10 April 1878 ) was a French politician , and the sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo between 1812 and May 1815 . Early life . Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon was born on 16 May 1803 in Milan . He was the second son of four children of Joachim Murat , the 1st Prince Murat , Grand Duke of Berg and King of Naples , and his Queen consort Caroline Bonaparte . His siblings included Achille , 2nd Prince Murat ( who married the American widow , Catherine Daingerfield Willis , a great-grandniece of President George Washington ) , Princess Marie Letizia Murat ( who married Guido Taddeo Pepoli , Marchese Pepoli , Conte di Castiglione ) , and Princess Louise Julie Murat ( who married Giulio Conte Rasponi ) . His maternal grandparents were Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino and his maternal uncles included Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon I of France , Lucien Bonaparte , Louis Bonaparte and Jérôme Bonaparte . His maternal aunts included Elisa Bonaparte and Pauline Bonaparte . His paternal grandparents were Pierre Murat-Jordy , an affluent innkeeper and postmaster , and the former Jeanne Loubières . Life in exile . Murat had to flee the Italian Peninsula after his fathers execution , which had been ordered by Ferdinand IV of Naples . Between 1815 and 1822 he and his older brother Prince Achille Murat received a solid education at Schloss Frohsdorf in the Austrian Empire . He later went to Venice , where he was pursued by the Austrian authorities , necessitating his departure to the United States where his elder brother Prince Achille Murat had already moved ( becoming a naturalized citizen sometime after July 1828 and dropping his European titles ) . En route to America , he was shipwrecked in Spain and captured by the Spanish , compelling him to remain there for many months until his brother secured assistance from the American President James Monroe for his release . He finally arrived in the United States in April 1825 . He traveled to Philadelphia to meet his maternal uncle Joseph ( the former King of Spain ) and from there traveled extensively in the western part of the country , as well as Texas and California . While in the U.S. , he married an American and had several children . After several years of financial difficulty , he opened a girls boarding school with his wife . On his many travels to France , Murat sought in 1838 and 1844 the possibility to reclaim his familys right to the throne , which his elder brother had abandoned . In France he was always only allowed to stay 5 weeks at a time . Settlement in France . He continued to live in the United States , staying in daily correspondence with his backers , until the fall of Louis-Philippe of France in 1848 . He returned to France with his wife and son and was elected a member of the constituent assembly in the 1848 French Constituent Assembly election . In 1849 , he was appointed as Minister for Turin . In 1852 , he received the status of senator and the title of prince . Meanwhile the dignitaries of the Grand Orient de France , Saint-Albin Berville and Marie-Auguste Desanlis saw no other means to save obedience after the coup détat of 2 December 1851 , than to offer the title of Grand Master to Prince Murat who accepted it . He had the constitution of 1854 passed , which gave the Grand Master , elected for seven years , great powers . He created the Civil Society for the construction of French Masonry ( 1853-1854 ) and purchased the building at 16 , rue Cadet , which became the Hôtel du Grand Orient de France . In 1861 , he tried to regain the throne of Naples , and composed a manifesto to support his claim and was referred to by The New York Times as the fat pretender to the throne of Naples . This was not well received by his maternal first cousin Napoleon III of France and Murat abandoned hopes of regaining the crown . During the Franco-Prussian War , after the French defeat at the Siege of Metz in 1870 , Murat was imprisoned with Marshal of France François Achille Bazaine . After the fall of the Second French Empire , Murat moved back to United States for a short time where he resumed his business interests , including grist mills and saw mills near Evans Mills , Jefferson County , New York . Personal life . On 18 August 1831 Murat married Caroline Georgina Fraser ( 1810–1879 ) in Bordentown , New Jersey . Caroline , a Protestant , was born in Charleston , South Carolina , daughter of Thomas Fraser , a Scottish emigrant to the United States and major in the Loyalist militia during the American Revolution , and his wife Ann Loughton ( née Smith ) Fraser . Together , they lived in Bordentown for several years , and were the parents of : - Princess Caroline Laetitia Murat ( 1832–1902 ) , who married Charles , Baron de Chassiron in Paris in 1850 . After his death in 1871 , she married John Lewis Garden ( 1833–1892 ) of Redisham Hall in London in 1871 . - Joachim Joseph Napoléon Murat , 4th Prince Murat , 3rd Prince of Pontecorvo ( 1834–1901 ) , a Major-General of the French Army who married Malcy Louise Caroline Berthier de Wagram ( 1832–1884 ) , a daughter of Napoléon Berthier de Wagram , 2nd Duc de Wagram ( 1810–1887 ) , at the Palais de Tuileries in 1854 . After her death in 1884 , he married Lady Lydia Hervey ( 1841–1901 ) in Paris in 1894 . - Princess Anne Murat ( 1841–1924 ) , who Antoine Just Léon Marie , 6th Duc de Mouchy , 6th Prince-Duc de Poix ( 1841–1909 ) in Paris in 1865 . - Prince Charles Louis Napoléon Achille Murat ( 1847–1895 ) , who married Princess Salomé Dadiani of Mingrelia ( 1848–1913 ) in Paris in 1868 . - Prince Louis Napoléon Murat ( 1851–1912 ) , who married Eudoxia Mikhailovna Somova ( 1850–1924 ) , a relative of Orest Somov , in Odessa in 1873 . She was a widow of Prince Orbeliani . Napoléon Lucien Murat died on 10 April 1878 in Paris . His wife died shortly after him on 10 February 1879 in their Paris apartment , 80 boulevard Malesherbes , 8th arrondissement . Descendants . Through his son Joachim , he was a grandfather of Joachim , 5th Prince Murat , a celebrated sportsman and race horse owner who married Marie Cécile Ney dElchingen , a daughter of the Prince de la Moskowa and a great-granddaughter of the Marshal Michel Ney . In 1919 , Prince Murat gave his Paris house on the rue de Monceau to President Woodrow Wilson for his use while in Paris for the Paris Peace Conference . He died at the family estate , Château de Chambly in Oise . Through his daughter Princess Anne , he is a direct ancestor of Archduke Carl Christian of Austria ( b . 1954 ) and Michel , 14th Prince of Ligne ( b . 1951 ) . Through his son Prince Achille Murat , he was a grandfather of Lucien-Charles-David-Napoléon Murat , Prince Murat ( 1870–1933 ) , who married Marie Augustine de Rohan-Chabot , a daughter of Alain de Rohan-Chabot , Duke of Rohan . Her older sister , Marie-Joséphine de Rohan-Chabot , was the wife of Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord ( grandson of Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord and nephew of Boson de Talleyrand-Périgord ) . After Prince Murats death in 1933 , his widow married French writer and diplomat Count Charles de Chambrun . Through his youngest son , Prince Louis , he was a grandfather of two boys , the elder being Prince Eugéne Michel Napoléon Murat ( 1875–1906 ) , who married a daughter of the Duke of Elchingen , with whom he had three children . Prince Eugéne died in an automobile accident while on his way to Karlsbad . The younger was Prince Michel Anne Charles Joachim Napoléon Murat ( 1887–1941 ) , who married Helena MacDonald Stallo , heiress to the Standard Oil fortune , in 1913 . Through his grandson Prince Michel , he was a great-grandfather of Princess Laure Louise Napoléone Eugénie Caroline Murat , who married Swiss-American journalist Fernand Auberjonois , parents of his great-great-grandson , actor René Auberjonois ( 1940–2019 ) . External links . |
[
"Grand Master"
] | easy | Which position did Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat hold from 1852 to 1861? | /wiki/Lucien,_3rd_Prince_Murat#P39#1 | Lucien , 3rd Prince Murat Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon , Prince Français , Prince of Naples , 2nd Prince de Pontecorvo , 3rd Prince Murat ( 16 May 1803 – 10 April 1878 ) was a French politician , and the sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo between 1812 and May 1815 . Early life . Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon was born on 16 May 1803 in Milan . He was the second son of four children of Joachim Murat , the 1st Prince Murat , Grand Duke of Berg and King of Naples , and his Queen consort Caroline Bonaparte . His siblings included Achille , 2nd Prince Murat ( who married the American widow , Catherine Daingerfield Willis , a great-grandniece of President George Washington ) , Princess Marie Letizia Murat ( who married Guido Taddeo Pepoli , Marchese Pepoli , Conte di Castiglione ) , and Princess Louise Julie Murat ( who married Giulio Conte Rasponi ) . His maternal grandparents were Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Ramolino and his maternal uncles included Joseph Bonaparte , Napoleon I of France , Lucien Bonaparte , Louis Bonaparte and Jérôme Bonaparte . His maternal aunts included Elisa Bonaparte and Pauline Bonaparte . His paternal grandparents were Pierre Murat-Jordy , an affluent innkeeper and postmaster , and the former Jeanne Loubières . Life in exile . Murat had to flee the Italian Peninsula after his fathers execution , which had been ordered by Ferdinand IV of Naples . Between 1815 and 1822 he and his older brother Prince Achille Murat received a solid education at Schloss Frohsdorf in the Austrian Empire . He later went to Venice , where he was pursued by the Austrian authorities , necessitating his departure to the United States where his elder brother Prince Achille Murat had already moved ( becoming a naturalized citizen sometime after July 1828 and dropping his European titles ) . En route to America , he was shipwrecked in Spain and captured by the Spanish , compelling him to remain there for many months until his brother secured assistance from the American President James Monroe for his release . He finally arrived in the United States in April 1825 . He traveled to Philadelphia to meet his maternal uncle Joseph ( the former King of Spain ) and from there traveled extensively in the western part of the country , as well as Texas and California . While in the U.S. , he married an American and had several children . After several years of financial difficulty , he opened a girls boarding school with his wife . On his many travels to France , Murat sought in 1838 and 1844 the possibility to reclaim his familys right to the throne , which his elder brother had abandoned . In France he was always only allowed to stay 5 weeks at a time . Settlement in France . He continued to live in the United States , staying in daily correspondence with his backers , until the fall of Louis-Philippe of France in 1848 . He returned to France with his wife and son and was elected a member of the constituent assembly in the 1848 French Constituent Assembly election . In 1849 , he was appointed as Minister for Turin . In 1852 , he received the status of senator and the title of prince . Meanwhile the dignitaries of the Grand Orient de France , Saint-Albin Berville and Marie-Auguste Desanlis saw no other means to save obedience after the coup détat of 2 December 1851 , than to offer the title of Grand Master to Prince Murat who accepted it . He had the constitution of 1854 passed , which gave the Grand Master , elected for seven years , great powers . He created the Civil Society for the construction of French Masonry ( 1853-1854 ) and purchased the building at 16 , rue Cadet , which became the Hôtel du Grand Orient de France . In 1861 , he tried to regain the throne of Naples , and composed a manifesto to support his claim and was referred to by The New York Times as the fat pretender to the throne of Naples . This was not well received by his maternal first cousin Napoleon III of France and Murat abandoned hopes of regaining the crown . During the Franco-Prussian War , after the French defeat at the Siege of Metz in 1870 , Murat was imprisoned with Marshal of France François Achille Bazaine . After the fall of the Second French Empire , Murat moved back to United States for a short time where he resumed his business interests , including grist mills and saw mills near Evans Mills , Jefferson County , New York . Personal life . On 18 August 1831 Murat married Caroline Georgina Fraser ( 1810–1879 ) in Bordentown , New Jersey . Caroline , a Protestant , was born in Charleston , South Carolina , daughter of Thomas Fraser , a Scottish emigrant to the United States and major in the Loyalist militia during the American Revolution , and his wife Ann Loughton ( née Smith ) Fraser . Together , they lived in Bordentown for several years , and were the parents of : - Princess Caroline Laetitia Murat ( 1832–1902 ) , who married Charles , Baron de Chassiron in Paris in 1850 . After his death in 1871 , she married John Lewis Garden ( 1833–1892 ) of Redisham Hall in London in 1871 . - Joachim Joseph Napoléon Murat , 4th Prince Murat , 3rd Prince of Pontecorvo ( 1834–1901 ) , a Major-General of the French Army who married Malcy Louise Caroline Berthier de Wagram ( 1832–1884 ) , a daughter of Napoléon Berthier de Wagram , 2nd Duc de Wagram ( 1810–1887 ) , at the Palais de Tuileries in 1854 . After her death in 1884 , he married Lady Lydia Hervey ( 1841–1901 ) in Paris in 1894 . - Princess Anne Murat ( 1841–1924 ) , who Antoine Just Léon Marie , 6th Duc de Mouchy , 6th Prince-Duc de Poix ( 1841–1909 ) in Paris in 1865 . - Prince Charles Louis Napoléon Achille Murat ( 1847–1895 ) , who married Princess Salomé Dadiani of Mingrelia ( 1848–1913 ) in Paris in 1868 . - Prince Louis Napoléon Murat ( 1851–1912 ) , who married Eudoxia Mikhailovna Somova ( 1850–1924 ) , a relative of Orest Somov , in Odessa in 1873 . She was a widow of Prince Orbeliani . Napoléon Lucien Murat died on 10 April 1878 in Paris . His wife died shortly after him on 10 February 1879 in their Paris apartment , 80 boulevard Malesherbes , 8th arrondissement . Descendants . Through his son Joachim , he was a grandfather of Joachim , 5th Prince Murat , a celebrated sportsman and race horse owner who married Marie Cécile Ney dElchingen , a daughter of the Prince de la Moskowa and a great-granddaughter of the Marshal Michel Ney . In 1919 , Prince Murat gave his Paris house on the rue de Monceau to President Woodrow Wilson for his use while in Paris for the Paris Peace Conference . He died at the family estate , Château de Chambly in Oise . Through his daughter Princess Anne , he is a direct ancestor of Archduke Carl Christian of Austria ( b . 1954 ) and Michel , 14th Prince of Ligne ( b . 1951 ) . Through his son Prince Achille Murat , he was a grandfather of Lucien-Charles-David-Napoléon Murat , Prince Murat ( 1870–1933 ) , who married Marie Augustine de Rohan-Chabot , a daughter of Alain de Rohan-Chabot , Duke of Rohan . Her older sister , Marie-Joséphine de Rohan-Chabot , was the wife of Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord ( grandson of Louis de Talleyrand-Périgord and nephew of Boson de Talleyrand-Périgord ) . After Prince Murats death in 1933 , his widow married French writer and diplomat Count Charles de Chambrun . Through his youngest son , Prince Louis , he was a grandfather of two boys , the elder being Prince Eugéne Michel Napoléon Murat ( 1875–1906 ) , who married a daughter of the Duke of Elchingen , with whom he had three children . Prince Eugéne died in an automobile accident while on his way to Karlsbad . The younger was Prince Michel Anne Charles Joachim Napoléon Murat ( 1887–1941 ) , who married Helena MacDonald Stallo , heiress to the Standard Oil fortune , in 1913 . Through his grandson Prince Michel , he was a great-grandfather of Princess Laure Louise Napoléone Eugénie Caroline Murat , who married Swiss-American journalist Fernand Auberjonois , parents of his great-great-grandson , actor René Auberjonois ( 1940–2019 ) . External links . |
[
"Una Stubbs"
] | easy | Who was Peter Gilmore 's spouse from 1958 to 1969? | /wiki/Peter_Gilmore#P26#0 | Peter Gilmore John Peter Gilmore ( 25 August 1931 – 3 February 2013 ) , known as Peter Gilmore , was an English actor , known for his portrayal of Captain James Onedin in 91 episodes of the BBC television period drama The Onedin Line ( 1971–1980 ) , created by Cyril Abraham . Career . Born in Leipzig , Germany , and brought up in Nunthorpe , North Riding of Yorkshire , Gilmore left school at the age of 14 . He had roles in eleven Carry On films , and appeared in many British films including The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) , Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) , The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) and Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) . During his early career , he appeared in several stage musicals , including Lock Up Your Daughters and released a single , Follow That Girl ( HMV POP 740 ) , in 1960 . He played Macheath opposite Jan Waters as Polly in a 1968 production of the Beggars Opera in London , in which both were praised for their portrayals . After achieving notice in the role of James Onedin , Gilmore felt he had become typecast as the rugged sea captain . He later appeared in a Doctor Who serial Frontios ( 1984 ) in which he played a character called Brazen . Gilmore also appeared in a Heartbeat episode , called The Frighteners , during the Nick Berry era ; his third wife , actress Anne Stallybrass was a regular in the series . Personal life . He married three times : to actress Una Stubbs ( 1958–1969 ) , with whom he adopted a child ; to Jan Waters ( 1970–1976 ) ; and to actress , and former Onedin Line colleague , Anne Stallybrass ( 1987–2013 ) , who survived him . Gilmore quit school at the age of 14 and started pursuing his dream of becoming an actor . In 1952 , he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art preparatory school Parada for a short time before being expelled . When he joined the army he discovered that he had a talent for singing and after his discharge from the army he joined a singing group called the George Mitchell singers . They appeared in a couple of stage plays but they didnt have the success they wanted . Gilmore soon gave up singing and continued his acting . Death . Peter Gilmore died in London on 3 February 2013 , aged 81 . He was survived by his third wife ( Stallybrass ) , and a son , Jason , adopted during his first marriage . Selected filmography . - Master Spy ( 1963 ) - Tom Masters - Carry On Cabby ( 1963 ) - Dancy - Bomb in the High Street ( 1963 ) - Shorty - Carry On Jack ( 1963 ) - Patch , Pirate Captain , aka Roger - Every Days a Holiday ( 1964 ) - Kenneth - Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) - Galley Master - Ive Gotta Horse ( 1965 ) - Jock - You Must Be Joking ! ( 1965 ) - Carry On Cowboy ( 1965 ) - Henchman Curly - Doctor in Clover ( 1966 ) - Len the choreographer - The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) - Butters - Dont Lose Your Head ( 1966 ) - Citizen Robespierre - The Jokers ( 1967 ) - Man at Party - Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) - Captain Humphrey Bagshaw - Carry On Doctor ( 1968 ) - Henry - Carry On Up the Khyber ( 1968 ) - Private Ginger Hale - Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) - Private Burgess - Carry On Again Doctor ( 1969 ) - Henry - My Lover My Son ( 1970 ) - Barman - Carry On Henry ( 1971 ) - King Francis of France - The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) - Dr . Kitaj - Freelance ( 1971 ) - Boss - Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) - Charles Aitken - The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne ( 1987 ) - Kevin ONell - Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) - Governor of the Canaries External links . - site dedicated to Gilmore and Stallybrass |
[
"Jan Waters"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Peter Gilmore from 1970 to 1976? | /wiki/Peter_Gilmore#P26#1 | Peter Gilmore John Peter Gilmore ( 25 August 1931 – 3 February 2013 ) , known as Peter Gilmore , was an English actor , known for his portrayal of Captain James Onedin in 91 episodes of the BBC television period drama The Onedin Line ( 1971–1980 ) , created by Cyril Abraham . Career . Born in Leipzig , Germany , and brought up in Nunthorpe , North Riding of Yorkshire , Gilmore left school at the age of 14 . He had roles in eleven Carry On films , and appeared in many British films including The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) , Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) , The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) and Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) . During his early career , he appeared in several stage musicals , including Lock Up Your Daughters and released a single , Follow That Girl ( HMV POP 740 ) , in 1960 . He played Macheath opposite Jan Waters as Polly in a 1968 production of the Beggars Opera in London , in which both were praised for their portrayals . After achieving notice in the role of James Onedin , Gilmore felt he had become typecast as the rugged sea captain . He later appeared in a Doctor Who serial Frontios ( 1984 ) in which he played a character called Brazen . Gilmore also appeared in a Heartbeat episode , called The Frighteners , during the Nick Berry era ; his third wife , actress Anne Stallybrass was a regular in the series . Personal life . He married three times : to actress Una Stubbs ( 1958–1969 ) , with whom he adopted a child ; to Jan Waters ( 1970–1976 ) ; and to actress , and former Onedin Line colleague , Anne Stallybrass ( 1987–2013 ) , who survived him . Gilmore quit school at the age of 14 and started pursuing his dream of becoming an actor . In 1952 , he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art preparatory school Parada for a short time before being expelled . When he joined the army he discovered that he had a talent for singing and after his discharge from the army he joined a singing group called the George Mitchell singers . They appeared in a couple of stage plays but they didnt have the success they wanted . Gilmore soon gave up singing and continued his acting . Death . Peter Gilmore died in London on 3 February 2013 , aged 81 . He was survived by his third wife ( Stallybrass ) , and a son , Jason , adopted during his first marriage . Selected filmography . - Master Spy ( 1963 ) - Tom Masters - Carry On Cabby ( 1963 ) - Dancy - Bomb in the High Street ( 1963 ) - Shorty - Carry On Jack ( 1963 ) - Patch , Pirate Captain , aka Roger - Every Days a Holiday ( 1964 ) - Kenneth - Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) - Galley Master - Ive Gotta Horse ( 1965 ) - Jock - You Must Be Joking ! ( 1965 ) - Carry On Cowboy ( 1965 ) - Henchman Curly - Doctor in Clover ( 1966 ) - Len the choreographer - The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) - Butters - Dont Lose Your Head ( 1966 ) - Citizen Robespierre - The Jokers ( 1967 ) - Man at Party - Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) - Captain Humphrey Bagshaw - Carry On Doctor ( 1968 ) - Henry - Carry On Up the Khyber ( 1968 ) - Private Ginger Hale - Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) - Private Burgess - Carry On Again Doctor ( 1969 ) - Henry - My Lover My Son ( 1970 ) - Barman - Carry On Henry ( 1971 ) - King Francis of France - The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) - Dr . Kitaj - Freelance ( 1971 ) - Boss - Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) - Charles Aitken - The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne ( 1987 ) - Kevin ONell - Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) - Governor of the Canaries External links . - site dedicated to Gilmore and Stallybrass |
[
"Anne Stallybrass"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Peter Gilmore from 1987 to 2013? | /wiki/Peter_Gilmore#P26#2 | Peter Gilmore John Peter Gilmore ( 25 August 1931 – 3 February 2013 ) , known as Peter Gilmore , was an English actor , known for his portrayal of Captain James Onedin in 91 episodes of the BBC television period drama The Onedin Line ( 1971–1980 ) , created by Cyril Abraham . Career . Born in Leipzig , Germany , and brought up in Nunthorpe , North Riding of Yorkshire , Gilmore left school at the age of 14 . He had roles in eleven Carry On films , and appeared in many British films including The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) , Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) , The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) and Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) . During his early career , he appeared in several stage musicals , including Lock Up Your Daughters and released a single , Follow That Girl ( HMV POP 740 ) , in 1960 . He played Macheath opposite Jan Waters as Polly in a 1968 production of the Beggars Opera in London , in which both were praised for their portrayals . After achieving notice in the role of James Onedin , Gilmore felt he had become typecast as the rugged sea captain . He later appeared in a Doctor Who serial Frontios ( 1984 ) in which he played a character called Brazen . Gilmore also appeared in a Heartbeat episode , called The Frighteners , during the Nick Berry era ; his third wife , actress Anne Stallybrass was a regular in the series . Personal life . He married three times : to actress Una Stubbs ( 1958–1969 ) , with whom he adopted a child ; to Jan Waters ( 1970–1976 ) ; and to actress , and former Onedin Line colleague , Anne Stallybrass ( 1987–2013 ) , who survived him . Gilmore quit school at the age of 14 and started pursuing his dream of becoming an actor . In 1952 , he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art preparatory school Parada for a short time before being expelled . When he joined the army he discovered that he had a talent for singing and after his discharge from the army he joined a singing group called the George Mitchell singers . They appeared in a couple of stage plays but they didnt have the success they wanted . Gilmore soon gave up singing and continued his acting . Death . Peter Gilmore died in London on 3 February 2013 , aged 81 . He was survived by his third wife ( Stallybrass ) , and a son , Jason , adopted during his first marriage . Selected filmography . - Master Spy ( 1963 ) - Tom Masters - Carry On Cabby ( 1963 ) - Dancy - Bomb in the High Street ( 1963 ) - Shorty - Carry On Jack ( 1963 ) - Patch , Pirate Captain , aka Roger - Every Days a Holiday ( 1964 ) - Kenneth - Carry On Cleo ( 1964 ) - Galley Master - Ive Gotta Horse ( 1965 ) - Jock - You Must Be Joking ! ( 1965 ) - Carry On Cowboy ( 1965 ) - Henchman Curly - Doctor in Clover ( 1966 ) - Len the choreographer - The Great St Trinians Train Robbery ( 1966 ) - Butters - Dont Lose Your Head ( 1966 ) - Citizen Robespierre - The Jokers ( 1967 ) - Man at Party - Follow That Camel ( 1967 ) - Captain Humphrey Bagshaw - Carry On Doctor ( 1968 ) - Henry - Carry On Up the Khyber ( 1968 ) - Private Ginger Hale - Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) - Private Burgess - Carry On Again Doctor ( 1969 ) - Henry - My Lover My Son ( 1970 ) - Barman - Carry On Henry ( 1971 ) - King Francis of France - The Abominable Dr . Phibes ( 1971 ) - Dr . Kitaj - Freelance ( 1971 ) - Boss - Warlords of Atlantis ( 1978 ) - Charles Aitken - The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne ( 1987 ) - Kevin ONell - Carry On Columbus ( 1992 ) - Governor of the Canaries External links . - site dedicated to Gilmore and Stallybrass |
[
"Þór/KA"
] | easy | Rakel Hönnudóttir played for which team from 2004 to 2005? | /wiki/Rakel_Hönnudóttir#P54#0 | Rakel Hönnudóttir Rakel Hönnudóttir ( born 30 December 1988 ) is an Icelandic footballer and musician who plays as a striker for Breiðablik in the Úrvalsdeild and Icelands national team . She represented her country at the UEFA Womens Championship in 2009 and 2013 . She played in the Champions League with Þór/KA . Despite being a striker she has seldom played as one for the national team , even featuring at right back . Club career . Rakel was born and grew up in Akureyri , a city in North Iceland . Throughout her youth club career she played for Þór up until 2006 when the two biggest football teams in Akureyri decided to join their womens teams and call them Þór/KA . In January 2009 Rakel went on loan to Brøndby IF of the Danish Elitedivisionen . She became the first foreign player at Brøndbys female section , who were the reigning national champions . She returned to Iceland in April and continued playing for Þór/KA in the Icelandic Premier league . In November 2011 Rakel signed with Breiðablik where she remained for six seasons . At Breiðablik Rakel scored a total of 46 goals in 103 league appearances . She spent the 2018 Damallsvenskan season in Sweden with IF Limhamn Bunkeflo , before signing for English FA WSL club Reading in January 2019 . In December 2019 , Rakel ended her 11-month spell with Reading and returned to Iceland with Breiðablik . International career . Rakel made her senior international debut for Iceland at the 2008 Algarve Cup ; in a 2–0 win over Poland . At UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , Rakel featured in all three matches as Iceland were eliminated in the first round . Four years later , national team coach Siggi Eyjólfsson selected Rakel in the Iceland squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . She retained her place in the national team squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2017 , but this time remained an unused substitute as Iceland exited at the group stage . At the time of her transfer to Reading in January 2019 , Rakel had 94 caps for Iceland and seven goals . On 2 September 2019 , she made her 100th international appearance against Slovakia . Honors and awards . Rakel was selected the most promising player of the year in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild in 2007 where the coaches and captains of the teams got to cast their vote . In 2008 Rakel was named the player of the year by Þór/KA womens team . That same year she was named the best female soccer player of the year by Þór and Akureyris athlete of the year . External links . - KSÍ – Rakel Hönnudótti |
[
"Þór/KA"
] | easy | Rakel Hönnudóttir played for which team from 2006 to 2008? | /wiki/Rakel_Hönnudóttir#P54#1 | Rakel Hönnudóttir Rakel Hönnudóttir ( born 30 December 1988 ) is an Icelandic footballer and musician who plays as a striker for Breiðablik in the Úrvalsdeild and Icelands national team . She represented her country at the UEFA Womens Championship in 2009 and 2013 . She played in the Champions League with Þór/KA . Despite being a striker she has seldom played as one for the national team , even featuring at right back . Club career . Rakel was born and grew up in Akureyri , a city in North Iceland . Throughout her youth club career she played for Þór up until 2006 when the two biggest football teams in Akureyri decided to join their womens teams and call them Þór/KA . In January 2009 Rakel went on loan to Brøndby IF of the Danish Elitedivisionen . She became the first foreign player at Brøndbys female section , who were the reigning national champions . She returned to Iceland in April and continued playing for Þór/KA in the Icelandic Premier league . In November 2011 Rakel signed with Breiðablik where she remained for six seasons . At Breiðablik Rakel scored a total of 46 goals in 103 league appearances . She spent the 2018 Damallsvenskan season in Sweden with IF Limhamn Bunkeflo , before signing for English FA WSL club Reading in January 2019 . In December 2019 , Rakel ended her 11-month spell with Reading and returned to Iceland with Breiðablik . International career . Rakel made her senior international debut for Iceland at the 2008 Algarve Cup ; in a 2–0 win over Poland . At UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , Rakel featured in all three matches as Iceland were eliminated in the first round . Four years later , national team coach Siggi Eyjólfsson selected Rakel in the Iceland squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . She retained her place in the national team squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2017 , but this time remained an unused substitute as Iceland exited at the group stage . At the time of her transfer to Reading in January 2019 , Rakel had 94 caps for Iceland and seven goals . On 2 September 2019 , she made her 100th international appearance against Slovakia . Honors and awards . Rakel was selected the most promising player of the year in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild in 2007 where the coaches and captains of the teams got to cast their vote . In 2008 Rakel was named the player of the year by Þór/KA womens team . That same year she was named the best female soccer player of the year by Þór and Akureyris athlete of the year . External links . - KSÍ – Rakel Hönnudótti |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Rakel Hönnudóttir play for from 2008 to 2012? | /wiki/Rakel_Hönnudóttir#P54#2 | Rakel Hönnudóttir Rakel Hönnudóttir ( born 30 December 1988 ) is an Icelandic footballer and musician who plays as a striker for Breiðablik in the Úrvalsdeild and Icelands national team . She represented her country at the UEFA Womens Championship in 2009 and 2013 . She played in the Champions League with Þór/KA . Despite being a striker she has seldom played as one for the national team , even featuring at right back . Club career . Rakel was born and grew up in Akureyri , a city in North Iceland . Throughout her youth club career she played for Þór up until 2006 when the two biggest football teams in Akureyri decided to join their womens teams and call them Þór/KA . In January 2009 Rakel went on loan to Brøndby IF of the Danish Elitedivisionen . She became the first foreign player at Brøndbys female section , who were the reigning national champions . She returned to Iceland in April and continued playing for Þór/KA in the Icelandic Premier league . In November 2011 Rakel signed with Breiðablik where she remained for six seasons . At Breiðablik Rakel scored a total of 46 goals in 103 league appearances . She spent the 2018 Damallsvenskan season in Sweden with IF Limhamn Bunkeflo , before signing for English FA WSL club Reading in January 2019 . In December 2019 , Rakel ended her 11-month spell with Reading and returned to Iceland with Breiðablik . International career . Rakel made her senior international debut for Iceland at the 2008 Algarve Cup ; in a 2–0 win over Poland . At UEFA Womens Euro 2009 , Rakel featured in all three matches as Iceland were eliminated in the first round . Four years later , national team coach Siggi Eyjólfsson selected Rakel in the Iceland squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2013 . She retained her place in the national team squad for UEFA Womens Euro 2017 , but this time remained an unused substitute as Iceland exited at the group stage . At the time of her transfer to Reading in January 2019 , Rakel had 94 caps for Iceland and seven goals . On 2 September 2019 , she made her 100th international appearance against Slovakia . Honors and awards . Rakel was selected the most promising player of the year in the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild in 2007 where the coaches and captains of the teams got to cast their vote . In 2008 Rakel was named the player of the year by Þór/KA womens team . That same year she was named the best female soccer player of the year by Þór and Akureyris athlete of the year . External links . - KSÍ – Rakel Hönnudótti |
[
"Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts"
] | easy | David I. Walsh took which position from 1913 to 1914? | /wiki/David_I._Walsh#P39#0 | David I . Walsh David Ignatius Walsh ( November 11 , 1872June 11 , 1947 ) was a United States politician from Massachusetts . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the 46th Governor of Massachusetts before serving several terms in the United States Senate . Born in Leominster , Massachusetts to Irish Catholic immigrants , Walsh practiced law in Boston after graduating from the Boston University School of Law . He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1900 to 1901 , establishing a reputation as an anti-imperialist and isolationist . In 1912 , he won election as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in seventy years . He served as governor from 1914 to 1916 and led a successful effort to call for a state constitutional convention . Walsh won election to the Senate in 1918 , lost his re-election bid in 1924 , and returned to the Senate with a victory in the 1926 special election to succeed Henry Cabot Lodge . Walsh became increasingly opposed to an activist government after 1924 . He supported Al Smith over Franklin D . Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and gave lukewarm support to President Roosevelts agenda . Walsh introduced and helped pass the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 , which established labor standards for employees of government contractors . Prior to the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Walsh opposed American involvement in World War II and was a leading member of the America First Committee . He lost his 1946 re-election bid to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . and died the following year . Youth and education . Walsh was born in Leominster , Massachusetts , on November 11 , 1872 , the ninth of ten children . His parents were Irish Catholic immigrants . Walsh attended public schools in his birthplace and later in Clinton , Massachusetts . His father , a comb maker , died when he was twelve . Thereafter , his mother ran a boarding house . Walsh graduated from Clinton High School in 1890 and from Holy Cross in 1893 . He attended Boston University Law School , where he graduated in 1897 . Walsh was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , in 1897 , later practicing in Boston . Career in state politics . Walsh was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for two terms in 1900 and 1901 , elected from a longtime Republican district . From the start of his political career , he was anti-imperialist and isolationist and opposed Americas authority over the Philippines as part of the settlement of the Spanish–American War . Walshs vote to restrict the hours that women and children could work to 58 led to his defeat when he sought another term . He next lost the race for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1910 , but ran again and won in 1912 , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in 70 years . He became the first Irish and the first Catholic Governor of Massachusetts in 1914 , successfully challenging the incumbent Democratic governor Eugene Foss for the party nomination , and then defeating a divided Republican opposition ( and Foss , who ran as an independent ) with a comfortable plurality . He served two one-year terms . He offered voters an alternative to boss-dominated politics , expressing a forthright espousal of government responsibility for social welfare . Walsh proposed increased government responsibility for charity work and the care of the insane and reorganized the states management of these areas with little opposition . In his 1914 campaign for re-election , he cited as accomplishments an increase in the amounts paid for workmans compensation and improved administration of the states care for the insane . As governor , Walsh fought unsuccessfully for a Womens Suffrage Amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution . He also campaigned for film censorship in the state after large protests were mounted against the racial depictions in D . W . Griffiths film The Birth of a Nation . He supported the work of the Anti-Death Penalty League , a Massachusetts organization founded in 1897 that was particularly active and nearly successful in the decade preceding World War I . As governor he asked the legislature to call a Constitutional Convention without success . When the legislature later called a convention , Walsh won election as a delegate-at-large as part of a slate of candidates who endorsed adding provisions for initiative and referendum to the state constitution , key Progressive-era reforms . He served as a delegate-at-large to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1917 and 1918 that saw those reforms passed . His speech on behalf of initiative and referendum shows him in the role of populist and reformer : In 1914 , Walsh was challenged for the governorship by Samuel W . McCall , a moderate Republican . He narrowly won reelection , probably due to the presence of a Progressive ( Bull Moose ) candidate who took votes from McCall . McCall successfully reunited the Republicans and the Progressives the next year , and defeated Walsh , in part by supporting Walshs call for a constitutional convention . Walsh returned to the practice of law after leaving office , working with his older brother Thomas in his hometown of Clinton . Career in national politics . In 1918 , Walsh was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4 , 1919 , to March 3 , 1925 . He was the first Irish-Catholic Senator from Massachusetts . A noted orator , he introduced Irish Republic President Éamon de Valera at Fenway Park on June 29 , 1919 . At the Democratic National Convention in 1924 , he spoke in favor of condemning the Ku Klux Klan by name in the party platform : We ask you to cut out of the body politic with the sharpest instrument at your command this malignant growth which , injected , means the destruction of everything which has made America immortal . If you can denounce Republicanism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . If you can denounce Bolshevism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . Walsh failed to win reelection by just 20,000 votes in 1924 , the year of the Coolidge landslide , and briefly resumed the practice of law in Boston . Following the death of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , the Republicans fought hard to retain his seat . Though Herbert Hoover and Charles Evans Hughes campaigned for his opponent , in the November 1926 special election Walsh won the right to complete the remaining two years of Lodges term , defeating William Morgan Butler , a friend of Coolidge and head of the Republican National Committee . Walshs 1924 defeat also marked a turning point in his political philosophy . He had previously endorsed an activist role for government , but after 1924 his rhetoric increasingly attacked the federal bureaucracy and big government . Though he had once advocated in favor of federal child labor legislation , he became one of its most consistent opponents . In 1929 , Time published a detailed profile of Walsh and his voting record . It noted that he voted for the Jones Act of 1929 that increased penalties for the violation of Prohibition , but said the Senator votes Wet , drinks Wet . Its more personal description said : A bachelor , he is tall and stout . A double chin tends to get out over his tight-fitting collar . His stomach bulges over his belt . He weighs 200 lbs . or more . Setting-up exercises every other day at a Washington health centre have failed to reduce his girth . He is troubled about it . His dress is dandified . He wears silk shirts in bright colors and stripes and , often , stiff collars to match . His feet are small and well-shod . Beneath his habitual derby hat his hair is turning thin and grey . Society is his prime diversion . Of secondary interest are motoring , sporting events , the theatre . In Washington he occupies an expensive suite of rooms at the luxurious Carlton Hotel on 16th Street . A good and frequent host himself , he accepts all invitations out , is one of the most lionized Senators in Washington . Time reported that some commented on the contrast between his political populism and his luxurious life style . The profile noted he was a gruff and bull-voiced debater but that in private conversation his voice is soft and controlled . In sum , Time said that Impartial Senate observers rate him thus : A good practical politician , a legislator above the average . His political philosophy is liberal and humane , except on economic matters ( the tariff ) which affect the New England industry , when he turns conservative . His floor attendance is regular , his powers of persuasion , fair . When attacking the Hoover administration following the 1930 elections , Walsh identified two principal causes of voter dissatisfaction : the administrations indifference to economic conditions and its failure to recognize the widespread opposition to prohibition . Walsh won reelection in 1928 , 1934 and 1940 , failing in his final bid for reelection in 1946 . During his Senate service , Walsh held the posts of chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor ( 73rd and 74th Congresses ) and of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( 74th-77th and 79th Congresses ) . In 1932 , he supported Al Smith against FDR for the Democratic nomination for president . He objected to Justice Hugo Blacks failure to disclose his earlier membership in the Ku Klux Klan and promoted the appointment of Jews to the judiciary , notably that of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , a longtime friend . Though a Democrat , he gave only reluctant support to President Roosevelts agenda . In 1936 , when some Democrats looked for an alternative presidential candidate , he supported Roosevelt , although their relations are none too good . A newspaper reported that He is not of the insurgent type .. . At heart , observers [ in Boston ] say , he dissents from many of the policies of the New Deal , but he will stay on the reservation and he will avoid an open break . During the campaign , he failed to speak in support of the President until October 20 , 1936 . In 1936 , Walsh , as head of the Senate Labor Committee , lent his name an administration bill to establish labor standards for employees of government contractors , known as the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act It provided for minimum wages and overtime , safety and sanitation rules , and restrictions on the use of child and convict labor . In 1937 , he declared himself an opponent of the administration and joined the opposition to FDRs plan to enlarge the Supreme Court . Speaking at New York Citys Carnegie Hall , Walsh argued his position in terms of the separation of powers , judicial independence , and the proper role of the executive . He described the publics reaction as a state of fear , of apprehension , of bewilderment , of real grief , as a result of the proposal to impair , if not indeed to destroy , the judicial independence of the Supreme Court . He also emphasized the role of the Court in protecting civil liberties , citing two examples : He continued : One Cabinet official described his overall relationship to the administration as not sympathetic .. . to put it mildly . Along with four of his colleagues , Walsh condemned antisemitism in Nazi Germany in a Senate speech on June 10 , 1933 . World War II . Immediately following the defeat of France , Walsh was the sponsor , along with Senator Vinson , of the Vinson–Walsh Act of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S . Navy by 70 percent . It included seven battleships , 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft . In the Senate , Walsh was a consistent isolationist He supported American neutrality with respect to the Spanish Civil War and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the attack on Pearl Harbor . Speaking in the Senate on June 21 , 1940 , he denounced Roosevelts plans to provide armaments to Great Britain : At the 1940 Democratic National Convention , where Walsh supported James Farley for president rather than FDR , he and his fellow isolationist Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read : We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not send our army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas . When the President added the words except in case of attack , they accepted the change . In that years election , he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the CIO for his anti-New Deal positions . After the 1940 election in particular , he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality , first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee , which he headed , and then in attacking the Lend-Lease program on the floor of the Senate . He was a leading member of the America First movement , opposing U.S . involvement in World War II . In 1940 , the New York Times described Walsh as a more moderate critic of the administrations attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August commitment FDR made to Churchill one that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume . .. . The President alone , and on his own initiative , has undertaken to pledge our government , our nation , and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come . When the Senate considered the Burke–Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S . history , Walsh offered an amendment , which failed to pass , that would have delayed the laws effective date until war was declared . In June 1940 , he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill , sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940 , which permitted surplus military equipment to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense . To aid Great Britain , the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases . In 1941 , when the administration used the Greer incident , an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer , to authorize American forces to shoot on sight , Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany . Scandal . On May 7 , 1942 , the New York Post , which had long favored U.S . involvement in the European conflict , implicated Walsh in a sensational sex and spy scandal uncovered at a Brooklyn male brothel for U.S . Navy personnel that had been infiltrated by Nazi spies . The charges went unreported by the rest of the press , but word of mouth made it , according to Time , one of the worst scandals that ever affected a member of the Senate . The police operation led to the arrest and conviction of three foreign agents and the brothels owner-operator , Gustave Beekman , though promised leniency for cooperating with the police , received the maximum sentence of 20 years for sodomy and was not released from prison until 1963 . The scandal was complex in that it implicated the Senator as a homosexual , as a patron of a male bordello , and as a possible dupe of enemy agents . Homosexuality was a taboo subject for public discourse , so the Post referred to a house of degradation . At one point a sub-headline in the New York Times called it a Resort . In the Daily Mirror , columnist Walter Winchell mentioned Brooklyns spy nest , also known as the swastika swishery . The Post first suggested a scandal . Over the course of several weeks it hinted an important person was involved , then named Senator X , and finally identified Walsh by name . Its sensational treatment of the story detracted from the seriousness of its charges . The brothels owner and several others arrested in a police raid identified Walsh to the police as Doc , a regular client , whose visits ended just before police surveillance began . Some furnished intimate physical details . President Roosevelt believed the charge that Walsh was homosexual was true . He told Vice President Henry Wallace that everyone knew about Walshs homosexuality and he had a similar conversation with Alben W . Barkley , the Senate majority leader . Without discussing details , Walsh issued a brief statement calling the story a diabolical lie and demanding a full investigation . He then conducted his usual Senate business without reference to the charges . An FBI investigation produced no evidence to support the New York Posts specific charges against the Senator , though it accumulated much derogatory information in its files . On May 20 , 1942 , with a full report from FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover in hand , Senator Barkley addressed the Senate at length on the irresponsibility of the New York Post , the laudable restraint of the rest of the press , the details of the FBIs report , and the Senates affirmation of Walshs unsullied reputation . He declined to insert the FBI report in the Congressional Record , he said , because it contains disgusting and unprintable things . Without addressing Walshs sexuality , he said the report contained no evidence that Walsh ever visited a house of degradation to connive or to consort with , or to converse with , or to conspire with anyone who is the enemy of the United States . He denied the charges related to espionage . He provided no specifics about the sexual activity at issue and said the details of the charges were too loathsome to mention in the Senate or in any group of ladies and gentlemen . The press conflated the charges in a similar way . For example , the New York Times report of Barkleys speech said that the FBI reported that there is not the slightest foundation for charges that Senator Walsh , 69-year-old chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee , visited a house of degradation in Brooklyn and was seen talking to Nazi agents there . Isolationist senators promptly denounced the charges as an attack on their political position . Senator Bennett Clark asserted that Morris Ernst , attorney for the New York Post , had contacted the White House trying to engage the administration to smear FDRs opposition . Senator Gerald Nye contended the incident represented a larger effort on the part of a secret society that for two years had been trying to discredit him and his fellow isolationists . The press used these Senate speeches to cover the affair at last . Their treatment varied in tone : Time reported Barkleys speech exonerating Walsh and that the Post in reply had repeated its charges . It concluded its coverage : The known facts made only one thing indisputable : either a serious scandal was being hushed up or a really diabolical libel had been perpetrated . Final Senate years . During the 1944 presidential race , with FDR seeking a fourth term , his running mate Harry S . Truman referred to Walsh as an isolationist , a characterization Walsh resented . On November 2 , just five days before the election , the President called Walsh at his home in Clinton , Massachusetts , and invited him to join the presidential party in Worcester , Massachusetts . Walsh accepted the invitation to the relief of the Democrats . The contretemps gave Walsh an opportunity to define his position , that he was no isolationist because he favored the war and seeing the war through to total victory . He also believed the troops should return home quickly , allowing only that some may be required to perform police duties in enemy territory , and the reserves demobilized . He hoped for a democratic peace .. . free from the influences of political expediency which compromises with imperialism and surrenders to power politics . In 1945 , demonstrating that his isolationism was not absolute , Walsh voted in favor of the United Nations Charter . He was one of a dozen senators who protested the failure of the United Nations to invite a Jewish delegation to its founding San Francisco Conference . Given his poor relationship with the White House , Walsh anticipated that the administration might even support an opponent in a Democratic primary when he next ran for reelection . He faced no such challenge , but was defeated in his 1946 race for reelection by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Personal life and death . Walsh was raised a Roman Catholic and throughout his life identified himself as a Catholic and practiced his religion both in public and in private . An altar boy as a youth , in his adult years he regularly attended retreats and participated in meetings of Catholic laymen . Senate colleagues recognized his Catholic faith and occasionally baited him by challenging him to defend himself as a partisan of Catholic interests , which Walsh did not hesitate to answer . Once when a senator accused the Catholic Church of attempting to involve the United States in the Churchs battle with the government of Mexico , Walsh defended the Church at length , saying in part : Walsh never married . He and his brother Thomas , who died in 1931 , supported their four unmarried sisters , two of whom outlived the Senator . Walshs supposed homosexuality is believed by some historians . Writing in the 1960s , former Attorney General Francis Biddle hinted at the subject when he described Walsh in the mid-1930s as an elderly politician with a soft tread and low , colorless voice .. . whose concealed and controlled anxieties not altogether centered on retaining his job . According to Gore Vidal , interviewed in 1974 , There wasnt anybody in Massachusetts .. . who didnt know what David Walsh was up to . Walshs most recent biographer writes that The campaign to destroy David I . Walsh worked because he could not defend himself .. . David I . Walsh was gay . He was a member of the Naval Order of the United States . Upon his retirement from political office , Walsh resided in Clinton , Massachusetts , until his death following a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston on June 11 , 1947 . Walsh is buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Clinton . In his later years he received honorary degrees from Holy Cross , Georgetown University , Notre Dame , Fordham , Boston University , Canisius College , and St . Josephs College ( Philadelphia ) , A bronze statue of him by Joseph Coletti was erected near the Music Oval on Bostons Charles River Esplanade in 1954 . It bears the motto : non sibi sed patriae , a tribute to his service to the U.S . Navy while in the Senate . Walshs alma mater , Holy Cross , awards an annual scholarship in his name . |
[
"governor"
] | easy | What position did David I. Walsh take from 1914 to 1916? | /wiki/David_I._Walsh#P39#1 | David I . Walsh David Ignatius Walsh ( November 11 , 1872June 11 , 1947 ) was a United States politician from Massachusetts . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the 46th Governor of Massachusetts before serving several terms in the United States Senate . Born in Leominster , Massachusetts to Irish Catholic immigrants , Walsh practiced law in Boston after graduating from the Boston University School of Law . He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1900 to 1901 , establishing a reputation as an anti-imperialist and isolationist . In 1912 , he won election as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in seventy years . He served as governor from 1914 to 1916 and led a successful effort to call for a state constitutional convention . Walsh won election to the Senate in 1918 , lost his re-election bid in 1924 , and returned to the Senate with a victory in the 1926 special election to succeed Henry Cabot Lodge . Walsh became increasingly opposed to an activist government after 1924 . He supported Al Smith over Franklin D . Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and gave lukewarm support to President Roosevelts agenda . Walsh introduced and helped pass the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 , which established labor standards for employees of government contractors . Prior to the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Walsh opposed American involvement in World War II and was a leading member of the America First Committee . He lost his 1946 re-election bid to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . and died the following year . Youth and education . Walsh was born in Leominster , Massachusetts , on November 11 , 1872 , the ninth of ten children . His parents were Irish Catholic immigrants . Walsh attended public schools in his birthplace and later in Clinton , Massachusetts . His father , a comb maker , died when he was twelve . Thereafter , his mother ran a boarding house . Walsh graduated from Clinton High School in 1890 and from Holy Cross in 1893 . He attended Boston University Law School , where he graduated in 1897 . Walsh was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , in 1897 , later practicing in Boston . Career in state politics . Walsh was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for two terms in 1900 and 1901 , elected from a longtime Republican district . From the start of his political career , he was anti-imperialist and isolationist and opposed Americas authority over the Philippines as part of the settlement of the Spanish–American War . Walshs vote to restrict the hours that women and children could work to 58 led to his defeat when he sought another term . He next lost the race for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1910 , but ran again and won in 1912 , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in 70 years . He became the first Irish and the first Catholic Governor of Massachusetts in 1914 , successfully challenging the incumbent Democratic governor Eugene Foss for the party nomination , and then defeating a divided Republican opposition ( and Foss , who ran as an independent ) with a comfortable plurality . He served two one-year terms . He offered voters an alternative to boss-dominated politics , expressing a forthright espousal of government responsibility for social welfare . Walsh proposed increased government responsibility for charity work and the care of the insane and reorganized the states management of these areas with little opposition . In his 1914 campaign for re-election , he cited as accomplishments an increase in the amounts paid for workmans compensation and improved administration of the states care for the insane . As governor , Walsh fought unsuccessfully for a Womens Suffrage Amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution . He also campaigned for film censorship in the state after large protests were mounted against the racial depictions in D . W . Griffiths film The Birth of a Nation . He supported the work of the Anti-Death Penalty League , a Massachusetts organization founded in 1897 that was particularly active and nearly successful in the decade preceding World War I . As governor he asked the legislature to call a Constitutional Convention without success . When the legislature later called a convention , Walsh won election as a delegate-at-large as part of a slate of candidates who endorsed adding provisions for initiative and referendum to the state constitution , key Progressive-era reforms . He served as a delegate-at-large to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1917 and 1918 that saw those reforms passed . His speech on behalf of initiative and referendum shows him in the role of populist and reformer : In 1914 , Walsh was challenged for the governorship by Samuel W . McCall , a moderate Republican . He narrowly won reelection , probably due to the presence of a Progressive ( Bull Moose ) candidate who took votes from McCall . McCall successfully reunited the Republicans and the Progressives the next year , and defeated Walsh , in part by supporting Walshs call for a constitutional convention . Walsh returned to the practice of law after leaving office , working with his older brother Thomas in his hometown of Clinton . Career in national politics . In 1918 , Walsh was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4 , 1919 , to March 3 , 1925 . He was the first Irish-Catholic Senator from Massachusetts . A noted orator , he introduced Irish Republic President Éamon de Valera at Fenway Park on June 29 , 1919 . At the Democratic National Convention in 1924 , he spoke in favor of condemning the Ku Klux Klan by name in the party platform : We ask you to cut out of the body politic with the sharpest instrument at your command this malignant growth which , injected , means the destruction of everything which has made America immortal . If you can denounce Republicanism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . If you can denounce Bolshevism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . Walsh failed to win reelection by just 20,000 votes in 1924 , the year of the Coolidge landslide , and briefly resumed the practice of law in Boston . Following the death of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , the Republicans fought hard to retain his seat . Though Herbert Hoover and Charles Evans Hughes campaigned for his opponent , in the November 1926 special election Walsh won the right to complete the remaining two years of Lodges term , defeating William Morgan Butler , a friend of Coolidge and head of the Republican National Committee . Walshs 1924 defeat also marked a turning point in his political philosophy . He had previously endorsed an activist role for government , but after 1924 his rhetoric increasingly attacked the federal bureaucracy and big government . Though he had once advocated in favor of federal child labor legislation , he became one of its most consistent opponents . In 1929 , Time published a detailed profile of Walsh and his voting record . It noted that he voted for the Jones Act of 1929 that increased penalties for the violation of Prohibition , but said the Senator votes Wet , drinks Wet . Its more personal description said : A bachelor , he is tall and stout . A double chin tends to get out over his tight-fitting collar . His stomach bulges over his belt . He weighs 200 lbs . or more . Setting-up exercises every other day at a Washington health centre have failed to reduce his girth . He is troubled about it . His dress is dandified . He wears silk shirts in bright colors and stripes and , often , stiff collars to match . His feet are small and well-shod . Beneath his habitual derby hat his hair is turning thin and grey . Society is his prime diversion . Of secondary interest are motoring , sporting events , the theatre . In Washington he occupies an expensive suite of rooms at the luxurious Carlton Hotel on 16th Street . A good and frequent host himself , he accepts all invitations out , is one of the most lionized Senators in Washington . Time reported that some commented on the contrast between his political populism and his luxurious life style . The profile noted he was a gruff and bull-voiced debater but that in private conversation his voice is soft and controlled . In sum , Time said that Impartial Senate observers rate him thus : A good practical politician , a legislator above the average . His political philosophy is liberal and humane , except on economic matters ( the tariff ) which affect the New England industry , when he turns conservative . His floor attendance is regular , his powers of persuasion , fair . When attacking the Hoover administration following the 1930 elections , Walsh identified two principal causes of voter dissatisfaction : the administrations indifference to economic conditions and its failure to recognize the widespread opposition to prohibition . Walsh won reelection in 1928 , 1934 and 1940 , failing in his final bid for reelection in 1946 . During his Senate service , Walsh held the posts of chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor ( 73rd and 74th Congresses ) and of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( 74th-77th and 79th Congresses ) . In 1932 , he supported Al Smith against FDR for the Democratic nomination for president . He objected to Justice Hugo Blacks failure to disclose his earlier membership in the Ku Klux Klan and promoted the appointment of Jews to the judiciary , notably that of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , a longtime friend . Though a Democrat , he gave only reluctant support to President Roosevelts agenda . In 1936 , when some Democrats looked for an alternative presidential candidate , he supported Roosevelt , although their relations are none too good . A newspaper reported that He is not of the insurgent type .. . At heart , observers [ in Boston ] say , he dissents from many of the policies of the New Deal , but he will stay on the reservation and he will avoid an open break . During the campaign , he failed to speak in support of the President until October 20 , 1936 . In 1936 , Walsh , as head of the Senate Labor Committee , lent his name an administration bill to establish labor standards for employees of government contractors , known as the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act It provided for minimum wages and overtime , safety and sanitation rules , and restrictions on the use of child and convict labor . In 1937 , he declared himself an opponent of the administration and joined the opposition to FDRs plan to enlarge the Supreme Court . Speaking at New York Citys Carnegie Hall , Walsh argued his position in terms of the separation of powers , judicial independence , and the proper role of the executive . He described the publics reaction as a state of fear , of apprehension , of bewilderment , of real grief , as a result of the proposal to impair , if not indeed to destroy , the judicial independence of the Supreme Court . He also emphasized the role of the Court in protecting civil liberties , citing two examples : He continued : One Cabinet official described his overall relationship to the administration as not sympathetic .. . to put it mildly . Along with four of his colleagues , Walsh condemned antisemitism in Nazi Germany in a Senate speech on June 10 , 1933 . World War II . Immediately following the defeat of France , Walsh was the sponsor , along with Senator Vinson , of the Vinson–Walsh Act of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S . Navy by 70 percent . It included seven battleships , 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft . In the Senate , Walsh was a consistent isolationist He supported American neutrality with respect to the Spanish Civil War and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the attack on Pearl Harbor . Speaking in the Senate on June 21 , 1940 , he denounced Roosevelts plans to provide armaments to Great Britain : At the 1940 Democratic National Convention , where Walsh supported James Farley for president rather than FDR , he and his fellow isolationist Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read : We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not send our army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas . When the President added the words except in case of attack , they accepted the change . In that years election , he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the CIO for his anti-New Deal positions . After the 1940 election in particular , he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality , first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee , which he headed , and then in attacking the Lend-Lease program on the floor of the Senate . He was a leading member of the America First movement , opposing U.S . involvement in World War II . In 1940 , the New York Times described Walsh as a more moderate critic of the administrations attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August commitment FDR made to Churchill one that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume . .. . The President alone , and on his own initiative , has undertaken to pledge our government , our nation , and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come . When the Senate considered the Burke–Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S . history , Walsh offered an amendment , which failed to pass , that would have delayed the laws effective date until war was declared . In June 1940 , he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill , sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940 , which permitted surplus military equipment to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense . To aid Great Britain , the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases . In 1941 , when the administration used the Greer incident , an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer , to authorize American forces to shoot on sight , Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany . Scandal . On May 7 , 1942 , the New York Post , which had long favored U.S . involvement in the European conflict , implicated Walsh in a sensational sex and spy scandal uncovered at a Brooklyn male brothel for U.S . Navy personnel that had been infiltrated by Nazi spies . The charges went unreported by the rest of the press , but word of mouth made it , according to Time , one of the worst scandals that ever affected a member of the Senate . The police operation led to the arrest and conviction of three foreign agents and the brothels owner-operator , Gustave Beekman , though promised leniency for cooperating with the police , received the maximum sentence of 20 years for sodomy and was not released from prison until 1963 . The scandal was complex in that it implicated the Senator as a homosexual , as a patron of a male bordello , and as a possible dupe of enemy agents . Homosexuality was a taboo subject for public discourse , so the Post referred to a house of degradation . At one point a sub-headline in the New York Times called it a Resort . In the Daily Mirror , columnist Walter Winchell mentioned Brooklyns spy nest , also known as the swastika swishery . The Post first suggested a scandal . Over the course of several weeks it hinted an important person was involved , then named Senator X , and finally identified Walsh by name . Its sensational treatment of the story detracted from the seriousness of its charges . The brothels owner and several others arrested in a police raid identified Walsh to the police as Doc , a regular client , whose visits ended just before police surveillance began . Some furnished intimate physical details . President Roosevelt believed the charge that Walsh was homosexual was true . He told Vice President Henry Wallace that everyone knew about Walshs homosexuality and he had a similar conversation with Alben W . Barkley , the Senate majority leader . Without discussing details , Walsh issued a brief statement calling the story a diabolical lie and demanding a full investigation . He then conducted his usual Senate business without reference to the charges . An FBI investigation produced no evidence to support the New York Posts specific charges against the Senator , though it accumulated much derogatory information in its files . On May 20 , 1942 , with a full report from FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover in hand , Senator Barkley addressed the Senate at length on the irresponsibility of the New York Post , the laudable restraint of the rest of the press , the details of the FBIs report , and the Senates affirmation of Walshs unsullied reputation . He declined to insert the FBI report in the Congressional Record , he said , because it contains disgusting and unprintable things . Without addressing Walshs sexuality , he said the report contained no evidence that Walsh ever visited a house of degradation to connive or to consort with , or to converse with , or to conspire with anyone who is the enemy of the United States . He denied the charges related to espionage . He provided no specifics about the sexual activity at issue and said the details of the charges were too loathsome to mention in the Senate or in any group of ladies and gentlemen . The press conflated the charges in a similar way . For example , the New York Times report of Barkleys speech said that the FBI reported that there is not the slightest foundation for charges that Senator Walsh , 69-year-old chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee , visited a house of degradation in Brooklyn and was seen talking to Nazi agents there . Isolationist senators promptly denounced the charges as an attack on their political position . Senator Bennett Clark asserted that Morris Ernst , attorney for the New York Post , had contacted the White House trying to engage the administration to smear FDRs opposition . Senator Gerald Nye contended the incident represented a larger effort on the part of a secret society that for two years had been trying to discredit him and his fellow isolationists . The press used these Senate speeches to cover the affair at last . Their treatment varied in tone : Time reported Barkleys speech exonerating Walsh and that the Post in reply had repeated its charges . It concluded its coverage : The known facts made only one thing indisputable : either a serious scandal was being hushed up or a really diabolical libel had been perpetrated . Final Senate years . During the 1944 presidential race , with FDR seeking a fourth term , his running mate Harry S . Truman referred to Walsh as an isolationist , a characterization Walsh resented . On November 2 , just five days before the election , the President called Walsh at his home in Clinton , Massachusetts , and invited him to join the presidential party in Worcester , Massachusetts . Walsh accepted the invitation to the relief of the Democrats . The contretemps gave Walsh an opportunity to define his position , that he was no isolationist because he favored the war and seeing the war through to total victory . He also believed the troops should return home quickly , allowing only that some may be required to perform police duties in enemy territory , and the reserves demobilized . He hoped for a democratic peace .. . free from the influences of political expediency which compromises with imperialism and surrenders to power politics . In 1945 , demonstrating that his isolationism was not absolute , Walsh voted in favor of the United Nations Charter . He was one of a dozen senators who protested the failure of the United Nations to invite a Jewish delegation to its founding San Francisco Conference . Given his poor relationship with the White House , Walsh anticipated that the administration might even support an opponent in a Democratic primary when he next ran for reelection . He faced no such challenge , but was defeated in his 1946 race for reelection by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Personal life and death . Walsh was raised a Roman Catholic and throughout his life identified himself as a Catholic and practiced his religion both in public and in private . An altar boy as a youth , in his adult years he regularly attended retreats and participated in meetings of Catholic laymen . Senate colleagues recognized his Catholic faith and occasionally baited him by challenging him to defend himself as a partisan of Catholic interests , which Walsh did not hesitate to answer . Once when a senator accused the Catholic Church of attempting to involve the United States in the Churchs battle with the government of Mexico , Walsh defended the Church at length , saying in part : Walsh never married . He and his brother Thomas , who died in 1931 , supported their four unmarried sisters , two of whom outlived the Senator . Walshs supposed homosexuality is believed by some historians . Writing in the 1960s , former Attorney General Francis Biddle hinted at the subject when he described Walsh in the mid-1930s as an elderly politician with a soft tread and low , colorless voice .. . whose concealed and controlled anxieties not altogether centered on retaining his job . According to Gore Vidal , interviewed in 1974 , There wasnt anybody in Massachusetts .. . who didnt know what David Walsh was up to . Walshs most recent biographer writes that The campaign to destroy David I . Walsh worked because he could not defend himself .. . David I . Walsh was gay . He was a member of the Naval Order of the United States . Upon his retirement from political office , Walsh resided in Clinton , Massachusetts , until his death following a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston on June 11 , 1947 . Walsh is buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Clinton . In his later years he received honorary degrees from Holy Cross , Georgetown University , Notre Dame , Fordham , Boston University , Canisius College , and St . Josephs College ( Philadelphia ) , A bronze statue of him by Joseph Coletti was erected near the Music Oval on Bostons Charles River Esplanade in 1954 . It bears the motto : non sibi sed patriae , a tribute to his service to the U.S . Navy while in the Senate . Walshs alma mater , Holy Cross , awards an annual scholarship in his name . |
[
"elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate"
] | easy | What position did David I. Walsh take from Mar 1919 to Mar 1925? | /wiki/David_I._Walsh#P39#2 | David I . Walsh David Ignatius Walsh ( November 11 , 1872June 11 , 1947 ) was a United States politician from Massachusetts . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the 46th Governor of Massachusetts before serving several terms in the United States Senate . Born in Leominster , Massachusetts to Irish Catholic immigrants , Walsh practiced law in Boston after graduating from the Boston University School of Law . He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1900 to 1901 , establishing a reputation as an anti-imperialist and isolationist . In 1912 , he won election as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in seventy years . He served as governor from 1914 to 1916 and led a successful effort to call for a state constitutional convention . Walsh won election to the Senate in 1918 , lost his re-election bid in 1924 , and returned to the Senate with a victory in the 1926 special election to succeed Henry Cabot Lodge . Walsh became increasingly opposed to an activist government after 1924 . He supported Al Smith over Franklin D . Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and gave lukewarm support to President Roosevelts agenda . Walsh introduced and helped pass the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 , which established labor standards for employees of government contractors . Prior to the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Walsh opposed American involvement in World War II and was a leading member of the America First Committee . He lost his 1946 re-election bid to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . and died the following year . Youth and education . Walsh was born in Leominster , Massachusetts , on November 11 , 1872 , the ninth of ten children . His parents were Irish Catholic immigrants . Walsh attended public schools in his birthplace and later in Clinton , Massachusetts . His father , a comb maker , died when he was twelve . Thereafter , his mother ran a boarding house . Walsh graduated from Clinton High School in 1890 and from Holy Cross in 1893 . He attended Boston University Law School , where he graduated in 1897 . Walsh was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , in 1897 , later practicing in Boston . Career in state politics . Walsh was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for two terms in 1900 and 1901 , elected from a longtime Republican district . From the start of his political career , he was anti-imperialist and isolationist and opposed Americas authority over the Philippines as part of the settlement of the Spanish–American War . Walshs vote to restrict the hours that women and children could work to 58 led to his defeat when he sought another term . He next lost the race for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1910 , but ran again and won in 1912 , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in 70 years . He became the first Irish and the first Catholic Governor of Massachusetts in 1914 , successfully challenging the incumbent Democratic governor Eugene Foss for the party nomination , and then defeating a divided Republican opposition ( and Foss , who ran as an independent ) with a comfortable plurality . He served two one-year terms . He offered voters an alternative to boss-dominated politics , expressing a forthright espousal of government responsibility for social welfare . Walsh proposed increased government responsibility for charity work and the care of the insane and reorganized the states management of these areas with little opposition . In his 1914 campaign for re-election , he cited as accomplishments an increase in the amounts paid for workmans compensation and improved administration of the states care for the insane . As governor , Walsh fought unsuccessfully for a Womens Suffrage Amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution . He also campaigned for film censorship in the state after large protests were mounted against the racial depictions in D . W . Griffiths film The Birth of a Nation . He supported the work of the Anti-Death Penalty League , a Massachusetts organization founded in 1897 that was particularly active and nearly successful in the decade preceding World War I . As governor he asked the legislature to call a Constitutional Convention without success . When the legislature later called a convention , Walsh won election as a delegate-at-large as part of a slate of candidates who endorsed adding provisions for initiative and referendum to the state constitution , key Progressive-era reforms . He served as a delegate-at-large to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1917 and 1918 that saw those reforms passed . His speech on behalf of initiative and referendum shows him in the role of populist and reformer : In 1914 , Walsh was challenged for the governorship by Samuel W . McCall , a moderate Republican . He narrowly won reelection , probably due to the presence of a Progressive ( Bull Moose ) candidate who took votes from McCall . McCall successfully reunited the Republicans and the Progressives the next year , and defeated Walsh , in part by supporting Walshs call for a constitutional convention . Walsh returned to the practice of law after leaving office , working with his older brother Thomas in his hometown of Clinton . Career in national politics . In 1918 , Walsh was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4 , 1919 , to March 3 , 1925 . He was the first Irish-Catholic Senator from Massachusetts . A noted orator , he introduced Irish Republic President Éamon de Valera at Fenway Park on June 29 , 1919 . At the Democratic National Convention in 1924 , he spoke in favor of condemning the Ku Klux Klan by name in the party platform : We ask you to cut out of the body politic with the sharpest instrument at your command this malignant growth which , injected , means the destruction of everything which has made America immortal . If you can denounce Republicanism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . If you can denounce Bolshevism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . Walsh failed to win reelection by just 20,000 votes in 1924 , the year of the Coolidge landslide , and briefly resumed the practice of law in Boston . Following the death of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , the Republicans fought hard to retain his seat . Though Herbert Hoover and Charles Evans Hughes campaigned for his opponent , in the November 1926 special election Walsh won the right to complete the remaining two years of Lodges term , defeating William Morgan Butler , a friend of Coolidge and head of the Republican National Committee . Walshs 1924 defeat also marked a turning point in his political philosophy . He had previously endorsed an activist role for government , but after 1924 his rhetoric increasingly attacked the federal bureaucracy and big government . Though he had once advocated in favor of federal child labor legislation , he became one of its most consistent opponents . In 1929 , Time published a detailed profile of Walsh and his voting record . It noted that he voted for the Jones Act of 1929 that increased penalties for the violation of Prohibition , but said the Senator votes Wet , drinks Wet . Its more personal description said : A bachelor , he is tall and stout . A double chin tends to get out over his tight-fitting collar . His stomach bulges over his belt . He weighs 200 lbs . or more . Setting-up exercises every other day at a Washington health centre have failed to reduce his girth . He is troubled about it . His dress is dandified . He wears silk shirts in bright colors and stripes and , often , stiff collars to match . His feet are small and well-shod . Beneath his habitual derby hat his hair is turning thin and grey . Society is his prime diversion . Of secondary interest are motoring , sporting events , the theatre . In Washington he occupies an expensive suite of rooms at the luxurious Carlton Hotel on 16th Street . A good and frequent host himself , he accepts all invitations out , is one of the most lionized Senators in Washington . Time reported that some commented on the contrast between his political populism and his luxurious life style . The profile noted he was a gruff and bull-voiced debater but that in private conversation his voice is soft and controlled . In sum , Time said that Impartial Senate observers rate him thus : A good practical politician , a legislator above the average . His political philosophy is liberal and humane , except on economic matters ( the tariff ) which affect the New England industry , when he turns conservative . His floor attendance is regular , his powers of persuasion , fair . When attacking the Hoover administration following the 1930 elections , Walsh identified two principal causes of voter dissatisfaction : the administrations indifference to economic conditions and its failure to recognize the widespread opposition to prohibition . Walsh won reelection in 1928 , 1934 and 1940 , failing in his final bid for reelection in 1946 . During his Senate service , Walsh held the posts of chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor ( 73rd and 74th Congresses ) and of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( 74th-77th and 79th Congresses ) . In 1932 , he supported Al Smith against FDR for the Democratic nomination for president . He objected to Justice Hugo Blacks failure to disclose his earlier membership in the Ku Klux Klan and promoted the appointment of Jews to the judiciary , notably that of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , a longtime friend . Though a Democrat , he gave only reluctant support to President Roosevelts agenda . In 1936 , when some Democrats looked for an alternative presidential candidate , he supported Roosevelt , although their relations are none too good . A newspaper reported that He is not of the insurgent type .. . At heart , observers [ in Boston ] say , he dissents from many of the policies of the New Deal , but he will stay on the reservation and he will avoid an open break . During the campaign , he failed to speak in support of the President until October 20 , 1936 . In 1936 , Walsh , as head of the Senate Labor Committee , lent his name an administration bill to establish labor standards for employees of government contractors , known as the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act It provided for minimum wages and overtime , safety and sanitation rules , and restrictions on the use of child and convict labor . In 1937 , he declared himself an opponent of the administration and joined the opposition to FDRs plan to enlarge the Supreme Court . Speaking at New York Citys Carnegie Hall , Walsh argued his position in terms of the separation of powers , judicial independence , and the proper role of the executive . He described the publics reaction as a state of fear , of apprehension , of bewilderment , of real grief , as a result of the proposal to impair , if not indeed to destroy , the judicial independence of the Supreme Court . He also emphasized the role of the Court in protecting civil liberties , citing two examples : He continued : One Cabinet official described his overall relationship to the administration as not sympathetic .. . to put it mildly . Along with four of his colleagues , Walsh condemned antisemitism in Nazi Germany in a Senate speech on June 10 , 1933 . World War II . Immediately following the defeat of France , Walsh was the sponsor , along with Senator Vinson , of the Vinson–Walsh Act of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S . Navy by 70 percent . It included seven battleships , 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft . In the Senate , Walsh was a consistent isolationist He supported American neutrality with respect to the Spanish Civil War and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the attack on Pearl Harbor . Speaking in the Senate on June 21 , 1940 , he denounced Roosevelts plans to provide armaments to Great Britain : At the 1940 Democratic National Convention , where Walsh supported James Farley for president rather than FDR , he and his fellow isolationist Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read : We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not send our army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas . When the President added the words except in case of attack , they accepted the change . In that years election , he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the CIO for his anti-New Deal positions . After the 1940 election in particular , he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality , first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee , which he headed , and then in attacking the Lend-Lease program on the floor of the Senate . He was a leading member of the America First movement , opposing U.S . involvement in World War II . In 1940 , the New York Times described Walsh as a more moderate critic of the administrations attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August commitment FDR made to Churchill one that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume . .. . The President alone , and on his own initiative , has undertaken to pledge our government , our nation , and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come . When the Senate considered the Burke–Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S . history , Walsh offered an amendment , which failed to pass , that would have delayed the laws effective date until war was declared . In June 1940 , he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill , sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940 , which permitted surplus military equipment to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense . To aid Great Britain , the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases . In 1941 , when the administration used the Greer incident , an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer , to authorize American forces to shoot on sight , Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany . Scandal . On May 7 , 1942 , the New York Post , which had long favored U.S . involvement in the European conflict , implicated Walsh in a sensational sex and spy scandal uncovered at a Brooklyn male brothel for U.S . Navy personnel that had been infiltrated by Nazi spies . The charges went unreported by the rest of the press , but word of mouth made it , according to Time , one of the worst scandals that ever affected a member of the Senate . The police operation led to the arrest and conviction of three foreign agents and the brothels owner-operator , Gustave Beekman , though promised leniency for cooperating with the police , received the maximum sentence of 20 years for sodomy and was not released from prison until 1963 . The scandal was complex in that it implicated the Senator as a homosexual , as a patron of a male bordello , and as a possible dupe of enemy agents . Homosexuality was a taboo subject for public discourse , so the Post referred to a house of degradation . At one point a sub-headline in the New York Times called it a Resort . In the Daily Mirror , columnist Walter Winchell mentioned Brooklyns spy nest , also known as the swastika swishery . The Post first suggested a scandal . Over the course of several weeks it hinted an important person was involved , then named Senator X , and finally identified Walsh by name . Its sensational treatment of the story detracted from the seriousness of its charges . The brothels owner and several others arrested in a police raid identified Walsh to the police as Doc , a regular client , whose visits ended just before police surveillance began . Some furnished intimate physical details . President Roosevelt believed the charge that Walsh was homosexual was true . He told Vice President Henry Wallace that everyone knew about Walshs homosexuality and he had a similar conversation with Alben W . Barkley , the Senate majority leader . Without discussing details , Walsh issued a brief statement calling the story a diabolical lie and demanding a full investigation . He then conducted his usual Senate business without reference to the charges . An FBI investigation produced no evidence to support the New York Posts specific charges against the Senator , though it accumulated much derogatory information in its files . On May 20 , 1942 , with a full report from FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover in hand , Senator Barkley addressed the Senate at length on the irresponsibility of the New York Post , the laudable restraint of the rest of the press , the details of the FBIs report , and the Senates affirmation of Walshs unsullied reputation . He declined to insert the FBI report in the Congressional Record , he said , because it contains disgusting and unprintable things . Without addressing Walshs sexuality , he said the report contained no evidence that Walsh ever visited a house of degradation to connive or to consort with , or to converse with , or to conspire with anyone who is the enemy of the United States . He denied the charges related to espionage . He provided no specifics about the sexual activity at issue and said the details of the charges were too loathsome to mention in the Senate or in any group of ladies and gentlemen . The press conflated the charges in a similar way . For example , the New York Times report of Barkleys speech said that the FBI reported that there is not the slightest foundation for charges that Senator Walsh , 69-year-old chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee , visited a house of degradation in Brooklyn and was seen talking to Nazi agents there . Isolationist senators promptly denounced the charges as an attack on their political position . Senator Bennett Clark asserted that Morris Ernst , attorney for the New York Post , had contacted the White House trying to engage the administration to smear FDRs opposition . Senator Gerald Nye contended the incident represented a larger effort on the part of a secret society that for two years had been trying to discredit him and his fellow isolationists . The press used these Senate speeches to cover the affair at last . Their treatment varied in tone : Time reported Barkleys speech exonerating Walsh and that the Post in reply had repeated its charges . It concluded its coverage : The known facts made only one thing indisputable : either a serious scandal was being hushed up or a really diabolical libel had been perpetrated . Final Senate years . During the 1944 presidential race , with FDR seeking a fourth term , his running mate Harry S . Truman referred to Walsh as an isolationist , a characterization Walsh resented . On November 2 , just five days before the election , the President called Walsh at his home in Clinton , Massachusetts , and invited him to join the presidential party in Worcester , Massachusetts . Walsh accepted the invitation to the relief of the Democrats . The contretemps gave Walsh an opportunity to define his position , that he was no isolationist because he favored the war and seeing the war through to total victory . He also believed the troops should return home quickly , allowing only that some may be required to perform police duties in enemy territory , and the reserves demobilized . He hoped for a democratic peace .. . free from the influences of political expediency which compromises with imperialism and surrenders to power politics . In 1945 , demonstrating that his isolationism was not absolute , Walsh voted in favor of the United Nations Charter . He was one of a dozen senators who protested the failure of the United Nations to invite a Jewish delegation to its founding San Francisco Conference . Given his poor relationship with the White House , Walsh anticipated that the administration might even support an opponent in a Democratic primary when he next ran for reelection . He faced no such challenge , but was defeated in his 1946 race for reelection by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Personal life and death . Walsh was raised a Roman Catholic and throughout his life identified himself as a Catholic and practiced his religion both in public and in private . An altar boy as a youth , in his adult years he regularly attended retreats and participated in meetings of Catholic laymen . Senate colleagues recognized his Catholic faith and occasionally baited him by challenging him to defend himself as a partisan of Catholic interests , which Walsh did not hesitate to answer . Once when a senator accused the Catholic Church of attempting to involve the United States in the Churchs battle with the government of Mexico , Walsh defended the Church at length , saying in part : Walsh never married . He and his brother Thomas , who died in 1931 , supported their four unmarried sisters , two of whom outlived the Senator . Walshs supposed homosexuality is believed by some historians . Writing in the 1960s , former Attorney General Francis Biddle hinted at the subject when he described Walsh in the mid-1930s as an elderly politician with a soft tread and low , colorless voice .. . whose concealed and controlled anxieties not altogether centered on retaining his job . According to Gore Vidal , interviewed in 1974 , There wasnt anybody in Massachusetts .. . who didnt know what David Walsh was up to . Walshs most recent biographer writes that The campaign to destroy David I . Walsh worked because he could not defend himself .. . David I . Walsh was gay . He was a member of the Naval Order of the United States . Upon his retirement from political office , Walsh resided in Clinton , Massachusetts , until his death following a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston on June 11 , 1947 . Walsh is buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Clinton . In his later years he received honorary degrees from Holy Cross , Georgetown University , Notre Dame , Fordham , Boston University , Canisius College , and St . Josephs College ( Philadelphia ) , A bronze statue of him by Joseph Coletti was erected near the Music Oval on Bostons Charles River Esplanade in 1954 . It bears the motto : non sibi sed patriae , a tribute to his service to the U.S . Navy while in the Senate . Walshs alma mater , Holy Cross , awards an annual scholarship in his name . |
[
"elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate"
] | easy | Which position did David I. Walsh hold from Dec 1926 to 1947? | /wiki/David_I._Walsh#P39#3 | David I . Walsh David Ignatius Walsh ( November 11 , 1872June 11 , 1947 ) was a United States politician from Massachusetts . A member of the Democratic Party , he served as the 46th Governor of Massachusetts before serving several terms in the United States Senate . Born in Leominster , Massachusetts to Irish Catholic immigrants , Walsh practiced law in Boston after graduating from the Boston University School of Law . He served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1900 to 1901 , establishing a reputation as an anti-imperialist and isolationist . In 1912 , he won election as the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in seventy years . He served as governor from 1914 to 1916 and led a successful effort to call for a state constitutional convention . Walsh won election to the Senate in 1918 , lost his re-election bid in 1924 , and returned to the Senate with a victory in the 1926 special election to succeed Henry Cabot Lodge . Walsh became increasingly opposed to an activist government after 1924 . He supported Al Smith over Franklin D . Roosevelt at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and gave lukewarm support to President Roosevelts agenda . Walsh introduced and helped pass the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 , which established labor standards for employees of government contractors . Prior to the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Walsh opposed American involvement in World War II and was a leading member of the America First Committee . He lost his 1946 re-election bid to Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . and died the following year . Youth and education . Walsh was born in Leominster , Massachusetts , on November 11 , 1872 , the ninth of ten children . His parents were Irish Catholic immigrants . Walsh attended public schools in his birthplace and later in Clinton , Massachusetts . His father , a comb maker , died when he was twelve . Thereafter , his mother ran a boarding house . Walsh graduated from Clinton High School in 1890 and from Holy Cross in 1893 . He attended Boston University Law School , where he graduated in 1897 . Walsh was admitted to the bar and commenced the practice of law in Fitchburg , Massachusetts , in 1897 , later practicing in Boston . Career in state politics . Walsh was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for two terms in 1900 and 1901 , elected from a longtime Republican district . From the start of his political career , he was anti-imperialist and isolationist and opposed Americas authority over the Philippines as part of the settlement of the Spanish–American War . Walshs vote to restrict the hours that women and children could work to 58 led to his defeat when he sought another term . He next lost the race for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1910 , but ran again and won in 1912 , becoming the states first Democratic lieutenant governor in 70 years . He became the first Irish and the first Catholic Governor of Massachusetts in 1914 , successfully challenging the incumbent Democratic governor Eugene Foss for the party nomination , and then defeating a divided Republican opposition ( and Foss , who ran as an independent ) with a comfortable plurality . He served two one-year terms . He offered voters an alternative to boss-dominated politics , expressing a forthright espousal of government responsibility for social welfare . Walsh proposed increased government responsibility for charity work and the care of the insane and reorganized the states management of these areas with little opposition . In his 1914 campaign for re-election , he cited as accomplishments an increase in the amounts paid for workmans compensation and improved administration of the states care for the insane . As governor , Walsh fought unsuccessfully for a Womens Suffrage Amendment to the Massachusetts Constitution . He also campaigned for film censorship in the state after large protests were mounted against the racial depictions in D . W . Griffiths film The Birth of a Nation . He supported the work of the Anti-Death Penalty League , a Massachusetts organization founded in 1897 that was particularly active and nearly successful in the decade preceding World War I . As governor he asked the legislature to call a Constitutional Convention without success . When the legislature later called a convention , Walsh won election as a delegate-at-large as part of a slate of candidates who endorsed adding provisions for initiative and referendum to the state constitution , key Progressive-era reforms . He served as a delegate-at-large to the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention in 1917 and 1918 that saw those reforms passed . His speech on behalf of initiative and referendum shows him in the role of populist and reformer : In 1914 , Walsh was challenged for the governorship by Samuel W . McCall , a moderate Republican . He narrowly won reelection , probably due to the presence of a Progressive ( Bull Moose ) candidate who took votes from McCall . McCall successfully reunited the Republicans and the Progressives the next year , and defeated Walsh , in part by supporting Walshs call for a constitutional convention . Walsh returned to the practice of law after leaving office , working with his older brother Thomas in his hometown of Clinton . Career in national politics . In 1918 , Walsh was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from March 4 , 1919 , to March 3 , 1925 . He was the first Irish-Catholic Senator from Massachusetts . A noted orator , he introduced Irish Republic President Éamon de Valera at Fenway Park on June 29 , 1919 . At the Democratic National Convention in 1924 , he spoke in favor of condemning the Ku Klux Klan by name in the party platform : We ask you to cut out of the body politic with the sharpest instrument at your command this malignant growth which , injected , means the destruction of everything which has made America immortal . If you can denounce Republicanism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . If you can denounce Bolshevism , you can denounce Ku Kluxism . Walsh failed to win reelection by just 20,000 votes in 1924 , the year of the Coolidge landslide , and briefly resumed the practice of law in Boston . Following the death of Senator Henry Cabot Lodge , the Republicans fought hard to retain his seat . Though Herbert Hoover and Charles Evans Hughes campaigned for his opponent , in the November 1926 special election Walsh won the right to complete the remaining two years of Lodges term , defeating William Morgan Butler , a friend of Coolidge and head of the Republican National Committee . Walshs 1924 defeat also marked a turning point in his political philosophy . He had previously endorsed an activist role for government , but after 1924 his rhetoric increasingly attacked the federal bureaucracy and big government . Though he had once advocated in favor of federal child labor legislation , he became one of its most consistent opponents . In 1929 , Time published a detailed profile of Walsh and his voting record . It noted that he voted for the Jones Act of 1929 that increased penalties for the violation of Prohibition , but said the Senator votes Wet , drinks Wet . Its more personal description said : A bachelor , he is tall and stout . A double chin tends to get out over his tight-fitting collar . His stomach bulges over his belt . He weighs 200 lbs . or more . Setting-up exercises every other day at a Washington health centre have failed to reduce his girth . He is troubled about it . His dress is dandified . He wears silk shirts in bright colors and stripes and , often , stiff collars to match . His feet are small and well-shod . Beneath his habitual derby hat his hair is turning thin and grey . Society is his prime diversion . Of secondary interest are motoring , sporting events , the theatre . In Washington he occupies an expensive suite of rooms at the luxurious Carlton Hotel on 16th Street . A good and frequent host himself , he accepts all invitations out , is one of the most lionized Senators in Washington . Time reported that some commented on the contrast between his political populism and his luxurious life style . The profile noted he was a gruff and bull-voiced debater but that in private conversation his voice is soft and controlled . In sum , Time said that Impartial Senate observers rate him thus : A good practical politician , a legislator above the average . His political philosophy is liberal and humane , except on economic matters ( the tariff ) which affect the New England industry , when he turns conservative . His floor attendance is regular , his powers of persuasion , fair . When attacking the Hoover administration following the 1930 elections , Walsh identified two principal causes of voter dissatisfaction : the administrations indifference to economic conditions and its failure to recognize the widespread opposition to prohibition . Walsh won reelection in 1928 , 1934 and 1940 , failing in his final bid for reelection in 1946 . During his Senate service , Walsh held the posts of chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor ( 73rd and 74th Congresses ) and of the Committee on Naval Affairs ( 74th-77th and 79th Congresses ) . In 1932 , he supported Al Smith against FDR for the Democratic nomination for president . He objected to Justice Hugo Blacks failure to disclose his earlier membership in the Ku Klux Klan and promoted the appointment of Jews to the judiciary , notably that of Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , a longtime friend . Though a Democrat , he gave only reluctant support to President Roosevelts agenda . In 1936 , when some Democrats looked for an alternative presidential candidate , he supported Roosevelt , although their relations are none too good . A newspaper reported that He is not of the insurgent type .. . At heart , observers [ in Boston ] say , he dissents from many of the policies of the New Deal , but he will stay on the reservation and he will avoid an open break . During the campaign , he failed to speak in support of the President until October 20 , 1936 . In 1936 , Walsh , as head of the Senate Labor Committee , lent his name an administration bill to establish labor standards for employees of government contractors , known as the Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act It provided for minimum wages and overtime , safety and sanitation rules , and restrictions on the use of child and convict labor . In 1937 , he declared himself an opponent of the administration and joined the opposition to FDRs plan to enlarge the Supreme Court . Speaking at New York Citys Carnegie Hall , Walsh argued his position in terms of the separation of powers , judicial independence , and the proper role of the executive . He described the publics reaction as a state of fear , of apprehension , of bewilderment , of real grief , as a result of the proposal to impair , if not indeed to destroy , the judicial independence of the Supreme Court . He also emphasized the role of the Court in protecting civil liberties , citing two examples : He continued : One Cabinet official described his overall relationship to the administration as not sympathetic .. . to put it mildly . Along with four of his colleagues , Walsh condemned antisemitism in Nazi Germany in a Senate speech on June 10 , 1933 . World War II . Immediately following the defeat of France , Walsh was the sponsor , along with Senator Vinson , of the Vinson–Walsh Act of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S . Navy by 70 percent . It included seven battleships , 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft . In the Senate , Walsh was a consistent isolationist He supported American neutrality with respect to the Spanish Civil War and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the attack on Pearl Harbor . Speaking in the Senate on June 21 , 1940 , he denounced Roosevelts plans to provide armaments to Great Britain : At the 1940 Democratic National Convention , where Walsh supported James Farley for president rather than FDR , he and his fellow isolationist Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read : We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not send our army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas . When the President added the words except in case of attack , they accepted the change . In that years election , he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the CIO for his anti-New Deal positions . After the 1940 election in particular , he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality , first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee , which he headed , and then in attacking the Lend-Lease program on the floor of the Senate . He was a leading member of the America First movement , opposing U.S . involvement in World War II . In 1940 , the New York Times described Walsh as a more moderate critic of the administrations attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August commitment FDR made to Churchill one that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume . .. . The President alone , and on his own initiative , has undertaken to pledge our government , our nation , and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come . When the Senate considered the Burke–Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S . history , Walsh offered an amendment , which failed to pass , that would have delayed the laws effective date until war was declared . In June 1940 , he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill , sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940 , which permitted surplus military equipment to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense . To aid Great Britain , the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases . In 1941 , when the administration used the Greer incident , an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer , to authorize American forces to shoot on sight , Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany . Scandal . On May 7 , 1942 , the New York Post , which had long favored U.S . involvement in the European conflict , implicated Walsh in a sensational sex and spy scandal uncovered at a Brooklyn male brothel for U.S . Navy personnel that had been infiltrated by Nazi spies . The charges went unreported by the rest of the press , but word of mouth made it , according to Time , one of the worst scandals that ever affected a member of the Senate . The police operation led to the arrest and conviction of three foreign agents and the brothels owner-operator , Gustave Beekman , though promised leniency for cooperating with the police , received the maximum sentence of 20 years for sodomy and was not released from prison until 1963 . The scandal was complex in that it implicated the Senator as a homosexual , as a patron of a male bordello , and as a possible dupe of enemy agents . Homosexuality was a taboo subject for public discourse , so the Post referred to a house of degradation . At one point a sub-headline in the New York Times called it a Resort . In the Daily Mirror , columnist Walter Winchell mentioned Brooklyns spy nest , also known as the swastika swishery . The Post first suggested a scandal . Over the course of several weeks it hinted an important person was involved , then named Senator X , and finally identified Walsh by name . Its sensational treatment of the story detracted from the seriousness of its charges . The brothels owner and several others arrested in a police raid identified Walsh to the police as Doc , a regular client , whose visits ended just before police surveillance began . Some furnished intimate physical details . President Roosevelt believed the charge that Walsh was homosexual was true . He told Vice President Henry Wallace that everyone knew about Walshs homosexuality and he had a similar conversation with Alben W . Barkley , the Senate majority leader . Without discussing details , Walsh issued a brief statement calling the story a diabolical lie and demanding a full investigation . He then conducted his usual Senate business without reference to the charges . An FBI investigation produced no evidence to support the New York Posts specific charges against the Senator , though it accumulated much derogatory information in its files . On May 20 , 1942 , with a full report from FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover in hand , Senator Barkley addressed the Senate at length on the irresponsibility of the New York Post , the laudable restraint of the rest of the press , the details of the FBIs report , and the Senates affirmation of Walshs unsullied reputation . He declined to insert the FBI report in the Congressional Record , he said , because it contains disgusting and unprintable things . Without addressing Walshs sexuality , he said the report contained no evidence that Walsh ever visited a house of degradation to connive or to consort with , or to converse with , or to conspire with anyone who is the enemy of the United States . He denied the charges related to espionage . He provided no specifics about the sexual activity at issue and said the details of the charges were too loathsome to mention in the Senate or in any group of ladies and gentlemen . The press conflated the charges in a similar way . For example , the New York Times report of Barkleys speech said that the FBI reported that there is not the slightest foundation for charges that Senator Walsh , 69-year-old chairman of the Naval Affairs Committee , visited a house of degradation in Brooklyn and was seen talking to Nazi agents there . Isolationist senators promptly denounced the charges as an attack on their political position . Senator Bennett Clark asserted that Morris Ernst , attorney for the New York Post , had contacted the White House trying to engage the administration to smear FDRs opposition . Senator Gerald Nye contended the incident represented a larger effort on the part of a secret society that for two years had been trying to discredit him and his fellow isolationists . The press used these Senate speeches to cover the affair at last . Their treatment varied in tone : Time reported Barkleys speech exonerating Walsh and that the Post in reply had repeated its charges . It concluded its coverage : The known facts made only one thing indisputable : either a serious scandal was being hushed up or a really diabolical libel had been perpetrated . Final Senate years . During the 1944 presidential race , with FDR seeking a fourth term , his running mate Harry S . Truman referred to Walsh as an isolationist , a characterization Walsh resented . On November 2 , just five days before the election , the President called Walsh at his home in Clinton , Massachusetts , and invited him to join the presidential party in Worcester , Massachusetts . Walsh accepted the invitation to the relief of the Democrats . The contretemps gave Walsh an opportunity to define his position , that he was no isolationist because he favored the war and seeing the war through to total victory . He also believed the troops should return home quickly , allowing only that some may be required to perform police duties in enemy territory , and the reserves demobilized . He hoped for a democratic peace .. . free from the influences of political expediency which compromises with imperialism and surrenders to power politics . In 1945 , demonstrating that his isolationism was not absolute , Walsh voted in favor of the United Nations Charter . He was one of a dozen senators who protested the failure of the United Nations to invite a Jewish delegation to its founding San Francisco Conference . Given his poor relationship with the White House , Walsh anticipated that the administration might even support an opponent in a Democratic primary when he next ran for reelection . He faced no such challenge , but was defeated in his 1946 race for reelection by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Personal life and death . Walsh was raised a Roman Catholic and throughout his life identified himself as a Catholic and practiced his religion both in public and in private . An altar boy as a youth , in his adult years he regularly attended retreats and participated in meetings of Catholic laymen . Senate colleagues recognized his Catholic faith and occasionally baited him by challenging him to defend himself as a partisan of Catholic interests , which Walsh did not hesitate to answer . Once when a senator accused the Catholic Church of attempting to involve the United States in the Churchs battle with the government of Mexico , Walsh defended the Church at length , saying in part : Walsh never married . He and his brother Thomas , who died in 1931 , supported their four unmarried sisters , two of whom outlived the Senator . Walshs supposed homosexuality is believed by some historians . Writing in the 1960s , former Attorney General Francis Biddle hinted at the subject when he described Walsh in the mid-1930s as an elderly politician with a soft tread and low , colorless voice .. . whose concealed and controlled anxieties not altogether centered on retaining his job . According to Gore Vidal , interviewed in 1974 , There wasnt anybody in Massachusetts .. . who didnt know what David Walsh was up to . Walshs most recent biographer writes that The campaign to destroy David I . Walsh worked because he could not defend himself .. . David I . Walsh was gay . He was a member of the Naval Order of the United States . Upon his retirement from political office , Walsh resided in Clinton , Massachusetts , until his death following a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston on June 11 , 1947 . Walsh is buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Clinton . In his later years he received honorary degrees from Holy Cross , Georgetown University , Notre Dame , Fordham , Boston University , Canisius College , and St . Josephs College ( Philadelphia ) , A bronze statue of him by Joseph Coletti was erected near the Music Oval on Bostons Charles River Esplanade in 1954 . It bears the motto : non sibi sed patriae , a tribute to his service to the U.S . Navy while in the Senate . Walshs alma mater , Holy Cross , awards an annual scholarship in his name . |
[
"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"
] | easy | What organization did Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist) join in 1902? | /wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)#P463#0 | Friedrich Kohlrausch ( physicist ) Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch ( 14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910 ) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour . He also investigated elasticity , thermoelasticity , and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements . Nowadays , Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists . His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units . Biography . Education . Son of Rudolf Kohlrausch , Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was born on October 14 , 1840 , in Rinteln , Germany . After studying physics at Erlangen and Göttingen , Friedrich Kohlrausch completed his doctorate in Göttingen . Teaching . After a two-year work as a lecturer in Frankfurt , Kohlrausch was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Göttingen ( 1866–70 ) . During 1870 Kohlrausch became a professor at ETH Zurich in Switzerland . One year later , he moved to the Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany . In 1875 , he responded to an offer from the University of Würzburg in southern Germany , where he subsequently conducted his experiments in quantity determination and the conductivity of electrolytes . From 1888 he researched and taught at Strasbourg University . He refused a professorship at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1894 , but from 1900 he was also a professor there . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during 1902 . Research work . Kohlrausch was an important researcher of electrochemistry for many reasons . First , the experiments from which he deduced his law of independent migration of ions became canonical and disseminated from Kohlrauschs laboratories in Göttingen , Zurich , and Darmstadt ; Svante Arrhenius , Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff , the original Ionists , all trained with methods and equipment of Kohlrauschian lineage . Moreover , because Kohlrausch also continued to test and confirm the Ionist theory after it had been first proposed , his work tied measuring physics and its consequent capability of producing plenty of empirical data to the results and methods of the Ionists and their devotees . Electrolyte conductivity in solution . In 1874 he demonstrated that an electrolyte has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance . By observing the dependence of conductivity upon dilution , he could determine the transfer velocities of the ions ( charged atoms or molecules ) in solution . He used alternating current to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products ; this enabled him to obtain very precise results . From 1875 to 1879 , he examined numerous salt solutions , acids and solutions of other materials . His efforts resulted in the law of the independent migration of ions , that is , each type of migrating ion has a specific limiting molar conductivity no matter what combination of ions are in solution , and therefore that a solutions electrical resistance is due only to the migrating ions of a given substances . Kohlrausch showed for weak ( incompletely dissociated ) electrolytes that the more dilute a solution , the greater its molar conductivity due to increased ionic dissociation . Measuring techniques and instruments . During 1895 he succeeded Hermann von Helmholtz as President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt ( PTR – Imperial Physical Technical Institute ) , an office which he held until 1905 . Here , as in the past , his activities were focused on experimental and instrumental physics : he constructed instruments and devised new measuring techniques to examine electrolytic conduction in solutions . He concluded the setup of the PTR , a task which had not yet been completed on the death of its first president . He introduced fixed regulations , work schedules and working hours for the Institute . Under direction of Kohlrausch , the PTR created numerous standards and calibration standards which were also used internationally outside Germany . Kohlrausch was intent on creating optimum working conditions in the laboratories and to shield the labs from unwanted external influences . For six years , for instance , he fought against a streetcar line which was due to be laid near the PTR . However , before the streetcar was to make its first journey , the institute succeeded in developing an astatic torsion magnetometer which was uninfluenced by disturbing electromagnetic fields . The use of this instrument and the shielded wire galvanometer developed by du Bois and Rubens meant that precision electrical and magnetic work continued to be possible . Over the years , Kohlrausch added experiments which met the needs of physical chemistry and electrical technology in particular . He improved precision measuring instruments and developed numerous measuring methods in almost all of the fields of physics known during his lifetime , including a reflectivity meter , a tangent galvanometer , and various types of magnetometers and dynamometers . The Kohlrausch bridge , which he invented at that time for the purpose of measuring conductivity , is still well known today . Like Helmholtz and Siemens , Kohlrausch also saw the possibilities inherent in applied and basic research in the natural sciences and technology . He lay the foundations for scientific knowledge which promoted and advanced industry and technology . The PTR developed standardized precision instruments for university research institutes and industrial laboratories . It introduced uniform electrical units for Germany and also played a significant role in their international usage . In the period to 1905 , there were many examples of the importance of the PTR for German industry , in particular for the high technologies of the time – the electrical , optical and mechanical industries . Overall , Kohlrausch was involved in the measurement of electrical , magnetic and electrochemical phenomena for almost 50 years . In 1905 Kohlrausch retired from his post as President of the PTR . Friedrich Kohlrausch died in Marburg on 17 January 1910 at the age of 69 . Writings . In the University of Göttingen , Kohlrausch documented his practical experiments resulting in the book Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ( Guidelines to Practical Physics ) , which was published in 1870 as the first book of its type in Germany . It contained not only descriptions of experiments , experimental setups and measuring techniques , but also tables of physical quantities . It was issued in many editions ( the 9th enlarged and revised edition of 1901 being entitled Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik ; a more elementary work based on it being entitled Kleiner Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ) and translated into English . It was considered the standard work on physical laboratory methods and measurements . To this day , the textbook Praktische Physik ( Practical Physics ) , which originated in Kohlrauschs Leitfaden der praktischen Physik , is standard reading for physicists and engineers in Germany . This is attributable , above all , to the detailed descriptions provided of the measuring methods that form the basis of technical and experimental applications in many fields in physics . Kohlrausch was also the author of Ueber den absoluten Leitungswiderstand des Quecksilbers ( On the electrical resistance of mercury , 1888 ) , and of many papers contributed to the Annalen der Physik und Chemie , and other scientific journals . |
[
"Humboldt University in Berlin"
] | easy | Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist) became a member of what organization or association in 1900? | /wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)#P463#1 | Friedrich Kohlrausch ( physicist ) Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch ( 14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910 ) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour . He also investigated elasticity , thermoelasticity , and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements . Nowadays , Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists . His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units . Biography . Education . Son of Rudolf Kohlrausch , Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was born on October 14 , 1840 , in Rinteln , Germany . After studying physics at Erlangen and Göttingen , Friedrich Kohlrausch completed his doctorate in Göttingen . Teaching . After a two-year work as a lecturer in Frankfurt , Kohlrausch was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Göttingen ( 1866–70 ) . During 1870 Kohlrausch became a professor at ETH Zurich in Switzerland . One year later , he moved to the Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany . In 1875 , he responded to an offer from the University of Würzburg in southern Germany , where he subsequently conducted his experiments in quantity determination and the conductivity of electrolytes . From 1888 he researched and taught at Strasbourg University . He refused a professorship at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1894 , but from 1900 he was also a professor there . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during 1902 . Research work . Kohlrausch was an important researcher of electrochemistry for many reasons . First , the experiments from which he deduced his law of independent migration of ions became canonical and disseminated from Kohlrauschs laboratories in Göttingen , Zurich , and Darmstadt ; Svante Arrhenius , Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff , the original Ionists , all trained with methods and equipment of Kohlrauschian lineage . Moreover , because Kohlrausch also continued to test and confirm the Ionist theory after it had been first proposed , his work tied measuring physics and its consequent capability of producing plenty of empirical data to the results and methods of the Ionists and their devotees . Electrolyte conductivity in solution . In 1874 he demonstrated that an electrolyte has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance . By observing the dependence of conductivity upon dilution , he could determine the transfer velocities of the ions ( charged atoms or molecules ) in solution . He used alternating current to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products ; this enabled him to obtain very precise results . From 1875 to 1879 , he examined numerous salt solutions , acids and solutions of other materials . His efforts resulted in the law of the independent migration of ions , that is , each type of migrating ion has a specific limiting molar conductivity no matter what combination of ions are in solution , and therefore that a solutions electrical resistance is due only to the migrating ions of a given substances . Kohlrausch showed for weak ( incompletely dissociated ) electrolytes that the more dilute a solution , the greater its molar conductivity due to increased ionic dissociation . Measuring techniques and instruments . During 1895 he succeeded Hermann von Helmholtz as President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt ( PTR – Imperial Physical Technical Institute ) , an office which he held until 1905 . Here , as in the past , his activities were focused on experimental and instrumental physics : he constructed instruments and devised new measuring techniques to examine electrolytic conduction in solutions . He concluded the setup of the PTR , a task which had not yet been completed on the death of its first president . He introduced fixed regulations , work schedules and working hours for the Institute . Under direction of Kohlrausch , the PTR created numerous standards and calibration standards which were also used internationally outside Germany . Kohlrausch was intent on creating optimum working conditions in the laboratories and to shield the labs from unwanted external influences . For six years , for instance , he fought against a streetcar line which was due to be laid near the PTR . However , before the streetcar was to make its first journey , the institute succeeded in developing an astatic torsion magnetometer which was uninfluenced by disturbing electromagnetic fields . The use of this instrument and the shielded wire galvanometer developed by du Bois and Rubens meant that precision electrical and magnetic work continued to be possible . Over the years , Kohlrausch added experiments which met the needs of physical chemistry and electrical technology in particular . He improved precision measuring instruments and developed numerous measuring methods in almost all of the fields of physics known during his lifetime , including a reflectivity meter , a tangent galvanometer , and various types of magnetometers and dynamometers . The Kohlrausch bridge , which he invented at that time for the purpose of measuring conductivity , is still well known today . Like Helmholtz and Siemens , Kohlrausch also saw the possibilities inherent in applied and basic research in the natural sciences and technology . He lay the foundations for scientific knowledge which promoted and advanced industry and technology . The PTR developed standardized precision instruments for university research institutes and industrial laboratories . It introduced uniform electrical units for Germany and also played a significant role in their international usage . In the period to 1905 , there were many examples of the importance of the PTR for German industry , in particular for the high technologies of the time – the electrical , optical and mechanical industries . Overall , Kohlrausch was involved in the measurement of electrical , magnetic and electrochemical phenomena for almost 50 years . In 1905 Kohlrausch retired from his post as President of the PTR . Friedrich Kohlrausch died in Marburg on 17 January 1910 at the age of 69 . Writings . In the University of Göttingen , Kohlrausch documented his practical experiments resulting in the book Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ( Guidelines to Practical Physics ) , which was published in 1870 as the first book of its type in Germany . It contained not only descriptions of experiments , experimental setups and measuring techniques , but also tables of physical quantities . It was issued in many editions ( the 9th enlarged and revised edition of 1901 being entitled Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik ; a more elementary work based on it being entitled Kleiner Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ) and translated into English . It was considered the standard work on physical laboratory methods and measurements . To this day , the textbook Praktische Physik ( Practical Physics ) , which originated in Kohlrauschs Leitfaden der praktischen Physik , is standard reading for physicists and engineers in Germany . This is attributable , above all , to the detailed descriptions provided of the measuring methods that form the basis of technical and experimental applications in many fields in physics . Kohlrausch was also the author of Ueber den absoluten Leitungswiderstand des Quecksilbers ( On the electrical resistance of mercury , 1888 ) , and of many papers contributed to the Annalen der Physik und Chemie , and other scientific journals . |
[
""
] | easy | Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist) became a member of what organization or association in 1894? | /wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)#P463#2 | Friedrich Kohlrausch ( physicist ) Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch ( 14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910 ) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour . He also investigated elasticity , thermoelasticity , and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements . Nowadays , Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists . His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units . Biography . Education . Son of Rudolf Kohlrausch , Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was born on October 14 , 1840 , in Rinteln , Germany . After studying physics at Erlangen and Göttingen , Friedrich Kohlrausch completed his doctorate in Göttingen . Teaching . After a two-year work as a lecturer in Frankfurt , Kohlrausch was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Göttingen ( 1866–70 ) . During 1870 Kohlrausch became a professor at ETH Zurich in Switzerland . One year later , he moved to the Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany . In 1875 , he responded to an offer from the University of Würzburg in southern Germany , where he subsequently conducted his experiments in quantity determination and the conductivity of electrolytes . From 1888 he researched and taught at Strasbourg University . He refused a professorship at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1894 , but from 1900 he was also a professor there . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during 1902 . Research work . Kohlrausch was an important researcher of electrochemistry for many reasons . First , the experiments from which he deduced his law of independent migration of ions became canonical and disseminated from Kohlrauschs laboratories in Göttingen , Zurich , and Darmstadt ; Svante Arrhenius , Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff , the original Ionists , all trained with methods and equipment of Kohlrauschian lineage . Moreover , because Kohlrausch also continued to test and confirm the Ionist theory after it had been first proposed , his work tied measuring physics and its consequent capability of producing plenty of empirical data to the results and methods of the Ionists and their devotees . Electrolyte conductivity in solution . In 1874 he demonstrated that an electrolyte has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance . By observing the dependence of conductivity upon dilution , he could determine the transfer velocities of the ions ( charged atoms or molecules ) in solution . He used alternating current to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products ; this enabled him to obtain very precise results . From 1875 to 1879 , he examined numerous salt solutions , acids and solutions of other materials . His efforts resulted in the law of the independent migration of ions , that is , each type of migrating ion has a specific limiting molar conductivity no matter what combination of ions are in solution , and therefore that a solutions electrical resistance is due only to the migrating ions of a given substances . Kohlrausch showed for weak ( incompletely dissociated ) electrolytes that the more dilute a solution , the greater its molar conductivity due to increased ionic dissociation . Measuring techniques and instruments . During 1895 he succeeded Hermann von Helmholtz as President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt ( PTR – Imperial Physical Technical Institute ) , an office which he held until 1905 . Here , as in the past , his activities were focused on experimental and instrumental physics : he constructed instruments and devised new measuring techniques to examine electrolytic conduction in solutions . He concluded the setup of the PTR , a task which had not yet been completed on the death of its first president . He introduced fixed regulations , work schedules and working hours for the Institute . Under direction of Kohlrausch , the PTR created numerous standards and calibration standards which were also used internationally outside Germany . Kohlrausch was intent on creating optimum working conditions in the laboratories and to shield the labs from unwanted external influences . For six years , for instance , he fought against a streetcar line which was due to be laid near the PTR . However , before the streetcar was to make its first journey , the institute succeeded in developing an astatic torsion magnetometer which was uninfluenced by disturbing electromagnetic fields . The use of this instrument and the shielded wire galvanometer developed by du Bois and Rubens meant that precision electrical and magnetic work continued to be possible . Over the years , Kohlrausch added experiments which met the needs of physical chemistry and electrical technology in particular . He improved precision measuring instruments and developed numerous measuring methods in almost all of the fields of physics known during his lifetime , including a reflectivity meter , a tangent galvanometer , and various types of magnetometers and dynamometers . The Kohlrausch bridge , which he invented at that time for the purpose of measuring conductivity , is still well known today . Like Helmholtz and Siemens , Kohlrausch also saw the possibilities inherent in applied and basic research in the natural sciences and technology . He lay the foundations for scientific knowledge which promoted and advanced industry and technology . The PTR developed standardized precision instruments for university research institutes and industrial laboratories . It introduced uniform electrical units for Germany and also played a significant role in their international usage . In the period to 1905 , there were many examples of the importance of the PTR for German industry , in particular for the high technologies of the time – the electrical , optical and mechanical industries . Overall , Kohlrausch was involved in the measurement of electrical , magnetic and electrochemical phenomena for almost 50 years . In 1905 Kohlrausch retired from his post as President of the PTR . Friedrich Kohlrausch died in Marburg on 17 January 1910 at the age of 69 . Writings . In the University of Göttingen , Kohlrausch documented his practical experiments resulting in the book Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ( Guidelines to Practical Physics ) , which was published in 1870 as the first book of its type in Germany . It contained not only descriptions of experiments , experimental setups and measuring techniques , but also tables of physical quantities . It was issued in many editions ( the 9th enlarged and revised edition of 1901 being entitled Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik ; a more elementary work based on it being entitled Kleiner Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ) and translated into English . It was considered the standard work on physical laboratory methods and measurements . To this day , the textbook Praktische Physik ( Practical Physics ) , which originated in Kohlrauschs Leitfaden der praktischen Physik , is standard reading for physicists and engineers in Germany . This is attributable , above all , to the detailed descriptions provided of the measuring methods that form the basis of technical and experimental applications in many fields in physics . Kohlrausch was also the author of Ueber den absoluten Leitungswiderstand des Quecksilbers ( On the electrical resistance of mercury , 1888 ) , and of many papers contributed to the Annalen der Physik und Chemie , and other scientific journals . |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Friedrich Kohlrausch (physicist) join in 1901? | /wiki/Friedrich_Kohlrausch_(physicist)#P463#3 | Friedrich Kohlrausch ( physicist ) Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch ( 14 October 1840 – 17 January 1910 ) was a German physicist who investigated the conductive properties of electrolytes and contributed to knowledge of their behaviour . He also investigated elasticity , thermoelasticity , and thermal conduction as well as magnetic and electrical precision measurements . Nowadays , Friedrich Kohlrausch is classed as one of the most important experimental physicists . His early work helped to extend the absolute system of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber to include electrical and magnetic measuring units . Biography . Education . Son of Rudolf Kohlrausch , Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohlrausch was born on October 14 , 1840 , in Rinteln , Germany . After studying physics at Erlangen and Göttingen , Friedrich Kohlrausch completed his doctorate in Göttingen . Teaching . After a two-year work as a lecturer in Frankfurt , Kohlrausch was appointed a professor of physics at the University of Göttingen ( 1866–70 ) . During 1870 Kohlrausch became a professor at ETH Zurich in Switzerland . One year later , he moved to the Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany . In 1875 , he responded to an offer from the University of Würzburg in southern Germany , where he subsequently conducted his experiments in quantity determination and the conductivity of electrolytes . From 1888 he researched and taught at Strasbourg University . He refused a professorship at the Humboldt University in Berlin in 1894 , but from 1900 he was also a professor there . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences during 1902 . Research work . Kohlrausch was an important researcher of electrochemistry for many reasons . First , the experiments from which he deduced his law of independent migration of ions became canonical and disseminated from Kohlrauschs laboratories in Göttingen , Zurich , and Darmstadt ; Svante Arrhenius , Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff , the original Ionists , all trained with methods and equipment of Kohlrauschian lineage . Moreover , because Kohlrausch also continued to test and confirm the Ionist theory after it had been first proposed , his work tied measuring physics and its consequent capability of producing plenty of empirical data to the results and methods of the Ionists and their devotees . Electrolyte conductivity in solution . In 1874 he demonstrated that an electrolyte has a definite and constant amount of electrical resistance . By observing the dependence of conductivity upon dilution , he could determine the transfer velocities of the ions ( charged atoms or molecules ) in solution . He used alternating current to prevent the deposition of electrolysis products ; this enabled him to obtain very precise results . From 1875 to 1879 , he examined numerous salt solutions , acids and solutions of other materials . His efforts resulted in the law of the independent migration of ions , that is , each type of migrating ion has a specific limiting molar conductivity no matter what combination of ions are in solution , and therefore that a solutions electrical resistance is due only to the migrating ions of a given substances . Kohlrausch showed for weak ( incompletely dissociated ) electrolytes that the more dilute a solution , the greater its molar conductivity due to increased ionic dissociation . Measuring techniques and instruments . During 1895 he succeeded Hermann von Helmholtz as President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt ( PTR – Imperial Physical Technical Institute ) , an office which he held until 1905 . Here , as in the past , his activities were focused on experimental and instrumental physics : he constructed instruments and devised new measuring techniques to examine electrolytic conduction in solutions . He concluded the setup of the PTR , a task which had not yet been completed on the death of its first president . He introduced fixed regulations , work schedules and working hours for the Institute . Under direction of Kohlrausch , the PTR created numerous standards and calibration standards which were also used internationally outside Germany . Kohlrausch was intent on creating optimum working conditions in the laboratories and to shield the labs from unwanted external influences . For six years , for instance , he fought against a streetcar line which was due to be laid near the PTR . However , before the streetcar was to make its first journey , the institute succeeded in developing an astatic torsion magnetometer which was uninfluenced by disturbing electromagnetic fields . The use of this instrument and the shielded wire galvanometer developed by du Bois and Rubens meant that precision electrical and magnetic work continued to be possible . Over the years , Kohlrausch added experiments which met the needs of physical chemistry and electrical technology in particular . He improved precision measuring instruments and developed numerous measuring methods in almost all of the fields of physics known during his lifetime , including a reflectivity meter , a tangent galvanometer , and various types of magnetometers and dynamometers . The Kohlrausch bridge , which he invented at that time for the purpose of measuring conductivity , is still well known today . Like Helmholtz and Siemens , Kohlrausch also saw the possibilities inherent in applied and basic research in the natural sciences and technology . He lay the foundations for scientific knowledge which promoted and advanced industry and technology . The PTR developed standardized precision instruments for university research institutes and industrial laboratories . It introduced uniform electrical units for Germany and also played a significant role in their international usage . In the period to 1905 , there were many examples of the importance of the PTR for German industry , in particular for the high technologies of the time – the electrical , optical and mechanical industries . Overall , Kohlrausch was involved in the measurement of electrical , magnetic and electrochemical phenomena for almost 50 years . In 1905 Kohlrausch retired from his post as President of the PTR . Friedrich Kohlrausch died in Marburg on 17 January 1910 at the age of 69 . Writings . In the University of Göttingen , Kohlrausch documented his practical experiments resulting in the book Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ( Guidelines to Practical Physics ) , which was published in 1870 as the first book of its type in Germany . It contained not only descriptions of experiments , experimental setups and measuring techniques , but also tables of physical quantities . It was issued in many editions ( the 9th enlarged and revised edition of 1901 being entitled Lehrbuch der praktischen Physik ; a more elementary work based on it being entitled Kleiner Leitfaden der praktischen Physik ) and translated into English . It was considered the standard work on physical laboratory methods and measurements . To this day , the textbook Praktische Physik ( Practical Physics ) , which originated in Kohlrauschs Leitfaden der praktischen Physik , is standard reading for physicists and engineers in Germany . This is attributable , above all , to the detailed descriptions provided of the measuring methods that form the basis of technical and experimental applications in many fields in physics . Kohlrausch was also the author of Ueber den absoluten Leitungswiderstand des Quecksilbers ( On the electrical resistance of mercury , 1888 ) , and of many papers contributed to the Annalen der Physik und Chemie , and other scientific journals . |
[
"Ohios 99th House District"
] | easy | What was the position of Charlie Wilson (Ohio politician) from 1997 to 2004? | /wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Ohio_politician)#P39#0 | Charlie Wilson ( Ohio politician ) Charles A . Wilson Jr . ( January 18 , 1943 – April 14 , 2013 ) was an American politician who served as a U.S . Representative for . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Early life , education , and business career . Wilson was born on January 18 , 1943 in either Martins Ferry , Ohio or Dillonvale , Ohio . He was a graduate of Ohio University and the Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science class of 1967 . He was a small business owner and was president of Wilson Funeral Homes and Wilson Furniture Store . Ohio legislature . Wilson ran for Ohios 99th House District in 1996 . He defeated William L . Thomas in the Democratic primary 54%–46% . He won the general election and re-election in 1998 ( 50% ) , 2000 ( 68% ) , and 2002 ( 62% ) . In 2004 , he ran for the Ohio Senate when incumbent Democrat Greg DiDonato of the 30th District decided to retire after redistricting . In the Democratic primary , he defeated former State Representative Jerry Krupinski 67%–33% . He won the general election with 67% of the vote . When he decided to retire to run for the U.S . House of Representatives , his son Jason Wilson replaced him . U.S . House of Representatives . Wilson had offices in : Canfield , Wellsville , Marietta , Bridgeport and Ironton , Ohio . Elections . - 2006 In 2006 , incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Ted Strickland decided to retire to run for Governor of Ohio . Wilson decided to run for the open seat in Ohios 6th congressional district . Ohio state law requires that a candidate for Congress submit 50 valid signatures from constituents in his district to qualify for a place on the primary ballot . When Wilsons signatures were verified by the Columbiana County Board of Elections , only 46 of the 93 signatures submitted could be verified as legal residents of the 6th district . As such , for the Democratic primary on May 2 , 2006 , Charlie Wilsons name did not appear on the ballot . Wilsons campaign launched a massive effort , aided by the national party and organized labor , to write-in Charlie Wilsons name in the primary . The campaign was successful , with Wilson winning 66% of the Democratic vote against two opponents . Wilson defeated Republican State Representative Chuck Blasdel 62%–38% . - 2008 Wilson defeated Republican Richard Stobbs 62%–33% . - 2010 Wilson was defeated by Republican U.S . Air Force veteran Bill Johnson 50%–45% . Following the 2010 campaign , Wilson was criticized for giving his staff large bonuses with taxpayer money as he was ending his term . Congressman Wilsons staff payroll increased by 49.7% from the previous payroll quarter , indicating that his staff did indeed receive hefty taxpayer funded bonuses . - 2012 In November 2011 , Wilson filed to run a rematch against Johnson in the newly redrawn 6th Congressional District . The race for Ohios 6th Congressional District was listed as one of the most competitive in the country . It was one of the 24 toss-up races in the New York Times 2012 House Race Ratings . Some of the major issues in the race were jobs and the economy , health care , and energy . On the issue of coal , Wilson told NPR that We dont need to fire Obama and we dont need to stop the war on coal , in an interview on September 28 , 2012 . His spokesman said the candidate was being sarcastic , calling the comments the farthest thing from the truth . Charlie has fought against both administrations , both the Bush administration and the Obama administration in the battle for coal . When asked about the Supreme Court ruling on President Obamas health care law , Wilson said he viewed the tax as a way of encouraging people to buy insurance and was quoted saying : I look at it as a way of directing people into what would be a good decision for them , On November 6 , 2012 , Wilson was defeated by Johnson 53% to 47% in the rematch of their 2010 race in a slightly more Republican-leaning district , drawn after the 2010 census . To date , this is the last time a Democrat has managed even 40 percent of the vote in the 6th . Tenure . - Blue Dog Coalition After entering office , Wilson joined the Blue Dog Coalition , a group of moderate and conservative congressional Democrats . Wilson was named Blue Dog of the Week on April 2 , 2007 . Wilson voted Yes on the Senate version of the health care bill . - Medicaid tamper-resistant prescription pads Along with Rep . Marion Berry ( D-AR ) and Rep . Mike Ross ( D-AR ) , Wilson introduced H.R.3090 in July 2007 to counteract a provision tucked away in the Iraq Spending Bill . The provision required that all Medicaid prescriptions be written on tamper-resistant pads effective October 1 , 2007 . The provision was put in place to combat Medicaid prescription fraud , but it may have unintended consequences . For example , the pads may not be widely available , nor is there a good definition of what they are . If pharmacists fill prescriptions that are not written on the special pads they risk not getting reimbursed through Medicaid . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets , Insurance , and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit - Committee on Science and Technology - Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight - Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Caucus memberships . Congressman Wilson was a member of the Rural Caucus , Sportsmens Caucus , and the Steel Caucus . He assumed a leadership position in the Steel Caucus , serving as a member of the executive board . Personal life . Wilson had four sons and nine grandchildren . His son , Jason , served in the Ohio Senate . On February 21 , 2013 , Wilson suffered a brain aneurysm while vacationing in West Palm Beach , Florida , and was put into a medically induced coma . In early March , he entered a rehabilitation facility in Florida and had been doing much better . On April 13 , Wilson was admitted to a hospital in Boynton Beach , Florida after feeling ill . He died on April 14 of complications from the earlier stroke . He was 70 . |
[
"Ohio Senate"
] | easy | Charlie Wilson (Ohio politician) took which position from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Ohio_politician)#P39#1 | Charlie Wilson ( Ohio politician ) Charles A . Wilson Jr . ( January 18 , 1943 – April 14 , 2013 ) was an American politician who served as a U.S . Representative for . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Early life , education , and business career . Wilson was born on January 18 , 1943 in either Martins Ferry , Ohio or Dillonvale , Ohio . He was a graduate of Ohio University and the Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science class of 1967 . He was a small business owner and was president of Wilson Funeral Homes and Wilson Furniture Store . Ohio legislature . Wilson ran for Ohios 99th House District in 1996 . He defeated William L . Thomas in the Democratic primary 54%–46% . He won the general election and re-election in 1998 ( 50% ) , 2000 ( 68% ) , and 2002 ( 62% ) . In 2004 , he ran for the Ohio Senate when incumbent Democrat Greg DiDonato of the 30th District decided to retire after redistricting . In the Democratic primary , he defeated former State Representative Jerry Krupinski 67%–33% . He won the general election with 67% of the vote . When he decided to retire to run for the U.S . House of Representatives , his son Jason Wilson replaced him . U.S . House of Representatives . Wilson had offices in : Canfield , Wellsville , Marietta , Bridgeport and Ironton , Ohio . Elections . - 2006 In 2006 , incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Ted Strickland decided to retire to run for Governor of Ohio . Wilson decided to run for the open seat in Ohios 6th congressional district . Ohio state law requires that a candidate for Congress submit 50 valid signatures from constituents in his district to qualify for a place on the primary ballot . When Wilsons signatures were verified by the Columbiana County Board of Elections , only 46 of the 93 signatures submitted could be verified as legal residents of the 6th district . As such , for the Democratic primary on May 2 , 2006 , Charlie Wilsons name did not appear on the ballot . Wilsons campaign launched a massive effort , aided by the national party and organized labor , to write-in Charlie Wilsons name in the primary . The campaign was successful , with Wilson winning 66% of the Democratic vote against two opponents . Wilson defeated Republican State Representative Chuck Blasdel 62%–38% . - 2008 Wilson defeated Republican Richard Stobbs 62%–33% . - 2010 Wilson was defeated by Republican U.S . Air Force veteran Bill Johnson 50%–45% . Following the 2010 campaign , Wilson was criticized for giving his staff large bonuses with taxpayer money as he was ending his term . Congressman Wilsons staff payroll increased by 49.7% from the previous payroll quarter , indicating that his staff did indeed receive hefty taxpayer funded bonuses . - 2012 In November 2011 , Wilson filed to run a rematch against Johnson in the newly redrawn 6th Congressional District . The race for Ohios 6th Congressional District was listed as one of the most competitive in the country . It was one of the 24 toss-up races in the New York Times 2012 House Race Ratings . Some of the major issues in the race were jobs and the economy , health care , and energy . On the issue of coal , Wilson told NPR that We dont need to fire Obama and we dont need to stop the war on coal , in an interview on September 28 , 2012 . His spokesman said the candidate was being sarcastic , calling the comments the farthest thing from the truth . Charlie has fought against both administrations , both the Bush administration and the Obama administration in the battle for coal . When asked about the Supreme Court ruling on President Obamas health care law , Wilson said he viewed the tax as a way of encouraging people to buy insurance and was quoted saying : I look at it as a way of directing people into what would be a good decision for them , On November 6 , 2012 , Wilson was defeated by Johnson 53% to 47% in the rematch of their 2010 race in a slightly more Republican-leaning district , drawn after the 2010 census . To date , this is the last time a Democrat has managed even 40 percent of the vote in the 6th . Tenure . - Blue Dog Coalition After entering office , Wilson joined the Blue Dog Coalition , a group of moderate and conservative congressional Democrats . Wilson was named Blue Dog of the Week on April 2 , 2007 . Wilson voted Yes on the Senate version of the health care bill . - Medicaid tamper-resistant prescription pads Along with Rep . Marion Berry ( D-AR ) and Rep . Mike Ross ( D-AR ) , Wilson introduced H.R.3090 in July 2007 to counteract a provision tucked away in the Iraq Spending Bill . The provision required that all Medicaid prescriptions be written on tamper-resistant pads effective October 1 , 2007 . The provision was put in place to combat Medicaid prescription fraud , but it may have unintended consequences . For example , the pads may not be widely available , nor is there a good definition of what they are . If pharmacists fill prescriptions that are not written on the special pads they risk not getting reimbursed through Medicaid . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets , Insurance , and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit - Committee on Science and Technology - Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight - Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Caucus memberships . Congressman Wilson was a member of the Rural Caucus , Sportsmens Caucus , and the Steel Caucus . He assumed a leadership position in the Steel Caucus , serving as a member of the executive board . Personal life . Wilson had four sons and nine grandchildren . His son , Jason , served in the Ohio Senate . On February 21 , 2013 , Wilson suffered a brain aneurysm while vacationing in West Palm Beach , Florida , and was put into a medically induced coma . In early March , he entered a rehabilitation facility in Florida and had been doing much better . On April 13 , Wilson was admitted to a hospital in Boynton Beach , Florida after feeling ill . He died on April 14 of complications from the earlier stroke . He was 70 . |
[
"U.S . Congressman"
] | easy | What position did Charlie Wilson (Ohio politician) take from 2007 to 2011? | /wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Ohio_politician)#P39#2 | Charlie Wilson ( Ohio politician ) Charles A . Wilson Jr . ( January 18 , 1943 – April 14 , 2013 ) was an American politician who served as a U.S . Representative for . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served in the Ohio State Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives . Early life , education , and business career . Wilson was born on January 18 , 1943 in either Martins Ferry , Ohio or Dillonvale , Ohio . He was a graduate of Ohio University and the Cincinnati College of Mortuary Science class of 1967 . He was a small business owner and was president of Wilson Funeral Homes and Wilson Furniture Store . Ohio legislature . Wilson ran for Ohios 99th House District in 1996 . He defeated William L . Thomas in the Democratic primary 54%–46% . He won the general election and re-election in 1998 ( 50% ) , 2000 ( 68% ) , and 2002 ( 62% ) . In 2004 , he ran for the Ohio Senate when incumbent Democrat Greg DiDonato of the 30th District decided to retire after redistricting . In the Democratic primary , he defeated former State Representative Jerry Krupinski 67%–33% . He won the general election with 67% of the vote . When he decided to retire to run for the U.S . House of Representatives , his son Jason Wilson replaced him . U.S . House of Representatives . Wilson had offices in : Canfield , Wellsville , Marietta , Bridgeport and Ironton , Ohio . Elections . - 2006 In 2006 , incumbent Democratic U.S . Congressman Ted Strickland decided to retire to run for Governor of Ohio . Wilson decided to run for the open seat in Ohios 6th congressional district . Ohio state law requires that a candidate for Congress submit 50 valid signatures from constituents in his district to qualify for a place on the primary ballot . When Wilsons signatures were verified by the Columbiana County Board of Elections , only 46 of the 93 signatures submitted could be verified as legal residents of the 6th district . As such , for the Democratic primary on May 2 , 2006 , Charlie Wilsons name did not appear on the ballot . Wilsons campaign launched a massive effort , aided by the national party and organized labor , to write-in Charlie Wilsons name in the primary . The campaign was successful , with Wilson winning 66% of the Democratic vote against two opponents . Wilson defeated Republican State Representative Chuck Blasdel 62%–38% . - 2008 Wilson defeated Republican Richard Stobbs 62%–33% . - 2010 Wilson was defeated by Republican U.S . Air Force veteran Bill Johnson 50%–45% . Following the 2010 campaign , Wilson was criticized for giving his staff large bonuses with taxpayer money as he was ending his term . Congressman Wilsons staff payroll increased by 49.7% from the previous payroll quarter , indicating that his staff did indeed receive hefty taxpayer funded bonuses . - 2012 In November 2011 , Wilson filed to run a rematch against Johnson in the newly redrawn 6th Congressional District . The race for Ohios 6th Congressional District was listed as one of the most competitive in the country . It was one of the 24 toss-up races in the New York Times 2012 House Race Ratings . Some of the major issues in the race were jobs and the economy , health care , and energy . On the issue of coal , Wilson told NPR that We dont need to fire Obama and we dont need to stop the war on coal , in an interview on September 28 , 2012 . His spokesman said the candidate was being sarcastic , calling the comments the farthest thing from the truth . Charlie has fought against both administrations , both the Bush administration and the Obama administration in the battle for coal . When asked about the Supreme Court ruling on President Obamas health care law , Wilson said he viewed the tax as a way of encouraging people to buy insurance and was quoted saying : I look at it as a way of directing people into what would be a good decision for them , On November 6 , 2012 , Wilson was defeated by Johnson 53% to 47% in the rematch of their 2010 race in a slightly more Republican-leaning district , drawn after the 2010 census . To date , this is the last time a Democrat has managed even 40 percent of the vote in the 6th . Tenure . - Blue Dog Coalition After entering office , Wilson joined the Blue Dog Coalition , a group of moderate and conservative congressional Democrats . Wilson was named Blue Dog of the Week on April 2 , 2007 . Wilson voted Yes on the Senate version of the health care bill . - Medicaid tamper-resistant prescription pads Along with Rep . Marion Berry ( D-AR ) and Rep . Mike Ross ( D-AR ) , Wilson introduced H.R.3090 in July 2007 to counteract a provision tucked away in the Iraq Spending Bill . The provision required that all Medicaid prescriptions be written on tamper-resistant pads effective October 1 , 2007 . The provision was put in place to combat Medicaid prescription fraud , but it may have unintended consequences . For example , the pads may not be widely available , nor is there a good definition of what they are . If pharmacists fill prescriptions that are not written on the special pads they risk not getting reimbursed through Medicaid . Committee assignments . - Committee on Financial Services - Subcommittee on Capital Markets , Insurance , and Government-Sponsored Enterprises - Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit - Committee on Science and Technology - Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight - Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Caucus memberships . Congressman Wilson was a member of the Rural Caucus , Sportsmens Caucus , and the Steel Caucus . He assumed a leadership position in the Steel Caucus , serving as a member of the executive board . Personal life . Wilson had four sons and nine grandchildren . His son , Jason , served in the Ohio Senate . On February 21 , 2013 , Wilson suffered a brain aneurysm while vacationing in West Palm Beach , Florida , and was put into a medically induced coma . In early March , he entered a rehabilitation facility in Florida and had been doing much better . On April 13 , Wilson was admitted to a hospital in Boynton Beach , Florida after feeling ill . He died on April 14 of complications from the earlier stroke . He was 70 . |
[
"Bishop of Bristol"
] | easy | What position did Joseph Butler take from 1738 to 1740? | /wiki/Joseph_Butler#P39#0 | Joseph Butler Joseph Butler ( 18 May 1692 – 16 June 1752 ) was an English Anglican bishop , theologian , apologist , and philosopher . He was born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire ( now Oxfordshire ) . He is known , among other things , for his critique of Deism , Thomas Hobbess egoism , and John Lockes theory of personal identity . Butler influenced many philosophers and religious thinkers , including David Hume , Thomas Reid , Adam Smith , Henry Sidgwick , John Henry Newman , and C . D . Broad , and is widely considered as one of the preeminent English moralists . He also played an important , though under appreciated , role in the development of eighteenth-century economic discourse , greatly influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker . Biography . Early life and education . The son of a Presbyterian linen-draper , he was destined for the ministry of that church and , along with future archbishop Thomas Secker , entered Samuel Joness dissenting academy at Gloucester ( later Tewkesbury ) for that purpose . While there , he entered into a secret correspondence with the distinguished Anglican theologian and philosopher Samuel Clarke . In 1714 , Butler decided to enter the Church of England , and went to Oriel College , Oxford . He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1718 and later proceeded Doctor of Civil Law on 8 December 1733 . Church career . Butler was ordained a deacon on 26 October 1718 by William Talbot , Bishop of Salisbury , in his Bishops Palace , Salisbury , his palace chapel and a priest on 21 December 1718 by Talbot at St Jamess Church , Piccadilly . After holding various other high positions , he became rector of the rich living of Stanhope , County Durham . In 1736 he was made the head chaplain of George IIs wife Caroline , on the advice of Lancelot Blackburne . He was nominated Bishop of Bristol on 19 October 1738 and consecrated a bishop on 3 December 1738 at Lambeth Palace chapel . Remaining Bishop of Bristol , Butler was installed Dean of St Pauls on 24 May 1740 ; he kept that office until his translation to Durham . He is said ( apocryphally ) to have declined an offer to become the archbishop of Canterbury in 1747 but was appointed Clerk of the Closet to the king in 1746 ( until 1752 ) . He was translated to Durham by the confirmation of his election to that See in October 1750 ; he was then enthroned by proxy on 9 November 1750 . He is buried in Bristol Cathedral . Death and legacy . Butler died in 1752 at Rosewell House , Kingsmead Square in Bath , Somerset . His admirers praise him as an excellent man , and a diligent and conscientious churchman . Though indifferent to general literature , he had some taste in the fine arts , especially architecture . Joseph is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 16 June . He has his own collection of manuscripts ( e.g . Lectionary 189 ) . Philosophy . Attack on deism . During his lifetime and for many years after his death , Butler was most famous for his Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed ( 1736 ) , which , according to historian Will Durant , remained for a century the chief buttress of Christian argument against unbelief . English deists such as John Toland and Matthew Tindal had argued that nature provides clear evidence of an intelligent designer and artificer , but they rejected orthodox Christianity because of the incredibility of miracles and the cruelties and contradictions contained in the Bible . Butlers Analogy was one of many book-length replies to the deists , and it was long widely believed to be the most effective . Butler argued that nature itself was full of mysteries and cruelties , and thus shared the same alleged defects as the Bible . Arguing on empiricist grounds that all knowledge of nature and human conduct is merely probable , Butler then appealed to a series of patterns ( analogies ) observable in nature and human affairs , which , in his judgment , make the chief teachings of Christianity likely true . Butlers jiu-jitsu-like argumentative strategy was unusual and risky . Arguing that because nature is a mess of riddles , we cannot expect revelation to be any clearer obviously invited the retort that then both deism and Christianity were irrational . Today , Butlers Analogy is now largely of historical interest , but his claim that probability is the guide to life would be endorsed by many contemporary philosophers . Ethics and moral psychology . A Butler scholar , Stephen Darwall , wrote : Probably no figure had a greater impact on nineteenth-century British moral philosophy than Butler . Butlers chief target in the Sermons was Thomas Hobbes and the egoistic view of human nature he had defended in Leviathan ( 1651 ) . Hobbes was a materialist who believed that science reveals a world in which all events are causally determined and in which all human choices flow unavoidably from whatever desire is most powerful in a person at a given time . Hobbes saw human beings as being violent , self-seeking , and power-hungry . On such a view , there was no place for genuine altruism or benevolence or any conception of morality as traditionally conceived . In the Sermons , Butler argues that human motivation is less selfish and more complex than Hobbes claimed . Butler maintains that the human mind is an organized hierarchy of a number of different impulses and principles , many of which are not fundamentally selfish . On the ground floor , so to speak , is a wide variety of particular emotions , appetites , and affections , such as hunger , anger , fear , and sympathy . They , in properly organized minds , are under the control of two superior principles : self-love ( a desire to maximize ones own long-term happiness ) and benevolence ( a desire to promote the general happiness ) . The more general impulses are in turn subject to the highest practical authority in the human mind : moral conscience . Conscience , Butler claims , is an inborn sense of right and wrong , an inner light and monitor , received from God . Conscience tells one to promote both the general happiness and personal happiness . Experience informs that the two aims largely coincide in the present life . For many reasons , Butler argues , unethical and self-centered people who care nothing for the public good are usually not very happy . There are , however , rare cases where the wicked seem ( for a time ) to prosper . A perfect harmony of virtue and self-interest , Butler claimed , is guaranteed only by a just God , who , in the afterlife , rewards and punishes people as they deserve . Criticism of Lockes theory of personal identity . In Appendix 1 of the Analogy , Butler offers a famous criticism of John Lockes influential theory of personal identity , an explanation of what makes someone the same person from one time to the next , despite all the physical and psychological changes experienced over that period . Locke claimed that personal identity is not from having the same body or the same soul but from having the same consciousness and memory . According to Locke , memory is the glue that ties the various stages of our life together and constitutes sameness of person . More precisely , Locke claims , Person A is the same person as Person B just in case A and B share at least some of the same memories . Butler pointed out that the way real memories can be distinguished from false ones is that it was people who had the experiences that are truly remembered . Thus , Butler claimed , memory presupposes personal identity and so cannot constitute it . Veneration . Butler is honoured together with George Berkeley with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church ( USA ) on 16 June . Styles and titles . - 1692–1718 : Joseph Butler Esq . - 1718–1733 : The Reverend Joseph Butler - 1733–1738 : The Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler - 1738–1752 : The Right Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler Publications . - Several letters to the Reverend Dr . Clarke , 1716 , 1719 , 1725 – reprinted in Volume 1 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works - Fifteen sermons preached at the Rolls Chapel , 1726 , 1729 , 1736 , 1749 , 1759 , 1765 , 1769 , 1774 , 1792 - The Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed , to the Constitution and Course of Nature , 1736 , 1740 , 1750 , 1754 , 1764 , 1765 , 1771 , 1775 , 1785 , 1788 , 1791 , 1793 , 1796 , 1798 - A sermon preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , 1739 - A sermon preached before the Right Honourable the Lord-Mayor , 1740 - A sermon preached before the House of Lords , 1741 , 1747 - A sermon preached in the parish-church of Christ-Church , London , 1745 - A sermon , preached before His Grace Charles Duke of Richmond , Lenox , and Aubigny , president , 1748 , 1751 - Six sermons preached upon publick occasions , 1749 - A catalogue of the libraries [ ... ] , 1753 - A charge delivered to the clergy at the primary visitation of the diocese of Durham , 1751 , 1786 – reprinted in Volume 2 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works |
[
"Clerk of the Closet to the king"
] | easy | What position did Joseph Butler take from 1740 to 1750? | /wiki/Joseph_Butler#P39#1 | Joseph Butler Joseph Butler ( 18 May 1692 – 16 June 1752 ) was an English Anglican bishop , theologian , apologist , and philosopher . He was born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire ( now Oxfordshire ) . He is known , among other things , for his critique of Deism , Thomas Hobbess egoism , and John Lockes theory of personal identity . Butler influenced many philosophers and religious thinkers , including David Hume , Thomas Reid , Adam Smith , Henry Sidgwick , John Henry Newman , and C . D . Broad , and is widely considered as one of the preeminent English moralists . He also played an important , though under appreciated , role in the development of eighteenth-century economic discourse , greatly influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker . Biography . Early life and education . The son of a Presbyterian linen-draper , he was destined for the ministry of that church and , along with future archbishop Thomas Secker , entered Samuel Joness dissenting academy at Gloucester ( later Tewkesbury ) for that purpose . While there , he entered into a secret correspondence with the distinguished Anglican theologian and philosopher Samuel Clarke . In 1714 , Butler decided to enter the Church of England , and went to Oriel College , Oxford . He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1718 and later proceeded Doctor of Civil Law on 8 December 1733 . Church career . Butler was ordained a deacon on 26 October 1718 by William Talbot , Bishop of Salisbury , in his Bishops Palace , Salisbury , his palace chapel and a priest on 21 December 1718 by Talbot at St Jamess Church , Piccadilly . After holding various other high positions , he became rector of the rich living of Stanhope , County Durham . In 1736 he was made the head chaplain of George IIs wife Caroline , on the advice of Lancelot Blackburne . He was nominated Bishop of Bristol on 19 October 1738 and consecrated a bishop on 3 December 1738 at Lambeth Palace chapel . Remaining Bishop of Bristol , Butler was installed Dean of St Pauls on 24 May 1740 ; he kept that office until his translation to Durham . He is said ( apocryphally ) to have declined an offer to become the archbishop of Canterbury in 1747 but was appointed Clerk of the Closet to the king in 1746 ( until 1752 ) . He was translated to Durham by the confirmation of his election to that See in October 1750 ; he was then enthroned by proxy on 9 November 1750 . He is buried in Bristol Cathedral . Death and legacy . Butler died in 1752 at Rosewell House , Kingsmead Square in Bath , Somerset . His admirers praise him as an excellent man , and a diligent and conscientious churchman . Though indifferent to general literature , he had some taste in the fine arts , especially architecture . Joseph is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 16 June . He has his own collection of manuscripts ( e.g . Lectionary 189 ) . Philosophy . Attack on deism . During his lifetime and for many years after his death , Butler was most famous for his Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed ( 1736 ) , which , according to historian Will Durant , remained for a century the chief buttress of Christian argument against unbelief . English deists such as John Toland and Matthew Tindal had argued that nature provides clear evidence of an intelligent designer and artificer , but they rejected orthodox Christianity because of the incredibility of miracles and the cruelties and contradictions contained in the Bible . Butlers Analogy was one of many book-length replies to the deists , and it was long widely believed to be the most effective . Butler argued that nature itself was full of mysteries and cruelties , and thus shared the same alleged defects as the Bible . Arguing on empiricist grounds that all knowledge of nature and human conduct is merely probable , Butler then appealed to a series of patterns ( analogies ) observable in nature and human affairs , which , in his judgment , make the chief teachings of Christianity likely true . Butlers jiu-jitsu-like argumentative strategy was unusual and risky . Arguing that because nature is a mess of riddles , we cannot expect revelation to be any clearer obviously invited the retort that then both deism and Christianity were irrational . Today , Butlers Analogy is now largely of historical interest , but his claim that probability is the guide to life would be endorsed by many contemporary philosophers . Ethics and moral psychology . A Butler scholar , Stephen Darwall , wrote : Probably no figure had a greater impact on nineteenth-century British moral philosophy than Butler . Butlers chief target in the Sermons was Thomas Hobbes and the egoistic view of human nature he had defended in Leviathan ( 1651 ) . Hobbes was a materialist who believed that science reveals a world in which all events are causally determined and in which all human choices flow unavoidably from whatever desire is most powerful in a person at a given time . Hobbes saw human beings as being violent , self-seeking , and power-hungry . On such a view , there was no place for genuine altruism or benevolence or any conception of morality as traditionally conceived . In the Sermons , Butler argues that human motivation is less selfish and more complex than Hobbes claimed . Butler maintains that the human mind is an organized hierarchy of a number of different impulses and principles , many of which are not fundamentally selfish . On the ground floor , so to speak , is a wide variety of particular emotions , appetites , and affections , such as hunger , anger , fear , and sympathy . They , in properly organized minds , are under the control of two superior principles : self-love ( a desire to maximize ones own long-term happiness ) and benevolence ( a desire to promote the general happiness ) . The more general impulses are in turn subject to the highest practical authority in the human mind : moral conscience . Conscience , Butler claims , is an inborn sense of right and wrong , an inner light and monitor , received from God . Conscience tells one to promote both the general happiness and personal happiness . Experience informs that the two aims largely coincide in the present life . For many reasons , Butler argues , unethical and self-centered people who care nothing for the public good are usually not very happy . There are , however , rare cases where the wicked seem ( for a time ) to prosper . A perfect harmony of virtue and self-interest , Butler claimed , is guaranteed only by a just God , who , in the afterlife , rewards and punishes people as they deserve . Criticism of Lockes theory of personal identity . In Appendix 1 of the Analogy , Butler offers a famous criticism of John Lockes influential theory of personal identity , an explanation of what makes someone the same person from one time to the next , despite all the physical and psychological changes experienced over that period . Locke claimed that personal identity is not from having the same body or the same soul but from having the same consciousness and memory . According to Locke , memory is the glue that ties the various stages of our life together and constitutes sameness of person . More precisely , Locke claims , Person A is the same person as Person B just in case A and B share at least some of the same memories . Butler pointed out that the way real memories can be distinguished from false ones is that it was people who had the experiences that are truly remembered . Thus , Butler claimed , memory presupposes personal identity and so cannot constitute it . Veneration . Butler is honoured together with George Berkeley with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church ( USA ) on 16 June . Styles and titles . - 1692–1718 : Joseph Butler Esq . - 1718–1733 : The Reverend Joseph Butler - 1733–1738 : The Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler - 1738–1752 : The Right Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler Publications . - Several letters to the Reverend Dr . Clarke , 1716 , 1719 , 1725 – reprinted in Volume 1 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works - Fifteen sermons preached at the Rolls Chapel , 1726 , 1729 , 1736 , 1749 , 1759 , 1765 , 1769 , 1774 , 1792 - The Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed , to the Constitution and Course of Nature , 1736 , 1740 , 1750 , 1754 , 1764 , 1765 , 1771 , 1775 , 1785 , 1788 , 1791 , 1793 , 1796 , 1798 - A sermon preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , 1739 - A sermon preached before the Right Honourable the Lord-Mayor , 1740 - A sermon preached before the House of Lords , 1741 , 1747 - A sermon preached in the parish-church of Christ-Church , London , 1745 - A sermon , preached before His Grace Charles Duke of Richmond , Lenox , and Aubigny , president , 1748 , 1751 - Six sermons preached upon publick occasions , 1749 - A catalogue of the libraries [ ... ] , 1753 - A charge delivered to the clergy at the primary visitation of the diocese of Durham , 1751 , 1786 – reprinted in Volume 2 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did Joseph Butler hold from 1750 to 1752? | /wiki/Joseph_Butler#P39#2 | Joseph Butler Joseph Butler ( 18 May 1692 – 16 June 1752 ) was an English Anglican bishop , theologian , apologist , and philosopher . He was born in Wantage in the English county of Berkshire ( now Oxfordshire ) . He is known , among other things , for his critique of Deism , Thomas Hobbess egoism , and John Lockes theory of personal identity . Butler influenced many philosophers and religious thinkers , including David Hume , Thomas Reid , Adam Smith , Henry Sidgwick , John Henry Newman , and C . D . Broad , and is widely considered as one of the preeminent English moralists . He also played an important , though under appreciated , role in the development of eighteenth-century economic discourse , greatly influencing the Dean of Gloucester and political economist Josiah Tucker . Biography . Early life and education . The son of a Presbyterian linen-draper , he was destined for the ministry of that church and , along with future archbishop Thomas Secker , entered Samuel Joness dissenting academy at Gloucester ( later Tewkesbury ) for that purpose . While there , he entered into a secret correspondence with the distinguished Anglican theologian and philosopher Samuel Clarke . In 1714 , Butler decided to enter the Church of England , and went to Oriel College , Oxford . He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1718 and later proceeded Doctor of Civil Law on 8 December 1733 . Church career . Butler was ordained a deacon on 26 October 1718 by William Talbot , Bishop of Salisbury , in his Bishops Palace , Salisbury , his palace chapel and a priest on 21 December 1718 by Talbot at St Jamess Church , Piccadilly . After holding various other high positions , he became rector of the rich living of Stanhope , County Durham . In 1736 he was made the head chaplain of George IIs wife Caroline , on the advice of Lancelot Blackburne . He was nominated Bishop of Bristol on 19 October 1738 and consecrated a bishop on 3 December 1738 at Lambeth Palace chapel . Remaining Bishop of Bristol , Butler was installed Dean of St Pauls on 24 May 1740 ; he kept that office until his translation to Durham . He is said ( apocryphally ) to have declined an offer to become the archbishop of Canterbury in 1747 but was appointed Clerk of the Closet to the king in 1746 ( until 1752 ) . He was translated to Durham by the confirmation of his election to that See in October 1750 ; he was then enthroned by proxy on 9 November 1750 . He is buried in Bristol Cathedral . Death and legacy . Butler died in 1752 at Rosewell House , Kingsmead Square in Bath , Somerset . His admirers praise him as an excellent man , and a diligent and conscientious churchman . Though indifferent to general literature , he had some taste in the fine arts , especially architecture . Joseph is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 16 June . He has his own collection of manuscripts ( e.g . Lectionary 189 ) . Philosophy . Attack on deism . During his lifetime and for many years after his death , Butler was most famous for his Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed ( 1736 ) , which , according to historian Will Durant , remained for a century the chief buttress of Christian argument against unbelief . English deists such as John Toland and Matthew Tindal had argued that nature provides clear evidence of an intelligent designer and artificer , but they rejected orthodox Christianity because of the incredibility of miracles and the cruelties and contradictions contained in the Bible . Butlers Analogy was one of many book-length replies to the deists , and it was long widely believed to be the most effective . Butler argued that nature itself was full of mysteries and cruelties , and thus shared the same alleged defects as the Bible . Arguing on empiricist grounds that all knowledge of nature and human conduct is merely probable , Butler then appealed to a series of patterns ( analogies ) observable in nature and human affairs , which , in his judgment , make the chief teachings of Christianity likely true . Butlers jiu-jitsu-like argumentative strategy was unusual and risky . Arguing that because nature is a mess of riddles , we cannot expect revelation to be any clearer obviously invited the retort that then both deism and Christianity were irrational . Today , Butlers Analogy is now largely of historical interest , but his claim that probability is the guide to life would be endorsed by many contemporary philosophers . Ethics and moral psychology . A Butler scholar , Stephen Darwall , wrote : Probably no figure had a greater impact on nineteenth-century British moral philosophy than Butler . Butlers chief target in the Sermons was Thomas Hobbes and the egoistic view of human nature he had defended in Leviathan ( 1651 ) . Hobbes was a materialist who believed that science reveals a world in which all events are causally determined and in which all human choices flow unavoidably from whatever desire is most powerful in a person at a given time . Hobbes saw human beings as being violent , self-seeking , and power-hungry . On such a view , there was no place for genuine altruism or benevolence or any conception of morality as traditionally conceived . In the Sermons , Butler argues that human motivation is less selfish and more complex than Hobbes claimed . Butler maintains that the human mind is an organized hierarchy of a number of different impulses and principles , many of which are not fundamentally selfish . On the ground floor , so to speak , is a wide variety of particular emotions , appetites , and affections , such as hunger , anger , fear , and sympathy . They , in properly organized minds , are under the control of two superior principles : self-love ( a desire to maximize ones own long-term happiness ) and benevolence ( a desire to promote the general happiness ) . The more general impulses are in turn subject to the highest practical authority in the human mind : moral conscience . Conscience , Butler claims , is an inborn sense of right and wrong , an inner light and monitor , received from God . Conscience tells one to promote both the general happiness and personal happiness . Experience informs that the two aims largely coincide in the present life . For many reasons , Butler argues , unethical and self-centered people who care nothing for the public good are usually not very happy . There are , however , rare cases where the wicked seem ( for a time ) to prosper . A perfect harmony of virtue and self-interest , Butler claimed , is guaranteed only by a just God , who , in the afterlife , rewards and punishes people as they deserve . Criticism of Lockes theory of personal identity . In Appendix 1 of the Analogy , Butler offers a famous criticism of John Lockes influential theory of personal identity , an explanation of what makes someone the same person from one time to the next , despite all the physical and psychological changes experienced over that period . Locke claimed that personal identity is not from having the same body or the same soul but from having the same consciousness and memory . According to Locke , memory is the glue that ties the various stages of our life together and constitutes sameness of person . More precisely , Locke claims , Person A is the same person as Person B just in case A and B share at least some of the same memories . Butler pointed out that the way real memories can be distinguished from false ones is that it was people who had the experiences that are truly remembered . Thus , Butler claimed , memory presupposes personal identity and so cannot constitute it . Veneration . Butler is honoured together with George Berkeley with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church ( USA ) on 16 June . Styles and titles . - 1692–1718 : Joseph Butler Esq . - 1718–1733 : The Reverend Joseph Butler - 1733–1738 : The Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler - 1738–1752 : The Right Reverend Doctor Joseph Butler Publications . - Several letters to the Reverend Dr . Clarke , 1716 , 1719 , 1725 – reprinted in Volume 1 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works - Fifteen sermons preached at the Rolls Chapel , 1726 , 1729 , 1736 , 1749 , 1759 , 1765 , 1769 , 1774 , 1792 - The Analogy of Religion , Natural and Revealed , to the Constitution and Course of Nature , 1736 , 1740 , 1750 , 1754 , 1764 , 1765 , 1771 , 1775 , 1785 , 1788 , 1791 , 1793 , 1796 , 1798 - A sermon preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts , 1739 - A sermon preached before the Right Honourable the Lord-Mayor , 1740 - A sermon preached before the House of Lords , 1741 , 1747 - A sermon preached in the parish-church of Christ-Church , London , 1745 - A sermon , preached before His Grace Charles Duke of Richmond , Lenox , and Aubigny , president , 1748 , 1751 - Six sermons preached upon publick occasions , 1749 - A catalogue of the libraries [ ... ] , 1753 - A charge delivered to the clergy at the primary visitation of the diocese of Durham , 1751 , 1786 – reprinted in Volume 2 of Gladstones edition of Butlers works |
[
"Danielle Darrieux"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Porfirio Rubirosa from 1942 to 1947? | /wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa#P26#0 | Porfirio Rubirosa Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza ( January 22 , 1909 – July 5 , 1965 ) was a Dominican diplomat , race car driver , soldier and polo player . He was a supporter of dictator Rafael Trujillo , and was also rumored to be a political assassin under his regime . Rubirosa made his mark as an international playboy for his jetsetting lifestyle and his legendary sexual prowess with women . His five spouses included two of the richest women in the world . Early life . Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza was born in San Francisco de Macorís , Dominican Republic , the third and youngest child of an upper-middle-class family . His parents were Pedro María Rubirosa and Ana Ariza Almánzar . The eldest child was named Ana and the elder son was named César . His father , also a womanizer , was at one time a general of a group of heavily armed men in the mountainous Cibao region working with the government . Don Pedro advanced to become a diplomat , and after a stint at St . Thomas was made Chief of the Dominican Embassy to Paris in 1915 . Rubirosa thus grew up in Paris , France and returned to the Dominican Republic at the age of 17 to study law . But he soon changed course and enlisted in the military . Diplomat . In 1931 , Rubirosa met Rafael Trujillo at a country club . Trujillo asked to see him the next morning , and made him a lieutenant of his Presidential Guard . Their relationship lasted throughout their lives , went up and down , mostly close , but not without episodes of danger for Rubirosa , and defined his professional career when he became a diplomat of the Dominican Republic in 1936 . In this role , he was sent to embassies , first at Berlin ( during the 1936 Olympic Games ) and soon to Paris , where he spent most of his time ; he also served at the embassies at Vichy , Buenos Aires , Rome , Havana ( witnessing the Cuban Revolution ) , and Brussels . He was a frequent visitor to New York , Washington , Florida , and California . Rubirosa , who defined himself a Trujillista , moved freely among the rich and famous , made the connections , and kept the secrets . His 1938 divorce of Trujillos daughter seemed , at least on the surface , to have little influence over his erstwhile father-in-laws affection for , or trust in , him . However , at times , when his escapades stirred up too much notoriety , Trujillo would dismiss him – as from his post in Paris in 1953 – or move him to another place . Trujillo recognized what an asset Rubirosa was for his regime , remarking : He is good at his job , because women like him and he is a wonderful liar . After Trujillos assassination on May 30 , 1961 , Rubirosa supported his son as successor and attempted to persuade John F . Kennedy to help his government . When Ramfis Trujillo and his family fled the Dominican Republic , Rubirosas career came to an end . On January 2 , 1962 , the Council of State removed him from his unique appointment as Inspector of Embassies . After he lost his diplomatic immunity , he was questioned by the New York District Attorney concerning the disappearance of Trujillo opponents Sergio Bencosme in 1935 and Jesus Galíndez in 1956 , but was never charged . Personal life . Rubirosa was linked romantically to Dolores del Río , Eartha Kitt , Marilyn Monroe , Ava Gardner , Maria Montez , Rita Hayworth , Dorothy Dandridge , Lupe Vélez , Soraya Esfandiary , Peggy Hopkins Joyce , Joan Crawford , Veronica Lake , Kim Novak , Judy Garland , and Eva Peron . He dallied with his ex-wife Flor de Oro Trujillo Ledesma during his marriage to Doris Duke . He and Zsa Zsa Gabor were seen together during her marriage to George Sanders . When she would not marry him , despite the fact George was divorcing her , Rubi married Barbara Hutton . He was named a co-respondent in George Sanders divorce suit from Gabor . Rubirosa was married five times , but never had any children . His wives were : - Flor de Oro Trujillo , Rafael Trujillos eldest daughter , December 3 , 1932–1938 - Danielle Darrieux , French actress , September 18 , 1942 – May 21 , 1947 - Doris Duke , American heiress , September 1 , 1947 – October 1948 ; with marital gifts and final settlement he received an alimony ( $25,000 per year until remarriage ) , a fishing fleet off Africa , several sports cars , a converted B-25 bomber ( La Ganza ) , and a 17th-century house in Rue de Bellechasse , Paris . - Barbara Hutton , American heiress , December 30 , 1953 – February 20 , 1954 ; in the settlement he received a coffee plantation in the Dominican Republic , another B-25 , polo ponies , jewelry , and a reported $2.5 million . - Odile Rodin , French actress , October 27 , 1956 – July 5 , 1965 ( his death ) . His playboy lifestyle was matched by stories of his sexual prowess . His reputedly larger than average penis size inspired Parisian waiters at Maxims to name gigantic pepper mills Rubirosas . The name stuck and has been in use all over the world . Polo and car racing . After World War II , Rubirosa became engaged in two major passions , polo and car racing , both expensive sports that would be supported in years to come by his wives . He organized and led his own polo team Cibao-La Pampa that was an often successful contender for the Coupe de France . Rubirosa played polo until the end of his life . In the same period , he started to acquire fast cars and form friendships with racing car drivers . He would own a number of Ferraris . His first race at 24 Hours of Le Mans took place in June 1950 with his partner Pierre Leygonie , and his second race , this time with Innocente Baggio , was four years later ; in both races his car did not finish . Rubirosa participated in a number of races at Sebring , all but once as a private entry . Rubirosa entered one Formula One race , in 1955 , the Grand Prix de Bordeaux on April 25 . He planned to drive his own Ferrari 500 , identical to the one which brought Alberto Ascari the and Drivers World Championship . However , he fell ill before the race and did not drive . Death . Rubirosa died in the early morning of July 5 , 1965 , at the age of 56 , when he crashed his silver Ferrari 250 GT cabriolet into a horse chestnut tree in the Bois de Boulogne after an all-night celebration at the Paris nightclub Jimmys in honor of winning the polo Coupe de France . He is buried in Cimetière de Marnes la Coquette , in Paris . Sources . - Cédric Meletta , Tombeau pour Rubirosa , un roman , Paris , Séguier , 2018 . |
[
"Doris Duke"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Porfirio Rubirosa from 1947 to 1951? | /wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa#P26#1 | Porfirio Rubirosa Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza ( January 22 , 1909 – July 5 , 1965 ) was a Dominican diplomat , race car driver , soldier and polo player . He was a supporter of dictator Rafael Trujillo , and was also rumored to be a political assassin under his regime . Rubirosa made his mark as an international playboy for his jetsetting lifestyle and his legendary sexual prowess with women . His five spouses included two of the richest women in the world . Early life . Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza was born in San Francisco de Macorís , Dominican Republic , the third and youngest child of an upper-middle-class family . His parents were Pedro María Rubirosa and Ana Ariza Almánzar . The eldest child was named Ana and the elder son was named César . His father , also a womanizer , was at one time a general of a group of heavily armed men in the mountainous Cibao region working with the government . Don Pedro advanced to become a diplomat , and after a stint at St . Thomas was made Chief of the Dominican Embassy to Paris in 1915 . Rubirosa thus grew up in Paris , France and returned to the Dominican Republic at the age of 17 to study law . But he soon changed course and enlisted in the military . Diplomat . In 1931 , Rubirosa met Rafael Trujillo at a country club . Trujillo asked to see him the next morning , and made him a lieutenant of his Presidential Guard . Their relationship lasted throughout their lives , went up and down , mostly close , but not without episodes of danger for Rubirosa , and defined his professional career when he became a diplomat of the Dominican Republic in 1936 . In this role , he was sent to embassies , first at Berlin ( during the 1936 Olympic Games ) and soon to Paris , where he spent most of his time ; he also served at the embassies at Vichy , Buenos Aires , Rome , Havana ( witnessing the Cuban Revolution ) , and Brussels . He was a frequent visitor to New York , Washington , Florida , and California . Rubirosa , who defined himself a Trujillista , moved freely among the rich and famous , made the connections , and kept the secrets . His 1938 divorce of Trujillos daughter seemed , at least on the surface , to have little influence over his erstwhile father-in-laws affection for , or trust in , him . However , at times , when his escapades stirred up too much notoriety , Trujillo would dismiss him – as from his post in Paris in 1953 – or move him to another place . Trujillo recognized what an asset Rubirosa was for his regime , remarking : He is good at his job , because women like him and he is a wonderful liar . After Trujillos assassination on May 30 , 1961 , Rubirosa supported his son as successor and attempted to persuade John F . Kennedy to help his government . When Ramfis Trujillo and his family fled the Dominican Republic , Rubirosas career came to an end . On January 2 , 1962 , the Council of State removed him from his unique appointment as Inspector of Embassies . After he lost his diplomatic immunity , he was questioned by the New York District Attorney concerning the disappearance of Trujillo opponents Sergio Bencosme in 1935 and Jesus Galíndez in 1956 , but was never charged . Personal life . Rubirosa was linked romantically to Dolores del Río , Eartha Kitt , Marilyn Monroe , Ava Gardner , Maria Montez , Rita Hayworth , Dorothy Dandridge , Lupe Vélez , Soraya Esfandiary , Peggy Hopkins Joyce , Joan Crawford , Veronica Lake , Kim Novak , Judy Garland , and Eva Peron . He dallied with his ex-wife Flor de Oro Trujillo Ledesma during his marriage to Doris Duke . He and Zsa Zsa Gabor were seen together during her marriage to George Sanders . When she would not marry him , despite the fact George was divorcing her , Rubi married Barbara Hutton . He was named a co-respondent in George Sanders divorce suit from Gabor . Rubirosa was married five times , but never had any children . His wives were : - Flor de Oro Trujillo , Rafael Trujillos eldest daughter , December 3 , 1932–1938 - Danielle Darrieux , French actress , September 18 , 1942 – May 21 , 1947 - Doris Duke , American heiress , September 1 , 1947 – October 1948 ; with marital gifts and final settlement he received an alimony ( $25,000 per year until remarriage ) , a fishing fleet off Africa , several sports cars , a converted B-25 bomber ( La Ganza ) , and a 17th-century house in Rue de Bellechasse , Paris . - Barbara Hutton , American heiress , December 30 , 1953 – February 20 , 1954 ; in the settlement he received a coffee plantation in the Dominican Republic , another B-25 , polo ponies , jewelry , and a reported $2.5 million . - Odile Rodin , French actress , October 27 , 1956 – July 5 , 1965 ( his death ) . His playboy lifestyle was matched by stories of his sexual prowess . His reputedly larger than average penis size inspired Parisian waiters at Maxims to name gigantic pepper mills Rubirosas . The name stuck and has been in use all over the world . Polo and car racing . After World War II , Rubirosa became engaged in two major passions , polo and car racing , both expensive sports that would be supported in years to come by his wives . He organized and led his own polo team Cibao-La Pampa that was an often successful contender for the Coupe de France . Rubirosa played polo until the end of his life . In the same period , he started to acquire fast cars and form friendships with racing car drivers . He would own a number of Ferraris . His first race at 24 Hours of Le Mans took place in June 1950 with his partner Pierre Leygonie , and his second race , this time with Innocente Baggio , was four years later ; in both races his car did not finish . Rubirosa participated in a number of races at Sebring , all but once as a private entry . Rubirosa entered one Formula One race , in 1955 , the Grand Prix de Bordeaux on April 25 . He planned to drive his own Ferrari 500 , identical to the one which brought Alberto Ascari the and Drivers World Championship . However , he fell ill before the race and did not drive . Death . Rubirosa died in the early morning of July 5 , 1965 , at the age of 56 , when he crashed his silver Ferrari 250 GT cabriolet into a horse chestnut tree in the Bois de Boulogne after an all-night celebration at the Paris nightclub Jimmys in honor of winning the polo Coupe de France . He is buried in Cimetière de Marnes la Coquette , in Paris . Sources . - Cédric Meletta , Tombeau pour Rubirosa , un roman , Paris , Séguier , 2018 . |
[
"Barbara Hutton"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Porfirio Rubirosa from 1953 to 1954? | /wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa#P26#2 | Porfirio Rubirosa Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza ( January 22 , 1909 – July 5 , 1965 ) was a Dominican diplomat , race car driver , soldier and polo player . He was a supporter of dictator Rafael Trujillo , and was also rumored to be a political assassin under his regime . Rubirosa made his mark as an international playboy for his jetsetting lifestyle and his legendary sexual prowess with women . His five spouses included two of the richest women in the world . Early life . Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza was born in San Francisco de Macorís , Dominican Republic , the third and youngest child of an upper-middle-class family . His parents were Pedro María Rubirosa and Ana Ariza Almánzar . The eldest child was named Ana and the elder son was named César . His father , also a womanizer , was at one time a general of a group of heavily armed men in the mountainous Cibao region working with the government . Don Pedro advanced to become a diplomat , and after a stint at St . Thomas was made Chief of the Dominican Embassy to Paris in 1915 . Rubirosa thus grew up in Paris , France and returned to the Dominican Republic at the age of 17 to study law . But he soon changed course and enlisted in the military . Diplomat . In 1931 , Rubirosa met Rafael Trujillo at a country club . Trujillo asked to see him the next morning , and made him a lieutenant of his Presidential Guard . Their relationship lasted throughout their lives , went up and down , mostly close , but not without episodes of danger for Rubirosa , and defined his professional career when he became a diplomat of the Dominican Republic in 1936 . In this role , he was sent to embassies , first at Berlin ( during the 1936 Olympic Games ) and soon to Paris , where he spent most of his time ; he also served at the embassies at Vichy , Buenos Aires , Rome , Havana ( witnessing the Cuban Revolution ) , and Brussels . He was a frequent visitor to New York , Washington , Florida , and California . Rubirosa , who defined himself a Trujillista , moved freely among the rich and famous , made the connections , and kept the secrets . His 1938 divorce of Trujillos daughter seemed , at least on the surface , to have little influence over his erstwhile father-in-laws affection for , or trust in , him . However , at times , when his escapades stirred up too much notoriety , Trujillo would dismiss him – as from his post in Paris in 1953 – or move him to another place . Trujillo recognized what an asset Rubirosa was for his regime , remarking : He is good at his job , because women like him and he is a wonderful liar . After Trujillos assassination on May 30 , 1961 , Rubirosa supported his son as successor and attempted to persuade John F . Kennedy to help his government . When Ramfis Trujillo and his family fled the Dominican Republic , Rubirosas career came to an end . On January 2 , 1962 , the Council of State removed him from his unique appointment as Inspector of Embassies . After he lost his diplomatic immunity , he was questioned by the New York District Attorney concerning the disappearance of Trujillo opponents Sergio Bencosme in 1935 and Jesus Galíndez in 1956 , but was never charged . Personal life . Rubirosa was linked romantically to Dolores del Río , Eartha Kitt , Marilyn Monroe , Ava Gardner , Maria Montez , Rita Hayworth , Dorothy Dandridge , Lupe Vélez , Soraya Esfandiary , Peggy Hopkins Joyce , Joan Crawford , Veronica Lake , Kim Novak , Judy Garland , and Eva Peron . He dallied with his ex-wife Flor de Oro Trujillo Ledesma during his marriage to Doris Duke . He and Zsa Zsa Gabor were seen together during her marriage to George Sanders . When she would not marry him , despite the fact George was divorcing her , Rubi married Barbara Hutton . He was named a co-respondent in George Sanders divorce suit from Gabor . Rubirosa was married five times , but never had any children . His wives were : - Flor de Oro Trujillo , Rafael Trujillos eldest daughter , December 3 , 1932–1938 - Danielle Darrieux , French actress , September 18 , 1942 – May 21 , 1947 - Doris Duke , American heiress , September 1 , 1947 – October 1948 ; with marital gifts and final settlement he received an alimony ( $25,000 per year until remarriage ) , a fishing fleet off Africa , several sports cars , a converted B-25 bomber ( La Ganza ) , and a 17th-century house in Rue de Bellechasse , Paris . - Barbara Hutton , American heiress , December 30 , 1953 – February 20 , 1954 ; in the settlement he received a coffee plantation in the Dominican Republic , another B-25 , polo ponies , jewelry , and a reported $2.5 million . - Odile Rodin , French actress , October 27 , 1956 – July 5 , 1965 ( his death ) . His playboy lifestyle was matched by stories of his sexual prowess . His reputedly larger than average penis size inspired Parisian waiters at Maxims to name gigantic pepper mills Rubirosas . The name stuck and has been in use all over the world . Polo and car racing . After World War II , Rubirosa became engaged in two major passions , polo and car racing , both expensive sports that would be supported in years to come by his wives . He organized and led his own polo team Cibao-La Pampa that was an often successful contender for the Coupe de France . Rubirosa played polo until the end of his life . In the same period , he started to acquire fast cars and form friendships with racing car drivers . He would own a number of Ferraris . His first race at 24 Hours of Le Mans took place in June 1950 with his partner Pierre Leygonie , and his second race , this time with Innocente Baggio , was four years later ; in both races his car did not finish . Rubirosa participated in a number of races at Sebring , all but once as a private entry . Rubirosa entered one Formula One race , in 1955 , the Grand Prix de Bordeaux on April 25 . He planned to drive his own Ferrari 500 , identical to the one which brought Alberto Ascari the and Drivers World Championship . However , he fell ill before the race and did not drive . Death . Rubirosa died in the early morning of July 5 , 1965 , at the age of 56 , when he crashed his silver Ferrari 250 GT cabriolet into a horse chestnut tree in the Bois de Boulogne after an all-night celebration at the Paris nightclub Jimmys in honor of winning the polo Coupe de France . He is buried in Cimetière de Marnes la Coquette , in Paris . Sources . - Cédric Meletta , Tombeau pour Rubirosa , un roman , Paris , Séguier , 2018 . |
[
"Odile Rodin"
] | easy | Who was the spouse of Porfirio Rubirosa from 1956 to 1965? | /wiki/Porfirio_Rubirosa#P26#3 | Porfirio Rubirosa Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza ( January 22 , 1909 – July 5 , 1965 ) was a Dominican diplomat , race car driver , soldier and polo player . He was a supporter of dictator Rafael Trujillo , and was also rumored to be a political assassin under his regime . Rubirosa made his mark as an international playboy for his jetsetting lifestyle and his legendary sexual prowess with women . His five spouses included two of the richest women in the world . Early life . Porfirio Rubirosa Ariza was born in San Francisco de Macorís , Dominican Republic , the third and youngest child of an upper-middle-class family . His parents were Pedro María Rubirosa and Ana Ariza Almánzar . The eldest child was named Ana and the elder son was named César . His father , also a womanizer , was at one time a general of a group of heavily armed men in the mountainous Cibao region working with the government . Don Pedro advanced to become a diplomat , and after a stint at St . Thomas was made Chief of the Dominican Embassy to Paris in 1915 . Rubirosa thus grew up in Paris , France and returned to the Dominican Republic at the age of 17 to study law . But he soon changed course and enlisted in the military . Diplomat . In 1931 , Rubirosa met Rafael Trujillo at a country club . Trujillo asked to see him the next morning , and made him a lieutenant of his Presidential Guard . Their relationship lasted throughout their lives , went up and down , mostly close , but not without episodes of danger for Rubirosa , and defined his professional career when he became a diplomat of the Dominican Republic in 1936 . In this role , he was sent to embassies , first at Berlin ( during the 1936 Olympic Games ) and soon to Paris , where he spent most of his time ; he also served at the embassies at Vichy , Buenos Aires , Rome , Havana ( witnessing the Cuban Revolution ) , and Brussels . He was a frequent visitor to New York , Washington , Florida , and California . Rubirosa , who defined himself a Trujillista , moved freely among the rich and famous , made the connections , and kept the secrets . His 1938 divorce of Trujillos daughter seemed , at least on the surface , to have little influence over his erstwhile father-in-laws affection for , or trust in , him . However , at times , when his escapades stirred up too much notoriety , Trujillo would dismiss him – as from his post in Paris in 1953 – or move him to another place . Trujillo recognized what an asset Rubirosa was for his regime , remarking : He is good at his job , because women like him and he is a wonderful liar . After Trujillos assassination on May 30 , 1961 , Rubirosa supported his son as successor and attempted to persuade John F . Kennedy to help his government . When Ramfis Trujillo and his family fled the Dominican Republic , Rubirosas career came to an end . On January 2 , 1962 , the Council of State removed him from his unique appointment as Inspector of Embassies . After he lost his diplomatic immunity , he was questioned by the New York District Attorney concerning the disappearance of Trujillo opponents Sergio Bencosme in 1935 and Jesus Galíndez in 1956 , but was never charged . Personal life . Rubirosa was linked romantically to Dolores del Río , Eartha Kitt , Marilyn Monroe , Ava Gardner , Maria Montez , Rita Hayworth , Dorothy Dandridge , Lupe Vélez , Soraya Esfandiary , Peggy Hopkins Joyce , Joan Crawford , Veronica Lake , Kim Novak , Judy Garland , and Eva Peron . He dallied with his ex-wife Flor de Oro Trujillo Ledesma during his marriage to Doris Duke . He and Zsa Zsa Gabor were seen together during her marriage to George Sanders . When she would not marry him , despite the fact George was divorcing her , Rubi married Barbara Hutton . He was named a co-respondent in George Sanders divorce suit from Gabor . Rubirosa was married five times , but never had any children . His wives were : - Flor de Oro Trujillo , Rafael Trujillos eldest daughter , December 3 , 1932–1938 - Danielle Darrieux , French actress , September 18 , 1942 – May 21 , 1947 - Doris Duke , American heiress , September 1 , 1947 – October 1948 ; with marital gifts and final settlement he received an alimony ( $25,000 per year until remarriage ) , a fishing fleet off Africa , several sports cars , a converted B-25 bomber ( La Ganza ) , and a 17th-century house in Rue de Bellechasse , Paris . - Barbara Hutton , American heiress , December 30 , 1953 – February 20 , 1954 ; in the settlement he received a coffee plantation in the Dominican Republic , another B-25 , polo ponies , jewelry , and a reported $2.5 million . - Odile Rodin , French actress , October 27 , 1956 – July 5 , 1965 ( his death ) . His playboy lifestyle was matched by stories of his sexual prowess . His reputedly larger than average penis size inspired Parisian waiters at Maxims to name gigantic pepper mills Rubirosas . The name stuck and has been in use all over the world . Polo and car racing . After World War II , Rubirosa became engaged in two major passions , polo and car racing , both expensive sports that would be supported in years to come by his wives . He organized and led his own polo team Cibao-La Pampa that was an often successful contender for the Coupe de France . Rubirosa played polo until the end of his life . In the same period , he started to acquire fast cars and form friendships with racing car drivers . He would own a number of Ferraris . His first race at 24 Hours of Le Mans took place in June 1950 with his partner Pierre Leygonie , and his second race , this time with Innocente Baggio , was four years later ; in both races his car did not finish . Rubirosa participated in a number of races at Sebring , all but once as a private entry . Rubirosa entered one Formula One race , in 1955 , the Grand Prix de Bordeaux on April 25 . He planned to drive his own Ferrari 500 , identical to the one which brought Alberto Ascari the and Drivers World Championship . However , he fell ill before the race and did not drive . Death . Rubirosa died in the early morning of July 5 , 1965 , at the age of 56 , when he crashed his silver Ferrari 250 GT cabriolet into a horse chestnut tree in the Bois de Boulogne after an all-night celebration at the Paris nightclub Jimmys in honor of winning the polo Coupe de France . He is buried in Cimetière de Marnes la Coquette , in Paris . Sources . - Cédric Meletta , Tombeau pour Rubirosa , un roman , Paris , Séguier , 2018 . |
[
"National Association for Womens Suffrage"
] | easy | Gertrud Adelborg was an employee for whom from 1880 to 1881? | /wiki/Gertrud_Adelborg#P108#0 | Gertrud Adelborg Gertrud Virginia Adelborg ( 10 September 1853 in Karlskrona – 25 January 1942 ) was a Swedish teacher , feminist and leading member of the womens rights movement . Biography . Gertrud Adelborg was born at Karlskrona in Blekinge County , Sweden . She was the daughter of Naval Captain and nobleman Bror Jacob Adelborg ( 1816-1865 ) and his wife Hedvig Catharina af Uhr ( 1820-1903 ) . She was the sister of book illustrator Ottilia Adelborg ( 1855–1936 ) and textile artist Maria Adelborg ( 1849-1940 ) . She never married . Adelborg was educated by a governess at home and in girls schools . She worked as a teacher in 1874–79 , and was employed at Svea Court of Appeal ( Swedish : Svea hovrätt ) from 1881–83 . Gertrud Adelborg was active within the Swedish womens movement and the struggle for woman suffrage . She worked for the bureau of the Fredrika Bremer Association or FBF in 1884–1907 ( from 1886 as chairperson of the Stockholm bureau ) and was a member of the central comity of FBF in 1897–1915 . She initiated the FBF Country School for Women ( ( Swedish : Landthushållningsskola för kvinnor ) at Rimforsa in Östergötland where she belonged to the school board in 1907–21 . In 1899 , a delegation from the FBF presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström . The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius , accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg , who had written the demand . This was the first time the Swedish womens movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage . Gertrud Adelborg was a member of the central comity in the National Association for Womens Suffrage ( ( Swedish : Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt ) or LKPR in 1903-06 . In 1907 , she headed the LKPR delegation which presented their demand to the monarch King Oscar II of Sweden himself . She reminded Oscar II of the reforms regarding womens rights which had been passed by his father King Oscar I of Sweden , and continued with expressing her hope that The son of Oscar I would attach his name to a suggestion of women suffrage . According to Lydia Wahlström : as soon as the king heard the name of his father , his interest was awoken , and Oscar II promised his support , but added that as a constitutional monarch he could not do much , and that the doubted the present government would . Adelborgs role within the suffrage work was described as important but less public : she took on secretarial tasks , made investigations , structured work and was the author of many of its publications and manifests . Gertrud Adelborg lived in retirement at Gagnef in Dalarna County . She was awarded the Swedish Royal Medal of Illis Quorum in 1907 . Gertrud Adelborg died in 1942 and was buried in Gagnef . Other sources . - Barbro Hedwall ; Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist , red. ( 2011 ) Vår rättmätiga plats . Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) ( Swedish ) - Walborg Hedberg ; Louise Arosenius ( 1914 ) Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) Further reading . |
[
"Svea hovrätt",
"National Association for Womens Suffrage"
] | easy | Who did Gertrud Adelborg work for from 1881 to 1883? | /wiki/Gertrud_Adelborg#P108#1 | Gertrud Adelborg Gertrud Virginia Adelborg ( 10 September 1853 in Karlskrona – 25 January 1942 ) was a Swedish teacher , feminist and leading member of the womens rights movement . Biography . Gertrud Adelborg was born at Karlskrona in Blekinge County , Sweden . She was the daughter of Naval Captain and nobleman Bror Jacob Adelborg ( 1816-1865 ) and his wife Hedvig Catharina af Uhr ( 1820-1903 ) . She was the sister of book illustrator Ottilia Adelborg ( 1855–1936 ) and textile artist Maria Adelborg ( 1849-1940 ) . She never married . Adelborg was educated by a governess at home and in girls schools . She worked as a teacher in 1874–79 , and was employed at Svea Court of Appeal ( Swedish : Svea hovrätt ) from 1881–83 . Gertrud Adelborg was active within the Swedish womens movement and the struggle for woman suffrage . She worked for the bureau of the Fredrika Bremer Association or FBF in 1884–1907 ( from 1886 as chairperson of the Stockholm bureau ) and was a member of the central comity of FBF in 1897–1915 . She initiated the FBF Country School for Women ( ( Swedish : Landthushållningsskola för kvinnor ) at Rimforsa in Östergötland where she belonged to the school board in 1907–21 . In 1899 , a delegation from the FBF presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström . The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius , accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg , who had written the demand . This was the first time the Swedish womens movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage . Gertrud Adelborg was a member of the central comity in the National Association for Womens Suffrage ( ( Swedish : Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt ) or LKPR in 1903-06 . In 1907 , she headed the LKPR delegation which presented their demand to the monarch King Oscar II of Sweden himself . She reminded Oscar II of the reforms regarding womens rights which had been passed by his father King Oscar I of Sweden , and continued with expressing her hope that The son of Oscar I would attach his name to a suggestion of women suffrage . According to Lydia Wahlström : as soon as the king heard the name of his father , his interest was awoken , and Oscar II promised his support , but added that as a constitutional monarch he could not do much , and that the doubted the present government would . Adelborgs role within the suffrage work was described as important but less public : she took on secretarial tasks , made investigations , structured work and was the author of many of its publications and manifests . Gertrud Adelborg lived in retirement at Gagnef in Dalarna County . She was awarded the Swedish Royal Medal of Illis Quorum in 1907 . Gertrud Adelborg died in 1942 and was buried in Gagnef . Other sources . - Barbro Hedwall ; Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist , red. ( 2011 ) Vår rättmätiga plats . Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) ( Swedish ) - Walborg Hedberg ; Louise Arosenius ( 1914 ) Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) Further reading . |
[
"National Association for Womens Suffrage"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Gertrud Adelborg work for from 1883 to 1907? | /wiki/Gertrud_Adelborg#P108#2 | Gertrud Adelborg Gertrud Virginia Adelborg ( 10 September 1853 in Karlskrona – 25 January 1942 ) was a Swedish teacher , feminist and leading member of the womens rights movement . Biography . Gertrud Adelborg was born at Karlskrona in Blekinge County , Sweden . She was the daughter of Naval Captain and nobleman Bror Jacob Adelborg ( 1816-1865 ) and his wife Hedvig Catharina af Uhr ( 1820-1903 ) . She was the sister of book illustrator Ottilia Adelborg ( 1855–1936 ) and textile artist Maria Adelborg ( 1849-1940 ) . She never married . Adelborg was educated by a governess at home and in girls schools . She worked as a teacher in 1874–79 , and was employed at Svea Court of Appeal ( Swedish : Svea hovrätt ) from 1881–83 . Gertrud Adelborg was active within the Swedish womens movement and the struggle for woman suffrage . She worked for the bureau of the Fredrika Bremer Association or FBF in 1884–1907 ( from 1886 as chairperson of the Stockholm bureau ) and was a member of the central comity of FBF in 1897–1915 . She initiated the FBF Country School for Women ( ( Swedish : Landthushållningsskola för kvinnor ) at Rimforsa in Östergötland where she belonged to the school board in 1907–21 . In 1899 , a delegation from the FBF presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to Prime Minister Erik Gustaf Boström . The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius , accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg , who had written the demand . This was the first time the Swedish womens movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage . Gertrud Adelborg was a member of the central comity in the National Association for Womens Suffrage ( ( Swedish : Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt ) or LKPR in 1903-06 . In 1907 , she headed the LKPR delegation which presented their demand to the monarch King Oscar II of Sweden himself . She reminded Oscar II of the reforms regarding womens rights which had been passed by his father King Oscar I of Sweden , and continued with expressing her hope that The son of Oscar I would attach his name to a suggestion of women suffrage . According to Lydia Wahlström : as soon as the king heard the name of his father , his interest was awoken , and Oscar II promised his support , but added that as a constitutional monarch he could not do much , and that the doubted the present government would . Adelborgs role within the suffrage work was described as important but less public : she took on secretarial tasks , made investigations , structured work and was the author of many of its publications and manifests . Gertrud Adelborg lived in retirement at Gagnef in Dalarna County . She was awarded the Swedish Royal Medal of Illis Quorum in 1907 . Gertrud Adelborg died in 1942 and was buried in Gagnef . Other sources . - Barbro Hedwall ; Susanna Eriksson Lundqvist , red. ( 2011 ) Vår rättmätiga plats . Om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) ( Swedish ) - Walborg Hedberg ; Louise Arosenius ( 1914 ) Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden ( Stockholm : Albert Bonniers Förlag ) Further reading . |
[
"Amsterdam",
"Haarlem",
"London"
] | easy | Where did Hendrik Gerritsz Pot work from 1603 to 1631? | /wiki/Hendrik_Gerritsz_Pot#P937#0 | Hendrik Gerritsz Pot Hendrik Gerritsz Pot ( c . 1580 – 15 October 1657 ( buried ) ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter , who lived and painted in Haarlem , where he was an officer of the militia , or schutterij . Dutch artist Frans Hals painted Pot in militia sash in Hals The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1633 . Pot is the man reading a book on the far right . Biography . Pot was born in Amsterdam and spent his early years in Amsterdam and Haarlem . In 1632 he traveled to London , where he painted the Royal Family . He lived from 1633 to 1648 in Haarlem , after which he moved to Amsterdam , where he died in 1657 . He served as Dean of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1626 , 1630 and 1635 . He served as the Guilds headman or Hoofdman in 1634 and 1648 . He died in Amsterdam . Works and style . Pot was probably a pupil of Karel van Mander , as was Hals , and they influenced each other . Pot’s paintings were sometimes allegorical in subject and he also painted group schutterstuk portraits , such as The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1630 . He was also influenced by painter and engraver Willem Buytewech . Pot was commissioned in London to paint portraits of King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria in 1632 ; the results now hang in the Royal Collection in London . Pot’s type of genre scenes became known as Merry Company genre paintings . This included his 1635 piece , Portrait of a Young Woman , and a companion piece , now lost , as well as his 1630 piece , A Merry Company at Table . Both these paintings contain several objects considered sensual symbolism . A Merry Company at Table was set in a brothel , a popular theme in Dutch genre painting . The latter piece also contains a common theme addressed in Pot’s works ; beauty , age and death . This theme culminates in his well-known piece Allegory of Vanitas , usually referred to simply as Vanity , and which also contains motifs and symbols of sensual love . Other well-known Pot works are A Startling Introduction , The Coin Collector and Flora’s Wagon of Fools ( shown ) , in which he poked fun at the fledgling tulip trade in Haarlem , where for a short while the floral was sold by weight . His more standard , though still stylish , portrait works include his Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips and his works of the King and Queen of England . Selected works . - 1630 – Officers of the Civic Guard of St Adrian ( Frans Halsmuseum , Haarlem ) - 1630 – A Merry Company at Table ( National Gallery , London ) - 1630 – Portrait of a Man ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1632 – A Startling Introduction ( Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Charles I , Henrietta Maria and the Prince of Wales ( The Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips ( National Portrait Gallery , London ) - 1633 – Allegory of Vanitas or Vanity ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1635–1640 – Woman Seated at a Table ( Vanitas ) ( Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ) - 1635 – Portrait of a Young Woman ( Liechtenstein Museum , Vienna ) - 1637 – Floras Wagon of Fools ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1638 – Portrait of a Woman ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1639 – Admiral Maarten Harpertz Tromp ( Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent , Antwerp ) - 1640 – The Miser ( Uffizi Gallery , Florence ) - 1650 – The Painter in his Studio ( Gemeente Musea , Delft ) - 1655 – The Coin Collector ( Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indianapolis ) External links . - Biography and Images of Works at the Web Gallery or Art – www.wga.hu - Works and literature at PubHist |
[
"Haarlem"
] | easy | What was the working location for Hendrik Gerritsz Pot from 1631 to 1632? | /wiki/Hendrik_Gerritsz_Pot#P937#1 | Hendrik Gerritsz Pot Hendrik Gerritsz Pot ( c . 1580 – 15 October 1657 ( buried ) ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter , who lived and painted in Haarlem , where he was an officer of the militia , or schutterij . Dutch artist Frans Hals painted Pot in militia sash in Hals The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1633 . Pot is the man reading a book on the far right . Biography . Pot was born in Amsterdam and spent his early years in Amsterdam and Haarlem . In 1632 he traveled to London , where he painted the Royal Family . He lived from 1633 to 1648 in Haarlem , after which he moved to Amsterdam , where he died in 1657 . He served as Dean of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1626 , 1630 and 1635 . He served as the Guilds headman or Hoofdman in 1634 and 1648 . He died in Amsterdam . Works and style . Pot was probably a pupil of Karel van Mander , as was Hals , and they influenced each other . Pot’s paintings were sometimes allegorical in subject and he also painted group schutterstuk portraits , such as The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1630 . He was also influenced by painter and engraver Willem Buytewech . Pot was commissioned in London to paint portraits of King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria in 1632 ; the results now hang in the Royal Collection in London . Pot’s type of genre scenes became known as Merry Company genre paintings . This included his 1635 piece , Portrait of a Young Woman , and a companion piece , now lost , as well as his 1630 piece , A Merry Company at Table . Both these paintings contain several objects considered sensual symbolism . A Merry Company at Table was set in a brothel , a popular theme in Dutch genre painting . The latter piece also contains a common theme addressed in Pot’s works ; beauty , age and death . This theme culminates in his well-known piece Allegory of Vanitas , usually referred to simply as Vanity , and which also contains motifs and symbols of sensual love . Other well-known Pot works are A Startling Introduction , The Coin Collector and Flora’s Wagon of Fools ( shown ) , in which he poked fun at the fledgling tulip trade in Haarlem , where for a short while the floral was sold by weight . His more standard , though still stylish , portrait works include his Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips and his works of the King and Queen of England . Selected works . - 1630 – Officers of the Civic Guard of St Adrian ( Frans Halsmuseum , Haarlem ) - 1630 – A Merry Company at Table ( National Gallery , London ) - 1630 – Portrait of a Man ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1632 – A Startling Introduction ( Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Charles I , Henrietta Maria and the Prince of Wales ( The Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips ( National Portrait Gallery , London ) - 1633 – Allegory of Vanitas or Vanity ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1635–1640 – Woman Seated at a Table ( Vanitas ) ( Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ) - 1635 – Portrait of a Young Woman ( Liechtenstein Museum , Vienna ) - 1637 – Floras Wagon of Fools ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1638 – Portrait of a Woman ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1639 – Admiral Maarten Harpertz Tromp ( Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent , Antwerp ) - 1640 – The Miser ( Uffizi Gallery , Florence ) - 1650 – The Painter in his Studio ( Gemeente Musea , Delft ) - 1655 – The Coin Collector ( Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indianapolis ) External links . - Biography and Images of Works at the Web Gallery or Art – www.wga.hu - Works and literature at PubHist |
[
"Amsterdam"
] | easy | Where did Hendrik Gerritsz Pot work from 1650 to 1657? | /wiki/Hendrik_Gerritsz_Pot#P937#2 | Hendrik Gerritsz Pot Hendrik Gerritsz Pot ( c . 1580 – 15 October 1657 ( buried ) ) was a Dutch Golden Age painter , who lived and painted in Haarlem , where he was an officer of the militia , or schutterij . Dutch artist Frans Hals painted Pot in militia sash in Hals The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1633 . Pot is the man reading a book on the far right . Biography . Pot was born in Amsterdam and spent his early years in Amsterdam and Haarlem . In 1632 he traveled to London , where he painted the Royal Family . He lived from 1633 to 1648 in Haarlem , after which he moved to Amsterdam , where he died in 1657 . He served as Dean of the Haarlem Guild of St . Luke in 1626 , 1630 and 1635 . He served as the Guilds headman or Hoofdman in 1634 and 1648 . He died in Amsterdam . Works and style . Pot was probably a pupil of Karel van Mander , as was Hals , and they influenced each other . Pot’s paintings were sometimes allegorical in subject and he also painted group schutterstuk portraits , such as The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company in 1630 . He was also influenced by painter and engraver Willem Buytewech . Pot was commissioned in London to paint portraits of King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria in 1632 ; the results now hang in the Royal Collection in London . Pot’s type of genre scenes became known as Merry Company genre paintings . This included his 1635 piece , Portrait of a Young Woman , and a companion piece , now lost , as well as his 1630 piece , A Merry Company at Table . Both these paintings contain several objects considered sensual symbolism . A Merry Company at Table was set in a brothel , a popular theme in Dutch genre painting . The latter piece also contains a common theme addressed in Pot’s works ; beauty , age and death . This theme culminates in his well-known piece Allegory of Vanitas , usually referred to simply as Vanity , and which also contains motifs and symbols of sensual love . Other well-known Pot works are A Startling Introduction , The Coin Collector and Flora’s Wagon of Fools ( shown ) , in which he poked fun at the fledgling tulip trade in Haarlem , where for a short while the floral was sold by weight . His more standard , though still stylish , portrait works include his Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips and his works of the King and Queen of England . Selected works . - 1630 – Officers of the Civic Guard of St Adrian ( Frans Halsmuseum , Haarlem ) - 1630 – A Merry Company at Table ( National Gallery , London ) - 1630 – Portrait of a Man ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1632 – A Startling Introduction ( Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Charles I , Henrietta Maria and the Prince of Wales ( The Royal Collection , London ) - 1632 – Portrait of Sir Robert Phelips ( National Portrait Gallery , London ) - 1633 – Allegory of Vanitas or Vanity ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1635–1640 – Woman Seated at a Table ( Vanitas ) ( Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ) - 1635 – Portrait of a Young Woman ( Liechtenstein Museum , Vienna ) - 1637 – Floras Wagon of Fools ( Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem ) - 1638 – Portrait of a Woman ( Rijksmuseum Amsterdam ) - 1639 – Admiral Maarten Harpertz Tromp ( Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent , Antwerp ) - 1640 – The Miser ( Uffizi Gallery , Florence ) - 1650 – The Painter in his Studio ( Gemeente Musea , Delft ) - 1655 – The Coin Collector ( Indianapolis Museum of Art , Indianapolis ) External links . - Biography and Images of Works at the Web Gallery or Art – www.wga.hu - Works and literature at PubHist |
[
"Royal Free Hospital"
] | easy | Which employer did Lucy Wills work for from 1920 to 1928? | /wiki/Lucy_Wills#P108#0 | Lucy Wills Lucy Wills , LRCP ( 10 May 1888 – 26 April 1964 ) was an English haematologist and physician researcher . She conducted research in India in the late 1920s and early 1930s on macrocytic anaemia of pregnancy , a disease which is characterized by enlarged red blood cells and is life-threatening . Pregnant women in the tropics with inadequate diets are particularly susceptible . Wills discovered a nutritional factor in yeast that both prevents and cures this disorder . This component , the so-called Wills Factor , was subsequently shown to be folate , the naturally occurring form of folic acid . Early life . Generations of the Wills family had been living in or near Birmingham , a city known as the workshop of the world for its many factories and industry . Lucy Wills was born on 10 May 1888 in nearby Sutton Coldfield . Her paternal great-grandfather , William Wills , had been a prosperous attorney from a Nonconformist Unitarian family ( see Church of the Messiah , Birmingham ) . One of his sons , Alfred Wills , followed him into the law and became notable both as a judge and a mountaineer . Another son , Lucys grandfather , bought an edge-tool business in Nechells , AW Wills & Son , which manufactured such implements as scythes and sickles . Lucys father continued to manage the business and the family was comfortably well off . Lucy Willss father , William Leonard Wills ( 1858–1911 ) , was a science graduate of Owens College ( later part of the Victoria University of Manchester , now part of the University of Manchester ) . Her mother , Gertrude Annie Wills née Johnston ( 1855–1939 ) , was the only daughter ( with six brothers ) of a well-known Birmingham doctor , James Johnston . The family had a strong interest in scientific matters . William Wills , the lawyer mentioned above , had been involved with the British Association for the Advancement of Science and wrote papers on meteorology and other scientific observations . Her father was particularly interested in botany , zoology , geology , and natural sciences generally , as well as in the developing science of photography . Her brother , Leonard Johnston Wills , carried this interest in geology and natural sciences into his own career with great success . Lucy Wills was brought up in the country near Birmingham , initially in Sutton Coldfield , and then from 1892 in Barnt Green to the south of the city . She went at first to a local school called Tanglewood , kept by a Miss Ashe , formerly a governess to the Chamberlain family of Birmingham . Education . English girls had few opportunities for education and entry into the professions until towards the end of the nineteenth century . Wills was able to attend Cheltenham Ladies College , Newnham College Cambridge , and the London School of Medicine for Women . In September 1903 Wills went to Cheltenham , one of the first British boarding schools to train female students in science and mathematics . Willss elder sister Edith was in the same house , Glenlee , two years ahead of her . Willss examination record was good . She passed the Oxford Local Senior , Division I in 1905 ; the University of London , Matriculation , Division II in 1906 ; and Part I , Class III and Paley , exempt from Part II and additional subjects by matriculation ( London ) . In September 1907 , Wills began her studies at Newnham , a womens college . Wills was strongly influenced by the botanist Albert Charles Seward and by the geologist Herbert Henry Thomas , who worked on carboniferous palaeobotany . Wills finished her course in 1911 and obtained a Class 2 in Part 1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1910 and Class 2 in Part 2 ( Botany ) in 1911 . While she was allowed to sit the University examinations , she was ineligible as a woman to receive a Cambridge degree . 1911 to 1914 . In February 1911 , Willss father died at the age of 53 . She had been very close to him , and it is likely that his unexpected death affected her final exam results that summer . In 1913 , her elder sister Edith died at the age of 26 . Later that year , Wills and her mother travelled to Ceylon , now Sri Lanka , where they visited relatives and friends . In 1914 , she and her younger brother Gordon travelled to South Africa . A friend from Newnham , Margaret ( Margot ) Hume , was lecturing in botany at the South African College , then part of the University of the Cape of Good Hope . She and Wills were both interested in Sigmund Freuds theories . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , Gordon enlisted in the Transvaal Scottish Regiment . Wills spent some weeks doing voluntary nursing in a hospital in Cape Town , before she and Margot Hume returned to England , arriving in Plymouth in December . Medical training . In January 1915 , Wills enrolled at the London ( Royal Free Hospital ) School of Medicine for Women , the first school in Britain to train female doctors . The school had strong links with India , and had a number of students from there , including Jerusha Jhirad , who became the first Indian woman to qualify with a degree in obstetrics and gynecology in 1919 . Wills became a legally qualified medical practitioner with the qualification of Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians London awarded in May 1920 ( LRCP Lond 1920 ) , and the University of London degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery awarded in December 1920 ( MB BS Lond ) , at age 32 . Professional career . 1920 to 1928 . On qualifying , Wills decided to research and teach in the department of Pregnant Pathology at the Royal Free . There she worked with Christine Pillman ( who later married Ulysses S . Grant OBE , a doctor on its teaching staff ) who had been at Girton at the same time Wills was at Newnham , on metabolic studies of pregnancy . To India . In 1928 Wills began her seminal research work in India on macrocytic anaemia in pregnancy , a condition where the red blood cells are larger than normal . This was prevalent in a severe form among poorer women with dietary deficiencies , particularly those in the textile industry . Dr Margaret Balfour of the Indian Medical Service had asked her to join the Maternal Mortality Inquiry by the Indian Research Fund Association at the Haffkine Institute in Bombay , now Mumbai . Wills was in India between 1928 and 1933 , mostly based at the Haffkine . From April to October 1929 , she moved her work to the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor ( where Sir Robert McCarrison was Director of Nutrition Research ) . In early 1931 she was working at the Caste and Gosha Hospital in Madras , now the Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children of Chennai ( see Gosha woman ) . In each of the summers of 1930–32 she returned to England for a few months and continued her work in the pathology laboratories at the Royal Free . She was back at the Royal Free full-time in 1933 , but there was another 10-week working visit to the Haffkine Institute from November 1937 to early January 1938 . On this occasion , and for the first time , Wills travelled by air to Karachi and onward by sea . She travelled to India in October 1937 by air , a five-day journey on Imperial Airwayss recently inaugurated route carrying mail and some passengers . The aircraft was a Short C Class Empire flying boat , the Calypso , G AEUA . The route started at Southampton and involved landings on water for refuelling at Marseilles , Bracciano near Rome , Brindisi , Athens , Alexandria , Tiberias , Habbaniyah to the west of Baghdad , Basra , Bahrain , Dubai , Gwadar and Karachi , with overnight stops at Rome , Alexandria , Basra and Sharjah ( just outside Dubai ) . This was the first IA flight to go beyond Alexandria . In Bombay Wills was on dining terms with the governors and their wives at Government House – Sir Leslie Wilson in 1928 and Sir Frederick Sykes in 1929 . In 1929 she visited Mysuru and wrote to her brother that I was most fortunate to be under the wing of Sir Charles Todhunter , who is a very important person there . Todhunter had been Governor of Madras and in 1929 was the secretary to the Maharaja of Mysuru . Anaemia of pregnancy . Wills observed a correlation between the dietary habits of different classes of Bombay women and the likelihood of their becoming anaemic during pregnancy . Poor Muslim women were the ones with both the most deficient diets and the greatest susceptibility to anaemia . This anaemia was then known as pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . However , Wills was able to demonstrate that the anaemia she observed differed from true pernicious anaemia , as the patients did not have achlorhydria , an inability to produce gastric acid . Furthermore , while patients responded to crude liver extracts , they did not respond to the pure liver extracts ( vitamin B ) which had been shown to treat true pernicious anaemia . She postulated that there must have been another nutritional factor responsible for this macrocytic anaemia other than vitamin B deficiency . For some years this nutritional factor was known as the Wills Factor , and it was later shown , in the 1940s , to be folate , of which the synthetic form is folic acid . Wills decided to investigate possible nutritional treatments by first studying the effects of dietary manipulation on a macrocytic anaemia in albino rats . This work was done at the Nutritional Research Laboratories at the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor . Rats fed on the same diet as Bombay Muslim women became anaemic , pregnant ones dying before giving birth . The rat anaemia was prevented by the addition of yeast to synthetic diets which had no vitamin B . This work was later duplicated using rhesus monkeys as the rat results were tainted by a lice infection which may have skewed those results . Back in Bombay , Wills conducted clinical trials on patients with macrocytic anaemia and established experimentally that this type could be both prevented and cured by yeast extracts , of which the cheapest source was Marmite . After India . Wills was back again at the Royal Free Hospital in London from 1938 until her retirement in 1947 . During the Second World War she was a full-time pathologist in the Emergency Medical Service . Work in the pathology department was disrupted for a few days in July 1944 ( and a number of people were killed ) when the hospital suffered a direct hit from a V1 flying bomb . By the end of the war , she was in charge of pathology at the Royal Free Hospital and had established the first haematology department there . After her retirement , Wills travelled extensively , including to Jamaica , Fiji and South Africa , continuing her observations on nutrition and anaemia . In Fiji she , along with New Zealander Dr . Muriel Bell , was responsible for carrying out the first multi-ethnic nutritional survey of women and children in Fiji ( 1950 ) . They studied the source of anaemias , protein and vitamin deficiencies there . Their work was based on some flawed assumptions about the causes of these issues , while at the same time their recommendations were responsible for the introduction of free iron tablets for anaemic pregnant women and attempts to provide infants and children with increased protein intake through feeding programmes at schools and health centers . Personal life . Wills never married . She was close to her parents , her siblings , and their children . She enjoyed a number of close lifelong friendships , including with Christine and Ulysses Williams , with her Cambridge contemporary Margot Hume ( with whom she jointly owned a cottage in Surrey whose botanical garden they cultivated ) , and with Kait Lucan ( the Dowager Countess of Lucan , mother of John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan , the disappearing earl ) , who was a fellow Labour Councillor in Chelsea . Obituaries and other publications describe her as independent , autocratic , not a sufferer of fools , a joyous and enthusiastic teacher , an indomitable walker and skier , an enthusiastic traveller , a lover of the beauty of nature , mirthful and entertaining . Wills died on 26 April 1964 . Her obituary in the British Medical Journal the following month included the following comments : Publications . Willss first learned paper was in 1914 , on plant cuticles . There were a further two papers in the 1920s before she started her work in India . Four reports of her field and laboratory studies in India were published in the Indian Journal of Medical Research in 1930 and 1931 . After her return to England , there were a number of further papers concerning her work on tropical macrocytic anaemia . A list of her main publications is set out below : - Pillman-Williams , EC & Wills , L ( 1929 ) , Studies in blood and urinary chemistry during pregnancy : blood sugar curves . Quarterly Journal of Medicine 22 493–505 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part I Preliminary report . Indian Journal of Medical Research 17 777–792 - Wills , L & Talpade , SN ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part II A survey of dietetic and hygienic conditions of women in Bombay . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 283–306 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part III Determination of normal blood standards for the nutritional laboratorys stock albino rat . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 307–317 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part IV The production of pernicious anaemia ( Bartonella anaemia ) in intact albino rats by deficient feeding . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 663–683 - Wills , L ( 1931 ) , Treatment of pernicious anaemia of pregnancy and tropical anaemia , with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent . British Medical Journal 1 1059–1064 - Wills , L ( 1933 ) , The nature of the haemopoietic factor in Marmite . Lancet 221 1283–1285 - Wills , L ( 1934 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part VI . Tropical macrocytic anaemia as a deficiency disease , with special reference to the vitamin B complex . Indian Journal of Medical Research 21 669–681 - Wills , L & Stewart , A ( 1935 ) , British Journal of Experimental Pathology 16 444 - Wills , L & Clutterbuck , PW & Evans , BDF ( 1937 ) , A new factor in the production and cure of certain macrocytic anaemias . Lancet 229 311–314 - Wills , L & Evans , BDF ( 1938 ) , Tropical macrocytic anaemia : its relation to pernicious anaemia . Lancet 232 416–421 - Wills , L ( 1945 ) , Nutrition surveys . London School of Medicine Magazine 6–7 NS 2–5 Popular recognition . On 10 May 2019 , the 131st anniversary of her birth , search engine Google commemorated Wills with a Doodle , shown in North America , parts of South America and Europe , Israel , India , and New Zealand . The accompanying text stated , Todays Doodle celebrates English haematologist Lucy Wills , the pioneering medical researcher whose analysis of prenatal anemia changed the face of preventive prenatal care for women everywhere . |
[
"Haffkine Institute"
] | easy | Lucy Wills was an employee for whom from 1928 to 1929? | /wiki/Lucy_Wills#P108#1 | Lucy Wills Lucy Wills , LRCP ( 10 May 1888 – 26 April 1964 ) was an English haematologist and physician researcher . She conducted research in India in the late 1920s and early 1930s on macrocytic anaemia of pregnancy , a disease which is characterized by enlarged red blood cells and is life-threatening . Pregnant women in the tropics with inadequate diets are particularly susceptible . Wills discovered a nutritional factor in yeast that both prevents and cures this disorder . This component , the so-called Wills Factor , was subsequently shown to be folate , the naturally occurring form of folic acid . Early life . Generations of the Wills family had been living in or near Birmingham , a city known as the workshop of the world for its many factories and industry . Lucy Wills was born on 10 May 1888 in nearby Sutton Coldfield . Her paternal great-grandfather , William Wills , had been a prosperous attorney from a Nonconformist Unitarian family ( see Church of the Messiah , Birmingham ) . One of his sons , Alfred Wills , followed him into the law and became notable both as a judge and a mountaineer . Another son , Lucys grandfather , bought an edge-tool business in Nechells , AW Wills & Son , which manufactured such implements as scythes and sickles . Lucys father continued to manage the business and the family was comfortably well off . Lucy Willss father , William Leonard Wills ( 1858–1911 ) , was a science graduate of Owens College ( later part of the Victoria University of Manchester , now part of the University of Manchester ) . Her mother , Gertrude Annie Wills née Johnston ( 1855–1939 ) , was the only daughter ( with six brothers ) of a well-known Birmingham doctor , James Johnston . The family had a strong interest in scientific matters . William Wills , the lawyer mentioned above , had been involved with the British Association for the Advancement of Science and wrote papers on meteorology and other scientific observations . Her father was particularly interested in botany , zoology , geology , and natural sciences generally , as well as in the developing science of photography . Her brother , Leonard Johnston Wills , carried this interest in geology and natural sciences into his own career with great success . Lucy Wills was brought up in the country near Birmingham , initially in Sutton Coldfield , and then from 1892 in Barnt Green to the south of the city . She went at first to a local school called Tanglewood , kept by a Miss Ashe , formerly a governess to the Chamberlain family of Birmingham . Education . English girls had few opportunities for education and entry into the professions until towards the end of the nineteenth century . Wills was able to attend Cheltenham Ladies College , Newnham College Cambridge , and the London School of Medicine for Women . In September 1903 Wills went to Cheltenham , one of the first British boarding schools to train female students in science and mathematics . Willss elder sister Edith was in the same house , Glenlee , two years ahead of her . Willss examination record was good . She passed the Oxford Local Senior , Division I in 1905 ; the University of London , Matriculation , Division II in 1906 ; and Part I , Class III and Paley , exempt from Part II and additional subjects by matriculation ( London ) . In September 1907 , Wills began her studies at Newnham , a womens college . Wills was strongly influenced by the botanist Albert Charles Seward and by the geologist Herbert Henry Thomas , who worked on carboniferous palaeobotany . Wills finished her course in 1911 and obtained a Class 2 in Part 1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1910 and Class 2 in Part 2 ( Botany ) in 1911 . While she was allowed to sit the University examinations , she was ineligible as a woman to receive a Cambridge degree . 1911 to 1914 . In February 1911 , Willss father died at the age of 53 . She had been very close to him , and it is likely that his unexpected death affected her final exam results that summer . In 1913 , her elder sister Edith died at the age of 26 . Later that year , Wills and her mother travelled to Ceylon , now Sri Lanka , where they visited relatives and friends . In 1914 , she and her younger brother Gordon travelled to South Africa . A friend from Newnham , Margaret ( Margot ) Hume , was lecturing in botany at the South African College , then part of the University of the Cape of Good Hope . She and Wills were both interested in Sigmund Freuds theories . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , Gordon enlisted in the Transvaal Scottish Regiment . Wills spent some weeks doing voluntary nursing in a hospital in Cape Town , before she and Margot Hume returned to England , arriving in Plymouth in December . Medical training . In January 1915 , Wills enrolled at the London ( Royal Free Hospital ) School of Medicine for Women , the first school in Britain to train female doctors . The school had strong links with India , and had a number of students from there , including Jerusha Jhirad , who became the first Indian woman to qualify with a degree in obstetrics and gynecology in 1919 . Wills became a legally qualified medical practitioner with the qualification of Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians London awarded in May 1920 ( LRCP Lond 1920 ) , and the University of London degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery awarded in December 1920 ( MB BS Lond ) , at age 32 . Professional career . 1920 to 1928 . On qualifying , Wills decided to research and teach in the department of Pregnant Pathology at the Royal Free . There she worked with Christine Pillman ( who later married Ulysses S . Grant OBE , a doctor on its teaching staff ) who had been at Girton at the same time Wills was at Newnham , on metabolic studies of pregnancy . To India . In 1928 Wills began her seminal research work in India on macrocytic anaemia in pregnancy , a condition where the red blood cells are larger than normal . This was prevalent in a severe form among poorer women with dietary deficiencies , particularly those in the textile industry . Dr Margaret Balfour of the Indian Medical Service had asked her to join the Maternal Mortality Inquiry by the Indian Research Fund Association at the Haffkine Institute in Bombay , now Mumbai . Wills was in India between 1928 and 1933 , mostly based at the Haffkine . From April to October 1929 , she moved her work to the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor ( where Sir Robert McCarrison was Director of Nutrition Research ) . In early 1931 she was working at the Caste and Gosha Hospital in Madras , now the Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children of Chennai ( see Gosha woman ) . In each of the summers of 1930–32 she returned to England for a few months and continued her work in the pathology laboratories at the Royal Free . She was back at the Royal Free full-time in 1933 , but there was another 10-week working visit to the Haffkine Institute from November 1937 to early January 1938 . On this occasion , and for the first time , Wills travelled by air to Karachi and onward by sea . She travelled to India in October 1937 by air , a five-day journey on Imperial Airwayss recently inaugurated route carrying mail and some passengers . The aircraft was a Short C Class Empire flying boat , the Calypso , G AEUA . The route started at Southampton and involved landings on water for refuelling at Marseilles , Bracciano near Rome , Brindisi , Athens , Alexandria , Tiberias , Habbaniyah to the west of Baghdad , Basra , Bahrain , Dubai , Gwadar and Karachi , with overnight stops at Rome , Alexandria , Basra and Sharjah ( just outside Dubai ) . This was the first IA flight to go beyond Alexandria . In Bombay Wills was on dining terms with the governors and their wives at Government House – Sir Leslie Wilson in 1928 and Sir Frederick Sykes in 1929 . In 1929 she visited Mysuru and wrote to her brother that I was most fortunate to be under the wing of Sir Charles Todhunter , who is a very important person there . Todhunter had been Governor of Madras and in 1929 was the secretary to the Maharaja of Mysuru . Anaemia of pregnancy . Wills observed a correlation between the dietary habits of different classes of Bombay women and the likelihood of their becoming anaemic during pregnancy . Poor Muslim women were the ones with both the most deficient diets and the greatest susceptibility to anaemia . This anaemia was then known as pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . However , Wills was able to demonstrate that the anaemia she observed differed from true pernicious anaemia , as the patients did not have achlorhydria , an inability to produce gastric acid . Furthermore , while patients responded to crude liver extracts , they did not respond to the pure liver extracts ( vitamin B ) which had been shown to treat true pernicious anaemia . She postulated that there must have been another nutritional factor responsible for this macrocytic anaemia other than vitamin B deficiency . For some years this nutritional factor was known as the Wills Factor , and it was later shown , in the 1940s , to be folate , of which the synthetic form is folic acid . Wills decided to investigate possible nutritional treatments by first studying the effects of dietary manipulation on a macrocytic anaemia in albino rats . This work was done at the Nutritional Research Laboratories at the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor . Rats fed on the same diet as Bombay Muslim women became anaemic , pregnant ones dying before giving birth . The rat anaemia was prevented by the addition of yeast to synthetic diets which had no vitamin B . This work was later duplicated using rhesus monkeys as the rat results were tainted by a lice infection which may have skewed those results . Back in Bombay , Wills conducted clinical trials on patients with macrocytic anaemia and established experimentally that this type could be both prevented and cured by yeast extracts , of which the cheapest source was Marmite . After India . Wills was back again at the Royal Free Hospital in London from 1938 until her retirement in 1947 . During the Second World War she was a full-time pathologist in the Emergency Medical Service . Work in the pathology department was disrupted for a few days in July 1944 ( and a number of people were killed ) when the hospital suffered a direct hit from a V1 flying bomb . By the end of the war , she was in charge of pathology at the Royal Free Hospital and had established the first haematology department there . After her retirement , Wills travelled extensively , including to Jamaica , Fiji and South Africa , continuing her observations on nutrition and anaemia . In Fiji she , along with New Zealander Dr . Muriel Bell , was responsible for carrying out the first multi-ethnic nutritional survey of women and children in Fiji ( 1950 ) . They studied the source of anaemias , protein and vitamin deficiencies there . Their work was based on some flawed assumptions about the causes of these issues , while at the same time their recommendations were responsible for the introduction of free iron tablets for anaemic pregnant women and attempts to provide infants and children with increased protein intake through feeding programmes at schools and health centers . Personal life . Wills never married . She was close to her parents , her siblings , and their children . She enjoyed a number of close lifelong friendships , including with Christine and Ulysses Williams , with her Cambridge contemporary Margot Hume ( with whom she jointly owned a cottage in Surrey whose botanical garden they cultivated ) , and with Kait Lucan ( the Dowager Countess of Lucan , mother of John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan , the disappearing earl ) , who was a fellow Labour Councillor in Chelsea . Obituaries and other publications describe her as independent , autocratic , not a sufferer of fools , a joyous and enthusiastic teacher , an indomitable walker and skier , an enthusiastic traveller , a lover of the beauty of nature , mirthful and entertaining . Wills died on 26 April 1964 . Her obituary in the British Medical Journal the following month included the following comments : Publications . Willss first learned paper was in 1914 , on plant cuticles . There were a further two papers in the 1920s before she started her work in India . Four reports of her field and laboratory studies in India were published in the Indian Journal of Medical Research in 1930 and 1931 . After her return to England , there were a number of further papers concerning her work on tropical macrocytic anaemia . A list of her main publications is set out below : - Pillman-Williams , EC & Wills , L ( 1929 ) , Studies in blood and urinary chemistry during pregnancy : blood sugar curves . Quarterly Journal of Medicine 22 493–505 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part I Preliminary report . Indian Journal of Medical Research 17 777–792 - Wills , L & Talpade , SN ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part II A survey of dietetic and hygienic conditions of women in Bombay . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 283–306 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part III Determination of normal blood standards for the nutritional laboratorys stock albino rat . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 307–317 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part IV The production of pernicious anaemia ( Bartonella anaemia ) in intact albino rats by deficient feeding . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 663–683 - Wills , L ( 1931 ) , Treatment of pernicious anaemia of pregnancy and tropical anaemia , with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent . British Medical Journal 1 1059–1064 - Wills , L ( 1933 ) , The nature of the haemopoietic factor in Marmite . Lancet 221 1283–1285 - Wills , L ( 1934 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part VI . Tropical macrocytic anaemia as a deficiency disease , with special reference to the vitamin B complex . Indian Journal of Medical Research 21 669–681 - Wills , L & Stewart , A ( 1935 ) , British Journal of Experimental Pathology 16 444 - Wills , L & Clutterbuck , PW & Evans , BDF ( 1937 ) , A new factor in the production and cure of certain macrocytic anaemias . Lancet 229 311–314 - Wills , L & Evans , BDF ( 1938 ) , Tropical macrocytic anaemia : its relation to pernicious anaemia . Lancet 232 416–421 - Wills , L ( 1945 ) , Nutrition surveys . London School of Medicine Magazine 6–7 NS 2–5 Popular recognition . On 10 May 2019 , the 131st anniversary of her birth , search engine Google commemorated Wills with a Doodle , shown in North America , parts of South America and Europe , Israel , India , and New Zealand . The accompanying text stated , Todays Doodle celebrates English haematologist Lucy Wills , the pioneering medical researcher whose analysis of prenatal anemia changed the face of preventive prenatal care for women everywhere . |
[
"Pasteur Institute of India"
] | easy | Lucy Wills was an employee for whom from 1929 to 1930? | /wiki/Lucy_Wills#P108#2 | Lucy Wills Lucy Wills , LRCP ( 10 May 1888 – 26 April 1964 ) was an English haematologist and physician researcher . She conducted research in India in the late 1920s and early 1930s on macrocytic anaemia of pregnancy , a disease which is characterized by enlarged red blood cells and is life-threatening . Pregnant women in the tropics with inadequate diets are particularly susceptible . Wills discovered a nutritional factor in yeast that both prevents and cures this disorder . This component , the so-called Wills Factor , was subsequently shown to be folate , the naturally occurring form of folic acid . Early life . Generations of the Wills family had been living in or near Birmingham , a city known as the workshop of the world for its many factories and industry . Lucy Wills was born on 10 May 1888 in nearby Sutton Coldfield . Her paternal great-grandfather , William Wills , had been a prosperous attorney from a Nonconformist Unitarian family ( see Church of the Messiah , Birmingham ) . One of his sons , Alfred Wills , followed him into the law and became notable both as a judge and a mountaineer . Another son , Lucys grandfather , bought an edge-tool business in Nechells , AW Wills & Son , which manufactured such implements as scythes and sickles . Lucys father continued to manage the business and the family was comfortably well off . Lucy Willss father , William Leonard Wills ( 1858–1911 ) , was a science graduate of Owens College ( later part of the Victoria University of Manchester , now part of the University of Manchester ) . Her mother , Gertrude Annie Wills née Johnston ( 1855–1939 ) , was the only daughter ( with six brothers ) of a well-known Birmingham doctor , James Johnston . The family had a strong interest in scientific matters . William Wills , the lawyer mentioned above , had been involved with the British Association for the Advancement of Science and wrote papers on meteorology and other scientific observations . Her father was particularly interested in botany , zoology , geology , and natural sciences generally , as well as in the developing science of photography . Her brother , Leonard Johnston Wills , carried this interest in geology and natural sciences into his own career with great success . Lucy Wills was brought up in the country near Birmingham , initially in Sutton Coldfield , and then from 1892 in Barnt Green to the south of the city . She went at first to a local school called Tanglewood , kept by a Miss Ashe , formerly a governess to the Chamberlain family of Birmingham . Education . English girls had few opportunities for education and entry into the professions until towards the end of the nineteenth century . Wills was able to attend Cheltenham Ladies College , Newnham College Cambridge , and the London School of Medicine for Women . In September 1903 Wills went to Cheltenham , one of the first British boarding schools to train female students in science and mathematics . Willss elder sister Edith was in the same house , Glenlee , two years ahead of her . Willss examination record was good . She passed the Oxford Local Senior , Division I in 1905 ; the University of London , Matriculation , Division II in 1906 ; and Part I , Class III and Paley , exempt from Part II and additional subjects by matriculation ( London ) . In September 1907 , Wills began her studies at Newnham , a womens college . Wills was strongly influenced by the botanist Albert Charles Seward and by the geologist Herbert Henry Thomas , who worked on carboniferous palaeobotany . Wills finished her course in 1911 and obtained a Class 2 in Part 1 of the Natural Sciences Tripos in 1910 and Class 2 in Part 2 ( Botany ) in 1911 . While she was allowed to sit the University examinations , she was ineligible as a woman to receive a Cambridge degree . 1911 to 1914 . In February 1911 , Willss father died at the age of 53 . She had been very close to him , and it is likely that his unexpected death affected her final exam results that summer . In 1913 , her elder sister Edith died at the age of 26 . Later that year , Wills and her mother travelled to Ceylon , now Sri Lanka , where they visited relatives and friends . In 1914 , she and her younger brother Gordon travelled to South Africa . A friend from Newnham , Margaret ( Margot ) Hume , was lecturing in botany at the South African College , then part of the University of the Cape of Good Hope . She and Wills were both interested in Sigmund Freuds theories . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , Gordon enlisted in the Transvaal Scottish Regiment . Wills spent some weeks doing voluntary nursing in a hospital in Cape Town , before she and Margot Hume returned to England , arriving in Plymouth in December . Medical training . In January 1915 , Wills enrolled at the London ( Royal Free Hospital ) School of Medicine for Women , the first school in Britain to train female doctors . The school had strong links with India , and had a number of students from there , including Jerusha Jhirad , who became the first Indian woman to qualify with a degree in obstetrics and gynecology in 1919 . Wills became a legally qualified medical practitioner with the qualification of Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians London awarded in May 1920 ( LRCP Lond 1920 ) , and the University of London degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery awarded in December 1920 ( MB BS Lond ) , at age 32 . Professional career . 1920 to 1928 . On qualifying , Wills decided to research and teach in the department of Pregnant Pathology at the Royal Free . There she worked with Christine Pillman ( who later married Ulysses S . Grant OBE , a doctor on its teaching staff ) who had been at Girton at the same time Wills was at Newnham , on metabolic studies of pregnancy . To India . In 1928 Wills began her seminal research work in India on macrocytic anaemia in pregnancy , a condition where the red blood cells are larger than normal . This was prevalent in a severe form among poorer women with dietary deficiencies , particularly those in the textile industry . Dr Margaret Balfour of the Indian Medical Service had asked her to join the Maternal Mortality Inquiry by the Indian Research Fund Association at the Haffkine Institute in Bombay , now Mumbai . Wills was in India between 1928 and 1933 , mostly based at the Haffkine . From April to October 1929 , she moved her work to the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor ( where Sir Robert McCarrison was Director of Nutrition Research ) . In early 1931 she was working at the Caste and Gosha Hospital in Madras , now the Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children of Chennai ( see Gosha woman ) . In each of the summers of 1930–32 she returned to England for a few months and continued her work in the pathology laboratories at the Royal Free . She was back at the Royal Free full-time in 1933 , but there was another 10-week working visit to the Haffkine Institute from November 1937 to early January 1938 . On this occasion , and for the first time , Wills travelled by air to Karachi and onward by sea . She travelled to India in October 1937 by air , a five-day journey on Imperial Airwayss recently inaugurated route carrying mail and some passengers . The aircraft was a Short C Class Empire flying boat , the Calypso , G AEUA . The route started at Southampton and involved landings on water for refuelling at Marseilles , Bracciano near Rome , Brindisi , Athens , Alexandria , Tiberias , Habbaniyah to the west of Baghdad , Basra , Bahrain , Dubai , Gwadar and Karachi , with overnight stops at Rome , Alexandria , Basra and Sharjah ( just outside Dubai ) . This was the first IA flight to go beyond Alexandria . In Bombay Wills was on dining terms with the governors and their wives at Government House – Sir Leslie Wilson in 1928 and Sir Frederick Sykes in 1929 . In 1929 she visited Mysuru and wrote to her brother that I was most fortunate to be under the wing of Sir Charles Todhunter , who is a very important person there . Todhunter had been Governor of Madras and in 1929 was the secretary to the Maharaja of Mysuru . Anaemia of pregnancy . Wills observed a correlation between the dietary habits of different classes of Bombay women and the likelihood of their becoming anaemic during pregnancy . Poor Muslim women were the ones with both the most deficient diets and the greatest susceptibility to anaemia . This anaemia was then known as pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . However , Wills was able to demonstrate that the anaemia she observed differed from true pernicious anaemia , as the patients did not have achlorhydria , an inability to produce gastric acid . Furthermore , while patients responded to crude liver extracts , they did not respond to the pure liver extracts ( vitamin B ) which had been shown to treat true pernicious anaemia . She postulated that there must have been another nutritional factor responsible for this macrocytic anaemia other than vitamin B deficiency . For some years this nutritional factor was known as the Wills Factor , and it was later shown , in the 1940s , to be folate , of which the synthetic form is folic acid . Wills decided to investigate possible nutritional treatments by first studying the effects of dietary manipulation on a macrocytic anaemia in albino rats . This work was done at the Nutritional Research Laboratories at the Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor . Rats fed on the same diet as Bombay Muslim women became anaemic , pregnant ones dying before giving birth . The rat anaemia was prevented by the addition of yeast to synthetic diets which had no vitamin B . This work was later duplicated using rhesus monkeys as the rat results were tainted by a lice infection which may have skewed those results . Back in Bombay , Wills conducted clinical trials on patients with macrocytic anaemia and established experimentally that this type could be both prevented and cured by yeast extracts , of which the cheapest source was Marmite . After India . Wills was back again at the Royal Free Hospital in London from 1938 until her retirement in 1947 . During the Second World War she was a full-time pathologist in the Emergency Medical Service . Work in the pathology department was disrupted for a few days in July 1944 ( and a number of people were killed ) when the hospital suffered a direct hit from a V1 flying bomb . By the end of the war , she was in charge of pathology at the Royal Free Hospital and had established the first haematology department there . After her retirement , Wills travelled extensively , including to Jamaica , Fiji and South Africa , continuing her observations on nutrition and anaemia . In Fiji she , along with New Zealander Dr . Muriel Bell , was responsible for carrying out the first multi-ethnic nutritional survey of women and children in Fiji ( 1950 ) . They studied the source of anaemias , protein and vitamin deficiencies there . Their work was based on some flawed assumptions about the causes of these issues , while at the same time their recommendations were responsible for the introduction of free iron tablets for anaemic pregnant women and attempts to provide infants and children with increased protein intake through feeding programmes at schools and health centers . Personal life . Wills never married . She was close to her parents , her siblings , and their children . She enjoyed a number of close lifelong friendships , including with Christine and Ulysses Williams , with her Cambridge contemporary Margot Hume ( with whom she jointly owned a cottage in Surrey whose botanical garden they cultivated ) , and with Kait Lucan ( the Dowager Countess of Lucan , mother of John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan , the disappearing earl ) , who was a fellow Labour Councillor in Chelsea . Obituaries and other publications describe her as independent , autocratic , not a sufferer of fools , a joyous and enthusiastic teacher , an indomitable walker and skier , an enthusiastic traveller , a lover of the beauty of nature , mirthful and entertaining . Wills died on 26 April 1964 . Her obituary in the British Medical Journal the following month included the following comments : Publications . Willss first learned paper was in 1914 , on plant cuticles . There were a further two papers in the 1920s before she started her work in India . Four reports of her field and laboratory studies in India were published in the Indian Journal of Medical Research in 1930 and 1931 . After her return to England , there were a number of further papers concerning her work on tropical macrocytic anaemia . A list of her main publications is set out below : - Pillman-Williams , EC & Wills , L ( 1929 ) , Studies in blood and urinary chemistry during pregnancy : blood sugar curves . Quarterly Journal of Medicine 22 493–505 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part I Preliminary report . Indian Journal of Medical Research 17 777–792 - Wills , L & Talpade , SN ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part II A survey of dietetic and hygienic conditions of women in Bombay . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 283–306 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part III Determination of normal blood standards for the nutritional laboratorys stock albino rat . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 307–317 - Wills , L & Mechta , MM ( 1930 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part IV The production of pernicious anaemia ( Bartonella anaemia ) in intact albino rats by deficient feeding . Indian Journal of Medical Research 18 663–683 - Wills , L ( 1931 ) , Treatment of pernicious anaemia of pregnancy and tropical anaemia , with special reference to yeast extract as a curative agent . British Medical Journal 1 1059–1064 - Wills , L ( 1933 ) , The nature of the haemopoietic factor in Marmite . Lancet 221 1283–1285 - Wills , L ( 1934 ) , Studies in pernicious anaemia of pregnancy . Part VI . Tropical macrocytic anaemia as a deficiency disease , with special reference to the vitamin B complex . Indian Journal of Medical Research 21 669–681 - Wills , L & Stewart , A ( 1935 ) , British Journal of Experimental Pathology 16 444 - Wills , L & Clutterbuck , PW & Evans , BDF ( 1937 ) , A new factor in the production and cure of certain macrocytic anaemias . Lancet 229 311–314 - Wills , L & Evans , BDF ( 1938 ) , Tropical macrocytic anaemia : its relation to pernicious anaemia . Lancet 232 416–421 - Wills , L ( 1945 ) , Nutrition surveys . London School of Medicine Magazine 6–7 NS 2–5 Popular recognition . On 10 May 2019 , the 131st anniversary of her birth , search engine Google commemorated Wills with a Doodle , shown in North America , parts of South America and Europe , Israel , India , and New Zealand . The accompanying text stated , Todays Doodle celebrates English haematologist Lucy Wills , the pioneering medical researcher whose analysis of prenatal anemia changed the face of preventive prenatal care for women everywhere . |
[
"Slavoljub Muslin"
] | easy | Who coached the team FC Krasnodar from Dec 2010 to Aug 2013? | /wiki/FC_Krasnodar#P286#0 | FC Krasnodar FC Krasnodar is a Russian professional football club based in Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League . The club was founded in 2008 . In 2009 , the club was promoted to the Russian First Division , the second highest division of the Russian football league system , despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third . At the end of the 2010 season , they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season , despite finishing fifth in the first division . In May 2013 , FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016 . Until the stadium was completed , FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium . History . The club owner and founder is Sergey Galitsky , a Russian businessman who has been rewarded by the Russian Football Union for his dedication to development of football in Russia . Early years . In February 2008 , FC Krasnodar had been granted professional status which allowed them enter Second Division ( the third tier of Russian professional football ) . Its first official match was a 0–0 draw against FC Nika Krasny Sulin . The team was at that time managed by Vladimir Volchek . FC Krasnodar finished third in the 2008 Second Division season . Although the third place does not grant promotion to the upper tier of Russian football league , FC Krasnodar had been invited by PFL to take part in the 2009 First Division tournament . This happened because SKA Rostov and Sportakademklub refused to take part in the tournament despite finishing high enough to avoid relegation . After being promoted , the club appointed Nurbiy Khakunov as manager . Krasnodar finished its debut First Division campaign tenth in the league table . In the next season , FC Krasnodar was managed by Sergei Tashuyev . In this year , the team faced another club from Krasnodar city , FC Kuban . The first match between the rival clubs took place on 12 June 2010 , where FC Kuban won 3–0 . The second match also granted no points to FC Krasnodar as they lost the game 0–1 . However the teams overall performance in this season had been more successful compared to previous year . They ended up 5th . Promotion to the Premier League . In December 2010 , FC Krasnodar signed a contract with Serbian manager Slavoljub Muslin . Before the start of the next season , FC Krasnodar got another promotion despite finishing fifth in the league . This happened because Saturn Ramenskoye , Nizhny Novgorod and KAMAZ declined to play in the Russian Premier League due to financial problems . On 25 January 2011 , the Premier League committee decided to replace FC Saturn with FC Krasnodar . After promotion to the Premier League , the team performed with mixed success . Both matches against perennial title contender CSKA Moscow ended in draws , which could be considered success considering the disparity between the twos squad strengths . However , in both matches against another top Premier League club in Spartak Moscow , the team conceded eight goals , losing away and home matches , 4–0 and 2–4 , respectively . Other notable matches FC Krasnodar played were the ones against FC Kuban ; matches between the two marked the first Premier League derby not involving Moscow-based clubs . In the first match , FC Krasnodar won 0–1 , though FC Kuban won the second match , 0–2 . During the season , club owner Sergey Galitsky stated that he was satisfied with his teams performance , also stating that he wants his team to play in a manner fascinating for spectators , and that he does not plan on buying expensive players ; instead , the club should evolve steadily , step by step . FC Krasnodar ultimately finished the 2011–12 season ninth in the league table . The teams second season in 2012–13 was less successful . The team lost all but one match against the eventual top-three teams in the league . FC Krasnodar ended the year in tenth , one of the likelier reasons that led the board to terminate manager Slavoljub Muslins contract . Muslin himself , however , stated that he was sacked because the club stopped investing into the club to improve its on-field performance . On 11 August 2013 , Belarusian coach Oleg Kononov was named manager of FC Krasnodar , with club management also bolstering the squad ahead of the 2013–14 season , with Ari , Artur Jędrzejczyk and Andreas Granqvist joining the club . These personnel changes awarded the club a top-five Premier League finish , making it eligible to compete in the UEFA Europa League for the first time in its history for 2014–15 . FC Krasnodar also advanced to the Russian Cup Final where the club was narrowly defeated by Rostov in a penalty shoot-out . FC Krasnodar successfully completed three Europa League qualification phases after defeating Sillamäe Kalev , Diósgyőr and Real Sociedad on aggregate . The team then advanced to the Group Stage , where they were drawn into Group H alongside Lille , Wolfsburg and Everton , eventually finishing third . The following year Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games and pulled off a 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with 4 wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , 1 draw ( 0–0 against PAOK and 1 loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game and lost a poor home game , 3–0 . Their 2019–20 season was marred by injuries . Viktor Claesson and Rémy Cabella suffered ACL tears ( Claesson missed whole season and Cabella played 12 games ) , Yury Gazinsky , Ari and Uroš Spajić all missed months of play . After eliminating Porto in the Champions League third qualifying round , they lost to Olympiacos 1–6 on aggregate in the play-off round . In the subsequent Europa League campaign , the club did not advance from group stage to the knock-out rounds . In the RPL , Krasnodar led the table early in the season , but finished the league in the 3rd spot , only qualifying for the Champions League qualifying rounds again ; however , they managed to qualify to the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in their history . They also became the only Russian team to advance from the group stage of UEFA competitions that season , before being eliminated in the Europa League Round of 32 by Dinamo Zagreb . On the domestic front , the 2020–21 Russian Premier League season was not very successful , as the club spent most of the season mid-table , they finished in 10th place and failed to qualify for European competition after 7 consecutive seasons of doing so . Late in the season , Murad Musayev resigned as manager and was replaced by Viktor Goncharenko . Achievements . Non-official . - Match Premier Cup : 1 European history . On 17 July 2014 , FC Krasnodar played its first-ever match in the UEFA Europa League , playing Estonian club Sillamäe Kalev . FC Krasnodar took a conclusive 4–0 victory . The second match between these teams was also won by Krasnodar ; the score was 5–0 . In the next round , FC Krasnodar faced Diósgyőr , winning both matches by 5–1 and 3–0 scorelines , respectively . In a draw for the playoff round , FC Krasnodar was unseeded , which brought them a much stronger opponent , Spanish club Real Sociedad . The first match against this club ended up in a 1–0 defeat , though FC Krasnodar won the second match 3–0 , taking them to the competitions group stage . The following year , Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games , and even pulled off a surprising 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with four wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , one draw ( 0–0 against PAOK ) and one loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 , and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game , and lost their home game 3–0 . Matches . - Notes - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round - R32 : Round of 32 - R16 : Round of 16 Stadium . The first stadium FC Krasnodar played its official matches at is Trud stadium . It is a 3,000-seat stadium situated in the southern part of Krasnodar city . The stadium was used in 2008 when FC Krasnodar was playing in the Second Division . But after promotion to the First Division the stadiums capacity ceased to be enough . Therefore , in 2009 FC Krasnodar had to move to Kuban Stadium ( the stadium which is also used by FC Kuban ) . In 2013 FC Krasnodar began to construct its own stadium with a capacity of 35,074 seats . The stadium project was created by English and German companies . The estimated cost of this stadium is €200 million . The stadium will meet the requirements for hosting international matches . Café , club shop , museum , nightclub , several banquet rooms , fitness room , business clubs and childrens room will be located inside the stadium . WFC Krasnodar , FC Krasnodar-2 and FC Krasnodar-3 . A professional farm club called FC Krasnodar-2 was founded in 2013 and participated in the Russian Professional Football League ( third tier ) . It was promoted to the second-tier Russian Football National League for the 2018–19 season , and formerly amateur FC Krasnodar-3 was licensed for the PFL . Youth academy . FC Krasnodar owns a network of youth football schools spread over 20 cities in two Russian regions – Krasnodar Krai and Adygea . The main school is situated in the eastern part of Krasnodar . The Academy infrastructure includes 10 football fields , a 3000-seat stadium , a medical rehabilitation center , a swimming pool , a sauna , and a gym . There is also a dining room , an assembly hall , offices and hotel rooms for students parents . The club owner Sergey Galitsky has stated that his goal is to compose the majority of the FC Krasnodar squad from locally trained players . Notable players . Had international caps for their respective countries . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Krasnodar . - Russia - Ari - Aleksei Bugayev - Vladimir Bystrov - Maksim Demenko - Daniil Fomin - Yury Gazinsky - Vladislav Ignatyev - Aleksei Ionov - Marat Izmailov - Ruslan Kambolov - Lyubomir Kantonistov - Nikolay Komlichenko - Stanislav Kritsyuk - Fyodor Kudryashov - Pavel Mamayev - Sergei Petrov - Matvei Safonov - Oleg Shatov - Roman Shirokov - Roman Shishkin - Igor Smolnikov - Fyodor Smolov - Yegor Sorokin - Dmitry Stotsky - Dmitri Torbinski - Roman Vorobyov - Renat Yanbayev - Aleksandr Yerokhin - Former USSR countries - Arsen Beglaryan - Yura Movsisyan - Marcos Pizzelli - Eduard Spertsyan - Syarhey Kislyak - Alyaksandr Kulchy - Alyaksandr Martynovich - Aleksandre Amisulashvili - Otar Martsvaladze - Tornike Okriashvili - Nukri Revishvili - Almir Mukhutdinov - Valeriu Ciupercă - Igor Picușceac - Denys Dedechko - Andriy Dykan - Odil Ahmedov - Europe - Ricardo Baiano - Ognjen Vranješ - Rémy Cabella - Vladimir Koman - Jón Guðni Fjóluson - Ragnar Sigurðsson - Nikola Drinčić - Tonny Vilhena - Stefan Strandberg - Artur Jędrzejczyk - Manuel Fernandes - Andrei Ivan - Dušan Anđelković - Mihailo Ristić - Uroš Spajić - Marcus Berg - Viktor Claesson - Andreas Granqvist - Kristoffer Olsson - Africa - Charles Kaboré - Ambroise Oyongo - Adolphe Teikeu - Moussa Konaté - South America - Cristian Ramírez - Christian Cueva Managers . - Notes : External links . - Official website |
[
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] | easy | Who coached the team FC Krasnodar in Apr 2018? | /wiki/FC_Krasnodar#P286#1 | FC Krasnodar FC Krasnodar is a Russian professional football club based in Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League . The club was founded in 2008 . In 2009 , the club was promoted to the Russian First Division , the second highest division of the Russian football league system , despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third . At the end of the 2010 season , they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season , despite finishing fifth in the first division . In May 2013 , FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016 . Until the stadium was completed , FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium . History . The club owner and founder is Sergey Galitsky , a Russian businessman who has been rewarded by the Russian Football Union for his dedication to development of football in Russia . Early years . In February 2008 , FC Krasnodar had been granted professional status which allowed them enter Second Division ( the third tier of Russian professional football ) . Its first official match was a 0–0 draw against FC Nika Krasny Sulin . The team was at that time managed by Vladimir Volchek . FC Krasnodar finished third in the 2008 Second Division season . Although the third place does not grant promotion to the upper tier of Russian football league , FC Krasnodar had been invited by PFL to take part in the 2009 First Division tournament . This happened because SKA Rostov and Sportakademklub refused to take part in the tournament despite finishing high enough to avoid relegation . After being promoted , the club appointed Nurbiy Khakunov as manager . Krasnodar finished its debut First Division campaign tenth in the league table . In the next season , FC Krasnodar was managed by Sergei Tashuyev . In this year , the team faced another club from Krasnodar city , FC Kuban . The first match between the rival clubs took place on 12 June 2010 , where FC Kuban won 3–0 . The second match also granted no points to FC Krasnodar as they lost the game 0–1 . However the teams overall performance in this season had been more successful compared to previous year . They ended up 5th . Promotion to the Premier League . In December 2010 , FC Krasnodar signed a contract with Serbian manager Slavoljub Muslin . Before the start of the next season , FC Krasnodar got another promotion despite finishing fifth in the league . This happened because Saturn Ramenskoye , Nizhny Novgorod and KAMAZ declined to play in the Russian Premier League due to financial problems . On 25 January 2011 , the Premier League committee decided to replace FC Saturn with FC Krasnodar . After promotion to the Premier League , the team performed with mixed success . Both matches against perennial title contender CSKA Moscow ended in draws , which could be considered success considering the disparity between the twos squad strengths . However , in both matches against another top Premier League club in Spartak Moscow , the team conceded eight goals , losing away and home matches , 4–0 and 2–4 , respectively . Other notable matches FC Krasnodar played were the ones against FC Kuban ; matches between the two marked the first Premier League derby not involving Moscow-based clubs . In the first match , FC Krasnodar won 0–1 , though FC Kuban won the second match , 0–2 . During the season , club owner Sergey Galitsky stated that he was satisfied with his teams performance , also stating that he wants his team to play in a manner fascinating for spectators , and that he does not plan on buying expensive players ; instead , the club should evolve steadily , step by step . FC Krasnodar ultimately finished the 2011–12 season ninth in the league table . The teams second season in 2012–13 was less successful . The team lost all but one match against the eventual top-three teams in the league . FC Krasnodar ended the year in tenth , one of the likelier reasons that led the board to terminate manager Slavoljub Muslins contract . Muslin himself , however , stated that he was sacked because the club stopped investing into the club to improve its on-field performance . On 11 August 2013 , Belarusian coach Oleg Kononov was named manager of FC Krasnodar , with club management also bolstering the squad ahead of the 2013–14 season , with Ari , Artur Jędrzejczyk and Andreas Granqvist joining the club . These personnel changes awarded the club a top-five Premier League finish , making it eligible to compete in the UEFA Europa League for the first time in its history for 2014–15 . FC Krasnodar also advanced to the Russian Cup Final where the club was narrowly defeated by Rostov in a penalty shoot-out . FC Krasnodar successfully completed three Europa League qualification phases after defeating Sillamäe Kalev , Diósgyőr and Real Sociedad on aggregate . The team then advanced to the Group Stage , where they were drawn into Group H alongside Lille , Wolfsburg and Everton , eventually finishing third . The following year Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games and pulled off a 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with 4 wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , 1 draw ( 0–0 against PAOK and 1 loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game and lost a poor home game , 3–0 . Their 2019–20 season was marred by injuries . Viktor Claesson and Rémy Cabella suffered ACL tears ( Claesson missed whole season and Cabella played 12 games ) , Yury Gazinsky , Ari and Uroš Spajić all missed months of play . After eliminating Porto in the Champions League third qualifying round , they lost to Olympiacos 1–6 on aggregate in the play-off round . In the subsequent Europa League campaign , the club did not advance from group stage to the knock-out rounds . In the RPL , Krasnodar led the table early in the season , but finished the league in the 3rd spot , only qualifying for the Champions League qualifying rounds again ; however , they managed to qualify to the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in their history . They also became the only Russian team to advance from the group stage of UEFA competitions that season , before being eliminated in the Europa League Round of 32 by Dinamo Zagreb . On the domestic front , the 2020–21 Russian Premier League season was not very successful , as the club spent most of the season mid-table , they finished in 10th place and failed to qualify for European competition after 7 consecutive seasons of doing so . Late in the season , Murad Musayev resigned as manager and was replaced by Viktor Goncharenko . Achievements . Non-official . - Match Premier Cup : 1 European history . On 17 July 2014 , FC Krasnodar played its first-ever match in the UEFA Europa League , playing Estonian club Sillamäe Kalev . FC Krasnodar took a conclusive 4–0 victory . The second match between these teams was also won by Krasnodar ; the score was 5–0 . In the next round , FC Krasnodar faced Diósgyőr , winning both matches by 5–1 and 3–0 scorelines , respectively . In a draw for the playoff round , FC Krasnodar was unseeded , which brought them a much stronger opponent , Spanish club Real Sociedad . The first match against this club ended up in a 1–0 defeat , though FC Krasnodar won the second match 3–0 , taking them to the competitions group stage . The following year , Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games , and even pulled off a surprising 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with four wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , one draw ( 0–0 against PAOK ) and one loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 , and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game , and lost their home game 3–0 . Matches . - Notes - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round - R32 : Round of 32 - R16 : Round of 16 Stadium . The first stadium FC Krasnodar played its official matches at is Trud stadium . It is a 3,000-seat stadium situated in the southern part of Krasnodar city . The stadium was used in 2008 when FC Krasnodar was playing in the Second Division . But after promotion to the First Division the stadiums capacity ceased to be enough . Therefore , in 2009 FC Krasnodar had to move to Kuban Stadium ( the stadium which is also used by FC Kuban ) . In 2013 FC Krasnodar began to construct its own stadium with a capacity of 35,074 seats . The stadium project was created by English and German companies . The estimated cost of this stadium is €200 million . The stadium will meet the requirements for hosting international matches . Café , club shop , museum , nightclub , several banquet rooms , fitness room , business clubs and childrens room will be located inside the stadium . WFC Krasnodar , FC Krasnodar-2 and FC Krasnodar-3 . A professional farm club called FC Krasnodar-2 was founded in 2013 and participated in the Russian Professional Football League ( third tier ) . It was promoted to the second-tier Russian Football National League for the 2018–19 season , and formerly amateur FC Krasnodar-3 was licensed for the PFL . Youth academy . FC Krasnodar owns a network of youth football schools spread over 20 cities in two Russian regions – Krasnodar Krai and Adygea . The main school is situated in the eastern part of Krasnodar . The Academy infrastructure includes 10 football fields , a 3000-seat stadium , a medical rehabilitation center , a swimming pool , a sauna , and a gym . There is also a dining room , an assembly hall , offices and hotel rooms for students parents . The club owner Sergey Galitsky has stated that his goal is to compose the majority of the FC Krasnodar squad from locally trained players . Notable players . Had international caps for their respective countries . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Krasnodar . - Russia - Ari - Aleksei Bugayev - Vladimir Bystrov - Maksim Demenko - Daniil Fomin - Yury Gazinsky - Vladislav Ignatyev - Aleksei Ionov - Marat Izmailov - Ruslan Kambolov - Lyubomir Kantonistov - Nikolay Komlichenko - Stanislav Kritsyuk - Fyodor Kudryashov - Pavel Mamayev - Sergei Petrov - Matvei Safonov - Oleg Shatov - Roman Shirokov - Roman Shishkin - Igor Smolnikov - Fyodor Smolov - Yegor Sorokin - Dmitry Stotsky - Dmitri Torbinski - Roman Vorobyov - Renat Yanbayev - Aleksandr Yerokhin - Former USSR countries - Arsen Beglaryan - Yura Movsisyan - Marcos Pizzelli - Eduard Spertsyan - Syarhey Kislyak - Alyaksandr Kulchy - Alyaksandr Martynovich - Aleksandre Amisulashvili - Otar Martsvaladze - Tornike Okriashvili - Nukri Revishvili - Almir Mukhutdinov - Valeriu Ciupercă - Igor Picușceac - Denys Dedechko - Andriy Dykan - Odil Ahmedov - Europe - Ricardo Baiano - Ognjen Vranješ - Rémy Cabella - Vladimir Koman - Jón Guðni Fjóluson - Ragnar Sigurðsson - Nikola Drinčić - Tonny Vilhena - Stefan Strandberg - Artur Jędrzejczyk - Manuel Fernandes - Andrei Ivan - Dušan Anđelković - Mihailo Ristić - Uroš Spajić - Marcus Berg - Viktor Claesson - Andreas Granqvist - Kristoffer Olsson - Africa - Charles Kaboré - Ambroise Oyongo - Adolphe Teikeu - Moussa Konaté - South America - Cristian Ramírez - Christian Cueva Managers . - Notes : External links . - Official website |
[
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] | easy | Who coached the team FC Krasnodar from Jul 2018 to Jul 2019? | /wiki/FC_Krasnodar#P286#2 | FC Krasnodar FC Krasnodar is a Russian professional football club based in Krasnodar that plays in the Russian Premier League . The club was founded in 2008 . In 2009 , the club was promoted to the Russian First Division , the second highest division of the Russian football league system , despite finishing Zone South of Second Division in third . At the end of the 2010 season , they were promoted to the Russian Premier League for the 2011 season , despite finishing fifth in the first division . In May 2013 , FC Krasnodar began the construction of the 35,074-seat Krasnodar Stadium which was opened on 9 October 2016 . Until the stadium was completed , FC Krasnodar continued playing their home matches in the Kuban Stadium . History . The club owner and founder is Sergey Galitsky , a Russian businessman who has been rewarded by the Russian Football Union for his dedication to development of football in Russia . Early years . In February 2008 , FC Krasnodar had been granted professional status which allowed them enter Second Division ( the third tier of Russian professional football ) . Its first official match was a 0–0 draw against FC Nika Krasny Sulin . The team was at that time managed by Vladimir Volchek . FC Krasnodar finished third in the 2008 Second Division season . Although the third place does not grant promotion to the upper tier of Russian football league , FC Krasnodar had been invited by PFL to take part in the 2009 First Division tournament . This happened because SKA Rostov and Sportakademklub refused to take part in the tournament despite finishing high enough to avoid relegation . After being promoted , the club appointed Nurbiy Khakunov as manager . Krasnodar finished its debut First Division campaign tenth in the league table . In the next season , FC Krasnodar was managed by Sergei Tashuyev . In this year , the team faced another club from Krasnodar city , FC Kuban . The first match between the rival clubs took place on 12 June 2010 , where FC Kuban won 3–0 . The second match also granted no points to FC Krasnodar as they lost the game 0–1 . However the teams overall performance in this season had been more successful compared to previous year . They ended up 5th . Promotion to the Premier League . In December 2010 , FC Krasnodar signed a contract with Serbian manager Slavoljub Muslin . Before the start of the next season , FC Krasnodar got another promotion despite finishing fifth in the league . This happened because Saturn Ramenskoye , Nizhny Novgorod and KAMAZ declined to play in the Russian Premier League due to financial problems . On 25 January 2011 , the Premier League committee decided to replace FC Saturn with FC Krasnodar . After promotion to the Premier League , the team performed with mixed success . Both matches against perennial title contender CSKA Moscow ended in draws , which could be considered success considering the disparity between the twos squad strengths . However , in both matches against another top Premier League club in Spartak Moscow , the team conceded eight goals , losing away and home matches , 4–0 and 2–4 , respectively . Other notable matches FC Krasnodar played were the ones against FC Kuban ; matches between the two marked the first Premier League derby not involving Moscow-based clubs . In the first match , FC Krasnodar won 0–1 , though FC Kuban won the second match , 0–2 . During the season , club owner Sergey Galitsky stated that he was satisfied with his teams performance , also stating that he wants his team to play in a manner fascinating for spectators , and that he does not plan on buying expensive players ; instead , the club should evolve steadily , step by step . FC Krasnodar ultimately finished the 2011–12 season ninth in the league table . The teams second season in 2012–13 was less successful . The team lost all but one match against the eventual top-three teams in the league . FC Krasnodar ended the year in tenth , one of the likelier reasons that led the board to terminate manager Slavoljub Muslins contract . Muslin himself , however , stated that he was sacked because the club stopped investing into the club to improve its on-field performance . On 11 August 2013 , Belarusian coach Oleg Kononov was named manager of FC Krasnodar , with club management also bolstering the squad ahead of the 2013–14 season , with Ari , Artur Jędrzejczyk and Andreas Granqvist joining the club . These personnel changes awarded the club a top-five Premier League finish , making it eligible to compete in the UEFA Europa League for the first time in its history for 2014–15 . FC Krasnodar also advanced to the Russian Cup Final where the club was narrowly defeated by Rostov in a penalty shoot-out . FC Krasnodar successfully completed three Europa League qualification phases after defeating Sillamäe Kalev , Diósgyőr and Real Sociedad on aggregate . The team then advanced to the Group Stage , where they were drawn into Group H alongside Lille , Wolfsburg and Everton , eventually finishing third . The following year Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games and pulled off a 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with 4 wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , 1 draw ( 0–0 against PAOK and 1 loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game and lost a poor home game , 3–0 . Their 2019–20 season was marred by injuries . Viktor Claesson and Rémy Cabella suffered ACL tears ( Claesson missed whole season and Cabella played 12 games ) , Yury Gazinsky , Ari and Uroš Spajić all missed months of play . After eliminating Porto in the Champions League third qualifying round , they lost to Olympiacos 1–6 on aggregate in the play-off round . In the subsequent Europa League campaign , the club did not advance from group stage to the knock-out rounds . In the RPL , Krasnodar led the table early in the season , but finished the league in the 3rd spot , only qualifying for the Champions League qualifying rounds again ; however , they managed to qualify to the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in their history . They also became the only Russian team to advance from the group stage of UEFA competitions that season , before being eliminated in the Europa League Round of 32 by Dinamo Zagreb . On the domestic front , the 2020–21 Russian Premier League season was not very successful , as the club spent most of the season mid-table , they finished in 10th place and failed to qualify for European competition after 7 consecutive seasons of doing so . Late in the season , Murad Musayev resigned as manager and was replaced by Viktor Goncharenko . Achievements . Non-official . - Match Premier Cup : 1 European history . On 17 July 2014 , FC Krasnodar played its first-ever match in the UEFA Europa League , playing Estonian club Sillamäe Kalev . FC Krasnodar took a conclusive 4–0 victory . The second match between these teams was also won by Krasnodar ; the score was 5–0 . In the next round , FC Krasnodar faced Diósgyőr , winning both matches by 5–1 and 3–0 scorelines , respectively . In a draw for the playoff round , FC Krasnodar was unseeded , which brought them a much stronger opponent , Spanish club Real Sociedad . The first match against this club ended up in a 1–0 defeat , though FC Krasnodar won the second match 3–0 , taking them to the competitions group stage . The following year , Krasnodar got to the Europa League group stage for the second time in a row . Their group consisted of Borussia Dortmund , PAOK and Gabala . They won all their home games , and even pulled off a surprising 1–0 win against Dortmund . They finished first with four wins ( 1–0 against Dortmund , 2–1 against PAOK , 2–1 and 3–0 against Gabala ) , one draw ( 0–0 against PAOK ) and one loss ( 1–2 against Dortmund ) . They continued to the round of 32 , and were drawn against Sparta Prague . They lost 1–0 in their away game , and lost their home game 3–0 . Matches . - Notes - 2Q : Second qualifying round - 3Q : Third qualifying round - PO : Play-off round - R32 : Round of 32 - R16 : Round of 16 Stadium . The first stadium FC Krasnodar played its official matches at is Trud stadium . It is a 3,000-seat stadium situated in the southern part of Krasnodar city . The stadium was used in 2008 when FC Krasnodar was playing in the Second Division . But after promotion to the First Division the stadiums capacity ceased to be enough . Therefore , in 2009 FC Krasnodar had to move to Kuban Stadium ( the stadium which is also used by FC Kuban ) . In 2013 FC Krasnodar began to construct its own stadium with a capacity of 35,074 seats . The stadium project was created by English and German companies . The estimated cost of this stadium is €200 million . The stadium will meet the requirements for hosting international matches . Café , club shop , museum , nightclub , several banquet rooms , fitness room , business clubs and childrens room will be located inside the stadium . WFC Krasnodar , FC Krasnodar-2 and FC Krasnodar-3 . A professional farm club called FC Krasnodar-2 was founded in 2013 and participated in the Russian Professional Football League ( third tier ) . It was promoted to the second-tier Russian Football National League for the 2018–19 season , and formerly amateur FC Krasnodar-3 was licensed for the PFL . Youth academy . FC Krasnodar owns a network of youth football schools spread over 20 cities in two Russian regions – Krasnodar Krai and Adygea . The main school is situated in the eastern part of Krasnodar . The Academy infrastructure includes 10 football fields , a 3000-seat stadium , a medical rehabilitation center , a swimming pool , a sauna , and a gym . There is also a dining room , an assembly hall , offices and hotel rooms for students parents . The club owner Sergey Galitsky has stated that his goal is to compose the majority of the FC Krasnodar squad from locally trained players . Notable players . Had international caps for their respective countries . Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Krasnodar . - Russia - Ari - Aleksei Bugayev - Vladimir Bystrov - Maksim Demenko - Daniil Fomin - Yury Gazinsky - Vladislav Ignatyev - Aleksei Ionov - Marat Izmailov - Ruslan Kambolov - Lyubomir Kantonistov - Nikolay Komlichenko - Stanislav Kritsyuk - Fyodor Kudryashov - Pavel Mamayev - Sergei Petrov - Matvei Safonov - Oleg Shatov - Roman Shirokov - Roman Shishkin - Igor Smolnikov - Fyodor Smolov - Yegor Sorokin - Dmitry Stotsky - Dmitri Torbinski - Roman Vorobyov - Renat Yanbayev - Aleksandr Yerokhin - Former USSR countries - Arsen Beglaryan - Yura Movsisyan - Marcos Pizzelli - Eduard Spertsyan - Syarhey Kislyak - Alyaksandr Kulchy - Alyaksandr Martynovich - Aleksandre Amisulashvili - Otar Martsvaladze - Tornike Okriashvili - Nukri Revishvili - Almir Mukhutdinov - Valeriu Ciupercă - Igor Picușceac - Denys Dedechko - Andriy Dykan - Odil Ahmedov - Europe - Ricardo Baiano - Ognjen Vranješ - Rémy Cabella - Vladimir Koman - Jón Guðni Fjóluson - Ragnar Sigurðsson - Nikola Drinčić - Tonny Vilhena - Stefan Strandberg - Artur Jędrzejczyk - Manuel Fernandes - Andrei Ivan - Dušan Anđelković - Mihailo Ristić - Uroš Spajić - Marcus Berg - Viktor Claesson - Andreas Granqvist - Kristoffer Olsson - Africa - Charles Kaboré - Ambroise Oyongo - Adolphe Teikeu - Moussa Konaté - South America - Cristian Ramírez - Christian Cueva Managers . - Notes : External links . - Official website |
[
"Minister of Justice",
"Member of the House of Representatives"
] | easy | What was the position of Dries van Agt from Jul 1971 to May 1973? | /wiki/Dries_van_Agt#P39#0 | Dries van Agt Andreas Antonius Maria Dries van Agt ( ; born 2 February 1931 ) is a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982 . Van Agt studied Law at the Radboud University Nijmegen obtaining a Master of Laws degree and worked as a criminal defense lawyer in Eindhoven from September 1955 until December 1957 and as a civil servant at the Ministries of Agriculture and Fisheries and Justice from December 1957 until January 1968 . Van Agt worked as a professor of Criminal law and Criminal procedure at his alma mater from January 1968 until July 1971 and served as a judge at the district court of Arnhem from April 1970 until May 1971 . After the election of 1971 Van Agt was appointed as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Biesheuvel I and taking office on 6 July 1971 . Van Agt was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1972 serving from on 23 January 1973 until 22 April 1973 . Following the cabinet formation of 1973 Van Agt continued as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Den Uyl and also became Deputy Prime Minister taking office on 11 May 1973 . On 10 December 1976 Van Agt was selected as the first Leader and Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) of the newly formed Christian Democratic Appeal for the election of 1977 . After the election Van Agt returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the Parliamentary leader taking office on 8 June 1977 and subsequently resigned from the cabinet on 8 September 1977 . Following a successful cabinet formation with Liberal Leader Hans Wiegel Van Agt formed the Cabinet Van Agt I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office 19 December 1977 . For the election of 1981 Van Agt again served as Lijsttrekker and following a cabinet formation with his predecessor as Prime Minister Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Van Agt continuing as Prime Minister and also serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs taking office on 29 May 1982 . For the election of 1982 Van Agt once again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter unexpectedly announced he was stepping down as Leader and that he wouldnt serve another term as Prime Minister . Van Agt left office following the installation of the Cabinet Lubbers I on 4 November 1982 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a backbencher . Van Agt continued to be active in politics and in May 1983 was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of North Brabant taking office on 1 June 1983 . In December 1986 Van Agt was appointed as Ambassador of the European Union to Japan serving from 1 January 1987 until 1 January 1990 when he named as Ambassador of the European Union to the United States serving until 1 April 1995 . Van Agt retired from active politics at 64 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations , Peace and conflict studies and Governmental studies at the United Nations University , Kwansei Gakuin University , Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University from February 1996 until May 2004 . Following his retirement Van Agt continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for the Anti-war movement , Human Rights and the Two-State solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Van Agt was known for his abilities as a skillful Debater and negotiator . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for several major public sector and civil service reforms and further reducing the deficit following the recession in the 1980s . Van Agt continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he suffered a major stroke in May 2019 which forced him to undergo rehabilitation . He holds the distinction as the oldest living and earliest serving former Prime Minister following the death of Piet de Jong in July 2016 and his premiership is consistently considered both by scholars and the public to have been average . Early life . Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born on 2 February 1931 in Geldrop in the Netherlands Province of North Brabant in a Roman Catholic family . After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the Augustinianum he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen , where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955 . After graduating , he practiced law in Eindhoven until 1957 , after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries until 1962 . From 1962 to 1968 , he worked for the Ministry of Justice . Politics . Minister and Deputy Prime Minister . Van Agt entered politics as a member of the Catholic Peoples Party , which merged with the other two major Christian Democratic parties in 1980 to form the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) . From 1968 to 1971 , Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen . From 1971 to 1973 , he was Minister of Justice in the government of Barend Biesheuvel . He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons in 1972 . From 1973 to 1977 he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in the government of Joop den Uyl . Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal . In 1976 , Van Agt was elected the first Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , then still a federation of the three religious parties Christian Historical Union , Catholic Peoples Party and Anti-Revolutionary Party , which first ran in 1977 with a united list ( the merger followed in 1980 ) . With Van Agt as top candidate , the Christian Democratic Appeal reversed in 1977 years of decline to return to power . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt I . In the parliamentary elections of May 1977 the Labour Party obtained their largest number of seats , so a second Den Uyl coalition looked likely . However , the tension between the Catholic Peoples Party and the Labour Party in the last reign , combined with the fact that a coalition between Christian Democratic Appeal and the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy was possible , the talks failed after a period of seven months . Eventually Van Agt negotiated a deal with Hans Wiegel , leader of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy . From 19 December 1977 to 11 September 1981 Van Agt was Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt I . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt II . In 1981 , the Christian Democratic Appeal , Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and Labour Party lost parliamentary seats , so a continuation of a Christian Democratic Appeal-Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy coalition was not possible . Van Agt , leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , was forced to go in coalition with the Labour Party . Also Democrats 66 ( which , under Jan Terlouw gained a significant number of seats ) participated in the coalition talks , after 3 months of difficult negotiations that resulted in the Cabinet Van Agt II ( 11 September 1981 – 29 May 1982 ) . In this composition Van Agt worked with Joop den Uyl again as Den Uyl was made Deputy Prime Minister and super minister of Social Affairs and Employment . The characterological and political differences led to several divisions , and in May 1982 the government fell . The personal strife between Van Agt and Den Uyl were so deteriorated that when Den Uyl died from a brain tumor in 1987 , Van Agt was not invited to the memorial by the family . Den Uyls wife Liesbeth argued that Van Agt had prevented the second Den Uyl coalition from forming in 1977 . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt III . The caretaker government went through as a minority cabinet , with only ministers from the parties Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 , in the Cabinet Van Agt III . For replacing the six Labour Party ministers , five new Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 ministers were in place , while van Agt in the cabinet , as well as being Prime Minister was also Minister of Foreign Affairs . New parliamentary elections were organized for September 1982 . Although Van Agt , by this point was worn out , he was persuaded again to be Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal but shortly after the election he withdrew as a candidate for prime minister and was succeeded by Ruud Lubbers . After politics . Diplomat . Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the European Community to Japan from 1987 to 1990 and to the United States from 1990 to 1995 . From 1995 to 1996 , he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Kyoto . Professor . He is currently Prime Counsellor for the International Forum for Justice and Peace , a foundation under Dutch law , registered at the Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam . Chaired by retired international businessman Ben Smoes , they are currently focused on justice and peace in regard to the Israel/Palestine conflict Activist . Van Agt lectured in May 2006 in Cairo at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades , becoming more hostile to religion , including Islam . Muslims , he argued , need to understand those changes to be able to respond better to European criticism on Islam and the Muslim world . Van Agt has also spoken against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the Center for Arab-West Understanding ( CAWU ) the NGO status . He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so . The Egyptian Council of State , after van Agts visit to Cairo in 2006 , ruled on 18 February 2007 that the center should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law , ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status . Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status to discourage political participation . Cornelis Hulsman , a Dutch sociologist , the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report , and the head of CAWU , stated that van Agts effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals , which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes . For some years he has taken an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East , resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians . When in office , van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel , but after he stepped down in 1982 he changed his mind . According to his own words an important turning point was a visit at the late nineties at Bethlehem University on the Israeli-occupied West Bank . He has accused Israel of state terrorism and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into bantustans . In 2012 , Van Agt said that Jews should have a state in Germany instead of Israel . In September 2016 , in reference to the visit of Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netenyahu to the Netherlands , van Agt argued that the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the building of settlements there constituted a war crime under the Rome Statute and suggested that Netenyahu should have been sent to the International Criminal Court . Personal life . Van Agt is known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing , as well as for his love for cycling . He married his wife Eugenie Krekelberg in 1958 , and they have three children and seven grandchildren . In 2012 , he joined the Advisory Board of the International Museum for Family History . External links . - Official - Mr . A.A.M . ( Dries ) van Agt Parlement & Politiek - Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid |
[
"Minister of Justice",
"Deputy Prime Minister"
] | easy | Dries van Agt took which position from May 1973 to Sep 1977? | /wiki/Dries_van_Agt#P39#1 | Dries van Agt Andreas Antonius Maria Dries van Agt ( ; born 2 February 1931 ) is a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982 . Van Agt studied Law at the Radboud University Nijmegen obtaining a Master of Laws degree and worked as a criminal defense lawyer in Eindhoven from September 1955 until December 1957 and as a civil servant at the Ministries of Agriculture and Fisheries and Justice from December 1957 until January 1968 . Van Agt worked as a professor of Criminal law and Criminal procedure at his alma mater from January 1968 until July 1971 and served as a judge at the district court of Arnhem from April 1970 until May 1971 . After the election of 1971 Van Agt was appointed as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Biesheuvel I and taking office on 6 July 1971 . Van Agt was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1972 serving from on 23 January 1973 until 22 April 1973 . Following the cabinet formation of 1973 Van Agt continued as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Den Uyl and also became Deputy Prime Minister taking office on 11 May 1973 . On 10 December 1976 Van Agt was selected as the first Leader and Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) of the newly formed Christian Democratic Appeal for the election of 1977 . After the election Van Agt returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the Parliamentary leader taking office on 8 June 1977 and subsequently resigned from the cabinet on 8 September 1977 . Following a successful cabinet formation with Liberal Leader Hans Wiegel Van Agt formed the Cabinet Van Agt I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office 19 December 1977 . For the election of 1981 Van Agt again served as Lijsttrekker and following a cabinet formation with his predecessor as Prime Minister Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Van Agt continuing as Prime Minister and also serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs taking office on 29 May 1982 . For the election of 1982 Van Agt once again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter unexpectedly announced he was stepping down as Leader and that he wouldnt serve another term as Prime Minister . Van Agt left office following the installation of the Cabinet Lubbers I on 4 November 1982 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a backbencher . Van Agt continued to be active in politics and in May 1983 was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of North Brabant taking office on 1 June 1983 . In December 1986 Van Agt was appointed as Ambassador of the European Union to Japan serving from 1 January 1987 until 1 January 1990 when he named as Ambassador of the European Union to the United States serving until 1 April 1995 . Van Agt retired from active politics at 64 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations , Peace and conflict studies and Governmental studies at the United Nations University , Kwansei Gakuin University , Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University from February 1996 until May 2004 . Following his retirement Van Agt continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for the Anti-war movement , Human Rights and the Two-State solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Van Agt was known for his abilities as a skillful Debater and negotiator . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for several major public sector and civil service reforms and further reducing the deficit following the recession in the 1980s . Van Agt continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he suffered a major stroke in May 2019 which forced him to undergo rehabilitation . He holds the distinction as the oldest living and earliest serving former Prime Minister following the death of Piet de Jong in July 2016 and his premiership is consistently considered both by scholars and the public to have been average . Early life . Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born on 2 February 1931 in Geldrop in the Netherlands Province of North Brabant in a Roman Catholic family . After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the Augustinianum he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen , where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955 . After graduating , he practiced law in Eindhoven until 1957 , after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries until 1962 . From 1962 to 1968 , he worked for the Ministry of Justice . Politics . Minister and Deputy Prime Minister . Van Agt entered politics as a member of the Catholic Peoples Party , which merged with the other two major Christian Democratic parties in 1980 to form the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) . From 1968 to 1971 , Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen . From 1971 to 1973 , he was Minister of Justice in the government of Barend Biesheuvel . He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons in 1972 . From 1973 to 1977 he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in the government of Joop den Uyl . Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal . In 1976 , Van Agt was elected the first Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , then still a federation of the three religious parties Christian Historical Union , Catholic Peoples Party and Anti-Revolutionary Party , which first ran in 1977 with a united list ( the merger followed in 1980 ) . With Van Agt as top candidate , the Christian Democratic Appeal reversed in 1977 years of decline to return to power . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt I . In the parliamentary elections of May 1977 the Labour Party obtained their largest number of seats , so a second Den Uyl coalition looked likely . However , the tension between the Catholic Peoples Party and the Labour Party in the last reign , combined with the fact that a coalition between Christian Democratic Appeal and the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy was possible , the talks failed after a period of seven months . Eventually Van Agt negotiated a deal with Hans Wiegel , leader of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy . From 19 December 1977 to 11 September 1981 Van Agt was Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt I . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt II . In 1981 , the Christian Democratic Appeal , Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and Labour Party lost parliamentary seats , so a continuation of a Christian Democratic Appeal-Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy coalition was not possible . Van Agt , leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , was forced to go in coalition with the Labour Party . Also Democrats 66 ( which , under Jan Terlouw gained a significant number of seats ) participated in the coalition talks , after 3 months of difficult negotiations that resulted in the Cabinet Van Agt II ( 11 September 1981 – 29 May 1982 ) . In this composition Van Agt worked with Joop den Uyl again as Den Uyl was made Deputy Prime Minister and super minister of Social Affairs and Employment . The characterological and political differences led to several divisions , and in May 1982 the government fell . The personal strife between Van Agt and Den Uyl were so deteriorated that when Den Uyl died from a brain tumor in 1987 , Van Agt was not invited to the memorial by the family . Den Uyls wife Liesbeth argued that Van Agt had prevented the second Den Uyl coalition from forming in 1977 . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt III . The caretaker government went through as a minority cabinet , with only ministers from the parties Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 , in the Cabinet Van Agt III . For replacing the six Labour Party ministers , five new Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 ministers were in place , while van Agt in the cabinet , as well as being Prime Minister was also Minister of Foreign Affairs . New parliamentary elections were organized for September 1982 . Although Van Agt , by this point was worn out , he was persuaded again to be Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal but shortly after the election he withdrew as a candidate for prime minister and was succeeded by Ruud Lubbers . After politics . Diplomat . Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the European Community to Japan from 1987 to 1990 and to the United States from 1990 to 1995 . From 1995 to 1996 , he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Kyoto . Professor . He is currently Prime Counsellor for the International Forum for Justice and Peace , a foundation under Dutch law , registered at the Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam . Chaired by retired international businessman Ben Smoes , they are currently focused on justice and peace in regard to the Israel/Palestine conflict Activist . Van Agt lectured in May 2006 in Cairo at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades , becoming more hostile to religion , including Islam . Muslims , he argued , need to understand those changes to be able to respond better to European criticism on Islam and the Muslim world . Van Agt has also spoken against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the Center for Arab-West Understanding ( CAWU ) the NGO status . He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so . The Egyptian Council of State , after van Agts visit to Cairo in 2006 , ruled on 18 February 2007 that the center should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law , ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status . Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status to discourage political participation . Cornelis Hulsman , a Dutch sociologist , the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report , and the head of CAWU , stated that van Agts effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals , which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes . For some years he has taken an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East , resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians . When in office , van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel , but after he stepped down in 1982 he changed his mind . According to his own words an important turning point was a visit at the late nineties at Bethlehem University on the Israeli-occupied West Bank . He has accused Israel of state terrorism and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into bantustans . In 2012 , Van Agt said that Jews should have a state in Germany instead of Israel . In September 2016 , in reference to the visit of Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netenyahu to the Netherlands , van Agt argued that the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the building of settlements there constituted a war crime under the Rome Statute and suggested that Netenyahu should have been sent to the International Criminal Court . Personal life . Van Agt is known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing , as well as for his love for cycling . He married his wife Eugenie Krekelberg in 1958 , and they have three children and seven grandchildren . In 2012 , he joined the Advisory Board of the International Museum for Family History . External links . - Official - Mr . A.A.M . ( Dries ) van Agt Parlement & Politiek - Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid |
[
"Prime Minister of the Netherlands"
] | easy | Dries van Agt took which position from Dec 1977 to Sep 1982? | /wiki/Dries_van_Agt#P39#2 | Dries van Agt Andreas Antonius Maria Dries van Agt ( ; born 2 February 1931 ) is a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982 . Van Agt studied Law at the Radboud University Nijmegen obtaining a Master of Laws degree and worked as a criminal defense lawyer in Eindhoven from September 1955 until December 1957 and as a civil servant at the Ministries of Agriculture and Fisheries and Justice from December 1957 until January 1968 . Van Agt worked as a professor of Criminal law and Criminal procedure at his alma mater from January 1968 until July 1971 and served as a judge at the district court of Arnhem from April 1970 until May 1971 . After the election of 1971 Van Agt was appointed as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Biesheuvel I and taking office on 6 July 1971 . Van Agt was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1972 serving from on 23 January 1973 until 22 April 1973 . Following the cabinet formation of 1973 Van Agt continued as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Den Uyl and also became Deputy Prime Minister taking office on 11 May 1973 . On 10 December 1976 Van Agt was selected as the first Leader and Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) of the newly formed Christian Democratic Appeal for the election of 1977 . After the election Van Agt returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the Parliamentary leader taking office on 8 June 1977 and subsequently resigned from the cabinet on 8 September 1977 . Following a successful cabinet formation with Liberal Leader Hans Wiegel Van Agt formed the Cabinet Van Agt I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office 19 December 1977 . For the election of 1981 Van Agt again served as Lijsttrekker and following a cabinet formation with his predecessor as Prime Minister Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Van Agt continuing as Prime Minister and also serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs taking office on 29 May 1982 . For the election of 1982 Van Agt once again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter unexpectedly announced he was stepping down as Leader and that he wouldnt serve another term as Prime Minister . Van Agt left office following the installation of the Cabinet Lubbers I on 4 November 1982 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a backbencher . Van Agt continued to be active in politics and in May 1983 was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of North Brabant taking office on 1 June 1983 . In December 1986 Van Agt was appointed as Ambassador of the European Union to Japan serving from 1 January 1987 until 1 January 1990 when he named as Ambassador of the European Union to the United States serving until 1 April 1995 . Van Agt retired from active politics at 64 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations , Peace and conflict studies and Governmental studies at the United Nations University , Kwansei Gakuin University , Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University from February 1996 until May 2004 . Following his retirement Van Agt continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for the Anti-war movement , Human Rights and the Two-State solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Van Agt was known for his abilities as a skillful Debater and negotiator . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for several major public sector and civil service reforms and further reducing the deficit following the recession in the 1980s . Van Agt continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he suffered a major stroke in May 2019 which forced him to undergo rehabilitation . He holds the distinction as the oldest living and earliest serving former Prime Minister following the death of Piet de Jong in July 2016 and his premiership is consistently considered both by scholars and the public to have been average . Early life . Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born on 2 February 1931 in Geldrop in the Netherlands Province of North Brabant in a Roman Catholic family . After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the Augustinianum he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen , where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955 . After graduating , he practiced law in Eindhoven until 1957 , after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries until 1962 . From 1962 to 1968 , he worked for the Ministry of Justice . Politics . Minister and Deputy Prime Minister . Van Agt entered politics as a member of the Catholic Peoples Party , which merged with the other two major Christian Democratic parties in 1980 to form the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) . From 1968 to 1971 , Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen . From 1971 to 1973 , he was Minister of Justice in the government of Barend Biesheuvel . He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons in 1972 . From 1973 to 1977 he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in the government of Joop den Uyl . Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal . In 1976 , Van Agt was elected the first Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , then still a federation of the three religious parties Christian Historical Union , Catholic Peoples Party and Anti-Revolutionary Party , which first ran in 1977 with a united list ( the merger followed in 1980 ) . With Van Agt as top candidate , the Christian Democratic Appeal reversed in 1977 years of decline to return to power . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt I . In the parliamentary elections of May 1977 the Labour Party obtained their largest number of seats , so a second Den Uyl coalition looked likely . However , the tension between the Catholic Peoples Party and the Labour Party in the last reign , combined with the fact that a coalition between Christian Democratic Appeal and the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy was possible , the talks failed after a period of seven months . Eventually Van Agt negotiated a deal with Hans Wiegel , leader of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy . From 19 December 1977 to 11 September 1981 Van Agt was Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt I . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt II . In 1981 , the Christian Democratic Appeal , Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and Labour Party lost parliamentary seats , so a continuation of a Christian Democratic Appeal-Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy coalition was not possible . Van Agt , leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , was forced to go in coalition with the Labour Party . Also Democrats 66 ( which , under Jan Terlouw gained a significant number of seats ) participated in the coalition talks , after 3 months of difficult negotiations that resulted in the Cabinet Van Agt II ( 11 September 1981 – 29 May 1982 ) . In this composition Van Agt worked with Joop den Uyl again as Den Uyl was made Deputy Prime Minister and super minister of Social Affairs and Employment . The characterological and political differences led to several divisions , and in May 1982 the government fell . The personal strife between Van Agt and Den Uyl were so deteriorated that when Den Uyl died from a brain tumor in 1987 , Van Agt was not invited to the memorial by the family . Den Uyls wife Liesbeth argued that Van Agt had prevented the second Den Uyl coalition from forming in 1977 . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt III . The caretaker government went through as a minority cabinet , with only ministers from the parties Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 , in the Cabinet Van Agt III . For replacing the six Labour Party ministers , five new Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 ministers were in place , while van Agt in the cabinet , as well as being Prime Minister was also Minister of Foreign Affairs . New parliamentary elections were organized for September 1982 . Although Van Agt , by this point was worn out , he was persuaded again to be Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal but shortly after the election he withdrew as a candidate for prime minister and was succeeded by Ruud Lubbers . After politics . Diplomat . Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the European Community to Japan from 1987 to 1990 and to the United States from 1990 to 1995 . From 1995 to 1996 , he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Kyoto . Professor . He is currently Prime Counsellor for the International Forum for Justice and Peace , a foundation under Dutch law , registered at the Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam . Chaired by retired international businessman Ben Smoes , they are currently focused on justice and peace in regard to the Israel/Palestine conflict Activist . Van Agt lectured in May 2006 in Cairo at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades , becoming more hostile to religion , including Islam . Muslims , he argued , need to understand those changes to be able to respond better to European criticism on Islam and the Muslim world . Van Agt has also spoken against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the Center for Arab-West Understanding ( CAWU ) the NGO status . He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so . The Egyptian Council of State , after van Agts visit to Cairo in 2006 , ruled on 18 February 2007 that the center should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law , ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status . Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status to discourage political participation . Cornelis Hulsman , a Dutch sociologist , the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report , and the head of CAWU , stated that van Agts effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals , which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes . For some years he has taken an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East , resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians . When in office , van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel , but after he stepped down in 1982 he changed his mind . According to his own words an important turning point was a visit at the late nineties at Bethlehem University on the Israeli-occupied West Bank . He has accused Israel of state terrorism and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into bantustans . In 2012 , Van Agt said that Jews should have a state in Germany instead of Israel . In September 2016 , in reference to the visit of Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netenyahu to the Netherlands , van Agt argued that the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the building of settlements there constituted a war crime under the Rome Statute and suggested that Netenyahu should have been sent to the International Criminal Court . Personal life . Van Agt is known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing , as well as for his love for cycling . He married his wife Eugenie Krekelberg in 1958 , and they have three children and seven grandchildren . In 2012 , he joined the Advisory Board of the International Museum for Family History . External links . - Official - Mr . A.A.M . ( Dries ) van Agt Parlement & Politiek - Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid |
[
"Member of the House of Representatives"
] | easy | What was the position of Dries van Agt from Sep 1982 to Jun 1983? | /wiki/Dries_van_Agt#P39#3 | Dries van Agt Andreas Antonius Maria Dries van Agt ( ; born 2 February 1931 ) is a Dutch politician and diplomat of the defunct Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) and later the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982 . Van Agt studied Law at the Radboud University Nijmegen obtaining a Master of Laws degree and worked as a criminal defense lawyer in Eindhoven from September 1955 until December 1957 and as a civil servant at the Ministries of Agriculture and Fisheries and Justice from December 1957 until January 1968 . Van Agt worked as a professor of Criminal law and Criminal procedure at his alma mater from January 1968 until July 1971 and served as a judge at the district court of Arnhem from April 1970 until May 1971 . After the election of 1971 Van Agt was appointed as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Biesheuvel I and taking office on 6 July 1971 . Van Agt was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1972 serving from on 23 January 1973 until 22 April 1973 . Following the cabinet formation of 1973 Van Agt continued as Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Den Uyl and also became Deputy Prime Minister taking office on 11 May 1973 . On 10 December 1976 Van Agt was selected as the first Leader and Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) of the newly formed Christian Democratic Appeal for the election of 1977 . After the election Van Agt returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the Parliamentary leader taking office on 8 June 1977 and subsequently resigned from the cabinet on 8 September 1977 . Following a successful cabinet formation with Liberal Leader Hans Wiegel Van Agt formed the Cabinet Van Agt I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office 19 December 1977 . For the election of 1981 Van Agt again served as Lijsttrekker and following a cabinet formation with his predecessor as Prime Minister Labour Leader Joop den Uyl formed the Cabinet Van Agt II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . The cabinet fell just seven months into its term and was replaced with the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III with Van Agt continuing as Prime Minister and also serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs taking office on 29 May 1982 . For the election of 1982 Van Agt once again served as Lijsttrekker but shortly thereafter unexpectedly announced he was stepping down as Leader and that he wouldnt serve another term as Prime Minister . Van Agt left office following the installation of the Cabinet Lubbers I on 4 November 1982 but continued to serve in the House of Representatives as a backbencher . Van Agt continued to be active in politics and in May 1983 was nominated as the next Queens Commissioner of North Brabant taking office on 1 June 1983 . In December 1986 Van Agt was appointed as Ambassador of the European Union to Japan serving from 1 January 1987 until 1 January 1990 when he named as Ambassador of the European Union to the United States serving until 1 April 1995 . Van Agt retired from active politics at 64 and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations , Peace and conflict studies and Governmental studies at the United Nations University , Kwansei Gakuin University , Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University from February 1996 until May 2004 . Following his retirement Van Agt continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for the Anti-war movement , Human Rights and the Two-State solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . Van Agt was known for his abilities as a skillful Debater and negotiator . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for several major public sector and civil service reforms and further reducing the deficit following the recession in the 1980s . Van Agt continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he suffered a major stroke in May 2019 which forced him to undergo rehabilitation . He holds the distinction as the oldest living and earliest serving former Prime Minister following the death of Piet de Jong in July 2016 and his premiership is consistently considered both by scholars and the public to have been average . Early life . Andreas Antonius Maria van Agt was born on 2 February 1931 in Geldrop in the Netherlands Province of North Brabant in a Roman Catholic family . After receiving his diploma Gymnasium-A at the Augustinianum he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen , where he received his Doctorate in Law in 1955 . After graduating , he practiced law in Eindhoven until 1957 , after which he worked in the office of legal and business affairs of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries until 1962 . From 1962 to 1968 , he worked for the Ministry of Justice . Politics . Minister and Deputy Prime Minister . Van Agt entered politics as a member of the Catholic Peoples Party , which merged with the other two major Christian Democratic parties in 1980 to form the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) . From 1968 to 1971 , Van Agt was Professor of Criminal Law at the Catholic University of Nijmegen . From 1971 to 1973 , he was Minister of Justice in the government of Barend Biesheuvel . He caused outrage when he tried to pardon the last three Nazi war criminals still in Dutch prisons in 1972 . From 1973 to 1977 he was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Justice in the government of Joop den Uyl . Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal . In 1976 , Van Agt was elected the first Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , then still a federation of the three religious parties Christian Historical Union , Catholic Peoples Party and Anti-Revolutionary Party , which first ran in 1977 with a united list ( the merger followed in 1980 ) . With Van Agt as top candidate , the Christian Democratic Appeal reversed in 1977 years of decline to return to power . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt I . In the parliamentary elections of May 1977 the Labour Party obtained their largest number of seats , so a second Den Uyl coalition looked likely . However , the tension between the Catholic Peoples Party and the Labour Party in the last reign , combined with the fact that a coalition between Christian Democratic Appeal and the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy was possible , the talks failed after a period of seven months . Eventually Van Agt negotiated a deal with Hans Wiegel , leader of the Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy . From 19 December 1977 to 11 September 1981 Van Agt was Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt I . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt II . In 1981 , the Christian Democratic Appeal , Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy and Labour Party lost parliamentary seats , so a continuation of a Christian Democratic Appeal-Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy coalition was not possible . Van Agt , leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal , was forced to go in coalition with the Labour Party . Also Democrats 66 ( which , under Jan Terlouw gained a significant number of seats ) participated in the coalition talks , after 3 months of difficult negotiations that resulted in the Cabinet Van Agt II ( 11 September 1981 – 29 May 1982 ) . In this composition Van Agt worked with Joop den Uyl again as Den Uyl was made Deputy Prime Minister and super minister of Social Affairs and Employment . The characterological and political differences led to several divisions , and in May 1982 the government fell . The personal strife between Van Agt and Den Uyl were so deteriorated that when Den Uyl died from a brain tumor in 1987 , Van Agt was not invited to the memorial by the family . Den Uyls wife Liesbeth argued that Van Agt had prevented the second Den Uyl coalition from forming in 1977 . Prime Minister in the Cabinet Van Agt III . The caretaker government went through as a minority cabinet , with only ministers from the parties Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 , in the Cabinet Van Agt III . For replacing the six Labour Party ministers , five new Christian Democratic Appeal and Democrats 66 ministers were in place , while van Agt in the cabinet , as well as being Prime Minister was also Minister of Foreign Affairs . New parliamentary elections were organized for September 1982 . Although Van Agt , by this point was worn out , he was persuaded again to be Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal but shortly after the election he withdrew as a candidate for prime minister and was succeeded by Ruud Lubbers . After politics . Diplomat . Dries van Agt served as Ambassador of the European Community to Japan from 1987 to 1990 and to the United States from 1990 to 1995 . From 1995 to 1996 , he was a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the University of Kyoto . Professor . He is currently Prime Counsellor for the International Forum for Justice and Peace , a foundation under Dutch law , registered at the Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam . Chaired by retired international businessman Ben Smoes , they are currently focused on justice and peace in regard to the Israel/Palestine conflict Activist . Van Agt lectured in May 2006 in Cairo at the invitation of the Egyptian electronic magazine Arab-West Report about great changes in the cultural climate of north-western Europe in the past decades , becoming more hostile to religion , including Islam . Muslims , he argued , need to understand those changes to be able to respond better to European criticism on Islam and the Muslim world . Van Agt has also spoken against the Council of State in Egypt for continuous delay in granting the Center for Arab-West Understanding ( CAWU ) the NGO status . He met with prominent figures in Egypt to persuade them to do so . The Egyptian Council of State , after van Agts visit to Cairo in 2006 , ruled on 18 February 2007 that the center should be recognized as an NGO under Egyptian law , ending its three-year struggle to obtain this status . Egypt is known for its reluctance in granting NGO status to discourage political participation . Cornelis Hulsman , a Dutch sociologist , the editor-in-chief of Arab-West Report , and the head of CAWU , stated that van Agts effort significantly impacted the realization of their goals , which usually requires a lengthy amount of time and scrutiny in its political purposes . For some years he has taken an outspoken stance regarding the Middle East , resulting in a fierce criticism of the policies undertaken by the government of Israel with regard to the Palestinians . When in office , van Agt was a staunch supporter of Israel , but after he stepped down in 1982 he changed his mind . According to his own words an important turning point was a visit at the late nineties at Bethlehem University on the Israeli-occupied West Bank . He has accused Israel of state terrorism and turning the Palestinian Authority territories into bantustans . In 2012 , Van Agt said that Jews should have a state in Germany instead of Israel . In September 2016 , in reference to the visit of Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netenyahu to the Netherlands , van Agt argued that the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the building of settlements there constituted a war crime under the Rome Statute and suggested that Netenyahu should have been sent to the International Criminal Court . Personal life . Van Agt is known for his use of archaic language and complicated phrasing , as well as for his love for cycling . He married his wife Eugenie Krekelberg in 1958 , and they have three children and seven grandchildren . In 2012 , he joined the Advisory Board of the International Museum for Family History . External links . - Official - Mr . A.A.M . ( Dries ) van Agt Parlement & Politiek - Kabinet-Van Agt I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Van Agt III Rijksoverheid |
[
"Spanish Real Academia de la Historia"
] | easy | Who did Geoffrey Parker (historian) work for from 1986 to 1993? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)#P108#0 | Geoffrey Parker ( historian ) Noel Geoffrey Parker ( born Nottingham , United Kingdom , 25 December 1943 ) is an English historian specialising in the history of Western Europe , Spain , and warfare during the early modern era . His best known book is The Military Revolution : Military Innovation and the Rise of the West , 1500–1800 , first published by Cambridge University Press in 1988 . He holds his BA , MA , PhD , and LittD degrees from Cambridge University where he studied under the historian Sir John Elliott . Parker has taught at the University of Illinois , the University of St Andrews , and Yale University . He is currently the Andreas Dorpalen Professor of History at the Ohio State University . Parker was a consultant and main contributor on the BBC series , Armada : 12 Days to Save England . Honours . Parker is a Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) . He is a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( FRSE ) . In 2014 , Parker was awarded the British Academy Medal for his book Global Crisis : War , Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century . Amongst the foreign honours he holds , he is a member of the Order of Alfonso X the Wise and was granted the Great Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Spanish government . He has received honorary doctorates from the Catholic University of Brussels ( Belgium ) and the University of Burgos ( Spain ) . He is also a corresponding member of the Spanish Real Academia de la Historia ( since 1987 ) , and member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2005 . In 2012 he was awarded the Dr . A . H . Heineken Prize for History by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for his outstanding scholarship on the social , political and military history of Europe between 1500 and 1650 , in particular Spain , Philip II , and the Dutch Revolt ; for his contribution to military history in general ; and for his research on the role of climate in world history . In 1999 , he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History . Major works . - Guide to the Archives of the Spanish Institutions in or concerned with the Netherlands ( 1556–1706 ) . Brussels , 1971 . ( Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique , numéro spécial 3 ) . - The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road , 1567–1659 : The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries Wars . Cambridge University Press , 1972 ( 2nd ed . 2004 ) . - Military Revolution , 1560–1660 : A Myth ? The Journal of Modern History 48 , no . 2 ( June 1976 ) : 195–214 . - The Dutch Revolt . London : Allen Lane , 1977 . - ( with Angela Parker ) European Soldiers , 1550–1650 . Cambridge University Press , 1977 . - Philip II . Boston : Little , Brown , 1978 . - ( Joint editor ) The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century . London : Routledge , 1978 ( 2nd ed . 1997 ) . - Europe in Crisis , 1598–1648 . Cornell University Press , 1979 ( 2nd ed . 2001 ) . - Spain and the Netherlands : Ten Studies . Short Hills : Enslow Publishers , 1979 . - ( Editor ) The Thirty Years War . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1984 . - Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century . London : Croom Helm , 1985 . - ( With Colin Martin ) The Spanish Armada . New York : W.W . Norton , 1988 . - Why the Armada Failed . The Quarterly Journal of Military History 1 , no . 1 ( Autumn 1988 ) . - Spain and the Netherlands , 1559–1659 . Ten Studies , 2nd ed . Fontana , 1990 . - ( Joint editor ) The Times History of the World , 3rd ed . London , 1995 . - The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare : The Triumph of the West . Cambridge University Press , 1995 ( rev . 2008 ) - The Military Revolution : Military Innovation and the Rise of the West , 1500–1800 . Cambridge University Press , 1988 ( rev . ed . 1996 ) . - ( co-written with Robert Cowley ) The Readers Companion to Military History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 . - The Grand Strategy of Philip II . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1998 . - Empire , War and Faith in Early Modern Europe . London : Allen Lane , 2002 . - ( Editor ) The Cambridge History of Warfare . New York , Cambridge University Press , 2005 ( rev . ed . 2020 ) - Felipe II : La biografía definitiva . Barcelona : Editorial Planeta , 2010 . - Global Crisis : War , Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2013 . - Imprudent King : A New Life of Philip II . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2014 . - Emperor : A New Life of Charles V . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2019 . |
[
""
] | easy | Who did Geoffrey Parker (historian) work for from 1993 to 1998? | /wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)#P108#1 | Geoffrey Parker ( historian ) Noel Geoffrey Parker ( born Nottingham , United Kingdom , 25 December 1943 ) is an English historian specialising in the history of Western Europe , Spain , and warfare during the early modern era . His best known book is The Military Revolution : Military Innovation and the Rise of the West , 1500–1800 , first published by Cambridge University Press in 1988 . He holds his BA , MA , PhD , and LittD degrees from Cambridge University where he studied under the historian Sir John Elliott . Parker has taught at the University of Illinois , the University of St Andrews , and Yale University . He is currently the Andreas Dorpalen Professor of History at the Ohio State University . Parker was a consultant and main contributor on the BBC series , Armada : 12 Days to Save England . Honours . Parker is a Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) . He is a Corresponding Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( FRSE ) . In 2014 , Parker was awarded the British Academy Medal for his book Global Crisis : War , Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century . Amongst the foreign honours he holds , he is a member of the Order of Alfonso X the Wise and was granted the Great Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Spanish government . He has received honorary doctorates from the Catholic University of Brussels ( Belgium ) and the University of Burgos ( Spain ) . He is also a corresponding member of the Spanish Real Academia de la Historia ( since 1987 ) , and member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2005 . In 2012 he was awarded the Dr . A . H . Heineken Prize for History by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for his outstanding scholarship on the social , political and military history of Europe between 1500 and 1650 , in particular Spain , Philip II , and the Dutch Revolt ; for his contribution to military history in general ; and for his research on the role of climate in world history . In 1999 , he was awarded the Samuel Eliot Morison Prize for lifetime achievement given by the Society for Military History . Major works . - Guide to the Archives of the Spanish Institutions in or concerned with the Netherlands ( 1556–1706 ) . Brussels , 1971 . ( Archives et Bibliothèques de Belgique , numéro spécial 3 ) . - The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road , 1567–1659 : The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries Wars . Cambridge University Press , 1972 ( 2nd ed . 2004 ) . - Military Revolution , 1560–1660 : A Myth ? The Journal of Modern History 48 , no . 2 ( June 1976 ) : 195–214 . - The Dutch Revolt . London : Allen Lane , 1977 . - ( with Angela Parker ) European Soldiers , 1550–1650 . Cambridge University Press , 1977 . - Philip II . Boston : Little , Brown , 1978 . - ( Joint editor ) The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century . London : Routledge , 1978 ( 2nd ed . 1997 ) . - Europe in Crisis , 1598–1648 . Cornell University Press , 1979 ( 2nd ed . 2001 ) . - Spain and the Netherlands : Ten Studies . Short Hills : Enslow Publishers , 1979 . - ( Editor ) The Thirty Years War . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1984 . - Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century . London : Croom Helm , 1985 . - ( With Colin Martin ) The Spanish Armada . New York : W.W . Norton , 1988 . - Why the Armada Failed . The Quarterly Journal of Military History 1 , no . 1 ( Autumn 1988 ) . - Spain and the Netherlands , 1559–1659 . Ten Studies , 2nd ed . Fontana , 1990 . - ( Joint editor ) The Times History of the World , 3rd ed . London , 1995 . - The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare : The Triumph of the West . Cambridge University Press , 1995 ( rev . 2008 ) - The Military Revolution : Military Innovation and the Rise of the West , 1500–1800 . Cambridge University Press , 1988 ( rev . ed . 1996 ) . - ( co-written with Robert Cowley ) The Readers Companion to Military History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 . - The Grand Strategy of Philip II . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1998 . - Empire , War and Faith in Early Modern Europe . London : Allen Lane , 2002 . - ( Editor ) The Cambridge History of Warfare . New York , Cambridge University Press , 2005 ( rev . ed . 2020 ) - Felipe II : La biografía definitiva . Barcelona : Editorial Planeta , 2010 . - Global Crisis : War , Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2013 . - Imprudent King : A New Life of Philip II . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2014 . - Emperor : A New Life of Charles V . New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 2019 . |
[
"London"
] | easy | What was the working location for Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle from 1816 to 1831? | /wiki/Henri_Jean-Baptiste_Victoire_Fradelle#P937#0 | Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle ( 1778–1865 ) was a Franco-English Victorian painter and portraitist , specializing in literary , historical , and religious subjects . For more than a hundred years , he was confused with his son , Henry Joseph Fradelle ( 1805–1872 ) , who was trained as an artist but had several professions , including infirmary supervisor . It was only in the first decade of the 21st century that this mistake was identified and that biographies , lists , and auction houses gave Fradelle his rightful name . Life . Fradelle was born in Lille on 15 June 1778 . His father was Joseph Guillaume Fradelle , a musician , and his mother was Adelaide Geneviève Valla , both from Paris . Fradelle studied under Joseph-Benoît Suvée at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris . He left for Italy in 1808 and lived there until 1816 . He then moved to London , which became his home , apart from a few years spent in Paris between 1830 and 1837 . Over a period of about 30 years in England , Fradelle exhibited 36 pictures at the British Institution , including The Cloister of the Carthusians at Rome Built by Michael Angelo ; The Porch of St . Ambrose at Milan ; Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ; Belinda at Her Toilette ; The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ; Ivanhoe , Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Origin of Painting ; Souvenirs dItalie—Il Sospiro , an Italian Dance ; and Othello and Desdemona . Fradelle also exhibited 11 works at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition , including Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter , The Death of Adelaide , Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona , and Olivia and Viola . In addition , he presented works at the Royal Society of British Artists , the Old Water-Colour Society , and the Paris Salon , where he won a medal in 1834 . Fradelle also painted and exhibited portraits , such as those of Mrs . Jeffery , Mr . Thomas H . Johnston , and Captain Basset , R.A. , as well as miniature portraits like Miss Stephens as Susanna in Marriage of Figaro . Fradelle died at 36 Weymouth Street , Portland Place , London , on 14 March 1865 and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery . He was 86 . Works . Fradelles works were bought by such notables as Lord Holland ( Holland House ) , the Earl of Egremont ( Petworth House ) , Lord Northwick , Wynn Ellis , J . Marshall of Leeds , and the Duke of Leuchtenberg of Munich . The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place is exhibited at Petworth House ( the preparatory drawing for the latter is in the British Museum , London ) , and Fradelles Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona is now part of the Royal Shakespeare Company Collection in Stratford upon Avon . Drawings by Fradelle can be found at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Bordeaux , France . Many of Fradelles works were engraved by artists such as Charles Turner ( for example , The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ) , William Say ( Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget and Belinda at Her Toilette , as well as The Interview Between Lady Jane Grey and Dr . Roger Ascham ) , R . Smart ( Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock ) , J . Jazet ( Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ) , V . Rogers and A . Duncan ( both of whom engraved Mary Queen of Scots and Her Secretary Chatelar ) , and U . Denis ( Belinda at Her Toilette ) . Some of the engravings can be found at the National Portrait Gallery and the Courtauld Institute of Art in London and the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris . Manuscript letters by Fradelle to Baron Darnay , Mr and Mrs Ogle , and Mrs Herving are at the Princeton University Library and at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles . In recent years , paintings by Fradelle have been sold by Lawsons ( Sydney ) , Bonhams ( London ) , Ritchies ( Toronto ) , Christies ( London ) and Bart Wouters Kunsthandel ( Brasschaat , Belgium ) , among others . The paintings concerned are Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Interior Scene Depicting a Shakespearian Man Reciting Poetry to a Lady ; Origin of Painting ; Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter ; A Dance in La Campagna ; Portrait of a Lady in a Blue Dress Playing the Harp , a Landscape Beyond ; and Scene from Othello . |
[
"Paris"
] | easy | What was the working location for Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle from 1831 to 1837? | /wiki/Henri_Jean-Baptiste_Victoire_Fradelle#P937#1 | Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle ( 1778–1865 ) was a Franco-English Victorian painter and portraitist , specializing in literary , historical , and religious subjects . For more than a hundred years , he was confused with his son , Henry Joseph Fradelle ( 1805–1872 ) , who was trained as an artist but had several professions , including infirmary supervisor . It was only in the first decade of the 21st century that this mistake was identified and that biographies , lists , and auction houses gave Fradelle his rightful name . Life . Fradelle was born in Lille on 15 June 1778 . His father was Joseph Guillaume Fradelle , a musician , and his mother was Adelaide Geneviève Valla , both from Paris . Fradelle studied under Joseph-Benoît Suvée at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris . He left for Italy in 1808 and lived there until 1816 . He then moved to London , which became his home , apart from a few years spent in Paris between 1830 and 1837 . Over a period of about 30 years in England , Fradelle exhibited 36 pictures at the British Institution , including The Cloister of the Carthusians at Rome Built by Michael Angelo ; The Porch of St . Ambrose at Milan ; Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ; Belinda at Her Toilette ; The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ; Ivanhoe , Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Origin of Painting ; Souvenirs dItalie—Il Sospiro , an Italian Dance ; and Othello and Desdemona . Fradelle also exhibited 11 works at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition , including Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter , The Death of Adelaide , Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona , and Olivia and Viola . In addition , he presented works at the Royal Society of British Artists , the Old Water-Colour Society , and the Paris Salon , where he won a medal in 1834 . Fradelle also painted and exhibited portraits , such as those of Mrs . Jeffery , Mr . Thomas H . Johnston , and Captain Basset , R.A. , as well as miniature portraits like Miss Stephens as Susanna in Marriage of Figaro . Fradelle died at 36 Weymouth Street , Portland Place , London , on 14 March 1865 and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery . He was 86 . Works . Fradelles works were bought by such notables as Lord Holland ( Holland House ) , the Earl of Egremont ( Petworth House ) , Lord Northwick , Wynn Ellis , J . Marshall of Leeds , and the Duke of Leuchtenberg of Munich . The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place is exhibited at Petworth House ( the preparatory drawing for the latter is in the British Museum , London ) , and Fradelles Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona is now part of the Royal Shakespeare Company Collection in Stratford upon Avon . Drawings by Fradelle can be found at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Bordeaux , France . Many of Fradelles works were engraved by artists such as Charles Turner ( for example , The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ) , William Say ( Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget and Belinda at Her Toilette , as well as The Interview Between Lady Jane Grey and Dr . Roger Ascham ) , R . Smart ( Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock ) , J . Jazet ( Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ) , V . Rogers and A . Duncan ( both of whom engraved Mary Queen of Scots and Her Secretary Chatelar ) , and U . Denis ( Belinda at Her Toilette ) . Some of the engravings can be found at the National Portrait Gallery and the Courtauld Institute of Art in London and the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris . Manuscript letters by Fradelle to Baron Darnay , Mr and Mrs Ogle , and Mrs Herving are at the Princeton University Library and at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles . In recent years , paintings by Fradelle have been sold by Lawsons ( Sydney ) , Bonhams ( London ) , Ritchies ( Toronto ) , Christies ( London ) and Bart Wouters Kunsthandel ( Brasschaat , Belgium ) , among others . The paintings concerned are Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Interior Scene Depicting a Shakespearian Man Reciting Poetry to a Lady ; Origin of Painting ; Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter ; A Dance in La Campagna ; Portrait of a Lady in a Blue Dress Playing the Harp , a Landscape Beyond ; and Scene from Othello . |
[
"London"
] | easy | Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle worked in which location from 1837 to 1865? | /wiki/Henri_Jean-Baptiste_Victoire_Fradelle#P937#2 | Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle Henri Jean-Baptiste Victoire Fradelle ( 1778–1865 ) was a Franco-English Victorian painter and portraitist , specializing in literary , historical , and religious subjects . For more than a hundred years , he was confused with his son , Henry Joseph Fradelle ( 1805–1872 ) , who was trained as an artist but had several professions , including infirmary supervisor . It was only in the first decade of the 21st century that this mistake was identified and that biographies , lists , and auction houses gave Fradelle his rightful name . Life . Fradelle was born in Lille on 15 June 1778 . His father was Joseph Guillaume Fradelle , a musician , and his mother was Adelaide Geneviève Valla , both from Paris . Fradelle studied under Joseph-Benoît Suvée at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris . He left for Italy in 1808 and lived there until 1816 . He then moved to London , which became his home , apart from a few years spent in Paris between 1830 and 1837 . Over a period of about 30 years in England , Fradelle exhibited 36 pictures at the British Institution , including The Cloister of the Carthusians at Rome Built by Michael Angelo ; The Porch of St . Ambrose at Milan ; Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ; Belinda at Her Toilette ; The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ; Ivanhoe , Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Origin of Painting ; Souvenirs dItalie—Il Sospiro , an Italian Dance ; and Othello and Desdemona . Fradelle also exhibited 11 works at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition , including Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter , The Death of Adelaide , Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona , and Olivia and Viola . In addition , he presented works at the Royal Society of British Artists , the Old Water-Colour Society , and the Paris Salon , where he won a medal in 1834 . Fradelle also painted and exhibited portraits , such as those of Mrs . Jeffery , Mr . Thomas H . Johnston , and Captain Basset , R.A. , as well as miniature portraits like Miss Stephens as Susanna in Marriage of Figaro . Fradelle died at 36 Weymouth Street , Portland Place , London , on 14 March 1865 and is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery . He was 86 . Works . Fradelles works were bought by such notables as Lord Holland ( Holland House ) , the Earl of Egremont ( Petworth House ) , Lord Northwick , Wynn Ellis , J . Marshall of Leeds , and the Duke of Leuchtenberg of Munich . The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place is exhibited at Petworth House ( the preparatory drawing for the latter is in the British Museum , London ) , and Fradelles Othello Relating the Story of His Life to Brabantio and Desdemona is now part of the Royal Shakespeare Company Collection in Stratford upon Avon . Drawings by Fradelle can be found at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Bordeaux , France . Many of Fradelles works were engraved by artists such as Charles Turner ( for example , The Earl of Leicesters Visit to Amy Robsart at Cumnor Place ) , William Say ( Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget and Belinda at Her Toilette , as well as The Interview Between Lady Jane Grey and Dr . Roger Ascham ) , R . Smart ( Princess Elizabeth at Woodstock ) , J . Jazet ( Chatelar Playing the Lute to Mary Queen of Scots ) , V . Rogers and A . Duncan ( both of whom engraved Mary Queen of Scots and Her Secretary Chatelar ) , and U . Denis ( Belinda at Her Toilette ) . Some of the engravings can be found at the National Portrait Gallery and the Courtauld Institute of Art in London and the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris . Manuscript letters by Fradelle to Baron Darnay , Mr and Mrs Ogle , and Mrs Herving are at the Princeton University Library and at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles . In recent years , paintings by Fradelle have been sold by Lawsons ( Sydney ) , Bonhams ( London ) , Ritchies ( Toronto ) , Christies ( London ) and Bart Wouters Kunsthandel ( Brasschaat , Belgium ) , among others . The paintings concerned are Queen Elizabeth and Lady Paget ; Interior Scene Depicting a Shakespearian Man Reciting Poetry to a Lady ; Origin of Painting ; Milton Dictating Paradise Lost to His Daughter ; A Dance in La Campagna ; Portrait of a Lady in a Blue Dress Playing the Harp , a Landscape Beyond ; and Scene from Othello . |
[
"Sydney Technical College"
] | easy | Which school did Gerald Westheimer go to from 1942 to 1943? | /wiki/Gerald_Westheimer#P69#0 | Gerald Westheimer Gerald Westheimer AM FRS ( born 13 May 1924 ) is an Australian scientist at University of California , Berkeley researching the eye , its optics , and how we see details in space and in three dimensions . Life and career . Westheimer was born on 13 May 1924 in Berlin into an observant Jewish family—long settled in Germany and traced back at least to Schutzjude Joseph Aaron Westheimer born in 1768 in Menzingen , Baden . He is the younger of two sons . In 1938 , state-sanctioned attacks against Jews in Nazi Germany prompted the family to emigrate to Australia , settling in Sydney . Shortly after arriving in Sydney , Westheimer completed high-school by self-study and enrolled in the professional Optometry program at the Sydney Technical College , from which he graduated with honours and the College Medal in 1943 . While practising optometry he pursued further study , leading to a BSc in mathematics and physiology from Sydney University and submission of a thesis for the Fellowship of the Sydney Technical College . In 1951 , Westheimer went to the US , first as a graduate student at Ohio State University ( PhD , Physics-Physiological Optics ) with Glenn A . Fry and then in various professorial ranks in optometry schools of the University of Houston , Ohio State and University of California , Berkeley , interrupted by post-doctoral studies at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole and at the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge . In 1960 , he was appointed as an associate professor at the School of Optometry at Berkeley , becoming professor in 1963 . In 1967 , he joined Berkeleys Department of Physiology-Anatomy , later merged into the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , in which he established and headed the Division of Neurobiology until becoming professor in the Graduate School in 1994 . Since 1994 he has also been a member of the adjunct faculty of the Laboratory of Neurobiology of Rockefeller University in New York . Westheimer never relinquished the Australian citizenship gained by naturalisation . Appointment to membership in the Order of Australia in 2009 recognised his continued identification with the country that provided refuge from the holocaust . Appreciations of Gerald Westheimers scientific and academic contributions have appeared at various stages of his career . Publications . As of May 2014 , Westheimer has published over 200 scientific papers . He has an h-index , based on Web of Science , of 39 . Publications include : - Westheimer , G . ( 1957 ) . Kinematics of the eye . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 47 , 967–974 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1960 ) , Modulation thresholds for sinusoidal light distribution on the retina . Journal of Physiology , 152 , 67–74 . - Westheimer , G. , & Campbell , F . W . ( 1962 ) . Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 52 , 1040–1045 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1965 ) . Spatial interaction in the human retina during scotopic vision . Journal of Physiology , 181 , 881–894 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1966 ) . The Maxwellian view . Vision Research , 6 , 669–682 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1967 ) . Spatial interaction in human cone vision . Journal of Physiology , 190 , 139–154 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1975 ) . Visual acuity and hyperacuity . Investigative Ophthalmology , 14 , 570–572 . - Gilbert , C. , Ito , M. , Kapadia , M. , & Westheimer , G . ( 2000 ) . Interactions between attention , context and learning in primary visual cortex . Vision Research , 40 , 1217–1226 . - Westheimer , G . ( 2005 ) . The resolving power of the eye . Vision Research , 45 , 945–947 . Music and Philanthropy . Gerald Westheimer is an accomplished recreational violinist and has donated a number of fine 19th-century violins to the Sydney Conservatorium of Music , along with an endowment for their upkeep . According to Westheimer , the purpose of this collection is to “enable talented young Australian artists studying at the Conservatorium to perfect their performance skills on high quality instruments” . Recognitions . Scientific 1978 Tillyer Medal , Optical Society of America 1979 Proctor Medal , Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology ( ARVO ) 1984 Fellow , Royal Society of London 1986 von Sallman International Prize in Vision and Ophthalmology , Columbia University 1986 C.F . Prentice Medal , American Academy of Optometry 1988 Bicentennial Medal , Australian Optometric Association 1992 Ferrier Lecture , Royal Society of London 1994 Fellow , American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2010 Barry Collin Research Medal , Optometrists Association of Australia 2021 Ken Nakayama Medal for Excellence in Vision Science Academic Honorary Doctorates in Science and Medicine Order of Australia , member of General Division External links . - Berkeley web site to honour Westheimers 90th birthday - Westheimers Berkeley web page |
[
""
] | easy | Which school did Gerald Westheimer go to from 1943 to 1953? | /wiki/Gerald_Westheimer#P69#1 | Gerald Westheimer Gerald Westheimer AM FRS ( born 13 May 1924 ) is an Australian scientist at University of California , Berkeley researching the eye , its optics , and how we see details in space and in three dimensions . Life and career . Westheimer was born on 13 May 1924 in Berlin into an observant Jewish family—long settled in Germany and traced back at least to Schutzjude Joseph Aaron Westheimer born in 1768 in Menzingen , Baden . He is the younger of two sons . In 1938 , state-sanctioned attacks against Jews in Nazi Germany prompted the family to emigrate to Australia , settling in Sydney . Shortly after arriving in Sydney , Westheimer completed high-school by self-study and enrolled in the professional Optometry program at the Sydney Technical College , from which he graduated with honours and the College Medal in 1943 . While practising optometry he pursued further study , leading to a BSc in mathematics and physiology from Sydney University and submission of a thesis for the Fellowship of the Sydney Technical College . In 1951 , Westheimer went to the US , first as a graduate student at Ohio State University ( PhD , Physics-Physiological Optics ) with Glenn A . Fry and then in various professorial ranks in optometry schools of the University of Houston , Ohio State and University of California , Berkeley , interrupted by post-doctoral studies at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole and at the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge . In 1960 , he was appointed as an associate professor at the School of Optometry at Berkeley , becoming professor in 1963 . In 1967 , he joined Berkeleys Department of Physiology-Anatomy , later merged into the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , in which he established and headed the Division of Neurobiology until becoming professor in the Graduate School in 1994 . Since 1994 he has also been a member of the adjunct faculty of the Laboratory of Neurobiology of Rockefeller University in New York . Westheimer never relinquished the Australian citizenship gained by naturalisation . Appointment to membership in the Order of Australia in 2009 recognised his continued identification with the country that provided refuge from the holocaust . Appreciations of Gerald Westheimers scientific and academic contributions have appeared at various stages of his career . Publications . As of May 2014 , Westheimer has published over 200 scientific papers . He has an h-index , based on Web of Science , of 39 . Publications include : - Westheimer , G . ( 1957 ) . Kinematics of the eye . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 47 , 967–974 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1960 ) , Modulation thresholds for sinusoidal light distribution on the retina . Journal of Physiology , 152 , 67–74 . - Westheimer , G. , & Campbell , F . W . ( 1962 ) . Light distribution in the image formed by the living human eye . Journal of the Optical Society of America , 52 , 1040–1045 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1965 ) . Spatial interaction in the human retina during scotopic vision . Journal of Physiology , 181 , 881–894 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1966 ) . The Maxwellian view . Vision Research , 6 , 669–682 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1967 ) . Spatial interaction in human cone vision . Journal of Physiology , 190 , 139–154 . - Westheimer , G . ( 1975 ) . Visual acuity and hyperacuity . Investigative Ophthalmology , 14 , 570–572 . - Gilbert , C. , Ito , M. , Kapadia , M. , & Westheimer , G . ( 2000 ) . Interactions between attention , context and learning in primary visual cortex . Vision Research , 40 , 1217–1226 . - Westheimer , G . ( 2005 ) . The resolving power of the eye . Vision Research , 45 , 945–947 . Music and Philanthropy . Gerald Westheimer is an accomplished recreational violinist and has donated a number of fine 19th-century violins to the Sydney Conservatorium of Music , along with an endowment for their upkeep . According to Westheimer , the purpose of this collection is to “enable talented young Australian artists studying at the Conservatorium to perfect their performance skills on high quality instruments” . Recognitions . Scientific 1978 Tillyer Medal , Optical Society of America 1979 Proctor Medal , Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology ( ARVO ) 1984 Fellow , Royal Society of London 1986 von Sallman International Prize in Vision and Ophthalmology , Columbia University 1986 C.F . Prentice Medal , American Academy of Optometry 1988 Bicentennial Medal , Australian Optometric Association 1992 Ferrier Lecture , Royal Society of London 1994 Fellow , American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2010 Barry Collin Research Medal , Optometrists Association of Australia 2021 Ken Nakayama Medal for Excellence in Vision Science Academic Honorary Doctorates in Science and Medicine Order of Australia , member of General Division External links . - Berkeley web site to honour Westheimers 90th birthday - Westheimers Berkeley web page |
[
"Universidad Católica"
] | easy | Which team did the player José Pedro Fuenzalida belong to from 2004 to 2007? | /wiki/José_Pedro_Fuenzalida#P54#0 | José Pedro Fuenzalida José Pedro Fuenzalida Gana ( ; born 22 February 1985 ) is a Chilean footballer who currently plays as forward for Universidad Católica of Chile and the Chilean national team . Club career . A product of the Universidad Católica youth set-up , Fuenzalida was promoted to the first-adult team in 2004 , at the age of 19 . He debuted in a 4–0 defeat with Unión Española at San Carlos de Apoquindo for a league game , during a moment considered as one of the clubs biggest sports crises . During the winter of 2007 , Fuenzalida aged twenty-two decided to take a break as footballer to study commercial engineering at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . After six month studying , he returned to professional football and joined rivals Colo-Colo on a four-year deal . Fuenzalida debuted on 13 January 2008 against Universidad de Concepción and scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over Deportes Antofagasta . In June , he joined OHiggins on loan after an unsuccessful tournament where only scored one goal in seven games . In December 2009 , it was reported that Fuenzalida finished his loan spell at OHiggins and would return to Colo-Colo to face the next season . Seasons later , he helped the team to win the 2014 Torneo Apertura , being a key player in the title obtention which was his first honour playing for the club . On 29 July 2014 , Fuenzalida reached a one-and-half year with Argentine powerhouse Boca Juniors . Following an unsuccessful spell at Boca , he returned to Universidad Católica in 2016 , signing for Las Condes-based club as a free agent . He helped the team to win Torneo Clausura . International career . Fuenzalida has played in the U-20 and U-23 levels of the Chilean national team in the 2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2008 Toulon Tournament respectively . Usually called up by Marcelo Bielsa for the 2010 World Cup qualification , he was chosen by Jorge Sampaoli in Chile’s list of 23 for 2014 FIFA World Cup . In 2015 , after being disaffected of the 30-man provisional list for the Copa América , he was re-considered by Sampaoli in the definitive list following the withdrawal of the injured Carlos Carmona . Honours . Club . Universidad Católica - Primera División de Chile ( 6 ) : 2005–C , 2016–C , 2016–A , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Supercopa de Chile ( 3 ) : 2016 , 2019 , 2020 Colo-Colo - Primera División de Chile : 2014–C Boca Juniors - Primera División de Argentina : 2015 - Copa Argentina : 2014–15 International . - Copa América : 2015 , 2016 - China Cup : 2017 Individual . - Primera Divisións El Gráfico Golden Ball : 2013 - : 2013 |
[
"Chilean national team"
] | easy | José Pedro Fuenzalida played for which team from 2008 to 2016? | /wiki/José_Pedro_Fuenzalida#P54#1 | José Pedro Fuenzalida José Pedro Fuenzalida Gana ( ; born 22 February 1985 ) is a Chilean footballer who currently plays as forward for Universidad Católica of Chile and the Chilean national team . Club career . A product of the Universidad Católica youth set-up , Fuenzalida was promoted to the first-adult team in 2004 , at the age of 19 . He debuted in a 4–0 defeat with Unión Española at San Carlos de Apoquindo for a league game , during a moment considered as one of the clubs biggest sports crises . During the winter of 2007 , Fuenzalida aged twenty-two decided to take a break as footballer to study commercial engineering at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . After six month studying , he returned to professional football and joined rivals Colo-Colo on a four-year deal . Fuenzalida debuted on 13 January 2008 against Universidad de Concepción and scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over Deportes Antofagasta . In June , he joined OHiggins on loan after an unsuccessful tournament where only scored one goal in seven games . In December 2009 , it was reported that Fuenzalida finished his loan spell at OHiggins and would return to Colo-Colo to face the next season . Seasons later , he helped the team to win the 2014 Torneo Apertura , being a key player in the title obtention which was his first honour playing for the club . On 29 July 2014 , Fuenzalida reached a one-and-half year with Argentine powerhouse Boca Juniors . Following an unsuccessful spell at Boca , he returned to Universidad Católica in 2016 , signing for Las Condes-based club as a free agent . He helped the team to win Torneo Clausura . International career . Fuenzalida has played in the U-20 and U-23 levels of the Chilean national team in the 2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2008 Toulon Tournament respectively . Usually called up by Marcelo Bielsa for the 2010 World Cup qualification , he was chosen by Jorge Sampaoli in Chile’s list of 23 for 2014 FIFA World Cup . In 2015 , after being disaffected of the 30-man provisional list for the Copa América , he was re-considered by Sampaoli in the definitive list following the withdrawal of the injured Carlos Carmona . Honours . Club . Universidad Católica - Primera División de Chile ( 6 ) : 2005–C , 2016–C , 2016–A , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Supercopa de Chile ( 3 ) : 2016 , 2019 , 2020 Colo-Colo - Primera División de Chile : 2014–C Boca Juniors - Primera División de Argentina : 2015 - Copa Argentina : 2014–15 International . - Copa América : 2015 , 2016 - China Cup : 2017 Individual . - Primera Divisións El Gráfico Golden Ball : 2013 - : 2013 |
[
"Universidad Católica",
"Chilean national team"
] | easy | Which team did José Pedro Fuenzalida play for from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/José_Pedro_Fuenzalida#P54#2 | José Pedro Fuenzalida José Pedro Fuenzalida Gana ( ; born 22 February 1985 ) is a Chilean footballer who currently plays as forward for Universidad Católica of Chile and the Chilean national team . Club career . A product of the Universidad Católica youth set-up , Fuenzalida was promoted to the first-adult team in 2004 , at the age of 19 . He debuted in a 4–0 defeat with Unión Española at San Carlos de Apoquindo for a league game , during a moment considered as one of the clubs biggest sports crises . During the winter of 2007 , Fuenzalida aged twenty-two decided to take a break as footballer to study commercial engineering at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . After six month studying , he returned to professional football and joined rivals Colo-Colo on a four-year deal . Fuenzalida debuted on 13 January 2008 against Universidad de Concepción and scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over Deportes Antofagasta . In June , he joined OHiggins on loan after an unsuccessful tournament where only scored one goal in seven games . In December 2009 , it was reported that Fuenzalida finished his loan spell at OHiggins and would return to Colo-Colo to face the next season . Seasons later , he helped the team to win the 2014 Torneo Apertura , being a key player in the title obtention which was his first honour playing for the club . On 29 July 2014 , Fuenzalida reached a one-and-half year with Argentine powerhouse Boca Juniors . Following an unsuccessful spell at Boca , he returned to Universidad Católica in 2016 , signing for Las Condes-based club as a free agent . He helped the team to win Torneo Clausura . International career . Fuenzalida has played in the U-20 and U-23 levels of the Chilean national team in the 2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2008 Toulon Tournament respectively . Usually called up by Marcelo Bielsa for the 2010 World Cup qualification , he was chosen by Jorge Sampaoli in Chile’s list of 23 for 2014 FIFA World Cup . In 2015 , after being disaffected of the 30-man provisional list for the Copa América , he was re-considered by Sampaoli in the definitive list following the withdrawal of the injured Carlos Carmona . Honours . Club . Universidad Católica - Primera División de Chile ( 6 ) : 2005–C , 2016–C , 2016–A , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Supercopa de Chile ( 3 ) : 2016 , 2019 , 2020 Colo-Colo - Primera División de Chile : 2014–C Boca Juniors - Primera División de Argentina : 2015 - Copa Argentina : 2014–15 International . - Copa América : 2015 , 2016 - China Cup : 2017 Individual . - Primera Divisións El Gráfico Golden Ball : 2013 - : 2013 |
[
"Bishop of Middleton"
] | easy | What position did Stephen Venner take from Feb 1994 to 1999? | /wiki/Stephen_Venner#P39#0 | Stephen Venner Stephen Venner ( born 19 June 1944 ) was Bishop of Dover ( the bishop with delegated responsibility for the Diocese of Canterbury ) from 1999 until 2009 . He was also Bishop for the Falkland Islands from 2007 and Bishop to the Forces from 2009 until his retirement from both posts in 2014 . Education and career . Venner studied English at the University of Birmingham and is a qualified teacher . He later studied theology at St Stephens House , Oxford and Linacre College , Oxford ( since St Stephens House did not at the time have the status of a Permanent Private Hall ) , before spending 26 years as a priest across various parishes in the dioceses of Southwark and Salisbury . In 1989 , Venner was appointed canon and prebendary at Salisbury Cathedral . Venner was consecrated as a bishop by John Habgood , Archbishop of York , on 2 February 1994 at York Minster and installed as Bishop of Middleton in the Diocese of Manchester . He served in this position until 1999 when he became the Bishop of Dover in the Diocese of Canterbury . As Bishop of Dover , Venner was also , in practice , the acting diocesan bishop for the Diocese of Canterbury , acting on behalf of the Archbishop of Canterbury — this role was recognised in his additional title of Bishop in Canterbury . While Bishop of Dover , Venner was also appointed the Archbishop of Canterburys Episcopal Commissary for the Falkland Islands or Bishop for the Falkland Islands on 16 January 2007 — he remains in this separate appointment despite his departure from Canterbury . In 2008 , the University of Birmingham ( his alma mater ) awarded him his first honorary doctorate — a Doctor of Divinity degree . Venner was also the first Pro-Chancellor of Canterbury Christ Church University from 2005 ( while he was Bishop in Canterbury ) and , in 2010 , that university bestowed an honorary doctorate ( Doctor of the University ) upon him . It was announced in early 2009 that Venner would retire in November that year . It was then announced in July 2009 that Venner would take up an appointment as Bishop to the Forces ( who has pastoral oversight over and responsibility for the churchs work in the British Armed Forces ) while retaining his additional role as Bishop for the Falklands . , Venner is also an honorary assistant bishop in the dioceses of Rochester and in Europe . Taliban controversy . In an interview published on 14 December 2009 , Venner was quoted as saying some of the methods of combat used by the Taliban in Afghanistan ( potentially including those to kill British troops ) are not honourable or acceptable . He also said there’s a large number of things that the Taliban say and stand for which none of us in the West could approve , but simply to say therefore that everything they do is bad is not helping the situation . The Taliban can perhaps be admired for their conviction to their faith and their sense of loyalty to each other . After receiving criticism , Venner issued a qualifying statement , in which he repudiated any respect for Taliban tactics . Styles and titles . - The Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1968–1989 ) - The Reverend Canon Stephen Venner ( 1989–1994 ) - The Right Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1994–present ) |
[
"Bishop of Dover"
] | easy | What position did Stephen Venner take from 1999 to 2007? | /wiki/Stephen_Venner#P39#1 | Stephen Venner Stephen Venner ( born 19 June 1944 ) was Bishop of Dover ( the bishop with delegated responsibility for the Diocese of Canterbury ) from 1999 until 2009 . He was also Bishop for the Falkland Islands from 2007 and Bishop to the Forces from 2009 until his retirement from both posts in 2014 . Education and career . Venner studied English at the University of Birmingham and is a qualified teacher . He later studied theology at St Stephens House , Oxford and Linacre College , Oxford ( since St Stephens House did not at the time have the status of a Permanent Private Hall ) , before spending 26 years as a priest across various parishes in the dioceses of Southwark and Salisbury . In 1989 , Venner was appointed canon and prebendary at Salisbury Cathedral . Venner was consecrated as a bishop by John Habgood , Archbishop of York , on 2 February 1994 at York Minster and installed as Bishop of Middleton in the Diocese of Manchester . He served in this position until 1999 when he became the Bishop of Dover in the Diocese of Canterbury . As Bishop of Dover , Venner was also , in practice , the acting diocesan bishop for the Diocese of Canterbury , acting on behalf of the Archbishop of Canterbury — this role was recognised in his additional title of Bishop in Canterbury . While Bishop of Dover , Venner was also appointed the Archbishop of Canterburys Episcopal Commissary for the Falkland Islands or Bishop for the Falkland Islands on 16 January 2007 — he remains in this separate appointment despite his departure from Canterbury . In 2008 , the University of Birmingham ( his alma mater ) awarded him his first honorary doctorate — a Doctor of Divinity degree . Venner was also the first Pro-Chancellor of Canterbury Christ Church University from 2005 ( while he was Bishop in Canterbury ) and , in 2010 , that university bestowed an honorary doctorate ( Doctor of the University ) upon him . It was announced in early 2009 that Venner would retire in November that year . It was then announced in July 2009 that Venner would take up an appointment as Bishop to the Forces ( who has pastoral oversight over and responsibility for the churchs work in the British Armed Forces ) while retaining his additional role as Bishop for the Falklands . , Venner is also an honorary assistant bishop in the dioceses of Rochester and in Europe . Taliban controversy . In an interview published on 14 December 2009 , Venner was quoted as saying some of the methods of combat used by the Taliban in Afghanistan ( potentially including those to kill British troops ) are not honourable or acceptable . He also said there’s a large number of things that the Taliban say and stand for which none of us in the West could approve , but simply to say therefore that everything they do is bad is not helping the situation . The Taliban can perhaps be admired for their conviction to their faith and their sense of loyalty to each other . After receiving criticism , Venner issued a qualifying statement , in which he repudiated any respect for Taliban tactics . Styles and titles . - The Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1968–1989 ) - The Reverend Canon Stephen Venner ( 1989–1994 ) - The Right Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1994–present ) |
[
"Bishop for the Falkland Islands"
] | easy | What position did Stephen Venner take from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Stephen_Venner#P39#2 | Stephen Venner Stephen Venner ( born 19 June 1944 ) was Bishop of Dover ( the bishop with delegated responsibility for the Diocese of Canterbury ) from 1999 until 2009 . He was also Bishop for the Falkland Islands from 2007 and Bishop to the Forces from 2009 until his retirement from both posts in 2014 . Education and career . Venner studied English at the University of Birmingham and is a qualified teacher . He later studied theology at St Stephens House , Oxford and Linacre College , Oxford ( since St Stephens House did not at the time have the status of a Permanent Private Hall ) , before spending 26 years as a priest across various parishes in the dioceses of Southwark and Salisbury . In 1989 , Venner was appointed canon and prebendary at Salisbury Cathedral . Venner was consecrated as a bishop by John Habgood , Archbishop of York , on 2 February 1994 at York Minster and installed as Bishop of Middleton in the Diocese of Manchester . He served in this position until 1999 when he became the Bishop of Dover in the Diocese of Canterbury . As Bishop of Dover , Venner was also , in practice , the acting diocesan bishop for the Diocese of Canterbury , acting on behalf of the Archbishop of Canterbury — this role was recognised in his additional title of Bishop in Canterbury . While Bishop of Dover , Venner was also appointed the Archbishop of Canterburys Episcopal Commissary for the Falkland Islands or Bishop for the Falkland Islands on 16 January 2007 — he remains in this separate appointment despite his departure from Canterbury . In 2008 , the University of Birmingham ( his alma mater ) awarded him his first honorary doctorate — a Doctor of Divinity degree . Venner was also the first Pro-Chancellor of Canterbury Christ Church University from 2005 ( while he was Bishop in Canterbury ) and , in 2010 , that university bestowed an honorary doctorate ( Doctor of the University ) upon him . It was announced in early 2009 that Venner would retire in November that year . It was then announced in July 2009 that Venner would take up an appointment as Bishop to the Forces ( who has pastoral oversight over and responsibility for the churchs work in the British Armed Forces ) while retaining his additional role as Bishop for the Falklands . , Venner is also an honorary assistant bishop in the dioceses of Rochester and in Europe . Taliban controversy . In an interview published on 14 December 2009 , Venner was quoted as saying some of the methods of combat used by the Taliban in Afghanistan ( potentially including those to kill British troops ) are not honourable or acceptable . He also said there’s a large number of things that the Taliban say and stand for which none of us in the West could approve , but simply to say therefore that everything they do is bad is not helping the situation . The Taliban can perhaps be admired for their conviction to their faith and their sense of loyalty to each other . After receiving criticism , Venner issued a qualifying statement , in which he repudiated any respect for Taliban tactics . Styles and titles . - The Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1968–1989 ) - The Reverend Canon Stephen Venner ( 1989–1994 ) - The Right Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1994–present ) |
[
"Bishop to the Forces",
"Bishop for the Falkland Islands"
] | easy | What position did Stephen Venner take from 2009 to 2014? | /wiki/Stephen_Venner#P39#3 | Stephen Venner Stephen Venner ( born 19 June 1944 ) was Bishop of Dover ( the bishop with delegated responsibility for the Diocese of Canterbury ) from 1999 until 2009 . He was also Bishop for the Falkland Islands from 2007 and Bishop to the Forces from 2009 until his retirement from both posts in 2014 . Education and career . Venner studied English at the University of Birmingham and is a qualified teacher . He later studied theology at St Stephens House , Oxford and Linacre College , Oxford ( since St Stephens House did not at the time have the status of a Permanent Private Hall ) , before spending 26 years as a priest across various parishes in the dioceses of Southwark and Salisbury . In 1989 , Venner was appointed canon and prebendary at Salisbury Cathedral . Venner was consecrated as a bishop by John Habgood , Archbishop of York , on 2 February 1994 at York Minster and installed as Bishop of Middleton in the Diocese of Manchester . He served in this position until 1999 when he became the Bishop of Dover in the Diocese of Canterbury . As Bishop of Dover , Venner was also , in practice , the acting diocesan bishop for the Diocese of Canterbury , acting on behalf of the Archbishop of Canterbury — this role was recognised in his additional title of Bishop in Canterbury . While Bishop of Dover , Venner was also appointed the Archbishop of Canterburys Episcopal Commissary for the Falkland Islands or Bishop for the Falkland Islands on 16 January 2007 — he remains in this separate appointment despite his departure from Canterbury . In 2008 , the University of Birmingham ( his alma mater ) awarded him his first honorary doctorate — a Doctor of Divinity degree . Venner was also the first Pro-Chancellor of Canterbury Christ Church University from 2005 ( while he was Bishop in Canterbury ) and , in 2010 , that university bestowed an honorary doctorate ( Doctor of the University ) upon him . It was announced in early 2009 that Venner would retire in November that year . It was then announced in July 2009 that Venner would take up an appointment as Bishop to the Forces ( who has pastoral oversight over and responsibility for the churchs work in the British Armed Forces ) while retaining his additional role as Bishop for the Falklands . , Venner is also an honorary assistant bishop in the dioceses of Rochester and in Europe . Taliban controversy . In an interview published on 14 December 2009 , Venner was quoted as saying some of the methods of combat used by the Taliban in Afghanistan ( potentially including those to kill British troops ) are not honourable or acceptable . He also said there’s a large number of things that the Taliban say and stand for which none of us in the West could approve , but simply to say therefore that everything they do is bad is not helping the situation . The Taliban can perhaps be admired for their conviction to their faith and their sense of loyalty to each other . After receiving criticism , Venner issued a qualifying statement , in which he repudiated any respect for Taliban tactics . Styles and titles . - The Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1968–1989 ) - The Reverend Canon Stephen Venner ( 1989–1994 ) - The Right Reverend Stephen Venner ( 1994–present ) |
[
""
] | easy | What significant event was going on in Mu2e from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Mu2e#P793#0 | Mu2e Mu2e , or the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment , is a particle physics experiment at Fermilab in the US . The goal of the experiment is to identify physics beyond the Standard Model , namely , the conversion of muons to electrons without the emission of neutrinos , which occurs in a number of theoretical models . Project co-spokesperson Jim Miller likens this process to neutrino oscillation , but for charged leptons . Observing this process will help to narrow the range of plausible theories . The experiment will be 10,000 times more sensitive than previous muon to electron conversion experiments , and probe energy scales up to 10,000 TeV . Timeline . Prior work . Physicists have been searching for flavor violation since the 1940s . Flavor violation among neutrinos was proven in 1998 at the Super-Kamiokande experiment in Japan . In 1989 , Russian physicists Vladimir Lobashev and Rashid Djilkibaev proposed an experiment to search for lepton flavor violation . The experiment , called MELC , operated from 1992 to 1995 at the Moscow Meson Factory at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia , before being shut down due to the political and economic crises of the time . In 1997 , American physicist William Molzon proposed a similar experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory . Research and development on the MECO experiment began in 2001 , but funding was pulled in 2005 . Development . Mu2e is based on the MECO experiment proposed at Brookhaven , and the earlier MELC experiment at Russias Institute for Nuclear Research . Research and development for the Mu2e experiment began in 2009 , with the conceptual design complete in mid-2011 . In July 2012 , Mu2e received Critical Decision 1 approval ( the second of five critical decision levels ) from the Department of Energy , about one month after initial review . Project Manager Ron Ray asserted , I know of no other project that has received sign-off that quickly after review . Funding of the Mu2e experiment was recommended by the Department of Energys Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel , in its 2014 report . Construction and operation . Groundbreaking on the detector hall took place on April 18 , 2015 , with the hall expected to be complete in late 2016 . Commissioning of the experiment is anticipated in 2019 , and preliminary results are possible by around 2020 . The experiment is expected to run for three years . Later improvements to the detector may increase the sensitivity of the experiment by one to two orders of magnitude , allowing a more in-depth study of any charged lepton conversion that may be discovered in the initial run . Design . The Mu2e apparatus will be in length , and will consist of three sections . The total cost of the experiment is $271 million . Muon production . Repurposed elements from the Tevatron collider will be used to generate and deliver an 8 GeV proton beam . The protons would be extracted from Fermilabs Delivery Ring through a non-linear third-integer resonance extraction process and sent in pulses to the tungsten target . These protons will then collide with the tungsten production target in the production solenoid , producing a cascade of particles including pions , which decay into muons . Mu2e will produce between 200 and 500 quadrillion ( 2×10 to 5×10 ) muons per year . For every 300 protons hitting the production target , about one muon will enter the transport solenoid . Transport . The 4.5-Tesla magnetic field of a production solenoid will direct some of the particles produced into an S-shaped 2-Tesla evacuated transport solenoid , consisting of 50 separate superconducting electromagnets , which will select muons by charge and momentum , and carry the desired slow muons to the detector after some time delay . Detection . On entering the detector solenoid , the muons will hit ( and stop within ) an aluminum target that is about 0.2 mm thick , entering orbitals around nuclei within the target . Any muons which convert into electrons without emitting neutrinos will escape these orbitals and enter the detector with a characteristic energy of 104.97 MeV ( which is the muon mass minus the binding energy of about 0.5 MeV and nuclear recoil energy of about 0.2 MeV ) . The detector itself consists of two components : a straw tracker to measure the momentum of outgoing particles ; and an electromagnetic calorimeter to identify which particle interactions to record for further study , identify what type of particle passed through the tracker , and to confirm the measurements of the tracker . An electron with energy of around 105 MeV will indicate that the electron originated in a neutrinoless muon conversion . In order to disturb the path of the electrons as little as possible , the tracker uses as little material as possible . The wire chamber tracker consists of panels of 15-micron-thick straws of metalized mylar filled with argon and carbon dioxide , the thinnest such straws ever used in a particle physics experiment . Electronics at each end of the straws will record the signal produced when electrons interact with the gas in the straw , allowing the trajectory of the electrons to be reconstructed . Sensitivity . The rate of neutrinoless conversion of muons to electrons was previously constrained by the MEG experiment to less than 2.4×10 , and further constrained to 7×10 by the SINDRUM II experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland . Mu2e has an expected sensitivity of 5×10 , four orders of magnitude beyond SINDRUM II , meaning that it will see a signal if as few as one in 100 quadrillion muons transforms into an electron . Collaboration . , the Mu2e collaboration included 240 people from 40 institutions in six countries . The collaboration is led by co-spokespersons Douglas Glenzinski ( Fermilab ) and Jim Miller ( Boston University ) . The project manager for Mu2e is Ron Ray ; the deputy project manager is Julie Whitmore . |
[
"Mu2e experiment",
"Construction"
] | easy | What significant event was happening to Mu2e from 2009 to 2016? | /wiki/Mu2e#P793#1 | Mu2e Mu2e , or the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment , is a particle physics experiment at Fermilab in the US . The goal of the experiment is to identify physics beyond the Standard Model , namely , the conversion of muons to electrons without the emission of neutrinos , which occurs in a number of theoretical models . Project co-spokesperson Jim Miller likens this process to neutrino oscillation , but for charged leptons . Observing this process will help to narrow the range of plausible theories . The experiment will be 10,000 times more sensitive than previous muon to electron conversion experiments , and probe energy scales up to 10,000 TeV . Timeline . Prior work . Physicists have been searching for flavor violation since the 1940s . Flavor violation among neutrinos was proven in 1998 at the Super-Kamiokande experiment in Japan . In 1989 , Russian physicists Vladimir Lobashev and Rashid Djilkibaev proposed an experiment to search for lepton flavor violation . The experiment , called MELC , operated from 1992 to 1995 at the Moscow Meson Factory at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia , before being shut down due to the political and economic crises of the time . In 1997 , American physicist William Molzon proposed a similar experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory . Research and development on the MECO experiment began in 2001 , but funding was pulled in 2005 . Development . Mu2e is based on the MECO experiment proposed at Brookhaven , and the earlier MELC experiment at Russias Institute for Nuclear Research . Research and development for the Mu2e experiment began in 2009 , with the conceptual design complete in mid-2011 . In July 2012 , Mu2e received Critical Decision 1 approval ( the second of five critical decision levels ) from the Department of Energy , about one month after initial review . Project Manager Ron Ray asserted , I know of no other project that has received sign-off that quickly after review . Funding of the Mu2e experiment was recommended by the Department of Energys Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel , in its 2014 report . Construction and operation . Groundbreaking on the detector hall took place on April 18 , 2015 , with the hall expected to be complete in late 2016 . Commissioning of the experiment is anticipated in 2019 , and preliminary results are possible by around 2020 . The experiment is expected to run for three years . Later improvements to the detector may increase the sensitivity of the experiment by one to two orders of magnitude , allowing a more in-depth study of any charged lepton conversion that may be discovered in the initial run . Design . The Mu2e apparatus will be in length , and will consist of three sections . The total cost of the experiment is $271 million . Muon production . Repurposed elements from the Tevatron collider will be used to generate and deliver an 8 GeV proton beam . The protons would be extracted from Fermilabs Delivery Ring through a non-linear third-integer resonance extraction process and sent in pulses to the tungsten target . These protons will then collide with the tungsten production target in the production solenoid , producing a cascade of particles including pions , which decay into muons . Mu2e will produce between 200 and 500 quadrillion ( 2×10 to 5×10 ) muons per year . For every 300 protons hitting the production target , about one muon will enter the transport solenoid . Transport . The 4.5-Tesla magnetic field of a production solenoid will direct some of the particles produced into an S-shaped 2-Tesla evacuated transport solenoid , consisting of 50 separate superconducting electromagnets , which will select muons by charge and momentum , and carry the desired slow muons to the detector after some time delay . Detection . On entering the detector solenoid , the muons will hit ( and stop within ) an aluminum target that is about 0.2 mm thick , entering orbitals around nuclei within the target . Any muons which convert into electrons without emitting neutrinos will escape these orbitals and enter the detector with a characteristic energy of 104.97 MeV ( which is the muon mass minus the binding energy of about 0.5 MeV and nuclear recoil energy of about 0.2 MeV ) . The detector itself consists of two components : a straw tracker to measure the momentum of outgoing particles ; and an electromagnetic calorimeter to identify which particle interactions to record for further study , identify what type of particle passed through the tracker , and to confirm the measurements of the tracker . An electron with energy of around 105 MeV will indicate that the electron originated in a neutrinoless muon conversion . In order to disturb the path of the electrons as little as possible , the tracker uses as little material as possible . The wire chamber tracker consists of panels of 15-micron-thick straws of metalized mylar filled with argon and carbon dioxide , the thinnest such straws ever used in a particle physics experiment . Electronics at each end of the straws will record the signal produced when electrons interact with the gas in the straw , allowing the trajectory of the electrons to be reconstructed . Sensitivity . The rate of neutrinoless conversion of muons to electrons was previously constrained by the MEG experiment to less than 2.4×10 , and further constrained to 7×10 by the SINDRUM II experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland . Mu2e has an expected sensitivity of 5×10 , four orders of magnitude beyond SINDRUM II , meaning that it will see a signal if as few as one in 100 quadrillion muons transforms into an electron . Collaboration . , the Mu2e collaboration included 240 people from 40 institutions in six countries . The collaboration is led by co-spokespersons Douglas Glenzinski ( Fermilab ) and Jim Miller ( Boston University ) . The project manager for Mu2e is Ron Ray ; the deputy project manager is Julie Whitmore . |
[
""
] | easy | What significant event was going on in Mu2e in 2016? | /wiki/Mu2e#P793#2 | Mu2e Mu2e , or the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment , is a particle physics experiment at Fermilab in the US . The goal of the experiment is to identify physics beyond the Standard Model , namely , the conversion of muons to electrons without the emission of neutrinos , which occurs in a number of theoretical models . Project co-spokesperson Jim Miller likens this process to neutrino oscillation , but for charged leptons . Observing this process will help to narrow the range of plausible theories . The experiment will be 10,000 times more sensitive than previous muon to electron conversion experiments , and probe energy scales up to 10,000 TeV . Timeline . Prior work . Physicists have been searching for flavor violation since the 1940s . Flavor violation among neutrinos was proven in 1998 at the Super-Kamiokande experiment in Japan . In 1989 , Russian physicists Vladimir Lobashev and Rashid Djilkibaev proposed an experiment to search for lepton flavor violation . The experiment , called MELC , operated from 1992 to 1995 at the Moscow Meson Factory at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia , before being shut down due to the political and economic crises of the time . In 1997 , American physicist William Molzon proposed a similar experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory . Research and development on the MECO experiment began in 2001 , but funding was pulled in 2005 . Development . Mu2e is based on the MECO experiment proposed at Brookhaven , and the earlier MELC experiment at Russias Institute for Nuclear Research . Research and development for the Mu2e experiment began in 2009 , with the conceptual design complete in mid-2011 . In July 2012 , Mu2e received Critical Decision 1 approval ( the second of five critical decision levels ) from the Department of Energy , about one month after initial review . Project Manager Ron Ray asserted , I know of no other project that has received sign-off that quickly after review . Funding of the Mu2e experiment was recommended by the Department of Energys Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel , in its 2014 report . Construction and operation . Groundbreaking on the detector hall took place on April 18 , 2015 , with the hall expected to be complete in late 2016 . Commissioning of the experiment is anticipated in 2019 , and preliminary results are possible by around 2020 . The experiment is expected to run for three years . Later improvements to the detector may increase the sensitivity of the experiment by one to two orders of magnitude , allowing a more in-depth study of any charged lepton conversion that may be discovered in the initial run . Design . The Mu2e apparatus will be in length , and will consist of three sections . The total cost of the experiment is $271 million . Muon production . Repurposed elements from the Tevatron collider will be used to generate and deliver an 8 GeV proton beam . The protons would be extracted from Fermilabs Delivery Ring through a non-linear third-integer resonance extraction process and sent in pulses to the tungsten target . These protons will then collide with the tungsten production target in the production solenoid , producing a cascade of particles including pions , which decay into muons . Mu2e will produce between 200 and 500 quadrillion ( 2×10 to 5×10 ) muons per year . For every 300 protons hitting the production target , about one muon will enter the transport solenoid . Transport . The 4.5-Tesla magnetic field of a production solenoid will direct some of the particles produced into an S-shaped 2-Tesla evacuated transport solenoid , consisting of 50 separate superconducting electromagnets , which will select muons by charge and momentum , and carry the desired slow muons to the detector after some time delay . Detection . On entering the detector solenoid , the muons will hit ( and stop within ) an aluminum target that is about 0.2 mm thick , entering orbitals around nuclei within the target . Any muons which convert into electrons without emitting neutrinos will escape these orbitals and enter the detector with a characteristic energy of 104.97 MeV ( which is the muon mass minus the binding energy of about 0.5 MeV and nuclear recoil energy of about 0.2 MeV ) . The detector itself consists of two components : a straw tracker to measure the momentum of outgoing particles ; and an electromagnetic calorimeter to identify which particle interactions to record for further study , identify what type of particle passed through the tracker , and to confirm the measurements of the tracker . An electron with energy of around 105 MeV will indicate that the electron originated in a neutrinoless muon conversion . In order to disturb the path of the electrons as little as possible , the tracker uses as little material as possible . The wire chamber tracker consists of panels of 15-micron-thick straws of metalized mylar filled with argon and carbon dioxide , the thinnest such straws ever used in a particle physics experiment . Electronics at each end of the straws will record the signal produced when electrons interact with the gas in the straw , allowing the trajectory of the electrons to be reconstructed . Sensitivity . The rate of neutrinoless conversion of muons to electrons was previously constrained by the MEG experiment to less than 2.4×10 , and further constrained to 7×10 by the SINDRUM II experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland . Mu2e has an expected sensitivity of 5×10 , four orders of magnitude beyond SINDRUM II , meaning that it will see a signal if as few as one in 100 quadrillion muons transforms into an electron . Collaboration . , the Mu2e collaboration included 240 people from 40 institutions in six countries . The collaboration is led by co-spokespersons Douglas Glenzinski ( Fermilab ) and Jim Miller ( Boston University ) . The project manager for Mu2e is Ron Ray ; the deputy project manager is Julie Whitmore . |
[
"Maloof family"
] | easy | Houston Rockets was owned by whom from 1979 to 1982? | /wiki/Houston_Rockets#P127#0 | Houston Rockets The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the leagues Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . Throughout its history , Houston has won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . It was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets relocated to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976–77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980–81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40–42 record but still made the playoffs . Led by Malone , the Rockets reached their first NBA Finals in 1981 , becoming only the second team in NBA history to do so with a losing record . They would lose in six games to the 62–20 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird , Robert Parish , and future Rockets head coach Kevin McHale . , the 1980–81 Rockets are the last team since the 1954–55 Minneapolis Lakers to make it all the way to the NBA Finals with a losing record . In the 1984 NBA draft , once again with the first overall pick , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history . Paired with Ralph Sampson , they formed one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the Twin Towers , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals—the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—where Houston was again defeated by Larry Bird and the 67-win Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second-round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991–92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . Led by Olajuwon , the Rockets dominated the 1993–94 season , setting a franchise record 58 wins and went to the 1994 NBA Finals—the third NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—and won the franchises first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . During the following season , reinforced by another All-Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets—in their fourth NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—repeated as champions with a four-game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which finished the season with a 47–35 record and was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest-seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all-star power forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBAs 50 greatest players of all-time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 . The Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular-season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yaos early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 launched the Rockets back into perennial championship contention throughout the rest of the 2010s , with zero losing seasons in Hardens nine-season tenure with the team . Harden broke countless franchise and NBA records while on the team , winning three consecutive scoring titles between 2018 and 2020 , and leading the team to two Western Conference Finals appearances ( both times losing to the Golden State Warriors ) . Following the 2019–20 season , head coach Mike DAntoni and general manager Daryl Morey left the organization . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team deal . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon , and James Harden have been named the NBAs MVPs while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , when piloted by Morey , have been renowned for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Franchise history . 1967–1971 : San Diego Rockets . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US$1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967–68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States and chose San Diego based on the citys strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls of the Western Hockey League . The San Diego International Sports Center , which opened the previous year and was also owned by Bretitbard , would serve as home to the new franchise . A local contest to name the franchise chose the name Rockets , as it paid homage to San Diegos theme of a city in motion and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then-coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets coach and general manager . The team , which would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diegos first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . In their first two games of the season , the Rockets were up against the St . Louis Hawks , and lost both of those games . Their first win in franchise history came the very next game which occurred three days after against the SuperSonics . The Rockets won on the road , 121–114 . Johnny Green recorded 30 points and 25 rebounds for the Rockets . The following game , the SuperSonics held a 15-point lead for most of the first half , before the Rockets mounted a comeback to force overtime . The SuperSonics eventually pulled away and won the game , 117–110 , though Art Williams recorded the first ever triple-double in franchise history , as he recorded 17 points , 15 rebounds and 13 assists for the Rockets . The expansion Rockets ultimately lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchises first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . The Rockets limped to a 27–55 finish in the 1969–70 season , before missing the playoffs by just one game in the 1970–71 season . Off the court , Breitbard was facing serious financial losses primarily due to a controversial ongoing tax-assessment issue that had plagued his San Diego Sports Arena since it was built . He was also meanwhile still also on the hook for paying off the NBA expansion fee for the Rockets , in addition to construction-related bonds on the arena , which he had built with private funding . To make matters worse , the American professional sports economy had begun to plummet in the late 1960s , and professional basketball was being hit particularly hard with nearly all franchises in the NBA and ABA operating at a financial loss at this time . On January 26 , 1970 , during an emotional press conference on the floor of the Sports Arena , Breitbard addressed the San Diego fans regarding his dire finances and the state of his Rockets basketball and Gulls hockey teams . ...We have been served an eviction notice.. . Breitbard announced . Ive tried to work quietly , to iron this out . But , at the moment it appears impossible . I dont want to sell . Im not interested in selling outside of San Diego . It seems to me the Rockets and Gulls are part of this town . This arena , the Gulls , the Rockets , are a part of me , and our fans have been wonderful to us . Over the next nearly year and a half , numerous fans circulated petitions and lobbied local officials to help keep the Rockets and Gulls afloat and in San Diego . Several proposals surrounding providing financial aid or payment relief to Breitbard , or having the City and/or County of San Diego take ownership of the arena were discussed , but Breitbard was running out of time . At least 14 private offers for the Rockets were made to Breitbard , though all would have resulted in the team being relocated out of San Diego , which Breitbard was adamantly opposed to . The tax-assessment situation surrounding the Sports Arena ( which was the only large arena in the region ) ultimately made the prospect of another local owner purchasing the team infeasible . On January 12 , 1971 , the Rockets hosted the 1971 NBA All-Star Game at the San Diego Sports Arena , a close contest in which the West beat the East 108–107 in front of a packed house of 14,378 fans . On June 23 , 1971 , the San Diego Rockets were abruptly sold by Breitbard to a Houston-based investment group . The NBA hurriedly approved the sale , believing the franchise was on the verge of folding . News of the sale broke before the coaches , players , and team employees and executives could even be notified . Local officials in San Diego were also caught by surprise . In their fourth and final season in existence , the San Diego Rockets missed the playoffs by just one game in the standings and finished in the top ten in the NBA in home attendance . 1971–1976 : Move to Houston and improvement with Murphy and Rudy-T . Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million and moved the team to Houston before the start of the 1971–72 season . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname Rockets took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houstons long connection to the space industry . Before the start of the season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association – later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 – and Tex Winter was hired in his place . In the first six games of the 1971–72 season in Winters first head coaching season , the Rockets all lost those games with an average of around 15 points per game . Their first win of the season came on October 26 , 1971 , with a 104-103 win over the home team , Detroit Pistons . Their second win of the season came five days later , a 102–87 win over the Buffalo Braves . After that game , the Rockets have lost their next 8 games , against the Knicks , Trailblazers , Bullets ( twice ) , Warriors , Celtics , Bucks and Bulls . Their next win was on November 17 on the road against the 76ers . However , Winters clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971–72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994–95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten-game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976–1982 : The Moses Malone era . In the 1975–76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play-making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976–77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Ervings Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978–79 , with The Chairman Of The Boards Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2–0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , Georges 24-year-old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million ; the Maloofs would later own the Sacramento Kings from 1998 to 2013 . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the teams first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980–81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40–42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in-state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the NBA Finals facing Larry Birds Boston Celtics , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981–82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malones salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14–68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984–2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era . 1984–1987 : The Twin Towers . In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth-seeded Utah Jazz . The duo of Olajuwon and Sampson earned much praise , and was nicknamed Twin Towers . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51–31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard-fought six-game series with Alex Englishs Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series – the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers – to get to the franchises second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houstons young front challenging the playoff-hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple-double on Game 6 . After the Finals , Boston coach K . C . Jones called the Rockets the new monsters on the block feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season , followed by nearly a decade of underachievement and failure , amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by the Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double-overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987–88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampsons once-promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987–1992 : Lean years . In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitchs dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990–91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52–30 record despite Olajuwons absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwons usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991–92 season , with the Rockets record only 26–26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovichs arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . 1993–1995 : Back-to-Back Championships for Clutch City . On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated we go from here . The next season , in Tomjanovichs second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993–94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15–0 . Their first loss of the season came on December 3 , 1993 , as the Hawks , led by Dominique Wilkins 27 points , defeated the Rockets , 133–111 . The next game , the Rockets stormed a comeback against the Cleveland Cavaliers as they won by a single point , 99–98 , on the road . The Rockets now had won their first 16 out of 17 games of the season , tying the 1948–49 Capitols for the best 17-game start in a season , at that time . On December 9 , Olajuwon recorded 28 points , 16 rebounds and 4 blocks as the Rockets cruised past the visiting Heat in overtime to win their 18th game of the season . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous years MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2–0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart-breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as Choke City , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As Choke City became Clutch City , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malones Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3–2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994–95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwons former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname Clutch City had the Rockets defeating the Wests top three seeds – the Jazz , Suns and Spurs – to reach back-to-back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . When Houston swept the Finals series in four games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , Dont ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! 1995–2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding . During the off-season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon-inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995–96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBAs all-time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting Big Three of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57–25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4–2 on a dramatic last-second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41–41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top-seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first-round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career-ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34–48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000–01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45–37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off-season , a 38-year-old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign-and-trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001–02 season—the first without Hakeem in two decades—was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002–2009 : The Yao Ming era . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003–04 season marked the Rockets arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45–37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off-season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven-player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well-regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007–08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries – of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 – and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . For the 2008–09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season-ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53–29 , enough for the Western Conferences fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4–3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season-ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009–2012 : Competitive rebuilding . During the 2009–10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42–40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season . Said off-season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012–2021 : The James Harden era . After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off-season , only four players were left from the 2011–12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris , and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012–13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning Sixth Man of the Year James Harden , who Morey called a foundational player expected to be Houstons featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Hardens performance and McHales up-tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest-scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4–2 . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued and then acquired free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off-season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside-out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4–2 . Still , in the 2014–15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996–97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985–86 Denver Nuggets . Though the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front-runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first-ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third-best regular-season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4–1 in the first round , and overcame a 3–1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4–1 . The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J . B . Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in five games . During the 2016 off-season , Mike DAntoni was named as the Rockets new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contracts final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free-agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach DAntoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houstons up-tempo offense style . When the 2016–17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . DAntoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4–1 including Nene Hilarios perfect 12–12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . The fifth game went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Hardens game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series-closing match . During the 2017 off-season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8-time All-NBA player and 9-time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz in five games before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In Game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3–2 lead in the series , but they saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime in Game 7 only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . The Rockets had one draft pick entering the off-season , and they used it to select DeAnthony Melton , packaging him in a trade with the Phoenix Suns alongside Ryan Anderson to receive Brandon Knight and Marquese Chriss . In free agency , they signed James Ennis III , Michael Carter-Williams , and Carmelo Anthony . They started the season with a 1–4 record , and after 13 games where they went 6–7 , Houston and Anthony mutually agreed to part ways , who was eventually traded to the Chicago Bulls and subsequently waived . After falling to the 14th seed in the Western Conference , James Harden went on a 32-game streak scoring at least 30 points per game—the second-longest in NBA history—with Harden averaging 41.1 points per game in that run . He drove the Rockets through a 21–11 push in that streak ; and after beginning the season 11–14 , the Rockets finished the season 42–15 , winning 20 of their last 25 games and finishing fourth in the Western Conference after losing the final two games of the season , which would have potentially given them the second or third seed . After what was determined to be poor fits of the acquisitions made in free agency , on top of injuries , Daryl Morey traded the players acquired in the off-season at the trade deadline and replaced them with Austin Rivers , Kenneth Faried , Danuel House , and Iman Shumpert during the season . On April 7 , 2019 , against the Phoenix Suns , Houston became the first team in NBA history to make 25+ two-pointers and 25+ three-pointers in the same game , outscoring their last four opponents by 117 points , second-best in a four-game span in franchise history ( 127+ in February 1993 ) ; additionally , the Rockets 149 points tied the fourth-most in franchise history and are the most since February 1993 . They beat their own record for most three-pointers made by one team in a single game in NBA history two times with 26 and 27 , and they are just the fourth team in NBA history to win four consecutive games by 24 or more points ( the others are the 1990–91 Chicago Bulls , the 1992–93 Rockets , and the 1995–96 Bulls ) . The Rockets clinched a division title and a playoff berth for a seventh straight appearance . After defeating the Utah Jazz in five games , Houston faced Golden State for the fourth time in five years . The series began with highly controversial officiating in Game 1 , receiving pointed criticism by many fans , players , general managers , and owners in the league . With both teams winning their home games , putting the series at 2–2 , Golden State won the next two games to eliminate the Houston Rockets for the second year in a row , and the fourth time in five years . During the 2019 off-season , Morey sought out to once again retool the roster . As part of a trade with the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Rockets traded Chris Paul , two future first round picks , and two future first round pick swaps in exchange for James Hardens former Thunder teammate Russell Westbrook . Nearing the trade deadline of the 2019–20 season , the Rockets were involved in a blockbuster , four-team trade which was centered around bringing Robert Covington back to the Rockets and sending centers Clint Capela and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks . The trade cemented the Rockets total commitment to a small ball , 5-out offense , a style of play which was considered revolutionary for its time . In their first twelve games since going 67 or shorter in their lineups , the Rockets went 10–2 , being in the top percentile in win percentage , offensive rating , and point differential . In February , the month they made the trade , the double-MVP backcourt of Harden and Westbrook became the first teammates in NBA history to average 30+ points and 5+ assists per game . By the end of the season , Harden and Westbrook scored a combined 61.5 points per game , breaking Kobe Bryant and Shaquille ONeals previous record for the highest-scoring basketball duo since the ABA-NBA merger . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Rockets were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final eight games of the regular season . After the Rockets were eliminated in the playoffs by the Los Angeles Lakers , head coach DAntoni informed the Rockets that he would not return to the team for the 2020–21 season . During the off-season , Westbrook was traded to the Washington Wizards in December 2020 . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team trade . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play home games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan-base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003–04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007–08 season where the team achieved a 22-game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2012 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013–14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014–15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity . Uniforms and logos . When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words Houston Rockets below it . For the 1972–73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous ketchup and mustard logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with Houston atop the first red trail and Rockets ( all capitalized save for the lowercase E and T ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975–76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case T and N ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976–77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their and championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon-inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniforms primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient-fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002–03 season . The Rockets released simplified logos and uniforms in the 2003–04 season , which were created by New York-based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized R in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said R inspired the teams new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015–16 season , an alternate silver-colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASAs Gemini-Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname Clutch City . For the 2016–17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black Statement uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red Icon and white Association uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a City uniform that was similar to their red Icon uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of Rockets in front ; the design was tweaked the following season with a deeper red and old gold accents . On June 6 , 2019 , the Rockets unveiled a new secondary logo that depicts a basketball as a planet , and the ring has the Houston Rockets displayed with the classic R in the middle . A new uniform set was unveiled two weeks later . The red Icon and white Association designs featured updated block lettering and bold side panels that depict a launching rocket . The black Statement uniform remained with a few alterations . In addition , the Rockets brought back their throwback ketchup and mustard 1976–95 red uniform as part of Nikes Classic series . For the 2019–20 City uniform , the Rockets eschewed the Chinese New Year-themed designs and went with a NASA-inspired space theme . The Rockets City uniform for the 2020–21 season featured a powder blue base as a nod to the city of Houston . The colors resembled those of Houstons former NFL team , the Houston Oilers . Mascots . The mascot was introduced on March 14 , 1995 , formerly known as Clutch . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear-like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . The mascot was considered and voted fifth for the most recognizable mascot in the league , and was also inducted in the 2006 mascot Hall of Fame . Rivalries . The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston has faced both Texas teams in the playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and statistics . Individual honors . NBA Most Valuable Player Award - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 - James Harden – 2018 NBA Finals MVP - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - James Harden – 2018 , 2019 , 2020 NBA Defensive Player of the Year - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year - Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player - Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year - Tom Nissalke – 1977 - Don Chaney – 1991 - Mike DAntoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year - Ray Patterson – 1977 - Daryl Morey – 2018 J . Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 NBA All-Defensive First Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 - Rodney McCray – 1988 - Scottie Pippen – 1999 - Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team - Moses Malone – 1979 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 - Rodney McCray – 1987 - Shane Battier – 2008 , 2009 - Ron Artest – 2009 - Patrick Beverley – 2014 NBA All-Rookie First Team - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - Calvin Murphy – 1971 - Joe Meriweather – 1976 - John Lucas – 1977 - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 - Steve Francis – 2000 - Yao Ming – 2003 - Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team - Robert Horry – 1993 - Matt Maloney – 1997 - Cuttino Mobley – 1999 - Michael Dickerson – 1999 - Eddie Griffin – 2002 - Luther Head – 2006 - Carl Landry – 2008 - Chandler Parsons – 2012 All-NBA First Team - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 - James Harden – 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 All-NBA Second Team - Moses Malone – 1980 , 1981 - Ralph Sampson – 1985 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986 , 1990 , 1996 - Yao Ming – 2007 , 2009 - Tracy McGrady – 2007 - Dwight Howard – 2014 All-NBA Third Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991 , 1995 , 1999 - Clyde Drexler – 1995 - Yao Ming – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Tracy McGrady – 2005 , 2008 - James Harden – 2013 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star Weekend . All-Star - Don Kojis – 1968 , 1969 - Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 - Jack Marin – 1973 - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977 , 1979 - Moses Malone – 1978–1982 - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990 , 1992–1997 - Otis Thorpe – 1992 - Charles Barkley – 1997 - Clyde Drexler – 1996 , 1997 - Steve Francis – 2002–2004 - Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 - Yao Ming – 2003–2009 , 2011 - James Harden – 2013–2020 - Dwight Howard – 2014 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star head coach - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 - Mike DAntoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP - Ralph Sampson – 1985 Three-Point Contest champion - Eric Gordon – 2017 Skills Challenge champion - Patrick Beverley – 2015 Franchise leaders . Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) - 2 . James Harden ( 18,365 ) - 3 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) - 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) - 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) - 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) - 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) - 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) - 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) - 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) - 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) - 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) - 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) - 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) - 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) - 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) - 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) - 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) - 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) - 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) - 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) - 23 . Eric Gordon ( 4,564 ) - 24 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) - 25 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) - 26 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) - 27 . John Block ( 4,138 ) - 28 . Clint Capela ( 4,075 ) - 29 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) - 30 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - Minutes Played - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) - 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) - 4 . James Harden ( 23,006 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) - Rebounds - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) - 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) - 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) - Assists - 1 . James Harden ( 4,796 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) - 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) - 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) - 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) - Steals - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) - 3 . James Harden ( 1,087 ) - 4 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) - Blocks - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) - 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) - 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) - 5 . Clint Capela ( 491 ) Players . Retained draft rights . The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . - Also served as head coach ( 1991–2003 ) . - As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . - Tomjanovich also played for the Rockets from 1970 to 1981 and served as assistant coach from 1983 to 1992 . - In total , Newell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as contributor and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Adelman also played for the Rockets from 1968 to 1970 . Management . Coaches . - San Diego Rockets - Houston Rockets Politics . On October 4 , 2019 , the Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , which drew criticism from the Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta who said that while Morey was the best general manager in the NBA , the Rockets were not a political organization . Morey later deleted the tweet . Moreys tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Associations suspension of its relationship with the Rockets and the issuance of a statement of dissatisfaction from the consulate office of China in Houston . On October 6 , Morey and the NBA each issued a separate statement addressing the original tweet ; Morey said that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense , while the NBA said the tweet was Regrettable . The statements drew attention and subsequent bipartisan criticism from several US politicians . Chinese media outlets , including the Chinese Communist Party-run Peoples Daily , described Morey and the NBAs statements as non-apologetic and unacceptable , because they did not contain the word apologize . |
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"Leslie Alexander"
] | easy | Houston Rockets was owned by whom from 1993 to 2015? | /wiki/Houston_Rockets#P127#1 | Houston Rockets The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the leagues Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . Throughout its history , Houston has won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . It was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets relocated to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976–77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980–81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40–42 record but still made the playoffs . Led by Malone , the Rockets reached their first NBA Finals in 1981 , becoming only the second team in NBA history to do so with a losing record . They would lose in six games to the 62–20 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird , Robert Parish , and future Rockets head coach Kevin McHale . , the 1980–81 Rockets are the last team since the 1954–55 Minneapolis Lakers to make it all the way to the NBA Finals with a losing record . In the 1984 NBA draft , once again with the first overall pick , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history . Paired with Ralph Sampson , they formed one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the Twin Towers , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals—the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—where Houston was again defeated by Larry Bird and the 67-win Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second-round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991–92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . Led by Olajuwon , the Rockets dominated the 1993–94 season , setting a franchise record 58 wins and went to the 1994 NBA Finals—the third NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—and won the franchises first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . During the following season , reinforced by another All-Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets—in their fourth NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—repeated as champions with a four-game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which finished the season with a 47–35 record and was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest-seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all-star power forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBAs 50 greatest players of all-time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 . The Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular-season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yaos early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 launched the Rockets back into perennial championship contention throughout the rest of the 2010s , with zero losing seasons in Hardens nine-season tenure with the team . Harden broke countless franchise and NBA records while on the team , winning three consecutive scoring titles between 2018 and 2020 , and leading the team to two Western Conference Finals appearances ( both times losing to the Golden State Warriors ) . Following the 2019–20 season , head coach Mike DAntoni and general manager Daryl Morey left the organization . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team deal . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon , and James Harden have been named the NBAs MVPs while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , when piloted by Morey , have been renowned for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Franchise history . 1967–1971 : San Diego Rockets . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US$1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967–68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States and chose San Diego based on the citys strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls of the Western Hockey League . The San Diego International Sports Center , which opened the previous year and was also owned by Bretitbard , would serve as home to the new franchise . A local contest to name the franchise chose the name Rockets , as it paid homage to San Diegos theme of a city in motion and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then-coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets coach and general manager . The team , which would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diegos first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . In their first two games of the season , the Rockets were up against the St . Louis Hawks , and lost both of those games . Their first win in franchise history came the very next game which occurred three days after against the SuperSonics . The Rockets won on the road , 121–114 . Johnny Green recorded 30 points and 25 rebounds for the Rockets . The following game , the SuperSonics held a 15-point lead for most of the first half , before the Rockets mounted a comeback to force overtime . The SuperSonics eventually pulled away and won the game , 117–110 , though Art Williams recorded the first ever triple-double in franchise history , as he recorded 17 points , 15 rebounds and 13 assists for the Rockets . The expansion Rockets ultimately lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchises first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . The Rockets limped to a 27–55 finish in the 1969–70 season , before missing the playoffs by just one game in the 1970–71 season . Off the court , Breitbard was facing serious financial losses primarily due to a controversial ongoing tax-assessment issue that had plagued his San Diego Sports Arena since it was built . He was also meanwhile still also on the hook for paying off the NBA expansion fee for the Rockets , in addition to construction-related bonds on the arena , which he had built with private funding . To make matters worse , the American professional sports economy had begun to plummet in the late 1960s , and professional basketball was being hit particularly hard with nearly all franchises in the NBA and ABA operating at a financial loss at this time . On January 26 , 1970 , during an emotional press conference on the floor of the Sports Arena , Breitbard addressed the San Diego fans regarding his dire finances and the state of his Rockets basketball and Gulls hockey teams . ...We have been served an eviction notice.. . Breitbard announced . Ive tried to work quietly , to iron this out . But , at the moment it appears impossible . I dont want to sell . Im not interested in selling outside of San Diego . It seems to me the Rockets and Gulls are part of this town . This arena , the Gulls , the Rockets , are a part of me , and our fans have been wonderful to us . Over the next nearly year and a half , numerous fans circulated petitions and lobbied local officials to help keep the Rockets and Gulls afloat and in San Diego . Several proposals surrounding providing financial aid or payment relief to Breitbard , or having the City and/or County of San Diego take ownership of the arena were discussed , but Breitbard was running out of time . At least 14 private offers for the Rockets were made to Breitbard , though all would have resulted in the team being relocated out of San Diego , which Breitbard was adamantly opposed to . The tax-assessment situation surrounding the Sports Arena ( which was the only large arena in the region ) ultimately made the prospect of another local owner purchasing the team infeasible . On January 12 , 1971 , the Rockets hosted the 1971 NBA All-Star Game at the San Diego Sports Arena , a close contest in which the West beat the East 108–107 in front of a packed house of 14,378 fans . On June 23 , 1971 , the San Diego Rockets were abruptly sold by Breitbard to a Houston-based investment group . The NBA hurriedly approved the sale , believing the franchise was on the verge of folding . News of the sale broke before the coaches , players , and team employees and executives could even be notified . Local officials in San Diego were also caught by surprise . In their fourth and final season in existence , the San Diego Rockets missed the playoffs by just one game in the standings and finished in the top ten in the NBA in home attendance . 1971–1976 : Move to Houston and improvement with Murphy and Rudy-T . Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million and moved the team to Houston before the start of the 1971–72 season . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname Rockets took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houstons long connection to the space industry . Before the start of the season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association – later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 – and Tex Winter was hired in his place . In the first six games of the 1971–72 season in Winters first head coaching season , the Rockets all lost those games with an average of around 15 points per game . Their first win of the season came on October 26 , 1971 , with a 104-103 win over the home team , Detroit Pistons . Their second win of the season came five days later , a 102–87 win over the Buffalo Braves . After that game , the Rockets have lost their next 8 games , against the Knicks , Trailblazers , Bullets ( twice ) , Warriors , Celtics , Bucks and Bulls . Their next win was on November 17 on the road against the 76ers . However , Winters clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971–72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994–95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten-game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976–1982 : The Moses Malone era . In the 1975–76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play-making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976–77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Ervings Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978–79 , with The Chairman Of The Boards Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2–0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , Georges 24-year-old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million ; the Maloofs would later own the Sacramento Kings from 1998 to 2013 . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the teams first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980–81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40–42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in-state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the NBA Finals facing Larry Birds Boston Celtics , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981–82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malones salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14–68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984–2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era . 1984–1987 : The Twin Towers . In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth-seeded Utah Jazz . The duo of Olajuwon and Sampson earned much praise , and was nicknamed Twin Towers . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51–31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard-fought six-game series with Alex Englishs Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series – the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers – to get to the franchises second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houstons young front challenging the playoff-hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple-double on Game 6 . After the Finals , Boston coach K . C . Jones called the Rockets the new monsters on the block feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season , followed by nearly a decade of underachievement and failure , amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by the Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double-overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987–88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampsons once-promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987–1992 : Lean years . In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitchs dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990–91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52–30 record despite Olajuwons absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwons usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991–92 season , with the Rockets record only 26–26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovichs arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . 1993–1995 : Back-to-Back Championships for Clutch City . On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated we go from here . The next season , in Tomjanovichs second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993–94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15–0 . Their first loss of the season came on December 3 , 1993 , as the Hawks , led by Dominique Wilkins 27 points , defeated the Rockets , 133–111 . The next game , the Rockets stormed a comeback against the Cleveland Cavaliers as they won by a single point , 99–98 , on the road . The Rockets now had won their first 16 out of 17 games of the season , tying the 1948–49 Capitols for the best 17-game start in a season , at that time . On December 9 , Olajuwon recorded 28 points , 16 rebounds and 4 blocks as the Rockets cruised past the visiting Heat in overtime to win their 18th game of the season . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous years MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2–0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart-breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as Choke City , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As Choke City became Clutch City , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malones Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3–2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994–95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwons former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname Clutch City had the Rockets defeating the Wests top three seeds – the Jazz , Suns and Spurs – to reach back-to-back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . When Houston swept the Finals series in four games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , Dont ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! 1995–2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding . During the off-season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon-inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995–96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBAs all-time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting Big Three of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57–25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4–2 on a dramatic last-second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41–41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top-seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first-round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career-ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34–48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000–01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45–37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off-season , a 38-year-old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign-and-trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001–02 season—the first without Hakeem in two decades—was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002–2009 : The Yao Ming era . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003–04 season marked the Rockets arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45–37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off-season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven-player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well-regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007–08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries – of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 – and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . For the 2008–09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season-ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53–29 , enough for the Western Conferences fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4–3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season-ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009–2012 : Competitive rebuilding . During the 2009–10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42–40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season . Said off-season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012–2021 : The James Harden era . After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off-season , only four players were left from the 2011–12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris , and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012–13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning Sixth Man of the Year James Harden , who Morey called a foundational player expected to be Houstons featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Hardens performance and McHales up-tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest-scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4–2 . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued and then acquired free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off-season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside-out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4–2 . Still , in the 2014–15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996–97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985–86 Denver Nuggets . Though the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front-runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first-ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third-best regular-season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4–1 in the first round , and overcame a 3–1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4–1 . The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J . B . Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in five games . During the 2016 off-season , Mike DAntoni was named as the Rockets new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contracts final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free-agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach DAntoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houstons up-tempo offense style . When the 2016–17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . DAntoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4–1 including Nene Hilarios perfect 12–12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . The fifth game went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Hardens game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series-closing match . During the 2017 off-season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8-time All-NBA player and 9-time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz in five games before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In Game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3–2 lead in the series , but they saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime in Game 7 only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . The Rockets had one draft pick entering the off-season , and they used it to select DeAnthony Melton , packaging him in a trade with the Phoenix Suns alongside Ryan Anderson to receive Brandon Knight and Marquese Chriss . In free agency , they signed James Ennis III , Michael Carter-Williams , and Carmelo Anthony . They started the season with a 1–4 record , and after 13 games where they went 6–7 , Houston and Anthony mutually agreed to part ways , who was eventually traded to the Chicago Bulls and subsequently waived . After falling to the 14th seed in the Western Conference , James Harden went on a 32-game streak scoring at least 30 points per game—the second-longest in NBA history—with Harden averaging 41.1 points per game in that run . He drove the Rockets through a 21–11 push in that streak ; and after beginning the season 11–14 , the Rockets finished the season 42–15 , winning 20 of their last 25 games and finishing fourth in the Western Conference after losing the final two games of the season , which would have potentially given them the second or third seed . After what was determined to be poor fits of the acquisitions made in free agency , on top of injuries , Daryl Morey traded the players acquired in the off-season at the trade deadline and replaced them with Austin Rivers , Kenneth Faried , Danuel House , and Iman Shumpert during the season . On April 7 , 2019 , against the Phoenix Suns , Houston became the first team in NBA history to make 25+ two-pointers and 25+ three-pointers in the same game , outscoring their last four opponents by 117 points , second-best in a four-game span in franchise history ( 127+ in February 1993 ) ; additionally , the Rockets 149 points tied the fourth-most in franchise history and are the most since February 1993 . They beat their own record for most three-pointers made by one team in a single game in NBA history two times with 26 and 27 , and they are just the fourth team in NBA history to win four consecutive games by 24 or more points ( the others are the 1990–91 Chicago Bulls , the 1992–93 Rockets , and the 1995–96 Bulls ) . The Rockets clinched a division title and a playoff berth for a seventh straight appearance . After defeating the Utah Jazz in five games , Houston faced Golden State for the fourth time in five years . The series began with highly controversial officiating in Game 1 , receiving pointed criticism by many fans , players , general managers , and owners in the league . With both teams winning their home games , putting the series at 2–2 , Golden State won the next two games to eliminate the Houston Rockets for the second year in a row , and the fourth time in five years . During the 2019 off-season , Morey sought out to once again retool the roster . As part of a trade with the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Rockets traded Chris Paul , two future first round picks , and two future first round pick swaps in exchange for James Hardens former Thunder teammate Russell Westbrook . Nearing the trade deadline of the 2019–20 season , the Rockets were involved in a blockbuster , four-team trade which was centered around bringing Robert Covington back to the Rockets and sending centers Clint Capela and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks . The trade cemented the Rockets total commitment to a small ball , 5-out offense , a style of play which was considered revolutionary for its time . In their first twelve games since going 67 or shorter in their lineups , the Rockets went 10–2 , being in the top percentile in win percentage , offensive rating , and point differential . In February , the month they made the trade , the double-MVP backcourt of Harden and Westbrook became the first teammates in NBA history to average 30+ points and 5+ assists per game . By the end of the season , Harden and Westbrook scored a combined 61.5 points per game , breaking Kobe Bryant and Shaquille ONeals previous record for the highest-scoring basketball duo since the ABA-NBA merger . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Rockets were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final eight games of the regular season . After the Rockets were eliminated in the playoffs by the Los Angeles Lakers , head coach DAntoni informed the Rockets that he would not return to the team for the 2020–21 season . During the off-season , Westbrook was traded to the Washington Wizards in December 2020 . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team trade . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play home games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan-base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003–04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007–08 season where the team achieved a 22-game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2012 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013–14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014–15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity . Uniforms and logos . When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words Houston Rockets below it . For the 1972–73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous ketchup and mustard logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with Houston atop the first red trail and Rockets ( all capitalized save for the lowercase E and T ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975–76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case T and N ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976–77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their and championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon-inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniforms primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient-fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002–03 season . The Rockets released simplified logos and uniforms in the 2003–04 season , which were created by New York-based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized R in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said R inspired the teams new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015–16 season , an alternate silver-colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASAs Gemini-Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname Clutch City . For the 2016–17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black Statement uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red Icon and white Association uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a City uniform that was similar to their red Icon uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of Rockets in front ; the design was tweaked the following season with a deeper red and old gold accents . On June 6 , 2019 , the Rockets unveiled a new secondary logo that depicts a basketball as a planet , and the ring has the Houston Rockets displayed with the classic R in the middle . A new uniform set was unveiled two weeks later . The red Icon and white Association designs featured updated block lettering and bold side panels that depict a launching rocket . The black Statement uniform remained with a few alterations . In addition , the Rockets brought back their throwback ketchup and mustard 1976–95 red uniform as part of Nikes Classic series . For the 2019–20 City uniform , the Rockets eschewed the Chinese New Year-themed designs and went with a NASA-inspired space theme . The Rockets City uniform for the 2020–21 season featured a powder blue base as a nod to the city of Houston . The colors resembled those of Houstons former NFL team , the Houston Oilers . Mascots . The mascot was introduced on March 14 , 1995 , formerly known as Clutch . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear-like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . The mascot was considered and voted fifth for the most recognizable mascot in the league , and was also inducted in the 2006 mascot Hall of Fame . Rivalries . The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston has faced both Texas teams in the playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and statistics . Individual honors . NBA Most Valuable Player Award - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 - James Harden – 2018 NBA Finals MVP - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - James Harden – 2018 , 2019 , 2020 NBA Defensive Player of the Year - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year - Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player - Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year - Tom Nissalke – 1977 - Don Chaney – 1991 - Mike DAntoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year - Ray Patterson – 1977 - Daryl Morey – 2018 J . Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 NBA All-Defensive First Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 - Rodney McCray – 1988 - Scottie Pippen – 1999 - Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team - Moses Malone – 1979 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 - Rodney McCray – 1987 - Shane Battier – 2008 , 2009 - Ron Artest – 2009 - Patrick Beverley – 2014 NBA All-Rookie First Team - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - Calvin Murphy – 1971 - Joe Meriweather – 1976 - John Lucas – 1977 - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 - Steve Francis – 2000 - Yao Ming – 2003 - Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team - Robert Horry – 1993 - Matt Maloney – 1997 - Cuttino Mobley – 1999 - Michael Dickerson – 1999 - Eddie Griffin – 2002 - Luther Head – 2006 - Carl Landry – 2008 - Chandler Parsons – 2012 All-NBA First Team - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 - James Harden – 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 All-NBA Second Team - Moses Malone – 1980 , 1981 - Ralph Sampson – 1985 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986 , 1990 , 1996 - Yao Ming – 2007 , 2009 - Tracy McGrady – 2007 - Dwight Howard – 2014 All-NBA Third Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991 , 1995 , 1999 - Clyde Drexler – 1995 - Yao Ming – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Tracy McGrady – 2005 , 2008 - James Harden – 2013 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star Weekend . All-Star - Don Kojis – 1968 , 1969 - Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 - Jack Marin – 1973 - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977 , 1979 - Moses Malone – 1978–1982 - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990 , 1992–1997 - Otis Thorpe – 1992 - Charles Barkley – 1997 - Clyde Drexler – 1996 , 1997 - Steve Francis – 2002–2004 - Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 - Yao Ming – 2003–2009 , 2011 - James Harden – 2013–2020 - Dwight Howard – 2014 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star head coach - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 - Mike DAntoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP - Ralph Sampson – 1985 Three-Point Contest champion - Eric Gordon – 2017 Skills Challenge champion - Patrick Beverley – 2015 Franchise leaders . Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) - 2 . James Harden ( 18,365 ) - 3 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) - 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) - 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) - 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) - 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) - 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) - 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) - 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) - 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) - 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) - 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) - 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) - 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) - 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) - 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) - 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) - 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) - 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) - 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) - 23 . Eric Gordon ( 4,564 ) - 24 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) - 25 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) - 26 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) - 27 . John Block ( 4,138 ) - 28 . Clint Capela ( 4,075 ) - 29 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) - 30 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - Minutes Played - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) - 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) - 4 . James Harden ( 23,006 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) - Rebounds - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) - 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) - 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) - Assists - 1 . James Harden ( 4,796 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) - 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) - 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) - 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) - Steals - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) - 3 . James Harden ( 1,087 ) - 4 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) - Blocks - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) - 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) - 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) - 5 . Clint Capela ( 491 ) Players . Retained draft rights . The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . - Also served as head coach ( 1991–2003 ) . - As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . - Tomjanovich also played for the Rockets from 1970 to 1981 and served as assistant coach from 1983 to 1992 . - In total , Newell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as contributor and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Adelman also played for the Rockets from 1968 to 1970 . Management . Coaches . - San Diego Rockets - Houston Rockets Politics . On October 4 , 2019 , the Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , which drew criticism from the Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta who said that while Morey was the best general manager in the NBA , the Rockets were not a political organization . Morey later deleted the tweet . Moreys tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Associations suspension of its relationship with the Rockets and the issuance of a statement of dissatisfaction from the consulate office of China in Houston . On October 6 , Morey and the NBA each issued a separate statement addressing the original tweet ; Morey said that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense , while the NBA said the tweet was Regrettable . The statements drew attention and subsequent bipartisan criticism from several US politicians . Chinese media outlets , including the Chinese Communist Party-run Peoples Daily , described Morey and the NBAs statements as non-apologetic and unacceptable , because they did not contain the word apologize . |
[
"Golden State Warriors",
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] | easy | Who owned Houston Rockets from 2015 to 2017? | /wiki/Houston_Rockets#P127#2 | Houston Rockets The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the leagues Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . Throughout its history , Houston has won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . It was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets relocated to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976–77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980–81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40–42 record but still made the playoffs . Led by Malone , the Rockets reached their first NBA Finals in 1981 , becoming only the second team in NBA history to do so with a losing record . They would lose in six games to the 62–20 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird , Robert Parish , and future Rockets head coach Kevin McHale . , the 1980–81 Rockets are the last team since the 1954–55 Minneapolis Lakers to make it all the way to the NBA Finals with a losing record . In the 1984 NBA draft , once again with the first overall pick , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history . Paired with Ralph Sampson , they formed one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the Twin Towers , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals—the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—where Houston was again defeated by Larry Bird and the 67-win Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second-round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991–92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . Led by Olajuwon , the Rockets dominated the 1993–94 season , setting a franchise record 58 wins and went to the 1994 NBA Finals—the third NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—and won the franchises first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . During the following season , reinforced by another All-Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets—in their fourth NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—repeated as champions with a four-game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which finished the season with a 47–35 record and was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest-seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all-star power forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBAs 50 greatest players of all-time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 . The Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular-season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yaos early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 launched the Rockets back into perennial championship contention throughout the rest of the 2010s , with zero losing seasons in Hardens nine-season tenure with the team . Harden broke countless franchise and NBA records while on the team , winning three consecutive scoring titles between 2018 and 2020 , and leading the team to two Western Conference Finals appearances ( both times losing to the Golden State Warriors ) . Following the 2019–20 season , head coach Mike DAntoni and general manager Daryl Morey left the organization . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team deal . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon , and James Harden have been named the NBAs MVPs while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , when piloted by Morey , have been renowned for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Franchise history . 1967–1971 : San Diego Rockets . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US$1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967–68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States and chose San Diego based on the citys strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls of the Western Hockey League . The San Diego International Sports Center , which opened the previous year and was also owned by Bretitbard , would serve as home to the new franchise . A local contest to name the franchise chose the name Rockets , as it paid homage to San Diegos theme of a city in motion and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then-coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets coach and general manager . The team , which would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diegos first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . In their first two games of the season , the Rockets were up against the St . Louis Hawks , and lost both of those games . Their first win in franchise history came the very next game which occurred three days after against the SuperSonics . The Rockets won on the road , 121–114 . Johnny Green recorded 30 points and 25 rebounds for the Rockets . The following game , the SuperSonics held a 15-point lead for most of the first half , before the Rockets mounted a comeback to force overtime . The SuperSonics eventually pulled away and won the game , 117–110 , though Art Williams recorded the first ever triple-double in franchise history , as he recorded 17 points , 15 rebounds and 13 assists for the Rockets . The expansion Rockets ultimately lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchises first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . The Rockets limped to a 27–55 finish in the 1969–70 season , before missing the playoffs by just one game in the 1970–71 season . Off the court , Breitbard was facing serious financial losses primarily due to a controversial ongoing tax-assessment issue that had plagued his San Diego Sports Arena since it was built . He was also meanwhile still also on the hook for paying off the NBA expansion fee for the Rockets , in addition to construction-related bonds on the arena , which he had built with private funding . To make matters worse , the American professional sports economy had begun to plummet in the late 1960s , and professional basketball was being hit particularly hard with nearly all franchises in the NBA and ABA operating at a financial loss at this time . On January 26 , 1970 , during an emotional press conference on the floor of the Sports Arena , Breitbard addressed the San Diego fans regarding his dire finances and the state of his Rockets basketball and Gulls hockey teams . ...We have been served an eviction notice.. . Breitbard announced . Ive tried to work quietly , to iron this out . But , at the moment it appears impossible . I dont want to sell . Im not interested in selling outside of San Diego . It seems to me the Rockets and Gulls are part of this town . This arena , the Gulls , the Rockets , are a part of me , and our fans have been wonderful to us . Over the next nearly year and a half , numerous fans circulated petitions and lobbied local officials to help keep the Rockets and Gulls afloat and in San Diego . Several proposals surrounding providing financial aid or payment relief to Breitbard , or having the City and/or County of San Diego take ownership of the arena were discussed , but Breitbard was running out of time . At least 14 private offers for the Rockets were made to Breitbard , though all would have resulted in the team being relocated out of San Diego , which Breitbard was adamantly opposed to . The tax-assessment situation surrounding the Sports Arena ( which was the only large arena in the region ) ultimately made the prospect of another local owner purchasing the team infeasible . On January 12 , 1971 , the Rockets hosted the 1971 NBA All-Star Game at the San Diego Sports Arena , a close contest in which the West beat the East 108–107 in front of a packed house of 14,378 fans . On June 23 , 1971 , the San Diego Rockets were abruptly sold by Breitbard to a Houston-based investment group . The NBA hurriedly approved the sale , believing the franchise was on the verge of folding . News of the sale broke before the coaches , players , and team employees and executives could even be notified . Local officials in San Diego were also caught by surprise . In their fourth and final season in existence , the San Diego Rockets missed the playoffs by just one game in the standings and finished in the top ten in the NBA in home attendance . 1971–1976 : Move to Houston and improvement with Murphy and Rudy-T . Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million and moved the team to Houston before the start of the 1971–72 season . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname Rockets took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houstons long connection to the space industry . Before the start of the season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association – later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 – and Tex Winter was hired in his place . In the first six games of the 1971–72 season in Winters first head coaching season , the Rockets all lost those games with an average of around 15 points per game . Their first win of the season came on October 26 , 1971 , with a 104-103 win over the home team , Detroit Pistons . Their second win of the season came five days later , a 102–87 win over the Buffalo Braves . After that game , the Rockets have lost their next 8 games , against the Knicks , Trailblazers , Bullets ( twice ) , Warriors , Celtics , Bucks and Bulls . Their next win was on November 17 on the road against the 76ers . However , Winters clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971–72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994–95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten-game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976–1982 : The Moses Malone era . In the 1975–76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play-making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976–77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Ervings Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978–79 , with The Chairman Of The Boards Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2–0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , Georges 24-year-old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million ; the Maloofs would later own the Sacramento Kings from 1998 to 2013 . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the teams first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980–81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40–42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in-state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the NBA Finals facing Larry Birds Boston Celtics , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981–82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malones salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14–68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984–2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era . 1984–1987 : The Twin Towers . In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth-seeded Utah Jazz . The duo of Olajuwon and Sampson earned much praise , and was nicknamed Twin Towers . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51–31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard-fought six-game series with Alex Englishs Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series – the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers – to get to the franchises second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houstons young front challenging the playoff-hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple-double on Game 6 . After the Finals , Boston coach K . C . Jones called the Rockets the new monsters on the block feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season , followed by nearly a decade of underachievement and failure , amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by the Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double-overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987–88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampsons once-promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987–1992 : Lean years . In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitchs dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990–91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52–30 record despite Olajuwons absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwons usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991–92 season , with the Rockets record only 26–26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovichs arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . 1993–1995 : Back-to-Back Championships for Clutch City . On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated we go from here . The next season , in Tomjanovichs second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993–94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15–0 . Their first loss of the season came on December 3 , 1993 , as the Hawks , led by Dominique Wilkins 27 points , defeated the Rockets , 133–111 . The next game , the Rockets stormed a comeback against the Cleveland Cavaliers as they won by a single point , 99–98 , on the road . The Rockets now had won their first 16 out of 17 games of the season , tying the 1948–49 Capitols for the best 17-game start in a season , at that time . On December 9 , Olajuwon recorded 28 points , 16 rebounds and 4 blocks as the Rockets cruised past the visiting Heat in overtime to win their 18th game of the season . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous years MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2–0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart-breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as Choke City , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As Choke City became Clutch City , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malones Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3–2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994–95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwons former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname Clutch City had the Rockets defeating the Wests top three seeds – the Jazz , Suns and Spurs – to reach back-to-back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . When Houston swept the Finals series in four games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , Dont ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! 1995–2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding . During the off-season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon-inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995–96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBAs all-time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting Big Three of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57–25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4–2 on a dramatic last-second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41–41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top-seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first-round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career-ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34–48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000–01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45–37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off-season , a 38-year-old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign-and-trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001–02 season—the first without Hakeem in two decades—was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002–2009 : The Yao Ming era . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003–04 season marked the Rockets arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45–37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off-season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven-player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well-regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007–08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries – of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 – and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . For the 2008–09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season-ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53–29 , enough for the Western Conferences fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4–3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season-ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009–2012 : Competitive rebuilding . During the 2009–10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42–40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season . Said off-season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012–2021 : The James Harden era . After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off-season , only four players were left from the 2011–12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris , and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012–13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning Sixth Man of the Year James Harden , who Morey called a foundational player expected to be Houstons featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Hardens performance and McHales up-tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest-scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4–2 . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued and then acquired free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off-season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside-out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4–2 . Still , in the 2014–15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996–97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985–86 Denver Nuggets . Though the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front-runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first-ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third-best regular-season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4–1 in the first round , and overcame a 3–1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4–1 . The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J . B . Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in five games . During the 2016 off-season , Mike DAntoni was named as the Rockets new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contracts final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free-agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach DAntoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houstons up-tempo offense style . When the 2016–17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . DAntoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4–1 including Nene Hilarios perfect 12–12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . The fifth game went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Hardens game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series-closing match . During the 2017 off-season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8-time All-NBA player and 9-time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz in five games before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In Game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3–2 lead in the series , but they saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime in Game 7 only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . The Rockets had one draft pick entering the off-season , and they used it to select DeAnthony Melton , packaging him in a trade with the Phoenix Suns alongside Ryan Anderson to receive Brandon Knight and Marquese Chriss . In free agency , they signed James Ennis III , Michael Carter-Williams , and Carmelo Anthony . They started the season with a 1–4 record , and after 13 games where they went 6–7 , Houston and Anthony mutually agreed to part ways , who was eventually traded to the Chicago Bulls and subsequently waived . After falling to the 14th seed in the Western Conference , James Harden went on a 32-game streak scoring at least 30 points per game—the second-longest in NBA history—with Harden averaging 41.1 points per game in that run . He drove the Rockets through a 21–11 push in that streak ; and after beginning the season 11–14 , the Rockets finished the season 42–15 , winning 20 of their last 25 games and finishing fourth in the Western Conference after losing the final two games of the season , which would have potentially given them the second or third seed . After what was determined to be poor fits of the acquisitions made in free agency , on top of injuries , Daryl Morey traded the players acquired in the off-season at the trade deadline and replaced them with Austin Rivers , Kenneth Faried , Danuel House , and Iman Shumpert during the season . On April 7 , 2019 , against the Phoenix Suns , Houston became the first team in NBA history to make 25+ two-pointers and 25+ three-pointers in the same game , outscoring their last four opponents by 117 points , second-best in a four-game span in franchise history ( 127+ in February 1993 ) ; additionally , the Rockets 149 points tied the fourth-most in franchise history and are the most since February 1993 . They beat their own record for most three-pointers made by one team in a single game in NBA history two times with 26 and 27 , and they are just the fourth team in NBA history to win four consecutive games by 24 or more points ( the others are the 1990–91 Chicago Bulls , the 1992–93 Rockets , and the 1995–96 Bulls ) . The Rockets clinched a division title and a playoff berth for a seventh straight appearance . After defeating the Utah Jazz in five games , Houston faced Golden State for the fourth time in five years . The series began with highly controversial officiating in Game 1 , receiving pointed criticism by many fans , players , general managers , and owners in the league . With both teams winning their home games , putting the series at 2–2 , Golden State won the next two games to eliminate the Houston Rockets for the second year in a row , and the fourth time in five years . During the 2019 off-season , Morey sought out to once again retool the roster . As part of a trade with the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Rockets traded Chris Paul , two future first round picks , and two future first round pick swaps in exchange for James Hardens former Thunder teammate Russell Westbrook . Nearing the trade deadline of the 2019–20 season , the Rockets were involved in a blockbuster , four-team trade which was centered around bringing Robert Covington back to the Rockets and sending centers Clint Capela and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks . The trade cemented the Rockets total commitment to a small ball , 5-out offense , a style of play which was considered revolutionary for its time . In their first twelve games since going 67 or shorter in their lineups , the Rockets went 10–2 , being in the top percentile in win percentage , offensive rating , and point differential . In February , the month they made the trade , the double-MVP backcourt of Harden and Westbrook became the first teammates in NBA history to average 30+ points and 5+ assists per game . By the end of the season , Harden and Westbrook scored a combined 61.5 points per game , breaking Kobe Bryant and Shaquille ONeals previous record for the highest-scoring basketball duo since the ABA-NBA merger . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Rockets were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final eight games of the regular season . After the Rockets were eliminated in the playoffs by the Los Angeles Lakers , head coach DAntoni informed the Rockets that he would not return to the team for the 2020–21 season . During the off-season , Westbrook was traded to the Washington Wizards in December 2020 . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team trade . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play home games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan-base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003–04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007–08 season where the team achieved a 22-game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2012 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013–14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014–15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity . Uniforms and logos . When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words Houston Rockets below it . For the 1972–73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous ketchup and mustard logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with Houston atop the first red trail and Rockets ( all capitalized save for the lowercase E and T ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975–76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case T and N ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976–77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their and championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon-inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniforms primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient-fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002–03 season . The Rockets released simplified logos and uniforms in the 2003–04 season , which were created by New York-based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized R in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said R inspired the teams new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015–16 season , an alternate silver-colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASAs Gemini-Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname Clutch City . For the 2016–17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black Statement uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red Icon and white Association uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a City uniform that was similar to their red Icon uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of Rockets in front ; the design was tweaked the following season with a deeper red and old gold accents . On June 6 , 2019 , the Rockets unveiled a new secondary logo that depicts a basketball as a planet , and the ring has the Houston Rockets displayed with the classic R in the middle . A new uniform set was unveiled two weeks later . The red Icon and white Association designs featured updated block lettering and bold side panels that depict a launching rocket . The black Statement uniform remained with a few alterations . In addition , the Rockets brought back their throwback ketchup and mustard 1976–95 red uniform as part of Nikes Classic series . For the 2019–20 City uniform , the Rockets eschewed the Chinese New Year-themed designs and went with a NASA-inspired space theme . The Rockets City uniform for the 2020–21 season featured a powder blue base as a nod to the city of Houston . The colors resembled those of Houstons former NFL team , the Houston Oilers . Mascots . The mascot was introduced on March 14 , 1995 , formerly known as Clutch . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear-like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . The mascot was considered and voted fifth for the most recognizable mascot in the league , and was also inducted in the 2006 mascot Hall of Fame . Rivalries . The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston has faced both Texas teams in the playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and statistics . Individual honors . NBA Most Valuable Player Award - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 - James Harden – 2018 NBA Finals MVP - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - James Harden – 2018 , 2019 , 2020 NBA Defensive Player of the Year - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year - Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player - Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year - Tom Nissalke – 1977 - Don Chaney – 1991 - Mike DAntoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year - Ray Patterson – 1977 - Daryl Morey – 2018 J . Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 NBA All-Defensive First Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 - Rodney McCray – 1988 - Scottie Pippen – 1999 - Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team - Moses Malone – 1979 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 - Rodney McCray – 1987 - Shane Battier – 2008 , 2009 - Ron Artest – 2009 - Patrick Beverley – 2014 NBA All-Rookie First Team - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - Calvin Murphy – 1971 - Joe Meriweather – 1976 - John Lucas – 1977 - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 - Steve Francis – 2000 - Yao Ming – 2003 - Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team - Robert Horry – 1993 - Matt Maloney – 1997 - Cuttino Mobley – 1999 - Michael Dickerson – 1999 - Eddie Griffin – 2002 - Luther Head – 2006 - Carl Landry – 2008 - Chandler Parsons – 2012 All-NBA First Team - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 - James Harden – 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 All-NBA Second Team - Moses Malone – 1980 , 1981 - Ralph Sampson – 1985 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986 , 1990 , 1996 - Yao Ming – 2007 , 2009 - Tracy McGrady – 2007 - Dwight Howard – 2014 All-NBA Third Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991 , 1995 , 1999 - Clyde Drexler – 1995 - Yao Ming – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Tracy McGrady – 2005 , 2008 - James Harden – 2013 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star Weekend . All-Star - Don Kojis – 1968 , 1969 - Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 - Jack Marin – 1973 - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977 , 1979 - Moses Malone – 1978–1982 - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990 , 1992–1997 - Otis Thorpe – 1992 - Charles Barkley – 1997 - Clyde Drexler – 1996 , 1997 - Steve Francis – 2002–2004 - Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 - Yao Ming – 2003–2009 , 2011 - James Harden – 2013–2020 - Dwight Howard – 2014 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star head coach - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 - Mike DAntoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP - Ralph Sampson – 1985 Three-Point Contest champion - Eric Gordon – 2017 Skills Challenge champion - Patrick Beverley – 2015 Franchise leaders . Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) - 2 . James Harden ( 18,365 ) - 3 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) - 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) - 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) - 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) - 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) - 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) - 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) - 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) - 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) - 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) - 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) - 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) - 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) - 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) - 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) - 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) - 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) - 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) - 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) - 23 . Eric Gordon ( 4,564 ) - 24 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) - 25 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) - 26 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) - 27 . John Block ( 4,138 ) - 28 . Clint Capela ( 4,075 ) - 29 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) - 30 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - Minutes Played - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) - 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) - 4 . James Harden ( 23,006 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) - Rebounds - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) - 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) - 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) - Assists - 1 . James Harden ( 4,796 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) - 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) - 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) - 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) - Steals - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) - 3 . James Harden ( 1,087 ) - 4 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) - Blocks - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) - 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) - 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) - 5 . Clint Capela ( 491 ) Players . Retained draft rights . The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . - Also served as head coach ( 1991–2003 ) . - As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . - Tomjanovich also played for the Rockets from 1970 to 1981 and served as assistant coach from 1983 to 1992 . - In total , Newell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as contributor and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Adelman also played for the Rockets from 1968 to 1970 . Management . Coaches . - San Diego Rockets - Houston Rockets Politics . On October 4 , 2019 , the Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , which drew criticism from the Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta who said that while Morey was the best general manager in the NBA , the Rockets were not a political organization . Morey later deleted the tweet . Moreys tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Associations suspension of its relationship with the Rockets and the issuance of a statement of dissatisfaction from the consulate office of China in Houston . On October 6 , Morey and the NBA each issued a separate statement addressing the original tweet ; Morey said that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense , while the NBA said the tweet was Regrettable . The statements drew attention and subsequent bipartisan criticism from several US politicians . Chinese media outlets , including the Chinese Communist Party-run Peoples Daily , described Morey and the NBAs statements as non-apologetic and unacceptable , because they did not contain the word apologize . |
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"Tilman Fertitta"
] | easy | Who owned Houston Rockets from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Houston_Rockets#P127#3 | Houston Rockets The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member team of the leagues Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in Downtown Houston . Throughout its history , Houston has won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . It was established in 1967 as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego . In 1971 , the Rockets relocated to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets were awarded the first overall pick and selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record for almost a decade until the 1976–77 season , when they traded for All-Star center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice while playing with the Rockets and led Houston to the Eastern Conference Finals in his first year with the team . During the 1980–81 season , the Rockets finished the regular season with a 40–42 record but still made the playoffs . Led by Malone , the Rockets reached their first NBA Finals in 1981 , becoming only the second team in NBA history to do so with a losing record . They would lose in six games to the 62–20 Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird , Robert Parish , and future Rockets head coach Kevin McHale . , the 1980–81 Rockets are the last team since the 1954–55 Minneapolis Lakers to make it all the way to the NBA Finals with a losing record . In the 1984 NBA draft , once again with the first overall pick , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would become the cornerstone of the most successful period in franchise history . Paired with Ralph Sampson , they formed one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the Twin Towers , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals—the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—where Houston was again defeated by Larry Bird and the 67-win Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second-round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991–92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . Led by Olajuwon , the Rockets dominated the 1993–94 season , setting a franchise record 58 wins and went to the 1994 NBA Finals—the third NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—and won the franchises first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . During the following season , reinforced by another All-Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets—in their fourth NBA Finals appearance in franchise history—repeated as champions with a four-game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which finished the season with a 47–35 record and was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest-seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all-star power forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBAs 50 greatest players of all-time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 . The Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular-season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yaos early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 launched the Rockets back into perennial championship contention throughout the rest of the 2010s , with zero losing seasons in Hardens nine-season tenure with the team . Harden broke countless franchise and NBA records while on the team , winning three consecutive scoring titles between 2018 and 2020 , and leading the team to two Western Conference Finals appearances ( both times losing to the Golden State Warriors ) . Following the 2019–20 season , head coach Mike DAntoni and general manager Daryl Morey left the organization . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team deal . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon , and James Harden have been named the NBAs MVPs while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , when piloted by Morey , have been renowned for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Franchise history . 1967–1971 : San Diego Rockets . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US$1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967–68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States and chose San Diego based on the citys strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls of the Western Hockey League . The San Diego International Sports Center , which opened the previous year and was also owned by Bretitbard , would serve as home to the new franchise . A local contest to name the franchise chose the name Rockets , as it paid homage to San Diegos theme of a city in motion and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then-coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets coach and general manager . The team , which would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diegos first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . In their first two games of the season , the Rockets were up against the St . Louis Hawks , and lost both of those games . Their first win in franchise history came the very next game which occurred three days after against the SuperSonics . The Rockets won on the road , 121–114 . Johnny Green recorded 30 points and 25 rebounds for the Rockets . The following game , the SuperSonics held a 15-point lead for most of the first half , before the Rockets mounted a comeback to force overtime . The SuperSonics eventually pulled away and won the game , 117–110 , though Art Williams recorded the first ever triple-double in franchise history , as he recorded 17 points , 15 rebounds and 13 assists for the Rockets . The expansion Rockets ultimately lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchises first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . The Rockets limped to a 27–55 finish in the 1969–70 season , before missing the playoffs by just one game in the 1970–71 season . Off the court , Breitbard was facing serious financial losses primarily due to a controversial ongoing tax-assessment issue that had plagued his San Diego Sports Arena since it was built . He was also meanwhile still also on the hook for paying off the NBA expansion fee for the Rockets , in addition to construction-related bonds on the arena , which he had built with private funding . To make matters worse , the American professional sports economy had begun to plummet in the late 1960s , and professional basketball was being hit particularly hard with nearly all franchises in the NBA and ABA operating at a financial loss at this time . On January 26 , 1970 , during an emotional press conference on the floor of the Sports Arena , Breitbard addressed the San Diego fans regarding his dire finances and the state of his Rockets basketball and Gulls hockey teams . ...We have been served an eviction notice.. . Breitbard announced . Ive tried to work quietly , to iron this out . But , at the moment it appears impossible . I dont want to sell . Im not interested in selling outside of San Diego . It seems to me the Rockets and Gulls are part of this town . This arena , the Gulls , the Rockets , are a part of me , and our fans have been wonderful to us . Over the next nearly year and a half , numerous fans circulated petitions and lobbied local officials to help keep the Rockets and Gulls afloat and in San Diego . Several proposals surrounding providing financial aid or payment relief to Breitbard , or having the City and/or County of San Diego take ownership of the arena were discussed , but Breitbard was running out of time . At least 14 private offers for the Rockets were made to Breitbard , though all would have resulted in the team being relocated out of San Diego , which Breitbard was adamantly opposed to . The tax-assessment situation surrounding the Sports Arena ( which was the only large arena in the region ) ultimately made the prospect of another local owner purchasing the team infeasible . On January 12 , 1971 , the Rockets hosted the 1971 NBA All-Star Game at the San Diego Sports Arena , a close contest in which the West beat the East 108–107 in front of a packed house of 14,378 fans . On June 23 , 1971 , the San Diego Rockets were abruptly sold by Breitbard to a Houston-based investment group . The NBA hurriedly approved the sale , believing the franchise was on the verge of folding . News of the sale broke before the coaches , players , and team employees and executives could even be notified . Local officials in San Diego were also caught by surprise . In their fourth and final season in existence , the San Diego Rockets missed the playoffs by just one game in the standings and finished in the top ten in the NBA in home attendance . 1971–1976 : Move to Houston and improvement with Murphy and Rudy-T . Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million and moved the team to Houston before the start of the 1971–72 season . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname Rockets took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houstons long connection to the space industry . Before the start of the season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association – later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 – and Tex Winter was hired in his place . In the first six games of the 1971–72 season in Winters first head coaching season , the Rockets all lost those games with an average of around 15 points per game . Their first win of the season came on October 26 , 1971 , with a 104-103 win over the home team , Detroit Pistons . Their second win of the season came five days later , a 102–87 win over the Buffalo Braves . After that game , the Rockets have lost their next 8 games , against the Knicks , Trailblazers , Bullets ( twice ) , Warriors , Celtics , Bucks and Bulls . Their next win was on November 17 on the road against the 76ers . However , Winters clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971–72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994–95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten-game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976–1982 : The Moses Malone era . In the 1975–76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play-making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976–77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Ervings Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978–79 , with The Chairman Of The Boards Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2–0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , Georges 24-year-old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million ; the Maloofs would later own the Sacramento Kings from 1998 to 2013 . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the teams first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980–81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40–42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in-state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the NBA Finals facing Larry Birds Boston Celtics , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981–82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malones salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14–68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984–2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era . 1984–1987 : The Twin Towers . In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth-seeded Utah Jazz . The duo of Olajuwon and Sampson earned much praise , and was nicknamed Twin Towers . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51–31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard-fought six-game series with Alex Englishs Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series – the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers – to get to the franchises second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houstons young front challenging the playoff-hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple-double on Game 6 . After the Finals , Boston coach K . C . Jones called the Rockets the new monsters on the block feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season , followed by nearly a decade of underachievement and failure , amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by the Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double-overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987–88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampsons once-promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987–1992 : Lean years . In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitchs dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990–91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52–30 record despite Olajuwons absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwons usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991–92 season , with the Rockets record only 26–26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovichs arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . 1993–1995 : Back-to-Back Championships for Clutch City . On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated we go from here . The next season , in Tomjanovichs second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993–94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15–0 . Their first loss of the season came on December 3 , 1993 , as the Hawks , led by Dominique Wilkins 27 points , defeated the Rockets , 133–111 . The next game , the Rockets stormed a comeback against the Cleveland Cavaliers as they won by a single point , 99–98 , on the road . The Rockets now had won their first 16 out of 17 games of the season , tying the 1948–49 Capitols for the best 17-game start in a season , at that time . On December 9 , Olajuwon recorded 28 points , 16 rebounds and 4 blocks as the Rockets cruised past the visiting Heat in overtime to win their 18th game of the season . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous years MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2–0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart-breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as Choke City , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As Choke City became Clutch City , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malones Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3–2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994–95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwons former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname Clutch City had the Rockets defeating the Wests top three seeds – the Jazz , Suns and Spurs – to reach back-to-back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille ONeal and Penny Hardaway . When Houston swept the Finals series in four games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50-win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , Dont ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! 1995–2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding . During the off-season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon-inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995–96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBAs all-time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting Big Three of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57–25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4–2 on a dramatic last-second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41–41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top-seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first-round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career-ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34–48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000–01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45–37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off-season , a 38-year-old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign-and-trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001–02 season—the first without Hakeem in two decades—was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002–2009 : The Yao Ming era . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003–04 season marked the Rockets arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45–37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off-season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven-player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well-regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007–08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries – of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 – and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . For the 2008–09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season-ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53–29 , enough for the Western Conferences fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4–3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season-ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009–2012 : Competitive rebuilding . During the 2009–10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off-season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42–40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All-Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season-ending injury seven games into the 2010–11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off-season . Said off-season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012–2021 : The James Harden era . After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off-season , only four players were left from the 2011–12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris , and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012–13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning Sixth Man of the Year James Harden , who Morey called a foundational player expected to be Houstons featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Hardens performance and McHales up-tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest-scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4–2 . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued and then acquired free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off-season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside-out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4–2 . Still , in the 2014–15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996–97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985–86 Denver Nuggets . Though the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front-runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first-ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third-best regular-season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4–1 in the first round , and overcame a 3–1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4–1 . The 2015–16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J . B . Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41–41 to earn an eight seed and a match-up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in five games . During the 2016 off-season , Mike DAntoni was named as the Rockets new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contracts final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free-agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach DAntoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houstons up-tempo offense style . When the 2016–17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . DAntoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4–1 including Nene Hilarios perfect 12–12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . The fifth game went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Hardens game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series-closing match . During the 2017 off-season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8-time All-NBA player and 9-time All-Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league-leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz in five games before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In Game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3–2 lead in the series , but they saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime in Game 7 only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . The Rockets had one draft pick entering the off-season , and they used it to select DeAnthony Melton , packaging him in a trade with the Phoenix Suns alongside Ryan Anderson to receive Brandon Knight and Marquese Chriss . In free agency , they signed James Ennis III , Michael Carter-Williams , and Carmelo Anthony . They started the season with a 1–4 record , and after 13 games where they went 6–7 , Houston and Anthony mutually agreed to part ways , who was eventually traded to the Chicago Bulls and subsequently waived . After falling to the 14th seed in the Western Conference , James Harden went on a 32-game streak scoring at least 30 points per game—the second-longest in NBA history—with Harden averaging 41.1 points per game in that run . He drove the Rockets through a 21–11 push in that streak ; and after beginning the season 11–14 , the Rockets finished the season 42–15 , winning 20 of their last 25 games and finishing fourth in the Western Conference after losing the final two games of the season , which would have potentially given them the second or third seed . After what was determined to be poor fits of the acquisitions made in free agency , on top of injuries , Daryl Morey traded the players acquired in the off-season at the trade deadline and replaced them with Austin Rivers , Kenneth Faried , Danuel House , and Iman Shumpert during the season . On April 7 , 2019 , against the Phoenix Suns , Houston became the first team in NBA history to make 25+ two-pointers and 25+ three-pointers in the same game , outscoring their last four opponents by 117 points , second-best in a four-game span in franchise history ( 127+ in February 1993 ) ; additionally , the Rockets 149 points tied the fourth-most in franchise history and are the most since February 1993 . They beat their own record for most three-pointers made by one team in a single game in NBA history two times with 26 and 27 , and they are just the fourth team in NBA history to win four consecutive games by 24 or more points ( the others are the 1990–91 Chicago Bulls , the 1992–93 Rockets , and the 1995–96 Bulls ) . The Rockets clinched a division title and a playoff berth for a seventh straight appearance . After defeating the Utah Jazz in five games , Houston faced Golden State for the fourth time in five years . The series began with highly controversial officiating in Game 1 , receiving pointed criticism by many fans , players , general managers , and owners in the league . With both teams winning their home games , putting the series at 2–2 , Golden State won the next two games to eliminate the Houston Rockets for the second year in a row , and the fourth time in five years . During the 2019 off-season , Morey sought out to once again retool the roster . As part of a trade with the Oklahoma City Thunder , the Rockets traded Chris Paul , two future first round picks , and two future first round pick swaps in exchange for James Hardens former Thunder teammate Russell Westbrook . Nearing the trade deadline of the 2019–20 season , the Rockets were involved in a blockbuster , four-team trade which was centered around bringing Robert Covington back to the Rockets and sending centers Clint Capela and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks . The trade cemented the Rockets total commitment to a small ball , 5-out offense , a style of play which was considered revolutionary for its time . In their first twelve games since going 67 or shorter in their lineups , the Rockets went 10–2 , being in the top percentile in win percentage , offensive rating , and point differential . In February , the month they made the trade , the double-MVP backcourt of Harden and Westbrook became the first teammates in NBA history to average 30+ points and 5+ assists per game . By the end of the season , Harden and Westbrook scored a combined 61.5 points per game , breaking Kobe Bryant and Shaquille ONeals previous record for the highest-scoring basketball duo since the ABA-NBA merger . Following the suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season , the Rockets were one of the 22 teams invited to the NBA Bubble to participate in the final eight games of the regular season . After the Rockets were eliminated in the playoffs by the Los Angeles Lakers , head coach DAntoni informed the Rockets that he would not return to the team for the 2020–21 season . During the off-season , Westbrook was traded to the Washington Wizards in December 2020 . In January 2021 , Harden was traded to the Brooklyn Nets in a four-team trade . Season-by-season record . List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season-by-season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , W–L% = Winning percentage Home arenas . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play home games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan-base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003–04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007–08 season where the team achieved a 22-game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2012 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013–14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014–15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity . Uniforms and logos . When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words Houston Rockets below it . For the 1972–73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous ketchup and mustard logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with Houston atop the first red trail and Rockets ( all capitalized save for the lowercase E and T ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975–76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case T and N ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976–77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their and championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon-inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniforms primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient-fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002–03 season . The Rockets released simplified logos and uniforms in the 2003–04 season , which were created by New York-based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized R in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said R inspired the teams new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015–16 season , an alternate silver-colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASAs Gemini-Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname Clutch City . For the 2016–17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black Statement uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red Icon and white Association uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a City uniform that was similar to their red Icon uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of Rockets in front ; the design was tweaked the following season with a deeper red and old gold accents . On June 6 , 2019 , the Rockets unveiled a new secondary logo that depicts a basketball as a planet , and the ring has the Houston Rockets displayed with the classic R in the middle . A new uniform set was unveiled two weeks later . The red Icon and white Association designs featured updated block lettering and bold side panels that depict a launching rocket . The black Statement uniform remained with a few alterations . In addition , the Rockets brought back their throwback ketchup and mustard 1976–95 red uniform as part of Nikes Classic series . For the 2019–20 City uniform , the Rockets eschewed the Chinese New Year-themed designs and went with a NASA-inspired space theme . The Rockets City uniform for the 2020–21 season featured a powder blue base as a nod to the city of Houston . The colors resembled those of Houstons former NFL team , the Houston Oilers . Mascots . The mascot was introduced on March 14 , 1995 , formerly known as Clutch . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear-like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . The mascot was considered and voted fifth for the most recognizable mascot in the league , and was also inducted in the 2006 mascot Hall of Fame . Rivalries . The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston has faced both Texas teams in the playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and statistics . Individual honors . NBA Most Valuable Player Award - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 - James Harden – 2018 NBA Finals MVP - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - James Harden – 2018 , 2019 , 2020 NBA Defensive Player of the Year - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Steve Francis – 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year - Eric Gordon – 2017 NBA Most Improved Player - Aaron Brooks – 2010 NBA Coach of the Year - Tom Nissalke – 1977 - Don Chaney – 1991 - Mike DAntoni – 2017 NBA Executive of the Year - Ray Patterson – 1977 - Daryl Morey – 2018 J . Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Dikembe Mutombo – 2009 NBA All-Defensive First Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 - Rodney McCray – 1988 - Scottie Pippen – 1999 - Patrick Beverley – 2017 NBA All-Defensive Second Team - Moses Malone – 1979 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 - Rodney McCray – 1987 - Shane Battier – 2008 , 2009 - Ron Artest – 2009 - Patrick Beverley – 2014 NBA All-Rookie First Team - Elvin Hayes – 1969 - Calvin Murphy – 1971 - Joe Meriweather – 1976 - John Lucas – 1977 - Ralph Sampson – 1984 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985 - Steve Francis – 2000 - Yao Ming – 2003 - Luis Scola – 2008 NBA All-Rookie Second Team - Robert Horry – 1993 - Matt Maloney – 1997 - Cuttino Mobley – 1999 - Michael Dickerson – 1999 - Eddie Griffin – 2002 - Luther Head – 2006 - Carl Landry – 2008 - Chandler Parsons – 2012 All-NBA First Team - Moses Malone – 1979 , 1982 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 - James Harden – 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 All-NBA Second Team - Moses Malone – 1980 , 1981 - Ralph Sampson – 1985 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1986 , 1990 , 1996 - Yao Ming – 2007 , 2009 - Tracy McGrady – 2007 - Dwight Howard – 2014 All-NBA Third Team - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1991 , 1995 , 1999 - Clyde Drexler – 1995 - Yao Ming – 2004 , 2006 , 2008 - Tracy McGrady – 2005 , 2008 - James Harden – 2013 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star Weekend . All-Star - Don Kojis – 1968 , 1969 - Elvin Hayes – 1969–1972 - Jack Marin – 1973 - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1974–1977 , 1979 - Moses Malone – 1978–1982 - Calvin Murphy – 1979 - Ralph Sampson – 1984–1987 - Hakeem Olajuwon – 1985–1990 , 1992–1997 - Otis Thorpe – 1992 - Charles Barkley – 1997 - Clyde Drexler – 1996 , 1997 - Steve Francis – 2002–2004 - Tracy McGrady – 2005–2007 - Yao Ming – 2003–2009 , 2011 - James Harden – 2013–2020 - Dwight Howard – 2014 - Russell Westbrook – 2020 All-Star head coach - Rudy Tomjanovich – 1997 - Mike DAntoni – 2018 All-Star Game MVP - Ralph Sampson – 1985 Three-Point Contest champion - Eric Gordon – 2017 Skills Challenge champion - Patrick Beverley – 2015 Franchise leaders . Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) - 2 . James Harden ( 18,365 ) - 3 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) - 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) - 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) - 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) - 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) - 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) - 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) - 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) - 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) - 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) - 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) - 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) - 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) - 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) - 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) - 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) - 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) - 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) - 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) - 23 . Eric Gordon ( 4,564 ) - 24 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) - 25 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) - 26 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) - 27 . John Block ( 4,138 ) - 28 . Clint Capela ( 4,075 ) - 29 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) - 30 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2020–21 season ) - Minutes Played - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) - 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) - 4 . James Harden ( 23,006 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) - Rebounds - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) - 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) - 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) - 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) - Assists - 1 . James Harden ( 4,796 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) - 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) - 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) - 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) - Steals - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) - 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) - 3 . James Harden ( 1,087 ) - 4 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) - 5 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) - Blocks - 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) - 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) - 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) - 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) - 5 . Clint Capela ( 491 ) Players . Retained draft rights . The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the players draft rights in the NBA until one year after the players contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Retired numbers . - Also served as head coach ( 1991–2003 ) . - As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers . Notes : - All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . - Tomjanovich also played for the Rockets from 1970 to 1981 and served as assistant coach from 1983 to 1992 . - In total , Newell was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice – as contributor and as a member of the 1960 Olympic team . - Adelman also played for the Rockets from 1968 to 1970 . Management . Coaches . - San Diego Rockets - Houston Rockets Politics . On October 4 , 2019 , the Rockets general manager Daryl Morey issued a tweet that supported the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , which drew criticism from the Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta who said that while Morey was the best general manager in the NBA , the Rockets were not a political organization . Morey later deleted the tweet . Moreys tweet resulted in the Chinese Basketball Associations suspension of its relationship with the Rockets and the issuance of a statement of dissatisfaction from the consulate office of China in Houston . On October 6 , Morey and the NBA each issued a separate statement addressing the original tweet ; Morey said that he never intended his tweet to cause any offense , while the NBA said the tweet was Regrettable . The statements drew attention and subsequent bipartisan criticism from several US politicians . Chinese media outlets , including the Chinese Communist Party-run Peoples Daily , described Morey and the NBAs statements as non-apologetic and unacceptable , because they did not contain the word apologize . |
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] | easy | Borys Paton became a member of what organization or association in 1980? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#0 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
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] | easy | Borys Paton became a member of what organization or association in 1951? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#1 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
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] | easy | What organization did Borys Paton join in 1962? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#2 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
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] | easy | Borys Paton became a member of what organization or association in 1958? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#3 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
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] | easy | Borys Paton became a member of what organization or association in 1969? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#4 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
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] | easy | Borys Paton became a member of what organization or association in 1975? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#5 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
[
""
] | easy | What organization did Borys Paton join in 1994? | /wiki/Borys_Paton#P463#6 | Borys Paton Borys Yevhenovych Paton ( ; 27 November 1918 – 19 August 2020 ) was a Soviet and Ukrainian scientist and a long-time chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . He was appointed to this post in 1962 and held it until his death . Paton , like his father Evgeny Paton , was famous for his works in electric welding . Biography . Paton was born on 27 November 1918 in Kyiv in the family of scientist and founder of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding in Kyiv , Professor Evgeny Paton . Evgeny Paton was ( like his son ) famous for his works in electric welding . The first welded bridge in Kyiv , Paton Bridge , constructed under the supervision of Evgeny Paton , bears his name . Paton juniors mother was a housewife . Paton junior was born in the professors’ residence building of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute , where his father was teaching . In 1941 , Borys Paton completed the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute and became an engineer . During the Second World War , more precisely in 1941 and 1942 , Paton worked and designed electric circuits at the Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No . 112 in Gorky . His designs helped to increase Soviet tank production . Paton had a doctoral degree in technical sciences after he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1952 . In 1952 Paton joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1953 he became head of the Paton Institute of Electric Welding . ( The institute founded and formerly led by his father. ) Paton never fully denounced Ukraines past as part of the Soviet Union . In 2019 he declared he was against decommunization policies . Paton joined the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on 18 November 1958 . From 1963 to 1991 , he was a member of the USSR Academy of Science . Paton was appointed chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1962 and held this position until his death . Paton was also offered to head the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow , but he refused . He was convinced that he should work in Kyiv , at his parents Institute of Electric Welding and the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.<ref Paton was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from 1962 to 1989 ( 27 years in a row ) . In the early 1970s and 1980s Paton had advised the Soviet authorities not to build the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . Paton was the first person to have been awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine , this was done in 1998 . In January 2008 Paton was appointed member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by a decree of President Viktor Yushchenko . In the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election he was a proxy for candidate Yulia Tymoshenko . In August 2011 Paton was one of the ten signatories of the so-called letter of ten , a letter from Ukrainian intelligentsia figures in support of the policy of President Viktor Yanukovych . Paton was last re-appointed for another term as chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 2015 . Paton did not submit his candidacy for the post in March 2020 , which signified that he was leaving the position . Paton died on 19 August 2020 aged 101 . He was buried at Baikove Cemetery three days later . Borys Paton is an author of more than 1,000 publications , including 20 monographs and responsible for more than 400 inventions . Family . Paton was married to Olha Paton and had a daughter , Yevhenia , who was also a scientist . Yevhenia died in 2009 and four years later , his wife died . After the death of his wife , Paton was cared for by his granddaughter , Olha . Research activities . Paton devoted his scientific research to - automatic and semi-automatic submerged arc welding - development of theoretical foundations for the creation of automatic and semi-automatic machines for electric arc welding and welding power supplies - research for conditions of long arc burning and its regulation - solving the problems of management of welding processes - creation of new functional materials Under his leadership , electroslag welding was created which became a fundamentally new method of welding . Paton led research on the application of welding heat sources for the improvement of the quality of the smelted metal . On this basis a new branch of metallurgy was founded called special electrometallurgy ( electroslag , plasma arc welding and electron-beam remelting ) . He was the first researcher to start intensive research in the field of the use of welding and related technologies in space . Honours and awards . - Ukraine - Hero of Ukraine ( 26 November 1998 ) – for dedicated service to science , outstanding achievements in the field of welding and special electrometallurgy , which contributed to the recognition and approval of the authority of Soviet science in the world . - Order of Liberty ( 21 January 2012 ) - Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise : - 1st class ( 27 November 2008 ) – for many years of untiring service to the science , outstanding personal contribution to strengthening the scientific and economic potential of Ukraine - 4th class ( 26 November 2003 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the development of domestic science , strengthening scientific and technological capacities and on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - 5th class ( 13 May 1997 ) – for outstanding personal contribution to the Ukrainian state in the development of science , the approval authority of the national academic school in the world - State Prize of Ukraine ( 2004 ) - Honour of the President of Ukraine ( 1993 ) - Soviet Union - Hero of Socialist Labour , twice ( 1969 , 1978 ) ; this award includes the installation of a bust of the recipient – Paton – in his home town of Kyiv ; it was sculpted by A . Skoblikov in 1982 and it is installed in front of academic museums at 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Four Orders of Lenin ( 1967 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 ) - Order of the October Revolution ( 1984 ) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour ( 1943 ) - Order of Friendship of Peoples ( 1988 ) - Lenin Prize ( 1957 ) - Stalin Prize ( 1950 ) - Award of the Council of Ministers of the USSR ( 1988 , 1984 ) - Honoured Worker of Science and Technology of the Ukrainian SSR ( 1968 ) - Honoured Inventor of the USSR ( 1983 ) - Lomonosov Gold Medal ( USSR , 1981 ) - Member of the 27th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( 1986–1990 ) - Russian - Order of Merit for the Fatherland ; - 1st class ( Russia , 26 November 2008 ) – for outstanding contribution to world science , strengthening the scientific and cultural relations between the states – members of the Commonwealth of Independent States - 2nd class ( Russia , 27 November 1998 ) – for outstanding contribution to science - Order of Honour ( Russian Federation , 19 January 2004 ) – for outstanding contribution to science and to strengthen friendship and cooperation between Russia and Ukraine - Other - 2020 : IEEE Honorary Membership - Korolev Gold Medal ( 2003 ) - Czochralski Gold Medal ( 2006 ) - Honorary Citizen of Mariupol ( 1998 ) – for outstanding service to Mariupol - Professor Emeritus of Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology ( 2003 ) - Global Energy Prize ( 2010 ) - Honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova External links . - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine - Listen to how the Paton Bridge breathes – a section of the article features audio recordings made under this famous bridge - Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine - Official Award IEEE Page |
[
"Brescia"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paolo Negro belong to from 1989 to 1990? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#0 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"Bologna"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paolo Negro belong to from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#1 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"Brescia"
] | easy | Paolo Negro played for which team from 1991 to 1992? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#2 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"Brescia",
"S.S . Lazio"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paolo Negro belong to from 1992 to 1993? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#3 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"S.S . Lazio"
] | easy | Which team did the player Paolo Negro belong to from 1993 to 1994? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#4 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"Azzurri",
"Italy U21"
] | easy | Which team did Paolo Negro play for from 1994 to 2000? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#5 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"A.C . Siena"
] | easy | Which team did Paolo Negro play for from 2005 to 2007? | /wiki/Paolo_Negro#P54#6 | Paolo Negro Paolo Negro ( ; born 16 April 1972 ) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager who played as a centre back or as a right back . He is currently the youth coach of Cragnotti FC . In an eighteen year professional career , Negro amassed Serie A totals of 362 games and 24 goals , mainly for Lazio , winning eight major titles with the club , including one national championship and the 1999 Cup Winners Cup . He also appeared with Italy at Euro 2000 , where they finished in second place . Club career . Early career : Brescia and Bologna . Negro was born in Arzignano , Province of Vicenza . A youth player at Brescia Calcio , he joined Bologna in 1990 , and made his Serie A debut against Genoa , on 28 October 1990 , amassing over 50 overall appearances in his first two professional seasons , the latter spent in Serie B . Brescia and Lazio . After a quick return to Brescia , he then moved to Romes S.S . Lazio in the summer of 1993 . Negro won the Coppa Italia during the 1997–98 season , also reaching the UEFA Cup final that year with Lazio , losing out to Inter . The following season , Lazio won the Supercoppa Italiana , and placed second in Serie A behind A.C . Milan , but won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners Cup , although he was an unused substitute in the clubs 2–1 defeat of RCD Mallorca in the final . These successes were immediately followed by the UEFA Super Cup in 1999 , defeating UEFA Champions League winners Manchester United in the final . During the 1999–2000 season , he helped Lazio win the Serie A title , with two goals in 26 appearances , also helping Lazio to capture the Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana over Inter , winning the first edition of the Pallone dArgento in 2000 . The prize is awarded to a player who has stood out during the course of a season , both for their discipline as well as for their footballing performances . Lazio also reached the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions League that season . The following season , however , on 17 December 2000 , Negro scored an own goal in a derby match against A.S . Roma , who eventually lifted the scudetto , while Lazio finished the season in third place . During the 2003–04 season , Negro was able to capture his third Coppa Italia title with Lazio , beating Juventus in the final . Siena . Having joined A.C . Siena in 2005 , Negro scored a dramatic 85th-minute goal to defeat former side Lazio 2–1 on the final day of the 2006–07 season . Without it , Siena would have been relegated to the second division , instead of Chievo . He appeared a further 50 times in the league in two campaigns , for a total of 363 official games . In August 2008 , almost one year after retiring , 36-year-old Negro underwent a trial at Serie B club Modena FC , but nothing came of it . International career . On 16 November 1994 , Negro made his debut for Italy , in a 2–1 home loss against Croatia in a UEFA Euro 1996 qualifier . He received a total of eight caps with the Azzurri between 1994 and 2000 , and he was selected by manager Dino Zoff to be a member of the Italian squad that took part at Euro 2000 tournament , where the national team reached the final , finishing the tournament in second place behind France . Previously , Negro was an essential member of the Italy U21 side under Cesare Maldini , as they defeated Portugal in the 1994 European Championship final , in Montpellier . Style of play . Negro was a strong , aggressive , hard-tackling , physical player , who excelled in the air , and who possessed a powerful shot from distance . He was also a tactically intelligent , reliable , and versatile player , and disciplined defender , who excelled at zonal-marking . He was also an attentive man-marker , with reliable technique and distribution , as well as good pace and stamina , which allowed him to be effective when moving forward along the right flank after winning back possession . Coaching career . In June 2011 , he passed the category 2 coaching exams , which made him eligible to coach Lega Pro teams . On 30 December 2010 , Negro took his first coaching job , becoming the boss of Promozione amateurs Cerveteri , a team from Lazio with former experiences in the professional tiers of Italian football . He left the club after only three months , resigning on 23 March 2011 due to poor results . On 26 January 2012 , Negro accepted a job offer as head coach of Serie D amateurs Zagarolo . On 5 January 2015 , after Mark Iulianos promotion as new head coach of Latina , Negro was appointed as a new youth coach for the club . Honours . Club . Lazio - Serie A : 1999–2000 - Coppa Italia : 1997–98 , 1999–2000 , 2003–04 - Supercoppa Italiana : 1998 , 2000 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1998–99 - UEFA Super Cup : 1999 International . Italy - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : 1994 - UEFA European Championship : 2000 ( Runner-up ) Individual . - Pallone dArgento : 1999–2000 External links . - National team data |
[
"Dumbarton"
] | easy | Which team did Douglas McBain play for from 1942 to 1944? | /wiki/Douglas_McBain#P54#0 | Douglas McBain Douglas Muir McBain ( 22 September 1924 – 1 February 2008 ) was a Scottish footballer who played in the run to the semi final for Great Britain at the 1948 Summer Olympics . McBain played club football as a wing half for Dumbarton , Hamilton Academical , Queens Park and Queen of the South . Playing career . Dougie McBains club football is best remembered for his time with Dumfries club Queen of the South . McBain gave Queens seven years from 1948 , the year in which he played in the run to a Wembley semi final of the Olympic Games for Matt Busbys Great Britain side ( McBain scored against Netherlands at Highbury in the first round ) . McBain was one of two players in the GB Olympic team to move from Queens Park to Palmerston Park in Dumfries that summer . The other player was Jimmy McColl . At Queens , McBain played alongside some of the finest names to have played for the club , such as Billy Houliston , Roy Henderson , Dougie Sharpe , Jackie Oakes , Jim Patterson , Jimmy Binning and Bobby Black . McBains time in Dumfries was part of the finest era in the clubs history . McBain was the club captain when played and scored in Queens run to the 1950 Scottish Cup semi final , where Rangers needed a replay at Hampden Park to finally end Queens best ever run in the Scottish Cup at that time . McBain was an integral part of the team that achieved numerous other points of note in the first half of the 1950s . McBain left Queens in 1955 after a contractual dispute with the chairman and retired from professional football . McBain was only 30 years old at the time . Education and later career . Having been schooled at the Hamilton Academy , McBain went on to graduate from the University of Edinburgh before becoming a lecturer at Telford College . Dougie McBain died on 1 February 2008 , at the age of 83 . Personal life . McBain served as an air gunner with the rank of flying officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . External links . - Dougie McBain full career profile on the Queen of the South website |
[
"Hamilton Academical"
] | easy | Douglas McBain played for which team from 1944 to 1946? | /wiki/Douglas_McBain#P54#1 | Douglas McBain Douglas Muir McBain ( 22 September 1924 – 1 February 2008 ) was a Scottish footballer who played in the run to the semi final for Great Britain at the 1948 Summer Olympics . McBain played club football as a wing half for Dumbarton , Hamilton Academical , Queens Park and Queen of the South . Playing career . Dougie McBains club football is best remembered for his time with Dumfries club Queen of the South . McBain gave Queens seven years from 1948 , the year in which he played in the run to a Wembley semi final of the Olympic Games for Matt Busbys Great Britain side ( McBain scored against Netherlands at Highbury in the first round ) . McBain was one of two players in the GB Olympic team to move from Queens Park to Palmerston Park in Dumfries that summer . The other player was Jimmy McColl . At Queens , McBain played alongside some of the finest names to have played for the club , such as Billy Houliston , Roy Henderson , Dougie Sharpe , Jackie Oakes , Jim Patterson , Jimmy Binning and Bobby Black . McBains time in Dumfries was part of the finest era in the clubs history . McBain was the club captain when played and scored in Queens run to the 1950 Scottish Cup semi final , where Rangers needed a replay at Hampden Park to finally end Queens best ever run in the Scottish Cup at that time . McBain was an integral part of the team that achieved numerous other points of note in the first half of the 1950s . McBain left Queens in 1955 after a contractual dispute with the chairman and retired from professional football . McBain was only 30 years old at the time . Education and later career . Having been schooled at the Hamilton Academy , McBain went on to graduate from the University of Edinburgh before becoming a lecturer at Telford College . Dougie McBain died on 1 February 2008 , at the age of 83 . Personal life . McBain served as an air gunner with the rank of flying officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . External links . - Dougie McBain full career profile on the Queen of the South website |
[
"Queens Park"
] | easy | Douglas McBain played for which team from 1946 to 1948? | /wiki/Douglas_McBain#P54#2 | Douglas McBain Douglas Muir McBain ( 22 September 1924 – 1 February 2008 ) was a Scottish footballer who played in the run to the semi final for Great Britain at the 1948 Summer Olympics . McBain played club football as a wing half for Dumbarton , Hamilton Academical , Queens Park and Queen of the South . Playing career . Dougie McBains club football is best remembered for his time with Dumfries club Queen of the South . McBain gave Queens seven years from 1948 , the year in which he played in the run to a Wembley semi final of the Olympic Games for Matt Busbys Great Britain side ( McBain scored against Netherlands at Highbury in the first round ) . McBain was one of two players in the GB Olympic team to move from Queens Park to Palmerston Park in Dumfries that summer . The other player was Jimmy McColl . At Queens , McBain played alongside some of the finest names to have played for the club , such as Billy Houliston , Roy Henderson , Dougie Sharpe , Jackie Oakes , Jim Patterson , Jimmy Binning and Bobby Black . McBains time in Dumfries was part of the finest era in the clubs history . McBain was the club captain when played and scored in Queens run to the 1950 Scottish Cup semi final , where Rangers needed a replay at Hampden Park to finally end Queens best ever run in the Scottish Cup at that time . McBain was an integral part of the team that achieved numerous other points of note in the first half of the 1950s . McBain left Queens in 1955 after a contractual dispute with the chairman and retired from professional football . McBain was only 30 years old at the time . Education and later career . Having been schooled at the Hamilton Academy , McBain went on to graduate from the University of Edinburgh before becoming a lecturer at Telford College . Dougie McBain died on 1 February 2008 , at the age of 83 . Personal life . McBain served as an air gunner with the rank of flying officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . External links . - Dougie McBain full career profile on the Queen of the South website |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Douglas McBain play for from 1948 to 1955? | /wiki/Douglas_McBain#P54#3 | Douglas McBain Douglas Muir McBain ( 22 September 1924 – 1 February 2008 ) was a Scottish footballer who played in the run to the semi final for Great Britain at the 1948 Summer Olympics . McBain played club football as a wing half for Dumbarton , Hamilton Academical , Queens Park and Queen of the South . Playing career . Dougie McBains club football is best remembered for his time with Dumfries club Queen of the South . McBain gave Queens seven years from 1948 , the year in which he played in the run to a Wembley semi final of the Olympic Games for Matt Busbys Great Britain side ( McBain scored against Netherlands at Highbury in the first round ) . McBain was one of two players in the GB Olympic team to move from Queens Park to Palmerston Park in Dumfries that summer . The other player was Jimmy McColl . At Queens , McBain played alongside some of the finest names to have played for the club , such as Billy Houliston , Roy Henderson , Dougie Sharpe , Jackie Oakes , Jim Patterson , Jimmy Binning and Bobby Black . McBains time in Dumfries was part of the finest era in the clubs history . McBain was the club captain when played and scored in Queens run to the 1950 Scottish Cup semi final , where Rangers needed a replay at Hampden Park to finally end Queens best ever run in the Scottish Cup at that time . McBain was an integral part of the team that achieved numerous other points of note in the first half of the 1950s . McBain left Queens in 1955 after a contractual dispute with the chairman and retired from professional football . McBain was only 30 years old at the time . Education and later career . Having been schooled at the Hamilton Academy , McBain went on to graduate from the University of Edinburgh before becoming a lecturer at Telford College . Dougie McBain died on 1 February 2008 , at the age of 83 . Personal life . McBain served as an air gunner with the rank of flying officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . External links . - Dougie McBain full career profile on the Queen of the South website |
[
"International Master"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Rudolf in 2015? | /wiki/Anna_Rudolf#P2962#0 | Anna Rudolf Anna Rudolf ( born 12 November 1987 ) is a Hungarian chess player , chess commentator , Twitch live streamer , and YouTuber who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a three-time Hungarian womens national champion and has represented Hungary at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship . Rudolf has a peak FIDE rating of 2393 and a career-best ranking of No . 71 in the world among women . Rudolf began playing chess with her younger sister Kata when she was four years old . They had success at a young age , both qualifying for the World Youth Chess Championships , where Rudolf finished in the top ten of the under-12 girls division in 1999 . In Hungary , she became a three-time girls national champion , once each at the under-12 and under-16 youth levels and the under-20 junior level . At the senior level , Rudolf qualified for the Woman Grandmaster title in 2007 when she reached a rating of 2300 and earned three WGM norms , including a double norm at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , all at age 19 . Rudolf did not qualify for the International Master title until seven years later in 2014 , having earned her three IM norms years apart in 2007 , 2010 , and 2014 , and briefly reaching the rating threshold of 2400 in 2010 . One of her best tournament results came at the 2007 Vandœuvre Open where she had a career-best performance rating of 2541 and earned both her last WGM norm and first IM norm . In her career , she has defeated two Grandmasters ( GM ) rated above 2600 , Yaroslav Zherebukh and Christian Bauer , who had ratings of 2642 and 2634 at the time of their games . Outside of her playing career , Rudolf is a regular chess commentator at high-profile tournaments , having worked with both Chess.com and chess24 . She was the official commentator for the 2018 World Chess Championship together with her childhood idol Judit Polgár . She had started producing instructional videos for chess24 in 2013 , and has co-hosted a series with fellow IM Sopiko Guramishvili where they are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . Since 2017 , Rudolf has not played any competitive chess tournaments and focused primarily on her broadcasting career . She launched her own Twitch channel in 2018 and also runs her own YouTube channel . Early life and background . Anna Rudolf was born on 12 November 1987 in Miskolc , Hungary . She grew up with her younger sister Kata in the small town of Bátaszék . Her father László Rudolf is an experienced chess player with a peak FIDE rating of 2185 , and has also been a world champion of hexagonal chess . Rudolf learned how to play chess at the age of four with her sister through the Battle Chess computer game , which follows the same rules as chess while also animating moves and captures anthropomorphically . At nine years old , she drew media attention for defeating Lajos Portisch , a Hungarian Grandmaster ( GM ) , as a participant in a simultaneous exhibition . While growing up , Rudolf was coached by Béla Molnár . She won the under-12 girls division of an international youth chess tournament in Visegrád in 1998 , while her sister won the under-10 girls division . They had both finished runner-up one age group lower a year earlier . Rudolf won the under-12 girls division of the Hungarian national championship in 1999 , the same year her sister won the under-10 girls division . With these victories , they both qualified for the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . Rudolf finished in equal ninth place out of 66 competitors in the under-12 girls division at the 1999 World Youth Chess Championship with a score of , three behind the winner Nana Dzagnidze . Chess career . 2000–03 : Under-16 girls national champion . Rudolf first reached a FIDE rating above 2000 in January 2000 at the age of 12 , having been rated 2087 on that list . She rose to a rating of 2100 in the middle of 2002 at age 14 mainly from two second-place finishes at the First Saturday FM B tournament in Budapest and the under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship in Paks . She scored 4/8 in Budapest in a field of six competitors . She scored 6/9 in Paks , only behind Lili Tóth . Although she only scored 3½/8 against her rated opponents at the Pula Open in Croatia the next month , she also gained 25 rating points there as well . Rudolf rose another 100 points again the following year , reaching 2200 in July 2003 at age 15 . Her best performance during this span came at the Zalakaros Cup Open in May , where she score 5½/9 against opponents with a much-higher average rating of 2304 to gain 45 rating points . In the second half of the year , Rudolf had one of her best results in both national and international competitions . First , she won the under-16 Hungarian girls national championship with an unbeaten 5½/6 , which was 1½ points ahead of second place . Several months later , she entered the under-16 girls division at the World Youth Championship in Kallithea in Greece and finished equal fourth with a score of 7½/11 , one point behind the leaders . 2004–07 : Junior national champion , WIM and WGM titles . Rudolf maintained a steady rating of around 2200 for a three-year period from mid-2003 until mid-2006 . At the 2004 under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship , she finished in third place for the second consecutive year . She played the under-18 the following year in 2005 , and also finished in third place . During 2005 , Rudolf was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title . She resumed rising in rating in large part from another strong performance in Zalakaros , where she scored an even 4½/9 against opponents with a much-higher average rating of 2387 to gain 32 rating points . Rudolf closed out the year with a good performance at the World Junior Chess Championship in Yerevan in Armenia , scoring 8½/13 in the girls division to finish in equal fifth , just a ½ point behind the leaders . She finished 2006 with a rating of 2279 , having just turned 19 years old . During 2007 , Rudolf fulfilled both her norm and rating requirements for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . At the beginning of the year , Rudolf won the under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship , scoring 1½ points ahead of second place with 8/9 and gaining enough rating to cross 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title . In April , she earned her first two WGM norms as a double norm at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , scoring 6½/11 . After a poor performance at the World Junior Chess Championship in Yerevan where she lost 51 rating points with 5/11 , Rudolf produced the best result of her career by performance rating at the 2007 Vandœuvre Open in late December . She won the first four rounds of the event , including victories over Christian Bauer and Cyril Marzolo , the former of which was the top seed and a GM rated 2634 , and the latter was an IM rated 2478 . After a loss to the eventual tournament winner Thorsten-Michael Haub , she won a fifth game against Vera Nebolsina and finished in ninth place with 6/9 . She faced the most difficult opposition in the tournament with her opponents having an average rating of 2421 . She squandered an opportunity to finish equal first by losing her last game , which she had needed to win , against Ilmārs Starostīts . The tournament became enshrouded in controversy when three Latvian players , including her opponent Starostīts , falsely accused Rudolf of cheating by hiding a computer in her lip balm . Starostīts in particular asked the arbiter to confiscate her belongings and refused to shake her hand before their game , an action which could have been penalized . Marie Boyarchenko , another player at the event , believed these actions were key factors in Rudolf losing that last-round game . Overall , Rudolf compiled a performance rating of 2541 , second only to the winner Haub and sufficient for both her final WGM norm as well as her first IM norm . She was officially awarded the WGM title in 2008 . 2008–11 : Three-time national champion , second IM norm , 2400 rating . Over the next four years , Rudolf won the Hungarian womens national championship three times in 2008 , 2010 , and 2011 . Her first national championship in the 2008 event came in a knockout tournament in which she won the final against Veronika Schneider . After the tournament switched to a 10-player round robin , she won the 2010 event easily by 1½ points over Tóth and Melinda Göcző with a score of 7½/9 . The 2011 event was more competitive , ending with three players tied for first with 6/9 and Rudolf winning over Schneider and Ticia Gara on the tiebreak criteria . Overall , Rudolf maintained a rating near 2300 for about three years from when she first achieved it through March 2010 . She reached a new career-best rating of 2337 in the middle of 2008 by following up her excellent performance at the Vandœuvre Open with good results at the Open International de Cappelle in February , the Kaupthing Open A in May , and the Hungarian Team Championship Final that was played twice a month from October through May . Rudolfs last major rating climb occurred in the middle of 2010 . In February , she participated in the Talent and Courage IM tournament in Szentgotthárd in her home country , a ten-player round robin for talented young players that was held in conjunction with a GM tournament . As only the seventh-highest rated player , she won the event with a score of 6½/9 , a ½ point ahead of Attila Gergacz , who with a rating of 2421 was the highest-rated player participating . She was undefeated at the tournament , and won her games against both the second and third place finishers . With a performance rating of 2499 , she also earned her second IM norm . This helped her reach another career-best rating at 2344 in May 2010 . In the next list for July 2010 , Rudolf rose to a rating of 2393 , the highest published rating of her career and putting her among the top 100 womens players at No . 71 in the world . This climb of nearly 50 points was primarily from winning her second national championship as well as another good performance in the half-year-long Hungarian Team Championship Final . She entered her first tournament of the next rating period , the Heart Of Finland , needing seven rating points to reach 2400 . After a last-round win against Mikael Agopov , a Finnish IM rated 2436 , she reached an unpublished rating of 2397.80 , having gained 4.80 points at the event . She then began her next event , the Open Internacional Hotel Avenida de Canarias in Spain , with two wins against much lower-rated players . As a result , Rudolf reached an overall career-best unpublished rating of 2401.25 , passing the 2400 threshold required for the IM title , and only needed one more IM norm to qualify for the title . Nonetheless , she did not finish that tournament well and ended up keeping a rating of around 2350 through the end of 2011 . 2012–17 : International Master title . Rudolf was unable to match her success in the Hungarian womens national championship the remaining times she participated . As the two-time defending champion in 2012 , she finished in joint fourth with a score of 5/9 , 1½ points behind the winner Petra Papp . The following year , she finished in third place with 5½/9 , but two points behind the winner Anita Gara . Rudolf kept a steady rating in the low 2300s and high 2200s for about four years from mid-2012 through mid-2016 , having fallen slightly from her peak in 2010 . At the 2012 Open International de Cappelle , Rudolf won a game against Yaroslav Zherebukh , a GM who with a rating of 2642 was the highest-rated player she ever defeated . In the middle of 2014 , Rudolf earned her final IM norm in the Master Open at the Biel Chess Festival in Switzerland . She scored 6/11 and was able to count her performance of 5½/9 in the first nine rounds towards a norm . She was awarded the International Master title in 2015 . In the middle of 2016 , Rudolf had her first significant longterm drop in rating in years . After only scoring 4/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , highlighted by losses against lower-rated players in the last three rounds , she lost 54 rating points . Because she only participated in a few tournaments thereafter , she kept a rating near 2250 for a little over a year . Nonetheless , Rudolf was able to regain that lost rating and more in the last two events of her career in late 2017 . At her penultimate tournament , she scored 5½/7 at the CE Division de Honor in Spain , a team club competition . Although she and her teammate Yuriy Kuzubov were among three players who tied for the highest individual score among all participants , her team did not perform well . For her last event , Rudolf played the Isle of Man International Masters , one of the worlds leading open tournaments . She scored 4½/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2466 , a performance above the level needed for IM norms . Her three wins included one against Harika Dronavalli , a GM who is one of the leading womens players . Between these last two events , Rudolf gained 65 rating points to finish her competitive playing career with a rating of 2325 . National representation . Chess Olympiad . Rudolf was a member of the Hungary Chess Olympiad womens team from 2008 to 2012 . She made her debut at the 2008 Dresden Olympiad on the fourth board , playing behind Hoang Thanh Trang , Szidonia Vajda , and Ildikó Mádl . She had an average performance , scoring 5/9 as Hungary finished in 14th place out of 112 teams with a team score of 14 points Rudolf was again on the fourth board at the 2010 Khanty-Mansiysk Olympiad behind the same three teammates , with Mádl swapping boards with Vajda . As a team , Hungary produced a near-identical result with the exact same team score and a 15th-place finish . Rudolf did not have as good of a performance , scoring 2½/5 and being substituted for reserve player Ticia Gara in the other six rounds . Rudolf made her last Olympiad appearance at the 2012 Istanbul Olympiad , this time on the third board behind Hoang and Ticia Gara and ahead of Anita Gara as well as Papp , who was given a significant number of games as a reserve . Hungary again had the exact same team score , this time putting them in 17th place . Rudolf scored better than her other Olympiads with 5/8 , but still performed slightly below expectation based on her rating . European Team Chess Championship . Rudolf also represented Hungary in the womens division at the European Team Chess Championship from 2009 to 2015 , an event that is held every two years like the Chess Olympiad . At her first event , she played the second board behind Szidonia and ahead of the Gara sisters . She had a good performance , scoring 4/7 and gaining 10 rating points . Hungary finished in 10th place out of 28 teams with 10 points Rudolfs best performance at the event came in 2013 . Although she was the reserve player , she had the opportunity to play all but one round and scored 6½/8 , compiling a performance rating of 2395 and gaining 20 rating points . Hungary also produced their best result in the years Rudolf participated , finishing in sixth place with 11 points Playing style . Rudolf primarily plays 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) compared to 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) or other first moves . When playing against 1.e4 , she prefers to respond with the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) , which she often continues with the Tarrasch Morozevich variation ( 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Be7 ) . When facing 1.d4 , she commonly defends with the Queens Gambit Declined ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 ) . Broadcasting career . Rudolf began her online instructional career by creating a video series for chess24 in 2013 . The following year , she teamed up with fellow International Master Sopiko Guramishvili to launch the long-running Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics video series on chess24 in which they aim to combine strategical and tactical approaches to chess with Rudolf as Miss Strategy and Guramishvili as Miss Tactics . Rudolf had already begun to combine teaching chess with her playing career when she moved to Madrid in 2010 . On chess24 , she presents content both in English and in Spanish . Rudolf has also released several online training courses , including one titled the Anna Rudolf Method and another via the Chessable course website on attacking strategies in chess . Rudolf is one of the leading chess commentators . Together with Judit Polgár , she co-hosted the official coverage of the 2018 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Fabiano Caruana . She has also commentated on the Grand Chess Tour . In addition to over-the-board events , Rudolf is also a regular commentator for online events hosted on Chess.com such as the PRO Chess League finals that feature professional chess players and the Pogchamps tournaments that feature popular streamers relatively new to chess . Rudolf launched her own YouTube channel in 2016 and began streaming on her own Twitch channel in 2018 . She complements her focus on chess on her YouTube and Twitch channels with variety content as well . Personal life . Rudolf studied Russian and English at the University of Pécs . She has been in a relationship with Irish YouTuber Kevin OReilly , who is known online as CallMeKevin , since 2019 . They were introduced to each other by their mutual friend RTGame at TwitchCon Europe in Berlin in April 2019 , and live in OReillys native Cork . Rudolfs childhood idol was her compatriot Judit Polgár , who is widely acknowledged as the greatest female chess player of all time . Rudolf had the opportunity to play against Polgár at age 11 when she traveled to Budapest to participate in a simultaneous exhibition given by Polgár . Since becoming a commentator , she has become good friends with Polgár , helping to promote the annual Global Chess Festival started by Polgár , and commentating on the 2018 World Chess Championship together . Rudolf was honoured with the award for Outstanding Athlete of the City at her hometown of Bátaszéks 875th anniversary celebration in 2017 . Notable games . - Christian Bauer ( 2634 ) – Anna Rudolf ( 2293 ) , 2007 Vandœuvre Open : Round 2 ; Polish opening , . Dylan Loeb McClain , a FIDE Master ( FM ) , provided some comments on the game in an article he published in The New York Times . Some of these comments are included below . External links . - Anna Rudolfs website - Anna Rudolf player profile on Chess.com - Anna Rudolf member profile on Chess.com |
[
"WGM"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Anna Rudolf in 2008? | /wiki/Anna_Rudolf#P2962#1 | Anna Rudolf Anna Rudolf ( born 12 November 1987 ) is a Hungarian chess player , chess commentator , Twitch live streamer , and YouTuber who holds the titles of International Master ( IM ) and Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) . She is a three-time Hungarian womens national champion and has represented Hungary at the Chess Olympiad and the European Team Chess Championship . Rudolf has a peak FIDE rating of 2393 and a career-best ranking of No . 71 in the world among women . Rudolf began playing chess with her younger sister Kata when she was four years old . They had success at a young age , both qualifying for the World Youth Chess Championships , where Rudolf finished in the top ten of the under-12 girls division in 1999 . In Hungary , she became a three-time girls national champion , once each at the under-12 and under-16 youth levels and the under-20 junior level . At the senior level , Rudolf qualified for the Woman Grandmaster title in 2007 when she reached a rating of 2300 and earned three WGM norms , including a double norm at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , all at age 19 . Rudolf did not qualify for the International Master title until seven years later in 2014 , having earned her three IM norms years apart in 2007 , 2010 , and 2014 , and briefly reaching the rating threshold of 2400 in 2010 . One of her best tournament results came at the 2007 Vandœuvre Open where she had a career-best performance rating of 2541 and earned both her last WGM norm and first IM norm . In her career , she has defeated two Grandmasters ( GM ) rated above 2600 , Yaroslav Zherebukh and Christian Bauer , who had ratings of 2642 and 2634 at the time of their games . Outside of her playing career , Rudolf is a regular chess commentator at high-profile tournaments , having worked with both Chess.com and chess24 . She was the official commentator for the 2018 World Chess Championship together with her childhood idol Judit Polgár . She had started producing instructional videos for chess24 in 2013 , and has co-hosted a series with fellow IM Sopiko Guramishvili where they are known respectively as Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics . Since 2017 , Rudolf has not played any competitive chess tournaments and focused primarily on her broadcasting career . She launched her own Twitch channel in 2018 and also runs her own YouTube channel . Early life and background . Anna Rudolf was born on 12 November 1987 in Miskolc , Hungary . She grew up with her younger sister Kata in the small town of Bátaszék . Her father László Rudolf is an experienced chess player with a peak FIDE rating of 2185 , and has also been a world champion of hexagonal chess . Rudolf learned how to play chess at the age of four with her sister through the Battle Chess computer game , which follows the same rules as chess while also animating moves and captures anthropomorphically . At nine years old , she drew media attention for defeating Lajos Portisch , a Hungarian Grandmaster ( GM ) , as a participant in a simultaneous exhibition . While growing up , Rudolf was coached by Béla Molnár . She won the under-12 girls division of an international youth chess tournament in Visegrád in 1998 , while her sister won the under-10 girls division . They had both finished runner-up one age group lower a year earlier . Rudolf won the under-12 girls division of the Hungarian national championship in 1999 , the same year her sister won the under-10 girls division . With these victories , they both qualified for the European Youth and World Youth Chess Championships . Rudolf finished in equal ninth place out of 66 competitors in the under-12 girls division at the 1999 World Youth Chess Championship with a score of , three behind the winner Nana Dzagnidze . Chess career . 2000–03 : Under-16 girls national champion . Rudolf first reached a FIDE rating above 2000 in January 2000 at the age of 12 , having been rated 2087 on that list . She rose to a rating of 2100 in the middle of 2002 at age 14 mainly from two second-place finishes at the First Saturday FM B tournament in Budapest and the under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship in Paks . She scored 4/8 in Budapest in a field of six competitors . She scored 6/9 in Paks , only behind Lili Tóth . Although she only scored 3½/8 against her rated opponents at the Pula Open in Croatia the next month , she also gained 25 rating points there as well . Rudolf rose another 100 points again the following year , reaching 2200 in July 2003 at age 15 . Her best performance during this span came at the Zalakaros Cup Open in May , where she score 5½/9 against opponents with a much-higher average rating of 2304 to gain 45 rating points . In the second half of the year , Rudolf had one of her best results in both national and international competitions . First , she won the under-16 Hungarian girls national championship with an unbeaten 5½/6 , which was 1½ points ahead of second place . Several months later , she entered the under-16 girls division at the World Youth Championship in Kallithea in Greece and finished equal fourth with a score of 7½/11 , one point behind the leaders . 2004–07 : Junior national champion , WIM and WGM titles . Rudolf maintained a steady rating of around 2200 for a three-year period from mid-2003 until mid-2006 . At the 2004 under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship , she finished in third place for the second consecutive year . She played the under-18 the following year in 2005 , and also finished in third place . During 2005 , Rudolf was awarded the Woman International Master ( WIM ) title . She resumed rising in rating in large part from another strong performance in Zalakaros , where she scored an even 4½/9 against opponents with a much-higher average rating of 2387 to gain 32 rating points . Rudolf closed out the year with a good performance at the World Junior Chess Championship in Yerevan in Armenia , scoring 8½/13 in the girls division to finish in equal fifth , just a ½ point behind the leaders . She finished 2006 with a rating of 2279 , having just turned 19 years old . During 2007 , Rudolf fulfilled both her norm and rating requirements for the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) title . At the beginning of the year , Rudolf won the under-20 Hungarian Junior Girls Championship , scoring 1½ points ahead of second place with 8/9 and gaining enough rating to cross 2300 , the threshold for the WGM title . In April , she earned her first two WGM norms as a double norm at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , scoring 6½/11 . After a poor performance at the World Junior Chess Championship in Yerevan where she lost 51 rating points with 5/11 , Rudolf produced the best result of her career by performance rating at the 2007 Vandœuvre Open in late December . She won the first four rounds of the event , including victories over Christian Bauer and Cyril Marzolo , the former of which was the top seed and a GM rated 2634 , and the latter was an IM rated 2478 . After a loss to the eventual tournament winner Thorsten-Michael Haub , she won a fifth game against Vera Nebolsina and finished in ninth place with 6/9 . She faced the most difficult opposition in the tournament with her opponents having an average rating of 2421 . She squandered an opportunity to finish equal first by losing her last game , which she had needed to win , against Ilmārs Starostīts . The tournament became enshrouded in controversy when three Latvian players , including her opponent Starostīts , falsely accused Rudolf of cheating by hiding a computer in her lip balm . Starostīts in particular asked the arbiter to confiscate her belongings and refused to shake her hand before their game , an action which could have been penalized . Marie Boyarchenko , another player at the event , believed these actions were key factors in Rudolf losing that last-round game . Overall , Rudolf compiled a performance rating of 2541 , second only to the winner Haub and sufficient for both her final WGM norm as well as her first IM norm . She was officially awarded the WGM title in 2008 . 2008–11 : Three-time national champion , second IM norm , 2400 rating . Over the next four years , Rudolf won the Hungarian womens national championship three times in 2008 , 2010 , and 2011 . Her first national championship in the 2008 event came in a knockout tournament in which she won the final against Veronika Schneider . After the tournament switched to a 10-player round robin , she won the 2010 event easily by 1½ points over Tóth and Melinda Göcző with a score of 7½/9 . The 2011 event was more competitive , ending with three players tied for first with 6/9 and Rudolf winning over Schneider and Ticia Gara on the tiebreak criteria . Overall , Rudolf maintained a rating near 2300 for about three years from when she first achieved it through March 2010 . She reached a new career-best rating of 2337 in the middle of 2008 by following up her excellent performance at the Vandœuvre Open with good results at the Open International de Cappelle in February , the Kaupthing Open A in May , and the Hungarian Team Championship Final that was played twice a month from October through May . Rudolfs last major rating climb occurred in the middle of 2010 . In February , she participated in the Talent and Courage IM tournament in Szentgotthárd in her home country , a ten-player round robin for talented young players that was held in conjunction with a GM tournament . As only the seventh-highest rated player , she won the event with a score of 6½/9 , a ½ point ahead of Attila Gergacz , who with a rating of 2421 was the highest-rated player participating . She was undefeated at the tournament , and won her games against both the second and third place finishers . With a performance rating of 2499 , she also earned her second IM norm . This helped her reach another career-best rating at 2344 in May 2010 . In the next list for July 2010 , Rudolf rose to a rating of 2393 , the highest published rating of her career and putting her among the top 100 womens players at No . 71 in the world . This climb of nearly 50 points was primarily from winning her second national championship as well as another good performance in the half-year-long Hungarian Team Championship Final . She entered her first tournament of the next rating period , the Heart Of Finland , needing seven rating points to reach 2400 . After a last-round win against Mikael Agopov , a Finnish IM rated 2436 , she reached an unpublished rating of 2397.80 , having gained 4.80 points at the event . She then began her next event , the Open Internacional Hotel Avenida de Canarias in Spain , with two wins against much lower-rated players . As a result , Rudolf reached an overall career-best unpublished rating of 2401.25 , passing the 2400 threshold required for the IM title , and only needed one more IM norm to qualify for the title . Nonetheless , she did not finish that tournament well and ended up keeping a rating of around 2350 through the end of 2011 . 2012–17 : International Master title . Rudolf was unable to match her success in the Hungarian womens national championship the remaining times she participated . As the two-time defending champion in 2012 , she finished in joint fourth with a score of 5/9 , 1½ points behind the winner Petra Papp . The following year , she finished in third place with 5½/9 , but two points behind the winner Anita Gara . Rudolf kept a steady rating in the low 2300s and high 2200s for about four years from mid-2012 through mid-2016 , having fallen slightly from her peak in 2010 . At the 2012 Open International de Cappelle , Rudolf won a game against Yaroslav Zherebukh , a GM who with a rating of 2642 was the highest-rated player she ever defeated . In the middle of 2014 , Rudolf earned her final IM norm in the Master Open at the Biel Chess Festival in Switzerland . She scored 6/11 and was able to count her performance of 5½/9 in the first nine rounds towards a norm . She was awarded the International Master title in 2015 . In the middle of 2016 , Rudolf had her first significant longterm drop in rating in years . After only scoring 4/11 at the European Individual Womens Chess Championship , highlighted by losses against lower-rated players in the last three rounds , she lost 54 rating points . Because she only participated in a few tournaments thereafter , she kept a rating near 2250 for a little over a year . Nonetheless , Rudolf was able to regain that lost rating and more in the last two events of her career in late 2017 . At her penultimate tournament , she scored 5½/7 at the CE Division de Honor in Spain , a team club competition . Although she and her teammate Yuriy Kuzubov were among three players who tied for the highest individual score among all participants , her team did not perform well . For her last event , Rudolf played the Isle of Man International Masters , one of the worlds leading open tournaments . She scored 4½/9 against opponents with an average rating of 2466 , a performance above the level needed for IM norms . Her three wins included one against Harika Dronavalli , a GM who is one of the leading womens players . Between these last two events , Rudolf gained 65 rating points to finish her competitive playing career with a rating of 2325 . National representation . Chess Olympiad . Rudolf was a member of the Hungary Chess Olympiad womens team from 2008 to 2012 . She made her debut at the 2008 Dresden Olympiad on the fourth board , playing behind Hoang Thanh Trang , Szidonia Vajda , and Ildikó Mádl . She had an average performance , scoring 5/9 as Hungary finished in 14th place out of 112 teams with a team score of 14 points Rudolf was again on the fourth board at the 2010 Khanty-Mansiysk Olympiad behind the same three teammates , with Mádl swapping boards with Vajda . As a team , Hungary produced a near-identical result with the exact same team score and a 15th-place finish . Rudolf did not have as good of a performance , scoring 2½/5 and being substituted for reserve player Ticia Gara in the other six rounds . Rudolf made her last Olympiad appearance at the 2012 Istanbul Olympiad , this time on the third board behind Hoang and Ticia Gara and ahead of Anita Gara as well as Papp , who was given a significant number of games as a reserve . Hungary again had the exact same team score , this time putting them in 17th place . Rudolf scored better than her other Olympiads with 5/8 , but still performed slightly below expectation based on her rating . European Team Chess Championship . Rudolf also represented Hungary in the womens division at the European Team Chess Championship from 2009 to 2015 , an event that is held every two years like the Chess Olympiad . At her first event , she played the second board behind Szidonia and ahead of the Gara sisters . She had a good performance , scoring 4/7 and gaining 10 rating points . Hungary finished in 10th place out of 28 teams with 10 points Rudolfs best performance at the event came in 2013 . Although she was the reserve player , she had the opportunity to play all but one round and scored 6½/8 , compiling a performance rating of 2395 and gaining 20 rating points . Hungary also produced their best result in the years Rudolf participated , finishing in sixth place with 11 points Playing style . Rudolf primarily plays 1.e4 ( the Kings Pawn Game ) compared to 1.d4 ( the Queens Pawn Game ) or other first moves . When playing against 1.e4 , she prefers to respond with the French defense ( 1.e4 e6 ) , which she often continues with the Tarrasch Morozevich variation ( 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Be7 ) . When facing 1.d4 , she commonly defends with the Queens Gambit Declined ( 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 ) . Broadcasting career . Rudolf began her online instructional career by creating a video series for chess24 in 2013 . The following year , she teamed up with fellow International Master Sopiko Guramishvili to launch the long-running Miss Strategy and Miss Tactics video series on chess24 in which they aim to combine strategical and tactical approaches to chess with Rudolf as Miss Strategy and Guramishvili as Miss Tactics . Rudolf had already begun to combine teaching chess with her playing career when she moved to Madrid in 2010 . On chess24 , she presents content both in English and in Spanish . Rudolf has also released several online training courses , including one titled the Anna Rudolf Method and another via the Chessable course website on attacking strategies in chess . Rudolf is one of the leading chess commentators . Together with Judit Polgár , she co-hosted the official coverage of the 2018 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Fabiano Caruana . She has also commentated on the Grand Chess Tour . In addition to over-the-board events , Rudolf is also a regular commentator for online events hosted on Chess.com such as the PRO Chess League finals that feature professional chess players and the Pogchamps tournaments that feature popular streamers relatively new to chess . Rudolf launched her own YouTube channel in 2016 and began streaming on her own Twitch channel in 2018 . She complements her focus on chess on her YouTube and Twitch channels with variety content as well . Personal life . Rudolf studied Russian and English at the University of Pécs . She has been in a relationship with Irish YouTuber Kevin OReilly , who is known online as CallMeKevin , since 2019 . They were introduced to each other by their mutual friend RTGame at TwitchCon Europe in Berlin in April 2019 , and live in OReillys native Cork . Rudolfs childhood idol was her compatriot Judit Polgár , who is widely acknowledged as the greatest female chess player of all time . Rudolf had the opportunity to play against Polgár at age 11 when she traveled to Budapest to participate in a simultaneous exhibition given by Polgár . Since becoming a commentator , she has become good friends with Polgár , helping to promote the annual Global Chess Festival started by Polgár , and commentating on the 2018 World Chess Championship together . Rudolf was honoured with the award for Outstanding Athlete of the City at her hometown of Bátaszéks 875th anniversary celebration in 2017 . Notable games . - Christian Bauer ( 2634 ) – Anna Rudolf ( 2293 ) , 2007 Vandœuvre Open : Round 2 ; Polish opening , . Dylan Loeb McClain , a FIDE Master ( FM ) , provided some comments on the game in an article he published in The New York Times . Some of these comments are included below . External links . - Anna Rudolfs website - Anna Rudolf player profile on Chess.com - Anna Rudolf member profile on Chess.com |
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