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[
"Great Harwood"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Mick Moore belong to from 1974 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Mick_Moore#P54#2
|
Mick Moore Michael Moore ( born 20 July 1952 ) is an English former footballer . A midfielder , he played for Preston North End and Port Vale , but made his name at both Southport and Wigan Athletic . He helped Southport to the Fourth Division title in 1972–73 , and also played for Wigan in their first ever season in the Football League . He also enjoyed an extensive non-league career , turning out for eleven different clubs , as well as spending a brief period in the United States with Dallas Tornado . Playing career . Moore played youth football for Adlington Rangers and Blackburn Rovers , before becoming an unused squad member for Third Division side Preston North End in 1970–71 , during which time he also played on loan for Chorley in the Northern Premier League . He signed with Southport in 1971 , who were then in the Fourth Division . After missing out on the play-offs in 1971–72 , the Sandgrounders won promotion in 1972–73 as Fourth Division champions . However they were relegated in 1973–74 , after which Moore was released . He spent time with Great Harwood and American side Dallas Tornado , before joining Northern Premier League side Altrincham in 1975 . He hit twenty goals in 45 games in league and cup in 1975–76 . His scoring form continued into 1976–77 , in which he bagged seventeen goals in 41 games , including a hat-trick against Woking . He then switched clubs to Wigan Athletic , scoring 11 goals in 29 league games in 1977–78 . The club were voted into the Football League after finishing second in the Northern Premier League at the end of the season . However Moore missed the celebrations as he joined Port Vale for a £3,000 fee in March 1978 . He played the last thirteen games of the season , but failed to score and was transferred back to Wigan for £2,000 in August 1978 . He scored nine goals in 41 games for the Latics in 1978–79 , as Wigan posted a sixth-place finish in their first season of league football . Wigan again finished sixth in 1979–80 , and Moore returned to non-league circles with Barrow , who were competing in the Alliance Premier League . He later returned to Southport , who had by then lost their league status . He also played for Lytham ( on loan ) , Leyland Motors , Glossop , Chorley , Horwich R.M.I . and Adlington Athletic . Style of play . Altrincham F.C . historian Terry Rowley described Moore as a fast , tricky inside forward whose style of play was always going to be a crowd pleaser , and a player that was instantly recognisable.. . with his blond hair and red boots . Statistics . Source : Honours . - Southport - Football League Fourth Division champion : 1972–73 - Wigan Athletic - Northern Premier League runner-up : 1977–78
|
[
"Altrincham F.C"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Mick Moore belong to from 1975 to 1977?
|
/wiki/Mick_Moore#P54#3
|
Mick Moore Michael Moore ( born 20 July 1952 ) is an English former footballer . A midfielder , he played for Preston North End and Port Vale , but made his name at both Southport and Wigan Athletic . He helped Southport to the Fourth Division title in 1972–73 , and also played for Wigan in their first ever season in the Football League . He also enjoyed an extensive non-league career , turning out for eleven different clubs , as well as spending a brief period in the United States with Dallas Tornado . Playing career . Moore played youth football for Adlington Rangers and Blackburn Rovers , before becoming an unused squad member for Third Division side Preston North End in 1970–71 , during which time he also played on loan for Chorley in the Northern Premier League . He signed with Southport in 1971 , who were then in the Fourth Division . After missing out on the play-offs in 1971–72 , the Sandgrounders won promotion in 1972–73 as Fourth Division champions . However they were relegated in 1973–74 , after which Moore was released . He spent time with Great Harwood and American side Dallas Tornado , before joining Northern Premier League side Altrincham in 1975 . He hit twenty goals in 45 games in league and cup in 1975–76 . His scoring form continued into 1976–77 , in which he bagged seventeen goals in 41 games , including a hat-trick against Woking . He then switched clubs to Wigan Athletic , scoring 11 goals in 29 league games in 1977–78 . The club were voted into the Football League after finishing second in the Northern Premier League at the end of the season . However Moore missed the celebrations as he joined Port Vale for a £3,000 fee in March 1978 . He played the last thirteen games of the season , but failed to score and was transferred back to Wigan for £2,000 in August 1978 . He scored nine goals in 41 games for the Latics in 1978–79 , as Wigan posted a sixth-place finish in their first season of league football . Wigan again finished sixth in 1979–80 , and Moore returned to non-league circles with Barrow , who were competing in the Alliance Premier League . He later returned to Southport , who had by then lost their league status . He also played for Lytham ( on loan ) , Leyland Motors , Glossop , Chorley , Horwich R.M.I . and Adlington Athletic . Style of play . Altrincham F.C . historian Terry Rowley described Moore as a fast , tricky inside forward whose style of play was always going to be a crowd pleaser , and a player that was instantly recognisable.. . with his blond hair and red boots . Statistics . Source : Honours . - Southport - Football League Fourth Division champion : 1972–73 - Wigan Athletic - Northern Premier League runner-up : 1977–78
|
[
"Wigan Athletic"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Mick Moore belong to from 1977 to 1978?
|
/wiki/Mick_Moore#P54#4
|
Mick Moore Michael Moore ( born 20 July 1952 ) is an English former footballer . A midfielder , he played for Preston North End and Port Vale , but made his name at both Southport and Wigan Athletic . He helped Southport to the Fourth Division title in 1972–73 , and also played for Wigan in their first ever season in the Football League . He also enjoyed an extensive non-league career , turning out for eleven different clubs , as well as spending a brief period in the United States with Dallas Tornado . Playing career . Moore played youth football for Adlington Rangers and Blackburn Rovers , before becoming an unused squad member for Third Division side Preston North End in 1970–71 , during which time he also played on loan for Chorley in the Northern Premier League . He signed with Southport in 1971 , who were then in the Fourth Division . After missing out on the play-offs in 1971–72 , the Sandgrounders won promotion in 1972–73 as Fourth Division champions . However they were relegated in 1973–74 , after which Moore was released . He spent time with Great Harwood and American side Dallas Tornado , before joining Northern Premier League side Altrincham in 1975 . He hit twenty goals in 45 games in league and cup in 1975–76 . His scoring form continued into 1976–77 , in which he bagged seventeen goals in 41 games , including a hat-trick against Woking . He then switched clubs to Wigan Athletic , scoring 11 goals in 29 league games in 1977–78 . The club were voted into the Football League after finishing second in the Northern Premier League at the end of the season . However Moore missed the celebrations as he joined Port Vale for a £3,000 fee in March 1978 . He played the last thirteen games of the season , but failed to score and was transferred back to Wigan for £2,000 in August 1978 . He scored nine goals in 41 games for the Latics in 1978–79 , as Wigan posted a sixth-place finish in their first season of league football . Wigan again finished sixth in 1979–80 , and Moore returned to non-league circles with Barrow , who were competing in the Alliance Premier League . He later returned to Southport , who had by then lost their league status . He also played for Lytham ( on loan ) , Leyland Motors , Glossop , Chorley , Horwich R.M.I . and Adlington Athletic . Style of play . Altrincham F.C . historian Terry Rowley described Moore as a fast , tricky inside forward whose style of play was always going to be a crowd pleaser , and a player that was instantly recognisable.. . with his blond hair and red boots . Statistics . Source : Honours . - Southport - Football League Fourth Division champion : 1972–73 - Wigan Athletic - Northern Premier League runner-up : 1977–78
|
[
"Veikko Vennamo"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Finnish Rural Party from 1959 to 1979?
|
/wiki/Finnish_Rural_Party#P488#0
|
Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party ( , SMP ; , FLP ) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland . Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 , the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo , a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen . Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979 . Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s , with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections . In the 1990s , the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 ( formally dissolved in 2003 ) . The True Finns party is the successor of the Finnish Rural Party . History . The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo , leader of a faction in the Agrarian League ( which was renamed Centre Party in 1965 ) . The relations of Veikko Vennamo and the Agrarian Leagues strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best , and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary , Arvo Korsimo , and was excluded from the parliamentary group . As a result , he immediately founded his own party in 1959 . The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement , with support from the unemployed and small farmers . The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo , who was nationally well known , having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war . Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto , the resettler society , and the society was involved in early campaigning . For the newly founded party , the main carrying force was Vennamo , who was charismatic , a good orator and a skilled negotiator . The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament ( which has 200 seats ) in the 1970 election . The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972 , but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group , 12 members , resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish Peoples Unity Party ( Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue , SKYP ) . The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership , while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies . Veikko Vennamos son , Pekka Vennamo , became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s . Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father . Other parties noticed this , and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983 . As a protest movement without a charismatic leader , burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions , the party gradually lost political support . Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers , who sold their farms and moved to the cities . The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed . Finally , the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign . Some of the partys former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo . The partys last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka ( the only one elected in 1995 ) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that partys first MP and chairman . The Rural Partys last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Partys first party secretary . With the Finns Partys electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as the Finns Party MPs ( Anssi Joutsenlahti , Lea Mäkipää , Pentti Kettunen ) . Ideology . The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views , and criticized other politicians and parties , the government , bureaucrats , international corporations , academics , cultural elites and corruption , while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside . Vennamo attacked , for example , other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances . The party was also anti-communist , and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union . Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms , such as rötösherrat ( rotten gentlemen ) , referring to allegedly corrupt politicians , and teoriaherrat ( theoretical gentlemen ) , referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense . A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää ! ( Yes , the people know! ) . The party professed to hold traditional Christian values , and , for example , opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971 . Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the partys ideology . Prominent Ruralists . Chairmen . - Veikko Vennamo ( 1959–1979 ) - Pekka Vennamo ( 1979–1989 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1989–1991 ) - Tina Mäkelä ( 1991–1992 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1992–1995 ) Party Secretaries . - Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 - Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 - Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 - Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 - Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 - Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 - Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 - Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons . - Tauno Lääperi 1959– ? - Aarne Jokela 1959– ? - Rainer Lemström 1 . 1976–1977 - Aune Rutonen 2 . 1976–1982 - Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 - Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 - Leo Lassila 1982–1983 - Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 - Kalle Palosaari 1 . 1983–1988 - Lea Mäkipää 2 . 1985– - Timo Soini 1 . 1991–1992 - Toivo Satomaa 2 . 1991– - Marja-Leena Leppänen - Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group . - J . Juhani Kortesalmi ( 1979–1983 , 1986–1987 ) - Veikko Vennamo ( 1983–1986 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1987 ) - Urpo Leppänen ( 1987–1988 ) - Sulo Aittoniemi ( 1988–1994 ) - Lea Mäkipää ( 1994–1995 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1995 ) Party Congresses . - Perustava kokous ( founding congress ) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki - 1 . puoluekokous ( party congress ) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi - 2 . puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu - 3 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä - 4 . puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki - 5 . puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki - 6 . puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio - 7 . puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu - 8 . puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere - ylimääräinen puoluekokous ( extraordinary party congress ) 29.10.1966 Helsinki - 9 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki - 10 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani - 11 . puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori - 12 . puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti - 13 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu - 14 . puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola - 15 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli - 16 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku - 17 . puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä - 18 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu - 19 . puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu - 20 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere - 21 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori - 22 . puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti - 23 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki - 24 . puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta - 25 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio - 26 . puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku - 27 . puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää - 28 . puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä - 29 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu - 30 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti - 33 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku - 34 . puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli - 35 . puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu External links . - The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland , Kyösti Pekonen , Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala ; accessed 26 March 2011 .
|
[
"Pekka Vennamo"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Finnish Rural Party from 1979 to 1989?
|
/wiki/Finnish_Rural_Party#P488#1
|
Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party ( , SMP ; , FLP ) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland . Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 , the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo , a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen . Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979 . Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s , with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections . In the 1990s , the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 ( formally dissolved in 2003 ) . The True Finns party is the successor of the Finnish Rural Party . History . The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo , leader of a faction in the Agrarian League ( which was renamed Centre Party in 1965 ) . The relations of Veikko Vennamo and the Agrarian Leagues strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best , and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary , Arvo Korsimo , and was excluded from the parliamentary group . As a result , he immediately founded his own party in 1959 . The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement , with support from the unemployed and small farmers . The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo , who was nationally well known , having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war . Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto , the resettler society , and the society was involved in early campaigning . For the newly founded party , the main carrying force was Vennamo , who was charismatic , a good orator and a skilled negotiator . The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament ( which has 200 seats ) in the 1970 election . The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972 , but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group , 12 members , resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish Peoples Unity Party ( Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue , SKYP ) . The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership , while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies . Veikko Vennamos son , Pekka Vennamo , became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s . Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father . Other parties noticed this , and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983 . As a protest movement without a charismatic leader , burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions , the party gradually lost political support . Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers , who sold their farms and moved to the cities . The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed . Finally , the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign . Some of the partys former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo . The partys last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka ( the only one elected in 1995 ) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that partys first MP and chairman . The Rural Partys last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Partys first party secretary . With the Finns Partys electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as the Finns Party MPs ( Anssi Joutsenlahti , Lea Mäkipää , Pentti Kettunen ) . Ideology . The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views , and criticized other politicians and parties , the government , bureaucrats , international corporations , academics , cultural elites and corruption , while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside . Vennamo attacked , for example , other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances . The party was also anti-communist , and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union . Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms , such as rötösherrat ( rotten gentlemen ) , referring to allegedly corrupt politicians , and teoriaherrat ( theoretical gentlemen ) , referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense . A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää ! ( Yes , the people know! ) . The party professed to hold traditional Christian values , and , for example , opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971 . Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the partys ideology . Prominent Ruralists . Chairmen . - Veikko Vennamo ( 1959–1979 ) - Pekka Vennamo ( 1979–1989 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1989–1991 ) - Tina Mäkelä ( 1991–1992 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1992–1995 ) Party Secretaries . - Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 - Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 - Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 - Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 - Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 - Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 - Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 - Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons . - Tauno Lääperi 1959– ? - Aarne Jokela 1959– ? - Rainer Lemström 1 . 1976–1977 - Aune Rutonen 2 . 1976–1982 - Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 - Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 - Leo Lassila 1982–1983 - Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 - Kalle Palosaari 1 . 1983–1988 - Lea Mäkipää 2 . 1985– - Timo Soini 1 . 1991–1992 - Toivo Satomaa 2 . 1991– - Marja-Leena Leppänen - Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group . - J . Juhani Kortesalmi ( 1979–1983 , 1986–1987 ) - Veikko Vennamo ( 1983–1986 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1987 ) - Urpo Leppänen ( 1987–1988 ) - Sulo Aittoniemi ( 1988–1994 ) - Lea Mäkipää ( 1994–1995 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1995 ) Party Congresses . - Perustava kokous ( founding congress ) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki - 1 . puoluekokous ( party congress ) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi - 2 . puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu - 3 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä - 4 . puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki - 5 . puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki - 6 . puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio - 7 . puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu - 8 . puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere - ylimääräinen puoluekokous ( extraordinary party congress ) 29.10.1966 Helsinki - 9 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki - 10 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani - 11 . puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori - 12 . puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti - 13 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu - 14 . puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola - 15 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli - 16 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku - 17 . puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä - 18 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu - 19 . puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu - 20 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere - 21 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori - 22 . puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti - 23 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki - 24 . puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta - 25 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio - 26 . puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku - 27 . puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää - 28 . puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä - 29 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu - 30 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti - 33 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku - 34 . puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli - 35 . puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu External links . - The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland , Kyösti Pekonen , Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala ; accessed 26 March 2011 .
|
[
"Heikki Riihijärvi"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Finnish Rural Party from 1989 to 1991?
|
/wiki/Finnish_Rural_Party#P488#2
|
Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party ( , SMP ; , FLP ) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland . Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 , the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo , a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen . Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979 . Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s , with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections . In the 1990s , the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 ( formally dissolved in 2003 ) . The True Finns party is the successor of the Finnish Rural Party . History . The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo , leader of a faction in the Agrarian League ( which was renamed Centre Party in 1965 ) . The relations of Veikko Vennamo and the Agrarian Leagues strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best , and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary , Arvo Korsimo , and was excluded from the parliamentary group . As a result , he immediately founded his own party in 1959 . The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement , with support from the unemployed and small farmers . The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo , who was nationally well known , having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war . Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto , the resettler society , and the society was involved in early campaigning . For the newly founded party , the main carrying force was Vennamo , who was charismatic , a good orator and a skilled negotiator . The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament ( which has 200 seats ) in the 1970 election . The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972 , but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group , 12 members , resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish Peoples Unity Party ( Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue , SKYP ) . The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership , while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies . Veikko Vennamos son , Pekka Vennamo , became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s . Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father . Other parties noticed this , and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983 . As a protest movement without a charismatic leader , burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions , the party gradually lost political support . Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers , who sold their farms and moved to the cities . The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed . Finally , the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign . Some of the partys former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo . The partys last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka ( the only one elected in 1995 ) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that partys first MP and chairman . The Rural Partys last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Partys first party secretary . With the Finns Partys electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as the Finns Party MPs ( Anssi Joutsenlahti , Lea Mäkipää , Pentti Kettunen ) . Ideology . The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views , and criticized other politicians and parties , the government , bureaucrats , international corporations , academics , cultural elites and corruption , while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside . Vennamo attacked , for example , other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances . The party was also anti-communist , and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union . Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms , such as rötösherrat ( rotten gentlemen ) , referring to allegedly corrupt politicians , and teoriaherrat ( theoretical gentlemen ) , referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense . A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää ! ( Yes , the people know! ) . The party professed to hold traditional Christian values , and , for example , opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971 . Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the partys ideology . Prominent Ruralists . Chairmen . - Veikko Vennamo ( 1959–1979 ) - Pekka Vennamo ( 1979–1989 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1989–1991 ) - Tina Mäkelä ( 1991–1992 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1992–1995 ) Party Secretaries . - Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 - Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 - Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 - Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 - Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 - Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 - Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 - Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons . - Tauno Lääperi 1959– ? - Aarne Jokela 1959– ? - Rainer Lemström 1 . 1976–1977 - Aune Rutonen 2 . 1976–1982 - Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 - Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 - Leo Lassila 1982–1983 - Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 - Kalle Palosaari 1 . 1983–1988 - Lea Mäkipää 2 . 1985– - Timo Soini 1 . 1991–1992 - Toivo Satomaa 2 . 1991– - Marja-Leena Leppänen - Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group . - J . Juhani Kortesalmi ( 1979–1983 , 1986–1987 ) - Veikko Vennamo ( 1983–1986 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1987 ) - Urpo Leppänen ( 1987–1988 ) - Sulo Aittoniemi ( 1988–1994 ) - Lea Mäkipää ( 1994–1995 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1995 ) Party Congresses . - Perustava kokous ( founding congress ) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki - 1 . puoluekokous ( party congress ) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi - 2 . puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu - 3 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä - 4 . puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki - 5 . puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki - 6 . puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio - 7 . puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu - 8 . puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere - ylimääräinen puoluekokous ( extraordinary party congress ) 29.10.1966 Helsinki - 9 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki - 10 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani - 11 . puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori - 12 . puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti - 13 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu - 14 . puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola - 15 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli - 16 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku - 17 . puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä - 18 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu - 19 . puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu - 20 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere - 21 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori - 22 . puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti - 23 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki - 24 . puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta - 25 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio - 26 . puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku - 27 . puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää - 28 . puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä - 29 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu - 30 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti - 33 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku - 34 . puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli - 35 . puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu External links . - The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland , Kyösti Pekonen , Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala ; accessed 26 March 2011 .
|
[
"Tina Mäkelä"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Finnish Rural Party from 1991 to 1992?
|
/wiki/Finnish_Rural_Party#P488#3
|
Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party ( , SMP ; , FLP ) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland . Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 , the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo , a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen . Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979 . Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s , with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections . In the 1990s , the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 ( formally dissolved in 2003 ) . The True Finns party is the successor of the Finnish Rural Party . History . The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo , leader of a faction in the Agrarian League ( which was renamed Centre Party in 1965 ) . The relations of Veikko Vennamo and the Agrarian Leagues strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best , and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary , Arvo Korsimo , and was excluded from the parliamentary group . As a result , he immediately founded his own party in 1959 . The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement , with support from the unemployed and small farmers . The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo , who was nationally well known , having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war . Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto , the resettler society , and the society was involved in early campaigning . For the newly founded party , the main carrying force was Vennamo , who was charismatic , a good orator and a skilled negotiator . The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament ( which has 200 seats ) in the 1970 election . The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972 , but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group , 12 members , resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish Peoples Unity Party ( Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue , SKYP ) . The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership , while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies . Veikko Vennamos son , Pekka Vennamo , became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s . Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father . Other parties noticed this , and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983 . As a protest movement without a charismatic leader , burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions , the party gradually lost political support . Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers , who sold their farms and moved to the cities . The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed . Finally , the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign . Some of the partys former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo . The partys last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka ( the only one elected in 1995 ) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that partys first MP and chairman . The Rural Partys last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Partys first party secretary . With the Finns Partys electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as the Finns Party MPs ( Anssi Joutsenlahti , Lea Mäkipää , Pentti Kettunen ) . Ideology . The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views , and criticized other politicians and parties , the government , bureaucrats , international corporations , academics , cultural elites and corruption , while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside . Vennamo attacked , for example , other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances . The party was also anti-communist , and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union . Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms , such as rötösherrat ( rotten gentlemen ) , referring to allegedly corrupt politicians , and teoriaherrat ( theoretical gentlemen ) , referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense . A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää ! ( Yes , the people know! ) . The party professed to hold traditional Christian values , and , for example , opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971 . Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the partys ideology . Prominent Ruralists . Chairmen . - Veikko Vennamo ( 1959–1979 ) - Pekka Vennamo ( 1979–1989 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1989–1991 ) - Tina Mäkelä ( 1991–1992 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1992–1995 ) Party Secretaries . - Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 - Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 - Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 - Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 - Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 - Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 - Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 - Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons . - Tauno Lääperi 1959– ? - Aarne Jokela 1959– ? - Rainer Lemström 1 . 1976–1977 - Aune Rutonen 2 . 1976–1982 - Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 - Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 - Leo Lassila 1982–1983 - Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 - Kalle Palosaari 1 . 1983–1988 - Lea Mäkipää 2 . 1985– - Timo Soini 1 . 1991–1992 - Toivo Satomaa 2 . 1991– - Marja-Leena Leppänen - Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group . - J . Juhani Kortesalmi ( 1979–1983 , 1986–1987 ) - Veikko Vennamo ( 1983–1986 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1987 ) - Urpo Leppänen ( 1987–1988 ) - Sulo Aittoniemi ( 1988–1994 ) - Lea Mäkipää ( 1994–1995 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1995 ) Party Congresses . - Perustava kokous ( founding congress ) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki - 1 . puoluekokous ( party congress ) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi - 2 . puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu - 3 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä - 4 . puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki - 5 . puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki - 6 . puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio - 7 . puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu - 8 . puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere - ylimääräinen puoluekokous ( extraordinary party congress ) 29.10.1966 Helsinki - 9 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki - 10 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani - 11 . puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori - 12 . puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti - 13 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu - 14 . puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola - 15 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli - 16 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku - 17 . puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä - 18 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu - 19 . puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu - 20 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere - 21 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori - 22 . puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti - 23 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki - 24 . puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta - 25 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio - 26 . puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku - 27 . puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää - 28 . puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä - 29 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu - 30 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti - 33 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku - 34 . puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli - 35 . puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu External links . - The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland , Kyösti Pekonen , Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala ; accessed 26 March 2011 .
|
[
"Raimo Vistbacka"
] |
easy
|
Who was the chair of Finnish Rural Party from 1992 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Finnish_Rural_Party#P488#4
|
Finnish Rural Party The Finnish Rural Party ( , SMP ; , FLP ) was an agrarian and populist political party in Finland . Starting as a breakaway faction of the Agrarian League in 1959 , the party was identified with the person of Veikko Vennamo , a former Agrarian League Member of Parliament known for his opposition to the politics of President Urho Kekkonen . Vennamo was chairman of the Finnish Rural Party between 1959 and 1979 . Support for the party was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s , with its share of the votes reaching around 10 percent in some parliamentary elections . In the 1990s , the party fell into financial trouble and was disbanded in 1995 ( formally dissolved in 2003 ) . The True Finns party is the successor of the Finnish Rural Party . History . The founder of the Finnish Rural Party was Veikko Vennamo , leader of a faction in the Agrarian League ( which was renamed Centre Party in 1965 ) . The relations of Veikko Vennamo and the Agrarian Leagues strong man Urho Kekkonen were icy at best , and after Kekkonen was elected president in 1956 Vennamo ran into serious disagreement with the party secretary , Arvo Korsimo , and was excluded from the parliamentary group . As a result , he immediately founded his own party in 1959 . The Finnish Rural Party started as a protest movement , with support from the unemployed and small farmers . The state-sponsored resettlement of veterans of World War II and evacuees from ceded Karelia into independent small farms provided an independent power base to Vennamo , who was nationally well known , having served as director of the government resettlement agency since the end of the war . Vennamo was the honorary chairman of Asutusliitto , the resettler society , and the society was involved in early campaigning . For the newly founded party , the main carrying force was Vennamo , who was charismatic , a good orator and a skilled negotiator . The Rural Party won in its best showing with 18 seats in the Finnish parliament ( which has 200 seats ) in the 1970 election . The party got exactly the same amount of MPs in the next election in 1972 , but was soon afterwards split in two as a majority of the parliamentary group , 12 members , resigned to establish a new party called the Finnish Peoples Unity Party ( Suomen Kansan Yhtenäisyyden Puolue , SKYP ) . The party defectors accused Vennamo of autocratic leadership , while Vennamo accused the defectors of having been bought off with parliamentary party subsidies . Veikko Vennamos son , Pekka Vennamo , became the party leader when his father retired in the 1980s . Vennamo Junior had neither the charisma nor the oratorical skills of his father . Other parties noticed this , and the Rural Party was taken into the cabinet in 1983 . As a protest movement without a charismatic leader , burdened with ministers participating in unpopular coalitions , the party gradually lost political support . Agricultural changes proved hard for small farmers , who sold their farms and moved to the cities . The Social Democratic Party was seen as a more credible alternative for the unemployed . Finally , the declining support of the Rural Party forced Vennamo Junior to resign . Some of the partys former MPs joined the Centre Party or retired with Vennamo . The partys last chairman and MP Raimo Vistbacka ( the only one elected in 1995 ) was among the founders of the Finns Party and became that partys first MP and chairman . The Rural Partys last party secretary Timo Soini likewise became the Finns Partys first party secretary . With the Finns Partys electoral success in the 2011 election three former Rural Party MPs returned to the parliament as the Finns Party MPs ( Anssi Joutsenlahti , Lea Mäkipää , Pentti Kettunen ) . Ideology . The party held anti-establishment or anti-elite views , and criticized other politicians and parties , the government , bureaucrats , international corporations , academics , cultural elites and corruption , while idealizing the ordinary people and small-time entrepreneurs of the countryside . Vennamo attacked , for example , other members of the parliament for over-claiming daily allowances . The party was also anti-communist , and claimed established parties and the political leadership were too subservient to the Soviet Union . Vennamo was known for inventing and using pejorative terms , such as rötösherrat ( rotten gentlemen ) , referring to allegedly corrupt politicians , and teoriaherrat ( theoretical gentlemen ) , referring to academics allegedly lacking common sense . A slogan used by the party was Kyllä kansa tietää ! ( Yes , the people know! ) . The party professed to hold traditional Christian values , and , for example , opposed the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1971 . Racism and xenophobia were not visibly part of the partys ideology . Prominent Ruralists . Chairmen . - Veikko Vennamo ( 1959–1979 ) - Pekka Vennamo ( 1979–1989 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1989–1991 ) - Tina Mäkelä ( 1991–1992 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1992–1995 ) Party Secretaries . - Köpi Luoma 1959–1960 - Eino Poutiainen 1961–1970 - Rainer Lemström 1970–1972 ja 1977–1979 - Urpo Leppänen 1972–1977 ja 1979–1984 - Aaro Niiranen 1984−1989 - Tina Mäkelä 1989–1991 - Reijo Rinne 1991−1992 - Timo Soini 1992–1995 Deputy Chairpersons . - Tauno Lääperi 1959– ? - Aarne Jokela 1959– ? - Rainer Lemström 1 . 1976–1977 - Aune Rutonen 2 . 1976–1982 - Eino Poutiainen 1977–1979 - Niilo Salpakari 1980–1982 - Leo Lassila 1982–1983 - Helvi Koskinen 1982–1985 - Kalle Palosaari 1 . 1983–1988 - Lea Mäkipää 2 . 1985– - Timo Soini 1 . 1991–1992 - Toivo Satomaa 2 . 1991– - Marja-Leena Leppänen - Jouko Kröger Chairpersons of the parliamentary group . - J . Juhani Kortesalmi ( 1979–1983 , 1986–1987 ) - Veikko Vennamo ( 1983–1986 ) - Heikki Riihijärvi ( 1987 ) - Urpo Leppänen ( 1987–1988 ) - Sulo Aittoniemi ( 1988–1994 ) - Lea Mäkipää ( 1994–1995 ) - Raimo Vistbacka ( 1995 ) Party Congresses . - Perustava kokous ( founding congress ) 9.2.1959 Pieksämäki - 1 . puoluekokous ( party congress ) 29.–30.1959 Kiuruvesi - 2 . puoluekokous 3.–4.9.1960 Joensuu - 3 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1961 Jyväskylä - 4 . puoluekokous 16.–17.6.1962 Pieksämäki - 5 . puoluekokous 15.–16.6.1963 Seinäjoki - 6 . puoluekokous 13.–14.6.1964 Kuopio - 7 . puoluekokous 12.–13.6.1965 Oulu - 8 . puoluekokous 13.–14.8.1966 Tampere - ylimääräinen puoluekokous ( extraordinary party congress ) 29.10.1966 Helsinki - 9 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1967 Helsinki - 10 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1968 Kajaani - 11 . puoluekokous 16.–17.8.1969 Pori - 12 . puoluekokous ?.8.1970 Lahti - 13 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1971 Oulu - 14 . puoluekokous 12.8.1972 Kouvola - 15 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1973 Mikkeli - 16 . puoluekokous 3.–4.8.1974 Turku - 17 . puoluekokous 1975 Jyväskylä - 18 . puoluekokous 7.–8.8.1976 Joensuu - 19 . puoluekokous 6.–7.8.1977 Oulu - 20 . puoluekokous 5.–6.8.1978 Tampere - 21 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1979 Pori - 22 . puoluekokous 1.–3.8.1980 Lahti - 23 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1981 Seinäjoki - 24 . puoluekokous 6.–8.8.1982 Lappeenranta - 25 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1983 Kuopio - 26 . puoluekokous 3.–5.8.1984 Turku - 27 . puoluekokous 2.–4.8.1985 Hyvinkää - 28 . puoluekokous 8.–10.8.1986 Jyväskylä - 29 . puoluekokous 7.–9.8.1987 Oulu - 30 . puoluekokous 5.–7.8.1988 Lahti - 33 . puoluekokous 4.–5.8.1991 Turku - 34 . puoluekokous 1.8.1993 Mikkeli - 35 . puoluekokous 3.–4.7.1994 Oulu External links . - The New Radical Right Taking Shape in Finland , Kyösti Pekonen , Pertti Hynynen and Mari Kalliala ; accessed 26 March 2011 .
|
[
"Notre Dame High School"
] |
easy
|
Which school did David Bonior go to from 1962 to 1963?
|
/wiki/David_Bonior#P69#0
|
David Bonior David Edward Bonior ( born June 6 , 1945 ) is an American politician from the U.S . state of Michigan . First elected to the U.S . House of Representatives in 1976 , Bonior served as Democratic whip in the House from 1991 to 2002 , during which time Democrats were in both the majority ( 1991–1995 ) and minority ( 1995–2002 ) , making Bonior the third and second highest-ranking Democrat in the House , respectively . During his tenure in office , Bonior was the public face of Democratic opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , and was known for his tenacity in opposing Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich , against whom Bonior filed more than seventy-five ethics charges . Early life . Bonior was born in Detroit , Michigan , the son of Irene ( Gavreluk ) and Edward Bonior . He traces his family history from Ukraine and Poland . He graduated from Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods , Michigan , in 1963 , where he excelled in sports . He received a B.A . from the University of Iowa , where he also played football and became a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , in 1967 . He received an M.A . from Chapman College in Orange , California , in 1972 . He served in the United States Air Force during the peak of the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 , though not in Vietnam . He was a founder of the Vietnam Era Veterans Caucus on Capitol Hill and was a strong supporter of the Vietnam veterans movement . Political career . Bonior was a Democratic member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976 . In 1976 , he was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from Michigans 12th District ( based in Macomb County ) for the 95th and to the twelve succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1977 to January 3 , 2003 . His district was renumbered as the 10th in 1993 , after Michigan lost a House seat as a result of the 1990 United States Census . From 1991 to 2002 , Bonior was the House Democratic Whip . He served as Majority Whip in the 102nd and 103rd Congresses . He was Minority Whip for the 104th through 107th Congresses . While the Democrats were in the majority , Bonior was the third-ranking Democrat in the House , behind Speaker Tom Foley and House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt . While they were in the minority , Bonior was second-in-command behind Gephardt . In Congress , Bonior generally had a progressive voting record , but opposed abortion in most cases . In 1991 he strongly supported recognition of Ukraine as an independent nation and was critical of the Bush administration on that matter . For most of his tenure in Congress , Bonior represented a fairly compact district in Macomb and St . Clair counties northeast of Detroit . However , after the 2000 United States Census , Michigan lost one of its 16 seats in the House of Representatives . The redistricting process was controlled by the Republican majority in the state legislature , and Boniors home in Mount Clemens was shifted from the 10th District to the 12th District . That district had long been represented by Democrat Sandy Levin , a longtime friend of Boniors . At the same time , the state legislature radically altered the 10th , extending it all the way to the Thumb . The new district was considerably more rural and Republican than its predecessor ; George W . Bush narrowly won the old 10th , but would have won the new 10th by a large margin . By all accounts , the 10th had been redrawn for popular Republican Michigan Secretary of State and Macomb County resident Candice Miller . Due to this , Bonior did not run for reelection to the House , and chose to run for Governor of Michigan , stepping down as House Democratic Whip in early 2002 ; Nancy Pelosi of California succeeded him as Whip . He lost in a heavily contested primary between former Governor James Blanchard , and then-Michigan Attorney General and eventual nominee Jennifer Granholm , who went on to win the general election . As expected , Miller easily won Boniors House seat and held it until retiring in 2016 . Proving how Republican the new district is , no Democratic nominee has won more than 40% of the vote since Bonior retired . Post-congressional career . Following his retirement from the House , Bonior became a professor of labor studies at Wayne State University , and founded American Rights at Work , a union advocacy organization of which he currently serves as chairman . In 2006 , former Senator John Edwards chose Bonior to run his campaign for the presidency in 2008 . Bonior served as campaign manager for the duration of Edwards candidacy . Upon the election of Barack Obama in November 2008 , Bonior was a member of the President-Elects economic advisory board . He has also become a restaurateur , owning and operating the restaurants Agua 301 and Zest . Bonior is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . Bonior and his wife were described as longtime members of the Democratic Socialists of America in 2015 .
|
[
"University of Iowa"
] |
easy
|
David Bonior went to which school in 1963?
|
/wiki/David_Bonior#P69#1
|
David Bonior David Edward Bonior ( born June 6 , 1945 ) is an American politician from the U.S . state of Michigan . First elected to the U.S . House of Representatives in 1976 , Bonior served as Democratic whip in the House from 1991 to 2002 , during which time Democrats were in both the majority ( 1991–1995 ) and minority ( 1995–2002 ) , making Bonior the third and second highest-ranking Democrat in the House , respectively . During his tenure in office , Bonior was the public face of Democratic opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , and was known for his tenacity in opposing Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich , against whom Bonior filed more than seventy-five ethics charges . Early life . Bonior was born in Detroit , Michigan , the son of Irene ( Gavreluk ) and Edward Bonior . He traces his family history from Ukraine and Poland . He graduated from Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods , Michigan , in 1963 , where he excelled in sports . He received a B.A . from the University of Iowa , where he also played football and became a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , in 1967 . He received an M.A . from Chapman College in Orange , California , in 1972 . He served in the United States Air Force during the peak of the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 , though not in Vietnam . He was a founder of the Vietnam Era Veterans Caucus on Capitol Hill and was a strong supporter of the Vietnam veterans movement . Political career . Bonior was a Democratic member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976 . In 1976 , he was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from Michigans 12th District ( based in Macomb County ) for the 95th and to the twelve succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1977 to January 3 , 2003 . His district was renumbered as the 10th in 1993 , after Michigan lost a House seat as a result of the 1990 United States Census . From 1991 to 2002 , Bonior was the House Democratic Whip . He served as Majority Whip in the 102nd and 103rd Congresses . He was Minority Whip for the 104th through 107th Congresses . While the Democrats were in the majority , Bonior was the third-ranking Democrat in the House , behind Speaker Tom Foley and House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt . While they were in the minority , Bonior was second-in-command behind Gephardt . In Congress , Bonior generally had a progressive voting record , but opposed abortion in most cases . In 1991 he strongly supported recognition of Ukraine as an independent nation and was critical of the Bush administration on that matter . For most of his tenure in Congress , Bonior represented a fairly compact district in Macomb and St . Clair counties northeast of Detroit . However , after the 2000 United States Census , Michigan lost one of its 16 seats in the House of Representatives . The redistricting process was controlled by the Republican majority in the state legislature , and Boniors home in Mount Clemens was shifted from the 10th District to the 12th District . That district had long been represented by Democrat Sandy Levin , a longtime friend of Boniors . At the same time , the state legislature radically altered the 10th , extending it all the way to the Thumb . The new district was considerably more rural and Republican than its predecessor ; George W . Bush narrowly won the old 10th , but would have won the new 10th by a large margin . By all accounts , the 10th had been redrawn for popular Republican Michigan Secretary of State and Macomb County resident Candice Miller . Due to this , Bonior did not run for reelection to the House , and chose to run for Governor of Michigan , stepping down as House Democratic Whip in early 2002 ; Nancy Pelosi of California succeeded him as Whip . He lost in a heavily contested primary between former Governor James Blanchard , and then-Michigan Attorney General and eventual nominee Jennifer Granholm , who went on to win the general election . As expected , Miller easily won Boniors House seat and held it until retiring in 2016 . Proving how Republican the new district is , no Democratic nominee has won more than 40% of the vote since Bonior retired . Post-congressional career . Following his retirement from the House , Bonior became a professor of labor studies at Wayne State University , and founded American Rights at Work , a union advocacy organization of which he currently serves as chairman . In 2006 , former Senator John Edwards chose Bonior to run his campaign for the presidency in 2008 . Bonior served as campaign manager for the duration of Edwards candidacy . Upon the election of Barack Obama in November 2008 , Bonior was a member of the President-Elects economic advisory board . He has also become a restaurateur , owning and operating the restaurants Agua 301 and Zest . Bonior is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . Bonior and his wife were described as longtime members of the Democratic Socialists of America in 2015 .
|
[
"Chapman College"
] |
easy
|
Where was David Bonior educated from 1967 to 1972?
|
/wiki/David_Bonior#P69#2
|
David Bonior David Edward Bonior ( born June 6 , 1945 ) is an American politician from the U.S . state of Michigan . First elected to the U.S . House of Representatives in 1976 , Bonior served as Democratic whip in the House from 1991 to 2002 , during which time Democrats were in both the majority ( 1991–1995 ) and minority ( 1995–2002 ) , making Bonior the third and second highest-ranking Democrat in the House , respectively . During his tenure in office , Bonior was the public face of Democratic opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , and was known for his tenacity in opposing Republican Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich , against whom Bonior filed more than seventy-five ethics charges . Early life . Bonior was born in Detroit , Michigan , the son of Irene ( Gavreluk ) and Edward Bonior . He traces his family history from Ukraine and Poland . He graduated from Notre Dame High School in Harper Woods , Michigan , in 1963 , where he excelled in sports . He received a B.A . from the University of Iowa , where he also played football and became a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , in 1967 . He received an M.A . from Chapman College in Orange , California , in 1972 . He served in the United States Air Force during the peak of the Vietnam War from 1968 to 1972 , though not in Vietnam . He was a founder of the Vietnam Era Veterans Caucus on Capitol Hill and was a strong supporter of the Vietnam veterans movement . Political career . Bonior was a Democratic member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1973 to 1976 . In 1976 , he was elected to the U.S . House of Representatives from Michigans 12th District ( based in Macomb County ) for the 95th and to the twelve succeeding Congresses , serving from January 3 , 1977 to January 3 , 2003 . His district was renumbered as the 10th in 1993 , after Michigan lost a House seat as a result of the 1990 United States Census . From 1991 to 2002 , Bonior was the House Democratic Whip . He served as Majority Whip in the 102nd and 103rd Congresses . He was Minority Whip for the 104th through 107th Congresses . While the Democrats were in the majority , Bonior was the third-ranking Democrat in the House , behind Speaker Tom Foley and House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt . While they were in the minority , Bonior was second-in-command behind Gephardt . In Congress , Bonior generally had a progressive voting record , but opposed abortion in most cases . In 1991 he strongly supported recognition of Ukraine as an independent nation and was critical of the Bush administration on that matter . For most of his tenure in Congress , Bonior represented a fairly compact district in Macomb and St . Clair counties northeast of Detroit . However , after the 2000 United States Census , Michigan lost one of its 16 seats in the House of Representatives . The redistricting process was controlled by the Republican majority in the state legislature , and Boniors home in Mount Clemens was shifted from the 10th District to the 12th District . That district had long been represented by Democrat Sandy Levin , a longtime friend of Boniors . At the same time , the state legislature radically altered the 10th , extending it all the way to the Thumb . The new district was considerably more rural and Republican than its predecessor ; George W . Bush narrowly won the old 10th , but would have won the new 10th by a large margin . By all accounts , the 10th had been redrawn for popular Republican Michigan Secretary of State and Macomb County resident Candice Miller . Due to this , Bonior did not run for reelection to the House , and chose to run for Governor of Michigan , stepping down as House Democratic Whip in early 2002 ; Nancy Pelosi of California succeeded him as Whip . He lost in a heavily contested primary between former Governor James Blanchard , and then-Michigan Attorney General and eventual nominee Jennifer Granholm , who went on to win the general election . As expected , Miller easily won Boniors House seat and held it until retiring in 2016 . Proving how Republican the new district is , no Democratic nominee has won more than 40% of the vote since Bonior retired . Post-congressional career . Following his retirement from the House , Bonior became a professor of labor studies at Wayne State University , and founded American Rights at Work , a union advocacy organization of which he currently serves as chairman . In 2006 , former Senator John Edwards chose Bonior to run his campaign for the presidency in 2008 . Bonior served as campaign manager for the duration of Edwards candidacy . Upon the election of Barack Obama in November 2008 , Bonior was a member of the President-Elects economic advisory board . He has also become a restaurateur , owning and operating the restaurants Agua 301 and Zest . Bonior is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One . Bonior and his wife were described as longtime members of the Democratic Socialists of America in 2015 .
|
[
"University of Minnesota"
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Lawrence R. Heaney work for from 1972 to 1973?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#0
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"University of Minnesota"
] |
easy
|
Lawrence R. Heaney was an employee for whom from 1973 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#1
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"University of Kansas"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Lawrence R. Heaney work for from 1975 to 1979?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#2
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"University of Michigan"
] |
easy
|
Who did Lawrence R. Heaney work for from 1979 to 1986?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#3
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"Smithsonian Institution"
] |
easy
|
Who did Lawrence R. Heaney work for from 1986 to 1988?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#4
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"the Field Museum"
] |
easy
|
Lawrence R. Heaney was an employee for whom from 1988 to 1989?
|
/wiki/Lawrence_R._Heaney#P108#5
|
Lawrence R . Heaney Lawrence Richard Heaney ( born December 2 , 1952 in Washington , DC ) is an American mammalogist , ecologist and biogeographer . His research focus is the mammals of the Philippines . Career . From June 1967 to June 1971 , Heaney was a helper and museum technician at the Department of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution . From June 1971 to September 1971 , Heaney worked as a collector for the Delaware Museum of Natural History . From June 1972 to June 1975 he was a curator and research associate at the University of Minnesota . From June 1973 to August 1975 he was field and research assistant at the Smithsonian Institution . In June 1975 , Heaney earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Minnesota . From August 1975 to May 1979 he was Curatorial Assistant , Teaching and Research Assistant at the University of Kansas . In May 1978 , he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Kansas and , in October 1979 , his Ph.D . From September 1979 to August 1986 , he was assistant professor at the Department of Biology and assistant curator at the Department of Mammals at the Museum of Zoology , University of Michigan . From 1986 to 1988 he was a Research Fellow and since 1988 he has been a Research Associate at the Smithsonian Institution . Since 1991 he has been a research assistant at the American Museum of Natural History . From 1988 he was curator and since 2002 has been head of the mammalogical department of the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago , Illinois . In 2008 , Heaney and his colleague Danilo S . Balete rediscovered the Blacktail Luzon Tree Rat ( Pulomys melanurus ) on the Pulag on Luzon , a rodent that had been considered lost for 112 years . Species described . Mammals described by Heaney include , among others , the Tawi-Tawi forest rat ( Rattus tawitawiensis ) , the Palawan Montane squirrel ( Sundasciurus rabori ) , the Dinagat bushy-tailed cloud rat ( Crateromys australis ) , the Dinagat Gymnure ( Podogymnura aureospinula ) and nine species of Apomys : Apomys aurorae , Apomys banahao , Apomys brownorum , Apomys iridensis , Apomys magnus , Apomys minganensis , Apomys camiguinensis , Apomys lubangensis and Apomys sierrae . Names named after Heaney . In 1996 , Pedro C . Gonzales and Robert S . Kennedy named the Panay Bark Rat ( Crateromys heaneyi ) in his honor . In 1997 , Colin Groves honored Heaney in naming the subspecies Prionailurus bengalensis heaneyi , the Bengal cat from the Philippine island of Palawan . Selected publications . - 1982 Mammals of Dinagat and Siargao islands , Philippines - 1983 Relationships of pocket gophers of the genome Geomys from the Central and Northern Great Plains - 1985 Systematics of Oriental pygmy squirrels of the genera Exilisciurus and Nannosciurus ( Mammalia , Sciuridae ) - 1986 Island biogeography of mammals - 1998 Vanishing treasures of the Philippine rainforest - 2004 Frontiers of biogeography : new directions in the geography of nature - 2006 The mammals and birds of Camiguin Island , Philippines , a Distinctive Center of Biodiversity - 2011 Discovering diversity : studies of the mammals of Luzon Island , Philippines - 2016 The Mammals of Luzon Island . Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna External links . - Lawrence Heaney at LinkedIn - Lawrence R . Heaney : Curriculum Vitae at the Field Museum of Natural History - Lawrence R . Heaney at Google Schola
|
[
"titular archbishop",
"Nuncio"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Marco Dino Brogi hold in Dec 1997?
|
/wiki/Marco_Dino_Brogi#P39#0
|
Marco Dino Brogi Marco Dino Brogi , O.F.M . ( 12 March 1932 – 29 November 2020 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the Roman Curia and in diplomatic service of the Holy See . Biography . Brogi was born in Egypt and was a Latin-rite Catholic . He was ordained a priest on 5 May 1963 . He was working as undersecretary in the Congregation for the Oriental Churches , when Pope John Paul II named Brogi titular archbishop of Città Ducale , Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan , and Apostolic Delegate to Somalia on 13 December 1997 . John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Egypt and Apostolic Delegate to the Arab League on 5 February 2002 . Brogi ended his service as Nuncio on 27 January 2006 when he was named a Consultor with the Secretariat of State by Pope Benedict XVI . Benedict named him a Consultor to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches as well on 15 September 2007 . External links . - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop Marco Dino Brogi , O.F.M .
|
[
"Consultor"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Marco Dino Brogi hold from 1998 to Feb 2002?
|
/wiki/Marco_Dino_Brogi#P39#1
|
Marco Dino Brogi Marco Dino Brogi , O.F.M . ( 12 March 1932 – 29 November 2020 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the Roman Curia and in diplomatic service of the Holy See . Biography . Brogi was born in Egypt and was a Latin-rite Catholic . He was ordained a priest on 5 May 1963 . He was working as undersecretary in the Congregation for the Oriental Churches , when Pope John Paul II named Brogi titular archbishop of Città Ducale , Apostolic Nuncio to Sudan , and Apostolic Delegate to Somalia on 13 December 1997 . John Paul named him Apostolic Nuncio to Egypt and Apostolic Delegate to the Arab League on 5 February 2002 . Brogi ended his service as Nuncio on 27 January 2006 when he was named a Consultor with the Secretariat of State by Pope Benedict XVI . Benedict named him a Consultor to the Congregation for the Oriental Churches as well on 15 September 2007 . External links . - Catholic Hierarchy : Archbishop Marco Dino Brogi , O.F.M .
|
[
"oil lamps"
] |
easy
|
What energy powered Great Tower Neuwerk from 1814 to 1892?
|
/wiki/Great_Tower_Neuwerk#P618#0
|
Great Tower Neuwerk The Great Tower Neuwerk is the most significant building of the Neuwerk island , belonging to Hamburg . Completed in 1310 , the structure is one of the oldest worldwide that was used as lighthouse ( 1814–2014 ) and still standing . This former beacon , watchtower and lighthouse is also the oldest building in Hamburg and oldest secular building on the German coast . History . The construction of the new werk was started in 1300 . It was completed after ten years in 1310 . The style of a keep matches the common Norman tower type of the time . Contrary to some literature , the tower was built in this form from the beginning . The fire in the 1360s destroyed most of the wooden elements and it had to undergo major reconstruction . The original roof was made of lead , and was replaced by copper in 1474 . This was again replaced in 1558 by a tiled roof and by a new copper roof following that . The copper was then used for military purposes in 1916 reconstructed later . The original purpose was to host troops to defend the ships entering and leaving the Elbe from sea and beach pirates . The tower was also refuge for the farmers on the island during storm surges and survivors of shipwrecks over the centuries . The tower marked the most northern measuring point for the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover by Carl Friedrich Gauss in July 1825 . Parts of this triangulation net were depicted on the back of last series of the 10 Deutsche Mark note ( 1989–2001 ) . The tower of Neuwerk is officially Hamburgs oldest building . A church in Sinstorf is actually older , but only part of Hamburg since the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 . The tower is protected under cultural heritage management since 1924 and the surrounding dwelling hill since 1971 . It is used as viewpoint , guesthouse and restaurant . Lighthouse . Before the tower was turned into a lighthouse in 1814 , the dangerous reef and sandbank of Scharhörn was marked by multiple beacons and bearing aids , most importantly the Scharhörnbake . The most important was the bearing of wooden beacons north-west end of Neuwerk and its tower to find the smaller beacon in the open sea . Todays Nord-Bake still shows the form of a beacon to overshadow an open fire once the ships reached this bearing . The Carta Marina shows a fire beacon on Nuge uirk as early as 1539 , but other sources mention the open coal fire beacon not until 1644 : It was a navigational aid during night time . This required 1000 tons of imported Scottish coal a year starting from 1761 . This coal contained more bitumen and burned much brighter than the usual German hard coal . The tower was only turned into a lighthouse on December 20 , 1814 . The first lamp was made of 21 hollow wick oil lamps with parabolic reflectors and burned on colza oil and kerosene starting 1870 . A fresnel lens of measuring a focal length of 700 mm was installed 1892 together with a five-wick kerosene lamp , to improve the brightness even further . This lens is still used today . The lamp was again improved in 1908 , to be first electrified in 1942 . Electricity was needed to shut down the light quickly during World War II . The kerosene lamp were kept in place as there was no emergency power supply and upgraded to propane in 1949 . The luminous intensity was stated in 1952 to be 5700 Hefner lamps ( HK ) 13200 seaside , 1000 for the green and 550 for the red light . The reach of the 1000 watt lamp was roughly 30 kilometers . Is could be seen from Heligoland under good conditions . The classic electric lamp was replaced by a Halogen lamp in fall 2007 . On February 10 , 2014 it was replaced by LED . Although belonging to Hamburg , the lighthouse was operated by the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven , which is responsible for the Elbe estuary . As the lighthouse was non-essential for shipping it was decommissioned on January 1 , 2014 and turned over to the Hamburg Port Authority . On February 10 , 2014 it was officially shut down after almost 200 years in operation and continues as a private light under the authority of Hamburg.The original light characteristic Blk . ( 3 ) w . r . gn . 20 s 16–11 sm was switched to a steady white lamp with a reach of barely 3 nautical miles . The original open coal beacon was replaced by the small lighthouse after the great lighthouse started operating and functioned together with him as leading lights . This allowed for safe passage from north-west over the Vogelsandsteert . The forementioned open fire beacon , the great and small lighthouses and todays Nord-Bake all were established on the same bearing . The small lighthouse was torn down in 1909 . Usage . Apart from the floors for the guesthouse for the Hamburg state guests , the tower is home to the warden , a restaurant and their personnel . The former teacher Heinrich Gechter initiated the use as a hostel for schools of Winterhude in 1920 , which switched to the neighboring barn 1924 . The attic was also home the bird warden from the Verein Jordsand for many years . In the 1600s Royal Protestant Imperial Count Palatine Johann Rist resided at Neuwerk .
|
[
"kerosene"
] |
easy
|
What was the source of energy for Great Tower Neuwerk from 1892 to 1908?
|
/wiki/Great_Tower_Neuwerk#P618#1
|
Great Tower Neuwerk The Great Tower Neuwerk is the most significant building of the Neuwerk island , belonging to Hamburg . Completed in 1310 , the structure is one of the oldest worldwide that was used as lighthouse ( 1814–2014 ) and still standing . This former beacon , watchtower and lighthouse is also the oldest building in Hamburg and oldest secular building on the German coast . History . The construction of the new werk was started in 1300 . It was completed after ten years in 1310 . The style of a keep matches the common Norman tower type of the time . Contrary to some literature , the tower was built in this form from the beginning . The fire in the 1360s destroyed most of the wooden elements and it had to undergo major reconstruction . The original roof was made of lead , and was replaced by copper in 1474 . This was again replaced in 1558 by a tiled roof and by a new copper roof following that . The copper was then used for military purposes in 1916 reconstructed later . The original purpose was to host troops to defend the ships entering and leaving the Elbe from sea and beach pirates . The tower was also refuge for the farmers on the island during storm surges and survivors of shipwrecks over the centuries . The tower marked the most northern measuring point for the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover by Carl Friedrich Gauss in July 1825 . Parts of this triangulation net were depicted on the back of last series of the 10 Deutsche Mark note ( 1989–2001 ) . The tower of Neuwerk is officially Hamburgs oldest building . A church in Sinstorf is actually older , but only part of Hamburg since the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 . The tower is protected under cultural heritage management since 1924 and the surrounding dwelling hill since 1971 . It is used as viewpoint , guesthouse and restaurant . Lighthouse . Before the tower was turned into a lighthouse in 1814 , the dangerous reef and sandbank of Scharhörn was marked by multiple beacons and bearing aids , most importantly the Scharhörnbake . The most important was the bearing of wooden beacons north-west end of Neuwerk and its tower to find the smaller beacon in the open sea . Todays Nord-Bake still shows the form of a beacon to overshadow an open fire once the ships reached this bearing . The Carta Marina shows a fire beacon on Nuge uirk as early as 1539 , but other sources mention the open coal fire beacon not until 1644 : It was a navigational aid during night time . This required 1000 tons of imported Scottish coal a year starting from 1761 . This coal contained more bitumen and burned much brighter than the usual German hard coal . The tower was only turned into a lighthouse on December 20 , 1814 . The first lamp was made of 21 hollow wick oil lamps with parabolic reflectors and burned on colza oil and kerosene starting 1870 . A fresnel lens of measuring a focal length of 700 mm was installed 1892 together with a five-wick kerosene lamp , to improve the brightness even further . This lens is still used today . The lamp was again improved in 1908 , to be first electrified in 1942 . Electricity was needed to shut down the light quickly during World War II . The kerosene lamp were kept in place as there was no emergency power supply and upgraded to propane in 1949 . The luminous intensity was stated in 1952 to be 5700 Hefner lamps ( HK ) 13200 seaside , 1000 for the green and 550 for the red light . The reach of the 1000 watt lamp was roughly 30 kilometers . Is could be seen from Heligoland under good conditions . The classic electric lamp was replaced by a Halogen lamp in fall 2007 . On February 10 , 2014 it was replaced by LED . Although belonging to Hamburg , the lighthouse was operated by the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven , which is responsible for the Elbe estuary . As the lighthouse was non-essential for shipping it was decommissioned on January 1 , 2014 and turned over to the Hamburg Port Authority . On February 10 , 2014 it was officially shut down after almost 200 years in operation and continues as a private light under the authority of Hamburg.The original light characteristic Blk . ( 3 ) w . r . gn . 20 s 16–11 sm was switched to a steady white lamp with a reach of barely 3 nautical miles . The original open coal beacon was replaced by the small lighthouse after the great lighthouse started operating and functioned together with him as leading lights . This allowed for safe passage from north-west over the Vogelsandsteert . The forementioned open fire beacon , the great and small lighthouses and todays Nord-Bake all were established on the same bearing . The small lighthouse was torn down in 1909 . Usage . Apart from the floors for the guesthouse for the Hamburg state guests , the tower is home to the warden , a restaurant and their personnel . The former teacher Heinrich Gechter initiated the use as a hostel for schools of Winterhude in 1920 , which switched to the neighboring barn 1924 . The attic was also home the bird warden from the Verein Jordsand for many years . In the 1600s Royal Protestant Imperial Count Palatine Johann Rist resided at Neuwerk .
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[
"Electricity"
] |
easy
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What energy powered Great Tower Neuwerk from 1942 to 2007?
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/wiki/Great_Tower_Neuwerk#P618#2
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Great Tower Neuwerk The Great Tower Neuwerk is the most significant building of the Neuwerk island , belonging to Hamburg . Completed in 1310 , the structure is one of the oldest worldwide that was used as lighthouse ( 1814–2014 ) and still standing . This former beacon , watchtower and lighthouse is also the oldest building in Hamburg and oldest secular building on the German coast . History . The construction of the new werk was started in 1300 . It was completed after ten years in 1310 . The style of a keep matches the common Norman tower type of the time . Contrary to some literature , the tower was built in this form from the beginning . The fire in the 1360s destroyed most of the wooden elements and it had to undergo major reconstruction . The original roof was made of lead , and was replaced by copper in 1474 . This was again replaced in 1558 by a tiled roof and by a new copper roof following that . The copper was then used for military purposes in 1916 reconstructed later . The original purpose was to host troops to defend the ships entering and leaving the Elbe from sea and beach pirates . The tower was also refuge for the farmers on the island during storm surges and survivors of shipwrecks over the centuries . The tower marked the most northern measuring point for the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover by Carl Friedrich Gauss in July 1825 . Parts of this triangulation net were depicted on the back of last series of the 10 Deutsche Mark note ( 1989–2001 ) . The tower of Neuwerk is officially Hamburgs oldest building . A church in Sinstorf is actually older , but only part of Hamburg since the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 . The tower is protected under cultural heritage management since 1924 and the surrounding dwelling hill since 1971 . It is used as viewpoint , guesthouse and restaurant . Lighthouse . Before the tower was turned into a lighthouse in 1814 , the dangerous reef and sandbank of Scharhörn was marked by multiple beacons and bearing aids , most importantly the Scharhörnbake . The most important was the bearing of wooden beacons north-west end of Neuwerk and its tower to find the smaller beacon in the open sea . Todays Nord-Bake still shows the form of a beacon to overshadow an open fire once the ships reached this bearing . The Carta Marina shows a fire beacon on Nuge uirk as early as 1539 , but other sources mention the open coal fire beacon not until 1644 : It was a navigational aid during night time . This required 1000 tons of imported Scottish coal a year starting from 1761 . This coal contained more bitumen and burned much brighter than the usual German hard coal . The tower was only turned into a lighthouse on December 20 , 1814 . The first lamp was made of 21 hollow wick oil lamps with parabolic reflectors and burned on colza oil and kerosene starting 1870 . A fresnel lens of measuring a focal length of 700 mm was installed 1892 together with a five-wick kerosene lamp , to improve the brightness even further . This lens is still used today . The lamp was again improved in 1908 , to be first electrified in 1942 . Electricity was needed to shut down the light quickly during World War II . The kerosene lamp were kept in place as there was no emergency power supply and upgraded to propane in 1949 . The luminous intensity was stated in 1952 to be 5700 Hefner lamps ( HK ) 13200 seaside , 1000 for the green and 550 for the red light . The reach of the 1000 watt lamp was roughly 30 kilometers . Is could be seen from Heligoland under good conditions . The classic electric lamp was replaced by a Halogen lamp in fall 2007 . On February 10 , 2014 it was replaced by LED . Although belonging to Hamburg , the lighthouse was operated by the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven , which is responsible for the Elbe estuary . As the lighthouse was non-essential for shipping it was decommissioned on January 1 , 2014 and turned over to the Hamburg Port Authority . On February 10 , 2014 it was officially shut down after almost 200 years in operation and continues as a private light under the authority of Hamburg.The original light characteristic Blk . ( 3 ) w . r . gn . 20 s 16–11 sm was switched to a steady white lamp with a reach of barely 3 nautical miles . The original open coal beacon was replaced by the small lighthouse after the great lighthouse started operating and functioned together with him as leading lights . This allowed for safe passage from north-west over the Vogelsandsteert . The forementioned open fire beacon , the great and small lighthouses and todays Nord-Bake all were established on the same bearing . The small lighthouse was torn down in 1909 . Usage . Apart from the floors for the guesthouse for the Hamburg state guests , the tower is home to the warden , a restaurant and their personnel . The former teacher Heinrich Gechter initiated the use as a hostel for schools of Winterhude in 1920 , which switched to the neighboring barn 1924 . The attic was also home the bird warden from the Verein Jordsand for many years . In the 1600s Royal Protestant Imperial Count Palatine Johann Rist resided at Neuwerk .
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[
"Halogen lamp"
] |
easy
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What energy powered Great Tower Neuwerk from 2007 to 2014?
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/wiki/Great_Tower_Neuwerk#P618#3
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Great Tower Neuwerk The Great Tower Neuwerk is the most significant building of the Neuwerk island , belonging to Hamburg . Completed in 1310 , the structure is one of the oldest worldwide that was used as lighthouse ( 1814–2014 ) and still standing . This former beacon , watchtower and lighthouse is also the oldest building in Hamburg and oldest secular building on the German coast . History . The construction of the new werk was started in 1300 . It was completed after ten years in 1310 . The style of a keep matches the common Norman tower type of the time . Contrary to some literature , the tower was built in this form from the beginning . The fire in the 1360s destroyed most of the wooden elements and it had to undergo major reconstruction . The original roof was made of lead , and was replaced by copper in 1474 . This was again replaced in 1558 by a tiled roof and by a new copper roof following that . The copper was then used for military purposes in 1916 reconstructed later . The original purpose was to host troops to defend the ships entering and leaving the Elbe from sea and beach pirates . The tower was also refuge for the farmers on the island during storm surges and survivors of shipwrecks over the centuries . The tower marked the most northern measuring point for the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover by Carl Friedrich Gauss in July 1825 . Parts of this triangulation net were depicted on the back of last series of the 10 Deutsche Mark note ( 1989–2001 ) . The tower of Neuwerk is officially Hamburgs oldest building . A church in Sinstorf is actually older , but only part of Hamburg since the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 . The tower is protected under cultural heritage management since 1924 and the surrounding dwelling hill since 1971 . It is used as viewpoint , guesthouse and restaurant . Lighthouse . Before the tower was turned into a lighthouse in 1814 , the dangerous reef and sandbank of Scharhörn was marked by multiple beacons and bearing aids , most importantly the Scharhörnbake . The most important was the bearing of wooden beacons north-west end of Neuwerk and its tower to find the smaller beacon in the open sea . Todays Nord-Bake still shows the form of a beacon to overshadow an open fire once the ships reached this bearing . The Carta Marina shows a fire beacon on Nuge uirk as early as 1539 , but other sources mention the open coal fire beacon not until 1644 : It was a navigational aid during night time . This required 1000 tons of imported Scottish coal a year starting from 1761 . This coal contained more bitumen and burned much brighter than the usual German hard coal . The tower was only turned into a lighthouse on December 20 , 1814 . The first lamp was made of 21 hollow wick oil lamps with parabolic reflectors and burned on colza oil and kerosene starting 1870 . A fresnel lens of measuring a focal length of 700 mm was installed 1892 together with a five-wick kerosene lamp , to improve the brightness even further . This lens is still used today . The lamp was again improved in 1908 , to be first electrified in 1942 . Electricity was needed to shut down the light quickly during World War II . The kerosene lamp were kept in place as there was no emergency power supply and upgraded to propane in 1949 . The luminous intensity was stated in 1952 to be 5700 Hefner lamps ( HK ) 13200 seaside , 1000 for the green and 550 for the red light . The reach of the 1000 watt lamp was roughly 30 kilometers . Is could be seen from Heligoland under good conditions . The classic electric lamp was replaced by a Halogen lamp in fall 2007 . On February 10 , 2014 it was replaced by LED . Although belonging to Hamburg , the lighthouse was operated by the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven , which is responsible for the Elbe estuary . As the lighthouse was non-essential for shipping it was decommissioned on January 1 , 2014 and turned over to the Hamburg Port Authority . On February 10 , 2014 it was officially shut down after almost 200 years in operation and continues as a private light under the authority of Hamburg.The original light characteristic Blk . ( 3 ) w . r . gn . 20 s 16–11 sm was switched to a steady white lamp with a reach of barely 3 nautical miles . The original open coal beacon was replaced by the small lighthouse after the great lighthouse started operating and functioned together with him as leading lights . This allowed for safe passage from north-west over the Vogelsandsteert . The forementioned open fire beacon , the great and small lighthouses and todays Nord-Bake all were established on the same bearing . The small lighthouse was torn down in 1909 . Usage . Apart from the floors for the guesthouse for the Hamburg state guests , the tower is home to the warden , a restaurant and their personnel . The former teacher Heinrich Gechter initiated the use as a hostel for schools of Winterhude in 1920 , which switched to the neighboring barn 1924 . The attic was also home the bird warden from the Verein Jordsand for many years . In the 1600s Royal Protestant Imperial Count Palatine Johann Rist resided at Neuwerk .
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[
"LED"
] |
easy
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What energy powered Great Tower Neuwerk from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Great_Tower_Neuwerk#P618#4
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Great Tower Neuwerk The Great Tower Neuwerk is the most significant building of the Neuwerk island , belonging to Hamburg . Completed in 1310 , the structure is one of the oldest worldwide that was used as lighthouse ( 1814–2014 ) and still standing . This former beacon , watchtower and lighthouse is also the oldest building in Hamburg and oldest secular building on the German coast . History . The construction of the new werk was started in 1300 . It was completed after ten years in 1310 . The style of a keep matches the common Norman tower type of the time . Contrary to some literature , the tower was built in this form from the beginning . The fire in the 1360s destroyed most of the wooden elements and it had to undergo major reconstruction . The original roof was made of lead , and was replaced by copper in 1474 . This was again replaced in 1558 by a tiled roof and by a new copper roof following that . The copper was then used for military purposes in 1916 reconstructed later . The original purpose was to host troops to defend the ships entering and leaving the Elbe from sea and beach pirates . The tower was also refuge for the farmers on the island during storm surges and survivors of shipwrecks over the centuries . The tower marked the most northern measuring point for the triangulation of the Kingdom of Hannover by Carl Friedrich Gauss in July 1825 . Parts of this triangulation net were depicted on the back of last series of the 10 Deutsche Mark note ( 1989–2001 ) . The tower of Neuwerk is officially Hamburgs oldest building . A church in Sinstorf is actually older , but only part of Hamburg since the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937 . The tower is protected under cultural heritage management since 1924 and the surrounding dwelling hill since 1971 . It is used as viewpoint , guesthouse and restaurant . Lighthouse . Before the tower was turned into a lighthouse in 1814 , the dangerous reef and sandbank of Scharhörn was marked by multiple beacons and bearing aids , most importantly the Scharhörnbake . The most important was the bearing of wooden beacons north-west end of Neuwerk and its tower to find the smaller beacon in the open sea . Todays Nord-Bake still shows the form of a beacon to overshadow an open fire once the ships reached this bearing . The Carta Marina shows a fire beacon on Nuge uirk as early as 1539 , but other sources mention the open coal fire beacon not until 1644 : It was a navigational aid during night time . This required 1000 tons of imported Scottish coal a year starting from 1761 . This coal contained more bitumen and burned much brighter than the usual German hard coal . The tower was only turned into a lighthouse on December 20 , 1814 . The first lamp was made of 21 hollow wick oil lamps with parabolic reflectors and burned on colza oil and kerosene starting 1870 . A fresnel lens of measuring a focal length of 700 mm was installed 1892 together with a five-wick kerosene lamp , to improve the brightness even further . This lens is still used today . The lamp was again improved in 1908 , to be first electrified in 1942 . Electricity was needed to shut down the light quickly during World War II . The kerosene lamp were kept in place as there was no emergency power supply and upgraded to propane in 1949 . The luminous intensity was stated in 1952 to be 5700 Hefner lamps ( HK ) 13200 seaside , 1000 for the green and 550 for the red light . The reach of the 1000 watt lamp was roughly 30 kilometers . Is could be seen from Heligoland under good conditions . The classic electric lamp was replaced by a Halogen lamp in fall 2007 . On February 10 , 2014 it was replaced by LED . Although belonging to Hamburg , the lighthouse was operated by the Wasser- und Schifffahrtsamt Cuxhaven , which is responsible for the Elbe estuary . As the lighthouse was non-essential for shipping it was decommissioned on January 1 , 2014 and turned over to the Hamburg Port Authority . On February 10 , 2014 it was officially shut down after almost 200 years in operation and continues as a private light under the authority of Hamburg.The original light characteristic Blk . ( 3 ) w . r . gn . 20 s 16–11 sm was switched to a steady white lamp with a reach of barely 3 nautical miles . The original open coal beacon was replaced by the small lighthouse after the great lighthouse started operating and functioned together with him as leading lights . This allowed for safe passage from north-west over the Vogelsandsteert . The forementioned open fire beacon , the great and small lighthouses and todays Nord-Bake all were established on the same bearing . The small lighthouse was torn down in 1909 . Usage . Apart from the floors for the guesthouse for the Hamburg state guests , the tower is home to the warden , a restaurant and their personnel . The former teacher Heinrich Gechter initiated the use as a hostel for schools of Winterhude in 1920 , which switched to the neighboring barn 1924 . The attic was also home the bird warden from the Verein Jordsand for many years . In the 1600s Royal Protestant Imperial Count Palatine Johann Rist resided at Neuwerk .
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[
"Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School"
] |
easy
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Hung Hsiu-chu went to which school from 1965 to 1966?
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/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu#P69#0
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Hung Hsiu-chu Hung Hsiu-chu ( ; born 7 April 1948 ) is a Taiwanese politician . As a member of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , she has served the party as a Deputy Chairperson and Deputy Secretary-General . Hung was first elected to the legislature in 1990 , and was the Vice President of the Legislative Yuan from 2012 to 2016 , her eighth term . She became the first female deputy speaker of the Legislative Yuan . She became the Kuomintangs first elected chairwoman later that year . Having a political background in the field of education , she has focused much of legislative tenure on the quality of , and access to , higher education in Taiwan . The Kuomintang nominated Hung as the partys presidential candidate for the 2016 elections on 19 July 2015 , a month after she had won the partys primary election . Her public support remained low , and she was replaced as candidate by KMT Chairman Eric Chu . Hung succeeded Chu as the Kuomintangs first elected female leader in March 2016 after the defeat of the KMT in the 2016 elections . Family background . Hung was born in Taipei County ( now New Taipei City ) , Taiwan . Her father , Hung Zi-yu ( ) , born in Yuyao , Zhejiang , was a victim of political prosecution during the White Terror in Taiwan . He worked for the government Monopoly Bureau in mainland China prior to 1946 . In February 1946 , he moved to Taiwan with the Nationalist Government and became deputy manager of a sugar factory under the Taiwan Sugar Corporation . After the February 28 Incident , the general manager of Taiwan Sugar was accused of ( and later executed for ) being an agent of the Communist Party in 1950 , and Hungs father was implicated in the case . While he was eventually acquitted on that charge , the court sentenced him to three years and three months imprisonment at the offshore Green Island prison for political and moral reeducation . Following his release from prison , he failed to find formal employment for the ensuing 40 years , and the family was in financial straits , with Hungs father doing random ghostwriting services for elderly legislators and her mother working at a factory . Hung recalled , I remember that the police visited our house frequently when I was a child . My parents sometimes frightened the children by saying that the police will visit if we misbehaved . But her father never dwelt on the past in front of the children : although my father had resentments toward the authorities , regrets within his heart , and guilt for the family and children , he never expressed those feelings . I only heard him complain once to my mother , Havent the KMT hurt us enough ? Even with the family in a poor financial status after his release from prison , Hungs father was still hospitable to his friends and often invited them over for dinner and conversation . Early life . Hung was born in Taipei County on 7 April 1948 as the second eldest child of the family . Hung attended Dongyuan Elementary School and Taipei Second Girls High School ( now Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School , 臺北市立中山女子高級中學 ) . She excelled in public speaking and storytelling contests even as far back as elementary school and won many awards . A reporter from The China Times called Hung the talkative little genius when she won first place in a citywide storytelling contest as a fifth grader . In high school , she lost to Chiao Jen-ho in a speech contest ( Chiao later became her college classmate ) . Hung said , That was one of the only two public speaking contest losses in my life . ( The other one was to renowned author Liu Yong. ) During her schooling , she had excellent skills in speech and writing , but her weakness was math , scoring very poorly in math in the college entrance exams . Hungs father had high expectations of her to pursue an education in law due to his own political persecution experience . Hung thus only applied to six law schools , and was accepted by the College of Chinese Culture ( the present-day Chinese Culture University ) in Taipei at the Department of Law with a tuition-waiver scholarship from Chang Chi-yun , the colleges founder . During college , Hung worked in the evenings as a tutor to help support her family and pay for her college expenses . Early career . After graduating from college in 1970 , Hung took the Bar Exam , but did not pass in her first attempt . That year , the Ministry of Education extended mandatory public education to nine years and Hung began her ten-year career in education . Hung first taught at the Xihu High School of Industry and Commerce , and the following year she started teaching at the Taipei County Municipal Xiufeng Senior High School , also serving as Director of Student Affairs . Hung earned her Master of Arts degree in Education from Northeast Missouri University ( now Truman State University ) in August 1991 in the United States , and she also took continuing education coursework at National Chengchi University and National Taiwan Normal University . Hung joined KMT in 11th grade when she was recommended by her dean as an excellent student , and often participated in party activities . In 1980 , she met Song Shi-xuan , head of the KMTs Taiwan Provincial Branch , who enlisted her as a leader of the branchs womens division of Taipei County until 1986 . She also served three years at the party headquarters in Taipei and as editor for KMT Taiwan Province Department in 1986-1990 . With many years of party experience under her belt , Hung began to seek the partys nomination for the National Assembly , but the KMTs Deputy Secretary-General , Guan Zhong , encouraged her to run for the Legislative Yuan instead . Political career . Legislative Yuan . Hung entered her first Legislative Election campaign in 1989 . Her KMT branch director objected to her request , and therefore did not give her time off during the campaign . Hung insisted on entering the primary and was only able to participate in the events on weekends as a candidate . She had her cousin go to the events on weekdays and hold up her poster whenever her name was called as a silent protest of her helpless absence . This was widely reported by the media and Hung won the primary by marginal votes , and thus was nominated by the party . Hung said , My father passed away the moment when I won the primary . It seemed that he was waiting for the final confirmation . I was whispering in his ear , Bless me with the nomination if you want me to embark on my career in this path of politics . Hung subsequently won the seat in the legislative election and began her career in the Legislative Yuan for eight consecutive terms . Hung almost lost her second election term of Legislative Yuan on 19 December 1992 to Zhao Shao-Kang in the same constituency . Hung had joined in 1989 new secondary political coalition within the KMT , but the coalition parted from KMT to form the New Party in 1993 and Hung decided to stay with the original KMT . Hung was elected again in the third election term on 2 December 1995 of the legislative campaign . Taipei County was divided into three constituencies during the fourth election term on 5 December 1998 with too many candidates , therefore Hung transferred to the non-partisan division and was elected again . She again beat the People First Party in the fifth election term on 1 December 2001 and won by marginal votes . Hung ranked first in polls in the sixth election term on 11 December 2004 and won with the second highest number of votes . She was again elected as the non-partisan legislature in the seventh election term on 12 January 2008 . In August 2008 , she revealed secret accounts held abroad by former President Chen Shui-bian to the public which infuriated Chens supporters . Hung won the election again in the eighth election term on 14 January 2012 . Hung has been on the Education and Culture Committee in the Legislative Yuan for many years . She worked tirelessly to promote legislation for educational reform , dropout students , teachers benefits , medical and pharmaceutical regulations and universal healthcare system . The number of female legislators were still scarce in 1992 and Hung was named several times in different organizations as top legislator for her overall excellent professional performance . Kuomintang . 2007 KMT chairmanship election . On 27 April 2007 , Hung joined the KMT chairmanship election , going against former acting KMT Chairman Wu Po-hsiung . She eventually lost to Wu with 13.0% of the votes to Wus 87.0% . KMT Vice Chairmanship . Hung was appointed Vice Chairperson of KMT by the KMT Central Standing Committee on 15 February 2012 when the former Vice Chairman Tseng Yung-chuan resigned . 2014 ROC local elections . KMT lost majority of the seats in the local elections on 29 November 2014 , resulting in the resignation of Party Chairman Ma Ying-jeou , with both first and second Vice Chairmen declined the acting position . Wu Den-yih was nominated to be the acting Chairman and Hung became the acting Secretary-General by the Central Committee on 3 December 2014 . Eric Chu became the new Party Chairman after winning the party chairmanship election on 17 January 2015 unopposed . Hung was released from the position thereafter on 18 January 2015 . Other careers . Hung has been the director of the ROC Children and Youth Welfare Association , chairperson of Chinese Youth Care Association , chairperson of ROC Tug of War Association ( subsequently Chinese Taipei Tug of War Association ) , chairperson of Chinese Love Alliance of Care for the Weak , deputy director of Youth Work Association , deputy director of Women Work Association , chairperson of Chinese Care of Disadvantaged Groups Alliance , chairperson of ROC World Federation of Folk Dance , president of ROC Foundation of Kidney Prevention and general-counsel of ROC Sports Federation . Legislative Yuan vice presidency . Vice presidency appointment . After her election for vice presidency of Legislative Yuan in 2012 by an overwhelming 69 votes , Hung said that she was familiar with the situation at the Legislative Yuan , and that respecting and abiding by the regulations within Legislative Yuan was really important . She made ROC history being the first woman elected to the post and took office on 1 February 2012 . 4th Straits Forum . During the opening remark of the 4th Straits Forum held in Xiamen , Fujian , in June 2012 , Hung , in her capacity as Vice Chairperson of KMT , said that although mainland China was bigger and stronger , the greatest appeal that mainland China has for Taiwan is not only growing competitiveness , but also respect and goodwill given to the people of Taiwan . 6th Straits Forum . During the opening remarks of the 6th Straits Forum held in Xiamen , Fujian in June 2014 , Hung said that she hoped that both sides will cherish their increasingly close links and continue mutual dialogue and exchanges , because by doing so it will be possible to inject a new energy into cross-strait relations . She added that the forum remains full of enthusiasm and vitality despite the recent setback on the signing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement from the Sunflower Student Movement . She did acknowledge the widening gap between the rich and the poor in Taiwan as well as the younger generations dissatisfaction towards the government that also exist in many other countries due to the global trend of moving towards free trade . She said that the government would be more open and tolerant to negotiate with the public and take challenges . 2016 presidential campaign . KMT presidential primary . On 20 April 2015 , Hung registered for the KMT presidential primary held prior to the 2016 elections . She pledged for fair and open election process under a democratic mechanism . Hung passed the 30% approval rating threshold in three KMT presidential primary polls on 14 June 2015 , with an average approval rating of 46.20% . She was officially nominated as the KMT presidential candidate during the National Party Congress on 19 July 2015 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei . During her speech , she promised peace , openness , equal distribution of wealth and morality to the people of Taiwan if she were elected . She would also push for a peaceful cross-strait relations based on the 1992 Consensus . Presidential campaign . Hung started her campaign in Taichung on 23 July 2015 . During an interview with a local radio station , Hung stated she would take the interests of the people into account , as well as the ROC constitution , when making decisions . She promised to sign a peace agreement that would improve military trust between Taiwan and China . She hoped that the mainland will allow Taiwan more opportunities to join international organizations and thereby boost its regional economic strength . She also pledged to improve the economy through job creation and build a just and equal society . Hungs campaign has been compared to the New Partys pro-Chinese unification stance . Her China policy , known as one China , same interpretation , aims to have the Peoples Republic of China recognize the government of the Republic of China without recognizing the ROC as a state . President Ma Ying-jeou has supported this view , calling it no different from his own one China , different interpretation based on the 1992 consensus , though Kuomintang chairman Eric Chu has opposed it . Hungs run for president had been continually beset by rumors that she would withdraw from the race prior to the elections , an action Hung denied considering . On 26 July 2015 , the spokesperson of Hungs campaign team Jack Yu ( 游梓翔 ) said that he would tender his resignation on 1 August 2015 to return to his teaching position at Shih Hsin University . However , he stayed on as adviser to Hungs public and media relations team . With a KMT-sanctioned poll revealing that Hungs support was at 13% in early October 2015 , Central Standing Committee member Chiang Shuo-ping proposed a party congress be called to review Hungs candidacy . Due to her poor performance in polls , 91% of delegates at the congress , held on 17 October , chose to replace Hung as KMT presidential candidate . KMT chairman Eric Chu was selected as the replacement candidate . Hundreds of Hungs supporters gathered outside Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall to protest the party congress being held inside the building . On 22 October , Hung announced that she would return all campaign contributions made since 23 September , a total of NT$11.83 million , to 2,633 donors . After her presidential campaign came to a close , New Party chairman Yok Mu-ming attempted to convince Hung to switch parties and run for the legislature as a New Party candidate . Hung rejected this offer in November 2015 , announcing her intention to stay with the KMT , but not to run a legislative reelection campaign in 2016 . Hung later wrote a book about her presidential campaign , titled Unfinished Presidential Road . In December , Chu invited Hung to lead the group of advisers he had assembled for his campaign . Kuomintang chairmanship . Party leadership campaign . Chu lost the presidential election , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chair . On 19 January 2016 , Hung announced that she would run for the position . On 22 February , Hung submitted the signatures of 84,822 party members in support of her candidacy . She was confirmed as a candidate four days later , having collected 38,407 valid signatures . Hung won 78,829 votes in the leadership election , and became the first elected chairwoman of the party . 11th KMT-CPC forum . On 30 October 2016 , Hung led a delegation to attend the 11th Cross-strait Peace Development Forum which was held on 2–3 November in Beijing . The delegation included Jason Hu , Steve Chan , Huang Ching-hsien ( 黃清賢 ) , Alex Tsai , Chang Jung-kung ( 張榮恭 ) and Wu Bi-chu ( 吳碧珠 ) . She met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in her capacity as the Kuomintang chairperson . 2017 KMT chair election . Hung was the first to declare her candidacy for the 2017 KMT chair election . She finished second to Wu Den-yih . Later political career . In August 2019 , Hung stated that she would contest the 2020 Taiwan legislative election , in the newly formed Tainan sixth district . She was formally nominated by the Kuomintang in September but lost to Wang Ting-yu , a sitting legislator in a different district , in the election . Personal life . Hung is unmarried and childless . She is nicknamed the little hot pepper ( ) for her straightforward manner .
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[
""
] |
easy
|
Hung Hsiu-chu went to which school from 1970 to 1991?
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/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu#P69#1
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Hung Hsiu-chu Hung Hsiu-chu ( ; born 7 April 1948 ) is a Taiwanese politician . As a member of the Kuomintang ( KMT ) , she has served the party as a Deputy Chairperson and Deputy Secretary-General . Hung was first elected to the legislature in 1990 , and was the Vice President of the Legislative Yuan from 2012 to 2016 , her eighth term . She became the first female deputy speaker of the Legislative Yuan . She became the Kuomintangs first elected chairwoman later that year . Having a political background in the field of education , she has focused much of legislative tenure on the quality of , and access to , higher education in Taiwan . The Kuomintang nominated Hung as the partys presidential candidate for the 2016 elections on 19 July 2015 , a month after she had won the partys primary election . Her public support remained low , and she was replaced as candidate by KMT Chairman Eric Chu . Hung succeeded Chu as the Kuomintangs first elected female leader in March 2016 after the defeat of the KMT in the 2016 elections . Family background . Hung was born in Taipei County ( now New Taipei City ) , Taiwan . Her father , Hung Zi-yu ( ) , born in Yuyao , Zhejiang , was a victim of political prosecution during the White Terror in Taiwan . He worked for the government Monopoly Bureau in mainland China prior to 1946 . In February 1946 , he moved to Taiwan with the Nationalist Government and became deputy manager of a sugar factory under the Taiwan Sugar Corporation . After the February 28 Incident , the general manager of Taiwan Sugar was accused of ( and later executed for ) being an agent of the Communist Party in 1950 , and Hungs father was implicated in the case . While he was eventually acquitted on that charge , the court sentenced him to three years and three months imprisonment at the offshore Green Island prison for political and moral reeducation . Following his release from prison , he failed to find formal employment for the ensuing 40 years , and the family was in financial straits , with Hungs father doing random ghostwriting services for elderly legislators and her mother working at a factory . Hung recalled , I remember that the police visited our house frequently when I was a child . My parents sometimes frightened the children by saying that the police will visit if we misbehaved . But her father never dwelt on the past in front of the children : although my father had resentments toward the authorities , regrets within his heart , and guilt for the family and children , he never expressed those feelings . I only heard him complain once to my mother , Havent the KMT hurt us enough ? Even with the family in a poor financial status after his release from prison , Hungs father was still hospitable to his friends and often invited them over for dinner and conversation . Early life . Hung was born in Taipei County on 7 April 1948 as the second eldest child of the family . Hung attended Dongyuan Elementary School and Taipei Second Girls High School ( now Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School , 臺北市立中山女子高級中學 ) . She excelled in public speaking and storytelling contests even as far back as elementary school and won many awards . A reporter from The China Times called Hung the talkative little genius when she won first place in a citywide storytelling contest as a fifth grader . In high school , she lost to Chiao Jen-ho in a speech contest ( Chiao later became her college classmate ) . Hung said , That was one of the only two public speaking contest losses in my life . ( The other one was to renowned author Liu Yong. ) During her schooling , she had excellent skills in speech and writing , but her weakness was math , scoring very poorly in math in the college entrance exams . Hungs father had high expectations of her to pursue an education in law due to his own political persecution experience . Hung thus only applied to six law schools , and was accepted by the College of Chinese Culture ( the present-day Chinese Culture University ) in Taipei at the Department of Law with a tuition-waiver scholarship from Chang Chi-yun , the colleges founder . During college , Hung worked in the evenings as a tutor to help support her family and pay for her college expenses . Early career . After graduating from college in 1970 , Hung took the Bar Exam , but did not pass in her first attempt . That year , the Ministry of Education extended mandatory public education to nine years and Hung began her ten-year career in education . Hung first taught at the Xihu High School of Industry and Commerce , and the following year she started teaching at the Taipei County Municipal Xiufeng Senior High School , also serving as Director of Student Affairs . Hung earned her Master of Arts degree in Education from Northeast Missouri University ( now Truman State University ) in August 1991 in the United States , and she also took continuing education coursework at National Chengchi University and National Taiwan Normal University . Hung joined KMT in 11th grade when she was recommended by her dean as an excellent student , and often participated in party activities . In 1980 , she met Song Shi-xuan , head of the KMTs Taiwan Provincial Branch , who enlisted her as a leader of the branchs womens division of Taipei County until 1986 . She also served three years at the party headquarters in Taipei and as editor for KMT Taiwan Province Department in 1986-1990 . With many years of party experience under her belt , Hung began to seek the partys nomination for the National Assembly , but the KMTs Deputy Secretary-General , Guan Zhong , encouraged her to run for the Legislative Yuan instead . Political career . Legislative Yuan . Hung entered her first Legislative Election campaign in 1989 . Her KMT branch director objected to her request , and therefore did not give her time off during the campaign . Hung insisted on entering the primary and was only able to participate in the events on weekends as a candidate . She had her cousin go to the events on weekdays and hold up her poster whenever her name was called as a silent protest of her helpless absence . This was widely reported by the media and Hung won the primary by marginal votes , and thus was nominated by the party . Hung said , My father passed away the moment when I won the primary . It seemed that he was waiting for the final confirmation . I was whispering in his ear , Bless me with the nomination if you want me to embark on my career in this path of politics . Hung subsequently won the seat in the legislative election and began her career in the Legislative Yuan for eight consecutive terms . Hung almost lost her second election term of Legislative Yuan on 19 December 1992 to Zhao Shao-Kang in the same constituency . Hung had joined in 1989 new secondary political coalition within the KMT , but the coalition parted from KMT to form the New Party in 1993 and Hung decided to stay with the original KMT . Hung was elected again in the third election term on 2 December 1995 of the legislative campaign . Taipei County was divided into three constituencies during the fourth election term on 5 December 1998 with too many candidates , therefore Hung transferred to the non-partisan division and was elected again . She again beat the People First Party in the fifth election term on 1 December 2001 and won by marginal votes . Hung ranked first in polls in the sixth election term on 11 December 2004 and won with the second highest number of votes . She was again elected as the non-partisan legislature in the seventh election term on 12 January 2008 . In August 2008 , she revealed secret accounts held abroad by former President Chen Shui-bian to the public which infuriated Chens supporters . Hung won the election again in the eighth election term on 14 January 2012 . Hung has been on the Education and Culture Committee in the Legislative Yuan for many years . She worked tirelessly to promote legislation for educational reform , dropout students , teachers benefits , medical and pharmaceutical regulations and universal healthcare system . The number of female legislators were still scarce in 1992 and Hung was named several times in different organizations as top legislator for her overall excellent professional performance . Kuomintang . 2007 KMT chairmanship election . On 27 April 2007 , Hung joined the KMT chairmanship election , going against former acting KMT Chairman Wu Po-hsiung . She eventually lost to Wu with 13.0% of the votes to Wus 87.0% . KMT Vice Chairmanship . Hung was appointed Vice Chairperson of KMT by the KMT Central Standing Committee on 15 February 2012 when the former Vice Chairman Tseng Yung-chuan resigned . 2014 ROC local elections . KMT lost majority of the seats in the local elections on 29 November 2014 , resulting in the resignation of Party Chairman Ma Ying-jeou , with both first and second Vice Chairmen declined the acting position . Wu Den-yih was nominated to be the acting Chairman and Hung became the acting Secretary-General by the Central Committee on 3 December 2014 . Eric Chu became the new Party Chairman after winning the party chairmanship election on 17 January 2015 unopposed . Hung was released from the position thereafter on 18 January 2015 . Other careers . Hung has been the director of the ROC Children and Youth Welfare Association , chairperson of Chinese Youth Care Association , chairperson of ROC Tug of War Association ( subsequently Chinese Taipei Tug of War Association ) , chairperson of Chinese Love Alliance of Care for the Weak , deputy director of Youth Work Association , deputy director of Women Work Association , chairperson of Chinese Care of Disadvantaged Groups Alliance , chairperson of ROC World Federation of Folk Dance , president of ROC Foundation of Kidney Prevention and general-counsel of ROC Sports Federation . Legislative Yuan vice presidency . Vice presidency appointment . After her election for vice presidency of Legislative Yuan in 2012 by an overwhelming 69 votes , Hung said that she was familiar with the situation at the Legislative Yuan , and that respecting and abiding by the regulations within Legislative Yuan was really important . She made ROC history being the first woman elected to the post and took office on 1 February 2012 . 4th Straits Forum . During the opening remark of the 4th Straits Forum held in Xiamen , Fujian , in June 2012 , Hung , in her capacity as Vice Chairperson of KMT , said that although mainland China was bigger and stronger , the greatest appeal that mainland China has for Taiwan is not only growing competitiveness , but also respect and goodwill given to the people of Taiwan . 6th Straits Forum . During the opening remarks of the 6th Straits Forum held in Xiamen , Fujian in June 2014 , Hung said that she hoped that both sides will cherish their increasingly close links and continue mutual dialogue and exchanges , because by doing so it will be possible to inject a new energy into cross-strait relations . She added that the forum remains full of enthusiasm and vitality despite the recent setback on the signing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement from the Sunflower Student Movement . She did acknowledge the widening gap between the rich and the poor in Taiwan as well as the younger generations dissatisfaction towards the government that also exist in many other countries due to the global trend of moving towards free trade . She said that the government would be more open and tolerant to negotiate with the public and take challenges . 2016 presidential campaign . KMT presidential primary . On 20 April 2015 , Hung registered for the KMT presidential primary held prior to the 2016 elections . She pledged for fair and open election process under a democratic mechanism . Hung passed the 30% approval rating threshold in three KMT presidential primary polls on 14 June 2015 , with an average approval rating of 46.20% . She was officially nominated as the KMT presidential candidate during the National Party Congress on 19 July 2015 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei . During her speech , she promised peace , openness , equal distribution of wealth and morality to the people of Taiwan if she were elected . She would also push for a peaceful cross-strait relations based on the 1992 Consensus . Presidential campaign . Hung started her campaign in Taichung on 23 July 2015 . During an interview with a local radio station , Hung stated she would take the interests of the people into account , as well as the ROC constitution , when making decisions . She promised to sign a peace agreement that would improve military trust between Taiwan and China . She hoped that the mainland will allow Taiwan more opportunities to join international organizations and thereby boost its regional economic strength . She also pledged to improve the economy through job creation and build a just and equal society . Hungs campaign has been compared to the New Partys pro-Chinese unification stance . Her China policy , known as one China , same interpretation , aims to have the Peoples Republic of China recognize the government of the Republic of China without recognizing the ROC as a state . President Ma Ying-jeou has supported this view , calling it no different from his own one China , different interpretation based on the 1992 consensus , though Kuomintang chairman Eric Chu has opposed it . Hungs run for president had been continually beset by rumors that she would withdraw from the race prior to the elections , an action Hung denied considering . On 26 July 2015 , the spokesperson of Hungs campaign team Jack Yu ( 游梓翔 ) said that he would tender his resignation on 1 August 2015 to return to his teaching position at Shih Hsin University . However , he stayed on as adviser to Hungs public and media relations team . With a KMT-sanctioned poll revealing that Hungs support was at 13% in early October 2015 , Central Standing Committee member Chiang Shuo-ping proposed a party congress be called to review Hungs candidacy . Due to her poor performance in polls , 91% of delegates at the congress , held on 17 October , chose to replace Hung as KMT presidential candidate . KMT chairman Eric Chu was selected as the replacement candidate . Hundreds of Hungs supporters gathered outside Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall to protest the party congress being held inside the building . On 22 October , Hung announced that she would return all campaign contributions made since 23 September , a total of NT$11.83 million , to 2,633 donors . After her presidential campaign came to a close , New Party chairman Yok Mu-ming attempted to convince Hung to switch parties and run for the legislature as a New Party candidate . Hung rejected this offer in November 2015 , announcing her intention to stay with the KMT , but not to run a legislative reelection campaign in 2016 . Hung later wrote a book about her presidential campaign , titled Unfinished Presidential Road . In December , Chu invited Hung to lead the group of advisers he had assembled for his campaign . Kuomintang chairmanship . Party leadership campaign . Chu lost the presidential election , and subsequently resigned his post as KMT chair . On 19 January 2016 , Hung announced that she would run for the position . On 22 February , Hung submitted the signatures of 84,822 party members in support of her candidacy . She was confirmed as a candidate four days later , having collected 38,407 valid signatures . Hung won 78,829 votes in the leadership election , and became the first elected chairwoman of the party . 11th KMT-CPC forum . On 30 October 2016 , Hung led a delegation to attend the 11th Cross-strait Peace Development Forum which was held on 2–3 November in Beijing . The delegation included Jason Hu , Steve Chan , Huang Ching-hsien ( 黃清賢 ) , Alex Tsai , Chang Jung-kung ( 張榮恭 ) and Wu Bi-chu ( 吳碧珠 ) . She met with General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping in her capacity as the Kuomintang chairperson . 2017 KMT chair election . Hung was the first to declare her candidacy for the 2017 KMT chair election . She finished second to Wu Den-yih . Later political career . In August 2019 , Hung stated that she would contest the 2020 Taiwan legislative election , in the newly formed Tainan sixth district . She was formally nominated by the Kuomintang in September but lost to Wang Ting-yu , a sitting legislator in a different district , in the election . Personal life . Hung is unmarried and childless . She is nicknamed the little hot pepper ( ) for her straightforward manner .
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[
"Blackpool"
] |
easy
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Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) played for which team from 1983 to 1987?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#0
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Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Hull City"
] |
easy
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Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) played for which team from 1987 to 1988?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#1
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Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Charlton Athletic"
] |
easy
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Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) played for which team from 1990 to 1993?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#2
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Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Oxford United"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) belong to from 1993 to 1995?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#3
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Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"F.C . Maia"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) belong to from 1996 to 1997?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#4
|
Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Huddersfield Town"
] |
easy
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Which team did Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) play for from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#5
|
Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
|
[
"Notts County"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) play for from 1998 to 2000?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#6
|
Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Kingstonian"
] |
easy
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Alex Dyer (footballer, born 1965) played for which team from 2000 to 2001?
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/wiki/Alex_Dyer_(footballer,_born_1965)#P54#7
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Alex Dyer ( footballer , born 1965 ) Alexander Constantine Dyer ( born 14 November 1965 ) is an English former footballer who was most recently the manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock . Dyer played mainly as a defender ( he could also play in midfield ) for eleven clubs in a seventeen-year professional career . His achievements as a player including helping Blackpool win promotion to the Third Division in 1985 and Crystal Palace to the First Division in 1989 . Playing career . Dyer began his youth career at Watford , but did not make a senior appearance for the club , signing instead for Blackpool for whom he made 108 appearances between 1983 and 1987 . He moved on to Hull City in 1987 making 60 appearances , scoring 14 times , over the next two seasons . On 9 November 1988 Dyer signed for Crystal Palace and made his debut on 12 November , as a substitute for Neil Redfearn in an away 0–2 defeat to Bournemouth . Redfearn moved on to Watford on 18 November and Dyer took his number seven shirt for the next six games before losing his place to Eddie McGoldrick , who signed from Northampton Town on 9 January 1989 . Those seven appearances ( one goal ) made up Dyers total for the 1988–89 season in which Palace achieved promotion to the top tier . Dyer remained at Palace for the 1989–90 season making 10 further appearances and scoring one other goal , before moving on to Charlton Athletic . He subsequently played for , Oxford United , Lincoln City , Barnet , F.C . Maia ( Portugal ) , Huddersfield Town and Notts County before moving into non-league football firstly with Kingstonian and then Hayes . Coaching and management career . Having been employed for eight months as a PE Teacher in a South London school , in April 2004 he joined West Ham United as assistant to sports scientist Tony Strudwick . His role at the club changed to conditioning coach in July 2007 . and following Kevin Keens promotion to first-team coach , reserve team coach in September 2008 . In January 2011 he left the Hammers to link up with Chris Powell as assistant manager at Charlton Athletic . On 27 May 2014 Dyer was sacked from Charlton after the appointment of Bob Peeters as manager . Following the appointment of Powell as the new manager of Huddersfield Town , Dyer , a former Terrier himself , joined the Yorkshire side as assistant manager on 3 September 2014 . When Powell was dismissed on 4 November 2015 , Dyer also left his post . On 7 April 2017 Dyer was appointed manager of Welling United until the end of the season . Despite being keen to continue in the managers role , Welling announced a new management team for the coming season on 12 May 2017 . Dyer was appointed as a first team coach at National League South club Whitehawk in October 2017 . He left Whitehawk within days to assist Steve Clarke at Kilmarnock . Clarke was appointed Scotland manager in June 2019 , and Dyer became his assistant there while he continued as assistant manager at Kilmarnock under Angelo Alessio . Dyer was made caretaker manager of Kilmarnock after Alessio was sacked in December 2019 . After three games in caretaker charge , Dyer was appointed Kilmarnock manager to the end of the 2019–20 season . In June 2020 , Dyer signed a permanent two-year contract with Kilmarnock . On 30 January 2021 , Dyer left Kilmarnock by mutual consent . Career statistics . Managerial record . - initially caretaker . External links . - Lincoln City F.C . Official Archive Profile
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[
"Brown Institute"
] |
easy
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Rod Grams went to which school from 1966 to 1968?
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/wiki/Rod_Grams#P69#0
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Rod Grams Rodney Dwight Grams ( February 4 , 1948 – October 8 , 2013 ) was an American politician from Minnesota . He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S . Senate . Early life . Grams was born in Princeton , Minnesota and attended Brown Institute ( 1966–68 ) , Anoka-Ramsey Community College ( 1970–72 ) , and Carroll College ( 1974–75 ) . Grams spent 23 years in the field of television and radio broadcasting before launching a career in politics . From 1982–91 he was the senior news anchor at KMSP-TV in Minneapolis/St . Paul . Before that , he worked as a news anchor/producer for KFBB-TV in Great Falls , Montana ; WSAU-TV in Wausau , Wisconsin ; and WIFR-TV in Rockford , Illinois . Prior to his years in broadcasting , Grams worked at an engineering consulting firm for seven years . In 1985 , Grams formed Sun Ridge Builders , a Twin Cities construction and residential development company , serving as its president and CEO . He was involved in architectural design and the use of solar energy in residential homes . Early political career . Grams launched his political career by winning the 1992 Republican nomination in Minnesotas 6th congressional district . He defeated Democratic incumbent Gerry Sikorski in the general election . During the campaign , Grams benefited from high name recognition in the district—from years as news anchor at KMSP-TV—and Sikorskis involvement in the House banking scandal . He served in the 103rd Congress as a member of the House of Representatives , and 104th , 105th , and 106th congresses as a member of the U.S . Senate . U.S . Senate . After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection , Grams surprised many by announcing , just months into beginning his first term in the U.S . House , that he would run for the U.S . Senate . However , Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson , Bert McKasy ( former chief of staff to David Durenberger ) , and Doug McFarland . During the party endorsement process , the Grams campaign closely aligned itself with supporters of Allen Quist , who was challenging incumbent Governor Arne Carlson for reelection in the 1994 Gubernatorial race . Weeks before the Republican Partys state convention , McFarland dropped out of the U.S . Senate race after endorsing Allen Quist for Governor and joining his ticket to become Quists Lieutenant Governor running mate . Later , McFarland threw his support behind McKasy in the U.S . Senate Republican Party endorsement campaign . After numerous ballots at the convention in St . Paul , Grams won the state Republican party endorsement against State Senator Gen Olson and Bert McKasy . Grams moved on to win the Republican primary against Arne Carlsons Lieutenant Governor Joanell Dyrstad , who had been replaced as his running mate with State Senator Joanne Benson . In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate future Senator Dean Barkley , Grams won a close election ( 49% to 44% ) to become Minnesotas next U.S . Senator . Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent , losing to Mark Dayton . During the campaign , Grams wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams potential Democratic rival , Mike Ciresi , from her home computer . She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations . The Grams campaign also ran a commercial during the campaign featuring the mother of Rod Grams . The spot ended with Audrey Grams uttering , Uffda , vote for Rod . Post-Senate career . After his 2000 re-election defeat , Grams went back into private business and in 2004 became the owner of three radio stations in Little Falls , Minnesota . Grams attempted a political comeback in the 2006 U.S . Senate campaign . He sought the GOP nomination for his former US Senate seat , facing Mark Kennedy and Gil Gutknecht . However , after a poor showing early in the endorsement process , Grams dropped his candidacy . Grams switched his political plans and ran in the 2006 U.S . House election , challenging the incumbent Jim Oberstar in Minnesotas 8th congressional district . Oberstar defeated Grams handily . Grams remained active in politics and interested in running for public office . In 2008 , Grams considered challenging incumbent Norm Coleman for the Republican U.S . Senate nomination but was too busy in his private life to make a run , stating , And my wife ( Chris ) would have killed me if I would have , because of some things that were doing . However , it became unclear whether Grams would run as a Republican . In an interview , he expressed disappointment over the perceived failings of the Republican Party , going as far as to ponder whether he can call himself a Republican or vote for party candidates anymore . Grams considered a 2010 run for Governor of Minnesota stating , Im so damn unhappy with the Republicans right now .. . Im so unhappy with the candidates that we have I could puke . I wanted to get out there and mix it up . However , Grams endorsed Republican Tom Emmer in the 2010 campaign for governor . Emmer , like Grams a decade before , lost to Mark Dayton . Illness and death . On September 4 , 2013 , it was announced that Grams had been battling colon cancer since 2012 and was receiving hospice care at his home . He died on October 8 , 2013 , at his home in Crown , Minnesota , aged 65 . Further reading . - The Senatorial records of Rod Grams are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society .
|
[
"Anoka-Ramsey Community College"
] |
easy
|
Rod Grams went to which school from 1970 to 1972?
|
/wiki/Rod_Grams#P69#1
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Rod Grams Rodney Dwight Grams ( February 4 , 1948 – October 8 , 2013 ) was an American politician from Minnesota . He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S . Senate . Early life . Grams was born in Princeton , Minnesota and attended Brown Institute ( 1966–68 ) , Anoka-Ramsey Community College ( 1970–72 ) , and Carroll College ( 1974–75 ) . Grams spent 23 years in the field of television and radio broadcasting before launching a career in politics . From 1982–91 he was the senior news anchor at KMSP-TV in Minneapolis/St . Paul . Before that , he worked as a news anchor/producer for KFBB-TV in Great Falls , Montana ; WSAU-TV in Wausau , Wisconsin ; and WIFR-TV in Rockford , Illinois . Prior to his years in broadcasting , Grams worked at an engineering consulting firm for seven years . In 1985 , Grams formed Sun Ridge Builders , a Twin Cities construction and residential development company , serving as its president and CEO . He was involved in architectural design and the use of solar energy in residential homes . Early political career . Grams launched his political career by winning the 1992 Republican nomination in Minnesotas 6th congressional district . He defeated Democratic incumbent Gerry Sikorski in the general election . During the campaign , Grams benefited from high name recognition in the district—from years as news anchor at KMSP-TV—and Sikorskis involvement in the House banking scandal . He served in the 103rd Congress as a member of the House of Representatives , and 104th , 105th , and 106th congresses as a member of the U.S . Senate . U.S . Senate . After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection , Grams surprised many by announcing , just months into beginning his first term in the U.S . House , that he would run for the U.S . Senate . However , Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson , Bert McKasy ( former chief of staff to David Durenberger ) , and Doug McFarland . During the party endorsement process , the Grams campaign closely aligned itself with supporters of Allen Quist , who was challenging incumbent Governor Arne Carlson for reelection in the 1994 Gubernatorial race . Weeks before the Republican Partys state convention , McFarland dropped out of the U.S . Senate race after endorsing Allen Quist for Governor and joining his ticket to become Quists Lieutenant Governor running mate . Later , McFarland threw his support behind McKasy in the U.S . Senate Republican Party endorsement campaign . After numerous ballots at the convention in St . Paul , Grams won the state Republican party endorsement against State Senator Gen Olson and Bert McKasy . Grams moved on to win the Republican primary against Arne Carlsons Lieutenant Governor Joanell Dyrstad , who had been replaced as his running mate with State Senator Joanne Benson . In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate future Senator Dean Barkley , Grams won a close election ( 49% to 44% ) to become Minnesotas next U.S . Senator . Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent , losing to Mark Dayton . During the campaign , Grams wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams potential Democratic rival , Mike Ciresi , from her home computer . She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations . The Grams campaign also ran a commercial during the campaign featuring the mother of Rod Grams . The spot ended with Audrey Grams uttering , Uffda , vote for Rod . Post-Senate career . After his 2000 re-election defeat , Grams went back into private business and in 2004 became the owner of three radio stations in Little Falls , Minnesota . Grams attempted a political comeback in the 2006 U.S . Senate campaign . He sought the GOP nomination for his former US Senate seat , facing Mark Kennedy and Gil Gutknecht . However , after a poor showing early in the endorsement process , Grams dropped his candidacy . Grams switched his political plans and ran in the 2006 U.S . House election , challenging the incumbent Jim Oberstar in Minnesotas 8th congressional district . Oberstar defeated Grams handily . Grams remained active in politics and interested in running for public office . In 2008 , Grams considered challenging incumbent Norm Coleman for the Republican U.S . Senate nomination but was too busy in his private life to make a run , stating , And my wife ( Chris ) would have killed me if I would have , because of some things that were doing . However , it became unclear whether Grams would run as a Republican . In an interview , he expressed disappointment over the perceived failings of the Republican Party , going as far as to ponder whether he can call himself a Republican or vote for party candidates anymore . Grams considered a 2010 run for Governor of Minnesota stating , Im so damn unhappy with the Republicans right now .. . Im so unhappy with the candidates that we have I could puke . I wanted to get out there and mix it up . However , Grams endorsed Republican Tom Emmer in the 2010 campaign for governor . Emmer , like Grams a decade before , lost to Mark Dayton . Illness and death . On September 4 , 2013 , it was announced that Grams had been battling colon cancer since 2012 and was receiving hospice care at his home . He died on October 8 , 2013 , at his home in Crown , Minnesota , aged 65 . Further reading . - The Senatorial records of Rod Grams are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society .
|
[
"Carroll College"
] |
easy
|
Rod Grams went to which school from 1974 to 1975?
|
/wiki/Rod_Grams#P69#2
|
Rod Grams Rodney Dwight Grams ( February 4 , 1948 – October 8 , 2013 ) was an American politician from Minnesota . He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S . Senate . Early life . Grams was born in Princeton , Minnesota and attended Brown Institute ( 1966–68 ) , Anoka-Ramsey Community College ( 1970–72 ) , and Carroll College ( 1974–75 ) . Grams spent 23 years in the field of television and radio broadcasting before launching a career in politics . From 1982–91 he was the senior news anchor at KMSP-TV in Minneapolis/St . Paul . Before that , he worked as a news anchor/producer for KFBB-TV in Great Falls , Montana ; WSAU-TV in Wausau , Wisconsin ; and WIFR-TV in Rockford , Illinois . Prior to his years in broadcasting , Grams worked at an engineering consulting firm for seven years . In 1985 , Grams formed Sun Ridge Builders , a Twin Cities construction and residential development company , serving as its president and CEO . He was involved in architectural design and the use of solar energy in residential homes . Early political career . Grams launched his political career by winning the 1992 Republican nomination in Minnesotas 6th congressional district . He defeated Democratic incumbent Gerry Sikorski in the general election . During the campaign , Grams benefited from high name recognition in the district—from years as news anchor at KMSP-TV—and Sikorskis involvement in the House banking scandal . He served in the 103rd Congress as a member of the House of Representatives , and 104th , 105th , and 106th congresses as a member of the U.S . Senate . U.S . Senate . After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection , Grams surprised many by announcing , just months into beginning his first term in the U.S . House , that he would run for the U.S . Senate . However , Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson , Bert McKasy ( former chief of staff to David Durenberger ) , and Doug McFarland . During the party endorsement process , the Grams campaign closely aligned itself with supporters of Allen Quist , who was challenging incumbent Governor Arne Carlson for reelection in the 1994 Gubernatorial race . Weeks before the Republican Partys state convention , McFarland dropped out of the U.S . Senate race after endorsing Allen Quist for Governor and joining his ticket to become Quists Lieutenant Governor running mate . Later , McFarland threw his support behind McKasy in the U.S . Senate Republican Party endorsement campaign . After numerous ballots at the convention in St . Paul , Grams won the state Republican party endorsement against State Senator Gen Olson and Bert McKasy . Grams moved on to win the Republican primary against Arne Carlsons Lieutenant Governor Joanell Dyrstad , who had been replaced as his running mate with State Senator Joanne Benson . In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate future Senator Dean Barkley , Grams won a close election ( 49% to 44% ) to become Minnesotas next U.S . Senator . Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent , losing to Mark Dayton . During the campaign , Grams wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams potential Democratic rival , Mike Ciresi , from her home computer . She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations . The Grams campaign also ran a commercial during the campaign featuring the mother of Rod Grams . The spot ended with Audrey Grams uttering , Uffda , vote for Rod . Post-Senate career . After his 2000 re-election defeat , Grams went back into private business and in 2004 became the owner of three radio stations in Little Falls , Minnesota . Grams attempted a political comeback in the 2006 U.S . Senate campaign . He sought the GOP nomination for his former US Senate seat , facing Mark Kennedy and Gil Gutknecht . However , after a poor showing early in the endorsement process , Grams dropped his candidacy . Grams switched his political plans and ran in the 2006 U.S . House election , challenging the incumbent Jim Oberstar in Minnesotas 8th congressional district . Oberstar defeated Grams handily . Grams remained active in politics and interested in running for public office . In 2008 , Grams considered challenging incumbent Norm Coleman for the Republican U.S . Senate nomination but was too busy in his private life to make a run , stating , And my wife ( Chris ) would have killed me if I would have , because of some things that were doing . However , it became unclear whether Grams would run as a Republican . In an interview , he expressed disappointment over the perceived failings of the Republican Party , going as far as to ponder whether he can call himself a Republican or vote for party candidates anymore . Grams considered a 2010 run for Governor of Minnesota stating , Im so damn unhappy with the Republicans right now .. . Im so unhappy with the candidates that we have I could puke . I wanted to get out there and mix it up . However , Grams endorsed Republican Tom Emmer in the 2010 campaign for governor . Emmer , like Grams a decade before , lost to Mark Dayton . Illness and death . On September 4 , 2013 , it was announced that Grams had been battling colon cancer since 2012 and was receiving hospice care at his home . He died on October 8 , 2013 , at his home in Crown , Minnesota , aged 65 . Further reading . - The Senatorial records of Rod Grams are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society .
|
[
"INF Clairefontaine"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Willy Boly belong to from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Willy_Boly#P54#0
|
Willy Boly Willy-Arnaud Zobo Boly ( born 3 February 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers . Born in France , Boly represents the Ivory Coast national team . Club career . Auxerre . Born in Melun , Seine-et-Marne , Boly played youth football for three clubs , also having a three-year spell at the INF Clairefontaine academy . He made his senior debut with AJ Auxerres reserves and , in February 2011 , he signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with an option for a fourth . On 16 April 2011 , Boly made his Ligue 1 debut by playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Toulouse FC . He scored his first goal in the competition the following matchday , in a 1–1 home draw to RC Lens . Boly was an undisputed starter in the 2011–12 season ( 33 games , one goal ) , but the AJA were relegated to Ligue 2 after finishing last . Braga . On 1 September 2014 , Boly moved to Portugal and joined S.C . Braga on a four-year deal . He spent his first season with the B-team , in the Segunda Liga . Porto . On 31 August 2016 , Boly signed a five-year contract with FC Porto with a €45 million buyout clause . He played only eight competitive matches during his spell , including the 0–1 away loss against Juventus F.C . for the last-16 stage of the UEFA Champions League where he featured the second half after coming on as a substitute for André Silva . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 8 July 2017 , Boly joined EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a season-long loan , reuniting him with his former head coach Nuno Espírito Santo . He made his competitive debut for Wolverhampton on the opening day of the 2017–18 season in a 1–0 home win against Middlesbrough , and scored his first goal with them on 31 October to help Wolves win 2–0 away against Norwich City . After making 37 official appearances and helping them achieve promotion , Boly signed a permanent contract with Wolves . He made his Premier League debut on 11 August 2018 , in a 2–2 home draw against Everton . He scored his first goal in the competition two weeks later in a 1–1 home draw to Manchester City , but the goal proved controversial as television replays showed the ball was deflected into the goal by his forearm after glancing off his head . Boly scored his first ever goal in UEFA European competition in Wolvess 2019–20 UEFA Europa League Group Stage game against Beşiktaş in Istanbul on 3 October 2019 , a game that Wolves won 1–0 . Boly fractured his left fibula in training on 26 October 2019 , necessitating surgery to insert a plate and screws on 30 October 2019 . Boly returned from this injury in Wolvess 0–0 draw away to Manchester United on 1 February 2020 , although he had been an unused substitute in Wolvess previous Premier League fixture at home to Liverpool on 23 January 2020 . Boly scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season , and his first Premier League goal since the 2018–19 season , on 16 January 2021 against West Bromwich Albion in the Black Country derby . On 5 April 2021 , after returning from playing with his national team in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifications , Wolves announced that Boly had caught COVID-19 , and was self-isolating in line with government guidance . Wolvess head coach , Nuno Espírito Santo , announced after Wolvess Premier League game with West Bromwich Albion on 3 May 2021 that Boly was suffering the effects of long Covid , ruling him out from appearing for Wolves in the game that evening . Boly would not feature for Wolves again until 19 May 2021 , when he played the full 90 minutes of the away Premier League game at Everton . International career . Born to Ivorian parents , Boly represented France at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 levels . Boly switched to represent the Ivory Coast national team in 2020 . He debuted for the Ivory Coast in a 2–1 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification win over Madagascar on 12 November 2020 . Honours . Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Wolverhampton Wanderers - EFL Championship : 2017–18 France U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2008 Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 2017–18 Championship
|
[
"AJ Auxerres"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Willy Boly belong to from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Willy_Boly#P54#1
|
Willy Boly Willy-Arnaud Zobo Boly ( born 3 February 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers . Born in France , Boly represents the Ivory Coast national team . Club career . Auxerre . Born in Melun , Seine-et-Marne , Boly played youth football for three clubs , also having a three-year spell at the INF Clairefontaine academy . He made his senior debut with AJ Auxerres reserves and , in February 2011 , he signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with an option for a fourth . On 16 April 2011 , Boly made his Ligue 1 debut by playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Toulouse FC . He scored his first goal in the competition the following matchday , in a 1–1 home draw to RC Lens . Boly was an undisputed starter in the 2011–12 season ( 33 games , one goal ) , but the AJA were relegated to Ligue 2 after finishing last . Braga . On 1 September 2014 , Boly moved to Portugal and joined S.C . Braga on a four-year deal . He spent his first season with the B-team , in the Segunda Liga . Porto . On 31 August 2016 , Boly signed a five-year contract with FC Porto with a €45 million buyout clause . He played only eight competitive matches during his spell , including the 0–1 away loss against Juventus F.C . for the last-16 stage of the UEFA Champions League where he featured the second half after coming on as a substitute for André Silva . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 8 July 2017 , Boly joined EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a season-long loan , reuniting him with his former head coach Nuno Espírito Santo . He made his competitive debut for Wolverhampton on the opening day of the 2017–18 season in a 1–0 home win against Middlesbrough , and scored his first goal with them on 31 October to help Wolves win 2–0 away against Norwich City . After making 37 official appearances and helping them achieve promotion , Boly signed a permanent contract with Wolves . He made his Premier League debut on 11 August 2018 , in a 2–2 home draw against Everton . He scored his first goal in the competition two weeks later in a 1–1 home draw to Manchester City , but the goal proved controversial as television replays showed the ball was deflected into the goal by his forearm after glancing off his head . Boly scored his first ever goal in UEFA European competition in Wolvess 2019–20 UEFA Europa League Group Stage game against Beşiktaş in Istanbul on 3 October 2019 , a game that Wolves won 1–0 . Boly fractured his left fibula in training on 26 October 2019 , necessitating surgery to insert a plate and screws on 30 October 2019 . Boly returned from this injury in Wolvess 0–0 draw away to Manchester United on 1 February 2020 , although he had been an unused substitute in Wolvess previous Premier League fixture at home to Liverpool on 23 January 2020 . Boly scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season , and his first Premier League goal since the 2018–19 season , on 16 January 2021 against West Bromwich Albion in the Black Country derby . On 5 April 2021 , after returning from playing with his national team in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifications , Wolves announced that Boly had caught COVID-19 , and was self-isolating in line with government guidance . Wolvess head coach , Nuno Espírito Santo , announced after Wolvess Premier League game with West Bromwich Albion on 3 May 2021 that Boly was suffering the effects of long Covid , ruling him out from appearing for Wolves in the game that evening . Boly would not feature for Wolves again until 19 May 2021 , when he played the full 90 minutes of the away Premier League game at Everton . International career . Born to Ivorian parents , Boly represented France at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 levels . Boly switched to represent the Ivory Coast national team in 2020 . He debuted for the Ivory Coast in a 2–1 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification win over Madagascar on 12 November 2020 . Honours . Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Wolverhampton Wanderers - EFL Championship : 2017–18 France U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2008 Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 2017–18 Championship
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[
"S.C . Braga"
] |
easy
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Which team did Willy Boly play for from 2014 to 2016?
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/wiki/Willy_Boly#P54#2
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Willy Boly Willy-Arnaud Zobo Boly ( born 3 February 1991 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers . Born in France , Boly represents the Ivory Coast national team . Club career . Auxerre . Born in Melun , Seine-et-Marne , Boly played youth football for three clubs , also having a three-year spell at the INF Clairefontaine academy . He made his senior debut with AJ Auxerres reserves and , in February 2011 , he signed his first professional contract after agreeing to a three-year deal with an option for a fourth . On 16 April 2011 , Boly made his Ligue 1 debut by playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Toulouse FC . He scored his first goal in the competition the following matchday , in a 1–1 home draw to RC Lens . Boly was an undisputed starter in the 2011–12 season ( 33 games , one goal ) , but the AJA were relegated to Ligue 2 after finishing last . Braga . On 1 September 2014 , Boly moved to Portugal and joined S.C . Braga on a four-year deal . He spent his first season with the B-team , in the Segunda Liga . Porto . On 31 August 2016 , Boly signed a five-year contract with FC Porto with a €45 million buyout clause . He played only eight competitive matches during his spell , including the 0–1 away loss against Juventus F.C . for the last-16 stage of the UEFA Champions League where he featured the second half after coming on as a substitute for André Silva . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 8 July 2017 , Boly joined EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a season-long loan , reuniting him with his former head coach Nuno Espírito Santo . He made his competitive debut for Wolverhampton on the opening day of the 2017–18 season in a 1–0 home win against Middlesbrough , and scored his first goal with them on 31 October to help Wolves win 2–0 away against Norwich City . After making 37 official appearances and helping them achieve promotion , Boly signed a permanent contract with Wolves . He made his Premier League debut on 11 August 2018 , in a 2–2 home draw against Everton . He scored his first goal in the competition two weeks later in a 1–1 home draw to Manchester City , but the goal proved controversial as television replays showed the ball was deflected into the goal by his forearm after glancing off his head . Boly scored his first ever goal in UEFA European competition in Wolvess 2019–20 UEFA Europa League Group Stage game against Beşiktaş in Istanbul on 3 October 2019 , a game that Wolves won 1–0 . Boly fractured his left fibula in training on 26 October 2019 , necessitating surgery to insert a plate and screws on 30 October 2019 . Boly returned from this injury in Wolvess 0–0 draw away to Manchester United on 1 February 2020 , although he had been an unused substitute in Wolvess previous Premier League fixture at home to Liverpool on 23 January 2020 . Boly scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season , and his first Premier League goal since the 2018–19 season , on 16 January 2021 against West Bromwich Albion in the Black Country derby . On 5 April 2021 , after returning from playing with his national team in the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifications , Wolves announced that Boly had caught COVID-19 , and was self-isolating in line with government guidance . Wolvess head coach , Nuno Espírito Santo , announced after Wolvess Premier League game with West Bromwich Albion on 3 May 2021 that Boly was suffering the effects of long Covid , ruling him out from appearing for Wolves in the game that evening . Boly would not feature for Wolves again until 19 May 2021 , when he played the full 90 minutes of the away Premier League game at Everton . International career . Born to Ivorian parents , Boly represented France at under-16 , under-17 and under-19 levels . Boly switched to represent the Ivory Coast national team in 2020 . He debuted for the Ivory Coast in a 2–1 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification win over Madagascar on 12 November 2020 . Honours . Braga - Taça de Portugal : 2015–16 Wolverhampton Wanderers - EFL Championship : 2017–18 France U17 - UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up : 2008 Individual - PFA Team of the Year : 2017–18 Championship
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[
""
] |
easy
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Albert Crusat played for which team from 1998 to 1999?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#0
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
""
] |
easy
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Albert Crusat played for which team from 2000 to 2002?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#1
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
"RCD Espanyols"
] |
easy
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Which team did Albert Crusat play for from 2002 to 2003?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#2
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
"Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida"
] |
easy
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Which team did Albert Crusat play for from 2004 to 2005?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#3
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
"UD Almería"
] |
easy
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Which team did Albert Crusat play for from 2005 to 2011?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#4
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
"Wigan Athletic"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Albert Crusat belong to from 2011 to 2013?
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/wiki/Albert_Crusat#P54#5
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Albert Crusat Albert Crusat Domènech ( born 13 May 1982 ) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mostly as a left winger , from where he often relied on his dribbling ability and incredible pace . After starting out at Espanyol , he spent most of his professional career with Almería , appearing in 212 competitive matches and scoring 34 goals over six seasons , four of those in La Liga . He also played two years in England with Wigan Athletic . Club career . Early years . Born in Barcelona , Catalonia , Crusat was a product of local RCD Espanyols youth system . He played five games with the first team during the 2002–03 season , the first on 2 September 2002 in a 0–2 away loss against Real Madrid where he played five minutes as a starter , as the club went on to barely avoid La Liga relegation . Subsequently , Crusat had second division stints with Rayo Vallecano and UE Lleida : in the first , as the Madrid side was relegated , he only managed to appear five times , leaving in December 2003 . Almería . In 2005–06 , Crusat joined UD Almería , being instrumental in the Andalusians first-ever top flight promotion the following season by scoring 11 goals . He missed just four games in the subsequent eighth-place finish in the 2007–08 campaign , totalling 2,693 minutes of action . Crusat had his most successful year in the top division in 2009–10 , as Almería retained its status for the third consecutive year . Without the presence of striker Álvaro Negredo , he was much more depended upon in scoring matters and netted seven times in 33 matches – joint-second in the team – as they finished in 13th position ( he also collected 13 yellow cards ) . On 19 January 2011 , Crusat scored one of Almerías most important goals , in a 3–2 win at Deportivo de La Coruña ( 4–2 on aggregate ) which meant the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey for the first time ever . Wigan Athletic . On 30 August 2011 , it was confirmed by Wigan Athletic manager Roberto Martínez that his compatriot Crusat was having a medical after a £2 million bid was accepted by Almería . Four days later , the player completed his move to the English club , and made his Premier League debut on 10 September , appearing as a substitute in a 0–3 away loss to Manchester City . Crusat scored his first goal for the Latics on 19 November 2011 , making it 3–2 for the hosts in the 88th minute of an eventual 3–3 draw against Blackburn Rovers . He spent the vast majority of his second season on the sidelines , nursing a severe knee injury , and left the DW Stadium on 22 May 2013 after his contract expired . Bnei Sakhnin . On 30 January 2014 , after more than one year away from football , Crusat joined Bnei Sakhnin F.C . of the Israel Premier League . In September , after recurring problems in his knee , he retired at the age of 32 and with the intention of getting a manager degree . Honours . Club . Lleida - Segunda División B : 2003–04 Wigan Athletic - FA Cup : 2012–13 Country . Spain U16 - UEFA European Under-16 Championship : 1999
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[
"Clyde Engineering"
] |
easy
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What manufactured New South Wales C38 class locomotive from 1942 to 1946?
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/wiki/New_South_Wales_C38_class_locomotive#P176#0
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New South Wales C38 class locomotive The C38 class ( occasionally known as the 38 class and nicknamed Pacifics by some railwaymen ) was a class of steam locomotive built for the New South Wales Government Railways in Australia . Constructed between January 1943 and November 1949 , the 30 locomotives in the class were designed to haul express passenger services throughout New South Wales . They were the only New South Wales locomotives to use the popular Pacific 4-6-2 wheel arrangement and were the last steam locomotives in the state to be built for passenger train operation , all subsequent deliveries being specifically for freight haulage . Design . The 38 class were first conceived in the 1930s when the NSWGR established there was a need for a locomotive to eliminate the complications of double heading on a number of fast intrastate passenger trains . The design was influenced by the fashion for streamlining at the time , including elements of the class J locomotives of the Norfolk and Western Railway and of some of the streamlined versions of the PRR K4 locomotives in the United States . The design team was headed by Harold Young , the Principal Design Engineer ( later Chief Mechanical Engineer ) of the NSWGR . The conditions of trackwork with frequent sharp curvature to be traversed at high speed would require six-coupled driving wheels in a Pacific 4-6-2 configuration . Maintenance requirements suggested a two-cylinder simple steam locomotive . The design was carried out by the NSWGR Locomotive Section of the Design Office and incorporated the latest developments in locomotive design from Australia and overseas . The incorporation of as many Australian manufactured components as possible was a requirement at the design stage . Similarly to the earlier D57 class ( which had some input from Young ) , the massively proportioned locomotive incorporated a cast steel chassis . The design also sported cast Boxpok coupled wheels for better rotational balance , and a Delta trailing truck . History . In May 1939 , an order for five 38 class locomotives was placed with Clyde Engineering . They suffered many delays during construction , mostly due to resource shortages caused by World War II and the Great Depression . The first five locomotives , built by Clyde Engineering , had a semi-streamlined boiler casing . The design , however , as with many others , did possess a teething trouble : no fireman could maintain steam in the 245 psi boiler – the highest boiler pressure of any engine in Australia . In early trials on the Southern line , 3801 , the class leader , was allocated two firemen . The fault was located when it was found that the shape of the blast pipe prevented steam from the cylinders from passing optimally into the petticoat pipe below the chimney , through which it was ejected to the atmosphere . In turn , this reduced the suction of hot gases through the boiler tubes , making it more demanding to fire . Soon the blast pipe was adjusted , and the C38 class became noted for the clean bark of its exhaust . As the last of the five initial locomotives were leaving the shop in 1945 , a decision was made to purchase more . This order of 25 locomotives were built at the New South Wales Government Railways Eveleigh Railway Workshops ( 13 , even-numbered ) and Cardiff Locomotive Workshops ( 12 , odd-numbered ) ; all were non-streamlined for quicker maintenance . The locomotives built by Clyde Engineering were delivered in wartime grey . After the war , all were repainted green , as the 25 unstreamlined locomotives had been from new . In the 1950s , all except 3813 were painted black . 3801 and 3830 had their green livery restored due to pressure from heritage groups in the 1960s . Among the services they initially hauled were the Central West Express , Newcastle Flyer , Melbourne Limited Express , Riverina Express and South Coast Daylight Express as well as the overnight mail trains . Because of their axle load , they were confined to operating between Sydney and the following extremities of operation : Port Kembla ( Coniston ) , Albury , Dubbo and Maitland , although they worked the North Coast passenger trains to Brisbane until track problems surfaced . Following the arrival of the 42 , 43 and 44 class diesel locomotives in the 1950s , these began to take over some express services , but the 38 class continued to haul many passenger and freight trains . Even after the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow in 1957 and the Main North line to Gosford in January 1960 , using 46 class electric locomotives , the 38s still operated the Central West Express between Lithgow and Orange into the 1960s and the Newcastle Flyer between Gosford and Newcastle until December 1970 . The 38 class briefly returned to the former Melbourne Limited Express route in April 1962 , when 3830 and 3813 hauled the inaugural standard gauge Spirit of Progress from Albury to Sydney . The first 38 class locomotive was withdrawn in 1961 with the last withdrawn in December 1970 . In August 1970 , 3801 hauled the Western Endeavour to Perth following the conversion to standard gauge of the Sydney–Perth rail corridor with 3813 assisting as far as Port Pirie . In April 1988 , 3801 again operated to Perth during the Australian Bicentenary . Locomotive 3801 featured in an evocative 1974 short film , A Steam Train Passes , which won many awards and is generally regarded as Australias finest railway film . Preservation . 4 of the 38 class locomotives survive-3801 , 3813 , 3820 and 3830 . 3813 is in pieces at Dorrigo after an overhaul in 1972 by the former NSW Rail Transport Museum was forced to be stopped by the then commissioner of the Public Transport Commission , Philip Shirley who ordered that the locomotives parts be transferred to the scrapyard . The NSWRTM managed a reprive and the parts were sent to be stored in many locations . Components such as the wheels , cab and smokebox were stored in S trucks at Thirlmere , the frame and tender at Clyde and the boiler at Castle Hill until they were donated to the Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum . Over time all were donated to the Dorrigo museum and put in storage there
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[
"Cardiff Locomotive Workshops"
] |
easy
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What was the manufacturer of New South Wales C38 class locomotive from 1946 to 1949?
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/wiki/New_South_Wales_C38_class_locomotive#P176#1
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New South Wales C38 class locomotive The C38 class ( occasionally known as the 38 class and nicknamed Pacifics by some railwaymen ) was a class of steam locomotive built for the New South Wales Government Railways in Australia . Constructed between January 1943 and November 1949 , the 30 locomotives in the class were designed to haul express passenger services throughout New South Wales . They were the only New South Wales locomotives to use the popular Pacific 4-6-2 wheel arrangement and were the last steam locomotives in the state to be built for passenger train operation , all subsequent deliveries being specifically for freight haulage . Design . The 38 class were first conceived in the 1930s when the NSWGR established there was a need for a locomotive to eliminate the complications of double heading on a number of fast intrastate passenger trains . The design was influenced by the fashion for streamlining at the time , including elements of the class J locomotives of the Norfolk and Western Railway and of some of the streamlined versions of the PRR K4 locomotives in the United States . The design team was headed by Harold Young , the Principal Design Engineer ( later Chief Mechanical Engineer ) of the NSWGR . The conditions of trackwork with frequent sharp curvature to be traversed at high speed would require six-coupled driving wheels in a Pacific 4-6-2 configuration . Maintenance requirements suggested a two-cylinder simple steam locomotive . The design was carried out by the NSWGR Locomotive Section of the Design Office and incorporated the latest developments in locomotive design from Australia and overseas . The incorporation of as many Australian manufactured components as possible was a requirement at the design stage . Similarly to the earlier D57 class ( which had some input from Young ) , the massively proportioned locomotive incorporated a cast steel chassis . The design also sported cast Boxpok coupled wheels for better rotational balance , and a Delta trailing truck . History . In May 1939 , an order for five 38 class locomotives was placed with Clyde Engineering . They suffered many delays during construction , mostly due to resource shortages caused by World War II and the Great Depression . The first five locomotives , built by Clyde Engineering , had a semi-streamlined boiler casing . The design , however , as with many others , did possess a teething trouble : no fireman could maintain steam in the 245 psi boiler – the highest boiler pressure of any engine in Australia . In early trials on the Southern line , 3801 , the class leader , was allocated two firemen . The fault was located when it was found that the shape of the blast pipe prevented steam from the cylinders from passing optimally into the petticoat pipe below the chimney , through which it was ejected to the atmosphere . In turn , this reduced the suction of hot gases through the boiler tubes , making it more demanding to fire . Soon the blast pipe was adjusted , and the C38 class became noted for the clean bark of its exhaust . As the last of the five initial locomotives were leaving the shop in 1945 , a decision was made to purchase more . This order of 25 locomotives were built at the New South Wales Government Railways Eveleigh Railway Workshops ( 13 , even-numbered ) and Cardiff Locomotive Workshops ( 12 , odd-numbered ) ; all were non-streamlined for quicker maintenance . The locomotives built by Clyde Engineering were delivered in wartime grey . After the war , all were repainted green , as the 25 unstreamlined locomotives had been from new . In the 1950s , all except 3813 were painted black . 3801 and 3830 had their green livery restored due to pressure from heritage groups in the 1960s . Among the services they initially hauled were the Central West Express , Newcastle Flyer , Melbourne Limited Express , Riverina Express and South Coast Daylight Express as well as the overnight mail trains . Because of their axle load , they were confined to operating between Sydney and the following extremities of operation : Port Kembla ( Coniston ) , Albury , Dubbo and Maitland , although they worked the North Coast passenger trains to Brisbane until track problems surfaced . Following the arrival of the 42 , 43 and 44 class diesel locomotives in the 1950s , these began to take over some express services , but the 38 class continued to haul many passenger and freight trains . Even after the electrification of the Main Western line to Lithgow in 1957 and the Main North line to Gosford in January 1960 , using 46 class electric locomotives , the 38s still operated the Central West Express between Lithgow and Orange into the 1960s and the Newcastle Flyer between Gosford and Newcastle until December 1970 . The 38 class briefly returned to the former Melbourne Limited Express route in April 1962 , when 3830 and 3813 hauled the inaugural standard gauge Spirit of Progress from Albury to Sydney . The first 38 class locomotive was withdrawn in 1961 with the last withdrawn in December 1970 . In August 1970 , 3801 hauled the Western Endeavour to Perth following the conversion to standard gauge of the Sydney–Perth rail corridor with 3813 assisting as far as Port Pirie . In April 1988 , 3801 again operated to Perth during the Australian Bicentenary . Locomotive 3801 featured in an evocative 1974 short film , A Steam Train Passes , which won many awards and is generally regarded as Australias finest railway film . Preservation . 4 of the 38 class locomotives survive-3801 , 3813 , 3820 and 3830 . 3813 is in pieces at Dorrigo after an overhaul in 1972 by the former NSW Rail Transport Museum was forced to be stopped by the then commissioner of the Public Transport Commission , Philip Shirley who ordered that the locomotives parts be transferred to the scrapyard . The NSWRTM managed a reprive and the parts were sent to be stored in many locations . Components such as the wheels , cab and smokebox were stored in S trucks at Thirlmere , the frame and tender at Clyde and the boiler at Castle Hill until they were donated to the Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum . Over time all were donated to the Dorrigo museum and put in storage there
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[
"TASS"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Eugene Lyons work for from 1924 to 1927?
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/wiki/Eugene_Lyons#P108#0
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Eugene Lyons Eugene Lyons ( July 1 , 1898 – January 7 , 1985 ) was an American journalist and writer . A fellow traveler of Communism in his younger years , Lyons became highly critical of the Soviet Union after several years there as a correspondent of United Press International . Lyons also wrote a biography of President Herbert Hoover . Background . Eugene Lyons was born July 1 , 1898 , to a Jewish family in the town of Uzlyany , now part of Belarus but then part of the Russian Empire . His parents were Nathan Lyons and Minnie Privin . His parents emigrated to the US , and he grew up among the teeming tenements of the Lower East Side of New York City . I thought myself a socialist almost as soon as I thought at all , Lyons recalled in his memoirs . As a youth he attended a Socialist Sunday School on East Broadway , where he sang socialist hymns such as The Internationale and The Red Flag . He later enrolled as a member of the Young Peoples Socialist League , the youth section of the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1916 , Lyons enrolled in the College of the City of New York before he transferred to Columbia University the next year . Career . Early career . During his school years he worked as an assistant to an English teacher in an adult education course . During World War I , Lyons was enlisted in the Students Army Training Corps , an adjunct of the US Army . With the end of the war in November 1918 , Lyons was demobilized and honorably discharged . He later recalled that on the day he removed his uniform , he wrote his very first story , a piece for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the Workers Defense Union , which she organized on behalf of the Industrial Workers of the World . Lyons worked for the Workers Defense Union for some time and composed news releases for the Socialist daily newspaper New York Call and other left-wing publications . It was a time of raids on radicals , Treat-em-rough ! hooliganism , and mass deportations , Lyons later recalled . Lyons then went to work as a reporter for the Erie , Pennsylvania Dispatch-Herald . He also worked briefly for the New York paper Financial America and at writing copy in the publicity departments of two motion picture companies . In the fall of 1920 , with revolution in the wind in Italy and dreaming of becoming the next John Reed , Lyons made his way to Naples and bore credentials of the Federated Press news service and the monthly magazine The Liberator . En route , he met another aspiring correspondent bearing identical credentials , Norman H . Matson , and the pair decided to spend the next six months sharing expenses in pursuit of their common goal . Versed in the ongoing case against the Italian-American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti , Lyons made the pilgrimage to Saccos native village of Torremaggiore , where Saccos older brother Sabino was the mayor . Lyonss Italian experiences were later put to use in his first book , The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti , which was published in 1927 by the Communist-affiliated International Publishers in which he argued the case for the pairs innocence . In Italy , Lyons was approached by an official of the Soviet Unions new Italian embassy to become a secret courier . The Soviets thought that as an American , he could cross frontiers safely , but before anything came of that , Lyons was arrested by the Italian police as a radical and expelled into France . Back in America , Lyons spent 1921 and most of 1922 in Boston working for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti . He met the pair frequently in prison . In the fall of 1922 , Lyons became editor of Soviet Russia Pictorial , the monthly magazine of the Friends of Soviet Russia , an organization that was closely connected with the then-underground Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) . Lyons later recalled that unhesitatingly , I cast my lot with the Communists . I devoted the next five years largely to Soviet activities . After Soviet Russia Pictorial was closed down in 1924 , Lyons became a correspondent for the Soviet news agency TASS . USSR . Lyons work for TASS led to his becoming the United Press ( UP ) correspondent in Moscow ( 1928–1934 ) . Instead of reporting from the United States for the Soviet press , he would now write on Soviet events for an American audience . While Lyons never joined the CPUSA , he had close ties with it and was considered a fellow traveler . The UP thought that Lyons political background and the close contacts it implied would give him and it an edge over its competition in delivering news from the Soviet Union . Lyons remained the UPs man in Moscow from 1928 to 1934 , which gradually transformed him from a friend of the Soviet state and communism to a tireless and fierce critic of both . Lyons was initially supportive of the Soviet regime and found its repressive actions credible . He covered the 1928 Shakhty Trial of mining engineers , which is now regarded by historians as a precursor to the show trials of the late 1930s . Lyons saw that the trial was unfair and that the accused were denied an opportunity to fully defend themselves , but he still believed that they must have been guilty of something . UPs choice of Lyons paid dividends in 1930 . On November 22 , he was summoned to the Kremlin for a surprise interview with Joseph Stalin , a move to eliminate rumors circulating in the West about the Soviet leaders demise . Lyons thus became the first Western journalist to interview Stalin , and his report of the encounter represented a major scoop . Lyons later recounted his meeting with the Soviet leader , a conversation that was conducted in Russian with the occasional help of a translator : ( Charles Malamuth served as assistant to Lyons and accompanied him to the interview with Stalin. ) Lyons interview with Stalin ran two hours in duration , joined midway by Commissar of Defense Kliment Voroshilov . Lyons cable detailing the interview was widely reproduced across America and was hailed by an editorial in the New York Daily News as the most distinguished piece of reporting of this year , if not the last four or five years . On the heels of his journalistic coup , Lyons returned to the United States for a brief visit in March 1931 , making a lecture tour to 20 Northeastern cities organized by UP . Lyons had already begun to harbor doubts about the violence and repression associated with the Soviet regime and was torn between looming doubts and waning loyalties , but Lyons found himself engaged to speak mostly before businessmens luncheon clubs . Looking into their self-satisfied faces , I could forget my doubts , Lyons later recalled . He delivered a blinkered defense of the revolution to his assembled audiences . Had I remained in America permanently I might have evolved a new , if badly scarred and patched , enthusiasm , Lyons wrote in his memoirs . I might have ended by contributing high-minded lies to The New Masses and slept happily ever after . But Lyons did return to the Soviet Union later that year . He found the GPU imposing ever-increasing terror against recalcitrant peasants , anyone suspected of secretly holding gold or foreign currency , and those accused of economic crimes such as sabotage : His doubts gradually overwhelmed his faith in the revolution . Lyons was among the earliest writers to criticize the New York Times Moscow reporter Walter Duranty for journalistic dishonesty . Writing about Duranty in 1941 , Lyons said , Of all his elliptical writing , perhaps his handling of the famine was the most celebrated . It was the logical extreme of his oft-repeated assertion that you cant make an omelet without breaking eggs . Now he made his omelet by referring to the famine as undernourishment . Ironically , Lyons himself had played a role in concealing the 1932–33 terror famine in Ukraine when he denounced British journalist Gareth Jones as a liar . Jones had written initial reports of the famine and published the first significant reports of the massive famine in the Manchester Guardian , only to have the veracity of his reporting denounced by Lyons , Duranty , and others in the Moscow press corps . Lyons later self-critically recalled that throwing down Jones was as unpleasant a chore as fell to any of us in years of juggling facts to please dictatorial regimes — but throw him down we did , unanimously and in almost identical formulas of equivocation . Poor Gareth Jones must have been the most surprised human being alive when the facts he so painstakingly garnered from our mouths were snowed under by our denials . United States . After his return to the United States early in 1934 , Lyons wrote two books about his Moscow years . The first was a rather-subdued work , Moscow Carrousel . Published in 1935 , it was followed by a far more outspoken account of events , Assignment in Utopia , which was published in 1937 . Lyons writing directly influenced George Orwell . In his seminal novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , Orwell borrowed a chapter title from Assignment in Utopia , Two Plus Two Equals Five . Lyons recalled that it was a common slogan in the Soviet Union during the drive to complete the first Five-Year Plan in just four years . Orwell adapted it as a metaphor for official totalitarian lying . Following his return from the Soviet Union , Lyons very briefly flirted with Trotskyism , and Leon Trotsky initially praised Assignment in Utopia but soon became quite critical of Lyons , who moved to the political right . After two books on his Moscow experience and a biography of Stalin , Lyons set to work on a full-length study of CPUSA influence on American cultural life in the 1930s , The Red Decade . The book was not popular when first published in 1941 , however , as soon after it saw print , the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany and became an American ally in World War II . The books fame came only later , during the era of McCarthyism , when its title became a byword for the popular front alliance between Communists and liberals in the 1930s . In later years , Lyons political views shifted to the right , and for a time , he was editor with Readers Digest , Plain Talk and National Review . He was also involved with Radio Free Europe and was also a member of the American Jewish League Against Communism . In the early 1940s and the Second Red Scare that followed World War II , Lyons was a frequent contributor to the popular press on anticommunist themes and criticized liberals whom he deemed inadequate in their denunciations of the Soviet regime . In The American Mercury , Lyons was critical of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for lending her prestige to a gathering of the American Youth Congress , a front joint organization bringing together Communist and Socialist student groups . In 1947 , Lyons attacked former Vice President Henry A . Wallace as an appeaser of the Soviet dictatorship who refused to face up to the true nature of the regime . Writing for the American Legion in 1950 , Lyons accepted the premise that American government agencies had been infiltrated by Soviet spies . He also lauded the work of the House Committee on Un-American Activities for its work investigating the activities of the CPUSA and exposing Communists in the government employ . Since 1951 Lyons was the chairman of the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia . In addition to his work as a freelance journalist , Lyons wrote biographies . He published a widely-read biography of former President Herbert Hoover in 1964 . In 1966 , he published a biography of his maternal first cousin David Sarnoff , the chairman of RCA and founder of NBC . Lyons returned to the topic of Soviet Communism in his final book , Workers Paradise Lost , published in 1967 . Death and legacy . Lyons died age 86 on January 7 , 1985 , in New York City . His papers are housed at the Hoover Institution , Stanford University , and in the Special Collections department of Knight Library at the University of Oregon in Eugene . In Agnieszka Holland’s biographical thriller Mr . Jones ( 2019 ) , Lyons was portrayed by Edward Wolstenholme . Works . - The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti . New York : International Publishers , 1927 . - Modern Moscow . London : Hurst & Blackett , 1935 . - Moscow Carrousel . New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1935 . - Assignment in Utopia . New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1937 . - Stalin , Czar of all the Russias . Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1940 . - The Red Decade : The Stalinist Penetration of America . Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill , 1941 . - Our Unknown Ex-President : A Portrait of Herbert Hoover . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1948 . - Our Secret Allies : The Peoples of Russia . New York : Duell , Sloan and Pearce , 1953 . - Herbert Hoover : A Biography . Garden City , NY : Doubleday,1964 . - David Sarnoff : A Biography . New York : Harper & Row , 1966 . - Workers’ Paradise Lost : Fifty Years of Soviet Communism : A Balance Sheet . New York : Funk and Wagnalls , 1967 .
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[
"United Press"
] |
easy
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What was the name of the employer Eugene Lyons work for from 1928 to 1934?
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/wiki/Eugene_Lyons#P108#1
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Eugene Lyons Eugene Lyons ( July 1 , 1898 – January 7 , 1985 ) was an American journalist and writer . A fellow traveler of Communism in his younger years , Lyons became highly critical of the Soviet Union after several years there as a correspondent of United Press International . Lyons also wrote a biography of President Herbert Hoover . Background . Eugene Lyons was born July 1 , 1898 , to a Jewish family in the town of Uzlyany , now part of Belarus but then part of the Russian Empire . His parents were Nathan Lyons and Minnie Privin . His parents emigrated to the US , and he grew up among the teeming tenements of the Lower East Side of New York City . I thought myself a socialist almost as soon as I thought at all , Lyons recalled in his memoirs . As a youth he attended a Socialist Sunday School on East Broadway , where he sang socialist hymns such as The Internationale and The Red Flag . He later enrolled as a member of the Young Peoples Socialist League , the youth section of the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1916 , Lyons enrolled in the College of the City of New York before he transferred to Columbia University the next year . Career . Early career . During his school years he worked as an assistant to an English teacher in an adult education course . During World War I , Lyons was enlisted in the Students Army Training Corps , an adjunct of the US Army . With the end of the war in November 1918 , Lyons was demobilized and honorably discharged . He later recalled that on the day he removed his uniform , he wrote his very first story , a piece for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the Workers Defense Union , which she organized on behalf of the Industrial Workers of the World . Lyons worked for the Workers Defense Union for some time and composed news releases for the Socialist daily newspaper New York Call and other left-wing publications . It was a time of raids on radicals , Treat-em-rough ! hooliganism , and mass deportations , Lyons later recalled . Lyons then went to work as a reporter for the Erie , Pennsylvania Dispatch-Herald . He also worked briefly for the New York paper Financial America and at writing copy in the publicity departments of two motion picture companies . In the fall of 1920 , with revolution in the wind in Italy and dreaming of becoming the next John Reed , Lyons made his way to Naples and bore credentials of the Federated Press news service and the monthly magazine The Liberator . En route , he met another aspiring correspondent bearing identical credentials , Norman H . Matson , and the pair decided to spend the next six months sharing expenses in pursuit of their common goal . Versed in the ongoing case against the Italian-American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti , Lyons made the pilgrimage to Saccos native village of Torremaggiore , where Saccos older brother Sabino was the mayor . Lyonss Italian experiences were later put to use in his first book , The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti , which was published in 1927 by the Communist-affiliated International Publishers in which he argued the case for the pairs innocence . In Italy , Lyons was approached by an official of the Soviet Unions new Italian embassy to become a secret courier . The Soviets thought that as an American , he could cross frontiers safely , but before anything came of that , Lyons was arrested by the Italian police as a radical and expelled into France . Back in America , Lyons spent 1921 and most of 1922 in Boston working for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti . He met the pair frequently in prison . In the fall of 1922 , Lyons became editor of Soviet Russia Pictorial , the monthly magazine of the Friends of Soviet Russia , an organization that was closely connected with the then-underground Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) . Lyons later recalled that unhesitatingly , I cast my lot with the Communists . I devoted the next five years largely to Soviet activities . After Soviet Russia Pictorial was closed down in 1924 , Lyons became a correspondent for the Soviet news agency TASS . USSR . Lyons work for TASS led to his becoming the United Press ( UP ) correspondent in Moscow ( 1928–1934 ) . Instead of reporting from the United States for the Soviet press , he would now write on Soviet events for an American audience . While Lyons never joined the CPUSA , he had close ties with it and was considered a fellow traveler . The UP thought that Lyons political background and the close contacts it implied would give him and it an edge over its competition in delivering news from the Soviet Union . Lyons remained the UPs man in Moscow from 1928 to 1934 , which gradually transformed him from a friend of the Soviet state and communism to a tireless and fierce critic of both . Lyons was initially supportive of the Soviet regime and found its repressive actions credible . He covered the 1928 Shakhty Trial of mining engineers , which is now regarded by historians as a precursor to the show trials of the late 1930s . Lyons saw that the trial was unfair and that the accused were denied an opportunity to fully defend themselves , but he still believed that they must have been guilty of something . UPs choice of Lyons paid dividends in 1930 . On November 22 , he was summoned to the Kremlin for a surprise interview with Joseph Stalin , a move to eliminate rumors circulating in the West about the Soviet leaders demise . Lyons thus became the first Western journalist to interview Stalin , and his report of the encounter represented a major scoop . Lyons later recounted his meeting with the Soviet leader , a conversation that was conducted in Russian with the occasional help of a translator : ( Charles Malamuth served as assistant to Lyons and accompanied him to the interview with Stalin. ) Lyons interview with Stalin ran two hours in duration , joined midway by Commissar of Defense Kliment Voroshilov . Lyons cable detailing the interview was widely reproduced across America and was hailed by an editorial in the New York Daily News as the most distinguished piece of reporting of this year , if not the last four or five years . On the heels of his journalistic coup , Lyons returned to the United States for a brief visit in March 1931 , making a lecture tour to 20 Northeastern cities organized by UP . Lyons had already begun to harbor doubts about the violence and repression associated with the Soviet regime and was torn between looming doubts and waning loyalties , but Lyons found himself engaged to speak mostly before businessmens luncheon clubs . Looking into their self-satisfied faces , I could forget my doubts , Lyons later recalled . He delivered a blinkered defense of the revolution to his assembled audiences . Had I remained in America permanently I might have evolved a new , if badly scarred and patched , enthusiasm , Lyons wrote in his memoirs . I might have ended by contributing high-minded lies to The New Masses and slept happily ever after . But Lyons did return to the Soviet Union later that year . He found the GPU imposing ever-increasing terror against recalcitrant peasants , anyone suspected of secretly holding gold or foreign currency , and those accused of economic crimes such as sabotage : His doubts gradually overwhelmed his faith in the revolution . Lyons was among the earliest writers to criticize the New York Times Moscow reporter Walter Duranty for journalistic dishonesty . Writing about Duranty in 1941 , Lyons said , Of all his elliptical writing , perhaps his handling of the famine was the most celebrated . It was the logical extreme of his oft-repeated assertion that you cant make an omelet without breaking eggs . Now he made his omelet by referring to the famine as undernourishment . Ironically , Lyons himself had played a role in concealing the 1932–33 terror famine in Ukraine when he denounced British journalist Gareth Jones as a liar . Jones had written initial reports of the famine and published the first significant reports of the massive famine in the Manchester Guardian , only to have the veracity of his reporting denounced by Lyons , Duranty , and others in the Moscow press corps . Lyons later self-critically recalled that throwing down Jones was as unpleasant a chore as fell to any of us in years of juggling facts to please dictatorial regimes — but throw him down we did , unanimously and in almost identical formulas of equivocation . Poor Gareth Jones must have been the most surprised human being alive when the facts he so painstakingly garnered from our mouths were snowed under by our denials . United States . After his return to the United States early in 1934 , Lyons wrote two books about his Moscow years . The first was a rather-subdued work , Moscow Carrousel . Published in 1935 , it was followed by a far more outspoken account of events , Assignment in Utopia , which was published in 1937 . Lyons writing directly influenced George Orwell . In his seminal novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , Orwell borrowed a chapter title from Assignment in Utopia , Two Plus Two Equals Five . Lyons recalled that it was a common slogan in the Soviet Union during the drive to complete the first Five-Year Plan in just four years . Orwell adapted it as a metaphor for official totalitarian lying . Following his return from the Soviet Union , Lyons very briefly flirted with Trotskyism , and Leon Trotsky initially praised Assignment in Utopia but soon became quite critical of Lyons , who moved to the political right . After two books on his Moscow experience and a biography of Stalin , Lyons set to work on a full-length study of CPUSA influence on American cultural life in the 1930s , The Red Decade . The book was not popular when first published in 1941 , however , as soon after it saw print , the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany and became an American ally in World War II . The books fame came only later , during the era of McCarthyism , when its title became a byword for the popular front alliance between Communists and liberals in the 1930s . In later years , Lyons political views shifted to the right , and for a time , he was editor with Readers Digest , Plain Talk and National Review . He was also involved with Radio Free Europe and was also a member of the American Jewish League Against Communism . In the early 1940s and the Second Red Scare that followed World War II , Lyons was a frequent contributor to the popular press on anticommunist themes and criticized liberals whom he deemed inadequate in their denunciations of the Soviet regime . In The American Mercury , Lyons was critical of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for lending her prestige to a gathering of the American Youth Congress , a front joint organization bringing together Communist and Socialist student groups . In 1947 , Lyons attacked former Vice President Henry A . Wallace as an appeaser of the Soviet dictatorship who refused to face up to the true nature of the regime . Writing for the American Legion in 1950 , Lyons accepted the premise that American government agencies had been infiltrated by Soviet spies . He also lauded the work of the House Committee on Un-American Activities for its work investigating the activities of the CPUSA and exposing Communists in the government employ . Since 1951 Lyons was the chairman of the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia . In addition to his work as a freelance journalist , Lyons wrote biographies . He published a widely-read biography of former President Herbert Hoover in 1964 . In 1966 , he published a biography of his maternal first cousin David Sarnoff , the chairman of RCA and founder of NBC . Lyons returned to the topic of Soviet Communism in his final book , Workers Paradise Lost , published in 1967 . Death and legacy . Lyons died age 86 on January 7 , 1985 , in New York City . His papers are housed at the Hoover Institution , Stanford University , and in the Special Collections department of Knight Library at the University of Oregon in Eugene . In Agnieszka Holland’s biographical thriller Mr . Jones ( 2019 ) , Lyons was portrayed by Edward Wolstenholme . Works . - The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti . New York : International Publishers , 1927 . - Modern Moscow . London : Hurst & Blackett , 1935 . - Moscow Carrousel . New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1935 . - Assignment in Utopia . New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1937 . - Stalin , Czar of all the Russias . Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1940 . - The Red Decade : The Stalinist Penetration of America . Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill , 1941 . - Our Unknown Ex-President : A Portrait of Herbert Hoover . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1948 . - Our Secret Allies : The Peoples of Russia . New York : Duell , Sloan and Pearce , 1953 . - Herbert Hoover : A Biography . Garden City , NY : Doubleday,1964 . - David Sarnoff : A Biography . New York : Harper & Row , 1966 . - Workers’ Paradise Lost : Fifty Years of Soviet Communism : A Balance Sheet . New York : Funk and Wagnalls , 1967 .
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[
"American Mercury"
] |
easy
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Who did Eugene Lyons work for from 1939 to 1944?
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/wiki/Eugene_Lyons#P108#2
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Eugene Lyons Eugene Lyons ( July 1 , 1898 – January 7 , 1985 ) was an American journalist and writer . A fellow traveler of Communism in his younger years , Lyons became highly critical of the Soviet Union after several years there as a correspondent of United Press International . Lyons also wrote a biography of President Herbert Hoover . Background . Eugene Lyons was born July 1 , 1898 , to a Jewish family in the town of Uzlyany , now part of Belarus but then part of the Russian Empire . His parents were Nathan Lyons and Minnie Privin . His parents emigrated to the US , and he grew up among the teeming tenements of the Lower East Side of New York City . I thought myself a socialist almost as soon as I thought at all , Lyons recalled in his memoirs . As a youth he attended a Socialist Sunday School on East Broadway , where he sang socialist hymns such as The Internationale and The Red Flag . He later enrolled as a member of the Young Peoples Socialist League , the youth section of the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1916 , Lyons enrolled in the College of the City of New York before he transferred to Columbia University the next year . Career . Early career . During his school years he worked as an assistant to an English teacher in an adult education course . During World War I , Lyons was enlisted in the Students Army Training Corps , an adjunct of the US Army . With the end of the war in November 1918 , Lyons was demobilized and honorably discharged . He later recalled that on the day he removed his uniform , he wrote his very first story , a piece for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the Workers Defense Union , which she organized on behalf of the Industrial Workers of the World . Lyons worked for the Workers Defense Union for some time and composed news releases for the Socialist daily newspaper New York Call and other left-wing publications . It was a time of raids on radicals , Treat-em-rough ! hooliganism , and mass deportations , Lyons later recalled . Lyons then went to work as a reporter for the Erie , Pennsylvania Dispatch-Herald . He also worked briefly for the New York paper Financial America and at writing copy in the publicity departments of two motion picture companies . In the fall of 1920 , with revolution in the wind in Italy and dreaming of becoming the next John Reed , Lyons made his way to Naples and bore credentials of the Federated Press news service and the monthly magazine The Liberator . En route , he met another aspiring correspondent bearing identical credentials , Norman H . Matson , and the pair decided to spend the next six months sharing expenses in pursuit of their common goal . Versed in the ongoing case against the Italian-American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti , Lyons made the pilgrimage to Saccos native village of Torremaggiore , where Saccos older brother Sabino was the mayor . Lyonss Italian experiences were later put to use in his first book , The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti , which was published in 1927 by the Communist-affiliated International Publishers in which he argued the case for the pairs innocence . In Italy , Lyons was approached by an official of the Soviet Unions new Italian embassy to become a secret courier . The Soviets thought that as an American , he could cross frontiers safely , but before anything came of that , Lyons was arrested by the Italian police as a radical and expelled into France . Back in America , Lyons spent 1921 and most of 1922 in Boston working for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti . He met the pair frequently in prison . In the fall of 1922 , Lyons became editor of Soviet Russia Pictorial , the monthly magazine of the Friends of Soviet Russia , an organization that was closely connected with the then-underground Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) . Lyons later recalled that unhesitatingly , I cast my lot with the Communists . I devoted the next five years largely to Soviet activities . After Soviet Russia Pictorial was closed down in 1924 , Lyons became a correspondent for the Soviet news agency TASS . USSR . Lyons work for TASS led to his becoming the United Press ( UP ) correspondent in Moscow ( 1928–1934 ) . Instead of reporting from the United States for the Soviet press , he would now write on Soviet events for an American audience . While Lyons never joined the CPUSA , he had close ties with it and was considered a fellow traveler . The UP thought that Lyons political background and the close contacts it implied would give him and it an edge over its competition in delivering news from the Soviet Union . Lyons remained the UPs man in Moscow from 1928 to 1934 , which gradually transformed him from a friend of the Soviet state and communism to a tireless and fierce critic of both . Lyons was initially supportive of the Soviet regime and found its repressive actions credible . He covered the 1928 Shakhty Trial of mining engineers , which is now regarded by historians as a precursor to the show trials of the late 1930s . Lyons saw that the trial was unfair and that the accused were denied an opportunity to fully defend themselves , but he still believed that they must have been guilty of something . UPs choice of Lyons paid dividends in 1930 . On November 22 , he was summoned to the Kremlin for a surprise interview with Joseph Stalin , a move to eliminate rumors circulating in the West about the Soviet leaders demise . Lyons thus became the first Western journalist to interview Stalin , and his report of the encounter represented a major scoop . Lyons later recounted his meeting with the Soviet leader , a conversation that was conducted in Russian with the occasional help of a translator : ( Charles Malamuth served as assistant to Lyons and accompanied him to the interview with Stalin. ) Lyons interview with Stalin ran two hours in duration , joined midway by Commissar of Defense Kliment Voroshilov . Lyons cable detailing the interview was widely reproduced across America and was hailed by an editorial in the New York Daily News as the most distinguished piece of reporting of this year , if not the last four or five years . On the heels of his journalistic coup , Lyons returned to the United States for a brief visit in March 1931 , making a lecture tour to 20 Northeastern cities organized by UP . Lyons had already begun to harbor doubts about the violence and repression associated with the Soviet regime and was torn between looming doubts and waning loyalties , but Lyons found himself engaged to speak mostly before businessmens luncheon clubs . Looking into their self-satisfied faces , I could forget my doubts , Lyons later recalled . He delivered a blinkered defense of the revolution to his assembled audiences . Had I remained in America permanently I might have evolved a new , if badly scarred and patched , enthusiasm , Lyons wrote in his memoirs . I might have ended by contributing high-minded lies to The New Masses and slept happily ever after . But Lyons did return to the Soviet Union later that year . He found the GPU imposing ever-increasing terror against recalcitrant peasants , anyone suspected of secretly holding gold or foreign currency , and those accused of economic crimes such as sabotage : His doubts gradually overwhelmed his faith in the revolution . Lyons was among the earliest writers to criticize the New York Times Moscow reporter Walter Duranty for journalistic dishonesty . Writing about Duranty in 1941 , Lyons said , Of all his elliptical writing , perhaps his handling of the famine was the most celebrated . It was the logical extreme of his oft-repeated assertion that you cant make an omelet without breaking eggs . Now he made his omelet by referring to the famine as undernourishment . Ironically , Lyons himself had played a role in concealing the 1932–33 terror famine in Ukraine when he denounced British journalist Gareth Jones as a liar . Jones had written initial reports of the famine and published the first significant reports of the massive famine in the Manchester Guardian , only to have the veracity of his reporting denounced by Lyons , Duranty , and others in the Moscow press corps . Lyons later self-critically recalled that throwing down Jones was as unpleasant a chore as fell to any of us in years of juggling facts to please dictatorial regimes — but throw him down we did , unanimously and in almost identical formulas of equivocation . Poor Gareth Jones must have been the most surprised human being alive when the facts he so painstakingly garnered from our mouths were snowed under by our denials . United States . After his return to the United States early in 1934 , Lyons wrote two books about his Moscow years . The first was a rather-subdued work , Moscow Carrousel . Published in 1935 , it was followed by a far more outspoken account of events , Assignment in Utopia , which was published in 1937 . Lyons writing directly influenced George Orwell . In his seminal novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , Orwell borrowed a chapter title from Assignment in Utopia , Two Plus Two Equals Five . Lyons recalled that it was a common slogan in the Soviet Union during the drive to complete the first Five-Year Plan in just four years . Orwell adapted it as a metaphor for official totalitarian lying . Following his return from the Soviet Union , Lyons very briefly flirted with Trotskyism , and Leon Trotsky initially praised Assignment in Utopia but soon became quite critical of Lyons , who moved to the political right . After two books on his Moscow experience and a biography of Stalin , Lyons set to work on a full-length study of CPUSA influence on American cultural life in the 1930s , The Red Decade . The book was not popular when first published in 1941 , however , as soon after it saw print , the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany and became an American ally in World War II . The books fame came only later , during the era of McCarthyism , when its title became a byword for the popular front alliance between Communists and liberals in the 1930s . In later years , Lyons political views shifted to the right , and for a time , he was editor with Readers Digest , Plain Talk and National Review . He was also involved with Radio Free Europe and was also a member of the American Jewish League Against Communism . In the early 1940s and the Second Red Scare that followed World War II , Lyons was a frequent contributor to the popular press on anticommunist themes and criticized liberals whom he deemed inadequate in their denunciations of the Soviet regime . In The American Mercury , Lyons was critical of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for lending her prestige to a gathering of the American Youth Congress , a front joint organization bringing together Communist and Socialist student groups . In 1947 , Lyons attacked former Vice President Henry A . Wallace as an appeaser of the Soviet dictatorship who refused to face up to the true nature of the regime . Writing for the American Legion in 1950 , Lyons accepted the premise that American government agencies had been infiltrated by Soviet spies . He also lauded the work of the House Committee on Un-American Activities for its work investigating the activities of the CPUSA and exposing Communists in the government employ . Since 1951 Lyons was the chairman of the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia . In addition to his work as a freelance journalist , Lyons wrote biographies . He published a widely-read biography of former President Herbert Hoover in 1964 . In 1966 , he published a biography of his maternal first cousin David Sarnoff , the chairman of RCA and founder of NBC . Lyons returned to the topic of Soviet Communism in his final book , Workers Paradise Lost , published in 1967 . Death and legacy . Lyons died age 86 on January 7 , 1985 , in New York City . His papers are housed at the Hoover Institution , Stanford University , and in the Special Collections department of Knight Library at the University of Oregon in Eugene . In Agnieszka Holland’s biographical thriller Mr . Jones ( 2019 ) , Lyons was portrayed by Edward Wolstenholme . Works . - The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti . New York : International Publishers , 1927 . - Modern Moscow . London : Hurst & Blackett , 1935 . - Moscow Carrousel . New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1935 . - Assignment in Utopia . New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1937 . - Stalin , Czar of all the Russias . Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1940 . - The Red Decade : The Stalinist Penetration of America . Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill , 1941 . - Our Unknown Ex-President : A Portrait of Herbert Hoover . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1948 . - Our Secret Allies : The Peoples of Russia . New York : Duell , Sloan and Pearce , 1953 . - Herbert Hoover : A Biography . Garden City , NY : Doubleday,1964 . - David Sarnoff : A Biography . New York : Harper & Row , 1966 . - Workers’ Paradise Lost : Fifty Years of Soviet Communism : A Balance Sheet . New York : Funk and Wagnalls , 1967 .
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[
"Readers Digest"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Eugene Lyons work for from 1945 to 1946?
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/wiki/Eugene_Lyons#P108#3
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Eugene Lyons Eugene Lyons ( July 1 , 1898 – January 7 , 1985 ) was an American journalist and writer . A fellow traveler of Communism in his younger years , Lyons became highly critical of the Soviet Union after several years there as a correspondent of United Press International . Lyons also wrote a biography of President Herbert Hoover . Background . Eugene Lyons was born July 1 , 1898 , to a Jewish family in the town of Uzlyany , now part of Belarus but then part of the Russian Empire . His parents were Nathan Lyons and Minnie Privin . His parents emigrated to the US , and he grew up among the teeming tenements of the Lower East Side of New York City . I thought myself a socialist almost as soon as I thought at all , Lyons recalled in his memoirs . As a youth he attended a Socialist Sunday School on East Broadway , where he sang socialist hymns such as The Internationale and The Red Flag . He later enrolled as a member of the Young Peoples Socialist League , the youth section of the Socialist Party of America ( SPA ) . In 1916 , Lyons enrolled in the College of the City of New York before he transferred to Columbia University the next year . Career . Early career . During his school years he worked as an assistant to an English teacher in an adult education course . During World War I , Lyons was enlisted in the Students Army Training Corps , an adjunct of the US Army . With the end of the war in November 1918 , Lyons was demobilized and honorably discharged . He later recalled that on the day he removed his uniform , he wrote his very first story , a piece for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and the Workers Defense Union , which she organized on behalf of the Industrial Workers of the World . Lyons worked for the Workers Defense Union for some time and composed news releases for the Socialist daily newspaper New York Call and other left-wing publications . It was a time of raids on radicals , Treat-em-rough ! hooliganism , and mass deportations , Lyons later recalled . Lyons then went to work as a reporter for the Erie , Pennsylvania Dispatch-Herald . He also worked briefly for the New York paper Financial America and at writing copy in the publicity departments of two motion picture companies . In the fall of 1920 , with revolution in the wind in Italy and dreaming of becoming the next John Reed , Lyons made his way to Naples and bore credentials of the Federated Press news service and the monthly magazine The Liberator . En route , he met another aspiring correspondent bearing identical credentials , Norman H . Matson , and the pair decided to spend the next six months sharing expenses in pursuit of their common goal . Versed in the ongoing case against the Italian-American anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti , Lyons made the pilgrimage to Saccos native village of Torremaggiore , where Saccos older brother Sabino was the mayor . Lyonss Italian experiences were later put to use in his first book , The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti , which was published in 1927 by the Communist-affiliated International Publishers in which he argued the case for the pairs innocence . In Italy , Lyons was approached by an official of the Soviet Unions new Italian embassy to become a secret courier . The Soviets thought that as an American , he could cross frontiers safely , but before anything came of that , Lyons was arrested by the Italian police as a radical and expelled into France . Back in America , Lyons spent 1921 and most of 1922 in Boston working for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti . He met the pair frequently in prison . In the fall of 1922 , Lyons became editor of Soviet Russia Pictorial , the monthly magazine of the Friends of Soviet Russia , an organization that was closely connected with the then-underground Communist Party USA ( CPUSA ) . Lyons later recalled that unhesitatingly , I cast my lot with the Communists . I devoted the next five years largely to Soviet activities . After Soviet Russia Pictorial was closed down in 1924 , Lyons became a correspondent for the Soviet news agency TASS . USSR . Lyons work for TASS led to his becoming the United Press ( UP ) correspondent in Moscow ( 1928–1934 ) . Instead of reporting from the United States for the Soviet press , he would now write on Soviet events for an American audience . While Lyons never joined the CPUSA , he had close ties with it and was considered a fellow traveler . The UP thought that Lyons political background and the close contacts it implied would give him and it an edge over its competition in delivering news from the Soviet Union . Lyons remained the UPs man in Moscow from 1928 to 1934 , which gradually transformed him from a friend of the Soviet state and communism to a tireless and fierce critic of both . Lyons was initially supportive of the Soviet regime and found its repressive actions credible . He covered the 1928 Shakhty Trial of mining engineers , which is now regarded by historians as a precursor to the show trials of the late 1930s . Lyons saw that the trial was unfair and that the accused were denied an opportunity to fully defend themselves , but he still believed that they must have been guilty of something . UPs choice of Lyons paid dividends in 1930 . On November 22 , he was summoned to the Kremlin for a surprise interview with Joseph Stalin , a move to eliminate rumors circulating in the West about the Soviet leaders demise . Lyons thus became the first Western journalist to interview Stalin , and his report of the encounter represented a major scoop . Lyons later recounted his meeting with the Soviet leader , a conversation that was conducted in Russian with the occasional help of a translator : ( Charles Malamuth served as assistant to Lyons and accompanied him to the interview with Stalin. ) Lyons interview with Stalin ran two hours in duration , joined midway by Commissar of Defense Kliment Voroshilov . Lyons cable detailing the interview was widely reproduced across America and was hailed by an editorial in the New York Daily News as the most distinguished piece of reporting of this year , if not the last four or five years . On the heels of his journalistic coup , Lyons returned to the United States for a brief visit in March 1931 , making a lecture tour to 20 Northeastern cities organized by UP . Lyons had already begun to harbor doubts about the violence and repression associated with the Soviet regime and was torn between looming doubts and waning loyalties , but Lyons found himself engaged to speak mostly before businessmens luncheon clubs . Looking into their self-satisfied faces , I could forget my doubts , Lyons later recalled . He delivered a blinkered defense of the revolution to his assembled audiences . Had I remained in America permanently I might have evolved a new , if badly scarred and patched , enthusiasm , Lyons wrote in his memoirs . I might have ended by contributing high-minded lies to The New Masses and slept happily ever after . But Lyons did return to the Soviet Union later that year . He found the GPU imposing ever-increasing terror against recalcitrant peasants , anyone suspected of secretly holding gold or foreign currency , and those accused of economic crimes such as sabotage : His doubts gradually overwhelmed his faith in the revolution . Lyons was among the earliest writers to criticize the New York Times Moscow reporter Walter Duranty for journalistic dishonesty . Writing about Duranty in 1941 , Lyons said , Of all his elliptical writing , perhaps his handling of the famine was the most celebrated . It was the logical extreme of his oft-repeated assertion that you cant make an omelet without breaking eggs . Now he made his omelet by referring to the famine as undernourishment . Ironically , Lyons himself had played a role in concealing the 1932–33 terror famine in Ukraine when he denounced British journalist Gareth Jones as a liar . Jones had written initial reports of the famine and published the first significant reports of the massive famine in the Manchester Guardian , only to have the veracity of his reporting denounced by Lyons , Duranty , and others in the Moscow press corps . Lyons later self-critically recalled that throwing down Jones was as unpleasant a chore as fell to any of us in years of juggling facts to please dictatorial regimes — but throw him down we did , unanimously and in almost identical formulas of equivocation . Poor Gareth Jones must have been the most surprised human being alive when the facts he so painstakingly garnered from our mouths were snowed under by our denials . United States . After his return to the United States early in 1934 , Lyons wrote two books about his Moscow years . The first was a rather-subdued work , Moscow Carrousel . Published in 1935 , it was followed by a far more outspoken account of events , Assignment in Utopia , which was published in 1937 . Lyons writing directly influenced George Orwell . In his seminal novel Nineteen Eighty-Four , Orwell borrowed a chapter title from Assignment in Utopia , Two Plus Two Equals Five . Lyons recalled that it was a common slogan in the Soviet Union during the drive to complete the first Five-Year Plan in just four years . Orwell adapted it as a metaphor for official totalitarian lying . Following his return from the Soviet Union , Lyons very briefly flirted with Trotskyism , and Leon Trotsky initially praised Assignment in Utopia but soon became quite critical of Lyons , who moved to the political right . After two books on his Moscow experience and a biography of Stalin , Lyons set to work on a full-length study of CPUSA influence on American cultural life in the 1930s , The Red Decade . The book was not popular when first published in 1941 , however , as soon after it saw print , the Soviet Union was invaded by Nazi Germany and became an American ally in World War II . The books fame came only later , during the era of McCarthyism , when its title became a byword for the popular front alliance between Communists and liberals in the 1930s . In later years , Lyons political views shifted to the right , and for a time , he was editor with Readers Digest , Plain Talk and National Review . He was also involved with Radio Free Europe and was also a member of the American Jewish League Against Communism . In the early 1940s and the Second Red Scare that followed World War II , Lyons was a frequent contributor to the popular press on anticommunist themes and criticized liberals whom he deemed inadequate in their denunciations of the Soviet regime . In The American Mercury , Lyons was critical of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for lending her prestige to a gathering of the American Youth Congress , a front joint organization bringing together Communist and Socialist student groups . In 1947 , Lyons attacked former Vice President Henry A . Wallace as an appeaser of the Soviet dictatorship who refused to face up to the true nature of the regime . Writing for the American Legion in 1950 , Lyons accepted the premise that American government agencies had been infiltrated by Soviet spies . He also lauded the work of the House Committee on Un-American Activities for its work investigating the activities of the CPUSA and exposing Communists in the government employ . Since 1951 Lyons was the chairman of the American Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia . In addition to his work as a freelance journalist , Lyons wrote biographies . He published a widely-read biography of former President Herbert Hoover in 1964 . In 1966 , he published a biography of his maternal first cousin David Sarnoff , the chairman of RCA and founder of NBC . Lyons returned to the topic of Soviet Communism in his final book , Workers Paradise Lost , published in 1967 . Death and legacy . Lyons died age 86 on January 7 , 1985 , in New York City . His papers are housed at the Hoover Institution , Stanford University , and in the Special Collections department of Knight Library at the University of Oregon in Eugene . In Agnieszka Holland’s biographical thriller Mr . Jones ( 2019 ) , Lyons was portrayed by Edward Wolstenholme . Works . - The Life and Death of Sacco and Vanzetti . New York : International Publishers , 1927 . - Modern Moscow . London : Hurst & Blackett , 1935 . - Moscow Carrousel . New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 1935 . - Assignment in Utopia . New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1937 . - Stalin , Czar of all the Russias . Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1940 . - The Red Decade : The Stalinist Penetration of America . Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill , 1941 . - Our Unknown Ex-President : A Portrait of Herbert Hoover . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1948 . - Our Secret Allies : The Peoples of Russia . New York : Duell , Sloan and Pearce , 1953 . - Herbert Hoover : A Biography . Garden City , NY : Doubleday,1964 . - David Sarnoff : A Biography . New York : Harper & Row , 1966 . - Workers’ Paradise Lost : Fifty Years of Soviet Communism : A Balance Sheet . New York : Funk and Wagnalls , 1967 .
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[
"Walter Köbel"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Rüsselsheim am Main from 1954 to 1965?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#0
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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[
"Karl-Heinz Storsberg"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Rüsselsheim am Main from 1966 to 1981?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#1
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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[
"Norbert Winterstein"
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Who was in charge of Rüsselsheim am Main from 1981 to 1994?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#2
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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"Ottilia Geschka , CDU"
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Who was the head of Rüsselsheim am Main from 1994 to 1999?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#3
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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"Stefan Gieltowski"
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Who was the chair of Rüsselsheim am Main from 2000 to 2011?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#4
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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[
"Patrick Burghardt"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Rüsselsheim am Main from 2012 to 2017?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#5
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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[
"Udo Bausch,"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Rüsselsheim am Main from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Rüsselsheim_am_Main#P6#6
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Rüsselsheim am Main Rüsselsheim am Main is the largest city in the Groß-Gerau district in the Rhein-Main region of Germany . It is one of seven special status cities ( implementing several functions that counties normally provide ) in Hesse and is located on the Main , between Frankfurt and Mainz , only a few kilometres from its mouth in Mainz . The suburbs of Bauschheim and Königstädten are included in Rüsselsheim . Rüsselsheim has attained international recognition through the presence of the German car company Opel . History . Rüsselsheims foundation goes back to a Frankish colony in the first half of the 5th century . The first written mention of Rucilesheim , or the house of Rucile , is in an inventory of royal hunting rights around the year 840 . Rüsselsheim emerged from a settlement of the Count of Katzenelnbogen . Over time , the name of the city evolved from Rucilesheim to the current Rüsselsheim : - 764/5 Rucile ( n ) sheim - before 1130 Ruozcelenesheim - 1336 Ruzelnsheim - 1275 Ruozelsheim - 1640 Ruselsem - 1840 Rüsselsheim In the year 1435 the high noble Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen was the first to cultivate Riesling in Rüsselsheim . Annual reports record that his administrator bought new vines for 22 Schilling . In the following years riesling grapes were planted down the river Rhine and up the river Mosel . In the 18th and 19th centuries , Rüsselsheim made a new contribution to the history of wine when famous wine-growing estates in the Rheingau recultivated their vineyards with vines from the Rüsselsheim and Flörsheim Area ( Allendorf , Rheingauer Weinbauverband EV 1980 ) . After the First World War viticulture disappeared in Rüsselsheim . In 1980 the mayor of Rüsselsheim Dr . Karl-Heinz Storsberg set up a museum-vineyard near the castle which celebrates 550 Years of Riesling . The towns population reached 1,422 by 1829 , then doubled between 1875 and 1914 from 3,500 to 8,000 . At the beginning of the Second World War , 16,000 people lived in Rüsselsheim ; only 9,500 remained at the conflicts end . The population reached a new record of 63,000 inhabitants in 1978 , with rapid post-war reconstruction fed first by refugees from the former German territories in Eastern Europe ( Heimatvertriebene ) , then by immigrants attracted by the Opel factories . The proportion of people born overseas was 23% on 31 June 2014 . Politics . Coat of arms . The citys coat of arms features a silver Doppelhaken ( double hook ) and two silver stars on a blue background . The Doppelhaken is also called a Wolfsangel ( wolf hook ) , once possibly used to kill wolves , or as a grappling hook . It is now forbidden in Germany to use this symbol on the grounds that it has been used in the past as a symbol of some right-wing extremist groups , now banned . Civic coats of arms which traditionally used the Wolfsangel are exempt from the ban . The two stars indicate that Rüsselsheim used to belong to Katzenelnbogen County , which also bore these stars on its coat of arms . World War II . During World War II , Rüsselsheim was bombed several times by the British RAF . The RAF followed a policy of area bombing of cities . The day after one such bombing , August 26 , 1944 , an American B-24 Liberator was shot down after bombing Hanover ( American policy did not allow for area bombing as did the British ; the American crew had been bombing an airport ) . The nine member American crew was captured and under guard was placed on a train to a POW camp routed thorough Rüsselsheim . Due to damage done to the railyards , the captured crew and their guards were forced to alight and walk to another location to catch another train . During this walk , residents of Rüsselsheim saw the crew and vented their anger on the crew , shouting insults and spitting . Assuming the crew were Canadians and that they had taken part in the bombing of their city the night before , this group grew larger . One woman shouted out There are the terror flyers . Tear them to pieces ! Beat them to death ! They have destroyed our houses ! She threw a brick at the crew and that precipitated a riot during which the residents attacked the crew with rocks , hammers , lumber and shovels . Six of the crew were killed . A local Nazi official administered a final shot to four of the men . The bodies of the dead crew were hidden at the rear of the city cemetery . After the War ( 1946 ) when Rüsselsheim was under occupation by the American Army , the killings came to light and the bodies located . In the first war trials of Germans prior to the Nuremberg trials , five of the residents were tried as war criminals , found guilty and hanged . Three others received sentences to hard labour and were released in the 1950s . A later trial was held for two more citizens , one of whom was hanged . In all , eleven citizens were tried for war crimes and murder stemming from this incident , six of whom were executed . Lord mayors . - 1954–1965 Dr Walter Köbel , SPD - 1966–1981 Karl-Heinz Storsberg , SPD - 1981–1994 Norbert Winterstein , SPD - 1994–1999 Ottilia Geschka , CDU - 1999–2011 Stefan Gieltowski , SPD - 2011–2016 Patrick Burghardt , CDU - 2016–present Udo Bausch, ( independent politician ) Economy . The car manufacturer Opel and the ideal transportation location with many motorway connections and direct train connections from Rüsselsheim station to Mainz , Frankfurt am Main , Wiesbaden and Darmstadt have resulted in the establishment of many businesses and the attraction of many commuters in Rüsselsheim . Local companies . - Opel : Above all , Rüsselsheim is known for its car manufacturer Opel . The founder , Adam Opel , began as a trainee mechanic and founded a sewing machine factory . The first cars were built in 1899 , after Opels death , when the company was owned and operated by Opels widow and their five sons . - Hyundai ( and Hyundai-Kia European Technical Center ) : The European Centre of the Korean car manufacturer Hyundai was inaugurated in 2003 . - Electronic Data Systems : The German centre of the outsourcing division of Hewlett-Packard ( formerly EDS ) was located to Rüsselsheim . - Velodyne Lidar : San Jose , CA , USA-based lidar technology company Velodyne Lidar has its European office in Russelsheim . Public institutions . Culture . The Rüsselsheim Theatre provides 865 seats in stalls and tiers . The theatres programming consists of plays , concerts , operas , operettas , musicals , ballet , and dancing . The Rüsselsheim Museum , which was designated in 1980 with the Council of Europes museum award as a Model Museum , focuses in particular on the development of labor procedures and labor conditions from prehistory to the present . Educational institutions . Hochschule RheinMain ( RheinMain University of Applied Sciences ) . The Hochschule RheinMain is an advanced technical college which has a branch in the city of Rüsselsheim . The technical departments of the Fachhochschule Wiesbaden are primarily located here . Courses of study : - Electrical engineering : information technology and television engineering - Automotive , industrial , energy , and design engineering - Environmental technology - Physical technology , nanotechnology , computational engineering and medical technology - Air traffic systems , marketing , and control - Media technology , information technology , and electrical engineering Recreational and sports facilities . Event spaces : Großsporthalle ( formerly known as Walter-Köbel-Halle ) ( 2,500 spectators ) Swimming pools : Freizeitbad an der Lache , Waldschwimmbad , Opelbad ( no longer in use ) Stadiums : Stadion am Sommerdamm , with a field including bleachers and an artificial field for hockey Boathouses : Bootshaus des Rudervereins Rüsselsheim am Main Clubs . Rüsselsheim features a large number of clubs . Some of them are members of national and international leagues . - tg 1862 Rüsselsheim is the biggest of Rüsselsheims clubs with approx . 4,000 members . 30 sports are offered in 12 divisions . The volleyball and dancing teams are members of their respective national leagues . - JC Rüsselsheim offeres judo and other martial arts . A few German champions , as well as world champions , originate from this club . - Rüsselsheimer Ruderklub is best known for hockey . The womens and mens teams have won German championships and were the winners of the European Cup . - Flug-Sport-Club Rüsselsheim flies from its airfield on the Hoherodskopf . - DPSG Stamm Partner Erde is the Scout Group in Rüsselsheim . It is a member of the Deutsche Pfadfinderschaft Sankt Georg , the German Catholic Scout Association and as such a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement . It has around 80 members and its headquarters at Georg-Jung-Str . 64 . In 2004 , the Volunteer Fire Brigade of the city of Rüsselsheim was 125 years old . Development of the city . Additions . - 1951 Haßloch - 1956 Königstädten - 1970 Bauschheim Twin towns – sister cities . Rüsselsheim am Main is twinned with : - Évreux , France ( 1961 ) - Rugby , England , United Kingdom ( 1977 ) - Varkaus , Finland ( 1979 ) - Kecskemét , Hungary ( 1991 ) Notable people . - Adam Opel ( 1837–1895 ) , founder of Opel Automobile GmbH - Carl von Opel ( 1869–1927 ) , bank specialist and industrialist - Fritz von Opel ( 1899–1971 ) , physicist - Wilhelm Hammann ( 1897–1955 ) , educator and communist politician , lived and died here - Max Tschornicki ( 1903–1945 ) , Nazi resistance fighter - Norbert Blüm ( 1935–2020 ) , politician ( CDU ) and retired Federal Minister - Klaus Fuchs ( 1911–1988 ) , physicist , convicted of espionage - Andrea Ypsilanti ( born 1957 ) , politician ( SPD ) - Oliver Hartmann ( born 1970 ) , musician - Britta Becker ( born 1973 ) , field hockey player Honorary citizens . - Ludwig Dörfler , former mayor of Rüsselsheim - Roland Plaisance , former mayor of Rüsselsheims twin town Evreux References . - This article is based on a translation of the retrieved on May 10 , 2005 and the retrieved 28 April 2018 . External links . - of the city of Rüsselsheim
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[
"DePauw University"
] |
easy
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Which school did Frank B. Wynn go to from 1879 to 1883?
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/wiki/Frank_B._Wynn#P69#0
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Frank B . Wynn Frank Barbour Wynn ( May 28 , 1859 – July 27 , 1922 ) was an American psychiatrist and early environmental conservationist . His father , James M . Wynn was born in 1832 and his mother , Margaret , was born in 1835 . This family was listed in the 1860 US census as the most prosperous farmers on the page . His mother , Margaret , was the youngest of the five brothers and five sisters in her family . His grandparents were John and Rachel Wynn , both born in 1789 . Education . Wynn graduated from DePauw University in 1883 . Two years later he graduated in medicine from the Miami Medical College of Ohio , following which he served one year as intern in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati , a position he obtained after a competitive examination . In 1886 , he was granted the degree of Master of Arts , also from DePauw University . Professional life . After spending a few years studying and mountain climbing in Europe , Wynn returned to Indianapolis to set up his professional practice , giving emphasis to internal medicine , diagnosis , and pathology . Dr . David Walters further stated that , Since that time his activities were so varied and of such value that no history of Indiana , covering the period from 1900 to the date of his death , can be fully and truthfully written without frequent mention of them . Wynn was selected as the first city sanitarian of Indianapolis and became identified with the Department of Pathology of the Medical College of Indiana . From 1895 until his death , for 27 years , he held the Chair of Medical Diagnosis in the Indiana School of Medicine . Wynn served as assistant physician in the Ohio Asylum for the Insane , at Dayton , Ohio from 1886 to 1888 . At the Ohio Asylum , Wynn came under the tutelage of Dr . Josiah Rogers and Dr . Sam Smith , distinguished neuropsychiatrists who would later head the American Psychiatric Association . Smith also later became the first chancellor of the Indiana University School of Medicine . Wynn began his association with Dr . Henry H . Goddard while at the Ohio Asylum . Goddard was a specialist in mental conditions and is credited with coining the term moron to describe a level of feeble-mindedness , or an IQ score between 50 and 69 . Dr . Goddard became world-famous for his introduction of IQ testing in America , and he had correspondence with Dr . Albert Einstein . A copy of one of the Einstein letters to Goddard is in the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron , Ohio . Conservationist . Wynn was a lover of nature , a member of the Indiana Audubon Society , and president of the Indiana Nature Study Club . He was also a member of the Committee to Collect Data on the Archeology of Indiana . Wynn fought for the environmental conservation long before it was a popular notion . He spent many of his summers hiking and climbing . He led parties on many of the first ascents of several major peaks in Glacier National Park . In 1920 he was the first to climb Mount Cleveland , the highest peak in the park . President Woodrow Wilson ordered that Point Mountain be renamed Mount Wynn in recognition of Wynns contribution to the state park system in the United States . Wynn conceived and proposed the idea of creating a state park in Indiana on site of the log cabin farm where Abraham Lincoln spent most of his boyhood years . The state park was made a national park by President John F . Kennedy in 1962 . Mountain climbing history . In his Climbers Guide to Glacier National Park , J . Gordon Edwards ( 1995 ) records that Wynn led parties from the Nature Study Club of Indiana on ascents of several of the major peaks in the Park , such as Mt . Edward , Going-to-the-Sun Mountain , Mt . Gould , Chief Mountain , and Mt . Reynolds leaving thin metal boxes containing registers . Dr . David Walters ( 2009 ) found one of these boxes several hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cleveland , indicating the Wynn and his party made the first recorded summit of the highest mountain in Glacier National Park on August 12 , 1920 . Some time after Wynns death on Mount Siyeh , Point Mountain was renamed Mount Wynn in his honor . Death . Wynn died while climbing Mount Siyeh in Glacier Park on July 27 , 1922 .
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[
"Miami Medical College of Ohio"
] |
easy
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Which school did Frank B. Wynn go to from 1883 to 1885?
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/wiki/Frank_B._Wynn#P69#1
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Frank B . Wynn Frank Barbour Wynn ( May 28 , 1859 – July 27 , 1922 ) was an American psychiatrist and early environmental conservationist . His father , James M . Wynn was born in 1832 and his mother , Margaret , was born in 1835 . This family was listed in the 1860 US census as the most prosperous farmers on the page . His mother , Margaret , was the youngest of the five brothers and five sisters in her family . His grandparents were John and Rachel Wynn , both born in 1789 . Education . Wynn graduated from DePauw University in 1883 . Two years later he graduated in medicine from the Miami Medical College of Ohio , following which he served one year as intern in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati , a position he obtained after a competitive examination . In 1886 , he was granted the degree of Master of Arts , also from DePauw University . Professional life . After spending a few years studying and mountain climbing in Europe , Wynn returned to Indianapolis to set up his professional practice , giving emphasis to internal medicine , diagnosis , and pathology . Dr . David Walters further stated that , Since that time his activities were so varied and of such value that no history of Indiana , covering the period from 1900 to the date of his death , can be fully and truthfully written without frequent mention of them . Wynn was selected as the first city sanitarian of Indianapolis and became identified with the Department of Pathology of the Medical College of Indiana . From 1895 until his death , for 27 years , he held the Chair of Medical Diagnosis in the Indiana School of Medicine . Wynn served as assistant physician in the Ohio Asylum for the Insane , at Dayton , Ohio from 1886 to 1888 . At the Ohio Asylum , Wynn came under the tutelage of Dr . Josiah Rogers and Dr . Sam Smith , distinguished neuropsychiatrists who would later head the American Psychiatric Association . Smith also later became the first chancellor of the Indiana University School of Medicine . Wynn began his association with Dr . Henry H . Goddard while at the Ohio Asylum . Goddard was a specialist in mental conditions and is credited with coining the term moron to describe a level of feeble-mindedness , or an IQ score between 50 and 69 . Dr . Goddard became world-famous for his introduction of IQ testing in America , and he had correspondence with Dr . Albert Einstein . A copy of one of the Einstein letters to Goddard is in the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron , Ohio . Conservationist . Wynn was a lover of nature , a member of the Indiana Audubon Society , and president of the Indiana Nature Study Club . He was also a member of the Committee to Collect Data on the Archeology of Indiana . Wynn fought for the environmental conservation long before it was a popular notion . He spent many of his summers hiking and climbing . He led parties on many of the first ascents of several major peaks in Glacier National Park . In 1920 he was the first to climb Mount Cleveland , the highest peak in the park . President Woodrow Wilson ordered that Point Mountain be renamed Mount Wynn in recognition of Wynns contribution to the state park system in the United States . Wynn conceived and proposed the idea of creating a state park in Indiana on site of the log cabin farm where Abraham Lincoln spent most of his boyhood years . The state park was made a national park by President John F . Kennedy in 1962 . Mountain climbing history . In his Climbers Guide to Glacier National Park , J . Gordon Edwards ( 1995 ) records that Wynn led parties from the Nature Study Club of Indiana on ascents of several of the major peaks in the Park , such as Mt . Edward , Going-to-the-Sun Mountain , Mt . Gould , Chief Mountain , and Mt . Reynolds leaving thin metal boxes containing registers . Dr . David Walters ( 2009 ) found one of these boxes several hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cleveland , indicating the Wynn and his party made the first recorded summit of the highest mountain in Glacier National Park on August 12 , 1920 . Some time after Wynns death on Mount Siyeh , Point Mountain was renamed Mount Wynn in his honor . Death . Wynn died while climbing Mount Siyeh in Glacier Park on July 27 , 1922 .
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[
"DePauw University"
] |
easy
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Which school did Frank B. Wynn go to in 1885?
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/wiki/Frank_B._Wynn#P69#2
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Frank B . Wynn Frank Barbour Wynn ( May 28 , 1859 – July 27 , 1922 ) was an American psychiatrist and early environmental conservationist . His father , James M . Wynn was born in 1832 and his mother , Margaret , was born in 1835 . This family was listed in the 1860 US census as the most prosperous farmers on the page . His mother , Margaret , was the youngest of the five brothers and five sisters in her family . His grandparents were John and Rachel Wynn , both born in 1789 . Education . Wynn graduated from DePauw University in 1883 . Two years later he graduated in medicine from the Miami Medical College of Ohio , following which he served one year as intern in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati , a position he obtained after a competitive examination . In 1886 , he was granted the degree of Master of Arts , also from DePauw University . Professional life . After spending a few years studying and mountain climbing in Europe , Wynn returned to Indianapolis to set up his professional practice , giving emphasis to internal medicine , diagnosis , and pathology . Dr . David Walters further stated that , Since that time his activities were so varied and of such value that no history of Indiana , covering the period from 1900 to the date of his death , can be fully and truthfully written without frequent mention of them . Wynn was selected as the first city sanitarian of Indianapolis and became identified with the Department of Pathology of the Medical College of Indiana . From 1895 until his death , for 27 years , he held the Chair of Medical Diagnosis in the Indiana School of Medicine . Wynn served as assistant physician in the Ohio Asylum for the Insane , at Dayton , Ohio from 1886 to 1888 . At the Ohio Asylum , Wynn came under the tutelage of Dr . Josiah Rogers and Dr . Sam Smith , distinguished neuropsychiatrists who would later head the American Psychiatric Association . Smith also later became the first chancellor of the Indiana University School of Medicine . Wynn began his association with Dr . Henry H . Goddard while at the Ohio Asylum . Goddard was a specialist in mental conditions and is credited with coining the term moron to describe a level of feeble-mindedness , or an IQ score between 50 and 69 . Dr . Goddard became world-famous for his introduction of IQ testing in America , and he had correspondence with Dr . Albert Einstein . A copy of one of the Einstein letters to Goddard is in the Archives of the History of American Psychology at the University of Akron , Ohio . Conservationist . Wynn was a lover of nature , a member of the Indiana Audubon Society , and president of the Indiana Nature Study Club . He was also a member of the Committee to Collect Data on the Archeology of Indiana . Wynn fought for the environmental conservation long before it was a popular notion . He spent many of his summers hiking and climbing . He led parties on many of the first ascents of several major peaks in Glacier National Park . In 1920 he was the first to climb Mount Cleveland , the highest peak in the park . President Woodrow Wilson ordered that Point Mountain be renamed Mount Wynn in recognition of Wynns contribution to the state park system in the United States . Wynn conceived and proposed the idea of creating a state park in Indiana on site of the log cabin farm where Abraham Lincoln spent most of his boyhood years . The state park was made a national park by President John F . Kennedy in 1962 . Mountain climbing history . In his Climbers Guide to Glacier National Park , J . Gordon Edwards ( 1995 ) records that Wynn led parties from the Nature Study Club of Indiana on ascents of several of the major peaks in the Park , such as Mt . Edward , Going-to-the-Sun Mountain , Mt . Gould , Chief Mountain , and Mt . Reynolds leaving thin metal boxes containing registers . Dr . David Walters ( 2009 ) found one of these boxes several hundred feet below the summit of Mount Cleveland , indicating the Wynn and his party made the first recorded summit of the highest mountain in Glacier National Park on August 12 , 1920 . Some time after Wynns death on Mount Siyeh , Point Mountain was renamed Mount Wynn in his honor . Death . Wynn died while climbing Mount Siyeh in Glacier Park on July 27 , 1922 .
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[
"member of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe",
"Parliament"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Eerik-Niiles Kross from Mar 2015 to Jun 2015?
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/wiki/Eerik-Niiles_Kross#P39#0
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Eerik-Niiles Kross Eerik-Niiles Kross ( born 8 September 1967 ) is an Estonian politician , diplomat , former chief of intelligence and entrepreneur . He is a member of parliament ( Riigikogu ) . During the 1980s , Kross was a prominent figure in the anti-Soviet non-violent resistance movement in Soviet-occupied Estonia . After re-independence , in 1991 , he joined Estonias Foreign Ministry . He served as the head of intelligence from 1995 to 2000 ; and as national security advisor to former President Lennart Meri in 2000 and 2001 . Kross represented Estonia as a diplomat in the UK , from 1990 to 1992 ; then in the US from 1992 to 1995 . Internationally , Kross is best known as a security expert , having worked in Iraq as a Senior Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority being responsible for creating the new Iraqi Ministry of Defense and Military Intelligence . He was an advisor to the Government of Georgia during and after its war with Russia in 2008 . He coordinated the Georgian information campaign . As an observer of foreign affairs , Kross has published more than a 100 articles on Russian foreign policy , NATO and Estonian-Russian relations . Kross is a well known critic of the Russian foreign policy and the Russian head of state , Vladimir Putin . In 2011 , Russian authorities accused him of masterminding the 2009 hijacking of the MV Arctic Sea off the coast of Sweden . The Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Estonia , rejected this accusation as a fabrication by Russias FSB . Kross joined the moderate-conservative IRL in November 2011 , and was elected to the Party Executive . He served on the Advisory Board to the Ministry of Defense . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate. [ 26 ] Kross has published several books and written scripts for documentary films . He wrote the script for the 2006 documentary , The Blue Hills ( Sinimäed ) , which received the Estonian Cultural Foundations Film of the Year Award ; also , special mention at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival . Education . Kross graduated Tartu University in 1991 majoring in history . He also studied at the University of Hamburg , Germany . In 1993 , Kross received an MA in History ( Political and Social Change in Europe ) at the University of London , United Kingdom ( School of Slavonic and East European Studies ) . In 2000-2003 Kross studied at the Institute of Law of the Tartu University . Activities in independence movement of Estonia . In Soviet occupied Estonia Kross was actively involved in the independence movement . In April 1988 , he was one of three-member group ( along with Margus Kasterpalu and Tiit Pruuli ) that brought out the banned national flag ( blue-black-white ) . In June 1988 , Kross was one of organizers of the First Youth Forum gathering all pro-independence youth organizations of the country . Kross was also one of ideologues of re-establishing of Soviet-banned Estonian academic student organizations . On 1 December 1988 the Estonian Students Society ( EÜS ) was reestablished under his leadership . Kross was the first post-war chairman of Estonian Students Society . In 1990-91 Kross represented the Estonian independence movement in the United Kingdom running the so-called Estonian Information Bureau in London . Activities in foreign representations of Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross re-established the Estonian Embassy in the UK . He was the first representative ( chargé daffaires ) of the restored Republic of Estonia in London becoming the youngest representative of a foreign government in the history of the London Diplomatic Corps . In 1992 Kross worked as a minister-counselor at Estonian Mission to the UN in New York . In November 1992 , Kross took over the representation of Republic of Estonia in United States of America from Ambassador Ernst Jaakson , and was chargé daffaires of Estonian Republic until arrival of Ambassador Toomas Hendrik Ilves in summer of 1993 . During 1993–1995 , Kross worked at Estonian Embassy in Washington , DC as the Deputy Chief of Mission . Activities as Director of Security Coordination of Estonia . During 1995–2000 , Eerik-Niiles Kross was the Intelligence Coordinator of Government of Estonia . In 2000-2001 he was the National Security Adviser to the Estonian president Lennart Meri . Kross was responsible for the security parts of Estonias Membership Action Plan for Estonia to join NATO . In 2008 the President of Estonia awarded him the Order of the White Star III class for his contribution to joining NATO . Activities in foreign missions in Iraq and Georgia . In 2003-2004 Kross worked as Senior Director for Intelligence Institutions Development in the team of Paul Bremer , the Head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq . He was responsible for the establishment of the new Defense Ministry of Iraq and the military intelligence among other duties . Later Kross worked at the Defense Ministry of Iraq as a senior advisor . Since 2007 Kross has advised the Government of Georgia and President Mikheil Saakashvili in the field of foreign and media relations as well as security related issues . During the Russian-Georgian War in 2008 , Kross led the team of foreign advisors of Georgian government in the field of media and information operations . Bronze Soldier . In 2007 , during the Bronze Soldier controversy Kross was a member of the Estonian Governments War Graves Commission . He was appointed by the Defense Minister Jürgen Ligi . The commission had 6 members , each of the members had been appointed by a Government minister . The commission gave the recommendation to the Government to remove a Soviet War Monument ( Bronze Soldier ) from central Tallinn to a military cemetery . The monument was removed in late April . The so-called Bronze Night riots of the Russian-speaking youth occurred as a reaction . INTERPOL red notice . On 18 October 2013 , on request by the Russian Federation , The International Criminal Police Organization or INTERPOL published on its website a wanted request for Kross on charges of organizing piracy , related to the hijacking of the Finnish-owned MV Arctic Sea in the Baltic in 2009 . This happened two days before the Estonian local elections finale on 20 October 2013 . Kross ran as a candidate for mayor for the capital city Tallinn . The closeness of the events led to claims by Estonian officials of a Russian effort to sabotage the elections . On 22 October the Minister of Interior of Estonia Ken-Marti Vaher said that Estonia will protest the Russian request and will point out to Interpol that it is in violation of Interpol Constitution to mediate politically motivated cases . James Kirchik , a Washington-based analyst commented on the incident in EU Observer : Such low tactics are characteristic of Russian interference in its sphere of privileged interests , that is , the independent countries of the former Soviet space which the Kremlin considers to be its imperial playground . Political activity . During the Parliamentary elections of 2011 , Kross ran for the seat in Parliament in the list of Estonian Greens candidates as number one in Pärnumaa , and number two in all-state list of the party . He received 3579 votes – the biggest number of votes in the entire list of Estonian Greens candidates - 8,8% of all votes in his electoral district , but did not make it to the Parliament . On 5 December 2011 Kross joined the liberal conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union ( IRL ) . In January 2012 the IRL Congress elected Kross to the Executive Board of the party . He is also a member of the IRL Tallinn region board and IRL Assembly . At the local elections of 2013 Kross was the mayors candidate for the capital Tallinn for IRL . He ran an aggressive campaign and raised the popularity of IRL in the capital from 5% in May to 20% in October . Kross received 6897 votes - the biggest number of votes for a newcomer at local elections in Estonian history - 26.4% of all votes in his electoral district . Edgar Savisaars Center Party won the elections , Kross became a member of the City Council and the leader of the opposition in Tallinn . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate . In addition to his role in parliament , Kross has been serving as member of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2015 . As member of the Estonian Reform Party , he is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Committee on Migration , Refugees and Displaced Persons . He was also a member of a cross-party delegation to observe the 2017 presidential elections in Serbia . Other activities . In 2007 it was reported that Kross and his business partner Heiti Hääl had purchased the remains of the Baltic Exchange building from the UK and wished to re-erect the historical building in Tallinn , Estonia . They planned to deliver the building from London in parts . It was later reported the National Heritage Board of Estonia did not approve the planned location near Tallinn Old Town . Kross is one of the founders of the Estonian Reserve Officers association and currently a member of the Court of Honor of the Estonian Reserve Officers Association . In 2011 the Estonian media reported that Kross is reconstructing Kõue Manor , a national heritage site near Tallinn . The manor was first mentioned in 1379 and was once owned by the world-famous explorer Otto von Kotzebue . Kross is planning to open an Arts Center in the manor . The Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry awarded Kross consultancy company Trustcorp The Most Competitive Service Enterprise 2012 award in October 2012 . On 11 November 2012 Kross was elected the President of the Estonian Judo Association . Personal facts . Eerik-Niiles Kross is a son of Estonian writers Jaan Kross and Ellen Niit . Maarja Undusk , a sister of Eerik–Niiles Kross is an artist , and brother Märten Kross is a real estate developer , film producer and photographer . His half-sister Kristiina Ross is a linguist and translator , and half-brother Toomas Niit is a psychologist . Kross is married to the American film-maker and environmentalist Mary Jordan . Bibliography . - Estonians ! / Photography : Jüri Soomägi ; Text Eerik-Niiles Kross . Göteborg : Ekstrand & Blennow AB , 1989 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Pro Patria . II . Auraamat langenud ja hukkunud metsavendadele 1944-1978 Okupatsioonide Repressiivpoliitika Uurimise Riiklik Komisjon . Tartu 1998 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Vabaduse väravad : valik tekste 1988–2006 . ( Selected essays ) Tartu : Ilmamaa , 2007 . 422 pages . - Nation building and the idea of Iraq , Diplomaatia , March/April 2005 . - Lisbon NATO Summit and Russia : Crown Jewels for Chicken Feed ? Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume : 7 Issue : 211 , 19 November 2010 - Kross . Üksikud head mehed . Kaur Kender , Jaan Kross , Eerik-Niiles Kross . Tallinn 2011 . - Putin’s war of smoke and mirrors Politico , 4 September 2016 External links . - Alternative Institutional Models for Crisis Management and Civil-Military Cooperation : Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross , National Security Coordinator . In : International Conference on National Crisis Management in an International Perspective , Stockholm 1998 - Former Estonian head of secret service : Cold War goes on . Euronews Interview . 7 November 2014 - Kross : Estonia is not threatened by masses of islamists , but by total provincialization . Up-North Magazine . 11 June 2015 - Kau Mano
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[
"Parliament",
"member of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Eerik-Niiles Kross from Jun 2015 to Aug 2018?
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/wiki/Eerik-Niiles_Kross#P39#1
|
Eerik-Niiles Kross Eerik-Niiles Kross ( born 8 September 1967 ) is an Estonian politician , diplomat , former chief of intelligence and entrepreneur . He is a member of parliament ( Riigikogu ) . During the 1980s , Kross was a prominent figure in the anti-Soviet non-violent resistance movement in Soviet-occupied Estonia . After re-independence , in 1991 , he joined Estonias Foreign Ministry . He served as the head of intelligence from 1995 to 2000 ; and as national security advisor to former President Lennart Meri in 2000 and 2001 . Kross represented Estonia as a diplomat in the UK , from 1990 to 1992 ; then in the US from 1992 to 1995 . Internationally , Kross is best known as a security expert , having worked in Iraq as a Senior Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority being responsible for creating the new Iraqi Ministry of Defense and Military Intelligence . He was an advisor to the Government of Georgia during and after its war with Russia in 2008 . He coordinated the Georgian information campaign . As an observer of foreign affairs , Kross has published more than a 100 articles on Russian foreign policy , NATO and Estonian-Russian relations . Kross is a well known critic of the Russian foreign policy and the Russian head of state , Vladimir Putin . In 2011 , Russian authorities accused him of masterminding the 2009 hijacking of the MV Arctic Sea off the coast of Sweden . The Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Estonia , rejected this accusation as a fabrication by Russias FSB . Kross joined the moderate-conservative IRL in November 2011 , and was elected to the Party Executive . He served on the Advisory Board to the Ministry of Defense . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate. [ 26 ] Kross has published several books and written scripts for documentary films . He wrote the script for the 2006 documentary , The Blue Hills ( Sinimäed ) , which received the Estonian Cultural Foundations Film of the Year Award ; also , special mention at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival . Education . Kross graduated Tartu University in 1991 majoring in history . He also studied at the University of Hamburg , Germany . In 1993 , Kross received an MA in History ( Political and Social Change in Europe ) at the University of London , United Kingdom ( School of Slavonic and East European Studies ) . In 2000-2003 Kross studied at the Institute of Law of the Tartu University . Activities in independence movement of Estonia . In Soviet occupied Estonia Kross was actively involved in the independence movement . In April 1988 , he was one of three-member group ( along with Margus Kasterpalu and Tiit Pruuli ) that brought out the banned national flag ( blue-black-white ) . In June 1988 , Kross was one of organizers of the First Youth Forum gathering all pro-independence youth organizations of the country . Kross was also one of ideologues of re-establishing of Soviet-banned Estonian academic student organizations . On 1 December 1988 the Estonian Students Society ( EÜS ) was reestablished under his leadership . Kross was the first post-war chairman of Estonian Students Society . In 1990-91 Kross represented the Estonian independence movement in the United Kingdom running the so-called Estonian Information Bureau in London . Activities in foreign representations of Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross re-established the Estonian Embassy in the UK . He was the first representative ( chargé daffaires ) of the restored Republic of Estonia in London becoming the youngest representative of a foreign government in the history of the London Diplomatic Corps . In 1992 Kross worked as a minister-counselor at Estonian Mission to the UN in New York . In November 1992 , Kross took over the representation of Republic of Estonia in United States of America from Ambassador Ernst Jaakson , and was chargé daffaires of Estonian Republic until arrival of Ambassador Toomas Hendrik Ilves in summer of 1993 . During 1993–1995 , Kross worked at Estonian Embassy in Washington , DC as the Deputy Chief of Mission . Activities as Director of Security Coordination of Estonia . During 1995–2000 , Eerik-Niiles Kross was the Intelligence Coordinator of Government of Estonia . In 2000-2001 he was the National Security Adviser to the Estonian president Lennart Meri . Kross was responsible for the security parts of Estonias Membership Action Plan for Estonia to join NATO . In 2008 the President of Estonia awarded him the Order of the White Star III class for his contribution to joining NATO . Activities in foreign missions in Iraq and Georgia . In 2003-2004 Kross worked as Senior Director for Intelligence Institutions Development in the team of Paul Bremer , the Head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq . He was responsible for the establishment of the new Defense Ministry of Iraq and the military intelligence among other duties . Later Kross worked at the Defense Ministry of Iraq as a senior advisor . Since 2007 Kross has advised the Government of Georgia and President Mikheil Saakashvili in the field of foreign and media relations as well as security related issues . During the Russian-Georgian War in 2008 , Kross led the team of foreign advisors of Georgian government in the field of media and information operations . Bronze Soldier . In 2007 , during the Bronze Soldier controversy Kross was a member of the Estonian Governments War Graves Commission . He was appointed by the Defense Minister Jürgen Ligi . The commission had 6 members , each of the members had been appointed by a Government minister . The commission gave the recommendation to the Government to remove a Soviet War Monument ( Bronze Soldier ) from central Tallinn to a military cemetery . The monument was removed in late April . The so-called Bronze Night riots of the Russian-speaking youth occurred as a reaction . INTERPOL red notice . On 18 October 2013 , on request by the Russian Federation , The International Criminal Police Organization or INTERPOL published on its website a wanted request for Kross on charges of organizing piracy , related to the hijacking of the Finnish-owned MV Arctic Sea in the Baltic in 2009 . This happened two days before the Estonian local elections finale on 20 October 2013 . Kross ran as a candidate for mayor for the capital city Tallinn . The closeness of the events led to claims by Estonian officials of a Russian effort to sabotage the elections . On 22 October the Minister of Interior of Estonia Ken-Marti Vaher said that Estonia will protest the Russian request and will point out to Interpol that it is in violation of Interpol Constitution to mediate politically motivated cases . James Kirchik , a Washington-based analyst commented on the incident in EU Observer : Such low tactics are characteristic of Russian interference in its sphere of privileged interests , that is , the independent countries of the former Soviet space which the Kremlin considers to be its imperial playground . Political activity . During the Parliamentary elections of 2011 , Kross ran for the seat in Parliament in the list of Estonian Greens candidates as number one in Pärnumaa , and number two in all-state list of the party . He received 3579 votes – the biggest number of votes in the entire list of Estonian Greens candidates - 8,8% of all votes in his electoral district , but did not make it to the Parliament . On 5 December 2011 Kross joined the liberal conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union ( IRL ) . In January 2012 the IRL Congress elected Kross to the Executive Board of the party . He is also a member of the IRL Tallinn region board and IRL Assembly . At the local elections of 2013 Kross was the mayors candidate for the capital Tallinn for IRL . He ran an aggressive campaign and raised the popularity of IRL in the capital from 5% in May to 20% in October . Kross received 6897 votes - the biggest number of votes for a newcomer at local elections in Estonian history - 26.4% of all votes in his electoral district . Edgar Savisaars Center Party won the elections , Kross became a member of the City Council and the leader of the opposition in Tallinn . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate . In addition to his role in parliament , Kross has been serving as member of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2015 . As member of the Estonian Reform Party , he is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Committee on Migration , Refugees and Displaced Persons . He was also a member of a cross-party delegation to observe the 2017 presidential elections in Serbia . Other activities . In 2007 it was reported that Kross and his business partner Heiti Hääl had purchased the remains of the Baltic Exchange building from the UK and wished to re-erect the historical building in Tallinn , Estonia . They planned to deliver the building from London in parts . It was later reported the National Heritage Board of Estonia did not approve the planned location near Tallinn Old Town . Kross is one of the founders of the Estonian Reserve Officers association and currently a member of the Court of Honor of the Estonian Reserve Officers Association . In 2011 the Estonian media reported that Kross is reconstructing Kõue Manor , a national heritage site near Tallinn . The manor was first mentioned in 1379 and was once owned by the world-famous explorer Otto von Kotzebue . Kross is planning to open an Arts Center in the manor . The Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry awarded Kross consultancy company Trustcorp The Most Competitive Service Enterprise 2012 award in October 2012 . On 11 November 2012 Kross was elected the President of the Estonian Judo Association . Personal facts . Eerik-Niiles Kross is a son of Estonian writers Jaan Kross and Ellen Niit . Maarja Undusk , a sister of Eerik–Niiles Kross is an artist , and brother Märten Kross is a real estate developer , film producer and photographer . His half-sister Kristiina Ross is a linguist and translator , and half-brother Toomas Niit is a psychologist . Kross is married to the American film-maker and environmentalist Mary Jordan . Bibliography . - Estonians ! / Photography : Jüri Soomägi ; Text Eerik-Niiles Kross . Göteborg : Ekstrand & Blennow AB , 1989 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Pro Patria . II . Auraamat langenud ja hukkunud metsavendadele 1944-1978 Okupatsioonide Repressiivpoliitika Uurimise Riiklik Komisjon . Tartu 1998 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Vabaduse väravad : valik tekste 1988–2006 . ( Selected essays ) Tartu : Ilmamaa , 2007 . 422 pages . - Nation building and the idea of Iraq , Diplomaatia , March/April 2005 . - Lisbon NATO Summit and Russia : Crown Jewels for Chicken Feed ? Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume : 7 Issue : 211 , 19 November 2010 - Kross . Üksikud head mehed . Kaur Kender , Jaan Kross , Eerik-Niiles Kross . Tallinn 2011 . - Putin’s war of smoke and mirrors Politico , 4 September 2016 External links . - Alternative Institutional Models for Crisis Management and Civil-Military Cooperation : Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross , National Security Coordinator . In : International Conference on National Crisis Management in an International Perspective , Stockholm 1998 - Former Estonian head of secret service : Cold War goes on . Euronews Interview . 7 November 2014 - Kross : Estonia is not threatened by masses of islamists , but by total provincialization . Up-North Magazine . 11 June 2015 - Kau Mano
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the position of Eerik-Niiles Kross from Apr 2019 to Apr 2020?
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/wiki/Eerik-Niiles_Kross#P39#2
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Eerik-Niiles Kross Eerik-Niiles Kross ( born 8 September 1967 ) is an Estonian politician , diplomat , former chief of intelligence and entrepreneur . He is a member of parliament ( Riigikogu ) . During the 1980s , Kross was a prominent figure in the anti-Soviet non-violent resistance movement in Soviet-occupied Estonia . After re-independence , in 1991 , he joined Estonias Foreign Ministry . He served as the head of intelligence from 1995 to 2000 ; and as national security advisor to former President Lennart Meri in 2000 and 2001 . Kross represented Estonia as a diplomat in the UK , from 1990 to 1992 ; then in the US from 1992 to 1995 . Internationally , Kross is best known as a security expert , having worked in Iraq as a Senior Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority being responsible for creating the new Iraqi Ministry of Defense and Military Intelligence . He was an advisor to the Government of Georgia during and after its war with Russia in 2008 . He coordinated the Georgian information campaign . As an observer of foreign affairs , Kross has published more than a 100 articles on Russian foreign policy , NATO and Estonian-Russian relations . Kross is a well known critic of the Russian foreign policy and the Russian head of state , Vladimir Putin . In 2011 , Russian authorities accused him of masterminding the 2009 hijacking of the MV Arctic Sea off the coast of Sweden . The Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Estonia , rejected this accusation as a fabrication by Russias FSB . Kross joined the moderate-conservative IRL in November 2011 , and was elected to the Party Executive . He served on the Advisory Board to the Ministry of Defense . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate. [ 26 ] Kross has published several books and written scripts for documentary films . He wrote the script for the 2006 documentary , The Blue Hills ( Sinimäed ) , which received the Estonian Cultural Foundations Film of the Year Award ; also , special mention at the Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival . Education . Kross graduated Tartu University in 1991 majoring in history . He also studied at the University of Hamburg , Germany . In 1993 , Kross received an MA in History ( Political and Social Change in Europe ) at the University of London , United Kingdom ( School of Slavonic and East European Studies ) . In 2000-2003 Kross studied at the Institute of Law of the Tartu University . Activities in independence movement of Estonia . In Soviet occupied Estonia Kross was actively involved in the independence movement . In April 1988 , he was one of three-member group ( along with Margus Kasterpalu and Tiit Pruuli ) that brought out the banned national flag ( blue-black-white ) . In June 1988 , Kross was one of organizers of the First Youth Forum gathering all pro-independence youth organizations of the country . Kross was also one of ideologues of re-establishing of Soviet-banned Estonian academic student organizations . On 1 December 1988 the Estonian Students Society ( EÜS ) was reestablished under his leadership . Kross was the first post-war chairman of Estonian Students Society . In 1990-91 Kross represented the Estonian independence movement in the United Kingdom running the so-called Estonian Information Bureau in London . Activities in foreign representations of Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross re-established the Estonian Embassy in the UK . He was the first representative ( chargé daffaires ) of the restored Republic of Estonia in London becoming the youngest representative of a foreign government in the history of the London Diplomatic Corps . In 1992 Kross worked as a minister-counselor at Estonian Mission to the UN in New York . In November 1992 , Kross took over the representation of Republic of Estonia in United States of America from Ambassador Ernst Jaakson , and was chargé daffaires of Estonian Republic until arrival of Ambassador Toomas Hendrik Ilves in summer of 1993 . During 1993–1995 , Kross worked at Estonian Embassy in Washington , DC as the Deputy Chief of Mission . Activities as Director of Security Coordination of Estonia . During 1995–2000 , Eerik-Niiles Kross was the Intelligence Coordinator of Government of Estonia . In 2000-2001 he was the National Security Adviser to the Estonian president Lennart Meri . Kross was responsible for the security parts of Estonias Membership Action Plan for Estonia to join NATO . In 2008 the President of Estonia awarded him the Order of the White Star III class for his contribution to joining NATO . Activities in foreign missions in Iraq and Georgia . In 2003-2004 Kross worked as Senior Director for Intelligence Institutions Development in the team of Paul Bremer , the Head of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq . He was responsible for the establishment of the new Defense Ministry of Iraq and the military intelligence among other duties . Later Kross worked at the Defense Ministry of Iraq as a senior advisor . Since 2007 Kross has advised the Government of Georgia and President Mikheil Saakashvili in the field of foreign and media relations as well as security related issues . During the Russian-Georgian War in 2008 , Kross led the team of foreign advisors of Georgian government in the field of media and information operations . Bronze Soldier . In 2007 , during the Bronze Soldier controversy Kross was a member of the Estonian Governments War Graves Commission . He was appointed by the Defense Minister Jürgen Ligi . The commission had 6 members , each of the members had been appointed by a Government minister . The commission gave the recommendation to the Government to remove a Soviet War Monument ( Bronze Soldier ) from central Tallinn to a military cemetery . The monument was removed in late April . The so-called Bronze Night riots of the Russian-speaking youth occurred as a reaction . INTERPOL red notice . On 18 October 2013 , on request by the Russian Federation , The International Criminal Police Organization or INTERPOL published on its website a wanted request for Kross on charges of organizing piracy , related to the hijacking of the Finnish-owned MV Arctic Sea in the Baltic in 2009 . This happened two days before the Estonian local elections finale on 20 October 2013 . Kross ran as a candidate for mayor for the capital city Tallinn . The closeness of the events led to claims by Estonian officials of a Russian effort to sabotage the elections . On 22 October the Minister of Interior of Estonia Ken-Marti Vaher said that Estonia will protest the Russian request and will point out to Interpol that it is in violation of Interpol Constitution to mediate politically motivated cases . James Kirchik , a Washington-based analyst commented on the incident in EU Observer : Such low tactics are characteristic of Russian interference in its sphere of privileged interests , that is , the independent countries of the former Soviet space which the Kremlin considers to be its imperial playground . Political activity . During the Parliamentary elections of 2011 , Kross ran for the seat in Parliament in the list of Estonian Greens candidates as number one in Pärnumaa , and number two in all-state list of the party . He received 3579 votes – the biggest number of votes in the entire list of Estonian Greens candidates - 8,8% of all votes in his electoral district , but did not make it to the Parliament . On 5 December 2011 Kross joined the liberal conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union ( IRL ) . In January 2012 the IRL Congress elected Kross to the Executive Board of the party . He is also a member of the IRL Tallinn region board and IRL Assembly . At the local elections of 2013 Kross was the mayors candidate for the capital Tallinn for IRL . He ran an aggressive campaign and raised the popularity of IRL in the capital from 5% in May to 20% in October . Kross received 6897 votes - the biggest number of votes for a newcomer at local elections in Estonian history - 26.4% of all votes in his electoral district . Edgar Savisaars Center Party won the elections , Kross became a member of the City Council and the leader of the opposition in Tallinn . In October 2014 Kross left the IRL and joined the liberal democratic Estonian Reform Party . At the Parliamentary Elections of 2015 he ran at the Reform Party ticket in the Tallinn 3rd district and won a seat in Parliament after the MEP Urmas Paet did not accept his mandate . In addition to his role in parliament , Kross has been serving as member of the Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2015 . As member of the Estonian Reform Party , he is part of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group . He is currently a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe ( Monitoring Committee ) and the Committee on Migration , Refugees and Displaced Persons . He was also a member of a cross-party delegation to observe the 2017 presidential elections in Serbia . Other activities . In 2007 it was reported that Kross and his business partner Heiti Hääl had purchased the remains of the Baltic Exchange building from the UK and wished to re-erect the historical building in Tallinn , Estonia . They planned to deliver the building from London in parts . It was later reported the National Heritage Board of Estonia did not approve the planned location near Tallinn Old Town . Kross is one of the founders of the Estonian Reserve Officers association and currently a member of the Court of Honor of the Estonian Reserve Officers Association . In 2011 the Estonian media reported that Kross is reconstructing Kõue Manor , a national heritage site near Tallinn . The manor was first mentioned in 1379 and was once owned by the world-famous explorer Otto von Kotzebue . Kross is planning to open an Arts Center in the manor . The Estonian Chamber of Commerce and Industry awarded Kross consultancy company Trustcorp The Most Competitive Service Enterprise 2012 award in October 2012 . On 11 November 2012 Kross was elected the President of the Estonian Judo Association . Personal facts . Eerik-Niiles Kross is a son of Estonian writers Jaan Kross and Ellen Niit . Maarja Undusk , a sister of Eerik–Niiles Kross is an artist , and brother Märten Kross is a real estate developer , film producer and photographer . His half-sister Kristiina Ross is a linguist and translator , and half-brother Toomas Niit is a psychologist . Kross is married to the American film-maker and environmentalist Mary Jordan . Bibliography . - Estonians ! / Photography : Jüri Soomägi ; Text Eerik-Niiles Kross . Göteborg : Ekstrand & Blennow AB , 1989 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Pro Patria . II . Auraamat langenud ja hukkunud metsavendadele 1944-1978 Okupatsioonide Repressiivpoliitika Uurimise Riiklik Komisjon . Tartu 1998 . - Eerik-Niiles Kross . Vabaduse väravad : valik tekste 1988–2006 . ( Selected essays ) Tartu : Ilmamaa , 2007 . 422 pages . - Nation building and the idea of Iraq , Diplomaatia , March/April 2005 . - Lisbon NATO Summit and Russia : Crown Jewels for Chicken Feed ? Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume : 7 Issue : 211 , 19 November 2010 - Kross . Üksikud head mehed . Kaur Kender , Jaan Kross , Eerik-Niiles Kross . Tallinn 2011 . - Putin’s war of smoke and mirrors Politico , 4 September 2016 External links . - Alternative Institutional Models for Crisis Management and Civil-Military Cooperation : Estonia . Eerik-Niiles Kross , National Security Coordinator . In : International Conference on National Crisis Management in an International Perspective , Stockholm 1998 - Former Estonian head of secret service : Cold War goes on . Euronews Interview . 7 November 2014 - Kross : Estonia is not threatened by masses of islamists , but by total provincialization . Up-North Magazine . 11 June 2015 - Kau Mano
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[
""
] |
easy
|
Where was Francis Robbins Upton educated from 1868 to 1870?
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/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton#P69#0
|
Francis Robbins Upton Francis Robbins Upton ( 1852 in Peabody , Massachusetts – March 10 , 1921 in Orange , New Jersey ) was an American physicist and mathematician . Upton worked alongside Thomas Edison in the development of incandescent light bulbs , electric generators , and electric power distribution . He was the first president of the Edison Pioneers . Early life . Francis Upton was the son of Elijah Wood Upton and Lucy Elizabeth Winchester . Elijah was well educated and after , he did European travel . Later he was forced to take over his fathers glue business due to his fathers illness . Francis was 16 by this time and studying at Phillips Academy in Andover , after he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1875 at Bowdoin College in Brunswick , ME . There he met Elizabeth F . Perry , later to become his wife . Francis Upton also attended Berlin University and Princeton University . Francis was the first ever to officially receive his doctoral degree from Princeton University . Upton was then hired by Thomas Edison . One of Edisons biographers described the hired man thus : Upton married Elizabeth F . Perry in September , 1879 , in Brunswick , Maine . Their daughter Elizabeth Fenno Upton was born August 24 , 1880 . Uptons sister Sadie , a frequent visitor in Menlo Park , is described as a smart attractive lady with a distinguished swing . Work life . Upton was hired by Edison in 1878 on the recommendation of Grosvenor Lowrey . Edison was largely self-educated . He was brimming over with ideas but needed someone with advanced mathematical skills who could do calculations and research the scientific literature to help solve intractable problems . As Francis Jehl was also working with Edison , he needed another handle besides Francis for Upton : The challenge of electric illumination was addressed : Initially experiments ran currents through metals . Upton attended the 28th meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and spoke On the phenomena of heating metals in vacuo by means of electric current . Upton and Edison worked together on the incandescent lamp and in 1880 Upton reported on the history of electric lighting and Edisons lamp . As evidence of the Uptons use of algebra , his approach to finding the appropriate cross-section S for a wire of length L carrying W amperes at V volts , was to take resistance R = L / S . Upton applied Ohms law to obtain S = ( W L ) / V . Upton has been credited with helping Edison govern his Menlo Park laboratory : When Edisons generator was evaluated , Upton published the report . Upton contributed to other key inventions such as the watt-hour meter , the parallel circuit distribution grid and the new constant voltage dynamo . Upton was of crucial importance to Edison in the design of Edisons power plant and distribution system put into service at the Pearl Street Station in Lower Manhattan on September 4 , 1882 . In 1890 , Upton patented the first electric fire alarm and detector along with a Mr . Fernando J . Dibble , an accomplishment of his which is often overlooked , stemming most probably from a typographical error that labels the device a Portable Electric Tire-Alarm . Since 1958 , the Princeton University has had Francis Upton Graduate Fellowships . Later life . In 1894 Francis Robbins Upton left Edisons electrical business which he had managed up to his departure . Upton returned after four years . He assisted in the Edison Ore-Milling Company , extracting iron from sand , and the remaining sand Upton sold to concrete manufactures . Upton eventually left the business in 1911 but still continued to sell bricks and concrete . On February 3 , 1918 , the Edison Pioneers elected Upton as their first President . Francis Robbins Upton died in Orange , New Jersey , on March 10 , 1921 . External links . - Francis Robbins Upton from Encyclopedia Britannica - Libserve
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[
"Bowdoin College"
] |
easy
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Where was Francis Robbins Upton educated from 1871 to 1875?
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/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton#P69#1
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Francis Robbins Upton Francis Robbins Upton ( 1852 in Peabody , Massachusetts – March 10 , 1921 in Orange , New Jersey ) was an American physicist and mathematician . Upton worked alongside Thomas Edison in the development of incandescent light bulbs , electric generators , and electric power distribution . He was the first president of the Edison Pioneers . Early life . Francis Upton was the son of Elijah Wood Upton and Lucy Elizabeth Winchester . Elijah was well educated and after , he did European travel . Later he was forced to take over his fathers glue business due to his fathers illness . Francis was 16 by this time and studying at Phillips Academy in Andover , after he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1875 at Bowdoin College in Brunswick , ME . There he met Elizabeth F . Perry , later to become his wife . Francis Upton also attended Berlin University and Princeton University . Francis was the first ever to officially receive his doctoral degree from Princeton University . Upton was then hired by Thomas Edison . One of Edisons biographers described the hired man thus : Upton married Elizabeth F . Perry in September , 1879 , in Brunswick , Maine . Their daughter Elizabeth Fenno Upton was born August 24 , 1880 . Uptons sister Sadie , a frequent visitor in Menlo Park , is described as a smart attractive lady with a distinguished swing . Work life . Upton was hired by Edison in 1878 on the recommendation of Grosvenor Lowrey . Edison was largely self-educated . He was brimming over with ideas but needed someone with advanced mathematical skills who could do calculations and research the scientific literature to help solve intractable problems . As Francis Jehl was also working with Edison , he needed another handle besides Francis for Upton : The challenge of electric illumination was addressed : Initially experiments ran currents through metals . Upton attended the 28th meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and spoke On the phenomena of heating metals in vacuo by means of electric current . Upton and Edison worked together on the incandescent lamp and in 1880 Upton reported on the history of electric lighting and Edisons lamp . As evidence of the Uptons use of algebra , his approach to finding the appropriate cross-section S for a wire of length L carrying W amperes at V volts , was to take resistance R = L / S . Upton applied Ohms law to obtain S = ( W L ) / V . Upton has been credited with helping Edison govern his Menlo Park laboratory : When Edisons generator was evaluated , Upton published the report . Upton contributed to other key inventions such as the watt-hour meter , the parallel circuit distribution grid and the new constant voltage dynamo . Upton was of crucial importance to Edison in the design of Edisons power plant and distribution system put into service at the Pearl Street Station in Lower Manhattan on September 4 , 1882 . In 1890 , Upton patented the first electric fire alarm and detector along with a Mr . Fernando J . Dibble , an accomplishment of his which is often overlooked , stemming most probably from a typographical error that labels the device a Portable Electric Tire-Alarm . Since 1958 , the Princeton University has had Francis Upton Graduate Fellowships . Later life . In 1894 Francis Robbins Upton left Edisons electrical business which he had managed up to his departure . Upton returned after four years . He assisted in the Edison Ore-Milling Company , extracting iron from sand , and the remaining sand Upton sold to concrete manufactures . Upton eventually left the business in 1911 but still continued to sell bricks and concrete . On February 3 , 1918 , the Edison Pioneers elected Upton as their first President . Francis Robbins Upton died in Orange , New Jersey , on March 10 , 1921 . External links . - Francis Robbins Upton from Encyclopedia Britannica - Libserve
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[
"Berlin University",
"Princeton University"
] |
easy
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Francis Robbins Upton went to which school from 1876 to 1877?
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/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton#P69#2
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Francis Robbins Upton Francis Robbins Upton ( 1852 in Peabody , Massachusetts – March 10 , 1921 in Orange , New Jersey ) was an American physicist and mathematician . Upton worked alongside Thomas Edison in the development of incandescent light bulbs , electric generators , and electric power distribution . He was the first president of the Edison Pioneers . Early life . Francis Upton was the son of Elijah Wood Upton and Lucy Elizabeth Winchester . Elijah was well educated and after , he did European travel . Later he was forced to take over his fathers glue business due to his fathers illness . Francis was 16 by this time and studying at Phillips Academy in Andover , after he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1875 at Bowdoin College in Brunswick , ME . There he met Elizabeth F . Perry , later to become his wife . Francis Upton also attended Berlin University and Princeton University . Francis was the first ever to officially receive his doctoral degree from Princeton University . Upton was then hired by Thomas Edison . One of Edisons biographers described the hired man thus : Upton married Elizabeth F . Perry in September , 1879 , in Brunswick , Maine . Their daughter Elizabeth Fenno Upton was born August 24 , 1880 . Uptons sister Sadie , a frequent visitor in Menlo Park , is described as a smart attractive lady with a distinguished swing . Work life . Upton was hired by Edison in 1878 on the recommendation of Grosvenor Lowrey . Edison was largely self-educated . He was brimming over with ideas but needed someone with advanced mathematical skills who could do calculations and research the scientific literature to help solve intractable problems . As Francis Jehl was also working with Edison , he needed another handle besides Francis for Upton : The challenge of electric illumination was addressed : Initially experiments ran currents through metals . Upton attended the 28th meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and spoke On the phenomena of heating metals in vacuo by means of electric current . Upton and Edison worked together on the incandescent lamp and in 1880 Upton reported on the history of electric lighting and Edisons lamp . As evidence of the Uptons use of algebra , his approach to finding the appropriate cross-section S for a wire of length L carrying W amperes at V volts , was to take resistance R = L / S . Upton applied Ohms law to obtain S = ( W L ) / V . Upton has been credited with helping Edison govern his Menlo Park laboratory : When Edisons generator was evaluated , Upton published the report . Upton contributed to other key inventions such as the watt-hour meter , the parallel circuit distribution grid and the new constant voltage dynamo . Upton was of crucial importance to Edison in the design of Edisons power plant and distribution system put into service at the Pearl Street Station in Lower Manhattan on September 4 , 1882 . In 1890 , Upton patented the first electric fire alarm and detector along with a Mr . Fernando J . Dibble , an accomplishment of his which is often overlooked , stemming most probably from a typographical error that labels the device a Portable Electric Tire-Alarm . Since 1958 , the Princeton University has had Francis Upton Graduate Fellowships . Later life . In 1894 Francis Robbins Upton left Edisons electrical business which he had managed up to his departure . Upton returned after four years . He assisted in the Edison Ore-Milling Company , extracting iron from sand , and the remaining sand Upton sold to concrete manufactures . Upton eventually left the business in 1911 but still continued to sell bricks and concrete . On February 3 , 1918 , the Edison Pioneers elected Upton as their first President . Francis Robbins Upton died in Orange , New Jersey , on March 10 , 1921 . External links . - Francis Robbins Upton from Encyclopedia Britannica - Libserve
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which school did Francis Robbins Upton go to from 1877 to 1878?
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/wiki/Francis_Robbins_Upton#P69#3
|
Francis Robbins Upton Francis Robbins Upton ( 1852 in Peabody , Massachusetts – March 10 , 1921 in Orange , New Jersey ) was an American physicist and mathematician . Upton worked alongside Thomas Edison in the development of incandescent light bulbs , electric generators , and electric power distribution . He was the first president of the Edison Pioneers . Early life . Francis Upton was the son of Elijah Wood Upton and Lucy Elizabeth Winchester . Elijah was well educated and after , he did European travel . Later he was forced to take over his fathers glue business due to his fathers illness . Francis was 16 by this time and studying at Phillips Academy in Andover , after he received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1875 at Bowdoin College in Brunswick , ME . There he met Elizabeth F . Perry , later to become his wife . Francis Upton also attended Berlin University and Princeton University . Francis was the first ever to officially receive his doctoral degree from Princeton University . Upton was then hired by Thomas Edison . One of Edisons biographers described the hired man thus : Upton married Elizabeth F . Perry in September , 1879 , in Brunswick , Maine . Their daughter Elizabeth Fenno Upton was born August 24 , 1880 . Uptons sister Sadie , a frequent visitor in Menlo Park , is described as a smart attractive lady with a distinguished swing . Work life . Upton was hired by Edison in 1878 on the recommendation of Grosvenor Lowrey . Edison was largely self-educated . He was brimming over with ideas but needed someone with advanced mathematical skills who could do calculations and research the scientific literature to help solve intractable problems . As Francis Jehl was also working with Edison , he needed another handle besides Francis for Upton : The challenge of electric illumination was addressed : Initially experiments ran currents through metals . Upton attended the 28th meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and spoke On the phenomena of heating metals in vacuo by means of electric current . Upton and Edison worked together on the incandescent lamp and in 1880 Upton reported on the history of electric lighting and Edisons lamp . As evidence of the Uptons use of algebra , his approach to finding the appropriate cross-section S for a wire of length L carrying W amperes at V volts , was to take resistance R = L / S . Upton applied Ohms law to obtain S = ( W L ) / V . Upton has been credited with helping Edison govern his Menlo Park laboratory : When Edisons generator was evaluated , Upton published the report . Upton contributed to other key inventions such as the watt-hour meter , the parallel circuit distribution grid and the new constant voltage dynamo . Upton was of crucial importance to Edison in the design of Edisons power plant and distribution system put into service at the Pearl Street Station in Lower Manhattan on September 4 , 1882 . In 1890 , Upton patented the first electric fire alarm and detector along with a Mr . Fernando J . Dibble , an accomplishment of his which is often overlooked , stemming most probably from a typographical error that labels the device a Portable Electric Tire-Alarm . Since 1958 , the Princeton University has had Francis Upton Graduate Fellowships . Later life . In 1894 Francis Robbins Upton left Edisons electrical business which he had managed up to his departure . Upton returned after four years . He assisted in the Edison Ore-Milling Company , extracting iron from sand , and the remaining sand Upton sold to concrete manufactures . Upton eventually left the business in 1911 but still continued to sell bricks and concrete . On February 3 , 1918 , the Edison Pioneers elected Upton as their first President . Francis Robbins Upton died in Orange , New Jersey , on March 10 , 1921 . External links . - Francis Robbins Upton from Encyclopedia Britannica - Libserve
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[
"Barnsley"
] |
easy
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Which team did Glynn Hurst play for from 1994 to 1997?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#0
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"Emley"
] |
easy
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Glynn Hurst played for which team from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#1
|
Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"Ayr United"
] |
easy
|
Glynn Hurst played for which team from 1998 to 2001?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#2
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"Chesterfield"
] |
easy
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Glynn Hurst played for which team from 2001 to 2004?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#3
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
""
] |
easy
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Glynn Hurst played for which team from 2004 to 2006?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#4
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"Shrewsbury Town"
] |
easy
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Glynn Hurst played for which team from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#5
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"Hyde United"
] |
easy
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Which team did Glynn Hurst play for from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Glynn_Hurst#P54#6
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Glynn Hurst Glynn Hurst ( born 16 January 1976 ) is a former association football striker . He played in the Football League for Barnsley , Swansea City , Mansfield Town , Stockport County , Chesterfield , Notts County , Shrewsbury Town and Bury , and in the Scottish Football League for Ayr United . He also won five caps for the South Africa U23 team . After retiring from football he became a teacher and managed non-League club Ashton Town . Early and personal life . Born in Barnsley , South Yorkshire , Hurst moved to South Africa at a young age . Playing career . Early career . Hurst started his career as a Tottenham Hotspur apprentice , but could not break into the first team . He joined Barnsley in 1994 , where he was sent out on loan to many clubs including Swansea City , Scarborough , and Mansfield Town . In 1997 , he dropped out of the professional game and had a spell at Emley in the Northern Premier League . Since then he has played for Ayr United and Stockport County , and was top goalscorer for Chesterfield with 20 goals in all . After Chesterfield , Hurst played for Notts County where he was the clubs top goalscorer with 15 goals in the 2004–05 season . Despite having scored nine goals in the 2005–06 season , Hurst was released from his Notts County contract on 29 December 2005 . He joined Shrewsbury days later . After scoring on his Shrewsbury debut against cross-border rivals Wrexham , Hurst scored twice more in fifteen further matches before the seasons end . An injury-hit pre-season saw Hurst have back and achilles problems and lose his place in the team at the start of 2006–07 . Shrewsbury Town . By late September he had yet to return to the first-team , and as a result Shrewsbury sent him on loan to Bury for a month , in the hope of his regaining match fitness and goalscoring form . Bury . Hursts Bury debut saw him hit two goals against Barnet in a 2–2 draw . After accumulating five goals in five league games , on 26 October 2006 , the loan was extended until January 2007 . An undisclosed transfer fee has been agreed for Hurst who , in the January 2007 transfer window , signed a permanent contract lasting until the end of 2007–08 . note . On 18 May , it was announced that Glynn has been released by Bury at the end of his contract . Gainsborough Trinity . Despite being linked with a move to Wrexham and playing a couple of pre season friendlies for Chester City , Hurst eventually signed for non-League outfit Gainsborough Trinity , scoring on his debut . Hyde . On 4 December 2009 , he joined Conference North outfit Hyde United . He made his debut on 12 December 2009 in a 4–0 away defeat to Alfreton Town in the Conference North . In February 2010 Hyde announced that he would become their assistant manager after former assistant boss Gerry Harrison left earlier that month . On 10 September 2010 Hurst parted ways with Hyde to try to resurrect his playing career , which he was not able to do with them . FC United of Manchester . Hurst signed for FC United of Manchester after watching them in a 3–0 victory over Radcliffe Borough in the FA Cup , on 11 September 2010 . He scored for the club on his debut the following weekend . Hurst retired on 8 January 2011 . International career . Hurst represented the South Africa U23 . earning a total of five caps . Coaching career . After retiring from playing , Hurst became a philosophy , RE and PE teacher , also coaching the school football team . In 2019 he became reserve team coach of Marine . In May 2020 Hurst was appointed manager of North West Counties League club Ashton Town . He resigned from the role in October . External links . - Glynn Hurst at Sky Sports - Profile at buryfc.co.uk - Stats at hydefc.co.uk
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[
"special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Merrick Garland work for from 1979 to 1981?
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/wiki/Merrick_Garland#P108#0
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Merrick Garland Merrick Brian Garland ( born November 13 , 1952 ) is an American attorney and jurist serving as the 86th United States attorney general since March 2021 . He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1997 to 2021 . A native of the Chicago area , Garland attended Harvard University for his undergraduate and legal education . After serving as a law clerk to Judge Henry J . Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Justice William J . Brennan Jr . of the Supreme Court of the United States , he practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the United States Department of Justice , where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers . President Barack Obama , a Democrat , nominated Garland to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in March 2016 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia . However , the Republican Senate majority refused to hold a hearing or vote on his nomination . The unprecedented refusal of a Senate majority to consider the nomination was controversial . Garlands nomination lasted 293 days ( the longest to date ) , and it expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . Eventually , the seat for which Garland was nominated was filled by Neil Gorsuch , who was appointed by President Donald Trump , a Republican , and Garland remained a circuit court judge . In January 2021 , Garland was nominated for the position of Attorney General by President Joe Biden . He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–30 vote on March 10 , 2021 , and was sworn in the next day . Early life and education . Merrick Brian Garland was born on November 13 , 1952 , in Chicago . He grew up in the northern Chicago suburb of Lincolnwood . His mother Shirley ( née Horwitz ) was a director of volunteer services at Chicagos Council for Jewish Elderly ( now called CJE SeniorLife ) . His father , Cyril Garland , headed Garland Advertising , a small business run out of the family home . Garland was raised in Conservative Judaism , the family name having been changed from Garfinkel several generations prior . His grandparents left the Pale of Settlement within the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century , fleeing antisemitic pogroms and seeking a better life for their children in the United States . He is a second cousin of six-term Iowa Governor Terry Branstad . Garland attended Niles West High School in Skokie , Illinois , where he was president of the student council , acted in theatrical productions , and was a member of the debate team . He graduated in 1970 as the class valedictorian . Garland was also a Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar . After high school , Garland went to Harvard University , where he majored in social studies . He initially wanted to become a physician , but quickly decided to become a lawyer instead . Garland allied himself with his future boss , Jamie Gorelick , when he was elected the only freshman member of a campus-wide committee on which Gorelick also served.<ref During his college summers Garland volunteered as a speechwriter to Congressman Abner J . Mikva . After President Jimmy Carter appointed Mikva to the D.C . Circuit , Mikva would rely on Garland when selecting clerks.<ref 3/27></ref> At Harvard , Garland wrote news articles and theater reviews for the Harvard Crimson and worked as a Quincy House tutor . Garland wrote his 235-page honors thesis on industrial mergers in Britain in the 1960s . Garland graduated from Harvard in 1974 as class valedictorian with an A.B . summa cum laude and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Garland then attended Harvard Law School . During law school , Garland was a member of the Harvard Law Review . He ran for the presidency of the Law Review during his third year , but lost to Susan Estrich , and served as an articles editor instead . As an articles editor , Garland assigned himself to edit a submission by U.S . Supreme Court justice William Brennan on the topic of the role of state constitutions in safeguarding individual rights . This correspondence with Brennan later contributed to his winning a clerkship with the justice . Garland graduated from Harvard Law in 1977 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude . Early career . After graduating from law school , Garland spent two years as a judicial law clerk , first for Judge Henry J . Friendly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1977 to 1978 and then for Justice William Brennan at the U.S . Supreme Court from 1978 to 1979 . Garland then served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti from 1979 to 1981 . After the Carter administration ended in 1981 , Garland entered private practice at the law firm Arnold & Porter . Garland mostly practiced corporate litigation , and was made a partner in 1985 . In Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Assn v . State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co . ( 1983 ) Garland acted as counsel to an insurance company suing to reinstate an unpopular automatic seat belt mandate . After winning the case in both the District of Columbia Circuit Court and the Supreme Court , Garland would write an eighty-seven page Harvard Law Review article describing the way courts use a heightened hard look standard of review and scope of review when an agency chooses deregulation , with increasing focus on the fidelity of the agencies actions to congressional intent . In 1985–86 , while at Arnold & Porter , Garland was a lecturer at Harvard Law School , where he taught antitrust law . He also published an article in the Yale Law Journal urging a broader application of antitrust immunity to state and local governments . Desiring to return to public service and do more trial work , in 1989 Garland became an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S . Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia . As a line prosecutor , Garland represented the government in criminal cases ranging from drug trafficking to complex public corruption matters . Garland was one of the three principal prosecutors who handled the investigation into Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barrys possession of cocaine . Garland then briefly returned to Arnold & Porter , working there from 1992 to 1993 . In 1993 , Garland joined the new Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice . The following year , Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelicka key mentor of Garlandsasked Garland to be her principal associate deputy attorney general . In that role , Garlands responsibilities included the supervision of high-profile domestic-terrorism cases , including the Oklahoma City bombing , Ted Kaczynski ( also known as the Unabomber ) , and the Atlanta Olympics bombings . Garland insisted on being sent to Oklahoma City in the aftermath of the attack , in order to examine the crime scene and oversee the investigation in preparation for the prosecution . He represented the government at the preliminary hearings of the two main defendants , Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols . Garland offered to lead the trial team , but could not because he was needed at the Justice Department headquarters . Instead , he helped pick the team and supervised it from Washington , D.C. , where he was involved in major decisions , including the choice to seek the death penalty for McVeigh and Nichols . Garland won praise for his work on the case from the Republican Governor of Oklahoma , Frank Keating . Federal judicial service ( 1997–2021 ) . Appointment . On September 6 , 1995 , President Bill Clinton nominated Garland to the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia seat vacated by his longtime mentor Abner J . Mikva . Justice Brennan , for whom Garland clerked , recommended Garland for the position in a letter to Clinton . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously gave Garland a well-qualified committee rating , its highest . On December 1 , 1995 , Garland received a hearing regarding the nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee . In Senate confirmation hearings Garland said that the Supreme Court justices whom he most admired were Justice Brennan , for whom he clerked , and Chief Justice John Marshall . Garland also expressed admiration for the writing style of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. . However , Senate Republicans did not schedule a vote on Garlands confirmation , not because of concerns over Garlands qualifications , but because of a dispute over whether to fill the seat . After winning the November 1996 presidential election , Clinton renominated Garland on January 7 , 1997 . Garlands confirmation vote came to the floor of the Republican-controlled Senate on March 19 , 1997 . He was confirmed in a 76–23 vote and received his judicial commission the next day . The majority of Republican senators voted to confirm Garland , including Senators John McCain , Orrin Hatch , Susan Collins , and Jim Inhofe . Senators Mitch McConnell , Chuck Grassley , and Jeff Sessions were among those who voted against Garland . All of the 23 no votes came from Republicans , and all were based on whether there was even a need for an eleventh seat on the D.C . Circuit . Service as chief judge . Garland became chief judge of the D.C . Circuit on February 12 , 2013 . As chief judge , Garland announced in May 2013 that the D.C . Circuit had unanimously decided to provide the public with same-day audio recordings of oral arguments in the court . As chief judge , Garland was an active member of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and was involved in the formulation of new rules to protect federal judicial branch employees from workplace harassment , which were adopted in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations against Judge Alex Kozinski . Garlands seven-year term as chief judge ended on February 11 , 2020 , with Judge Sri Srinivasan succeeding him . Garland continued to serve as an active member of the court . Notable cases . Garland is considered a judicial moderate and a centrist . Garland has been described by Nina Totenberg and Carrie Johnson of NPR as a moderate liberal , with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases . Tom Goldstein , the publisher of SCOTUSblog , wrote in 2010 that Judge Garlands record demonstrates that he is essentially the model , neutral judge . He is acknowledged by all to be brilliant . His opinions avoid unnecessary , sweeping pronouncements . Garland has a reputation for collegiality and his opinions rarely draw a dissent . As of 2016 , Garland had written just fifteen dissents in his two decades on the court , fewer than his colleague Judge Brett Kavanaugh , who wrote some 17 dissents over the previous decade . Administrative and environmental law . Garland has tended to favor deference to regulatory agencies . For example , in In re Aiken County ( 2013 ) , Garland dissented when the court issued mandamus ordering the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to process the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository license . In Americans for Safe Access v . Drug Enforcement Administration ( 2013 ) , Garland joined a divided court upholding the DEAs classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug . However , according to Goldstein , in a number of split decisions on environmental law Garland favored contested EPA regulations and actions when challenged by industry , and in other cases he has accepted challenges brought by environmental groups . In Rancho Viejo , LLC v . Norton ( 2003 ) , Garland found the arroyo toad was protected by the federal Endangered Species Act . Circuit Judge John Roberts dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc , writing that Congresss interstate commerce power cannot reach a hapless toad that , for reasons of its own , lives its entire life in California . Criminal law and whistleblower protection . While on the bench , Garland has shown a tendency to be deferential to the government in criminal cases , siding with prosecutors in ten of the fourteen criminal cases in which he disagreed with a colleague . For example , in United States v . Watson ( 1999 ) , Garland dissented when the court concluded a prosecutors closing argument was unduly prejudicial , objecting that a conviction should be reversed for only the most egregious of these kind of errors . In 2007 , Garland dissented when the en banc D.C . Circuit reversed the conviction of a Washington , D.C . police officer who had accepted bribes in an FBI sting operation.<ref Garland has taken a broad view of whistleblower protection laws , such as the False Claims Act ( FCA ) , which creates a private cause of action against those defrauding the federal government . For example , in United States ex rel . Yesudian v . Howard University ( 1998 ) , Garland wrote for the court in holding that a plaintiff alleging he had been fired by Howard University for whistleblowing could sue under the FCA for retaliation . In United States ex rel . Totten v . Bombardier Corp . ( 2004 ) , Garland dissented when the court , in an opinion written by Judge John Roberts , held that the FCA did not apply to false claims submitted to Amtrak because Amtrak is not the government . Roberts justified his narrow reading by citing a book by Circuit Judge Henry Friendly . In dissent , Garland ( who like Roberts had clerked for Friendly ) , cited Friendlys book as supporting the use of legislative intent , writing that Roberts was relying on canons of statutory construction , which serve there as cannons of statutory destruction . Garlands dissent , expressing concerns that the courts ruling would impede the governments ability to pursue false claims cases against federal grantees , is credited with sparking the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 , which eliminated the loophole . During confirmation hearings in 2005 , Senator Chuck Grassley sharply questioned Roberts on why he hadnt adopted Garlands reading . Roberts replied , Any time Judge Garland disagrees , you know youre in a difficult area . National security . During Garlands tenure , the D.C . Circuit reviewed cases arising from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In al Odah v . United States ( 2003 ) , a panel that included Garland unanimously held that federal courts could not hear challenges from Guantanamo detainees . In July 2011 , Garland wrote for the unanimous panel when it rejected Guantanamo detainee Moath Hamza Ahmed al Alawis petition for habeas corpus . In Parhat v . Gates ( 2008 ) , Garland wrote for a panel that unanimously overturned the Combatant Status Review Tribunals determination that a captured Uyghur was an enemy combatant . In Saleh v . Titan Corp . ( 2009 ) , Garland dissented from the courts holding that former Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib prison could not sue private military contractors who participated in torture and prisoner abuse . Garland wrote that the suit should be allowed to proceed because no act of Congress and no judicial precedent immunized the contractors from tort liability , the Federal Tort Claims Act specifically excludes contractors , and tort liability would not interfere with government operations . First Amendment . According to Goldstein , Garland has tended to take a broader view of First Amendment rights . In cases involving the Freedom of Information Act and similar provisions related to government transparency , Judge Garlands rulings reflect a preference for open government . In ACLU v . CIA ( 2013 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously rejecting the agencys Glomar response and ordering it to process the ACLUs FOIA request regarding targeted killings by CIA drones . In Cause of Action v . FTC ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously overturning the agencys limitation on FOIA fee waivers to large news outlets . In Lee v . Department of Justice ( 2005 ) , Garland dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the D.C . Circuit affirmed the district courts order holding reporters in contempt of court for refusing to testify about their anonymous sources during the Wen Ho Lee investigation . Garland wrote that the panel had erred in failing to weigh the public interest in protecting the reporters sources against the private interest in compelling disclosure and that the decision undermined the Founders intention to protect the press so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people . In Initiative & Referendum Institute v . U.S . Postal Service ( 2005 ) , Garland wrote for the court , holding that a U.S . Postal Service regulation banning signature-gathering for petitions at post offices violated the First Amendment . Garland found the regulation to be facially overbroad and not narrowly tailored . In cases involving campaign finance reform laws , Garland has applied Citizens United v . Federal Election Commission when he believed that he was compelled to do so , but he has not sought to extend its holding . In Wagner v . Federal Election Commission ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for the unanimous en banc D.C . Circuit in upholding a prohibition on campaign contributions from federal contractors because of the governmental interest in preventing corruption . In National Association of Manufacturers v . Taylor ( 2009 ) , Garland wrote for the court in a decision upholding the constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements under the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act . Professor Rick Hasen , an election-law expert , writes that Garlands opinions on election law are characterized by careful application of precedent and indicate that Garland believes in reasonable regulation . Garland has addressed a number of religious freedom cases while on the D.C . Circuit , although several of these have been decided on procedural grounds . In 2002 , Garland joined a unanimous court in ruling for two federal prisoners who were denied the right to consume communion wine . In 2010 , Garland wrote the decision for a unanimous court in favor of an Interior Department employee who brought a religious-discrimination claim after the Interior Department refused to allow her to work weekdays rather than Sunday , when she wished to attend church and Bible study . Second Amendment . In 2007 , Garland voted in favor of en banc review of the D.C . Circuits panel decision in Parker v . District of Columbia invalidating the D.C . handgun ban . The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this invalidation 5–4 in an opinion by Justice Scalia . Other cases . In Alexander v . Daley ( 2003 ) , Garland joined a decision ( authored by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ) , rejecting a challenge brought by District of Columbia residents seeking D.C . congressional voting rights . In Hutchins v . District of Columbia ( 1999 ) , Garland concurred with four other D.C . Circuit judges ( en banc ) that D.C.s Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995 implicated at least some significant right of minors . He joined parts of a plurality opinion written by Judge Laurence Silberman that upheld the juvenile curfew under intermediate scrutiny and a vagueness challenge . Garland also joined the part of Judge Judith W . Rogerss opinion ( concurring in part and dissenting in part ) holding that a fundamental right to intrastate travel exists . Retirement . Garland retired from federal judicial service on March 11 , 2021 , to accept appointment as the Attorney General of the United States . Supreme Court nomination . Garland was considered twice to fill vacated seats on the United States Supreme Court in 2009 and 2010 , before finally being nominated in 2016 by President Barack Obama for the seat left vacant by the death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia . 2009 and 2010 considerations . In 2009 , following the announcement by Justice David Souter that he would retire , Garland was considered as one of nine finalists for the post , which ultimately went to Sonia Sotomayor , then a judge of the Second Circuit . After the April 2010 announcement by Justice John Paul Stevens that he would retire , Garland was again widely seen as a leading contender for a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States . President Obama interviewed Garland , among others , for the vacancy . In May 2010 , Senator Orrin Hatch , Republican of Utah , said he would help Obama if Garland was nominated , calling Garland a consensus nominee and predicting that Garland would win Senate confirmation with bipartisan support . Obama nominated Solicitor General of the United States Elena Kagan , who was confirmed in August 2010 . Scalia vacancy and 2016 nomination . On February 13 , 2016 , Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died . Later that day , Senate Republicans led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell issued a statement that they would not consider any nominee put forth by Obama , and that a Supreme Court nomination should be left to the next President of the United States . President Obama responded that he intended to fulfill my constitutional duty to appoint a judge to our highest court , and that there was no well established tradition that a president could not fill a Supreme Court vacancy during the U.S . Presidents last year in office . In early March 2016 , The New York Times reported that Garland was being vetted by the Obama Administration as a potential nominee . A week later , Garland was named as one of three judges on the Presidents short list ( along with Judge Sri Srinivasan , also of the D.C . Circuit , and Judge Paul J . Watford of the Ninth Circuit ) . Obama interviewed all three leading contenders , as well as two others who were being considered : Judge Jane L . Kelly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia . Soon afterward , Senator Orrin Hatch , President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the most senior Republican Senator , predicted that President Obama would name someone the liberal Democratic base wants even though he could easily name Merrick Garland , who is a fine man . Five days later , on March 16 , Obama formally nominated Garland to the vacant post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Garland had more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history , and was the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F . Powell , Jr . in 1971 . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated Garland well-qualified ( the committees highest rating ) to sit on the Supreme Court . Under Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , the Senates Republican majority refused to consider Garlands nomination , holding no hearings , no votes , no action whatsoever on the nomination . McConnells categorical refusal to hold hearings on Garlands nomination was described by political scientists and legal scholars as unprecedented , McConnells choice to lead a Republican blockade of the nomination was described as a culmination of <nowiki> [ his ] </nowiki> confrontational style , and an example of constitutional hardball . Yascha Mounk called it a blatant abuse of constitutional norms . After a period of 293 days , Garlands nomination expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . It was the longest confirmation delay of a Supreme Court nominee in history , far exceeding the 125-day delay faced by the ultimately confirmed Justice Louis Brandeis in 1916 . On January 31 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Court vacancy . On April 7 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Gorsuchs nomination to the Supreme Court . McConnell went on to boast about stopping Garlands nomination , saying in August 2016 , one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said , Mr . President , you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy . In April 2018 , McConnell said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was the most consequential decision Ive made in my entire public career . Memberships and committee service . Garland served as co-chair of the administrative law section of the District of Columbia Bar from 1991 to 1994 . He is also a member of the American Law Institute . In 2003 , Garland was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers , completing the unexpired term of Deval Patrick , who had stepped down from the board . Garland served as president of the overseers for 2009–10 . Attorney General ( 2021–present ) . Nomination and confirmation . President-elect Joe Biden selected Garland for the position of United States attorney general , with news of the selection coming on January 6 , 2021 . He was formally nominated by Biden on January 20 , after Biden took office . In Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings , Garland vowed to oversee vigorous prosecution of those who stormed the United States Capitol , and other domestic extremists , drawing on his experience prosecuting the perpetrators of the Oklahoma City bombing . Garland said it was likely the Biden administration would place a moratorium on use of the federal death penalty and expressed reservations about the death penalty in light of the almost randomness or arbitrariness of its application . He pledged to protect equal justice under law and reinvigorate the DOJ Civil Rights Division , which languished under the Trump administration . Garland affirmed that the Justice Department would remain independent under his leadership . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15–7 to advance Garlands nomination to the Senate floor , and on March 10 , the Senate confirmed Garlands nomination by a vote of 70–30 . He was sworn in on March 11 , 2021 by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus . Tenure . In April 2021 , Russia imposed sanctions against Garland , including prohibiting him from entering Russia . This was in retaliation for U.S . expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats , a sanction imposed by the United States against Russia for its SolarWinds hack , aggression against Ukraine , and interference in the 2020 U.S . election . During Garlands tenure as AG , the Justice Department has emphasized protection of civil rights . Garland rescinded a Trump administration policy ( imposed by Jeff Sessions ) that curtailed DOJ investigations into police department misconduct ( pattern-and-practice investigations ) and restricted the use of consent decrees to reform police departments . Personal life . Garland and his wife , Lynn , have been married since 1987 . Lynn Garlands grandfather , Samuel Irving Rosenman , was a justice of the New York Supreme Court ( a trial-level court ) and a special counsel to presidents Franklin D . Roosevelt and Harry S . Truman . Garland and his wife have two daughters , Rebecca and Jessica ; both are graduates of Yale University . Garland is a resident of Bethesda , Maryland . Financial disclosure forms in 2016 indicated that Garlands net worth at the time was between $6 million and $23 million . Garland is partially colorblind so he uses a list to match his suits and ties . Selected publications . - Merrick B . Garland , Antitrust and State Action : Economic Efficiency and the Political Process , 96 Yale L.J . 486 ( 1987 ) . . - ——— , Antitrust and Federalism : A Response to Professor Wiley , 96 Yale L.J . 1291 ( 1987 ) . - ——— , Deregulation and Judicial Review , 98 Harv . L . Rev . 505 ( 1985 ) . - ——— , Courts Give Deregulatory Policies New Hard Look , Legal Times , April 22 , 1985 . Vol . 8 , no . 32 . - ——— & Robert Pitofsky , Federal Trade Commission Investigations , Antitrust Counseling and Litigation Techniques Vol . 4 , Ch . 48 ( J . O . Kalinowski ed . 1984 ) . New York : Bender . . - James F . Fitzpatrick & Merrick Garland , The Court , Veto and Airbags , The New York Times , August 20 , 1983 , at 21 . - Student Note , Commercial Speech , Supreme Court , 1975 Term , 90 Harv . L . Rev . 142 ( 1976 ) . - Student Note , State Action Exemption and Antitrust Enforcement Under the Federal Trade Commission Act , 89 Harv . L . Rev . 715 ( 1976 ) . - Student Writer , writings , 1972–73 . The Harvard Crimson .
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Merrick Garland Merrick Brian Garland ( born November 13 , 1952 ) is an American attorney and jurist serving as the 86th United States attorney general since March 2021 . He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1997 to 2021 . A native of the Chicago area , Garland attended Harvard University for his undergraduate and legal education . After serving as a law clerk to Judge Henry J . Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Justice William J . Brennan Jr . of the Supreme Court of the United States , he practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the United States Department of Justice , where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers . President Barack Obama , a Democrat , nominated Garland to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in March 2016 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia . However , the Republican Senate majority refused to hold a hearing or vote on his nomination . The unprecedented refusal of a Senate majority to consider the nomination was controversial . Garlands nomination lasted 293 days ( the longest to date ) , and it expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . Eventually , the seat for which Garland was nominated was filled by Neil Gorsuch , who was appointed by President Donald Trump , a Republican , and Garland remained a circuit court judge . In January 2021 , Garland was nominated for the position of Attorney General by President Joe Biden . He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–30 vote on March 10 , 2021 , and was sworn in the next day . Early life and education . Merrick Brian Garland was born on November 13 , 1952 , in Chicago . He grew up in the northern Chicago suburb of Lincolnwood . His mother Shirley ( née Horwitz ) was a director of volunteer services at Chicagos Council for Jewish Elderly ( now called CJE SeniorLife ) . His father , Cyril Garland , headed Garland Advertising , a small business run out of the family home . Garland was raised in Conservative Judaism , the family name having been changed from Garfinkel several generations prior . His grandparents left the Pale of Settlement within the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century , fleeing antisemitic pogroms and seeking a better life for their children in the United States . He is a second cousin of six-term Iowa Governor Terry Branstad . Garland attended Niles West High School in Skokie , Illinois , where he was president of the student council , acted in theatrical productions , and was a member of the debate team . He graduated in 1970 as the class valedictorian . Garland was also a Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar . After high school , Garland went to Harvard University , where he majored in social studies . He initially wanted to become a physician , but quickly decided to become a lawyer instead . Garland allied himself with his future boss , Jamie Gorelick , when he was elected the only freshman member of a campus-wide committee on which Gorelick also served.<ref During his college summers Garland volunteered as a speechwriter to Congressman Abner J . Mikva . After President Jimmy Carter appointed Mikva to the D.C . Circuit , Mikva would rely on Garland when selecting clerks.<ref 3/27></ref> At Harvard , Garland wrote news articles and theater reviews for the Harvard Crimson and worked as a Quincy House tutor . Garland wrote his 235-page honors thesis on industrial mergers in Britain in the 1960s . Garland graduated from Harvard in 1974 as class valedictorian with an A.B . summa cum laude and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Garland then attended Harvard Law School . During law school , Garland was a member of the Harvard Law Review . He ran for the presidency of the Law Review during his third year , but lost to Susan Estrich , and served as an articles editor instead . As an articles editor , Garland assigned himself to edit a submission by U.S . Supreme Court justice William Brennan on the topic of the role of state constitutions in safeguarding individual rights . This correspondence with Brennan later contributed to his winning a clerkship with the justice . Garland graduated from Harvard Law in 1977 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude . Early career . After graduating from law school , Garland spent two years as a judicial law clerk , first for Judge Henry J . Friendly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1977 to 1978 and then for Justice William Brennan at the U.S . Supreme Court from 1978 to 1979 . Garland then served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti from 1979 to 1981 . After the Carter administration ended in 1981 , Garland entered private practice at the law firm Arnold & Porter . Garland mostly practiced corporate litigation , and was made a partner in 1985 . In Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Assn v . State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co . ( 1983 ) Garland acted as counsel to an insurance company suing to reinstate an unpopular automatic seat belt mandate . After winning the case in both the District of Columbia Circuit Court and the Supreme Court , Garland would write an eighty-seven page Harvard Law Review article describing the way courts use a heightened hard look standard of review and scope of review when an agency chooses deregulation , with increasing focus on the fidelity of the agencies actions to congressional intent . In 1985–86 , while at Arnold & Porter , Garland was a lecturer at Harvard Law School , where he taught antitrust law . He also published an article in the Yale Law Journal urging a broader application of antitrust immunity to state and local governments . Desiring to return to public service and do more trial work , in 1989 Garland became an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S . Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia . As a line prosecutor , Garland represented the government in criminal cases ranging from drug trafficking to complex public corruption matters . Garland was one of the three principal prosecutors who handled the investigation into Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barrys possession of cocaine . Garland then briefly returned to Arnold & Porter , working there from 1992 to 1993 . In 1993 , Garland joined the new Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice . The following year , Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelicka key mentor of Garlandsasked Garland to be her principal associate deputy attorney general . In that role , Garlands responsibilities included the supervision of high-profile domestic-terrorism cases , including the Oklahoma City bombing , Ted Kaczynski ( also known as the Unabomber ) , and the Atlanta Olympics bombings . Garland insisted on being sent to Oklahoma City in the aftermath of the attack , in order to examine the crime scene and oversee the investigation in preparation for the prosecution . He represented the government at the preliminary hearings of the two main defendants , Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols . Garland offered to lead the trial team , but could not because he was needed at the Justice Department headquarters . Instead , he helped pick the team and supervised it from Washington , D.C. , where he was involved in major decisions , including the choice to seek the death penalty for McVeigh and Nichols . Garland won praise for his work on the case from the Republican Governor of Oklahoma , Frank Keating . Federal judicial service ( 1997–2021 ) . Appointment . On September 6 , 1995 , President Bill Clinton nominated Garland to the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia seat vacated by his longtime mentor Abner J . Mikva . Justice Brennan , for whom Garland clerked , recommended Garland for the position in a letter to Clinton . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously gave Garland a well-qualified committee rating , its highest . On December 1 , 1995 , Garland received a hearing regarding the nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee . In Senate confirmation hearings Garland said that the Supreme Court justices whom he most admired were Justice Brennan , for whom he clerked , and Chief Justice John Marshall . Garland also expressed admiration for the writing style of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. . However , Senate Republicans did not schedule a vote on Garlands confirmation , not because of concerns over Garlands qualifications , but because of a dispute over whether to fill the seat . After winning the November 1996 presidential election , Clinton renominated Garland on January 7 , 1997 . Garlands confirmation vote came to the floor of the Republican-controlled Senate on March 19 , 1997 . He was confirmed in a 76–23 vote and received his judicial commission the next day . The majority of Republican senators voted to confirm Garland , including Senators John McCain , Orrin Hatch , Susan Collins , and Jim Inhofe . Senators Mitch McConnell , Chuck Grassley , and Jeff Sessions were among those who voted against Garland . All of the 23 no votes came from Republicans , and all were based on whether there was even a need for an eleventh seat on the D.C . Circuit . Service as chief judge . Garland became chief judge of the D.C . Circuit on February 12 , 2013 . As chief judge , Garland announced in May 2013 that the D.C . Circuit had unanimously decided to provide the public with same-day audio recordings of oral arguments in the court . As chief judge , Garland was an active member of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and was involved in the formulation of new rules to protect federal judicial branch employees from workplace harassment , which were adopted in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations against Judge Alex Kozinski . Garlands seven-year term as chief judge ended on February 11 , 2020 , with Judge Sri Srinivasan succeeding him . Garland continued to serve as an active member of the court . Notable cases . Garland is considered a judicial moderate and a centrist . Garland has been described by Nina Totenberg and Carrie Johnson of NPR as a moderate liberal , with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases . Tom Goldstein , the publisher of SCOTUSblog , wrote in 2010 that Judge Garlands record demonstrates that he is essentially the model , neutral judge . He is acknowledged by all to be brilliant . His opinions avoid unnecessary , sweeping pronouncements . Garland has a reputation for collegiality and his opinions rarely draw a dissent . As of 2016 , Garland had written just fifteen dissents in his two decades on the court , fewer than his colleague Judge Brett Kavanaugh , who wrote some 17 dissents over the previous decade . Administrative and environmental law . Garland has tended to favor deference to regulatory agencies . For example , in In re Aiken County ( 2013 ) , Garland dissented when the court issued mandamus ordering the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to process the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository license . In Americans for Safe Access v . Drug Enforcement Administration ( 2013 ) , Garland joined a divided court upholding the DEAs classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug . However , according to Goldstein , in a number of split decisions on environmental law Garland favored contested EPA regulations and actions when challenged by industry , and in other cases he has accepted challenges brought by environmental groups . In Rancho Viejo , LLC v . Norton ( 2003 ) , Garland found the arroyo toad was protected by the federal Endangered Species Act . Circuit Judge John Roberts dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc , writing that Congresss interstate commerce power cannot reach a hapless toad that , for reasons of its own , lives its entire life in California . Criminal law and whistleblower protection . While on the bench , Garland has shown a tendency to be deferential to the government in criminal cases , siding with prosecutors in ten of the fourteen criminal cases in which he disagreed with a colleague . For example , in United States v . Watson ( 1999 ) , Garland dissented when the court concluded a prosecutors closing argument was unduly prejudicial , objecting that a conviction should be reversed for only the most egregious of these kind of errors . In 2007 , Garland dissented when the en banc D.C . Circuit reversed the conviction of a Washington , D.C . police officer who had accepted bribes in an FBI sting operation.<ref Garland has taken a broad view of whistleblower protection laws , such as the False Claims Act ( FCA ) , which creates a private cause of action against those defrauding the federal government . For example , in United States ex rel . Yesudian v . Howard University ( 1998 ) , Garland wrote for the court in holding that a plaintiff alleging he had been fired by Howard University for whistleblowing could sue under the FCA for retaliation . In United States ex rel . Totten v . Bombardier Corp . ( 2004 ) , Garland dissented when the court , in an opinion written by Judge John Roberts , held that the FCA did not apply to false claims submitted to Amtrak because Amtrak is not the government . Roberts justified his narrow reading by citing a book by Circuit Judge Henry Friendly . In dissent , Garland ( who like Roberts had clerked for Friendly ) , cited Friendlys book as supporting the use of legislative intent , writing that Roberts was relying on canons of statutory construction , which serve there as cannons of statutory destruction . Garlands dissent , expressing concerns that the courts ruling would impede the governments ability to pursue false claims cases against federal grantees , is credited with sparking the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 , which eliminated the loophole . During confirmation hearings in 2005 , Senator Chuck Grassley sharply questioned Roberts on why he hadnt adopted Garlands reading . Roberts replied , Any time Judge Garland disagrees , you know youre in a difficult area . National security . During Garlands tenure , the D.C . Circuit reviewed cases arising from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In al Odah v . United States ( 2003 ) , a panel that included Garland unanimously held that federal courts could not hear challenges from Guantanamo detainees . In July 2011 , Garland wrote for the unanimous panel when it rejected Guantanamo detainee Moath Hamza Ahmed al Alawis petition for habeas corpus . In Parhat v . Gates ( 2008 ) , Garland wrote for a panel that unanimously overturned the Combatant Status Review Tribunals determination that a captured Uyghur was an enemy combatant . In Saleh v . Titan Corp . ( 2009 ) , Garland dissented from the courts holding that former Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib prison could not sue private military contractors who participated in torture and prisoner abuse . Garland wrote that the suit should be allowed to proceed because no act of Congress and no judicial precedent immunized the contractors from tort liability , the Federal Tort Claims Act specifically excludes contractors , and tort liability would not interfere with government operations . First Amendment . According to Goldstein , Garland has tended to take a broader view of First Amendment rights . In cases involving the Freedom of Information Act and similar provisions related to government transparency , Judge Garlands rulings reflect a preference for open government . In ACLU v . CIA ( 2013 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously rejecting the agencys Glomar response and ordering it to process the ACLUs FOIA request regarding targeted killings by CIA drones . In Cause of Action v . FTC ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously overturning the agencys limitation on FOIA fee waivers to large news outlets . In Lee v . Department of Justice ( 2005 ) , Garland dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the D.C . Circuit affirmed the district courts order holding reporters in contempt of court for refusing to testify about their anonymous sources during the Wen Ho Lee investigation . Garland wrote that the panel had erred in failing to weigh the public interest in protecting the reporters sources against the private interest in compelling disclosure and that the decision undermined the Founders intention to protect the press so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people . In Initiative & Referendum Institute v . U.S . Postal Service ( 2005 ) , Garland wrote for the court , holding that a U.S . Postal Service regulation banning signature-gathering for petitions at post offices violated the First Amendment . Garland found the regulation to be facially overbroad and not narrowly tailored . In cases involving campaign finance reform laws , Garland has applied Citizens United v . Federal Election Commission when he believed that he was compelled to do so , but he has not sought to extend its holding . In Wagner v . Federal Election Commission ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for the unanimous en banc D.C . Circuit in upholding a prohibition on campaign contributions from federal contractors because of the governmental interest in preventing corruption . In National Association of Manufacturers v . Taylor ( 2009 ) , Garland wrote for the court in a decision upholding the constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements under the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act . Professor Rick Hasen , an election-law expert , writes that Garlands opinions on election law are characterized by careful application of precedent and indicate that Garland believes in reasonable regulation . Garland has addressed a number of religious freedom cases while on the D.C . Circuit , although several of these have been decided on procedural grounds . In 2002 , Garland joined a unanimous court in ruling for two federal prisoners who were denied the right to consume communion wine . In 2010 , Garland wrote the decision for a unanimous court in favor of an Interior Department employee who brought a religious-discrimination claim after the Interior Department refused to allow her to work weekdays rather than Sunday , when she wished to attend church and Bible study . Second Amendment . In 2007 , Garland voted in favor of en banc review of the D.C . Circuits panel decision in Parker v . District of Columbia invalidating the D.C . handgun ban . The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this invalidation 5–4 in an opinion by Justice Scalia . Other cases . In Alexander v . Daley ( 2003 ) , Garland joined a decision ( authored by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ) , rejecting a challenge brought by District of Columbia residents seeking D.C . congressional voting rights . In Hutchins v . District of Columbia ( 1999 ) , Garland concurred with four other D.C . Circuit judges ( en banc ) that D.C.s Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995 implicated at least some significant right of minors . He joined parts of a plurality opinion written by Judge Laurence Silberman that upheld the juvenile curfew under intermediate scrutiny and a vagueness challenge . Garland also joined the part of Judge Judith W . Rogerss opinion ( concurring in part and dissenting in part ) holding that a fundamental right to intrastate travel exists . Retirement . Garland retired from federal judicial service on March 11 , 2021 , to accept appointment as the Attorney General of the United States . Supreme Court nomination . Garland was considered twice to fill vacated seats on the United States Supreme Court in 2009 and 2010 , before finally being nominated in 2016 by President Barack Obama for the seat left vacant by the death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia . 2009 and 2010 considerations . In 2009 , following the announcement by Justice David Souter that he would retire , Garland was considered as one of nine finalists for the post , which ultimately went to Sonia Sotomayor , then a judge of the Second Circuit . After the April 2010 announcement by Justice John Paul Stevens that he would retire , Garland was again widely seen as a leading contender for a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States . President Obama interviewed Garland , among others , for the vacancy . In May 2010 , Senator Orrin Hatch , Republican of Utah , said he would help Obama if Garland was nominated , calling Garland a consensus nominee and predicting that Garland would win Senate confirmation with bipartisan support . Obama nominated Solicitor General of the United States Elena Kagan , who was confirmed in August 2010 . Scalia vacancy and 2016 nomination . On February 13 , 2016 , Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died . Later that day , Senate Republicans led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell issued a statement that they would not consider any nominee put forth by Obama , and that a Supreme Court nomination should be left to the next President of the United States . President Obama responded that he intended to fulfill my constitutional duty to appoint a judge to our highest court , and that there was no well established tradition that a president could not fill a Supreme Court vacancy during the U.S . Presidents last year in office . In early March 2016 , The New York Times reported that Garland was being vetted by the Obama Administration as a potential nominee . A week later , Garland was named as one of three judges on the Presidents short list ( along with Judge Sri Srinivasan , also of the D.C . Circuit , and Judge Paul J . Watford of the Ninth Circuit ) . Obama interviewed all three leading contenders , as well as two others who were being considered : Judge Jane L . Kelly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia . Soon afterward , Senator Orrin Hatch , President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the most senior Republican Senator , predicted that President Obama would name someone the liberal Democratic base wants even though he could easily name Merrick Garland , who is a fine man . Five days later , on March 16 , Obama formally nominated Garland to the vacant post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Garland had more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history , and was the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F . Powell , Jr . in 1971 . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated Garland well-qualified ( the committees highest rating ) to sit on the Supreme Court . Under Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , the Senates Republican majority refused to consider Garlands nomination , holding no hearings , no votes , no action whatsoever on the nomination . McConnells categorical refusal to hold hearings on Garlands nomination was described by political scientists and legal scholars as unprecedented , McConnells choice to lead a Republican blockade of the nomination was described as a culmination of <nowiki> [ his ] </nowiki> confrontational style , and an example of constitutional hardball . Yascha Mounk called it a blatant abuse of constitutional norms . After a period of 293 days , Garlands nomination expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . It was the longest confirmation delay of a Supreme Court nominee in history , far exceeding the 125-day delay faced by the ultimately confirmed Justice Louis Brandeis in 1916 . On January 31 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Court vacancy . On April 7 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Gorsuchs nomination to the Supreme Court . McConnell went on to boast about stopping Garlands nomination , saying in August 2016 , one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said , Mr . President , you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy . In April 2018 , McConnell said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was the most consequential decision Ive made in my entire public career . Memberships and committee service . Garland served as co-chair of the administrative law section of the District of Columbia Bar from 1991 to 1994 . He is also a member of the American Law Institute . In 2003 , Garland was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers , completing the unexpired term of Deval Patrick , who had stepped down from the board . Garland served as president of the overseers for 2009–10 . Attorney General ( 2021–present ) . Nomination and confirmation . President-elect Joe Biden selected Garland for the position of United States attorney general , with news of the selection coming on January 6 , 2021 . He was formally nominated by Biden on January 20 , after Biden took office . In Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings , Garland vowed to oversee vigorous prosecution of those who stormed the United States Capitol , and other domestic extremists , drawing on his experience prosecuting the perpetrators of the Oklahoma City bombing . Garland said it was likely the Biden administration would place a moratorium on use of the federal death penalty and expressed reservations about the death penalty in light of the almost randomness or arbitrariness of its application . He pledged to protect equal justice under law and reinvigorate the DOJ Civil Rights Division , which languished under the Trump administration . Garland affirmed that the Justice Department would remain independent under his leadership . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15–7 to advance Garlands nomination to the Senate floor , and on March 10 , the Senate confirmed Garlands nomination by a vote of 70–30 . He was sworn in on March 11 , 2021 by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus . Tenure . In April 2021 , Russia imposed sanctions against Garland , including prohibiting him from entering Russia . This was in retaliation for U.S . expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats , a sanction imposed by the United States against Russia for its SolarWinds hack , aggression against Ukraine , and interference in the 2020 U.S . election . During Garlands tenure as AG , the Justice Department has emphasized protection of civil rights . Garland rescinded a Trump administration policy ( imposed by Jeff Sessions ) that curtailed DOJ investigations into police department misconduct ( pattern-and-practice investigations ) and restricted the use of consent decrees to reform police departments . Personal life . Garland and his wife , Lynn , have been married since 1987 . Lynn Garlands grandfather , Samuel Irving Rosenman , was a justice of the New York Supreme Court ( a trial-level court ) and a special counsel to presidents Franklin D . Roosevelt and Harry S . Truman . Garland and his wife have two daughters , Rebecca and Jessica ; both are graduates of Yale University . Garland is a resident of Bethesda , Maryland . Financial disclosure forms in 2016 indicated that Garlands net worth at the time was between $6 million and $23 million . Garland is partially colorblind so he uses a list to match his suits and ties . Selected publications . - Merrick B . Garland , Antitrust and State Action : Economic Efficiency and the Political Process , 96 Yale L.J . 486 ( 1987 ) . . - ——— , Antitrust and Federalism : A Response to Professor Wiley , 96 Yale L.J . 1291 ( 1987 ) . - ——— , Deregulation and Judicial Review , 98 Harv . L . Rev . 505 ( 1985 ) . - ——— , Courts Give Deregulatory Policies New Hard Look , Legal Times , April 22 , 1985 . Vol . 8 , no . 32 . - ——— & Robert Pitofsky , Federal Trade Commission Investigations , Antitrust Counseling and Litigation Techniques Vol . 4 , Ch . 48 ( J . O . Kalinowski ed . 1984 ) . New York : Bender . . - James F . Fitzpatrick & Merrick Garland , The Court , Veto and Airbags , The New York Times , August 20 , 1983 , at 21 . - Student Note , Commercial Speech , Supreme Court , 1975 Term , 90 Harv . L . Rev . 142 ( 1976 ) . - Student Note , State Action Exemption and Antitrust Enforcement Under the Federal Trade Commission Act , 89 Harv . L . Rev . 715 ( 1976 ) . - Student Writer , writings , 1972–73 . The Harvard Crimson .
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"United States Department of Justice"
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Which employer did Merrick Garland work for from 1993 to 1997?
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/wiki/Merrick_Garland#P108#2
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Merrick Garland Merrick Brian Garland ( born November 13 , 1952 ) is an American attorney and jurist serving as the 86th United States attorney general since March 2021 . He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1997 to 2021 . A native of the Chicago area , Garland attended Harvard University for his undergraduate and legal education . After serving as a law clerk to Judge Henry J . Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Justice William J . Brennan Jr . of the Supreme Court of the United States , he practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the United States Department of Justice , where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers . President Barack Obama , a Democrat , nominated Garland to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in March 2016 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia . However , the Republican Senate majority refused to hold a hearing or vote on his nomination . The unprecedented refusal of a Senate majority to consider the nomination was controversial . Garlands nomination lasted 293 days ( the longest to date ) , and it expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . Eventually , the seat for which Garland was nominated was filled by Neil Gorsuch , who was appointed by President Donald Trump , a Republican , and Garland remained a circuit court judge . In January 2021 , Garland was nominated for the position of Attorney General by President Joe Biden . He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–30 vote on March 10 , 2021 , and was sworn in the next day . Early life and education . Merrick Brian Garland was born on November 13 , 1952 , in Chicago . He grew up in the northern Chicago suburb of Lincolnwood . His mother Shirley ( née Horwitz ) was a director of volunteer services at Chicagos Council for Jewish Elderly ( now called CJE SeniorLife ) . His father , Cyril Garland , headed Garland Advertising , a small business run out of the family home . Garland was raised in Conservative Judaism , the family name having been changed from Garfinkel several generations prior . His grandparents left the Pale of Settlement within the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century , fleeing antisemitic pogroms and seeking a better life for their children in the United States . He is a second cousin of six-term Iowa Governor Terry Branstad . Garland attended Niles West High School in Skokie , Illinois , where he was president of the student council , acted in theatrical productions , and was a member of the debate team . He graduated in 1970 as the class valedictorian . Garland was also a Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar . After high school , Garland went to Harvard University , where he majored in social studies . He initially wanted to become a physician , but quickly decided to become a lawyer instead . Garland allied himself with his future boss , Jamie Gorelick , when he was elected the only freshman member of a campus-wide committee on which Gorelick also served.<ref During his college summers Garland volunteered as a speechwriter to Congressman Abner J . Mikva . After President Jimmy Carter appointed Mikva to the D.C . Circuit , Mikva would rely on Garland when selecting clerks.<ref 3/27></ref> At Harvard , Garland wrote news articles and theater reviews for the Harvard Crimson and worked as a Quincy House tutor . Garland wrote his 235-page honors thesis on industrial mergers in Britain in the 1960s . Garland graduated from Harvard in 1974 as class valedictorian with an A.B . summa cum laude and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Garland then attended Harvard Law School . During law school , Garland was a member of the Harvard Law Review . He ran for the presidency of the Law Review during his third year , but lost to Susan Estrich , and served as an articles editor instead . As an articles editor , Garland assigned himself to edit a submission by U.S . Supreme Court justice William Brennan on the topic of the role of state constitutions in safeguarding individual rights . This correspondence with Brennan later contributed to his winning a clerkship with the justice . Garland graduated from Harvard Law in 1977 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude . Early career . After graduating from law school , Garland spent two years as a judicial law clerk , first for Judge Henry J . Friendly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1977 to 1978 and then for Justice William Brennan at the U.S . Supreme Court from 1978 to 1979 . Garland then served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti from 1979 to 1981 . After the Carter administration ended in 1981 , Garland entered private practice at the law firm Arnold & Porter . Garland mostly practiced corporate litigation , and was made a partner in 1985 . In Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Assn v . State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co . ( 1983 ) Garland acted as counsel to an insurance company suing to reinstate an unpopular automatic seat belt mandate . After winning the case in both the District of Columbia Circuit Court and the Supreme Court , Garland would write an eighty-seven page Harvard Law Review article describing the way courts use a heightened hard look standard of review and scope of review when an agency chooses deregulation , with increasing focus on the fidelity of the agencies actions to congressional intent . In 1985–86 , while at Arnold & Porter , Garland was a lecturer at Harvard Law School , where he taught antitrust law . He also published an article in the Yale Law Journal urging a broader application of antitrust immunity to state and local governments . Desiring to return to public service and do more trial work , in 1989 Garland became an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S . Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia . As a line prosecutor , Garland represented the government in criminal cases ranging from drug trafficking to complex public corruption matters . Garland was one of the three principal prosecutors who handled the investigation into Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barrys possession of cocaine . Garland then briefly returned to Arnold & Porter , working there from 1992 to 1993 . In 1993 , Garland joined the new Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice . The following year , Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelicka key mentor of Garlandsasked Garland to be her principal associate deputy attorney general . In that role , Garlands responsibilities included the supervision of high-profile domestic-terrorism cases , including the Oklahoma City bombing , Ted Kaczynski ( also known as the Unabomber ) , and the Atlanta Olympics bombings . Garland insisted on being sent to Oklahoma City in the aftermath of the attack , in order to examine the crime scene and oversee the investigation in preparation for the prosecution . He represented the government at the preliminary hearings of the two main defendants , Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols . Garland offered to lead the trial team , but could not because he was needed at the Justice Department headquarters . Instead , he helped pick the team and supervised it from Washington , D.C. , where he was involved in major decisions , including the choice to seek the death penalty for McVeigh and Nichols . Garland won praise for his work on the case from the Republican Governor of Oklahoma , Frank Keating . Federal judicial service ( 1997–2021 ) . Appointment . On September 6 , 1995 , President Bill Clinton nominated Garland to the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia seat vacated by his longtime mentor Abner J . Mikva . Justice Brennan , for whom Garland clerked , recommended Garland for the position in a letter to Clinton . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously gave Garland a well-qualified committee rating , its highest . On December 1 , 1995 , Garland received a hearing regarding the nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee . In Senate confirmation hearings Garland said that the Supreme Court justices whom he most admired were Justice Brennan , for whom he clerked , and Chief Justice John Marshall . Garland also expressed admiration for the writing style of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. . However , Senate Republicans did not schedule a vote on Garlands confirmation , not because of concerns over Garlands qualifications , but because of a dispute over whether to fill the seat . After winning the November 1996 presidential election , Clinton renominated Garland on January 7 , 1997 . Garlands confirmation vote came to the floor of the Republican-controlled Senate on March 19 , 1997 . He was confirmed in a 76–23 vote and received his judicial commission the next day . The majority of Republican senators voted to confirm Garland , including Senators John McCain , Orrin Hatch , Susan Collins , and Jim Inhofe . Senators Mitch McConnell , Chuck Grassley , and Jeff Sessions were among those who voted against Garland . All of the 23 no votes came from Republicans , and all were based on whether there was even a need for an eleventh seat on the D.C . Circuit . Service as chief judge . Garland became chief judge of the D.C . Circuit on February 12 , 2013 . As chief judge , Garland announced in May 2013 that the D.C . Circuit had unanimously decided to provide the public with same-day audio recordings of oral arguments in the court . As chief judge , Garland was an active member of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and was involved in the formulation of new rules to protect federal judicial branch employees from workplace harassment , which were adopted in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations against Judge Alex Kozinski . Garlands seven-year term as chief judge ended on February 11 , 2020 , with Judge Sri Srinivasan succeeding him . Garland continued to serve as an active member of the court . Notable cases . Garland is considered a judicial moderate and a centrist . Garland has been described by Nina Totenberg and Carrie Johnson of NPR as a moderate liberal , with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases . Tom Goldstein , the publisher of SCOTUSblog , wrote in 2010 that Judge Garlands record demonstrates that he is essentially the model , neutral judge . He is acknowledged by all to be brilliant . His opinions avoid unnecessary , sweeping pronouncements . Garland has a reputation for collegiality and his opinions rarely draw a dissent . As of 2016 , Garland had written just fifteen dissents in his two decades on the court , fewer than his colleague Judge Brett Kavanaugh , who wrote some 17 dissents over the previous decade . Administrative and environmental law . Garland has tended to favor deference to regulatory agencies . For example , in In re Aiken County ( 2013 ) , Garland dissented when the court issued mandamus ordering the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to process the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository license . In Americans for Safe Access v . Drug Enforcement Administration ( 2013 ) , Garland joined a divided court upholding the DEAs classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug . However , according to Goldstein , in a number of split decisions on environmental law Garland favored contested EPA regulations and actions when challenged by industry , and in other cases he has accepted challenges brought by environmental groups . In Rancho Viejo , LLC v . Norton ( 2003 ) , Garland found the arroyo toad was protected by the federal Endangered Species Act . Circuit Judge John Roberts dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc , writing that Congresss interstate commerce power cannot reach a hapless toad that , for reasons of its own , lives its entire life in California . Criminal law and whistleblower protection . While on the bench , Garland has shown a tendency to be deferential to the government in criminal cases , siding with prosecutors in ten of the fourteen criminal cases in which he disagreed with a colleague . For example , in United States v . Watson ( 1999 ) , Garland dissented when the court concluded a prosecutors closing argument was unduly prejudicial , objecting that a conviction should be reversed for only the most egregious of these kind of errors . In 2007 , Garland dissented when the en banc D.C . Circuit reversed the conviction of a Washington , D.C . police officer who had accepted bribes in an FBI sting operation.<ref Garland has taken a broad view of whistleblower protection laws , such as the False Claims Act ( FCA ) , which creates a private cause of action against those defrauding the federal government . For example , in United States ex rel . Yesudian v . Howard University ( 1998 ) , Garland wrote for the court in holding that a plaintiff alleging he had been fired by Howard University for whistleblowing could sue under the FCA for retaliation . In United States ex rel . Totten v . Bombardier Corp . ( 2004 ) , Garland dissented when the court , in an opinion written by Judge John Roberts , held that the FCA did not apply to false claims submitted to Amtrak because Amtrak is not the government . Roberts justified his narrow reading by citing a book by Circuit Judge Henry Friendly . In dissent , Garland ( who like Roberts had clerked for Friendly ) , cited Friendlys book as supporting the use of legislative intent , writing that Roberts was relying on canons of statutory construction , which serve there as cannons of statutory destruction . Garlands dissent , expressing concerns that the courts ruling would impede the governments ability to pursue false claims cases against federal grantees , is credited with sparking the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 , which eliminated the loophole . During confirmation hearings in 2005 , Senator Chuck Grassley sharply questioned Roberts on why he hadnt adopted Garlands reading . Roberts replied , Any time Judge Garland disagrees , you know youre in a difficult area . National security . During Garlands tenure , the D.C . Circuit reviewed cases arising from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In al Odah v . United States ( 2003 ) , a panel that included Garland unanimously held that federal courts could not hear challenges from Guantanamo detainees . In July 2011 , Garland wrote for the unanimous panel when it rejected Guantanamo detainee Moath Hamza Ahmed al Alawis petition for habeas corpus . In Parhat v . Gates ( 2008 ) , Garland wrote for a panel that unanimously overturned the Combatant Status Review Tribunals determination that a captured Uyghur was an enemy combatant . In Saleh v . Titan Corp . ( 2009 ) , Garland dissented from the courts holding that former Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib prison could not sue private military contractors who participated in torture and prisoner abuse . Garland wrote that the suit should be allowed to proceed because no act of Congress and no judicial precedent immunized the contractors from tort liability , the Federal Tort Claims Act specifically excludes contractors , and tort liability would not interfere with government operations . First Amendment . According to Goldstein , Garland has tended to take a broader view of First Amendment rights . In cases involving the Freedom of Information Act and similar provisions related to government transparency , Judge Garlands rulings reflect a preference for open government . In ACLU v . CIA ( 2013 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously rejecting the agencys Glomar response and ordering it to process the ACLUs FOIA request regarding targeted killings by CIA drones . In Cause of Action v . FTC ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously overturning the agencys limitation on FOIA fee waivers to large news outlets . In Lee v . Department of Justice ( 2005 ) , Garland dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the D.C . Circuit affirmed the district courts order holding reporters in contempt of court for refusing to testify about their anonymous sources during the Wen Ho Lee investigation . Garland wrote that the panel had erred in failing to weigh the public interest in protecting the reporters sources against the private interest in compelling disclosure and that the decision undermined the Founders intention to protect the press so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people . In Initiative & Referendum Institute v . U.S . Postal Service ( 2005 ) , Garland wrote for the court , holding that a U.S . Postal Service regulation banning signature-gathering for petitions at post offices violated the First Amendment . Garland found the regulation to be facially overbroad and not narrowly tailored . In cases involving campaign finance reform laws , Garland has applied Citizens United v . Federal Election Commission when he believed that he was compelled to do so , but he has not sought to extend its holding . In Wagner v . Federal Election Commission ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for the unanimous en banc D.C . Circuit in upholding a prohibition on campaign contributions from federal contractors because of the governmental interest in preventing corruption . In National Association of Manufacturers v . Taylor ( 2009 ) , Garland wrote for the court in a decision upholding the constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements under the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act . Professor Rick Hasen , an election-law expert , writes that Garlands opinions on election law are characterized by careful application of precedent and indicate that Garland believes in reasonable regulation . Garland has addressed a number of religious freedom cases while on the D.C . Circuit , although several of these have been decided on procedural grounds . In 2002 , Garland joined a unanimous court in ruling for two federal prisoners who were denied the right to consume communion wine . In 2010 , Garland wrote the decision for a unanimous court in favor of an Interior Department employee who brought a religious-discrimination claim after the Interior Department refused to allow her to work weekdays rather than Sunday , when she wished to attend church and Bible study . Second Amendment . In 2007 , Garland voted in favor of en banc review of the D.C . Circuits panel decision in Parker v . District of Columbia invalidating the D.C . handgun ban . The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this invalidation 5–4 in an opinion by Justice Scalia . Other cases . In Alexander v . Daley ( 2003 ) , Garland joined a decision ( authored by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ) , rejecting a challenge brought by District of Columbia residents seeking D.C . congressional voting rights . In Hutchins v . District of Columbia ( 1999 ) , Garland concurred with four other D.C . Circuit judges ( en banc ) that D.C.s Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995 implicated at least some significant right of minors . He joined parts of a plurality opinion written by Judge Laurence Silberman that upheld the juvenile curfew under intermediate scrutiny and a vagueness challenge . Garland also joined the part of Judge Judith W . Rogerss opinion ( concurring in part and dissenting in part ) holding that a fundamental right to intrastate travel exists . Retirement . Garland retired from federal judicial service on March 11 , 2021 , to accept appointment as the Attorney General of the United States . Supreme Court nomination . Garland was considered twice to fill vacated seats on the United States Supreme Court in 2009 and 2010 , before finally being nominated in 2016 by President Barack Obama for the seat left vacant by the death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia . 2009 and 2010 considerations . In 2009 , following the announcement by Justice David Souter that he would retire , Garland was considered as one of nine finalists for the post , which ultimately went to Sonia Sotomayor , then a judge of the Second Circuit . After the April 2010 announcement by Justice John Paul Stevens that he would retire , Garland was again widely seen as a leading contender for a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States . President Obama interviewed Garland , among others , for the vacancy . In May 2010 , Senator Orrin Hatch , Republican of Utah , said he would help Obama if Garland was nominated , calling Garland a consensus nominee and predicting that Garland would win Senate confirmation with bipartisan support . Obama nominated Solicitor General of the United States Elena Kagan , who was confirmed in August 2010 . Scalia vacancy and 2016 nomination . On February 13 , 2016 , Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died . Later that day , Senate Republicans led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell issued a statement that they would not consider any nominee put forth by Obama , and that a Supreme Court nomination should be left to the next President of the United States . President Obama responded that he intended to fulfill my constitutional duty to appoint a judge to our highest court , and that there was no well established tradition that a president could not fill a Supreme Court vacancy during the U.S . Presidents last year in office . In early March 2016 , The New York Times reported that Garland was being vetted by the Obama Administration as a potential nominee . A week later , Garland was named as one of three judges on the Presidents short list ( along with Judge Sri Srinivasan , also of the D.C . Circuit , and Judge Paul J . Watford of the Ninth Circuit ) . Obama interviewed all three leading contenders , as well as two others who were being considered : Judge Jane L . Kelly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia . Soon afterward , Senator Orrin Hatch , President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the most senior Republican Senator , predicted that President Obama would name someone the liberal Democratic base wants even though he could easily name Merrick Garland , who is a fine man . Five days later , on March 16 , Obama formally nominated Garland to the vacant post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Garland had more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history , and was the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F . Powell , Jr . in 1971 . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated Garland well-qualified ( the committees highest rating ) to sit on the Supreme Court . Under Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , the Senates Republican majority refused to consider Garlands nomination , holding no hearings , no votes , no action whatsoever on the nomination . McConnells categorical refusal to hold hearings on Garlands nomination was described by political scientists and legal scholars as unprecedented , McConnells choice to lead a Republican blockade of the nomination was described as a culmination of <nowiki> [ his ] </nowiki> confrontational style , and an example of constitutional hardball . Yascha Mounk called it a blatant abuse of constitutional norms . After a period of 293 days , Garlands nomination expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . It was the longest confirmation delay of a Supreme Court nominee in history , far exceeding the 125-day delay faced by the ultimately confirmed Justice Louis Brandeis in 1916 . On January 31 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Court vacancy . On April 7 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Gorsuchs nomination to the Supreme Court . McConnell went on to boast about stopping Garlands nomination , saying in August 2016 , one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said , Mr . President , you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy . In April 2018 , McConnell said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was the most consequential decision Ive made in my entire public career . Memberships and committee service . Garland served as co-chair of the administrative law section of the District of Columbia Bar from 1991 to 1994 . He is also a member of the American Law Institute . In 2003 , Garland was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers , completing the unexpired term of Deval Patrick , who had stepped down from the board . Garland served as president of the overseers for 2009–10 . Attorney General ( 2021–present ) . Nomination and confirmation . President-elect Joe Biden selected Garland for the position of United States attorney general , with news of the selection coming on January 6 , 2021 . He was formally nominated by Biden on January 20 , after Biden took office . In Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings , Garland vowed to oversee vigorous prosecution of those who stormed the United States Capitol , and other domestic extremists , drawing on his experience prosecuting the perpetrators of the Oklahoma City bombing . Garland said it was likely the Biden administration would place a moratorium on use of the federal death penalty and expressed reservations about the death penalty in light of the almost randomness or arbitrariness of its application . He pledged to protect equal justice under law and reinvigorate the DOJ Civil Rights Division , which languished under the Trump administration . Garland affirmed that the Justice Department would remain independent under his leadership . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15–7 to advance Garlands nomination to the Senate floor , and on March 10 , the Senate confirmed Garlands nomination by a vote of 70–30 . He was sworn in on March 11 , 2021 by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus . Tenure . In April 2021 , Russia imposed sanctions against Garland , including prohibiting him from entering Russia . This was in retaliation for U.S . expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats , a sanction imposed by the United States against Russia for its SolarWinds hack , aggression against Ukraine , and interference in the 2020 U.S . election . During Garlands tenure as AG , the Justice Department has emphasized protection of civil rights . Garland rescinded a Trump administration policy ( imposed by Jeff Sessions ) that curtailed DOJ investigations into police department misconduct ( pattern-and-practice investigations ) and restricted the use of consent decrees to reform police departments . Personal life . Garland and his wife , Lynn , have been married since 1987 . Lynn Garlands grandfather , Samuel Irving Rosenman , was a justice of the New York Supreme Court ( a trial-level court ) and a special counsel to presidents Franklin D . Roosevelt and Harry S . Truman . Garland and his wife have two daughters , Rebecca and Jessica ; both are graduates of Yale University . Garland is a resident of Bethesda , Maryland . Financial disclosure forms in 2016 indicated that Garlands net worth at the time was between $6 million and $23 million . Garland is partially colorblind so he uses a list to match his suits and ties . Selected publications . - Merrick B . Garland , Antitrust and State Action : Economic Efficiency and the Political Process , 96 Yale L.J . 486 ( 1987 ) . . - ——— , Antitrust and Federalism : A Response to Professor Wiley , 96 Yale L.J . 1291 ( 1987 ) . - ——— , Deregulation and Judicial Review , 98 Harv . L . Rev . 505 ( 1985 ) . - ——— , Courts Give Deregulatory Policies New Hard Look , Legal Times , April 22 , 1985 . Vol . 8 , no . 32 . - ——— & Robert Pitofsky , Federal Trade Commission Investigations , Antitrust Counseling and Litigation Techniques Vol . 4 , Ch . 48 ( J . O . Kalinowski ed . 1984 ) . New York : Bender . . - James F . Fitzpatrick & Merrick Garland , The Court , Veto and Airbags , The New York Times , August 20 , 1983 , at 21 . - Student Note , Commercial Speech , Supreme Court , 1975 Term , 90 Harv . L . Rev . 142 ( 1976 ) . - Student Note , State Action Exemption and Antitrust Enforcement Under the Federal Trade Commission Act , 89 Harv . L . Rev . 715 ( 1976 ) . - Student Writer , writings , 1972–73 . The Harvard Crimson .
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Which employer did Merrick Garland work for from Mar 1997 to Mar 1998?
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Merrick Garland Merrick Brian Garland ( born November 13 , 1952 ) is an American attorney and jurist serving as the 86th United States attorney general since March 2021 . He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1997 to 2021 . A native of the Chicago area , Garland attended Harvard University for his undergraduate and legal education . After serving as a law clerk to Judge Henry J . Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Justice William J . Brennan Jr . of the Supreme Court of the United States , he practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the United States Department of Justice , where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers . President Barack Obama , a Democrat , nominated Garland to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in March 2016 to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia . However , the Republican Senate majority refused to hold a hearing or vote on his nomination . The unprecedented refusal of a Senate majority to consider the nomination was controversial . Garlands nomination lasted 293 days ( the longest to date ) , and it expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . Eventually , the seat for which Garland was nominated was filled by Neil Gorsuch , who was appointed by President Donald Trump , a Republican , and Garland remained a circuit court judge . In January 2021 , Garland was nominated for the position of Attorney General by President Joe Biden . He was confirmed by the Senate in a 70–30 vote on March 10 , 2021 , and was sworn in the next day . Early life and education . Merrick Brian Garland was born on November 13 , 1952 , in Chicago . He grew up in the northern Chicago suburb of Lincolnwood . His mother Shirley ( née Horwitz ) was a director of volunteer services at Chicagos Council for Jewish Elderly ( now called CJE SeniorLife ) . His father , Cyril Garland , headed Garland Advertising , a small business run out of the family home . Garland was raised in Conservative Judaism , the family name having been changed from Garfinkel several generations prior . His grandparents left the Pale of Settlement within the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century , fleeing antisemitic pogroms and seeking a better life for their children in the United States . He is a second cousin of six-term Iowa Governor Terry Branstad . Garland attended Niles West High School in Skokie , Illinois , where he was president of the student council , acted in theatrical productions , and was a member of the debate team . He graduated in 1970 as the class valedictorian . Garland was also a Presidential Scholar and National Merit Scholar . After high school , Garland went to Harvard University , where he majored in social studies . He initially wanted to become a physician , but quickly decided to become a lawyer instead . Garland allied himself with his future boss , Jamie Gorelick , when he was elected the only freshman member of a campus-wide committee on which Gorelick also served.<ref During his college summers Garland volunteered as a speechwriter to Congressman Abner J . Mikva . After President Jimmy Carter appointed Mikva to the D.C . Circuit , Mikva would rely on Garland when selecting clerks.<ref 3/27></ref> At Harvard , Garland wrote news articles and theater reviews for the Harvard Crimson and worked as a Quincy House tutor . Garland wrote his 235-page honors thesis on industrial mergers in Britain in the 1960s . Garland graduated from Harvard in 1974 as class valedictorian with an A.B . summa cum laude and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa . Garland then attended Harvard Law School . During law school , Garland was a member of the Harvard Law Review . He ran for the presidency of the Law Review during his third year , but lost to Susan Estrich , and served as an articles editor instead . As an articles editor , Garland assigned himself to edit a submission by U.S . Supreme Court justice William Brennan on the topic of the role of state constitutions in safeguarding individual rights . This correspondence with Brennan later contributed to his winning a clerkship with the justice . Garland graduated from Harvard Law in 1977 with a Juris Doctor magna cum laude . Early career . After graduating from law school , Garland spent two years as a judicial law clerk , first for Judge Henry J . Friendly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1977 to 1978 and then for Justice William Brennan at the U.S . Supreme Court from 1978 to 1979 . Garland then served as a special assistant to Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti from 1979 to 1981 . After the Carter administration ended in 1981 , Garland entered private practice at the law firm Arnold & Porter . Garland mostly practiced corporate litigation , and was made a partner in 1985 . In Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Assn v . State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co . ( 1983 ) Garland acted as counsel to an insurance company suing to reinstate an unpopular automatic seat belt mandate . After winning the case in both the District of Columbia Circuit Court and the Supreme Court , Garland would write an eighty-seven page Harvard Law Review article describing the way courts use a heightened hard look standard of review and scope of review when an agency chooses deregulation , with increasing focus on the fidelity of the agencies actions to congressional intent . In 1985–86 , while at Arnold & Porter , Garland was a lecturer at Harvard Law School , where he taught antitrust law . He also published an article in the Yale Law Journal urging a broader application of antitrust immunity to state and local governments . Desiring to return to public service and do more trial work , in 1989 Garland became an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S . Attorneys Office for the District of Columbia . As a line prosecutor , Garland represented the government in criminal cases ranging from drug trafficking to complex public corruption matters . Garland was one of the three principal prosecutors who handled the investigation into Washington , D.C . mayor Marion Barrys possession of cocaine . Garland then briefly returned to Arnold & Porter , working there from 1992 to 1993 . In 1993 , Garland joined the new Clinton administration as deputy assistant attorney general in the Criminal Division of the United States Department of Justice . The following year , Deputy Attorney General Jamie Gorelicka key mentor of Garlandsasked Garland to be her principal associate deputy attorney general . In that role , Garlands responsibilities included the supervision of high-profile domestic-terrorism cases , including the Oklahoma City bombing , Ted Kaczynski ( also known as the Unabomber ) , and the Atlanta Olympics bombings . Garland insisted on being sent to Oklahoma City in the aftermath of the attack , in order to examine the crime scene and oversee the investigation in preparation for the prosecution . He represented the government at the preliminary hearings of the two main defendants , Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols . Garland offered to lead the trial team , but could not because he was needed at the Justice Department headquarters . Instead , he helped pick the team and supervised it from Washington , D.C. , where he was involved in major decisions , including the choice to seek the death penalty for McVeigh and Nichols . Garland won praise for his work on the case from the Republican Governor of Oklahoma , Frank Keating . Federal judicial service ( 1997–2021 ) . Appointment . On September 6 , 1995 , President Bill Clinton nominated Garland to the U.S . Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia seat vacated by his longtime mentor Abner J . Mikva . Justice Brennan , for whom Garland clerked , recommended Garland for the position in a letter to Clinton . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously gave Garland a well-qualified committee rating , its highest . On December 1 , 1995 , Garland received a hearing regarding the nomination before the Senate Judiciary Committee . In Senate confirmation hearings Garland said that the Supreme Court justices whom he most admired were Justice Brennan , for whom he clerked , and Chief Justice John Marshall . Garland also expressed admiration for the writing style of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. . However , Senate Republicans did not schedule a vote on Garlands confirmation , not because of concerns over Garlands qualifications , but because of a dispute over whether to fill the seat . After winning the November 1996 presidential election , Clinton renominated Garland on January 7 , 1997 . Garlands confirmation vote came to the floor of the Republican-controlled Senate on March 19 , 1997 . He was confirmed in a 76–23 vote and received his judicial commission the next day . The majority of Republican senators voted to confirm Garland , including Senators John McCain , Orrin Hatch , Susan Collins , and Jim Inhofe . Senators Mitch McConnell , Chuck Grassley , and Jeff Sessions were among those who voted against Garland . All of the 23 no votes came from Republicans , and all were based on whether there was even a need for an eleventh seat on the D.C . Circuit . Service as chief judge . Garland became chief judge of the D.C . Circuit on February 12 , 2013 . As chief judge , Garland announced in May 2013 that the D.C . Circuit had unanimously decided to provide the public with same-day audio recordings of oral arguments in the court . As chief judge , Garland was an active member of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and was involved in the formulation of new rules to protect federal judicial branch employees from workplace harassment , which were adopted in the wake of multiple sexual misconduct allegations against Judge Alex Kozinski . Garlands seven-year term as chief judge ended on February 11 , 2020 , with Judge Sri Srinivasan succeeding him . Garland continued to serve as an active member of the court . Notable cases . Garland is considered a judicial moderate and a centrist . Garland has been described by Nina Totenberg and Carrie Johnson of NPR as a moderate liberal , with a definite pro-prosecution bent in criminal cases . Tom Goldstein , the publisher of SCOTUSblog , wrote in 2010 that Judge Garlands record demonstrates that he is essentially the model , neutral judge . He is acknowledged by all to be brilliant . His opinions avoid unnecessary , sweeping pronouncements . Garland has a reputation for collegiality and his opinions rarely draw a dissent . As of 2016 , Garland had written just fifteen dissents in his two decades on the court , fewer than his colleague Judge Brett Kavanaugh , who wrote some 17 dissents over the previous decade . Administrative and environmental law . Garland has tended to favor deference to regulatory agencies . For example , in In re Aiken County ( 2013 ) , Garland dissented when the court issued mandamus ordering the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to process the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository license . In Americans for Safe Access v . Drug Enforcement Administration ( 2013 ) , Garland joined a divided court upholding the DEAs classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug . However , according to Goldstein , in a number of split decisions on environmental law Garland favored contested EPA regulations and actions when challenged by industry , and in other cases he has accepted challenges brought by environmental groups . In Rancho Viejo , LLC v . Norton ( 2003 ) , Garland found the arroyo toad was protected by the federal Endangered Species Act . Circuit Judge John Roberts dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc , writing that Congresss interstate commerce power cannot reach a hapless toad that , for reasons of its own , lives its entire life in California . Criminal law and whistleblower protection . While on the bench , Garland has shown a tendency to be deferential to the government in criminal cases , siding with prosecutors in ten of the fourteen criminal cases in which he disagreed with a colleague . For example , in United States v . Watson ( 1999 ) , Garland dissented when the court concluded a prosecutors closing argument was unduly prejudicial , objecting that a conviction should be reversed for only the most egregious of these kind of errors . In 2007 , Garland dissented when the en banc D.C . Circuit reversed the conviction of a Washington , D.C . police officer who had accepted bribes in an FBI sting operation.<ref Garland has taken a broad view of whistleblower protection laws , such as the False Claims Act ( FCA ) , which creates a private cause of action against those defrauding the federal government . For example , in United States ex rel . Yesudian v . Howard University ( 1998 ) , Garland wrote for the court in holding that a plaintiff alleging he had been fired by Howard University for whistleblowing could sue under the FCA for retaliation . In United States ex rel . Totten v . Bombardier Corp . ( 2004 ) , Garland dissented when the court , in an opinion written by Judge John Roberts , held that the FCA did not apply to false claims submitted to Amtrak because Amtrak is not the government . Roberts justified his narrow reading by citing a book by Circuit Judge Henry Friendly . In dissent , Garland ( who like Roberts had clerked for Friendly ) , cited Friendlys book as supporting the use of legislative intent , writing that Roberts was relying on canons of statutory construction , which serve there as cannons of statutory destruction . Garlands dissent , expressing concerns that the courts ruling would impede the governments ability to pursue false claims cases against federal grantees , is credited with sparking the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 , which eliminated the loophole . During confirmation hearings in 2005 , Senator Chuck Grassley sharply questioned Roberts on why he hadnt adopted Garlands reading . Roberts replied , Any time Judge Garland disagrees , you know youre in a difficult area . National security . During Garlands tenure , the D.C . Circuit reviewed cases arising from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . In al Odah v . United States ( 2003 ) , a panel that included Garland unanimously held that federal courts could not hear challenges from Guantanamo detainees . In July 2011 , Garland wrote for the unanimous panel when it rejected Guantanamo detainee Moath Hamza Ahmed al Alawis petition for habeas corpus . In Parhat v . Gates ( 2008 ) , Garland wrote for a panel that unanimously overturned the Combatant Status Review Tribunals determination that a captured Uyghur was an enemy combatant . In Saleh v . Titan Corp . ( 2009 ) , Garland dissented from the courts holding that former Iraqi detainees at Abu Ghraib prison could not sue private military contractors who participated in torture and prisoner abuse . Garland wrote that the suit should be allowed to proceed because no act of Congress and no judicial precedent immunized the contractors from tort liability , the Federal Tort Claims Act specifically excludes contractors , and tort liability would not interfere with government operations . First Amendment . According to Goldstein , Garland has tended to take a broader view of First Amendment rights . In cases involving the Freedom of Information Act and similar provisions related to government transparency , Judge Garlands rulings reflect a preference for open government . In ACLU v . CIA ( 2013 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously rejecting the agencys Glomar response and ordering it to process the ACLUs FOIA request regarding targeted killings by CIA drones . In Cause of Action v . FTC ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for a panel unanimously overturning the agencys limitation on FOIA fee waivers to large news outlets . In Lee v . Department of Justice ( 2005 ) , Garland dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc after the D.C . Circuit affirmed the district courts order holding reporters in contempt of court for refusing to testify about their anonymous sources during the Wen Ho Lee investigation . Garland wrote that the panel had erred in failing to weigh the public interest in protecting the reporters sources against the private interest in compelling disclosure and that the decision undermined the Founders intention to protect the press so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people . In Initiative & Referendum Institute v . U.S . Postal Service ( 2005 ) , Garland wrote for the court , holding that a U.S . Postal Service regulation banning signature-gathering for petitions at post offices violated the First Amendment . Garland found the regulation to be facially overbroad and not narrowly tailored . In cases involving campaign finance reform laws , Garland has applied Citizens United v . Federal Election Commission when he believed that he was compelled to do so , but he has not sought to extend its holding . In Wagner v . Federal Election Commission ( 2015 ) , Garland wrote for the unanimous en banc D.C . Circuit in upholding a prohibition on campaign contributions from federal contractors because of the governmental interest in preventing corruption . In National Association of Manufacturers v . Taylor ( 2009 ) , Garland wrote for the court in a decision upholding the constitutionality of lobbyist disclosure requirements under the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act . Professor Rick Hasen , an election-law expert , writes that Garlands opinions on election law are characterized by careful application of precedent and indicate that Garland believes in reasonable regulation . Garland has addressed a number of religious freedom cases while on the D.C . Circuit , although several of these have been decided on procedural grounds . In 2002 , Garland joined a unanimous court in ruling for two federal prisoners who were denied the right to consume communion wine . In 2010 , Garland wrote the decision for a unanimous court in favor of an Interior Department employee who brought a religious-discrimination claim after the Interior Department refused to allow her to work weekdays rather than Sunday , when she wished to attend church and Bible study . Second Amendment . In 2007 , Garland voted in favor of en banc review of the D.C . Circuits panel decision in Parker v . District of Columbia invalidating the D.C . handgun ban . The Supreme Court subsequently affirmed this invalidation 5–4 in an opinion by Justice Scalia . Other cases . In Alexander v . Daley ( 2003 ) , Garland joined a decision ( authored by Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly ) , rejecting a challenge brought by District of Columbia residents seeking D.C . congressional voting rights . In Hutchins v . District of Columbia ( 1999 ) , Garland concurred with four other D.C . Circuit judges ( en banc ) that D.C.s Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995 implicated at least some significant right of minors . He joined parts of a plurality opinion written by Judge Laurence Silberman that upheld the juvenile curfew under intermediate scrutiny and a vagueness challenge . Garland also joined the part of Judge Judith W . Rogerss opinion ( concurring in part and dissenting in part ) holding that a fundamental right to intrastate travel exists . Retirement . Garland retired from federal judicial service on March 11 , 2021 , to accept appointment as the Attorney General of the United States . Supreme Court nomination . Garland was considered twice to fill vacated seats on the United States Supreme Court in 2009 and 2010 , before finally being nominated in 2016 by President Barack Obama for the seat left vacant by the death of conservative Associate Justice Antonin Scalia . 2009 and 2010 considerations . In 2009 , following the announcement by Justice David Souter that he would retire , Garland was considered as one of nine finalists for the post , which ultimately went to Sonia Sotomayor , then a judge of the Second Circuit . After the April 2010 announcement by Justice John Paul Stevens that he would retire , Garland was again widely seen as a leading contender for a nomination to the Supreme Court of the United States . President Obama interviewed Garland , among others , for the vacancy . In May 2010 , Senator Orrin Hatch , Republican of Utah , said he would help Obama if Garland was nominated , calling Garland a consensus nominee and predicting that Garland would win Senate confirmation with bipartisan support . Obama nominated Solicitor General of the United States Elena Kagan , who was confirmed in August 2010 . Scalia vacancy and 2016 nomination . On February 13 , 2016 , Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia died . Later that day , Senate Republicans led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell issued a statement that they would not consider any nominee put forth by Obama , and that a Supreme Court nomination should be left to the next President of the United States . President Obama responded that he intended to fulfill my constitutional duty to appoint a judge to our highest court , and that there was no well established tradition that a president could not fill a Supreme Court vacancy during the U.S . Presidents last year in office . In early March 2016 , The New York Times reported that Garland was being vetted by the Obama Administration as a potential nominee . A week later , Garland was named as one of three judges on the Presidents short list ( along with Judge Sri Srinivasan , also of the D.C . Circuit , and Judge Paul J . Watford of the Ninth Circuit ) . Obama interviewed all three leading contenders , as well as two others who were being considered : Judge Jane L . Kelly of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S . District Court for the District of Columbia . Soon afterward , Senator Orrin Hatch , President pro tempore of the United States Senate and the most senior Republican Senator , predicted that President Obama would name someone the liberal Democratic base wants even though he could easily name Merrick Garland , who is a fine man . Five days later , on March 16 , Obama formally nominated Garland to the vacant post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Garland had more federal judicial experience than any other Supreme Court nominee in history , and was the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F . Powell , Jr . in 1971 . The American Bar Association ( ABA ) Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated Garland well-qualified ( the committees highest rating ) to sit on the Supreme Court . Under Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , the Senates Republican majority refused to consider Garlands nomination , holding no hearings , no votes , no action whatsoever on the nomination . McConnells categorical refusal to hold hearings on Garlands nomination was described by political scientists and legal scholars as unprecedented , McConnells choice to lead a Republican blockade of the nomination was described as a culmination of <nowiki> [ his ] </nowiki> confrontational style , and an example of constitutional hardball . Yascha Mounk called it a blatant abuse of constitutional norms . After a period of 293 days , Garlands nomination expired on January 3 , 2017 , at the end of the 114th Congress . It was the longest confirmation delay of a Supreme Court nominee in history , far exceeding the 125-day delay faced by the ultimately confirmed Justice Louis Brandeis in 1916 . On January 31 , 2017 , President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to fill the Court vacancy . On April 7 , 2017 , the Senate confirmed Gorsuchs nomination to the Supreme Court . McConnell went on to boast about stopping Garlands nomination , saying in August 2016 , one of my proudest moments was when I looked Barack Obama in the eye and I said , Mr . President , you will not fill the Supreme Court vacancy . In April 2018 , McConnell said the decision not to act upon the Garland nomination was the most consequential decision Ive made in my entire public career . Memberships and committee service . Garland served as co-chair of the administrative law section of the District of Columbia Bar from 1991 to 1994 . He is also a member of the American Law Institute . In 2003 , Garland was elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers , completing the unexpired term of Deval Patrick , who had stepped down from the board . Garland served as president of the overseers for 2009–10 . Attorney General ( 2021–present ) . Nomination and confirmation . President-elect Joe Biden selected Garland for the position of United States attorney general , with news of the selection coming on January 6 , 2021 . He was formally nominated by Biden on January 20 , after Biden took office . In Senate Judiciary Committee confirmation hearings , Garland vowed to oversee vigorous prosecution of those who stormed the United States Capitol , and other domestic extremists , drawing on his experience prosecuting the perpetrators of the Oklahoma City bombing . Garland said it was likely the Biden administration would place a moratorium on use of the federal death penalty and expressed reservations about the death penalty in light of the almost randomness or arbitrariness of its application . He pledged to protect equal justice under law and reinvigorate the DOJ Civil Rights Division , which languished under the Trump administration . Garland affirmed that the Justice Department would remain independent under his leadership . The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15–7 to advance Garlands nomination to the Senate floor , and on March 10 , the Senate confirmed Garlands nomination by a vote of 70–30 . He was sworn in on March 11 , 2021 by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus . Tenure . In April 2021 , Russia imposed sanctions against Garland , including prohibiting him from entering Russia . This was in retaliation for U.S . expulsion of 10 Russian diplomats , a sanction imposed by the United States against Russia for its SolarWinds hack , aggression against Ukraine , and interference in the 2020 U.S . election . During Garlands tenure as AG , the Justice Department has emphasized protection of civil rights . Garland rescinded a Trump administration policy ( imposed by Jeff Sessions ) that curtailed DOJ investigations into police department misconduct ( pattern-and-practice investigations ) and restricted the use of consent decrees to reform police departments . Personal life . Garland and his wife , Lynn , have been married since 1987 . Lynn Garlands grandfather , Samuel Irving Rosenman , was a justice of the New York Supreme Court ( a trial-level court ) and a special counsel to presidents Franklin D . Roosevelt and Harry S . Truman . Garland and his wife have two daughters , Rebecca and Jessica ; both are graduates of Yale University . Garland is a resident of Bethesda , Maryland . Financial disclosure forms in 2016 indicated that Garlands net worth at the time was between $6 million and $23 million . Garland is partially colorblind so he uses a list to match his suits and ties . Selected publications . - Merrick B . Garland , Antitrust and State Action : Economic Efficiency and the Political Process , 96 Yale L.J . 486 ( 1987 ) . . - ——— , Antitrust and Federalism : A Response to Professor Wiley , 96 Yale L.J . 1291 ( 1987 ) . - ——— , Deregulation and Judicial Review , 98 Harv . L . Rev . 505 ( 1985 ) . - ——— , Courts Give Deregulatory Policies New Hard Look , Legal Times , April 22 , 1985 . Vol . 8 , no . 32 . - ——— & Robert Pitofsky , Federal Trade Commission Investigations , Antitrust Counseling and Litigation Techniques Vol . 4 , Ch . 48 ( J . O . Kalinowski ed . 1984 ) . New York : Bender . . - James F . Fitzpatrick & Merrick Garland , The Court , Veto and Airbags , The New York Times , August 20 , 1983 , at 21 . - Student Note , Commercial Speech , Supreme Court , 1975 Term , 90 Harv . L . Rev . 142 ( 1976 ) . - Student Note , State Action Exemption and Antitrust Enforcement Under the Federal Trade Commission Act , 89 Harv . L . Rev . 715 ( 1976 ) . - Student Writer , writings , 1972–73 . The Harvard Crimson .
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[
"Attorney General of Pennsylvania"
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easy
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What was the position of James H. Duff from 1943 to 1947?
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/wiki/James_H._Duff#P39#0
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James H . Duff James Henderson Jim Duff ( January 21 , 1883 – December 20 , 1969 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the Republican Party , he served as United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1957 . Previously he had served as the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1951 . Early life and education . James Duff was born in Mansfield ( now Carnegie ) , a suburb of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The oldest of four children , he was the son of Rev . Joseph Miller and Margaret ( née Morgan ) Duff . His father was a Presbyterian minister for forty years , and his paternal grandfather was the first college-educated doctor in western Pennsylvania . Two of his great-grandfathers were members of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania between 1683 and 1717 . After graduating at the top of his class at Carnegie High School , Duff attended Princeton University in New Jersey , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1904 . Originally he had intended to study medicine but , after winning two medals in public speaking at Princeton , decided to study law instead . He attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia until 1906 , when he transferred to the University of Pittsburgh Law School to be closer to home . In 1907 , he received his law degree and was admitted to the bar . He married Jean Kerr Taylor in 1909 ; the couple had only one child who died in infancy , but they raised a nephew after the boys father died . Early career . Duff practiced law in Pittsburgh for thirty-six years , establishing the law firm of Duff , Scott and Smith . He also served as solicitor of Carnegie , and was an elector for Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election . In addition to practicing law , Duff was engaged in the oil business for several years . He began by buying an oil drillers rig and taking a lease on some property about five miles from his home , where he struck oil . He subsequently engaged in ventures in other parts of western Pennsylvania as well as Mexico . He also served as president of the Criterion Oil Company and of the Westmoreland Natural Gas Company . He lost his fortune in the 1929 stock market crash , taking several years to recover financially . He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932 , 1936 , and 1940 . Political career . Duff was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania by Governor Edward Martin in 1943 , serving in that position until 1947 . During his tenure , he worked to strengthen the states stream pollution law despite facing strong opposition from the coal industry . He also fought against the mining industry after promoting legislation to prevent the discharge of mine silt into the Schuylkill River . The Desilting Act and Clean Streams Act ( also known as the Brunner Act ) were passed in 1945 under Duffs tenure as Attorney General . In 1946 , John Bell , who had been elected Lieutenant Governor in 1942 and had ascended to the governorship following Martins resignation for the US senate , declined to be a candidate in the upcoming 1946 gubernatorial election . Duff subsequently won the Republican nomination , and was elected the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania in the general election . His campaign focused on the issues of conservation , public health , and education . He handily defeated his Democratic opponent , former President pro tempore of the State Senate John Rice , by more than 557,000 votes . Duff was elected to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in 1950 , narrowly unseating Democratic Senator Francis J . Myers . After losing the 1956 election to Democrat Joe Clark in one of the closest elections in Pennsylvania history , Duff retired from politics , but remained in Washington , D.C . as a partner in the law firm of Davies , Richberg , Tydings , Landa & Duff . He died in Washington , D.C. , and was buried in Carnegie , Pennsylvania .
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[
"Governor of Pennsylvania"
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easy
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What position did James H. Duff take from 1947 to 1951?
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/wiki/James_H._Duff#P39#1
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James H . Duff James Henderson Jim Duff ( January 21 , 1883 – December 20 , 1969 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the Republican Party , he served as United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1957 . Previously he had served as the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1951 . Early life and education . James Duff was born in Mansfield ( now Carnegie ) , a suburb of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The oldest of four children , he was the son of Rev . Joseph Miller and Margaret ( née Morgan ) Duff . His father was a Presbyterian minister for forty years , and his paternal grandfather was the first college-educated doctor in western Pennsylvania . Two of his great-grandfathers were members of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania between 1683 and 1717 . After graduating at the top of his class at Carnegie High School , Duff attended Princeton University in New Jersey , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1904 . Originally he had intended to study medicine but , after winning two medals in public speaking at Princeton , decided to study law instead . He attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia until 1906 , when he transferred to the University of Pittsburgh Law School to be closer to home . In 1907 , he received his law degree and was admitted to the bar . He married Jean Kerr Taylor in 1909 ; the couple had only one child who died in infancy , but they raised a nephew after the boys father died . Early career . Duff practiced law in Pittsburgh for thirty-six years , establishing the law firm of Duff , Scott and Smith . He also served as solicitor of Carnegie , and was an elector for Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election . In addition to practicing law , Duff was engaged in the oil business for several years . He began by buying an oil drillers rig and taking a lease on some property about five miles from his home , where he struck oil . He subsequently engaged in ventures in other parts of western Pennsylvania as well as Mexico . He also served as president of the Criterion Oil Company and of the Westmoreland Natural Gas Company . He lost his fortune in the 1929 stock market crash , taking several years to recover financially . He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932 , 1936 , and 1940 . Political career . Duff was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania by Governor Edward Martin in 1943 , serving in that position until 1947 . During his tenure , he worked to strengthen the states stream pollution law despite facing strong opposition from the coal industry . He also fought against the mining industry after promoting legislation to prevent the discharge of mine silt into the Schuylkill River . The Desilting Act and Clean Streams Act ( also known as the Brunner Act ) were passed in 1945 under Duffs tenure as Attorney General . In 1946 , John Bell , who had been elected Lieutenant Governor in 1942 and had ascended to the governorship following Martins resignation for the US senate , declined to be a candidate in the upcoming 1946 gubernatorial election . Duff subsequently won the Republican nomination , and was elected the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania in the general election . His campaign focused on the issues of conservation , public health , and education . He handily defeated his Democratic opponent , former President pro tempore of the State Senate John Rice , by more than 557,000 votes . Duff was elected to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in 1950 , narrowly unseating Democratic Senator Francis J . Myers . After losing the 1956 election to Democrat Joe Clark in one of the closest elections in Pennsylvania history , Duff retired from politics , but remained in Washington , D.C . as a partner in the law firm of Davies , Richberg , Tydings , Landa & Duff . He died in Washington , D.C. , and was buried in Carnegie , Pennsylvania .
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[
"United States Senator",
"Governor of Pennsylvania"
] |
easy
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James H. Duff took which position in 1951?
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/wiki/James_H._Duff#P39#2
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James H . Duff James Henderson Jim Duff ( January 21 , 1883 – December 20 , 1969 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the Republican Party , he served as United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1951 to 1957 . Previously he had served as the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1951 . Early life and education . James Duff was born in Mansfield ( now Carnegie ) , a suburb of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The oldest of four children , he was the son of Rev . Joseph Miller and Margaret ( née Morgan ) Duff . His father was a Presbyterian minister for forty years , and his paternal grandfather was the first college-educated doctor in western Pennsylvania . Two of his great-grandfathers were members of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania between 1683 and 1717 . After graduating at the top of his class at Carnegie High School , Duff attended Princeton University in New Jersey , where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1904 . Originally he had intended to study medicine but , after winning two medals in public speaking at Princeton , decided to study law instead . He attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School in Philadelphia until 1906 , when he transferred to the University of Pittsburgh Law School to be closer to home . In 1907 , he received his law degree and was admitted to the bar . He married Jean Kerr Taylor in 1909 ; the couple had only one child who died in infancy , but they raised a nephew after the boys father died . Early career . Duff practiced law in Pittsburgh for thirty-six years , establishing the law firm of Duff , Scott and Smith . He also served as solicitor of Carnegie , and was an elector for Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election . In addition to practicing law , Duff was engaged in the oil business for several years . He began by buying an oil drillers rig and taking a lease on some property about five miles from his home , where he struck oil . He subsequently engaged in ventures in other parts of western Pennsylvania as well as Mexico . He also served as president of the Criterion Oil Company and of the Westmoreland Natural Gas Company . He lost his fortune in the 1929 stock market crash , taking several years to recover financially . He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1932 , 1936 , and 1940 . Political career . Duff was appointed Attorney General of Pennsylvania by Governor Edward Martin in 1943 , serving in that position until 1947 . During his tenure , he worked to strengthen the states stream pollution law despite facing strong opposition from the coal industry . He also fought against the mining industry after promoting legislation to prevent the discharge of mine silt into the Schuylkill River . The Desilting Act and Clean Streams Act ( also known as the Brunner Act ) were passed in 1945 under Duffs tenure as Attorney General . In 1946 , John Bell , who had been elected Lieutenant Governor in 1942 and had ascended to the governorship following Martins resignation for the US senate , declined to be a candidate in the upcoming 1946 gubernatorial election . Duff subsequently won the Republican nomination , and was elected the 34th Governor of Pennsylvania in the general election . His campaign focused on the issues of conservation , public health , and education . He handily defeated his Democratic opponent , former President pro tempore of the State Senate John Rice , by more than 557,000 votes . Duff was elected to the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in 1950 , narrowly unseating Democratic Senator Francis J . Myers . After losing the 1956 election to Democrat Joe Clark in one of the closest elections in Pennsylvania history , Duff retired from politics , but remained in Washington , D.C . as a partner in the law firm of Davies , Richberg , Tydings , Landa & Duff . He died in Washington , D.C. , and was buried in Carnegie , Pennsylvania .
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[
"Birmingham City"
] |
easy
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Which team did Craig Hinton (footballer) play for from 1995 to 1998?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#0
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Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"Kidderminster Harriers"
] |
easy
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Which team did Craig Hinton (footballer) play for from 1998 to 2004?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#1
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Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"Bristol Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Craig Hinton (footballer) play for from 2004 to 2009?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#2
|
Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"Northampton Town"
] |
easy
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Which team did Craig Hinton (footballer) play for from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#3
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Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"Luton Town"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Craig Hinton (footballer) belong to from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#4
|
Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"Solihull Moors"
] |
easy
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Craig Hinton (footballer) played for which team from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Craig_Hinton_(footballer)#P54#5
|
Craig Hinton ( footballer ) Craig Hinton ( born 26 November 1977 in Wolverhampton , West Midlands ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender . He is the nephew of Alan Hinton , who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers , Derby County and the England national football team during the 1960s . Career . Kidderminster Harriers . Hinton moved to the Kidderminster Harriers in September 1998 after being a trainee with Birmingham and failing to break into the first team at St Andrews . When he first joined Aggborough he played at right back until Jan Mølby took over as manager and played him at centre back . In 1999–2000 season Hinton only missed one game – this was the year Harriers clinched the Conference title . He was then ever present the year after Harriers first year of League football . He made a total of 214 appearances in six years at Aggborough when he declined a new contract in the summer of 2004 and a number of clubs wanted to sign him . He chose to join former Birmingham City Youth Coach Broadhurst who was the assistant to Ian Atkins at Bristol Rovers . Bristol Rovers . Hinton joined Bristol Rovers in the summer of 2004 where he played most of his 38 league appearances at right-back . In the summer of 2006 he signed a new deal keeping him at the Memorial Stadium for a further two years . He made 36 appearances in his second season at the club and made a firm defensive partnership with Steve Elliott in the centre of defence . Hinton kept impressing with Rovers and in 2007 , scored his first goals for the club in FA Cup matches against Leyton Orient and Rushden & Diamonds and then further goals against Fulham , Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . Scoring these goals , gave Hinton the nickname Goal Machine . Hinton has recently been used more as a substitute for Bristol Rovers with Byron Anthony , Steve Elliot and Danny Coles seemingly preferred to him in the centre back position . On 5 May 2009 , it was announced that his contract will expire , along with Joe Jacobson , Ryan Green and Craig Disley . Northampton Town . Hinton joined League Two side Northampton Town , and was made club captain ahead of the 2009–10 season . Hinton was sent on a one-month loan to Conference Premier side Luton Town on 26 November 2010 . He played in two FA Trophy games before returning to Northampton on 6 January 2011 . Bristol Rovers . On 17 March 2011 , it was announced that Hinton will re-join Bristol Rovers as Stuart Campbells assistant manager until the end of the 2010/2011 season . As Hinton had already played games during the 2010/2011 season for Northampton Town and Luton Town , he will not be allowed to play for the Gas . Solihull Moors . In August 2011 , he moved into non-League football signing for Solihull Moors . References . - For Kidderminster Harriers 1998–99 infobox stats , not included by Soccerbase : External links . - Craig Hinton player profile at ntfc.co.uk - Craig Hinton player profile at bristolrovers.co.uk
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[
"the University of Florida"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Thomas Louis Hanna work for from 1965 to 1970?
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/wiki/Thomas_Louis_Hanna#P108#0
|
Thomas Louis Hanna Thomas Louis Hanna ( November 21 , 1928 – July 29 , 1990 ) was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976 . He called his work Hanna Somatic Education . He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia . He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits . Life . Thomas Hanna was born in Nov . 21 , 1928 in Waco , Texas , the son of Winifred Hanna and John Dwight Hanna , a traveling representative for a pharmaceutical firm . He went to Waco High School . In 1949 , Thomas Hanna earned a bachelors degree in theology from Texas Christian University . The following year he married Susan Taft on 12 May 1950 . They went to Paris and Thomas Hanna served as Director at Jean de Beauvais Club of the University of Paris . Returning to the US he earned a Bachelors of Divinity at the University of Chicago by 1954 and went on to get his PhD in philosophy and divinity in 1958 . He went on to lecture and research at different universities , first at Hollins College in Roanoke , Virginia and as a guest teacher at the University of North Carolina , Duke University , Paris , Brussels , Mainz and Guadalajara . From 1965-1973 he was Professor and Chairman at the philosophy department of the University of Florida . In 1974 he remarried to Eleanor Criswell Hanna , the founding director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute . He died on 29 July 1990 in a car accident in Sonoma . His wife continued to teach his work following his death . Somatics . At the University of Florida , Hanna studied neurology and developed the idea that all life experiences lead to physical patterns in the body . In 1969 , he published these ideas in his book Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Moving to San Francisco in 1973 , he was introduced to the Functional Integration of Moshé Feldenkrais and in 1975 he participated in the first Feldenkrais course in the United States . Hanna became director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute ( later renamed into Saybrook Institute ) in 1973 . Together with his new wife Eleanor Criswell Hanna , they started the Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training in 1975 and published the new journal Somatics : Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences . It provided a new venue where the ideas of Somatics could be discussed . He developed his ideas and published them in Somatics : Reawakening The Minds Control Of Movement , Flexibility , And Health in 1988 . He proclaimed that its possible to age without chronic stiffness , bad back , chronic pain , fatigue , and that even high blood pressure dont occur if we maintain conscious control of nerves and muscles . He claimed that we can relearn abilities lost due to Sensory Motor Amnesia and develop what he calls Sensory-Motor Awareness . In 1990 he started his own training program at the Novato Institute to teach Hanna Somatic Education . Publications . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1958 ) . The Thought and Art of Albert Camus . Regnery Company . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Bergsonian Heritage . Columbia University Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Lyrical Existentialists . Atheneum . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1970 ) . Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1976 ) . The End of Tyranny : An Essay on the Possibility of America . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1979 ) . Explorers of humankind . Harper & Row . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1980 ) . The Body of Life : Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement . Knopf . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1988 ) . Somatics : Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement , Flexibility , and Health . Da Capo Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1991 ) . Letters from Fred : A Novel . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1995 ) . What is Somatics ? In Don Hanlon Johnson , ed. , Bone , Breath and Gesture . 341-53 . Berkeley : North Atlantic . Publications on Hanna Somatic Education - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1985 ) . Biofeedback & Somatics : Toward Personal Evolution . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1989 ) . How Yoga Works : Introduction to Somatic Yoga . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 2010 ) . CRAMs Introduction to Surface Electromyography , Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 2 edition . - Jim Dreaver . ( 1997 ) . Somatic Technique : A Simplified Method of Releasing Chronically Tight Muscles and Enhancing Mind/body Awareness . Kendall Hunt Pub Co . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Assisted Pandiculation . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1999 ) . Guidebook of Somatic Transformational Exercises . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2001 ) . Body Meditations . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2004 ) . Deeper Lovemaking : Move Freely , Enhance Your Sensuality , and Prolong Your Intimate Occasions . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Magic of Somatics . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Free Yourself from Back Pain . Self-published . - Craig Williamson . ( 2007 ) . Muscular Retraining for Pain-Free Living : A Practical Approach to Eliminating Chronic Back Pain , Tendonitis , Neck and Shoulder Tension , and Repetitive Stress Injuries . Trumpeter . - Noreen Owens . ( 2009 ) . Where Comfort Hides . Xlibris . - John Loupos . ( 2011 ) . The Sustainable You : Somatics and the Myth of Aging . Langdon Street Press . - Martha Peterson . ( 2011 ) . Move Without Pain . Dragon Door Publications . - James Knight . ( 2012 ) . Gentle Yoga through Somatic Exploration Workbook . Self-published . - Graeme Lynn . ( 2015 ) . Manner of Action : Understanding and Practicing The Alexander Technique , The Feldenkrais Method and the Hatha Yoga , as Methods of Somatic Learning . Branden Books . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2015 ) . Why We’re in Pain : Why chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs - and how it can be prevented , alleviated and eliminated with Clinical Somatic Education . Self-published . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2019 ) . The Pain Relief Secret : How to Retrain Your Nervous System , Heal Your Body , and Overcome Chronic Pain . TCK Publishing . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : What Every Body is Dying for You To Know . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : The Conversation Every Body Wants to Have with You . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2018 ) . Opposing Gravity : How to Recognize and Recover from Head Injuries . One Sky Productions .
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[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the name of the employer Thomas Louis Hanna work for from 1973 to 1975?
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/wiki/Thomas_Louis_Hanna#P108#1
|
Thomas Louis Hanna Thomas Louis Hanna ( November 21 , 1928 – July 29 , 1990 ) was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976 . He called his work Hanna Somatic Education . He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia . He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits . Life . Thomas Hanna was born in Nov . 21 , 1928 in Waco , Texas , the son of Winifred Hanna and John Dwight Hanna , a traveling representative for a pharmaceutical firm . He went to Waco High School . In 1949 , Thomas Hanna earned a bachelors degree in theology from Texas Christian University . The following year he married Susan Taft on 12 May 1950 . They went to Paris and Thomas Hanna served as Director at Jean de Beauvais Club of the University of Paris . Returning to the US he earned a Bachelors of Divinity at the University of Chicago by 1954 and went on to get his PhD in philosophy and divinity in 1958 . He went on to lecture and research at different universities , first at Hollins College in Roanoke , Virginia and as a guest teacher at the University of North Carolina , Duke University , Paris , Brussels , Mainz and Guadalajara . From 1965-1973 he was Professor and Chairman at the philosophy department of the University of Florida . In 1974 he remarried to Eleanor Criswell Hanna , the founding director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute . He died on 29 July 1990 in a car accident in Sonoma . His wife continued to teach his work following his death . Somatics . At the University of Florida , Hanna studied neurology and developed the idea that all life experiences lead to physical patterns in the body . In 1969 , he published these ideas in his book Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Moving to San Francisco in 1973 , he was introduced to the Functional Integration of Moshé Feldenkrais and in 1975 he participated in the first Feldenkrais course in the United States . Hanna became director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute ( later renamed into Saybrook Institute ) in 1973 . Together with his new wife Eleanor Criswell Hanna , they started the Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training in 1975 and published the new journal Somatics : Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences . It provided a new venue where the ideas of Somatics could be discussed . He developed his ideas and published them in Somatics : Reawakening The Minds Control Of Movement , Flexibility , And Health in 1988 . He proclaimed that its possible to age without chronic stiffness , bad back , chronic pain , fatigue , and that even high blood pressure dont occur if we maintain conscious control of nerves and muscles . He claimed that we can relearn abilities lost due to Sensory Motor Amnesia and develop what he calls Sensory-Motor Awareness . In 1990 he started his own training program at the Novato Institute to teach Hanna Somatic Education . Publications . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1958 ) . The Thought and Art of Albert Camus . Regnery Company . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Bergsonian Heritage . Columbia University Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Lyrical Existentialists . Atheneum . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1970 ) . Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1976 ) . The End of Tyranny : An Essay on the Possibility of America . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1979 ) . Explorers of humankind . Harper & Row . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1980 ) . The Body of Life : Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement . Knopf . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1988 ) . Somatics : Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement , Flexibility , and Health . Da Capo Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1991 ) . Letters from Fred : A Novel . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1995 ) . What is Somatics ? In Don Hanlon Johnson , ed. , Bone , Breath and Gesture . 341-53 . Berkeley : North Atlantic . Publications on Hanna Somatic Education - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1985 ) . Biofeedback & Somatics : Toward Personal Evolution . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1989 ) . How Yoga Works : Introduction to Somatic Yoga . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 2010 ) . CRAMs Introduction to Surface Electromyography , Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 2 edition . - Jim Dreaver . ( 1997 ) . Somatic Technique : A Simplified Method of Releasing Chronically Tight Muscles and Enhancing Mind/body Awareness . Kendall Hunt Pub Co . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Assisted Pandiculation . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1999 ) . Guidebook of Somatic Transformational Exercises . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2001 ) . Body Meditations . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2004 ) . Deeper Lovemaking : Move Freely , Enhance Your Sensuality , and Prolong Your Intimate Occasions . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Magic of Somatics . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Free Yourself from Back Pain . Self-published . - Craig Williamson . ( 2007 ) . Muscular Retraining for Pain-Free Living : A Practical Approach to Eliminating Chronic Back Pain , Tendonitis , Neck and Shoulder Tension , and Repetitive Stress Injuries . Trumpeter . - Noreen Owens . ( 2009 ) . Where Comfort Hides . Xlibris . - John Loupos . ( 2011 ) . The Sustainable You : Somatics and the Myth of Aging . Langdon Street Press . - Martha Peterson . ( 2011 ) . Move Without Pain . Dragon Door Publications . - James Knight . ( 2012 ) . Gentle Yoga through Somatic Exploration Workbook . Self-published . - Graeme Lynn . ( 2015 ) . Manner of Action : Understanding and Practicing The Alexander Technique , The Feldenkrais Method and the Hatha Yoga , as Methods of Somatic Learning . Branden Books . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2015 ) . Why We’re in Pain : Why chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs - and how it can be prevented , alleviated and eliminated with Clinical Somatic Education . Self-published . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2019 ) . The Pain Relief Secret : How to Retrain Your Nervous System , Heal Your Body , and Overcome Chronic Pain . TCK Publishing . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : What Every Body is Dying for You To Know . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : The Conversation Every Body Wants to Have with You . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2018 ) . Opposing Gravity : How to Recognize and Recover from Head Injuries . One Sky Productions .
|
[
"Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training"
] |
easy
|
Thomas Louis Hanna was an employee for whom from 1975 to 1976?
|
/wiki/Thomas_Louis_Hanna#P108#2
|
Thomas Louis Hanna Thomas Louis Hanna ( November 21 , 1928 – July 29 , 1990 ) was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976 . He called his work Hanna Somatic Education . He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia . He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits . Life . Thomas Hanna was born in Nov . 21 , 1928 in Waco , Texas , the son of Winifred Hanna and John Dwight Hanna , a traveling representative for a pharmaceutical firm . He went to Waco High School . In 1949 , Thomas Hanna earned a bachelors degree in theology from Texas Christian University . The following year he married Susan Taft on 12 May 1950 . They went to Paris and Thomas Hanna served as Director at Jean de Beauvais Club of the University of Paris . Returning to the US he earned a Bachelors of Divinity at the University of Chicago by 1954 and went on to get his PhD in philosophy and divinity in 1958 . He went on to lecture and research at different universities , first at Hollins College in Roanoke , Virginia and as a guest teacher at the University of North Carolina , Duke University , Paris , Brussels , Mainz and Guadalajara . From 1965-1973 he was Professor and Chairman at the philosophy department of the University of Florida . In 1974 he remarried to Eleanor Criswell Hanna , the founding director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute . He died on 29 July 1990 in a car accident in Sonoma . His wife continued to teach his work following his death . Somatics . At the University of Florida , Hanna studied neurology and developed the idea that all life experiences lead to physical patterns in the body . In 1969 , he published these ideas in his book Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Moving to San Francisco in 1973 , he was introduced to the Functional Integration of Moshé Feldenkrais and in 1975 he participated in the first Feldenkrais course in the United States . Hanna became director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute ( later renamed into Saybrook Institute ) in 1973 . Together with his new wife Eleanor Criswell Hanna , they started the Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training in 1975 and published the new journal Somatics : Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences . It provided a new venue where the ideas of Somatics could be discussed . He developed his ideas and published them in Somatics : Reawakening The Minds Control Of Movement , Flexibility , And Health in 1988 . He proclaimed that its possible to age without chronic stiffness , bad back , chronic pain , fatigue , and that even high blood pressure dont occur if we maintain conscious control of nerves and muscles . He claimed that we can relearn abilities lost due to Sensory Motor Amnesia and develop what he calls Sensory-Motor Awareness . In 1990 he started his own training program at the Novato Institute to teach Hanna Somatic Education . Publications . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1958 ) . The Thought and Art of Albert Camus . Regnery Company . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Bergsonian Heritage . Columbia University Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Lyrical Existentialists . Atheneum . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1970 ) . Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1976 ) . The End of Tyranny : An Essay on the Possibility of America . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1979 ) . Explorers of humankind . Harper & Row . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1980 ) . The Body of Life : Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement . Knopf . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1988 ) . Somatics : Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement , Flexibility , and Health . Da Capo Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1991 ) . Letters from Fred : A Novel . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1995 ) . What is Somatics ? In Don Hanlon Johnson , ed. , Bone , Breath and Gesture . 341-53 . Berkeley : North Atlantic . Publications on Hanna Somatic Education - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1985 ) . Biofeedback & Somatics : Toward Personal Evolution . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1989 ) . How Yoga Works : Introduction to Somatic Yoga . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 2010 ) . CRAMs Introduction to Surface Electromyography , Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 2 edition . - Jim Dreaver . ( 1997 ) . Somatic Technique : A Simplified Method of Releasing Chronically Tight Muscles and Enhancing Mind/body Awareness . Kendall Hunt Pub Co . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Assisted Pandiculation . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1999 ) . Guidebook of Somatic Transformational Exercises . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2001 ) . Body Meditations . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2004 ) . Deeper Lovemaking : Move Freely , Enhance Your Sensuality , and Prolong Your Intimate Occasions . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Magic of Somatics . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Free Yourself from Back Pain . Self-published . - Craig Williamson . ( 2007 ) . Muscular Retraining for Pain-Free Living : A Practical Approach to Eliminating Chronic Back Pain , Tendonitis , Neck and Shoulder Tension , and Repetitive Stress Injuries . Trumpeter . - Noreen Owens . ( 2009 ) . Where Comfort Hides . Xlibris . - John Loupos . ( 2011 ) . The Sustainable You : Somatics and the Myth of Aging . Langdon Street Press . - Martha Peterson . ( 2011 ) . Move Without Pain . Dragon Door Publications . - James Knight . ( 2012 ) . Gentle Yoga through Somatic Exploration Workbook . Self-published . - Graeme Lynn . ( 2015 ) . Manner of Action : Understanding and Practicing The Alexander Technique , The Feldenkrais Method and the Hatha Yoga , as Methods of Somatic Learning . Branden Books . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2015 ) . Why We’re in Pain : Why chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs - and how it can be prevented , alleviated and eliminated with Clinical Somatic Education . Self-published . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2019 ) . The Pain Relief Secret : How to Retrain Your Nervous System , Heal Your Body , and Overcome Chronic Pain . TCK Publishing . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : What Every Body is Dying for You To Know . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : The Conversation Every Body Wants to Have with You . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2018 ) . Opposing Gravity : How to Recognize and Recover from Head Injuries . One Sky Productions .
|
[
"Liverpool"
] |
easy
|
David Raven (footballer) played for which team from 2004 to 2006?
|
/wiki/David_Raven_(footballer)#P54#0
|
David Raven ( footballer ) David Haydn Raven ( born 10 March 1985 ) is an English footballer who plays for Marine in the Northern Premier League . He can play as a right-sided full back or central defender . Career . Liverpool . He initially started playing in Tranmere Rovers academy while attending Calday Grange Grammar School before joining Liverpool . Raven made his first team debut with a man-of-the-match display during the League Cup quarter-final win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in December 2004 and went on to play in two further games : disappointing defeats to Burnley in the FA Cup Third Round and Southampton in the Barclays Premiership . He had also played in the pre-season match against Wrexham in August 2004 . He featured in a number of games at centre-half for the reserves throughout 2004 but manager Rafael Benítez , having been impressed since his arrival in the summer , saw his best position as right-back . He became the regular captain of Liverpools reserve team . Raven spent the latter part of the 2005–06 season on loan at Tranmere Rovers . Carlisle United . Raven then moved to Carlisle United from Liverpool on a free transfer but his debut lasted only half-an-hour before he was substituted because of injury . After an injury-plagued first season at Carlisle , 2007–08 was a different story for Raven , as he established himself as Carlisles first choice right-back . He also won the clubs Most Improved Player of the Year award . During this season he also scored his first goal for Carlisle when he netted against Orient . Raven signed for Shrewsbury Town in July 2010 on a one-year contract . Shrewsbury Town . Having been released from Carlisle United , new Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner announced Raven as his second permanent signing . After another injury plagued , yet consistent season when playing , Raven was released by the club in May 2011 . Tranmere Rovers . In the summer of 2011 , he returned to former loan club Tranmere Rovers on trial , playing in a pre-season tie against Colwyn Bay . He signed for the club but was subsequently released at the end of the 2011–12 season after making 17 league appearances . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . He signed for SPL side Inverness Caledonian Thistle in June 2012 . He made his debut in a 2–1 friendly win over Buckie Thistle . His SPL debut came against St Mirren in a 2–2 draw . Raven scored his first goal for ICT when he opened the scoring in a 3–0 Highland derby win against Ross County in February 2014 . His third career goal was an extra-time winner against Celtic , in the 2014–15 Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on Sunday 19 April 2015 . On 30 April Inverness CT announced that Raven had signed a one-year contract extension , keeping him at the club until the end of the 2015–16 season . Inverness won the 2014–15 Scottish Cup , but Raven missed the cup final due to injury . Just before December 2017 , David Raven confirmed that he would be leaving the club for greener pastures , due to the fact of the club being in debt and being unable to afford several high earning players wages . Raven was one on the list that they couldnt afford . He also admitted that he wanted to start coaching with the highland club . On 2 January 2018 , Raven played his final home game for Inverness in a 1–1 draw with Livingston in the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . His final game for Caley Thistle came four days later in a 1–0 loss to St Mirren . Wrexham . On 26 January 2018 , Raven joined Wrexham and made his debut the following day in a 2–2 draw against former club Tranmere Rovers and alongside former Inverness teammate Scott Boden . Raven was released by Wrexham in May 2018 . Warrington Town . On 1 July 2018 , Raven joined Northern Premier League side , Warrington Town , after almost 2 months without a club . He made two appearances for the club in the FA Cup against Halifax Town in the initial 2–2 draw on 20 October 2018 , and the 2–0 loss in the replay three days later . Marine . In September 2020 he joined Marine .
|
[
"Carlisle United"
] |
easy
|
David Raven (footballer) played for which team from 2006 to 2010?
|
/wiki/David_Raven_(footballer)#P54#1
|
David Raven ( footballer ) David Haydn Raven ( born 10 March 1985 ) is an English footballer who plays for Marine in the Northern Premier League . He can play as a right-sided full back or central defender . Career . Liverpool . He initially started playing in Tranmere Rovers academy while attending Calday Grange Grammar School before joining Liverpool . Raven made his first team debut with a man-of-the-match display during the League Cup quarter-final win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in December 2004 and went on to play in two further games : disappointing defeats to Burnley in the FA Cup Third Round and Southampton in the Barclays Premiership . He had also played in the pre-season match against Wrexham in August 2004 . He featured in a number of games at centre-half for the reserves throughout 2004 but manager Rafael Benítez , having been impressed since his arrival in the summer , saw his best position as right-back . He became the regular captain of Liverpools reserve team . Raven spent the latter part of the 2005–06 season on loan at Tranmere Rovers . Carlisle United . Raven then moved to Carlisle United from Liverpool on a free transfer but his debut lasted only half-an-hour before he was substituted because of injury . After an injury-plagued first season at Carlisle , 2007–08 was a different story for Raven , as he established himself as Carlisles first choice right-back . He also won the clubs Most Improved Player of the Year award . During this season he also scored his first goal for Carlisle when he netted against Orient . Raven signed for Shrewsbury Town in July 2010 on a one-year contract . Shrewsbury Town . Having been released from Carlisle United , new Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner announced Raven as his second permanent signing . After another injury plagued , yet consistent season when playing , Raven was released by the club in May 2011 . Tranmere Rovers . In the summer of 2011 , he returned to former loan club Tranmere Rovers on trial , playing in a pre-season tie against Colwyn Bay . He signed for the club but was subsequently released at the end of the 2011–12 season after making 17 league appearances . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . He signed for SPL side Inverness Caledonian Thistle in June 2012 . He made his debut in a 2–1 friendly win over Buckie Thistle . His SPL debut came against St Mirren in a 2–2 draw . Raven scored his first goal for ICT when he opened the scoring in a 3–0 Highland derby win against Ross County in February 2014 . His third career goal was an extra-time winner against Celtic , in the 2014–15 Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on Sunday 19 April 2015 . On 30 April Inverness CT announced that Raven had signed a one-year contract extension , keeping him at the club until the end of the 2015–16 season . Inverness won the 2014–15 Scottish Cup , but Raven missed the cup final due to injury . Just before December 2017 , David Raven confirmed that he would be leaving the club for greener pastures , due to the fact of the club being in debt and being unable to afford several high earning players wages . Raven was one on the list that they couldnt afford . He also admitted that he wanted to start coaching with the highland club . On 2 January 2018 , Raven played his final home game for Inverness in a 1–1 draw with Livingston in the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . His final game for Caley Thistle came four days later in a 1–0 loss to St Mirren . Wrexham . On 26 January 2018 , Raven joined Wrexham and made his debut the following day in a 2–2 draw against former club Tranmere Rovers and alongside former Inverness teammate Scott Boden . Raven was released by Wrexham in May 2018 . Warrington Town . On 1 July 2018 , Raven joined Northern Premier League side , Warrington Town , after almost 2 months without a club . He made two appearances for the club in the FA Cup against Halifax Town in the initial 2–2 draw on 20 October 2018 , and the 2–0 loss in the replay three days later . Marine . In September 2020 he joined Marine .
|
[
"Shrewsbury Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did David Raven (footballer) play for from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/David_Raven_(footballer)#P54#2
|
David Raven ( footballer ) David Haydn Raven ( born 10 March 1985 ) is an English footballer who plays for Marine in the Northern Premier League . He can play as a right-sided full back or central defender . Career . Liverpool . He initially started playing in Tranmere Rovers academy while attending Calday Grange Grammar School before joining Liverpool . Raven made his first team debut with a man-of-the-match display during the League Cup quarter-final win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in December 2004 and went on to play in two further games : disappointing defeats to Burnley in the FA Cup Third Round and Southampton in the Barclays Premiership . He had also played in the pre-season match against Wrexham in August 2004 . He featured in a number of games at centre-half for the reserves throughout 2004 but manager Rafael Benítez , having been impressed since his arrival in the summer , saw his best position as right-back . He became the regular captain of Liverpools reserve team . Raven spent the latter part of the 2005–06 season on loan at Tranmere Rovers . Carlisle United . Raven then moved to Carlisle United from Liverpool on a free transfer but his debut lasted only half-an-hour before he was substituted because of injury . After an injury-plagued first season at Carlisle , 2007–08 was a different story for Raven , as he established himself as Carlisles first choice right-back . He also won the clubs Most Improved Player of the Year award . During this season he also scored his first goal for Carlisle when he netted against Orient . Raven signed for Shrewsbury Town in July 2010 on a one-year contract . Shrewsbury Town . Having been released from Carlisle United , new Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner announced Raven as his second permanent signing . After another injury plagued , yet consistent season when playing , Raven was released by the club in May 2011 . Tranmere Rovers . In the summer of 2011 , he returned to former loan club Tranmere Rovers on trial , playing in a pre-season tie against Colwyn Bay . He signed for the club but was subsequently released at the end of the 2011–12 season after making 17 league appearances . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . He signed for SPL side Inverness Caledonian Thistle in June 2012 . He made his debut in a 2–1 friendly win over Buckie Thistle . His SPL debut came against St Mirren in a 2–2 draw . Raven scored his first goal for ICT when he opened the scoring in a 3–0 Highland derby win against Ross County in February 2014 . His third career goal was an extra-time winner against Celtic , in the 2014–15 Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on Sunday 19 April 2015 . On 30 April Inverness CT announced that Raven had signed a one-year contract extension , keeping him at the club until the end of the 2015–16 season . Inverness won the 2014–15 Scottish Cup , but Raven missed the cup final due to injury . Just before December 2017 , David Raven confirmed that he would be leaving the club for greener pastures , due to the fact of the club being in debt and being unable to afford several high earning players wages . Raven was one on the list that they couldnt afford . He also admitted that he wanted to start coaching with the highland club . On 2 January 2018 , Raven played his final home game for Inverness in a 1–1 draw with Livingston in the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . His final game for Caley Thistle came four days later in a 1–0 loss to St Mirren . Wrexham . On 26 January 2018 , Raven joined Wrexham and made his debut the following day in a 2–2 draw against former club Tranmere Rovers and alongside former Inverness teammate Scott Boden . Raven was released by Wrexham in May 2018 . Warrington Town . On 1 July 2018 , Raven joined Northern Premier League side , Warrington Town , after almost 2 months without a club . He made two appearances for the club in the FA Cup against Halifax Town in the initial 2–2 draw on 20 October 2018 , and the 2–0 loss in the replay three days later . Marine . In September 2020 he joined Marine .
|
[
"Tranmere Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player David Raven (footballer) belong to from 2011 to 2012?
|
/wiki/David_Raven_(footballer)#P54#3
|
David Raven ( footballer ) David Haydn Raven ( born 10 March 1985 ) is an English footballer who plays for Marine in the Northern Premier League . He can play as a right-sided full back or central defender . Career . Liverpool . He initially started playing in Tranmere Rovers academy while attending Calday Grange Grammar School before joining Liverpool . Raven made his first team debut with a man-of-the-match display during the League Cup quarter-final win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in December 2004 and went on to play in two further games : disappointing defeats to Burnley in the FA Cup Third Round and Southampton in the Barclays Premiership . He had also played in the pre-season match against Wrexham in August 2004 . He featured in a number of games at centre-half for the reserves throughout 2004 but manager Rafael Benítez , having been impressed since his arrival in the summer , saw his best position as right-back . He became the regular captain of Liverpools reserve team . Raven spent the latter part of the 2005–06 season on loan at Tranmere Rovers . Carlisle United . Raven then moved to Carlisle United from Liverpool on a free transfer but his debut lasted only half-an-hour before he was substituted because of injury . After an injury-plagued first season at Carlisle , 2007–08 was a different story for Raven , as he established himself as Carlisles first choice right-back . He also won the clubs Most Improved Player of the Year award . During this season he also scored his first goal for Carlisle when he netted against Orient . Raven signed for Shrewsbury Town in July 2010 on a one-year contract . Shrewsbury Town . Having been released from Carlisle United , new Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner announced Raven as his second permanent signing . After another injury plagued , yet consistent season when playing , Raven was released by the club in May 2011 . Tranmere Rovers . In the summer of 2011 , he returned to former loan club Tranmere Rovers on trial , playing in a pre-season tie against Colwyn Bay . He signed for the club but was subsequently released at the end of the 2011–12 season after making 17 league appearances . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . He signed for SPL side Inverness Caledonian Thistle in June 2012 . He made his debut in a 2–1 friendly win over Buckie Thistle . His SPL debut came against St Mirren in a 2–2 draw . Raven scored his first goal for ICT when he opened the scoring in a 3–0 Highland derby win against Ross County in February 2014 . His third career goal was an extra-time winner against Celtic , in the 2014–15 Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on Sunday 19 April 2015 . On 30 April Inverness CT announced that Raven had signed a one-year contract extension , keeping him at the club until the end of the 2015–16 season . Inverness won the 2014–15 Scottish Cup , but Raven missed the cup final due to injury . Just before December 2017 , David Raven confirmed that he would be leaving the club for greener pastures , due to the fact of the club being in debt and being unable to afford several high earning players wages . Raven was one on the list that they couldnt afford . He also admitted that he wanted to start coaching with the highland club . On 2 January 2018 , Raven played his final home game for Inverness in a 1–1 draw with Livingston in the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . His final game for Caley Thistle came four days later in a 1–0 loss to St Mirren . Wrexham . On 26 January 2018 , Raven joined Wrexham and made his debut the following day in a 2–2 draw against former club Tranmere Rovers and alongside former Inverness teammate Scott Boden . Raven was released by Wrexham in May 2018 . Warrington Town . On 1 July 2018 , Raven joined Northern Premier League side , Warrington Town , after almost 2 months without a club . He made two appearances for the club in the FA Cup against Halifax Town in the initial 2–2 draw on 20 October 2018 , and the 2–0 loss in the replay three days later . Marine . In September 2020 he joined Marine .
|
[
"Inverness Caledonian Thistle"
] |
easy
|
Which team did David Raven (footballer) play for from 2012 to 2013?
|
/wiki/David_Raven_(footballer)#P54#4
|
David Raven ( footballer ) David Haydn Raven ( born 10 March 1985 ) is an English footballer who plays for Marine in the Northern Premier League . He can play as a right-sided full back or central defender . Career . Liverpool . He initially started playing in Tranmere Rovers academy while attending Calday Grange Grammar School before joining Liverpool . Raven made his first team debut with a man-of-the-match display during the League Cup quarter-final win against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane in December 2004 and went on to play in two further games : disappointing defeats to Burnley in the FA Cup Third Round and Southampton in the Barclays Premiership . He had also played in the pre-season match against Wrexham in August 2004 . He featured in a number of games at centre-half for the reserves throughout 2004 but manager Rafael Benítez , having been impressed since his arrival in the summer , saw his best position as right-back . He became the regular captain of Liverpools reserve team . Raven spent the latter part of the 2005–06 season on loan at Tranmere Rovers . Carlisle United . Raven then moved to Carlisle United from Liverpool on a free transfer but his debut lasted only half-an-hour before he was substituted because of injury . After an injury-plagued first season at Carlisle , 2007–08 was a different story for Raven , as he established himself as Carlisles first choice right-back . He also won the clubs Most Improved Player of the Year award . During this season he also scored his first goal for Carlisle when he netted against Orient . Raven signed for Shrewsbury Town in July 2010 on a one-year contract . Shrewsbury Town . Having been released from Carlisle United , new Shrewsbury Town manager Graham Turner announced Raven as his second permanent signing . After another injury plagued , yet consistent season when playing , Raven was released by the club in May 2011 . Tranmere Rovers . In the summer of 2011 , he returned to former loan club Tranmere Rovers on trial , playing in a pre-season tie against Colwyn Bay . He signed for the club but was subsequently released at the end of the 2011–12 season after making 17 league appearances . Inverness Caledonian Thistle . He signed for SPL side Inverness Caledonian Thistle in June 2012 . He made his debut in a 2–1 friendly win over Buckie Thistle . His SPL debut came against St Mirren in a 2–2 draw . Raven scored his first goal for ICT when he opened the scoring in a 3–0 Highland derby win against Ross County in February 2014 . His third career goal was an extra-time winner against Celtic , in the 2014–15 Scottish Cup semi-final at Hampden Park , Glasgow , on Sunday 19 April 2015 . On 30 April Inverness CT announced that Raven had signed a one-year contract extension , keeping him at the club until the end of the 2015–16 season . Inverness won the 2014–15 Scottish Cup , but Raven missed the cup final due to injury . Just before December 2017 , David Raven confirmed that he would be leaving the club for greener pastures , due to the fact of the club being in debt and being unable to afford several high earning players wages . Raven was one on the list that they couldnt afford . He also admitted that he wanted to start coaching with the highland club . On 2 January 2018 , Raven played his final home game for Inverness in a 1–1 draw with Livingston in the 2017–18 Scottish Championship . His final game for Caley Thistle came four days later in a 1–0 loss to St Mirren . Wrexham . On 26 January 2018 , Raven joined Wrexham and made his debut the following day in a 2–2 draw against former club Tranmere Rovers and alongside former Inverness teammate Scott Boden . Raven was released by Wrexham in May 2018 . Warrington Town . On 1 July 2018 , Raven joined Northern Premier League side , Warrington Town , after almost 2 months without a club . He made two appearances for the club in the FA Cup against Halifax Town in the initial 2–2 draw on 20 October 2018 , and the 2–0 loss in the replay three days later . Marine . In September 2020 he joined Marine .
|
[
"West Ham"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Devonshire belong to from 1976 to 1983?
|
/wiki/Alan_Devonshire#P54#0
|
Alan Devonshire Alan Ernest Devonshire ( born 13 April 1956 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the current manager of Maidenhead United . He was a wide midfielder who played for West Ham United , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1980 , and Watford , where he finished his career in 1992 . Devonshire won eight caps for England between 1980 and 1983 . He subsequently became a manager with Maidenhead United , Hampton & Richmond Borough and Braintree Town . Playing career . Early career . Born in Park Royal , then a part of Middlesex , Devonshire had been a schoolboy footballer but had been turned away by Crystal Palace at age 14 for being too small . He returned to Selhurst Park two years later and played a couple of youth team games but was again released by the club , this time by former West Ham player and Palace manager , Malcolm Allison . Devonshire started playing for non-league Southall and in doing so came to the attention of league clubs such as Reading , Southampton , and Brentford . By day he worked as a fork-lift truck driver at the Hoover Factory in Perivale , Middlesex . During this time he was spotted playing for Southall by West Ham United scouts , Eddie Baily and Charlie Faulkner who recommended him to West Ham manager , Ron Greenwood . Devonshire signed for West Ham United in 1976 for a fee of £5,000 , a transfer which has led to him being referred to as West Hams best ever buy . West Ham United . Devonshire made his debut for West Ham on 27 October 1976 in a League Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers , in which West Ham lost 2–0 . He made his League debut three days later on 30 October 1976 against West Bromwich Albion , where he played in a 3–0 defeat . He soon became a fans favourite , who referred to him by his nickname Dev . His workman-like attitude was one to which the fans could relate . He also enhanced his rapport with supporters by travelling to home games on the London Underground from his West London home . He played 29 games in all competitions , without scoring , in his first season , the 1976–77 season . It was a poor season for West Ham who finished only two points above a relegation place in 17th place in the First Division . The following season , the 1977–78 season saw Devonshires first goals for the club , in a 3–3 at Upton Park on 12 November 1977 . It also saw him play 38 games in all competitions , scoring three goals . Unfortunately for West Ham his efforts could not prevent them from relegation to the Second Division after they finished in 20th place . The 1978–79 season saw West Ham rebuilding their side following relegation . Devonshire was a regular member of the side which finished 5th in the Second Division . He had played 41 of a possible 42 league games that season and was voted Hammer of the Season . West Ham failed to gain promotion again in the 1979–80 season . They did however reach the 1980 FA Cup Final where Devonshire collected an FA Cup winners medal as West Ham beat favourites , holders and Cup Winners Cup finalists Arsenal 1–0 at Wembley with a single goal from Trevor Brooking from a cross by Devonshire . He had also scored a goal in a semi-final replay at Elland Road in a 2–1 win against Everton . In the 1980–81 season Devonshires career flourished . His partnership with Trevor Brooking formed the cornerstone of West Hams push for promotion back to the First Division . He also played in European football for the first time and was a member of the side which reached to 1981 League Cup Final . He collected a Second Division title medal as they won promotion , losing only four games . Devonshire continued to be a regular member of the West Ham side in the First Division until a game on 7 January 1984 . Playing against Wigan Athletic in the FA Cup , he snapped three ligaments in his right knee . He tried to make a comeback in March 1985 in two cup games against Wimbledon but again broke down . It was 19 months from his first injury to his full return , in a game against Birmingham City on 17 August 1985 . His long spell out injured had resulted in him losing some of his pace but still maintaining his ability to pass the ball well . He made the final pass for many of the goals scored by teammates , Tony Cottee and Frank McAvennie in the 1985–86 season as West Ham finished third in the First Division . Injury struck Devonshire again in the first game of the 1987–88 season . Just 15 minutes in a game against Queens Park Rangers , he snapped his Achilles tendon . This forced him out of the game for over a year and by the time of his return the West Ham team were in decline . The 1988–89 season saw him play only 20 league games without scoring as West Ham were relegated back to the Second Division . For the 1989–90 season manager John Lyall was replaced by Lou Macari who undertook the rebuilding of the West Ham side . Devonshire was rarely used making only seven league appearances that season . Macari was replaced in the same season by Billy Bonds who granted Devonshire a free transfer in May 1990 . His last appearance for West Ham came on 14 February 1990 when he was a substitute for Gary Strodder in a 6–0 away defeat to Oldham Athletic in a League Cup semi-final . His performance , and that of other experienced West Ham players , Liam Brady , Phil Parkes , Alvin Martin and Julian Dicks , was described as embarrassingly helpless in a game known as the St . Valentines Day massacre . Devonshire had played 448 competitive games over 14 years , scoring 32 goals . Watford . In 1990 Devonshire signed for Watford , where he played for two years before dropping out of league football in 1992 . He went on to serve non-league club Chippenham Sports as a player-coach . International career . Devonshire was selected to play for England by his former manager at West Ham , Ron Greenwood . He made his debut on 20 May 1980 in a 1–1 draw against Northern Ireland . Greenwood selected him again on 31 May 1980 in a friendly game against Australia , which England won 2–1 . Unfortunately for Devonshire his position and style of play were also those of Glenn Hoddle who was preferred as an international selection . He would have to wait two years for his next cap , on 25 May 1982 in a 2–0 win against Netherlands . Another game followed on 2 June 1982 , a 1–1 draw against Iceland . Both of these games were warm-up games before the 1982 World Cup . Devonshire was omitted from the final squad for the tournament . New England manager , Bobby Robson attempting to rebuild an aging England team , selected Devonshire in October 1982 . The game , against West Germany finished 2–1 to the Germans in a bad defeat for England . His final two appearances , against Greece and Luxembourg came towards the end of 1983 and were Devonshires only appearances in competitive international games , the games being qualifiers for the 1984 UEFA European Football Championship . Management career . Devonshire began his management career as manager of non-league club Osterley and Brentford Women . He then became the manager of Hampton & Richmond Borough in the Conference South . He was previously manager of Maidenhead United . As manager of Hampton & Richmond , he took the club from Isthmian League Division One South to the play-off-final of the Conference South . In his first season , he guided them to fifth place in the Isthmian Division One South which due to re-organization of the leagues was enough to see the club promoted to the Isthmian League Premier Division . He then guided the club to a sixth-placed finish in their debut season at that level missing out on the play-offs on goal difference on the final day of the season . The 2005–06 season would see Devonshire take the team into the play-offs . Having won a dramatic play-off semi-final on penalties away to Heybridge Swifts the team then faced Fisher Athletic away who beat Hampton 3–0 . Devonshire finally managed to get Hampton & Richmond Borough promoted the following season in style by bringing the Isthmian Premier Division title to the Beveree . In their debut season in the Conference South he has managed to guide his team to third place in the league and into the play-offs for the Conference National . On 23 May 2011 , Devonshire was appointed the manager of newly promoted Conference National club Braintree Town . Having declined the offer of a new contract , Devonshire left the club on 17 April 2015 . He was appointed manager of one of his former clubs , National League South side Maidenhead United , on 5 May 2015 . Personal life . Devonshires father , Les , was a professional footballer with clubs including Chester City and Crystal Palace . He has a race horse named after him .
|
[
"Watford"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Alan Devonshire belong to from 1990 to 1992?
|
/wiki/Alan_Devonshire#P54#1
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Alan Devonshire Alan Ernest Devonshire ( born 13 April 1956 ) is an English former professional footballer who is the current manager of Maidenhead United . He was a wide midfielder who played for West Ham United , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1980 , and Watford , where he finished his career in 1992 . Devonshire won eight caps for England between 1980 and 1983 . He subsequently became a manager with Maidenhead United , Hampton & Richmond Borough and Braintree Town . Playing career . Early career . Born in Park Royal , then a part of Middlesex , Devonshire had been a schoolboy footballer but had been turned away by Crystal Palace at age 14 for being too small . He returned to Selhurst Park two years later and played a couple of youth team games but was again released by the club , this time by former West Ham player and Palace manager , Malcolm Allison . Devonshire started playing for non-league Southall and in doing so came to the attention of league clubs such as Reading , Southampton , and Brentford . By day he worked as a fork-lift truck driver at the Hoover Factory in Perivale , Middlesex . During this time he was spotted playing for Southall by West Ham United scouts , Eddie Baily and Charlie Faulkner who recommended him to West Ham manager , Ron Greenwood . Devonshire signed for West Ham United in 1976 for a fee of £5,000 , a transfer which has led to him being referred to as West Hams best ever buy . West Ham United . Devonshire made his debut for West Ham on 27 October 1976 in a League Cup tie against Queens Park Rangers , in which West Ham lost 2–0 . He made his League debut three days later on 30 October 1976 against West Bromwich Albion , where he played in a 3–0 defeat . He soon became a fans favourite , who referred to him by his nickname Dev . His workman-like attitude was one to which the fans could relate . He also enhanced his rapport with supporters by travelling to home games on the London Underground from his West London home . He played 29 games in all competitions , without scoring , in his first season , the 1976–77 season . It was a poor season for West Ham who finished only two points above a relegation place in 17th place in the First Division . The following season , the 1977–78 season saw Devonshires first goals for the club , in a 3–3 at Upton Park on 12 November 1977 . It also saw him play 38 games in all competitions , scoring three goals . Unfortunately for West Ham his efforts could not prevent them from relegation to the Second Division after they finished in 20th place . The 1978–79 season saw West Ham rebuilding their side following relegation . Devonshire was a regular member of the side which finished 5th in the Second Division . He had played 41 of a possible 42 league games that season and was voted Hammer of the Season . West Ham failed to gain promotion again in the 1979–80 season . They did however reach the 1980 FA Cup Final where Devonshire collected an FA Cup winners medal as West Ham beat favourites , holders and Cup Winners Cup finalists Arsenal 1–0 at Wembley with a single goal from Trevor Brooking from a cross by Devonshire . He had also scored a goal in a semi-final replay at Elland Road in a 2–1 win against Everton . In the 1980–81 season Devonshires career flourished . His partnership with Trevor Brooking formed the cornerstone of West Hams push for promotion back to the First Division . He also played in European football for the first time and was a member of the side which reached to 1981 League Cup Final . He collected a Second Division title medal as they won promotion , losing only four games . Devonshire continued to be a regular member of the West Ham side in the First Division until a game on 7 January 1984 . Playing against Wigan Athletic in the FA Cup , he snapped three ligaments in his right knee . He tried to make a comeback in March 1985 in two cup games against Wimbledon but again broke down . It was 19 months from his first injury to his full return , in a game against Birmingham City on 17 August 1985 . His long spell out injured had resulted in him losing some of his pace but still maintaining his ability to pass the ball well . He made the final pass for many of the goals scored by teammates , Tony Cottee and Frank McAvennie in the 1985–86 season as West Ham finished third in the First Division . Injury struck Devonshire again in the first game of the 1987–88 season . Just 15 minutes in a game against Queens Park Rangers , he snapped his Achilles tendon . This forced him out of the game for over a year and by the time of his return the West Ham team were in decline . The 1988–89 season saw him play only 20 league games without scoring as West Ham were relegated back to the Second Division . For the 1989–90 season manager John Lyall was replaced by Lou Macari who undertook the rebuilding of the West Ham side . Devonshire was rarely used making only seven league appearances that season . Macari was replaced in the same season by Billy Bonds who granted Devonshire a free transfer in May 1990 . His last appearance for West Ham came on 14 February 1990 when he was a substitute for Gary Strodder in a 6–0 away defeat to Oldham Athletic in a League Cup semi-final . His performance , and that of other experienced West Ham players , Liam Brady , Phil Parkes , Alvin Martin and Julian Dicks , was described as embarrassingly helpless in a game known as the St . Valentines Day massacre . Devonshire had played 448 competitive games over 14 years , scoring 32 goals . Watford . In 1990 Devonshire signed for Watford , where he played for two years before dropping out of league football in 1992 . He went on to serve non-league club Chippenham Sports as a player-coach . International career . Devonshire was selected to play for England by his former manager at West Ham , Ron Greenwood . He made his debut on 20 May 1980 in a 1–1 draw against Northern Ireland . Greenwood selected him again on 31 May 1980 in a friendly game against Australia , which England won 2–1 . Unfortunately for Devonshire his position and style of play were also those of Glenn Hoddle who was preferred as an international selection . He would have to wait two years for his next cap , on 25 May 1982 in a 2–0 win against Netherlands . Another game followed on 2 June 1982 , a 1–1 draw against Iceland . Both of these games were warm-up games before the 1982 World Cup . Devonshire was omitted from the final squad for the tournament . New England manager , Bobby Robson attempting to rebuild an aging England team , selected Devonshire in October 1982 . The game , against West Germany finished 2–1 to the Germans in a bad defeat for England . His final two appearances , against Greece and Luxembourg came towards the end of 1983 and were Devonshires only appearances in competitive international games , the games being qualifiers for the 1984 UEFA European Football Championship . Management career . Devonshire began his management career as manager of non-league club Osterley and Brentford Women . He then became the manager of Hampton & Richmond Borough in the Conference South . He was previously manager of Maidenhead United . As manager of Hampton & Richmond , he took the club from Isthmian League Division One South to the play-off-final of the Conference South . In his first season , he guided them to fifth place in the Isthmian Division One South which due to re-organization of the leagues was enough to see the club promoted to the Isthmian League Premier Division . He then guided the club to a sixth-placed finish in their debut season at that level missing out on the play-offs on goal difference on the final day of the season . The 2005–06 season would see Devonshire take the team into the play-offs . Having won a dramatic play-off semi-final on penalties away to Heybridge Swifts the team then faced Fisher Athletic away who beat Hampton 3–0 . Devonshire finally managed to get Hampton & Richmond Borough promoted the following season in style by bringing the Isthmian Premier Division title to the Beveree . In their debut season in the Conference South he has managed to guide his team to third place in the league and into the play-offs for the Conference National . On 23 May 2011 , Devonshire was appointed the manager of newly promoted Conference National club Braintree Town . Having declined the offer of a new contract , Devonshire left the club on 17 April 2015 . He was appointed manager of one of his former clubs , National League South side Maidenhead United , on 5 May 2015 . Personal life . Devonshires father , Les , was a professional footballer with clubs including Chester City and Crystal Palace . He has a race horse named after him .
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"Newry and Armagh Westminster seat , coming second to incumbent Séamus Mallon of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) . When Mallon decided not to contest the seat again , Murphy became the clear favourite to win and was elected on 5 May 2005 ."
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What was the position of Conor Murphy from Jun 1998 to Apr 2003?
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/wiki/Conor_Murphy#P39#0
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Conor Murphy Conor Terence Murphy ( born 10 July 1963 ) is an Irish republican Sinn Féin politician who is the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northern Ireland for Newry and Armagh . He served as the Member of Parliament for Newry and Armagh from 2005 until 2015 . Early life . Murphy was born in Camlough , South Armagh and joined the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) during the 1981 hunger strikes . In 1982 he was sentenced to five years in prison for IRA membership and possession of explosives . Political career . Between 1989 and 1997 , he was a Sinn Féin councillor on Newry and Mourne District Council for The Fews area , in South Armagh and South Down , and served as his partys group leader at that level . Assembly elections . In 1998 , Murphy was elected as one of his partys two Northern Ireland Assembly members for Newry and Armagh . He was re-elected , with two party colleagues , to the Assembly in 2003 . He lives in Camlough , County Armagh with his wife Catherine , his daughter Áine and his son Oisín . He attended St Colmans College , Newry , Queens University of Belfast ( QUB ) , and the University of Ulster . In 2001 , he contested the Newry and Armagh Westminster seat , coming second to incumbent Séamus Mallon of the Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) . When Mallon decided not to contest the seat again , Murphy became the clear favourite to win and was elected on 5 May 2005 . Abstentionism and tour of UK party conferences . He refused to take his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in line with the abstentionist policy of Sinn Féin . In the Northern Ireland Assembly , he served as the Minister for Regional Development in the Northern Ireland Executive from 8 May 2007 until 16 May 2011 . While on a tour of UK party conferences in autumn 2005 , he became the first Irish republican to address the Conservative Party conference and caused controversy by refusing to express regret over the Brighton hotel bombing . Tribunal over appointment of head of Northern Ireland Water . In 2011 , while Minister for Regional Development , Murphy appointed Seán Hogan , a Catholic , as head of Northern Ireland Water , turning down the applications of four Protestants on the shortlist . A tribunal subsequently awarded £150,000 damages for discrimination to one of these applicants , Alan Lennon , judging that Hogan was appointed because he was not from a Protestant background and because he was known to the minister and his ( then Sinn Fein ) ministerial colleagues Michelle Gildernew and Caitríona Ruane , who were consulted about the appointment . The tribunal found Murphys evidence was implausible and lack [ ing ] credibility , and that , during Murphys tenure at the Department for Regional Development , there was a material bias against the appointment of candidates from a Protestant background . Murphy disputed the finding which he said branded him sectarian . Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland Martin McGuinness defended him , claiming Murphy doesnt have a sectarian bone in his body . Witness in Declan Gormley case . In December 2012 , Murphy appeared as a witness at Belfast High Court in the case of Declan Gormley , whom Murphy had sacked in 2010 from his post as a non-executive director of NI Water . Gormley sued Sinn Féin over two press releases which he argued were defamatory . Gormley was subsequently offered £80,000 in damages . Controversy over comments about Paul Quinn . In 2007 , shortly after the murder of Paul Quinn , Conor Murphy said in an interview with Spotlight that Paul Quinn was involved with smuggling and criminality and I think that everyone accepts that . During the 2020 Irish general election Conor Murphys comments were an issue . Breege Quinn said that her son was definitely not involved in criminality and called on Conor Murphy to withdraw his remarks and make a public apology to the Quinn family . On 6 February 2020 Conor Murphy spoke to RTÉ and said that he had withdrawn the remarks he had made in 2007 and apologised to the Quinn family . Breege Quinn repeated her call for him to resign as Minister for Finance at Stormont . She said he should finish off and get justice for the Quinn family . She said he should go and tell the PSNI and the Gardaí exactly who he was speaking to in the IRA after the murder . She said she would not meet Conor Murphy until he comes out publicly saying that he is going to the PSNI to give the names of the IRA that he spoke to in Cullyhanna . External links . - Sinn Féin official biography
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