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[
"Freda Miller"
] |
easy
|
Who was Larry King 's spouse from 1952 to 1953?
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/wiki/Larry_King#P26#0
|
Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
|
[
"Alene Akins"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Larry King from 1961 to 1963?
|
/wiki/Larry_King#P26#1
|
Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
|
[
"Mickey Sutphin"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Larry King from 1963 to 1967?
|
/wiki/Larry_King#P26#2
|
Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
|
[
"Alene Akins"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Larry King from 1967 to 1972?
|
/wiki/Larry_King#P26#3
|
Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
|
[
"Sharon Lepore"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Larry King from 1976 to 1983?
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/wiki/Larry_King#P26#4
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Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
|
[
"Julie Alexander"
] |
easy
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Who was Larry King 's spouse from 1989 to 1992?
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/wiki/Larry_King#P26#5
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Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
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[
"Shawn King"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Larry King from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Larry_King#P26#6
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Larry King Larry King ( born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger ; November 19 , 1933 – January 23 , 2021 ) was an American television and radio host , whose awards included two Peabodys , an Emmy and ten Cable ACE Awards . Over his career , he hosted over 50,000 interviews . King was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s , and gained prominence in 1978 as host of The Larry King Show , an all-night nationwide call-in radio program heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System . From 1985 to 2010 , he hosted the nightly interview television program Larry King Live on CNN . King hosted Larry King Now from 2012 to 2020 , which aired on Hulu , Ora TV , and RT America . He hosted Politicking with Larry King , a weekly political talk show , on the same three channels from 2013 to 2020 . King also appeared in television series and films , usually playing himself . Early life and education . King was born in Brooklyn , on November 19 , 1933 . He was one of two children of Jennie ( Gitlitz ) , a garment worker who was born in Minsk or Vilnius , Russian Empire , and Aaron Zeiger , a restaurant owner and defense-plant worker who was born in Kolomyia , Austria-Hungary , or Pinsk , Russian Empire . His parents were Orthodox Jews who immigrated to the United States from Belarus in the 1930s . King attended Lafayette High School , a public high school in Brooklyn . Kings father died of a heart attack when King was nine years old . This resulted in King , his mother , and brother going on government welfare . King was greatly affected by his fathers death , and subsequently lost interest in his schoolwork . After graduating from high school , Larry worked to help support his mother . From an early age , he desired to work in radio broadcasting . Career . Miami radio and television . A CBS staff announcer , whom King met by chance , suggested he go to Florida which was a growing media market with openings for inexperienced broadcasters . King went to Miami , and after initial setbacks , he gained his first job in radio . The manager of a small station , WAHR ( now WMBM ) in Miami Beach , hired him to clean up and perform miscellaneous tasks . When one of the stations announcers abruptly quit , King was put on the air . His first broadcast was on May 1 , 1957 , working as the disc jockey from 9 a.m . to noon . He also did two afternoon newscasts and a sportscast . He was paid $50 a week . He acquired the name Larry King when the general manager claimed that Zeiger was too difficult to remember , so minutes before airtime , Larry chose the surname King , which he got from an advertisement in the Miami Herald for Kings Wholesale Liquor . Within two years , he legally changed his name to Larry King . He began to conduct interviews on a mid-morning show for WIOD , at Pumperniks Restaurant in Miami Beach . He would interview whoever walked in . His first interview was with a waiter at the restaurant . Two days later , singer Bobby Darin , in Miami for a concert that evening , walked into Pumperniks having heard Kings radio show ; Darin became Kings first celebrity interview guest . Kings Miami radio show brought him local attention . A few years later , in May 1960 , he hosted Miami Undercover , airing Sunday nights at 11:30 p.m . on WPST-TV Channel 10 ( now WPLG ) . King credited his success on local television to the assistance of comedian Jackie Gleason , whose national television variety show was being taped in Miami Beach beginning in 1964 . That show really took off because Gleason came to Miami , King said in a 1996 interview he gave when inducted into the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . He did that show and stayed all night with me . We stayed till five in the morning . He didnt like the set , so we broke into the general managers office and changed the set . Gleason changed the set , he changed the lighting , and he became like a mentor of mine . During this period , WIOD gave King further exposure as a color commentator for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League , during their 1970 season and most of their 1971 season . However , he was dismissed by both WIOD and television station WTVJ as a late-night radio host and sports commentator as of December 20 , 1971 , when he was arrested after being accused of grand larceny by a former business partner , Louis Wolfson . Other staffers covered the Dolphins games into their 24–3 loss to Dallas in Super Bowl VI . King also lost his weekly column at the Miami Beach Sun newspaper . The charges were dropped . Eventually , King was rehired by WIOD . For several years during the 1970s , he hosted a sports talk-show called Sports-a-la-King that featured guests and callers . The Larry King Show . On January 30 , 1978 , King began broadcasting a nightly coast-to-coast program on the Mutual Broadcasting System , inheriting the talk show slot that had begun with Herb Jepko in 1975 , then followed by Long John Nebel in 1977 , until his illness and death the following year . Kings Mutual show rapidly developed a devoted audience , called King-aholics . The Larry King Show was broadcast live Monday through Friday from midnight to 5:30 a.m . Eastern Time . King would interview a guest for the first hour , with callers asking questions that continued the interview for the next two hours . At 3 a.m. , the Open Phone America segment began , where he allowed callers to discuss any topic they pleased with him , until the end of the program when he expressed his own political opinions . Many stations in the western time zones carried the Open Phone America portion of the show live , followed by the guest interview on tape delay . Some of Kings regular callers used pseudonyms or were given nicknames by King , such as The Numbers Guy , The Chair , The Portland Laugher , The Miami Derelict , and The Scandal Scooper . At the beginning , the show had 28 affiliates , though the number was eventually above 500 . King hosted the show until stepping down in 1994 . King occasionally entertained the audience by telling amusing stories from his youth or early broadcasting career . For its final year , the show was moved to afternoons . After King stepped down , Mutual gave the afternoon slot to David Brenner and Mutuals affiliates were given the option of carrying the audio of Kings new CNN evening television program . After Westwood One dissolved Mutual in 1999 , the radio simulcast of the CNN show continued until December 31 , 2009 . Larry King Live . Larry King Live began on CNN in June 1985 . On the show , King hosted a broad range of guests , from figures such as UFO conspiracy theorists and alleged psychics , to prominent politicians and entertainment industry figures , often doing their first or only interview on breaking news stories on his show . After broadcasting his CNN show from 9 to 10 p.m. , King then traveled to the studios of the Mutual Broadcasting System to do his radio show , when both shows still aired . Two of his best-remembered interviews involved political figures . In 1992 , billionaire Ross Perot announced his presidential bid on the show . In 1993 , a debate between Al Gore and Perot became CNNs most-watched segment until 2015 . Unlike many interviewers , King had a direct , non-confrontational approach . His reputation for asking easy , open-ended questions made him attractive to important figures who wanted to state their position while avoiding being challenged on contentious topics . King said that when interviewing authors , he did not read their books in advance , so that he would not know more than his audience . Throughout his career , King interviewed many of the leading figures of his time . According to CNN , King conducted more than 30,000 interviews in his career . King also wrote a regular newspaper column in USA Today for almost 20 years , from shortly after that first national newspapers debut in Baltimore-Washington in 1982 until September 2001 . The column consisted of short plugs , superlatives and dropped names but was dropped when the newspaper redesigned its Life section . The column was resurrected in blog form in November 2008 and on Twitter in April 2009 . During his career , he did more than 60,000 interviews . CNNs Larry King Live became the longest-running television show hosted by the same person , on the same network and in the same time slot , and was recognized for it by the Guinness Book of World Records . He retired in 2010 after taping 6,000 episodes of the show . Departure . On June 29 , 2010 , King announced that after 25 years , he would be stepping down as the shows host . However , he stated that he would remain with CNN to host occasional specials . The announcement came in the wake of speculation that CNN had approached Piers Morgan , the British television personality and journalist , as Kings primetime replacement , which was confirmed that September . The final edition of Larry King Live aired on December 16 , 2010 . The show concluded with his last thoughts and a thank you to his audience for watching and supporting him over the years . The concluding words of Larry King on the show were , I.. . I , I dont know what to say except to you , my audience , thank you . And instead of goodbye , how about so long . On February 17 , 2012 , CNN announced that he would no longer host specials . Shows on Ora TV . In March 2012 , King co-founded Ora TV , a production company , with Mexican business magnate Carlos Slim . On January 16 , 2013 , Ora TV celebrated their 100th episode of Larry King Now . In September 2017 , King stated that he had no intention of ever retiring and expected to host his programs until he died . Ora TV signed a multi-year deal with Hulu to exclusively carry Kings new talk-oriented web series , Larry King Now , beginning July 17 . On October 23 , 2012 , King hosted the third-party presidential debate on Ora TV , featuring Jill Stein , Rocky Anderson , Virgil Goode , and Gary Johnson . In May 2013 , the Russian-owned RT America network announced that they struck a deal with Ora TV to host the Larry King Now show on its network . King said in an advertisement on RT America : I would rather ask questions to people in positions of power , instead of speaking on their behalf . The show continued to be available on Hulu.com and Ora.tv . When criticized for doing business with a Russian-owned TV network in 2014 , King responded , I dont work for RT , commenting that his podcasts , Larry King Now and Politicking , are licensed for a fee to RT America by New York-based Ora TV . It’s a deal made between the companies .. . They just license our shows . If they took something out , I would never do it . It would be bad if they tried to edit out things . I wouldn’t put up with it . Other ventures . King remained active as a writer and television personality thereafter . King guest starred in episodes of Arthur , 30 Rock and Gravity Falls , had cameos in Ghostbusters and Bee Movie , and voiced Doris the Ugly Stepsister in Shrek 2 and its sequels . He also played himself in and appeared as himself in an episode of . King hosted the educational television series In View with Larry King from 2013 to 2015 , which was carried on cable television networks including Fox Business Network and Discovery and produced by The Profiles Series production company . King and his wife Shawn appeared on WWE Raw in October 2012 , participating in a storyline involving professional wrestlers The Miz and Kofi Kingston . King became a very active user on the social-networking site Twitter , where he posted thoughts and commented on a wide variety of subjects . King stated , I love tweeting , I think its a different world weve entered . When people were calling in , they were calling into the show and now on Twitter , Im giving out thoughts , opinions . The whole concept has changed . After 2011 , he also made various television infomercials , often appearing as a host discussing products like Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplement OmegaXL with guests , in an interview style reminiscent of his past television programs . ProPublica reported that in 2019 King had been manipulated into starring in a fake interview with a Russian journalist containing disinformation about Chinese dissident Guo Wengui , which was subsequently spread by Chinese government associated social media accounts . Charitable works . Following his 1987 heart attack , King founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation , a non-profit organization which paid for life-saving cardiac procedures for people who otherwise would not be able to afford them . On August 30 , 2010 , King served as the host of Chabads 30th annual To Life telethon , in Los Angeles . He donated to the Beverly Hills 9/11 Memorial Garden , and his name is on the monument . Personal life . King was married eight times , to seven women . He married high-school sweetheart Freda Miller in 1952 at age 19 . That union ended the following year at the behest of their parents , who reportedly had the marriage annulled . He was later briefly married to Annette Kaye , who gave birth to his son , Larry Jr. , in November 1961 . King did not meet Larry Jr . until the latter was in his thirties . In 1961 , King married his third wife , Alene Akins , a Playboy Bunny , at one of the magazines eponymous nightclubs . He adopted Akins son Andy in 1962 ; the couple divorced the following year . In 1963 , he married his fourth wife , Mary Francis Mickey Sutphin , who divorced him . He remarried Akins , with whom he had a second child , Chaia , in 1969 . The couple divorced a second time in 1972 . In 1997 , Dove Books published a book written by King and Chaia , Daddy Day , Daughter Day . Aimed at young children , it tells each of their accounts of his divorce from Akins . On September 25 , 1976 , King married his fifth wife , mathematics teacher and production assistant Sharon Lepore . The couple divorced in 1983 . King met businesswoman Julie Alexander in 1989 , and proposed to her on the couples first date on August 1 , 1989 . Alexander became Kings sixth wife on October 7 , 1989 , when the two were married in Washington , D.C . The couple lived in different cities , however , with Alexander in Philadelphia , and King in Washington , D.C. , where he worked . They separated in 1990 and divorced in 1992 . He became engaged to actress Deanna Lund in 1995 , after five weeks of dating , but they remained unmarried . In 1997 , he married his seventh wife , Shawn Southwick , born in 1959 ( as Shawn Ora Engemann ) , a singer , actress , and TV host . They wed in Kings Los Angeles hospital room three days before he underwent heart surgery to clear an occluded blood vessel . The couple had two children : Chance , born March 1999 , and Cannon , born May 2000 . He was stepfather to Arena Football League quarterback Danny Southwick . On King and Southwicks 10th anniversary in September 2007 , Southwick joked she was the only [ wife ] to have lasted into the two digits . Larry and Shawn King filed for divorce in 2010 but reconciled , and filed for divorce again on August 20 , 2019 . From his seven wives , King had five children and nine grandchildren , as well as four great-grandchildren . His children with Alene ( Andy and Chaia ) , died within weeks of each other in August 2020 , Andy at 65 from a heart attack and Chaia at 51 from lung cancer . King resided in Beverly Hills , California . A lifelong Brooklyn Dodgers/Los Angeles Dodgers fan , he was frequently seen behind home plate at the teams games . He was previously part of an investment group that attempted to bring a Major League Baseball franchise to Buffalo , New York , in 1990 . He lost $2.8 million to Bernie Madoff . After describing himself as a Jewish agnostic in 2005 , King stated that he was fully atheist in 2015 . In 2009 and 2011 , King stated that he would like to be cryogenically preserved subsequent to his death . In 2017 , he stated I love being Jewish , am proud of my Jewishness , and I love Israel . Illnesses and death . On February 24 , 1987 , King had a major heart attack before a successful quintuple-bypass surgery . Following this , he wrote two books about living with heart disease . Mr . King , Youre Having a Heart Attack : How a Heart Attack and Bypass Surgery Changed My Life ( 1989 , ) that was written with New Yorks Newsday science editor B . D . Colen and Taking On Heart Disease : Famous Personalities Recall How They Triumphed over the Nations #1 Killer and How You Can , Too ( 2004 , ) which features the experience of various celebrities with cardiovascular disease including Peggy Fleming and Regis Philbin . King related his heart attack experience in an interview in the 2014 British documentary film The Widowmaker which discusses cardiology diagnostic tests . He received annual chest X-rays to monitor his heart condition . During his 2017 examination , doctors discovered a cancerous tumor in his lung . It was then successfully removed with surgery . On April 23 , 2019 , King underwent a scheduled angioplasty and also had stents inserted . It was erroneously reported that he had another heart attack along with heart failure ; these claims were later retracted . He returned to Politicking with Larry King on August 15 . On November 27 , he said he had had a stroke in March , and was in a coma for weeks . He later admitted he had contemplated suicide following the stroke , telling Los Angeles television station KTLA , I thought I was just going to bite the bullet . I didnt want to live this way . On January 2 , 2021 , it was revealed that King had been hospitalized ten days earlier in a Los Angeles hospital after testing positive for COVID-19 . King died on January 23 , 2021 at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles . Kings wife Shawn told Entertainment Tonight that he had recovered from COVID-19 , but he died of sepsis as a complication . In February 2021 , it was reported that Kings widow Shawn Southwick-King had gone to court to contest the deceaseds handwritten will written in 2019 , which had left his estate ( valued at $2 million ) to his five surviving children . Shawn alleges her stepson Larry King Jr . exerted undue influence over his father towards the end of his life , and that the handwritten will conflicts with a will he signed in 2015 , in which she was named executor of his estate . This does not include more valuable assets that were held in trusts . Awards and nominations . King received many broadcasting awards . He won the Peabody Award for Excellence in broadcasting for both his radio ( 1982 ) and television ( 1992 ) shows . He also won ten CableACE awards for Best Interviewer and for Best Talk Show Series . In 1989 , King was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame , and in 1996 to the Broadcasters Hall of Fame . In 2002 , the industry publication Talkers Magazine named King both the fourth-greatest radio talk show host of all time and the top television talk show host of all time . In 1994 , King received the Scopus Award from the American Friends of Hebrew University . In 1996 , he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Art Buchwald . He was given the Golden Mike Award for Lifetime Achievement in January 2008 , by the Radio & Television News Association of Southern California . King was an honorary member of the Rotary Club of Beverly Hills . He was also a recipient of the Presidents Award honoring his impact on media from the Los Angeles Press Club in 2006 . King was the first recipient of the Arizona State University Hugh Downs Award for Communication Excellence , presented April 11 , 2007 , via satellite by Downs himself . King was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters by Bradley University ; for which he said is really a hoot . King received numerous honorary degrees from George Washington University , the Columbia School of Medicine , Brooklyn College , the New England Institute of Technology , and the Pratt Institute . In 2003 , King was named as recipient of the Snuffed Candle Award by the Committee for Skeptical Inquirys Council for Media Integrity . King received this award for encouraging credulity ( and ) presenting pseudoscience as genuine . External links . - Larry King Live – Transcripts of all interviews since 2000
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) take from May 1979 to May 1983?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#0
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) hold from Jun 1983 to May 1987?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#1
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) hold from Jun 1987 to Mar 1992?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#2
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament"
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easy
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Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) took which position from Apr 1992 to Apr 1997?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#3
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament"
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easy
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What position did Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) take from May 1997 to May 2001?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#4
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Member of Parliament"
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easy
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Which position did Alan Williams (Swansea West MP) hold from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?
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/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)#P39#5
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Alan Williams ( Swansea West MP ) Alan John Williams ( 14 October 1930 – 21 December 2014 ) was a British Labour politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Swansea West for over 45 years , from 1964 to 2010 . He was the longest serving MP for a Welsh constituency since David Lloyd George and built a reputation for his detailed scrutiny of the ways in which public money was spent . Early life . Williams was born in Caerphilly , the son of Emlyn , a former miner who became a local government officer , and Violet ( née Ross ) . He was educated at Cardiff High School for Boys ( a state grammar school ) then Cardiff College of Technology and Commerce when he gained a BSc in economics in 1954 ( awarded by the University of London ) . At University College , Oxford , he studied PPE . He became an economics lecturer at the Welsh College of Advanced Technology then a broadcaster and journalist . Member of Parliament for Swansea West . He unsuccessfully contested Poole in 1959 , coming second to the Conservative incumbent Richard Pilkington . Shortly afterwards he was selected as the candidate for Swansea West which had been won by the Conservatives by a narrow majority of 403 votes . The constituency , containing the city centre , the university and the relatively prosperous western suburbs , had historically been a marginal one for Labour , in contrast to the more working-class Swansea East . Percy Morris , elected in the Labour landslide of 1945 had seen his majority cut to just over a thousand votes in 1955 before he was ousted by the Conservative Hugh Rees four years later . Williams recaptured the seat in 1964 , and held it for nearly 46 years . However , it was never entirely safe , and Rees made two unsuccessful attempts to recapture the seat in 1966 and in 1970 . Wiliams had a very tight contest at the 1979 election , in the wake of the winter of discontent and divisions in the Welsh Labour Party over devolution . He held on by only 401 votes – only two less than the Tory majority he had overturned in 1964 . His majorities thereafter were more secure but the fact that the Liberal Democrats came close to winning the seat after his retirement in 2010 suggests that he had a substantial personal vote . Parliamentary career . Williams served under Harold Wilson as Under-Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from 1967 until 1969 and then as a Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Technology until 1970 when Labour lost power . When Labour were returned to power at the February 1974 general election , Williams was made Minister of State at the Department of Prices and Consumer Protection , serving until Wilson left office in 1976 . The new Prime Minister , James Callaghan , then appointed him as Minister of State at the Department of Industry in which post he served until Labour lost power to the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in the 1979 general election . Williams was made a Privy Counsellor in 1977 . He was a backbencher from 1989 to 2010 , and chairman of the Liaison Committee from 2001 to 2010 . He was a Eurosceptic and was opposed to the devolution settlement that established the National Assembly for Wales . Father of the House . Following the retirement of Tam Dalyell at the 2005 general election , Williams became the MP with the longest continuous service in the House , earning him the title of Father of the House . He was the last MP to question Prime Minister Tony Blair at Prime Ministers Questions on 27 June 2007 . He congratulated Blair for giving the Labour Party 10 years of government , called him one of the outstanding Prime Ministers of his time , and thanked him for making the Labour Party once again the natural party of government . Williams was the last parliamentary survivor of those who were elected in Wilsons 1964 election win . As Father of the House , Williams presided over the Commons Speaker election on 22 June 2009 . He stood down from the Commons at the 2010 general election . Personal life . He married ( Mary ) Patricia Rees in June 1957 in Bedwellty . They had two sons and a daughter , Sian . Death . He died at the age of 84 on 21 December 2014 . He was in a nursing home in London after having a stroke six months prior to his death . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Alan Williams MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Alan Williams MP - Ministerial posts - BBC Politics News items . - Remembrance Sunday service intervention October 2001 - Becomes Father of the House in 2005
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[
"Russian"
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easy
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What citizenship did Denis Voronenkov hold from Apr 1971 to Dec 2016?
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/wiki/Denis_Voronenkov#P27#0
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Denis Voronenkov Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkov ( ; 10 April 1971 – 23 March 2017 ) was a Russian politician who served as a member of the State Duma from 2011 to 2016 . He was a member of the Unity party from 2000 to 2003 and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation from 2011 to 2016 . Voronenkov was born in Gorky , Russian SFSR . He studied at the Suvorov Military School before joining the Soviet Army . In 1999 , he left the military to begin a career in politics . In 2001 , he became an advisor to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation , then being selected as the Deputy Mayor of Naryan-Mar and Deputy Governor of Nenets Autonomous District . Voronenkov then joined the Communist Party and was elected to the State Duma in 2011 . In the 2016 legislative election he lost his seat to United Russia candidate Vladimir Panov . The following month , Voronenkov renounced his Russian citizenship and emigrated to Ukraine with his wife , Maria Maksakova Jr . There he became a vocal critic of Russian president , Vladimir Putin , and Russian foreign policy . Although as a member of the State Duma , he had voted for Russias annexation of Crimea , while in Ukraine he argued that the annexation had been illegal . In early 2017 , the Investigative Committee of Russia opened a case to look into Voronenkovs suspected corruption , and an investigation by the anti-corruption blogger and Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny found that Voronenkov possessed significantly more assets than his officially-declared income would allow . Voronenkov was shot dead in Kyiv by a Ukrainian national , Pavel Parshov . Ukrainian prosecutors believe that it had been a contract killing ( arranged by an FSB officer ) while the countrys then-president , Petro Poroshenko , alleged that it had been orchestrated by the Russian government . Personal life and family . Voronenkov was born in Gorky ( now Nizhny Novgorod ) , Russian SFSR , but had a Ukrainian grandmother and ( according to his widow ) spent his childhood in Ukraines Kherson Oblast . Voronenkov married former fellow Russian MP and opera singer Maria Maksakova Jr . in March 2015 . The couple met while working on a bill regulating the export of cultural artifacts . Each of them had two children from previous relationships . Their son was born in April 2016 . Voronenkovs first two children are his daughter Xenia ( b . 2000 ) and his son Nikolay from his first marriage with Yulia . Education . As the son of a serviceman , Voronenkov won a place in the Leningrad Suvorov Military School , from which he graduated in 1988 and then immediately joined the Soviet Army . In 1995 he completed a diploma level officers course at the Military University of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation , prior to his transfer to the Military Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation . In 1996 he did another course at the Faculty of Law of Ryazan State University . In 1999 , at the Moscow Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Russian Federation he successfully defended his thesis for the Degree of Candidate for Legal Sciences , titled Legal Nihilism and Legal Idealism ( Theoretical and Legal Research ) , Doctor of Law . In 2009 he defended his thesis on Theoretical and normative basis of judicial control in the mechanism of separation of powers , at the Russian Legal Academy of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation . Career . Voronenkov eventually came to hold the rank of colonel in the Russian army . He had worked in military and federal law enforcement since 1995 , joining the Military Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation , initially as an investigator . He had reached the position of deputy prosecutor by the time he left the military in 1999 in order to enter politics . In 2000 Voronenkov became an employee for the State Duma faction of the Unity party . In 2001 he became an advisor of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation before becoming the Deputy Mayor of Naryan-Mar and Deputy Governor of Nenets Autonomous District . Voronenkov then worked for the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia from 2004 until 2007 . He then pursued an academic career as an associate professor ; his last post before being elected an MP was ( from February 2010 ) at the St . Petersburg Institute of International Trade , Economics and Law . Political career . Voronenkov was elected as a deputy for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the State Duma , the lower house of the Russian parliament , in 2011 . Voronenkov lost his bid for reelection in September 2016 , taking third place ( 13.99% ) in constituency No.129 , located in his native Nizhny Novgorod Oblast , well behind the winner , United Russia candidate Vladimir Panov ( 42.39% ) . He stepped down from the State Duma in October . Later that month , Voronenkov announced that he had given up his Russian citizenship and left for Ukraine , where he was naturalized as a Ukrainian citizen in December . Voronenkov said that he had no intention of entering Ukrainian politics . He was expelled from the Communist Party in 2016 . After he moved to Ukraine , he became known as a sharp critic of Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian policy towards Ukraine . Before stepping down as an MP in Russia , he had however taken part in the parliamentary vote to annex Crimea from Ukraine , for which he was criticised in Ukraine . Although his vote was registered , he stated that he was not present in parliament on that day . In 2014 he had also voiced support for the breakaway regions of Novorossiya in the east of Ukraine , which added to the criticism of him in Ukraine . In 2017 he was however an outspoken critic of Russian intervention in Ukraine and elsewhere , e.g . in Transnistria , Abkhazia and South Ossetia . In an interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in February 2017 , Voronenkov compared Russia under Vladimir Putin to Nazi Germany and called the Russian annexation of Crimea both illegal and a mistake . He described the atmosphere in Russia as characterised by a pseudo-patriotic frenzy and total fear . At the time of his death , he had been due to testify against former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych . According to Voronenkov , he was persecuted in Russia by the Federal Security Service whom he accused of being involved in drug trafficking . In October 2016 the Russian Prosecutor-Generals Office refused to launch a probe against Voronenkov recommended by the Investigative Committee of Russia . Nevertheless , Voronenkov was accused later of being involved in an illegal property seizure ( worth 127 million rubles ) in Moscow . Russian investigators were preparing a criminal case against Voronenkov , but were waiting for his parliamentary immunity to run out in December 2016 . In March 2017 a court in Moscow had sanctioned Voronenkovs arrest in absentia . Voronenkov himself dismissed the Russian accusations as politically motivated and stated that the Federal Security Service had offered him to write off the accusations against him if he would pay them US$3 million . Voronenkov has been accused by Alexey Navalny and the Anti-Corruption Foundation of using ill-gotten wealth to buy extensive property and automotive holdings worth hundreds of millions of rubles . Voronenkov had multiple properties including a luxury villa worth 300 million rubles , which his annual parliamentary salary of 3 million rubles ( his highest ever reported income ) , given that he has only ever worked in the Russian government , could scarcely have afforded him . Death . Voronenkov was shot dead in Kyiv as he left the Premier Palace hotel on March 23 , 2017 . Ukraines General Prosecutor Yuriy Lutsenko stated that Voronenkov was shot at least three times , including in the head , and died instantly . He was on his way to meet Ilya Ponomarev , another former Russian MP living in exile in Ukraine ( the only MP to vote against the annexation of Crimea ) . His assailant was wounded by Voronenkovs bodyguard ( who was provided by the Ukrainian Security Service ) and taken to a hospital , where he later died from his wounds , according to the authorities . The gunman carried a Ukrainian passport and had been sought by the police on fraud and money laundering charges , according to the General Prosecutor of Ukraine . Anton Herashchenko , an official with Ukraines Interior Ministry and a Ukrainian lawmaker said that the name of the gunman was Pavel Parshov , a Ukrainian citizen and veteran of Ukraines volunteer paramilitary unit . He also said that Parshov was planted by Russian services as an undercover agent into the National Guard of Ukraine . A police spokesman said the murder was likely a contract killing . Voronenkovs bodyguard was also wounded during the incident . The president of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko reacted to the murder by calling it an act of Russian state terrorism . Russian President Vladimir Putins spokesman , Dmitry Peskov denied being involved and called the claims absurd . Several other officials also dismissed involvement . Russian MP and former Director of the Russian Federal Security Service Nikolay Kovalyov said to Russian TV that he believed the murder may be linked to a business dispute . Ponomarev reacted to the murder by stating : I have no words . The security guard was able to injure the attacker . The potential theory is obvious . Voronenkov was not a crook , but an investigator who was fatally dangerous to Russian authorities . Lutsenko called the murder a typical show execution of a witness by the Kremlin . A little more than a month before his murder , Voronenkov said that he feared for his own and his familys security , and that he had been poking a sore spot of the Kremlin with his criticism of the Russian president . In a March 2017 interview , he referred to demonization in Russia and stated , The system has lost its mind . They say we are traitors in Russia . And I say , Who did we betray ? In 2019 The New York Times Magazine reported that Voronenkovs death was likely to have been related to him benefiting on his co-conspirators in a case of corporate raiding . Investigation . In March , 2017 the Ukrainian National Guard ( UNG ) identified perpetrator of the crime as Pavlo Parshov ( ) , a 28-year-old far-right Ukrainian nationalist and former member of the National Guard who was previously suspected in a money-laundering case . He died in custody in intensive care unit from wounds sustained at the scene . His nom de guerre was the Boxer . The same month Ukrainian MIA placed on its wanted list Parshovs suspected co-conspirator Yaroslav Levenets ( ) who previously served as militant ( under the Hunter pseudonym ) in the far-right nationalist Right-Sector group and who fought in War in Donbass and had history of arrests for various crimes in the past . In September 2017 Ukrainian prosecutors office announced that ( a thief in law who was in relationship with Maria Maksakova Jr . before she married Voronenkov ) was hired by Oleg Feoktistov ( ) , a Russian FSB officer , to organize the assassination of Voronenkov . The latter was said to be at odds with Feoktistov . The investigation did not provide any evidence .
|
[
"Ukraine"
] |
easy
|
What citizenship did Denis Voronenkov hold from Dec 2016 to Mar 2017?
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/wiki/Denis_Voronenkov#P27#1
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Denis Voronenkov Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkov ( ; 10 April 1971 – 23 March 2017 ) was a Russian politician who served as a member of the State Duma from 2011 to 2016 . He was a member of the Unity party from 2000 to 2003 and the Communist Party of the Russian Federation from 2011 to 2016 . Voronenkov was born in Gorky , Russian SFSR . He studied at the Suvorov Military School before joining the Soviet Army . In 1999 , he left the military to begin a career in politics . In 2001 , he became an advisor to the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation , then being selected as the Deputy Mayor of Naryan-Mar and Deputy Governor of Nenets Autonomous District . Voronenkov then joined the Communist Party and was elected to the State Duma in 2011 . In the 2016 legislative election he lost his seat to United Russia candidate Vladimir Panov . The following month , Voronenkov renounced his Russian citizenship and emigrated to Ukraine with his wife , Maria Maksakova Jr . There he became a vocal critic of Russian president , Vladimir Putin , and Russian foreign policy . Although as a member of the State Duma , he had voted for Russias annexation of Crimea , while in Ukraine he argued that the annexation had been illegal . In early 2017 , the Investigative Committee of Russia opened a case to look into Voronenkovs suspected corruption , and an investigation by the anti-corruption blogger and Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny found that Voronenkov possessed significantly more assets than his officially-declared income would allow . Voronenkov was shot dead in Kyiv by a Ukrainian national , Pavel Parshov . Ukrainian prosecutors believe that it had been a contract killing ( arranged by an FSB officer ) while the countrys then-president , Petro Poroshenko , alleged that it had been orchestrated by the Russian government . Personal life and family . Voronenkov was born in Gorky ( now Nizhny Novgorod ) , Russian SFSR , but had a Ukrainian grandmother and ( according to his widow ) spent his childhood in Ukraines Kherson Oblast . Voronenkov married former fellow Russian MP and opera singer Maria Maksakova Jr . in March 2015 . The couple met while working on a bill regulating the export of cultural artifacts . Each of them had two children from previous relationships . Their son was born in April 2016 . Voronenkovs first two children are his daughter Xenia ( b . 2000 ) and his son Nikolay from his first marriage with Yulia . Education . As the son of a serviceman , Voronenkov won a place in the Leningrad Suvorov Military School , from which he graduated in 1988 and then immediately joined the Soviet Army . In 1995 he completed a diploma level officers course at the Military University of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation , prior to his transfer to the Military Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation . In 1996 he did another course at the Faculty of Law of Ryazan State University . In 1999 , at the Moscow Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Russian Federation he successfully defended his thesis for the Degree of Candidate for Legal Sciences , titled Legal Nihilism and Legal Idealism ( Theoretical and Legal Research ) , Doctor of Law . In 2009 he defended his thesis on Theoretical and normative basis of judicial control in the mechanism of separation of powers , at the Russian Legal Academy of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation . Career . Voronenkov eventually came to hold the rank of colonel in the Russian army . He had worked in military and federal law enforcement since 1995 , joining the Military Prosecutors Office of the Russian Federation , initially as an investigator . He had reached the position of deputy prosecutor by the time he left the military in 1999 in order to enter politics . In 2000 Voronenkov became an employee for the State Duma faction of the Unity party . In 2001 he became an advisor of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation before becoming the Deputy Mayor of Naryan-Mar and Deputy Governor of Nenets Autonomous District . Voronenkov then worked for the Federal Drug Control Service of Russia from 2004 until 2007 . He then pursued an academic career as an associate professor ; his last post before being elected an MP was ( from February 2010 ) at the St . Petersburg Institute of International Trade , Economics and Law . Political career . Voronenkov was elected as a deputy for the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the State Duma , the lower house of the Russian parliament , in 2011 . Voronenkov lost his bid for reelection in September 2016 , taking third place ( 13.99% ) in constituency No.129 , located in his native Nizhny Novgorod Oblast , well behind the winner , United Russia candidate Vladimir Panov ( 42.39% ) . He stepped down from the State Duma in October . Later that month , Voronenkov announced that he had given up his Russian citizenship and left for Ukraine , where he was naturalized as a Ukrainian citizen in December . Voronenkov said that he had no intention of entering Ukrainian politics . He was expelled from the Communist Party in 2016 . After he moved to Ukraine , he became known as a sharp critic of Russian president Vladimir Putin and Russian policy towards Ukraine . Before stepping down as an MP in Russia , he had however taken part in the parliamentary vote to annex Crimea from Ukraine , for which he was criticised in Ukraine . Although his vote was registered , he stated that he was not present in parliament on that day . In 2014 he had also voiced support for the breakaway regions of Novorossiya in the east of Ukraine , which added to the criticism of him in Ukraine . In 2017 he was however an outspoken critic of Russian intervention in Ukraine and elsewhere , e.g . in Transnistria , Abkhazia and South Ossetia . In an interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in February 2017 , Voronenkov compared Russia under Vladimir Putin to Nazi Germany and called the Russian annexation of Crimea both illegal and a mistake . He described the atmosphere in Russia as characterised by a pseudo-patriotic frenzy and total fear . At the time of his death , he had been due to testify against former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych . According to Voronenkov , he was persecuted in Russia by the Federal Security Service whom he accused of being involved in drug trafficking . In October 2016 the Russian Prosecutor-Generals Office refused to launch a probe against Voronenkov recommended by the Investigative Committee of Russia . Nevertheless , Voronenkov was accused later of being involved in an illegal property seizure ( worth 127 million rubles ) in Moscow . Russian investigators were preparing a criminal case against Voronenkov , but were waiting for his parliamentary immunity to run out in December 2016 . In March 2017 a court in Moscow had sanctioned Voronenkovs arrest in absentia . Voronenkov himself dismissed the Russian accusations as politically motivated and stated that the Federal Security Service had offered him to write off the accusations against him if he would pay them US$3 million . Voronenkov has been accused by Alexey Navalny and the Anti-Corruption Foundation of using ill-gotten wealth to buy extensive property and automotive holdings worth hundreds of millions of rubles . Voronenkov had multiple properties including a luxury villa worth 300 million rubles , which his annual parliamentary salary of 3 million rubles ( his highest ever reported income ) , given that he has only ever worked in the Russian government , could scarcely have afforded him . Death . Voronenkov was shot dead in Kyiv as he left the Premier Palace hotel on March 23 , 2017 . Ukraines General Prosecutor Yuriy Lutsenko stated that Voronenkov was shot at least three times , including in the head , and died instantly . He was on his way to meet Ilya Ponomarev , another former Russian MP living in exile in Ukraine ( the only MP to vote against the annexation of Crimea ) . His assailant was wounded by Voronenkovs bodyguard ( who was provided by the Ukrainian Security Service ) and taken to a hospital , where he later died from his wounds , according to the authorities . The gunman carried a Ukrainian passport and had been sought by the police on fraud and money laundering charges , according to the General Prosecutor of Ukraine . Anton Herashchenko , an official with Ukraines Interior Ministry and a Ukrainian lawmaker said that the name of the gunman was Pavel Parshov , a Ukrainian citizen and veteran of Ukraines volunteer paramilitary unit . He also said that Parshov was planted by Russian services as an undercover agent into the National Guard of Ukraine . A police spokesman said the murder was likely a contract killing . Voronenkovs bodyguard was also wounded during the incident . The president of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko reacted to the murder by calling it an act of Russian state terrorism . Russian President Vladimir Putins spokesman , Dmitry Peskov denied being involved and called the claims absurd . Several other officials also dismissed involvement . Russian MP and former Director of the Russian Federal Security Service Nikolay Kovalyov said to Russian TV that he believed the murder may be linked to a business dispute . Ponomarev reacted to the murder by stating : I have no words . The security guard was able to injure the attacker . The potential theory is obvious . Voronenkov was not a crook , but an investigator who was fatally dangerous to Russian authorities . Lutsenko called the murder a typical show execution of a witness by the Kremlin . A little more than a month before his murder , Voronenkov said that he feared for his own and his familys security , and that he had been poking a sore spot of the Kremlin with his criticism of the Russian president . In a March 2017 interview , he referred to demonization in Russia and stated , The system has lost its mind . They say we are traitors in Russia . And I say , Who did we betray ? In 2019 The New York Times Magazine reported that Voronenkovs death was likely to have been related to him benefiting on his co-conspirators in a case of corporate raiding . Investigation . In March , 2017 the Ukrainian National Guard ( UNG ) identified perpetrator of the crime as Pavlo Parshov ( ) , a 28-year-old far-right Ukrainian nationalist and former member of the National Guard who was previously suspected in a money-laundering case . He died in custody in intensive care unit from wounds sustained at the scene . His nom de guerre was the Boxer . The same month Ukrainian MIA placed on its wanted list Parshovs suspected co-conspirator Yaroslav Levenets ( ) who previously served as militant ( under the Hunter pseudonym ) in the far-right nationalist Right-Sector group and who fought in War in Donbass and had history of arrests for various crimes in the past . In September 2017 Ukrainian prosecutors office announced that ( a thief in law who was in relationship with Maria Maksakova Jr . before she married Voronenkov ) was hired by Oleg Feoktistov ( ) , a Russian FSB officer , to organize the assassination of Voronenkov . The latter was said to be at odds with Feoktistov . The investigation did not provide any evidence .
|
[
"Banat Zrenjanin"
] |
easy
|
Zoran Tošić played for which team from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Zoran_Tošić#P54#0
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Zoran Tošić Zoran Tošić ( , ; born 28 April 1987 ) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a winger for Kazakhstan Premier League club FC Tobol . He has built a reputation as a free-kick specialist and a tricky dribbler . Tošić began his career with his local side Proleter Zrenjanin , before making his debuts with Mladost Lukićevo . He then joined Budućnost Banatski Dvor , who then merged with Proleter to form Banat Zrenjanin . A year later , he signed for Serbian giants Partizan , for whom he played for two years before a high-profile move to Manchester United of England . After he struggled to break into the Red Devils first-team , he was sent on a six-month loan to German side 1 . FC Köln in January 2010 , and was then transferred to CSKA Moscow of Russia that summer . A full international between 2007 and 2016 , Tošić has earned 76 caps for Serbia . He was part of their teams at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Zrenjanin , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia , Tošić began his football career with Mladost Lukićevo . After he terminated a contract with the club , he stayed without a club to play for a six-month period . He also played futsal with KMF SAS in the meantime . Later he moved to Budućnost Banatski Dvor , before the club merged with Proleter Zrenjanin to form Banat Zrenjanin . In 25 appearances for Banat in the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga campaign , Tošić scored two goals , and in doing so helped his team avoid relegation . Tošićs performances both on the domestic scene with Banat and on the international scene with Serbia earned him glances from many clubs across Europe . On 6 August 2007 , Tošić signed a four-year professional contract with Partizan . He made his Partizan debut in a 1–0 league win against Vojvodina at Stadion Karađorđe on 11 August , coming on as a 15th-minute substitute for injured Almami Moreira . Manchester United . Tošić was subject to a successful work permit application as the player had not played the required 75% of his teams matches in the previous year . On 28 November , there were reports that Tošić had been granted a work permit , with the transfer expected to go through at the start of the transfer window . Despite claims that negotiations had stalled over Tošićs personal terms , the transfer was finalised on 2 January 2009 , with both Tošić and his Partizan teammate Adem Ljajić joining United . Tošić was given the number 14 shirt . Tošić received his first taste of first team football on 20 January 2009 , when he was named on the bench for Uniteds League Cup semi-final second leg at home to Derby County . He made his debut in an FA Cup Fourth round match against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 January 2009 , when he came on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Cristiano Ronaldo . Tošićs league debut came three days later , on 27 January 2009 , when he came on as a 77th-minute substitute for his friend Dimitar Berbatov in Uniteds 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion . Although he did not make many first team appearances in his first season at Manchester United , Tošić became a regular in the clubs reserve team , helping the team to a second-place finish in the Premier Reserve League before scoring the winning goal in the final of the 2009 Manchester Senior Cup against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . He scored his first senior goal for the club on 26 July 2009 in an 8–2 victory over Hangzhou Greentown during Uniteds pre-season campaign in Asia . In a Scottish newspaper interview in September 2012 , Tošić stated that he regretted walking out on United . Loan to Köln . On 27 January 2010 , Tošić joined 1 . FC Köln on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season . He made his debut three days later , coming on as a substitute for Taner Yalçın in the 54th minute of Kölns 2–1 win away to Eintracht Frankfurt on 30 January . On 27 March 2010 , Tošić scored his first two goals for Köln in his eighth appearance for them , in a 4–1 away win over Hannover . However , in his next league match a week later , he was sent off after two bookable offences in the space of 45 seconds , coming in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Hertha BSC . On 17 April 2010 , after his one-game ban was over , Tošić returned to the squad and scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over VfL Bochum . After five months with Köln , he returned to Manchester United in June 2010 . CSKA Moscow . On 15 June 2010 , Tošić was signed on a five-year contract by CSKA Moscow for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £8 million . On 15 August 2010 , he scored his first goal for CSKA in a home match against Anzhi Makhachkala in the Russian Premier League . Four days later , in his European debut for the Russian side , he scored two goals in a UEFA Europa League match at home to Anorthosis Famagusta of Cyprus , CSKA winning 4–0 . On 12 December 2010 , Tošić scored his first goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage game in a 5–1 victory over Lausanne . On 17 March 2011 , Tošić scored one more goal in Europa League , in return leg of Round of 16 , against Porto at Estádio do Dragão . The Serbian midfielder started CSKAs match on 22 May 2011 , helping the club to a 2–1 win over Alania Vladikavkaz in the 2011 Russian Cup Final , before being substituted in the 83rd minute for Lithuanian defender Deividas Šemberas . Three days later , he netted the final goal of a 3–0 victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara after Keisuke Honda had given the visitors a 2–0 lead . On 14 March 2012 , Tošić scored a spectacular goal against Real Madrid at Santiago Bernabéu in 2nd leg of Round of 16 of UEFA Champions League . Tošić opened the scoring against Spartak on 19 March 2012 as his side claimed a 2–1 victory thanks to a late Seydou Doumbia goal . He scored both goals on 28 April against city rivals Spartak Moscow , as CSKA again won 2–1 in front of 50,000 fans at the Luzhniki Stadium . He then scored two late goals against their other local rivals Lokomotiv Moscow on 2 May , propelling CSKA to a 3–1 victory on the penultimate matchday of the Championship Group of the Premier League season . On 2 October 2013 , Tošić scored a goal and made an assist in a 3–2 home victory over Viktoria Plzeň in UEFA Champions League . On 23 October 2013 , in next round of UCL , Tošić scored a goal against Manchester City . Four days later , Tošić scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 league victory for CSKA over Krasnodar . Tošić scored the games only goal as CSKA defeated rivals Lokomotiv on 15 May 2014 to secure a second successive Russian Premier League title . On 23 July 2014 , Tošić signed a new contract with CSKA until the end of the 2016–17 season , with Tošić leaving CSKA at the end of this contract on 5 July 2017 . Return to Partizan . On 28 August 2017 , Tošić returned to Partizan on a three-year contract . On 9 September 2017 , Tošić made his official re-debut for the club against Mladost Lučani . Eight days later , he scored the opener when his club beat Radnički Niš 3–1 . On 20 October , he successfully converted the first penalty in his career , in 2–0 away victory over Radnik Surdulica . Nine days later , he missed the penalty in the 88th minute , but scored in the injury time from a free kick to give his team a 2–1 away victory over Borac Čačak . On 2 November , Tošić scored the opener from a free kick in a 2–0 home win over Skënderbeu Korçë in the fourth match of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage . On 1 August 2019 , Tošić scored the opener in a 3–0 home win over Connahs Quay Nomads in the UEFA Europa League qualifications . This was Partizans 350th goal in Europe since the inaugural European Cup game in 1955 . Tobol . On 16 April 2021 , Tošić signed for FC Tobol on a contract until the end of the year . International career . Tošić made his debut for the Serbia under-21 team on 23 March 2007 , against Belgium . Four days later , against Portugal , he scored his first international goal . He also took part in Serbias 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign , in which they reached the final before losing out to the Netherlands . On 31 August 2007 , Tošić received his first call-up to the senior Serbia squad for the Euro 2008 qualifier against Finland and Portugal by national team manager Javier Clemente , and made his international debut in the Finland game . Tošić scored his first international goal on 12 August 2009 against South Africa in a friendly match . He scored twice in a 3–1 victory . He represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played a crucial role in Serbias unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign . On 11 October 2014 , Tošić scored an added-time equaliser for a 1–1 draw away to Armenia in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Honours . Club . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Serbian Cup ( 3 ) : 2007–08 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 - CSKA Moscow - Russian Premier League ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Russian Cup ( 2 ) : 2010–11 , 2012–13 - Russian Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Individual . - List of 33 top players of the Russian league ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 External links . - Zoran Tošić at Serbian National Team page - Zoran Tošić profile at CSKA website
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[
"Partizan"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Zoran Tošić belong to from 2007 to 2009?
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/wiki/Zoran_Tošić#P54#1
|
Zoran Tošić Zoran Tošić ( , ; born 28 April 1987 ) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a winger for Kazakhstan Premier League club FC Tobol . He has built a reputation as a free-kick specialist and a tricky dribbler . Tošić began his career with his local side Proleter Zrenjanin , before making his debuts with Mladost Lukićevo . He then joined Budućnost Banatski Dvor , who then merged with Proleter to form Banat Zrenjanin . A year later , he signed for Serbian giants Partizan , for whom he played for two years before a high-profile move to Manchester United of England . After he struggled to break into the Red Devils first-team , he was sent on a six-month loan to German side 1 . FC Köln in January 2010 , and was then transferred to CSKA Moscow of Russia that summer . A full international between 2007 and 2016 , Tošić has earned 76 caps for Serbia . He was part of their teams at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Zrenjanin , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia , Tošić began his football career with Mladost Lukićevo . After he terminated a contract with the club , he stayed without a club to play for a six-month period . He also played futsal with KMF SAS in the meantime . Later he moved to Budućnost Banatski Dvor , before the club merged with Proleter Zrenjanin to form Banat Zrenjanin . In 25 appearances for Banat in the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga campaign , Tošić scored two goals , and in doing so helped his team avoid relegation . Tošićs performances both on the domestic scene with Banat and on the international scene with Serbia earned him glances from many clubs across Europe . On 6 August 2007 , Tošić signed a four-year professional contract with Partizan . He made his Partizan debut in a 1–0 league win against Vojvodina at Stadion Karađorđe on 11 August , coming on as a 15th-minute substitute for injured Almami Moreira . Manchester United . Tošić was subject to a successful work permit application as the player had not played the required 75% of his teams matches in the previous year . On 28 November , there were reports that Tošić had been granted a work permit , with the transfer expected to go through at the start of the transfer window . Despite claims that negotiations had stalled over Tošićs personal terms , the transfer was finalised on 2 January 2009 , with both Tošić and his Partizan teammate Adem Ljajić joining United . Tošić was given the number 14 shirt . Tošić received his first taste of first team football on 20 January 2009 , when he was named on the bench for Uniteds League Cup semi-final second leg at home to Derby County . He made his debut in an FA Cup Fourth round match against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 January 2009 , when he came on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Cristiano Ronaldo . Tošićs league debut came three days later , on 27 January 2009 , when he came on as a 77th-minute substitute for his friend Dimitar Berbatov in Uniteds 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion . Although he did not make many first team appearances in his first season at Manchester United , Tošić became a regular in the clubs reserve team , helping the team to a second-place finish in the Premier Reserve League before scoring the winning goal in the final of the 2009 Manchester Senior Cup against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . He scored his first senior goal for the club on 26 July 2009 in an 8–2 victory over Hangzhou Greentown during Uniteds pre-season campaign in Asia . In a Scottish newspaper interview in September 2012 , Tošić stated that he regretted walking out on United . Loan to Köln . On 27 January 2010 , Tošić joined 1 . FC Köln on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season . He made his debut three days later , coming on as a substitute for Taner Yalçın in the 54th minute of Kölns 2–1 win away to Eintracht Frankfurt on 30 January . On 27 March 2010 , Tošić scored his first two goals for Köln in his eighth appearance for them , in a 4–1 away win over Hannover . However , in his next league match a week later , he was sent off after two bookable offences in the space of 45 seconds , coming in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Hertha BSC . On 17 April 2010 , after his one-game ban was over , Tošić returned to the squad and scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over VfL Bochum . After five months with Köln , he returned to Manchester United in June 2010 . CSKA Moscow . On 15 June 2010 , Tošić was signed on a five-year contract by CSKA Moscow for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £8 million . On 15 August 2010 , he scored his first goal for CSKA in a home match against Anzhi Makhachkala in the Russian Premier League . Four days later , in his European debut for the Russian side , he scored two goals in a UEFA Europa League match at home to Anorthosis Famagusta of Cyprus , CSKA winning 4–0 . On 12 December 2010 , Tošić scored his first goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage game in a 5–1 victory over Lausanne . On 17 March 2011 , Tošić scored one more goal in Europa League , in return leg of Round of 16 , against Porto at Estádio do Dragão . The Serbian midfielder started CSKAs match on 22 May 2011 , helping the club to a 2–1 win over Alania Vladikavkaz in the 2011 Russian Cup Final , before being substituted in the 83rd minute for Lithuanian defender Deividas Šemberas . Three days later , he netted the final goal of a 3–0 victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara after Keisuke Honda had given the visitors a 2–0 lead . On 14 March 2012 , Tošić scored a spectacular goal against Real Madrid at Santiago Bernabéu in 2nd leg of Round of 16 of UEFA Champions League . Tošić opened the scoring against Spartak on 19 March 2012 as his side claimed a 2–1 victory thanks to a late Seydou Doumbia goal . He scored both goals on 28 April against city rivals Spartak Moscow , as CSKA again won 2–1 in front of 50,000 fans at the Luzhniki Stadium . He then scored two late goals against their other local rivals Lokomotiv Moscow on 2 May , propelling CSKA to a 3–1 victory on the penultimate matchday of the Championship Group of the Premier League season . On 2 October 2013 , Tošić scored a goal and made an assist in a 3–2 home victory over Viktoria Plzeň in UEFA Champions League . On 23 October 2013 , in next round of UCL , Tošić scored a goal against Manchester City . Four days later , Tošić scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 league victory for CSKA over Krasnodar . Tošić scored the games only goal as CSKA defeated rivals Lokomotiv on 15 May 2014 to secure a second successive Russian Premier League title . On 23 July 2014 , Tošić signed a new contract with CSKA until the end of the 2016–17 season , with Tošić leaving CSKA at the end of this contract on 5 July 2017 . Return to Partizan . On 28 August 2017 , Tošić returned to Partizan on a three-year contract . On 9 September 2017 , Tošić made his official re-debut for the club against Mladost Lučani . Eight days later , he scored the opener when his club beat Radnički Niš 3–1 . On 20 October , he successfully converted the first penalty in his career , in 2–0 away victory over Radnik Surdulica . Nine days later , he missed the penalty in the 88th minute , but scored in the injury time from a free kick to give his team a 2–1 away victory over Borac Čačak . On 2 November , Tošić scored the opener from a free kick in a 2–0 home win over Skënderbeu Korçë in the fourth match of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage . On 1 August 2019 , Tošić scored the opener in a 3–0 home win over Connahs Quay Nomads in the UEFA Europa League qualifications . This was Partizans 350th goal in Europe since the inaugural European Cup game in 1955 . Tobol . On 16 April 2021 , Tošić signed for FC Tobol on a contract until the end of the year . International career . Tošić made his debut for the Serbia under-21 team on 23 March 2007 , against Belgium . Four days later , against Portugal , he scored his first international goal . He also took part in Serbias 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign , in which they reached the final before losing out to the Netherlands . On 31 August 2007 , Tošić received his first call-up to the senior Serbia squad for the Euro 2008 qualifier against Finland and Portugal by national team manager Javier Clemente , and made his international debut in the Finland game . Tošić scored his first international goal on 12 August 2009 against South Africa in a friendly match . He scored twice in a 3–1 victory . He represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played a crucial role in Serbias unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign . On 11 October 2014 , Tošić scored an added-time equaliser for a 1–1 draw away to Armenia in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Honours . Club . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Serbian Cup ( 3 ) : 2007–08 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 - CSKA Moscow - Russian Premier League ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Russian Cup ( 2 ) : 2010–11 , 2012–13 - Russian Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Individual . - List of 33 top players of the Russian league ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 External links . - Zoran Tošić at Serbian National Team page - Zoran Tošić profile at CSKA website
|
[
"Manchester United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Zoran Tošić belong to from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Zoran_Tošić#P54#2
|
Zoran Tošić Zoran Tošić ( , ; born 28 April 1987 ) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a winger for Kazakhstan Premier League club FC Tobol . He has built a reputation as a free-kick specialist and a tricky dribbler . Tošić began his career with his local side Proleter Zrenjanin , before making his debuts with Mladost Lukićevo . He then joined Budućnost Banatski Dvor , who then merged with Proleter to form Banat Zrenjanin . A year later , he signed for Serbian giants Partizan , for whom he played for two years before a high-profile move to Manchester United of England . After he struggled to break into the Red Devils first-team , he was sent on a six-month loan to German side 1 . FC Köln in January 2010 , and was then transferred to CSKA Moscow of Russia that summer . A full international between 2007 and 2016 , Tošić has earned 76 caps for Serbia . He was part of their teams at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Zrenjanin , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia , Tošić began his football career with Mladost Lukićevo . After he terminated a contract with the club , he stayed without a club to play for a six-month period . He also played futsal with KMF SAS in the meantime . Later he moved to Budućnost Banatski Dvor , before the club merged with Proleter Zrenjanin to form Banat Zrenjanin . In 25 appearances for Banat in the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga campaign , Tošić scored two goals , and in doing so helped his team avoid relegation . Tošićs performances both on the domestic scene with Banat and on the international scene with Serbia earned him glances from many clubs across Europe . On 6 August 2007 , Tošić signed a four-year professional contract with Partizan . He made his Partizan debut in a 1–0 league win against Vojvodina at Stadion Karađorđe on 11 August , coming on as a 15th-minute substitute for injured Almami Moreira . Manchester United . Tošić was subject to a successful work permit application as the player had not played the required 75% of his teams matches in the previous year . On 28 November , there were reports that Tošić had been granted a work permit , with the transfer expected to go through at the start of the transfer window . Despite claims that negotiations had stalled over Tošićs personal terms , the transfer was finalised on 2 January 2009 , with both Tošić and his Partizan teammate Adem Ljajić joining United . Tošić was given the number 14 shirt . Tošić received his first taste of first team football on 20 January 2009 , when he was named on the bench for Uniteds League Cup semi-final second leg at home to Derby County . He made his debut in an FA Cup Fourth round match against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 January 2009 , when he came on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Cristiano Ronaldo . Tošićs league debut came three days later , on 27 January 2009 , when he came on as a 77th-minute substitute for his friend Dimitar Berbatov in Uniteds 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion . Although he did not make many first team appearances in his first season at Manchester United , Tošić became a regular in the clubs reserve team , helping the team to a second-place finish in the Premier Reserve League before scoring the winning goal in the final of the 2009 Manchester Senior Cup against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . He scored his first senior goal for the club on 26 July 2009 in an 8–2 victory over Hangzhou Greentown during Uniteds pre-season campaign in Asia . In a Scottish newspaper interview in September 2012 , Tošić stated that he regretted walking out on United . Loan to Köln . On 27 January 2010 , Tošić joined 1 . FC Köln on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season . He made his debut three days later , coming on as a substitute for Taner Yalçın in the 54th minute of Kölns 2–1 win away to Eintracht Frankfurt on 30 January . On 27 March 2010 , Tošić scored his first two goals for Köln in his eighth appearance for them , in a 4–1 away win over Hannover . However , in his next league match a week later , he was sent off after two bookable offences in the space of 45 seconds , coming in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Hertha BSC . On 17 April 2010 , after his one-game ban was over , Tošić returned to the squad and scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over VfL Bochum . After five months with Köln , he returned to Manchester United in June 2010 . CSKA Moscow . On 15 June 2010 , Tošić was signed on a five-year contract by CSKA Moscow for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £8 million . On 15 August 2010 , he scored his first goal for CSKA in a home match against Anzhi Makhachkala in the Russian Premier League . Four days later , in his European debut for the Russian side , he scored two goals in a UEFA Europa League match at home to Anorthosis Famagusta of Cyprus , CSKA winning 4–0 . On 12 December 2010 , Tošić scored his first goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage game in a 5–1 victory over Lausanne . On 17 March 2011 , Tošić scored one more goal in Europa League , in return leg of Round of 16 , against Porto at Estádio do Dragão . The Serbian midfielder started CSKAs match on 22 May 2011 , helping the club to a 2–1 win over Alania Vladikavkaz in the 2011 Russian Cup Final , before being substituted in the 83rd minute for Lithuanian defender Deividas Šemberas . Three days later , he netted the final goal of a 3–0 victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara after Keisuke Honda had given the visitors a 2–0 lead . On 14 March 2012 , Tošić scored a spectacular goal against Real Madrid at Santiago Bernabéu in 2nd leg of Round of 16 of UEFA Champions League . Tošić opened the scoring against Spartak on 19 March 2012 as his side claimed a 2–1 victory thanks to a late Seydou Doumbia goal . He scored both goals on 28 April against city rivals Spartak Moscow , as CSKA again won 2–1 in front of 50,000 fans at the Luzhniki Stadium . He then scored two late goals against their other local rivals Lokomotiv Moscow on 2 May , propelling CSKA to a 3–1 victory on the penultimate matchday of the Championship Group of the Premier League season . On 2 October 2013 , Tošić scored a goal and made an assist in a 3–2 home victory over Viktoria Plzeň in UEFA Champions League . On 23 October 2013 , in next round of UCL , Tošić scored a goal against Manchester City . Four days later , Tošić scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 league victory for CSKA over Krasnodar . Tošić scored the games only goal as CSKA defeated rivals Lokomotiv on 15 May 2014 to secure a second successive Russian Premier League title . On 23 July 2014 , Tošić signed a new contract with CSKA until the end of the 2016–17 season , with Tošić leaving CSKA at the end of this contract on 5 July 2017 . Return to Partizan . On 28 August 2017 , Tošić returned to Partizan on a three-year contract . On 9 September 2017 , Tošić made his official re-debut for the club against Mladost Lučani . Eight days later , he scored the opener when his club beat Radnički Niš 3–1 . On 20 October , he successfully converted the first penalty in his career , in 2–0 away victory over Radnik Surdulica . Nine days later , he missed the penalty in the 88th minute , but scored in the injury time from a free kick to give his team a 2–1 away victory over Borac Čačak . On 2 November , Tošić scored the opener from a free kick in a 2–0 home win over Skënderbeu Korçë in the fourth match of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage . On 1 August 2019 , Tošić scored the opener in a 3–0 home win over Connahs Quay Nomads in the UEFA Europa League qualifications . This was Partizans 350th goal in Europe since the inaugural European Cup game in 1955 . Tobol . On 16 April 2021 , Tošić signed for FC Tobol on a contract until the end of the year . International career . Tošić made his debut for the Serbia under-21 team on 23 March 2007 , against Belgium . Four days later , against Portugal , he scored his first international goal . He also took part in Serbias 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign , in which they reached the final before losing out to the Netherlands . On 31 August 2007 , Tošić received his first call-up to the senior Serbia squad for the Euro 2008 qualifier against Finland and Portugal by national team manager Javier Clemente , and made his international debut in the Finland game . Tošić scored his first international goal on 12 August 2009 against South Africa in a friendly match . He scored twice in a 3–1 victory . He represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played a crucial role in Serbias unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign . On 11 October 2014 , Tošić scored an added-time equaliser for a 1–1 draw away to Armenia in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Honours . Club . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Serbian Cup ( 3 ) : 2007–08 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 - CSKA Moscow - Russian Premier League ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Russian Cup ( 2 ) : 2010–11 , 2012–13 - Russian Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Individual . - List of 33 top players of the Russian league ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 External links . - Zoran Tošić at Serbian National Team page - Zoran Tošić profile at CSKA website
|
[
"CSKA Moscow"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Zoran Tošić belong to from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Zoran_Tošić#P54#3
|
Zoran Tošić Zoran Tošić ( , ; born 28 April 1987 ) is a Serbian footballer who plays as a winger for Kazakhstan Premier League club FC Tobol . He has built a reputation as a free-kick specialist and a tricky dribbler . Tošić began his career with his local side Proleter Zrenjanin , before making his debuts with Mladost Lukićevo . He then joined Budućnost Banatski Dvor , who then merged with Proleter to form Banat Zrenjanin . A year later , he signed for Serbian giants Partizan , for whom he played for two years before a high-profile move to Manchester United of England . After he struggled to break into the Red Devils first-team , he was sent on a six-month loan to German side 1 . FC Köln in January 2010 , and was then transferred to CSKA Moscow of Russia that summer . A full international between 2007 and 2016 , Tošić has earned 76 caps for Serbia . He was part of their teams at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2010 World Cup . Club career . Early career . Born in Zrenjanin , SR Serbia , SFR Yugoslavia , Tošić began his football career with Mladost Lukićevo . After he terminated a contract with the club , he stayed without a club to play for a six-month period . He also played futsal with KMF SAS in the meantime . Later he moved to Budućnost Banatski Dvor , before the club merged with Proleter Zrenjanin to form Banat Zrenjanin . In 25 appearances for Banat in the 2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga campaign , Tošić scored two goals , and in doing so helped his team avoid relegation . Tošićs performances both on the domestic scene with Banat and on the international scene with Serbia earned him glances from many clubs across Europe . On 6 August 2007 , Tošić signed a four-year professional contract with Partizan . He made his Partizan debut in a 1–0 league win against Vojvodina at Stadion Karađorđe on 11 August , coming on as a 15th-minute substitute for injured Almami Moreira . Manchester United . Tošić was subject to a successful work permit application as the player had not played the required 75% of his teams matches in the previous year . On 28 November , there were reports that Tošić had been granted a work permit , with the transfer expected to go through at the start of the transfer window . Despite claims that negotiations had stalled over Tošićs personal terms , the transfer was finalised on 2 January 2009 , with both Tošić and his Partizan teammate Adem Ljajić joining United . Tošić was given the number 14 shirt . Tošić received his first taste of first team football on 20 January 2009 , when he was named on the bench for Uniteds League Cup semi-final second leg at home to Derby County . He made his debut in an FA Cup Fourth round match against Tottenham Hotspur on 24 January 2009 , when he came on as a 72nd-minute substitute for Cristiano Ronaldo . Tošićs league debut came three days later , on 27 January 2009 , when he came on as a 77th-minute substitute for his friend Dimitar Berbatov in Uniteds 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion . Although he did not make many first team appearances in his first season at Manchester United , Tošić became a regular in the clubs reserve team , helping the team to a second-place finish in the Premier Reserve League before scoring the winning goal in the final of the 2009 Manchester Senior Cup against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium . He scored his first senior goal for the club on 26 July 2009 in an 8–2 victory over Hangzhou Greentown during Uniteds pre-season campaign in Asia . In a Scottish newspaper interview in September 2012 , Tošić stated that he regretted walking out on United . Loan to Köln . On 27 January 2010 , Tošić joined 1 . FC Köln on loan until the end of the 2009–10 season . He made his debut three days later , coming on as a substitute for Taner Yalçın in the 54th minute of Kölns 2–1 win away to Eintracht Frankfurt on 30 January . On 27 March 2010 , Tošić scored his first two goals for Köln in his eighth appearance for them , in a 4–1 away win over Hannover . However , in his next league match a week later , he was sent off after two bookable offences in the space of 45 seconds , coming in a 3–0 home defeat at the hands of Hertha BSC . On 17 April 2010 , after his one-game ban was over , Tošić returned to the squad and scored both goals in a 2–0 victory over VfL Bochum . After five months with Köln , he returned to Manchester United in June 2010 . CSKA Moscow . On 15 June 2010 , Tošić was signed on a five-year contract by CSKA Moscow for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £8 million . On 15 August 2010 , he scored his first goal for CSKA in a home match against Anzhi Makhachkala in the Russian Premier League . Four days later , in his European debut for the Russian side , he scored two goals in a UEFA Europa League match at home to Anorthosis Famagusta of Cyprus , CSKA winning 4–0 . On 12 December 2010 , Tošić scored his first goal in a UEFA Europa League group stage game in a 5–1 victory over Lausanne . On 17 March 2011 , Tošić scored one more goal in Europa League , in return leg of Round of 16 , against Porto at Estádio do Dragão . The Serbian midfielder started CSKAs match on 22 May 2011 , helping the club to a 2–1 win over Alania Vladikavkaz in the 2011 Russian Cup Final , before being substituted in the 83rd minute for Lithuanian defender Deividas Šemberas . Three days later , he netted the final goal of a 3–0 victory over Krylia Sovetov Samara after Keisuke Honda had given the visitors a 2–0 lead . On 14 March 2012 , Tošić scored a spectacular goal against Real Madrid at Santiago Bernabéu in 2nd leg of Round of 16 of UEFA Champions League . Tošić opened the scoring against Spartak on 19 March 2012 as his side claimed a 2–1 victory thanks to a late Seydou Doumbia goal . He scored both goals on 28 April against city rivals Spartak Moscow , as CSKA again won 2–1 in front of 50,000 fans at the Luzhniki Stadium . He then scored two late goals against their other local rivals Lokomotiv Moscow on 2 May , propelling CSKA to a 3–1 victory on the penultimate matchday of the Championship Group of the Premier League season . On 2 October 2013 , Tošić scored a goal and made an assist in a 3–2 home victory over Viktoria Plzeň in UEFA Champions League . On 23 October 2013 , in next round of UCL , Tošić scored a goal against Manchester City . Four days later , Tošić scored a hat-trick in a 5–1 league victory for CSKA over Krasnodar . Tošić scored the games only goal as CSKA defeated rivals Lokomotiv on 15 May 2014 to secure a second successive Russian Premier League title . On 23 July 2014 , Tošić signed a new contract with CSKA until the end of the 2016–17 season , with Tošić leaving CSKA at the end of this contract on 5 July 2017 . Return to Partizan . On 28 August 2017 , Tošić returned to Partizan on a three-year contract . On 9 September 2017 , Tošić made his official re-debut for the club against Mladost Lučani . Eight days later , he scored the opener when his club beat Radnički Niš 3–1 . On 20 October , he successfully converted the first penalty in his career , in 2–0 away victory over Radnik Surdulica . Nine days later , he missed the penalty in the 88th minute , but scored in the injury time from a free kick to give his team a 2–1 away victory over Borac Čačak . On 2 November , Tošić scored the opener from a free kick in a 2–0 home win over Skënderbeu Korçë in the fourth match of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage . On 1 August 2019 , Tošić scored the opener in a 3–0 home win over Connahs Quay Nomads in the UEFA Europa League qualifications . This was Partizans 350th goal in Europe since the inaugural European Cup game in 1955 . Tobol . On 16 April 2021 , Tošić signed for FC Tobol on a contract until the end of the year . International career . Tošić made his debut for the Serbia under-21 team on 23 March 2007 , against Belgium . Four days later , against Portugal , he scored his first international goal . He also took part in Serbias 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign , in which they reached the final before losing out to the Netherlands . On 31 August 2007 , Tošić received his first call-up to the senior Serbia squad for the Euro 2008 qualifier against Finland and Portugal by national team manager Javier Clemente , and made his international debut in the Finland game . Tošić scored his first international goal on 12 August 2009 against South Africa in a friendly match . He scored twice in a 3–1 victory . He represented Serbia at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and played a crucial role in Serbias unsuccessful UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying campaign . On 11 October 2014 , Tošić scored an added-time equaliser for a 1–1 draw away to Armenia in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying . Honours . Club . - Partizan - Serbian SuperLiga ( 2 ) : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Serbian Cup ( 3 ) : 2007–08 , 2017–18 , 2018–19 - CSKA Moscow - Russian Premier League ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2015–16 - Russian Cup ( 2 ) : 2010–11 , 2012–13 - Russian Super Cup ( 1 ) : 2014 Individual . - List of 33 top players of the Russian league ( 3 ) : 2012–13 , 2013–14 , 2014–15 External links . - Zoran Tošić at Serbian National Team page - Zoran Tošić profile at CSKA website
|
[
"Hillsborough",
"Sheffield Wednesday"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Graham Hyde belong to from 1988 to 1999?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#0
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
|
[
"Birmingham",
"Chesterfield",
"Peterborough United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Graham Hyde belong to from 1999 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#1
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
|
[
"Bristol Rovers"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Graham Hyde belong to from 2002 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#2
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
|
[
"Worcester City"
] |
easy
|
Graham Hyde played for which team from 2004 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#3
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
|
[
"Hednesford Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Graham Hyde play for from 2006 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#4
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
|
[
"Fleet Town"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Graham Hyde play for from 2007 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Graham_Hyde#P54#5
|
Graham Hyde Graham Hyde ( born 10 November 1970 ) is an English former professional footballer , turned manager . As a player , he was a Midfielder from 1988 to 2008 , notably in the Premier League with Sheffield Wednesday . He also played in the Football League with Birmingham City , Chesterfield , Peterborough United , Bristol Rovers and Hereford United , before moving into non-league football with Worcester City , Hednesford Town , Halesowen Town and Fleet Town . In 2011 , he became manager of Redditch United but departed at the end of the 2011–12 season . Playing career . He has played in midfield for Sheffield Wednesday , Birmingham City , Chesterfield ( on loan ) , Peterborough United ( on loan ) , Bristol Rovers , Hereford United and Worcester City . With his peak coming at the beginning of his career at Sheffield Wednesday , he made many Premiership appearances and played in the 1993 FA Cup Final . He signed for Birmingham from Sheffield Wednesday on 4 February 1999 on a free transfer after falling down the pecking order at Hillsborough , and helped the Blues win promotion to the Premier League in 2002 . During his time at Birmingham he scored twice with strikes against Tranmere Rovers in the league and West Ham United in the League Cup . After spells on loan at Chesterfield ( scoring once against Swindon ) and Peterborough United , Hyde joined Division Three side Bristol Rovers in November 2002 having made no Premier League appearances for Birmingham . He later played at non-league Worcester City , where he remained until March 2006 when he joined Hednesford Town . In November 2006 he returned to football as player/assistant manager at British Gas Business Southern League Premier Division side , Halesowen Town . He worked under manager Martin OConnor , another former Birmingham player . In October 2007 Hyde signed for Fleet Town , managed by Hydes former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . Management career . He joined Redditch United as joint manager with Mark Fenemore in September 2011 , taking sole charge in November 2011 . After leading the club to Southern League Premier Division safety he resigned at the beginning of May 2012 . In the summer of 2012 Boston United parted company with joint manager Lee Canoville , deciding to keep Jason Lee on as the sole manager , in turn Lee brought in Hyde as his assistant . Hyde became caretaker manager when Lee was dismissed in December 2012 . In 2013 , he joined AFC Telford United as the assistant manager to his former Sheffield Wednesday teammate Andy Sinton . The move came after former Telford assistant manager Mike Davies left his role at the bucks for work commitments . Sinton was dismissed by the Telford board , but Hyde remained as assistant manager working alongside Mark Cooper . On 1 March 2013 Cooper joined Swindon Town as assistant to Kevin MacDonald and Hyde was appointed manager until the end of the season . However , he resigned after only two games in charge . Honours . Sheffield Wednesday - 1993 F.A . Cup : finalist
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[
"Archdeacon of Stow"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Ernest Blackie from 1921 to 1930?
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/wiki/Ernest_Blackie#P39#0
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Ernest Blackie Ernest Morell Blackie ( 19 August 18675 March 1943 ) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century . Early life and ministry . Blackie was born in Leamington Spa and educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and the University of London . Ordained priest in on 13 March 1892 , by Charles Ellicott , Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol , at Gloucester Cathedral , he was a curate at St Marks Gloucester and then a minor canon at Rochester Cathedral until 1900 . He later became the rector of Limpsfield and then St Pauls York Place , Edinburgh before becoming the vicar of St John the Baptist Church , Windsor and an Honorary Chaplain to the King . Leicester and Rochester . From his installation on 24 June 1921 until his 1937 move , he was Archdeacon of Stow and a residentiary canon ( Canon Precentor , prebendary of Gretton ) at Lincoln Cathedral . In 1930 , he was additionally appointed a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln ; he was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul ( 25 January ) 1930 ( by Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of Canterbury , at Westminster Abbey ) and served five years as Bishop of Grantham . In 1935 , he was then translated ( within the diocese ) as Bishop of Grimsby ( he had taken his new See by the time of the new Granthams consecration , 18 October 1935 ) before his final appointment as Dean of Rochester , a position he held from his installation on 15 December 1937 until his death in 1943 . Marriage and family . In 1903 Blackie married Caroline Stewart , daughter of James Haldane Stewart Jr . and Emily Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place . Her father was the son of James Haldane Stewart senior ( the 19th century ecumenical prelate ) and Mary Dale , daughter of David Dale . Emily Leveson-Gower was a member of one of Britains most aristocratic families and was a descendant of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk , Edmund Beaufort , 4th Duke of Somerset , Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset , Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , Henry Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , Clarence , Thomas Tufton , 6th Earl of Thanet , George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence , Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick or Warwick the Kingmaker William Russell , 1st Duke of Bedford and John Manners , 1st Duke of Rutland , William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex as well as Henry VII of England and James V of Scotland . Blackie and his wife had five surviving children : - John Haldane Blackie ( 1904–1986 ) - Pauline Margaret Blackie ( 1906–1994 ) who married Charles William Fane , the son of William Vere Reeve King-Fane - Christopher J . M . Blackie ( 1908–1994 ) - Diana K . Blackie ( 1912–1917 ) - Alice R . F . Blackie ( 1914–2002 )
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[
"Bishop of Grantham",
"Archdeacon of Stow"
] |
easy
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Which position did Ernest Blackie hold from 1930 to 1935?
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/wiki/Ernest_Blackie#P39#1
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Ernest Blackie Ernest Morell Blackie ( 19 August 18675 March 1943 ) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century . Early life and ministry . Blackie was born in Leamington Spa and educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and the University of London . Ordained priest in on 13 March 1892 , by Charles Ellicott , Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol , at Gloucester Cathedral , he was a curate at St Marks Gloucester and then a minor canon at Rochester Cathedral until 1900 . He later became the rector of Limpsfield and then St Pauls York Place , Edinburgh before becoming the vicar of St John the Baptist Church , Windsor and an Honorary Chaplain to the King . Leicester and Rochester . From his installation on 24 June 1921 until his 1937 move , he was Archdeacon of Stow and a residentiary canon ( Canon Precentor , prebendary of Gretton ) at Lincoln Cathedral . In 1930 , he was additionally appointed a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln ; he was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul ( 25 January ) 1930 ( by Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of Canterbury , at Westminster Abbey ) and served five years as Bishop of Grantham . In 1935 , he was then translated ( within the diocese ) as Bishop of Grimsby ( he had taken his new See by the time of the new Granthams consecration , 18 October 1935 ) before his final appointment as Dean of Rochester , a position he held from his installation on 15 December 1937 until his death in 1943 . Marriage and family . In 1903 Blackie married Caroline Stewart , daughter of James Haldane Stewart Jr . and Emily Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place . Her father was the son of James Haldane Stewart senior ( the 19th century ecumenical prelate ) and Mary Dale , daughter of David Dale . Emily Leveson-Gower was a member of one of Britains most aristocratic families and was a descendant of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk , Edmund Beaufort , 4th Duke of Somerset , Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset , Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , Henry Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , Clarence , Thomas Tufton , 6th Earl of Thanet , George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence , Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick or Warwick the Kingmaker William Russell , 1st Duke of Bedford and John Manners , 1st Duke of Rutland , William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex as well as Henry VII of England and James V of Scotland . Blackie and his wife had five surviving children : - John Haldane Blackie ( 1904–1986 ) - Pauline Margaret Blackie ( 1906–1994 ) who married Charles William Fane , the son of William Vere Reeve King-Fane - Christopher J . M . Blackie ( 1908–1994 ) - Diana K . Blackie ( 1912–1917 ) - Alice R . F . Blackie ( 1914–2002 )
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[
"Bishop of Grimsby",
"Archdeacon of Stow"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Ernest Blackie from 1935 to 1937?
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/wiki/Ernest_Blackie#P39#2
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Ernest Blackie Ernest Morell Blackie ( 19 August 18675 March 1943 ) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century . Early life and ministry . Blackie was born in Leamington Spa and educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and the University of London . Ordained priest in on 13 March 1892 , by Charles Ellicott , Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol , at Gloucester Cathedral , he was a curate at St Marks Gloucester and then a minor canon at Rochester Cathedral until 1900 . He later became the rector of Limpsfield and then St Pauls York Place , Edinburgh before becoming the vicar of St John the Baptist Church , Windsor and an Honorary Chaplain to the King . Leicester and Rochester . From his installation on 24 June 1921 until his 1937 move , he was Archdeacon of Stow and a residentiary canon ( Canon Precentor , prebendary of Gretton ) at Lincoln Cathedral . In 1930 , he was additionally appointed a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln ; he was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul ( 25 January ) 1930 ( by Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of Canterbury , at Westminster Abbey ) and served five years as Bishop of Grantham . In 1935 , he was then translated ( within the diocese ) as Bishop of Grimsby ( he had taken his new See by the time of the new Granthams consecration , 18 October 1935 ) before his final appointment as Dean of Rochester , a position he held from his installation on 15 December 1937 until his death in 1943 . Marriage and family . In 1903 Blackie married Caroline Stewart , daughter of James Haldane Stewart Jr . and Emily Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place . Her father was the son of James Haldane Stewart senior ( the 19th century ecumenical prelate ) and Mary Dale , daughter of David Dale . Emily Leveson-Gower was a member of one of Britains most aristocratic families and was a descendant of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk , Edmund Beaufort , 4th Duke of Somerset , Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset , Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , Henry Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , Clarence , Thomas Tufton , 6th Earl of Thanet , George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence , Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick or Warwick the Kingmaker William Russell , 1st Duke of Bedford and John Manners , 1st Duke of Rutland , William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex as well as Henry VII of England and James V of Scotland . Blackie and his wife had five surviving children : - John Haldane Blackie ( 1904–1986 ) - Pauline Margaret Blackie ( 1906–1994 ) who married Charles William Fane , the son of William Vere Reeve King-Fane - Christopher J . M . Blackie ( 1908–1994 ) - Diana K . Blackie ( 1912–1917 ) - Alice R . F . Blackie ( 1914–2002 )
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[
"Dean of Rochester"
] |
easy
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Which position did Ernest Blackie hold from 1937 to 1943?
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/wiki/Ernest_Blackie#P39#3
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Ernest Blackie Ernest Morell Blackie ( 19 August 18675 March 1943 ) was a British Anglican bishop in the 20th century . Early life and ministry . Blackie was born in Leamington Spa and educated at Cheltenham Grammar School and the University of London . Ordained priest in on 13 March 1892 , by Charles Ellicott , Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol , at Gloucester Cathedral , he was a curate at St Marks Gloucester and then a minor canon at Rochester Cathedral until 1900 . He later became the rector of Limpsfield and then St Pauls York Place , Edinburgh before becoming the vicar of St John the Baptist Church , Windsor and an Honorary Chaplain to the King . Leicester and Rochester . From his installation on 24 June 1921 until his 1937 move , he was Archdeacon of Stow and a residentiary canon ( Canon Precentor , prebendary of Gretton ) at Lincoln Cathedral . In 1930 , he was additionally appointed a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Lincoln ; he was consecrated a bishop on the Feast of the Conversion of Paul ( 25 January ) 1930 ( by Cosmo Lang , Archbishop of Canterbury , at Westminster Abbey ) and served five years as Bishop of Grantham . In 1935 , he was then translated ( within the diocese ) as Bishop of Grimsby ( he had taken his new See by the time of the new Granthams consecration , 18 October 1935 ) before his final appointment as Dean of Rochester , a position he held from his installation on 15 December 1937 until his death in 1943 . Marriage and family . In 1903 Blackie married Caroline Stewart , daughter of James Haldane Stewart Jr . and Emily Leveson-Gower of Titsey Place . Her father was the son of James Haldane Stewart senior ( the 19th century ecumenical prelate ) and Mary Dale , daughter of David Dale . Emily Leveson-Gower was a member of one of Britains most aristocratic families and was a descendant of Thomas Howard , 4th Duke of Norfolk , Edmund Beaufort , 4th Duke of Somerset , Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset , Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , Henry Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne , Clarence , Thomas Tufton , 6th Earl of Thanet , George Plantagenet , 1st Duke of Clarence , Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick or Warwick the Kingmaker William Russell , 1st Duke of Bedford and John Manners , 1st Duke of Rutland , William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , Thomas Cromwell , 1st Earl of Essex as well as Henry VII of England and James V of Scotland . Blackie and his wife had five surviving children : - John Haldane Blackie ( 1904–1986 ) - Pauline Margaret Blackie ( 1906–1994 ) who married Charles William Fane , the son of William Vere Reeve King-Fane - Christopher J . M . Blackie ( 1908–1994 ) - Diana K . Blackie ( 1912–1917 ) - Alice R . F . Blackie ( 1914–2002 )
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[
"Northern Illinois State Normal School"
] |
easy
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Northern Illinois University was officially named what from 1895 to 1921?
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/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University#P1448#0
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Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P . Altgeld as part of an expansion of the states system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIUs programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The universitys athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . History . Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal , Illinois . In 1895 , the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School , which would grow into what is today known as NIU . In July 1917 , the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools ( Eastern Illinois State Normal School , Illinois State Normal School , Northern Illinois State Normal School , Southern Illinois State Normal University , and Western Illinois State Normal School ) into one state Normal School Board . Over the next fifty-eight years , the school and the governing board changed their names several times . In 1921 , the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College and empowered it to award the four-year Bachelor of Education degree . In 1941 , the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board . In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education , and the institutions Graduate School was established . On July 1 , 1955 , the state legislature renamed the college Northern Illinois State College and authorized the college to broaden its educational services by offering academic work in areas other than teacher education . The Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science . On July 1 , 1957 , the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its expanded status as a liberal arts university . In 1965 , the Illinois State Teachers College Board became the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities and was reorganized to include Northeastern University , Governors State , and Chicago State Universities . In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University , Illinois State University , and Sangamon State University were passed on to a newly formed Board of Regents . In 1984 , the Board of Regents created the position of Chancellor for the three regent universities , to act as a chief executive for all three schools ; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R . Monat . The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995 . On January 1 , 1996 , authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees , each concerned solely with one university . On February 14 , 2008 , the university drew international attention when a gunman opened fire in a crowd of students on campus , killing five students and injuring 17 more people , before fatally shooting himself . University presidents . 13 presidents have served at the university . - John Williston Cook ( 1899–1919 ) - J . Stanley Brown ( 1919–1927 ) - Joseph Clifton Brown ( 1927–1929 ) - Karl L . Adams ( 1929–1948 ) - Leslie A . Holmes ( 1949–1967 ) - Rhoten A . Smith ( 1967–1971 ) - Richard J . Nelson ( 1971–1978 ) - William R . Monat ( 1978–1984 ) - Clyde Wingfield ( 1985–1986 ) - John E . La Tourette ( 1986–2000 ) - John G . Peters ( 2000–2013 ) - Douglas D . Baker ( 2013–2017 ) - Lisa C . Freeman ( 2017–present ) Academics . NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors , 70 minors , nine pre-professional programs , and 79 graduate programs , including a College of Law , and 24 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees . Many of NIUs academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012 . Rankings . In 2019 , Northern Illinois University was ranked the 198th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNets Social Mobility Index college rankings . NIU is classified as a National University by U.S . News & World Report and ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities ( 75 National Universities were left unranked ) . The same publication also ranked NIU as 41st best in the country for Public Affairs programs , and within that field , NIUs program in City Management & Urban Policy was ranked 3rd in the nation and the Public Finance & Budgeting program at 12th . Forbes magazine placed NIU as number 621 on its list of 650 universities in 2019 . Science and research . NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities . NIU is also a member of the prominent Universities Research Association that manages several federal physics laboratories including Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia , Illinois . The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology . NIU is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities – High research activity . The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Societys trade journal Chemical & Engineering News on September 26 , 2005 , as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States . The Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science . The department has held leadership roles in Antarctic geological drilling programs since the Dry Valley Drilling project in the early 1970s , and faculty and their students have been continuously active in numerous Antarctic climate history research and field work , including the Cape Roberts Project , The ANDRILL project and the WISSARD project . Established in 1963 , Northern Illinois Universitys Center for Southeast Asian Studies ( CSEAS ) is currently one of seven federally recognized National Resource Centers ( NRC ) for Southeast Asian foreign language and area studies . NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies ( FLAS ) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997 . NIUs CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies , enrolling more than 1,500 students each year . Other programs . - The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School . Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow , while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program . - The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide . In the 2010-2011 academic year , the program graduated seven students , whose average GPA was 3.90 . Of those graduating , 86% were successful in passing the Certified Rehabilitation Counselor ( CRC ) exam , and 100% of the graduates are employed . - The NIU Terminal Masters Program in Philosophy - The NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies is dedicated to increasing the world’s knowledge and understanding of Southeast Asias eleven countries : Brunei , Burma/Myanmar , Cambodia , East Timor , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . Campus . The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings . Additional campus sites include , the Lorado Taft Field Campus ( 144 acres ) , Rockford Campus ( 10 acres ) , Hoffman Estates Campus ( 23.93 acres ) , and the Naperville Campus ( 11.2 acres ) . One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall . It is one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld . The auditorium in Altgeld Hall , which was designed to also function as a ballroom , was restored and can seat up to 500 . On the level below the auditorium , the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom . Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces . The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus . Barsema Hall , which houses the College of Business , opened its doors in 2002 . This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms , faculty offices , several computer labs , a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium . The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges , computer labs , restaurants , and the University Bookstore . It is home to the Huskies Den , which features bowling , billiards , a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming . The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel . The lower level of the Holmes Student Center reopened after renovations were completed in January 2020 . The renovations include a convenience store , the University Bookstore , a Starbucks , the Huskie Den Grill , bowling & billiards , and a wealth of seating . Residence halls . NIUs residence halls ( including two complexes with four 12-story towers each ) provide several living options to on-campus students . Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House ; Business Careers House ; Teacher Education and Certification House ( TEACH ) ; Honors House ; International House ; Science , Technology , Engineering & Mathematics ( STEM ) House ; and Fine Arts House . Other floor options include all-men , all-women , transfers , quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free . Northern View Community , which opened in 2008 , offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school , graduate students , law students , or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse . The New Residence Hall , a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall , opened to all students in the fall of 2012 . It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12 . After an extensive renovation , Grant C Tower reopened in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students . Gilbert Hall , which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995 , underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Douglas Hall , a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas , was demolished by the spring of 2016 . Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016 . This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus . Residence halls in use : - Gilbert Hall - Grant Towers - Neptune Hall - New Residence Hall - Northern View - Stevenson Towers Athletic facilities . On the west side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium , the home of NIU football games , which also often hosts other outdoor events . Huskie Stadium , which has a seating capacity over 30,000 , is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation , and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games . There is also a baseball field , Ralph McKinzie Field ; a softball field , Mary M . Bell Field ; a soccer field , Huskie Soccer Complex ; and tennis courts , Gullikson Tennis Courts , which flank Huskie Stadium . At the stadiums north end zone are two athletic buildings . The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center , whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction . The facility opened in August 2007 . The second is the Kenneth and Ellen Chessick Indoor Practice Center , an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football , baseball , and softball teams . Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013 . The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services . The building , serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily , features of space , abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment , and numerous services to meet students recreation , fitness and wellness needs . The residence halls , located in the same area as the athletic facilities , are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas , a large quad between the dorms , basketball courts , skating courts , Eco Lake , and open fields for recreation . On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center , a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002 . The Convocation Center hosts NIU mens and womens basketball , gymnastics , wrestling , and volleyball , Victor E . Court , games , the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen , music concerts , and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs , internship fairs , and other expositions . At the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House , home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs ; a three-lane , 1/7-mile jogging and walking track ; four multipurpose courts for basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and floor hockey ; and a cardio- and strength-training room , which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center . The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale , and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program . Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls . Student life . Programs . NIUs Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management hosts numerous programs to enhance students learning and living experience on campus . The Orientation and First Year Programs office ( OFP ) hosts UNIV 101 ( University Experience ) and UNIV 201 ( The Transfer Experience ) , which provide an introduction to college . These elective 1-credit , 12-week courses are designed to help new students adjust to NIU and develop the skills necessary to succeed in college and beyond . During the fall of 2009 , more than 62 percent of the freshman class enrolled in a UNIV 101 course . A new Academic Advising Center works with undecided students from the time they arrive on campus during orientation until they select a major . The student-centered staff advises students as they develop specialized academic plans compatible with student educational and life goals . Resource centers serve African-American , Asian-American and Latino students as well as off-campus and non-traditional students , military veterans , lesbian , bisexual , gay and transgender students . Among the many services of the office of Student Involvement & Leadership Development are opportunities for local and far-reaching volunteerism , including NIU Cares Day , Rake Across DeKalb and alternative spring break programs . The Counseling & Student Development Center supports the academic , emotional , social and cultural development of students through counseling , assessment , crisis response , outreach , consultation , training and educational services . Health Enhancement provides health promotion information , materials and interventions . The staff includes four health educators and a health consultant . The Huskie Bus Line , the largest student-run university bus system in Illinois , operates seven days a week while school is in session during the fall and spring semesters . On the weekends it runs a different route . There is a system that allows one to track the location of Huskie Buses online in real-time . While the campus has Internet , the universitys Acceptable Usage Policy forbids its usage for political activities . Social media sites are only restricted on university equipment and after a warning is provided to discontinue use . All other restrictions , including those pertaining to political activities , also apply to personal computers using the campus network . Northern Illinois University has an active presence on social media Sites , like Facebook , Instagram and Twitter . The university has a social media policy for its employees , which serves to promote a sense of community throughout the university community . Facilities . NIUs Campus Child Care Center offers care to children aged two months to five years , along with a summer school program for children ages 6 to 8 . Enrollment is secured on a first-come , first-served basis , with priority given first to currently enrolled families , followed by NIU students , NIU faculty and staff , and the community . The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation . The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board , Career Services , the Counseling and Student Development Center , the Honors Program , the Northern Star student newspaper , the Student Association , and Student Involvement and Leadership Development . Organizations . NIU has more than 400 student organizations , including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse , volleyball , rugby , swimming , and ice hockey . Groups embrace interests from academics , advocacy , athletics and the arts to community service , ethnicity , politics , language studies , and religion . Panhellenic Council sororities include Alpha Delta Pi , Alpha Phi , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Delta Gamma , Delta Zeta , Sigma Kappa , Sigma Lambda Sigma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Sigma Lambda Gamma , and Sigma Sigma Sigma . National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities include Alpha Kappa Alpha , Alpha Phi Alpha , Delta Sigma Theta , Iota Phi Theta , Kappa Alpha Psi , Omega Psi Phi , Phi Beta Sigma , Sigma Gamma Rho , and Zeta Phi Beta . Interfraternity Council fraternities include Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Kappa Lambda , Alpha Sigma Phi , Delta Chi , Delta Upsilon , Phi Kappa Psi , Phi Kappa Sigma , Phi Kappa Theta , Phi Sigma Kappa , Omega Delta , Pi Kappa Phi , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Mu , Sigma Nu , and Tau Kappa Epsilon . United Greek Council fraternities and sororities include alpha Kappa Delta Phi , Alpha Phi Gamma , Alpha Psi Lambda , Alpha Sigma Omega , Chi Sigma Tau , Gamma Phi Omega , Kappa Delta Chi , Kappa Pi Beta , Kappa Phi Lambda , Lambda Upsilon Lambda , Lambda Theta Phi , Phi Rho Eta , Sigma Lambda Beta , and Tau Phi Sigma . Each year , several of the Greek organizations at NIU host IFC Tugs , a bracket-style athletic tournament competition similar to tug-of-war with a long history at Northern Illinois University . NIU Tugs was captured on film in a 1996 documentary , Tugs Untied , about NIUs unique version of the sport ; the 37-minute documentary won the Best of Arizona award at the 2000 Arizona International Film Festival . Arts and culture . Students and faculty in NIUs College of Visual and Performing Arts host dozens of art exhibitions , musical concerts and theatrical and dance productions throughout the year . Many are free . The NIU Anthropology Museum was opened to the public on February 12 , 2012 in Cole Hall . The Anthropology collections are extensive , with foci on North American native collections and cultural artifacts from throughout Southeast Asia . NIUs School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble , the NIU Steelband , and the Avalon String Quartet , described by the Chicago Tribune as an ensemble that invites you – ears , mind and spirit – into its music . The NIU Art Museum , which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall , hosts several shows of professional works . The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum , the Blackwell History of Education Museum , the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection . The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival , created in 2002 by media studies professor Laura Vazquez to give NIU students the ability to competitively screen their work . The 2011 festival received more than 40 entries from across the country and as far away as Cuba , South Africa and Australia . Since 2000 the Visual Communication program in the School of Art and Design has hosted the annual SEEK Design Conference , led by professor Steve Quinn . Students assist in coordinating this conference of about 200 attendees . SEEK has featured designers such as Stefan Sagmeister , Paula Scher , Massimo Vignelli , Chip Kidd , Rick Valicenti , Kyle Cooper , Debbie Millman , Eddie Opara , and Aaron Draplin . Athletics . Affiliation . NIU was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1920 to 1967 . Currently , the NIU Huskies compete in NCAA Division I , FBS ( I-A ) for Football , in the Mid-American Conference . NIUs athletic department experienced large growth in reputation in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Almost completely unknown to observers from outside of Illinois before the mid-1990s , the Huskies were ranked as high as 10th in the 2003 AP College Football poll after victories against BCS opponents number 14 Maryland ( who finished that season at number 17 ) , number 21 Alabama and Iowa State . In 2010 , NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season ( 8-0 ) , and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches polls . In 2012 , NIU football , after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference . Titles and highlights . - In 1963 , the NIU Huskies football team were ranked #1 in the AP , claiming a share of the NCAA College Division national championship . - In 1982 , the womens badminton team won the AIAW national collegiate championship . - In 1983 , the Huskies grabbed their first-ever bowl win , defeating Cal State Fullerton in the California Bowl . - In 1996 , the Huskies Lacrosse team finished second in the Wisconsin State Lacrosse Championships . - 2004 Silicon Valley Classic , NIU defeats Troy State . - In 2010 , the NI Mens Rugby Club were champions of CARFU , the Chicago Area Rugby Football Union . - From 2008–present , the NIU Huskies football team made 8 straight bowl appearances . - In 2010 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC West Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies soccer team won the MAC Championship and made it to the 2nd round of the NCAA National Tournament . - In 2012 ( 2011 season ) , the NIU Huskies football team defeated the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a GoDaddy.com Bowl . - In 2012 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship and became the first MAC team to earn a BCS bid with a selection to the 2013 Orange Bowl . - In 2013 , the NIU Huskies football team became the first MAC team to defeat 2 Big Ten teams in non-conference games of the regular season and had a Heisman Trophy finalist , QB Jordan Lynch . - In 2014 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 5th straight MAC West division title and claimed their 3rd MAC Championship in 4 years . - In 2015 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 6th straight MAC West division title . - In 2018 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 7th MAC West division title and claimed their 4th MAC championship in 8 years .
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[
"Northern Illinois State Teachers College"
] |
easy
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What was the official name of Northern Illinois University from 1921 to 1955?
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/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University#P1448#1
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Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P . Altgeld as part of an expansion of the states system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIUs programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The universitys athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . History . Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal , Illinois . In 1895 , the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School , which would grow into what is today known as NIU . In July 1917 , the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools ( Eastern Illinois State Normal School , Illinois State Normal School , Northern Illinois State Normal School , Southern Illinois State Normal University , and Western Illinois State Normal School ) into one state Normal School Board . Over the next fifty-eight years , the school and the governing board changed their names several times . In 1921 , the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College and empowered it to award the four-year Bachelor of Education degree . In 1941 , the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board . In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education , and the institutions Graduate School was established . On July 1 , 1955 , the state legislature renamed the college Northern Illinois State College and authorized the college to broaden its educational services by offering academic work in areas other than teacher education . The Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science . On July 1 , 1957 , the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its expanded status as a liberal arts university . In 1965 , the Illinois State Teachers College Board became the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities and was reorganized to include Northeastern University , Governors State , and Chicago State Universities . In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University , Illinois State University , and Sangamon State University were passed on to a newly formed Board of Regents . In 1984 , the Board of Regents created the position of Chancellor for the three regent universities , to act as a chief executive for all three schools ; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R . Monat . The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995 . On January 1 , 1996 , authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees , each concerned solely with one university . On February 14 , 2008 , the university drew international attention when a gunman opened fire in a crowd of students on campus , killing five students and injuring 17 more people , before fatally shooting himself . University presidents . 13 presidents have served at the university . - John Williston Cook ( 1899–1919 ) - J . Stanley Brown ( 1919–1927 ) - Joseph Clifton Brown ( 1927–1929 ) - Karl L . Adams ( 1929–1948 ) - Leslie A . Holmes ( 1949–1967 ) - Rhoten A . Smith ( 1967–1971 ) - Richard J . Nelson ( 1971–1978 ) - William R . Monat ( 1978–1984 ) - Clyde Wingfield ( 1985–1986 ) - John E . La Tourette ( 1986–2000 ) - John G . Peters ( 2000–2013 ) - Douglas D . Baker ( 2013–2017 ) - Lisa C . Freeman ( 2017–present ) Academics . NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors , 70 minors , nine pre-professional programs , and 79 graduate programs , including a College of Law , and 24 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees . Many of NIUs academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012 . Rankings . In 2019 , Northern Illinois University was ranked the 198th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNets Social Mobility Index college rankings . NIU is classified as a National University by U.S . News & World Report and ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities ( 75 National Universities were left unranked ) . The same publication also ranked NIU as 41st best in the country for Public Affairs programs , and within that field , NIUs program in City Management & Urban Policy was ranked 3rd in the nation and the Public Finance & Budgeting program at 12th . Forbes magazine placed NIU as number 621 on its list of 650 universities in 2019 . Science and research . NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities . NIU is also a member of the prominent Universities Research Association that manages several federal physics laboratories including Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia , Illinois . The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology . NIU is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities – High research activity . The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Societys trade journal Chemical & Engineering News on September 26 , 2005 , as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States . The Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science . The department has held leadership roles in Antarctic geological drilling programs since the Dry Valley Drilling project in the early 1970s , and faculty and their students have been continuously active in numerous Antarctic climate history research and field work , including the Cape Roberts Project , The ANDRILL project and the WISSARD project . Established in 1963 , Northern Illinois Universitys Center for Southeast Asian Studies ( CSEAS ) is currently one of seven federally recognized National Resource Centers ( NRC ) for Southeast Asian foreign language and area studies . NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies ( FLAS ) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997 . NIUs CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies , enrolling more than 1,500 students each year . Other programs . - The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School . Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow , while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program . - The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide . In the 2010-2011 academic year , the program graduated seven students , whose average GPA was 3.90 . Of those graduating , 86% were successful in passing the Certified Rehabilitation Counselor ( CRC ) exam , and 100% of the graduates are employed . - The NIU Terminal Masters Program in Philosophy - The NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies is dedicated to increasing the world’s knowledge and understanding of Southeast Asias eleven countries : Brunei , Burma/Myanmar , Cambodia , East Timor , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . Campus . The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings . Additional campus sites include , the Lorado Taft Field Campus ( 144 acres ) , Rockford Campus ( 10 acres ) , Hoffman Estates Campus ( 23.93 acres ) , and the Naperville Campus ( 11.2 acres ) . One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall . It is one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld . The auditorium in Altgeld Hall , which was designed to also function as a ballroom , was restored and can seat up to 500 . On the level below the auditorium , the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom . Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces . The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus . Barsema Hall , which houses the College of Business , opened its doors in 2002 . This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms , faculty offices , several computer labs , a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium . The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges , computer labs , restaurants , and the University Bookstore . It is home to the Huskies Den , which features bowling , billiards , a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming . The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel . The lower level of the Holmes Student Center reopened after renovations were completed in January 2020 . The renovations include a convenience store , the University Bookstore , a Starbucks , the Huskie Den Grill , bowling & billiards , and a wealth of seating . Residence halls . NIUs residence halls ( including two complexes with four 12-story towers each ) provide several living options to on-campus students . Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House ; Business Careers House ; Teacher Education and Certification House ( TEACH ) ; Honors House ; International House ; Science , Technology , Engineering & Mathematics ( STEM ) House ; and Fine Arts House . Other floor options include all-men , all-women , transfers , quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free . Northern View Community , which opened in 2008 , offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school , graduate students , law students , or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse . The New Residence Hall , a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall , opened to all students in the fall of 2012 . It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12 . After an extensive renovation , Grant C Tower reopened in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students . Gilbert Hall , which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995 , underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Douglas Hall , a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas , was demolished by the spring of 2016 . Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016 . This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus . Residence halls in use : - Gilbert Hall - Grant Towers - Neptune Hall - New Residence Hall - Northern View - Stevenson Towers Athletic facilities . On the west side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium , the home of NIU football games , which also often hosts other outdoor events . Huskie Stadium , which has a seating capacity over 30,000 , is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation , and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games . There is also a baseball field , Ralph McKinzie Field ; a softball field , Mary M . Bell Field ; a soccer field , Huskie Soccer Complex ; and tennis courts , Gullikson Tennis Courts , which flank Huskie Stadium . At the stadiums north end zone are two athletic buildings . The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center , whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction . The facility opened in August 2007 . The second is the Kenneth and Ellen Chessick Indoor Practice Center , an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football , baseball , and softball teams . Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013 . The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services . The building , serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily , features of space , abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment , and numerous services to meet students recreation , fitness and wellness needs . The residence halls , located in the same area as the athletic facilities , are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas , a large quad between the dorms , basketball courts , skating courts , Eco Lake , and open fields for recreation . On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center , a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002 . The Convocation Center hosts NIU mens and womens basketball , gymnastics , wrestling , and volleyball , Victor E . Court , games , the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen , music concerts , and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs , internship fairs , and other expositions . At the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House , home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs ; a three-lane , 1/7-mile jogging and walking track ; four multipurpose courts for basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and floor hockey ; and a cardio- and strength-training room , which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center . The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale , and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program . Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls . Student life . Programs . NIUs Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management hosts numerous programs to enhance students learning and living experience on campus . The Orientation and First Year Programs office ( OFP ) hosts UNIV 101 ( University Experience ) and UNIV 201 ( The Transfer Experience ) , which provide an introduction to college . These elective 1-credit , 12-week courses are designed to help new students adjust to NIU and develop the skills necessary to succeed in college and beyond . During the fall of 2009 , more than 62 percent of the freshman class enrolled in a UNIV 101 course . A new Academic Advising Center works with undecided students from the time they arrive on campus during orientation until they select a major . The student-centered staff advises students as they develop specialized academic plans compatible with student educational and life goals . Resource centers serve African-American , Asian-American and Latino students as well as off-campus and non-traditional students , military veterans , lesbian , bisexual , gay and transgender students . Among the many services of the office of Student Involvement & Leadership Development are opportunities for local and far-reaching volunteerism , including NIU Cares Day , Rake Across DeKalb and alternative spring break programs . The Counseling & Student Development Center supports the academic , emotional , social and cultural development of students through counseling , assessment , crisis response , outreach , consultation , training and educational services . Health Enhancement provides health promotion information , materials and interventions . The staff includes four health educators and a health consultant . The Huskie Bus Line , the largest student-run university bus system in Illinois , operates seven days a week while school is in session during the fall and spring semesters . On the weekends it runs a different route . There is a system that allows one to track the location of Huskie Buses online in real-time . While the campus has Internet , the universitys Acceptable Usage Policy forbids its usage for political activities . Social media sites are only restricted on university equipment and after a warning is provided to discontinue use . All other restrictions , including those pertaining to political activities , also apply to personal computers using the campus network . Northern Illinois University has an active presence on social media Sites , like Facebook , Instagram and Twitter . The university has a social media policy for its employees , which serves to promote a sense of community throughout the university community . Facilities . NIUs Campus Child Care Center offers care to children aged two months to five years , along with a summer school program for children ages 6 to 8 . Enrollment is secured on a first-come , first-served basis , with priority given first to currently enrolled families , followed by NIU students , NIU faculty and staff , and the community . The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation . The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board , Career Services , the Counseling and Student Development Center , the Honors Program , the Northern Star student newspaper , the Student Association , and Student Involvement and Leadership Development . Organizations . NIU has more than 400 student organizations , including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse , volleyball , rugby , swimming , and ice hockey . Groups embrace interests from academics , advocacy , athletics and the arts to community service , ethnicity , politics , language studies , and religion . Panhellenic Council sororities include Alpha Delta Pi , Alpha Phi , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Delta Gamma , Delta Zeta , Sigma Kappa , Sigma Lambda Sigma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Sigma Lambda Gamma , and Sigma Sigma Sigma . National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities include Alpha Kappa Alpha , Alpha Phi Alpha , Delta Sigma Theta , Iota Phi Theta , Kappa Alpha Psi , Omega Psi Phi , Phi Beta Sigma , Sigma Gamma Rho , and Zeta Phi Beta . Interfraternity Council fraternities include Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Kappa Lambda , Alpha Sigma Phi , Delta Chi , Delta Upsilon , Phi Kappa Psi , Phi Kappa Sigma , Phi Kappa Theta , Phi Sigma Kappa , Omega Delta , Pi Kappa Phi , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Mu , Sigma Nu , and Tau Kappa Epsilon . United Greek Council fraternities and sororities include alpha Kappa Delta Phi , Alpha Phi Gamma , Alpha Psi Lambda , Alpha Sigma Omega , Chi Sigma Tau , Gamma Phi Omega , Kappa Delta Chi , Kappa Pi Beta , Kappa Phi Lambda , Lambda Upsilon Lambda , Lambda Theta Phi , Phi Rho Eta , Sigma Lambda Beta , and Tau Phi Sigma . Each year , several of the Greek organizations at NIU host IFC Tugs , a bracket-style athletic tournament competition similar to tug-of-war with a long history at Northern Illinois University . NIU Tugs was captured on film in a 1996 documentary , Tugs Untied , about NIUs unique version of the sport ; the 37-minute documentary won the Best of Arizona award at the 2000 Arizona International Film Festival . Arts and culture . Students and faculty in NIUs College of Visual and Performing Arts host dozens of art exhibitions , musical concerts and theatrical and dance productions throughout the year . Many are free . The NIU Anthropology Museum was opened to the public on February 12 , 2012 in Cole Hall . The Anthropology collections are extensive , with foci on North American native collections and cultural artifacts from throughout Southeast Asia . NIUs School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble , the NIU Steelband , and the Avalon String Quartet , described by the Chicago Tribune as an ensemble that invites you – ears , mind and spirit – into its music . The NIU Art Museum , which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall , hosts several shows of professional works . The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum , the Blackwell History of Education Museum , the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection . The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival , created in 2002 by media studies professor Laura Vazquez to give NIU students the ability to competitively screen their work . The 2011 festival received more than 40 entries from across the country and as far away as Cuba , South Africa and Australia . Since 2000 the Visual Communication program in the School of Art and Design has hosted the annual SEEK Design Conference , led by professor Steve Quinn . Students assist in coordinating this conference of about 200 attendees . SEEK has featured designers such as Stefan Sagmeister , Paula Scher , Massimo Vignelli , Chip Kidd , Rick Valicenti , Kyle Cooper , Debbie Millman , Eddie Opara , and Aaron Draplin . Athletics . Affiliation . NIU was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1920 to 1967 . Currently , the NIU Huskies compete in NCAA Division I , FBS ( I-A ) for Football , in the Mid-American Conference . NIUs athletic department experienced large growth in reputation in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Almost completely unknown to observers from outside of Illinois before the mid-1990s , the Huskies were ranked as high as 10th in the 2003 AP College Football poll after victories against BCS opponents number 14 Maryland ( who finished that season at number 17 ) , number 21 Alabama and Iowa State . In 2010 , NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season ( 8-0 ) , and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches polls . In 2012 , NIU football , after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference . Titles and highlights . - In 1963 , the NIU Huskies football team were ranked #1 in the AP , claiming a share of the NCAA College Division national championship . - In 1982 , the womens badminton team won the AIAW national collegiate championship . - In 1983 , the Huskies grabbed their first-ever bowl win , defeating Cal State Fullerton in the California Bowl . - In 1996 , the Huskies Lacrosse team finished second in the Wisconsin State Lacrosse Championships . - 2004 Silicon Valley Classic , NIU defeats Troy State . - In 2010 , the NI Mens Rugby Club were champions of CARFU , the Chicago Area Rugby Football Union . - From 2008–present , the NIU Huskies football team made 8 straight bowl appearances . - In 2010 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC West Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies soccer team won the MAC Championship and made it to the 2nd round of the NCAA National Tournament . - In 2012 ( 2011 season ) , the NIU Huskies football team defeated the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a GoDaddy.com Bowl . - In 2012 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship and became the first MAC team to earn a BCS bid with a selection to the 2013 Orange Bowl . - In 2013 , the NIU Huskies football team became the first MAC team to defeat 2 Big Ten teams in non-conference games of the regular season and had a Heisman Trophy finalist , QB Jordan Lynch . - In 2014 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 5th straight MAC West division title and claimed their 3rd MAC Championship in 4 years . - In 2015 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 6th straight MAC West division title . - In 2018 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 7th MAC West division title and claimed their 4th MAC championship in 8 years .
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[
"Northern Illinois State College"
] |
easy
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What was the official name of Northern Illinois University from 1955 to 1957?
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/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University#P1448#2
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Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P . Altgeld as part of an expansion of the states system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIUs programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The universitys athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . History . Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal , Illinois . In 1895 , the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School , which would grow into what is today known as NIU . In July 1917 , the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools ( Eastern Illinois State Normal School , Illinois State Normal School , Northern Illinois State Normal School , Southern Illinois State Normal University , and Western Illinois State Normal School ) into one state Normal School Board . Over the next fifty-eight years , the school and the governing board changed their names several times . In 1921 , the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College and empowered it to award the four-year Bachelor of Education degree . In 1941 , the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board . In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education , and the institutions Graduate School was established . On July 1 , 1955 , the state legislature renamed the college Northern Illinois State College and authorized the college to broaden its educational services by offering academic work in areas other than teacher education . The Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science . On July 1 , 1957 , the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its expanded status as a liberal arts university . In 1965 , the Illinois State Teachers College Board became the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities and was reorganized to include Northeastern University , Governors State , and Chicago State Universities . In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University , Illinois State University , and Sangamon State University were passed on to a newly formed Board of Regents . In 1984 , the Board of Regents created the position of Chancellor for the three regent universities , to act as a chief executive for all three schools ; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R . Monat . The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995 . On January 1 , 1996 , authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees , each concerned solely with one university . On February 14 , 2008 , the university drew international attention when a gunman opened fire in a crowd of students on campus , killing five students and injuring 17 more people , before fatally shooting himself . University presidents . 13 presidents have served at the university . - John Williston Cook ( 1899–1919 ) - J . Stanley Brown ( 1919–1927 ) - Joseph Clifton Brown ( 1927–1929 ) - Karl L . Adams ( 1929–1948 ) - Leslie A . Holmes ( 1949–1967 ) - Rhoten A . Smith ( 1967–1971 ) - Richard J . Nelson ( 1971–1978 ) - William R . Monat ( 1978–1984 ) - Clyde Wingfield ( 1985–1986 ) - John E . La Tourette ( 1986–2000 ) - John G . Peters ( 2000–2013 ) - Douglas D . Baker ( 2013–2017 ) - Lisa C . Freeman ( 2017–present ) Academics . NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors , 70 minors , nine pre-professional programs , and 79 graduate programs , including a College of Law , and 24 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees . Many of NIUs academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012 . Rankings . In 2019 , Northern Illinois University was ranked the 198th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNets Social Mobility Index college rankings . NIU is classified as a National University by U.S . News & World Report and ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities ( 75 National Universities were left unranked ) . The same publication also ranked NIU as 41st best in the country for Public Affairs programs , and within that field , NIUs program in City Management & Urban Policy was ranked 3rd in the nation and the Public Finance & Budgeting program at 12th . Forbes magazine placed NIU as number 621 on its list of 650 universities in 2019 . Science and research . NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities . NIU is also a member of the prominent Universities Research Association that manages several federal physics laboratories including Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia , Illinois . The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology . NIU is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities – High research activity . The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Societys trade journal Chemical & Engineering News on September 26 , 2005 , as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States . The Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science . The department has held leadership roles in Antarctic geological drilling programs since the Dry Valley Drilling project in the early 1970s , and faculty and their students have been continuously active in numerous Antarctic climate history research and field work , including the Cape Roberts Project , The ANDRILL project and the WISSARD project . Established in 1963 , Northern Illinois Universitys Center for Southeast Asian Studies ( CSEAS ) is currently one of seven federally recognized National Resource Centers ( NRC ) for Southeast Asian foreign language and area studies . NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies ( FLAS ) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997 . NIUs CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies , enrolling more than 1,500 students each year . Other programs . - The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School . Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow , while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program . - The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide . In the 2010-2011 academic year , the program graduated seven students , whose average GPA was 3.90 . Of those graduating , 86% were successful in passing the Certified Rehabilitation Counselor ( CRC ) exam , and 100% of the graduates are employed . - The NIU Terminal Masters Program in Philosophy - The NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies is dedicated to increasing the world’s knowledge and understanding of Southeast Asias eleven countries : Brunei , Burma/Myanmar , Cambodia , East Timor , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . Campus . The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings . Additional campus sites include , the Lorado Taft Field Campus ( 144 acres ) , Rockford Campus ( 10 acres ) , Hoffman Estates Campus ( 23.93 acres ) , and the Naperville Campus ( 11.2 acres ) . One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall . It is one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld . The auditorium in Altgeld Hall , which was designed to also function as a ballroom , was restored and can seat up to 500 . On the level below the auditorium , the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom . Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces . The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus . Barsema Hall , which houses the College of Business , opened its doors in 2002 . This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms , faculty offices , several computer labs , a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium . The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges , computer labs , restaurants , and the University Bookstore . It is home to the Huskies Den , which features bowling , billiards , a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming . The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel . The lower level of the Holmes Student Center reopened after renovations were completed in January 2020 . The renovations include a convenience store , the University Bookstore , a Starbucks , the Huskie Den Grill , bowling & billiards , and a wealth of seating . Residence halls . NIUs residence halls ( including two complexes with four 12-story towers each ) provide several living options to on-campus students . Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House ; Business Careers House ; Teacher Education and Certification House ( TEACH ) ; Honors House ; International House ; Science , Technology , Engineering & Mathematics ( STEM ) House ; and Fine Arts House . Other floor options include all-men , all-women , transfers , quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free . Northern View Community , which opened in 2008 , offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school , graduate students , law students , or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse . The New Residence Hall , a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall , opened to all students in the fall of 2012 . It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12 . After an extensive renovation , Grant C Tower reopened in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students . Gilbert Hall , which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995 , underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Douglas Hall , a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas , was demolished by the spring of 2016 . Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016 . This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus . Residence halls in use : - Gilbert Hall - Grant Towers - Neptune Hall - New Residence Hall - Northern View - Stevenson Towers Athletic facilities . On the west side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium , the home of NIU football games , which also often hosts other outdoor events . Huskie Stadium , which has a seating capacity over 30,000 , is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation , and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games . There is also a baseball field , Ralph McKinzie Field ; a softball field , Mary M . Bell Field ; a soccer field , Huskie Soccer Complex ; and tennis courts , Gullikson Tennis Courts , which flank Huskie Stadium . At the stadiums north end zone are two athletic buildings . The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center , whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction . The facility opened in August 2007 . The second is the Kenneth and Ellen Chessick Indoor Practice Center , an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football , baseball , and softball teams . Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013 . The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services . The building , serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily , features of space , abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment , and numerous services to meet students recreation , fitness and wellness needs . The residence halls , located in the same area as the athletic facilities , are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas , a large quad between the dorms , basketball courts , skating courts , Eco Lake , and open fields for recreation . On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center , a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002 . The Convocation Center hosts NIU mens and womens basketball , gymnastics , wrestling , and volleyball , Victor E . Court , games , the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen , music concerts , and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs , internship fairs , and other expositions . At the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House , home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs ; a three-lane , 1/7-mile jogging and walking track ; four multipurpose courts for basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and floor hockey ; and a cardio- and strength-training room , which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center . The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale , and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program . Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls . Student life . Programs . NIUs Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management hosts numerous programs to enhance students learning and living experience on campus . The Orientation and First Year Programs office ( OFP ) hosts UNIV 101 ( University Experience ) and UNIV 201 ( The Transfer Experience ) , which provide an introduction to college . These elective 1-credit , 12-week courses are designed to help new students adjust to NIU and develop the skills necessary to succeed in college and beyond . During the fall of 2009 , more than 62 percent of the freshman class enrolled in a UNIV 101 course . A new Academic Advising Center works with undecided students from the time they arrive on campus during orientation until they select a major . The student-centered staff advises students as they develop specialized academic plans compatible with student educational and life goals . Resource centers serve African-American , Asian-American and Latino students as well as off-campus and non-traditional students , military veterans , lesbian , bisexual , gay and transgender students . Among the many services of the office of Student Involvement & Leadership Development are opportunities for local and far-reaching volunteerism , including NIU Cares Day , Rake Across DeKalb and alternative spring break programs . The Counseling & Student Development Center supports the academic , emotional , social and cultural development of students through counseling , assessment , crisis response , outreach , consultation , training and educational services . Health Enhancement provides health promotion information , materials and interventions . The staff includes four health educators and a health consultant . The Huskie Bus Line , the largest student-run university bus system in Illinois , operates seven days a week while school is in session during the fall and spring semesters . On the weekends it runs a different route . There is a system that allows one to track the location of Huskie Buses online in real-time . While the campus has Internet , the universitys Acceptable Usage Policy forbids its usage for political activities . Social media sites are only restricted on university equipment and after a warning is provided to discontinue use . All other restrictions , including those pertaining to political activities , also apply to personal computers using the campus network . Northern Illinois University has an active presence on social media Sites , like Facebook , Instagram and Twitter . The university has a social media policy for its employees , which serves to promote a sense of community throughout the university community . Facilities . NIUs Campus Child Care Center offers care to children aged two months to five years , along with a summer school program for children ages 6 to 8 . Enrollment is secured on a first-come , first-served basis , with priority given first to currently enrolled families , followed by NIU students , NIU faculty and staff , and the community . The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation . The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board , Career Services , the Counseling and Student Development Center , the Honors Program , the Northern Star student newspaper , the Student Association , and Student Involvement and Leadership Development . Organizations . NIU has more than 400 student organizations , including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse , volleyball , rugby , swimming , and ice hockey . Groups embrace interests from academics , advocacy , athletics and the arts to community service , ethnicity , politics , language studies , and religion . Panhellenic Council sororities include Alpha Delta Pi , Alpha Phi , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Delta Gamma , Delta Zeta , Sigma Kappa , Sigma Lambda Sigma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Sigma Lambda Gamma , and Sigma Sigma Sigma . National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities include Alpha Kappa Alpha , Alpha Phi Alpha , Delta Sigma Theta , Iota Phi Theta , Kappa Alpha Psi , Omega Psi Phi , Phi Beta Sigma , Sigma Gamma Rho , and Zeta Phi Beta . Interfraternity Council fraternities include Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Kappa Lambda , Alpha Sigma Phi , Delta Chi , Delta Upsilon , Phi Kappa Psi , Phi Kappa Sigma , Phi Kappa Theta , Phi Sigma Kappa , Omega Delta , Pi Kappa Phi , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Mu , Sigma Nu , and Tau Kappa Epsilon . United Greek Council fraternities and sororities include alpha Kappa Delta Phi , Alpha Phi Gamma , Alpha Psi Lambda , Alpha Sigma Omega , Chi Sigma Tau , Gamma Phi Omega , Kappa Delta Chi , Kappa Pi Beta , Kappa Phi Lambda , Lambda Upsilon Lambda , Lambda Theta Phi , Phi Rho Eta , Sigma Lambda Beta , and Tau Phi Sigma . Each year , several of the Greek organizations at NIU host IFC Tugs , a bracket-style athletic tournament competition similar to tug-of-war with a long history at Northern Illinois University . NIU Tugs was captured on film in a 1996 documentary , Tugs Untied , about NIUs unique version of the sport ; the 37-minute documentary won the Best of Arizona award at the 2000 Arizona International Film Festival . Arts and culture . Students and faculty in NIUs College of Visual and Performing Arts host dozens of art exhibitions , musical concerts and theatrical and dance productions throughout the year . Many are free . The NIU Anthropology Museum was opened to the public on February 12 , 2012 in Cole Hall . The Anthropology collections are extensive , with foci on North American native collections and cultural artifacts from throughout Southeast Asia . NIUs School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble , the NIU Steelband , and the Avalon String Quartet , described by the Chicago Tribune as an ensemble that invites you – ears , mind and spirit – into its music . The NIU Art Museum , which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall , hosts several shows of professional works . The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum , the Blackwell History of Education Museum , the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection . The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival , created in 2002 by media studies professor Laura Vazquez to give NIU students the ability to competitively screen their work . The 2011 festival received more than 40 entries from across the country and as far away as Cuba , South Africa and Australia . Since 2000 the Visual Communication program in the School of Art and Design has hosted the annual SEEK Design Conference , led by professor Steve Quinn . Students assist in coordinating this conference of about 200 attendees . SEEK has featured designers such as Stefan Sagmeister , Paula Scher , Massimo Vignelli , Chip Kidd , Rick Valicenti , Kyle Cooper , Debbie Millman , Eddie Opara , and Aaron Draplin . Athletics . Affiliation . NIU was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1920 to 1967 . Currently , the NIU Huskies compete in NCAA Division I , FBS ( I-A ) for Football , in the Mid-American Conference . NIUs athletic department experienced large growth in reputation in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Almost completely unknown to observers from outside of Illinois before the mid-1990s , the Huskies were ranked as high as 10th in the 2003 AP College Football poll after victories against BCS opponents number 14 Maryland ( who finished that season at number 17 ) , number 21 Alabama and Iowa State . In 2010 , NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season ( 8-0 ) , and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches polls . In 2012 , NIU football , after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference . Titles and highlights . - In 1963 , the NIU Huskies football team were ranked #1 in the AP , claiming a share of the NCAA College Division national championship . - In 1982 , the womens badminton team won the AIAW national collegiate championship . - In 1983 , the Huskies grabbed their first-ever bowl win , defeating Cal State Fullerton in the California Bowl . - In 1996 , the Huskies Lacrosse team finished second in the Wisconsin State Lacrosse Championships . - 2004 Silicon Valley Classic , NIU defeats Troy State . - In 2010 , the NI Mens Rugby Club were champions of CARFU , the Chicago Area Rugby Football Union . - From 2008–present , the NIU Huskies football team made 8 straight bowl appearances . - In 2010 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC West Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies soccer team won the MAC Championship and made it to the 2nd round of the NCAA National Tournament . - In 2012 ( 2011 season ) , the NIU Huskies football team defeated the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a GoDaddy.com Bowl . - In 2012 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship and became the first MAC team to earn a BCS bid with a selection to the 2013 Orange Bowl . - In 2013 , the NIU Huskies football team became the first MAC team to defeat 2 Big Ten teams in non-conference games of the regular season and had a Heisman Trophy finalist , QB Jordan Lynch . - In 2014 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 5th straight MAC West division title and claimed their 3rd MAC Championship in 4 years . - In 2015 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 6th straight MAC West division title . - In 2018 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 7th MAC West division title and claimed their 4th MAC championship in 8 years .
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Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University ( NIU ) is a public research university in DeKalb , Illinois . It was founded as Northern Illinois State Normal School on May 22 , 1895 , by Illinois Governor John P . Altgeld as part of an expansion of the states system for producing college-educated teachers . In addition to the main campus in DeKalb , it has satellite centers in Chicago , Hoffman Estates , Naperville , Rockford , and Oregon The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni . Many of NIUs programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . NIU is one of only three public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports , Division I . The universitys athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . History . Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal , Illinois . In 1895 , the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the governance of the Northern Illinois State Normal School , which would grow into what is today known as NIU . In July 1917 , the Illinois Senate consolidated the boards of trustees for the five state normal schools ( Eastern Illinois State Normal School , Illinois State Normal School , Northern Illinois State Normal School , Southern Illinois State Normal University , and Western Illinois State Normal School ) into one state Normal School Board . Over the next fifty-eight years , the school and the governing board changed their names several times . In 1921 , the legislature gave the institution the name Northern Illinois State Teachers College and empowered it to award the four-year Bachelor of Education degree . In 1941 , the Normal School Board changed its name to the Teachers College Board . In 1951 the Teachers College Board authorized the college to grant the degree Master of Science in Education , and the institutions Graduate School was established . On July 1 , 1955 , the state legislature renamed the college Northern Illinois State College and authorized the college to broaden its educational services by offering academic work in areas other than teacher education . The Teachers College Board granted permission for the college to add curricula leading to the degrees Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science . On July 1 , 1957 , the Seventieth General Assembly renamed Northern Illinois State College as Northern Illinois University in recognition of its expanded status as a liberal arts university . In 1965 , the Illinois State Teachers College Board became the Board of Governors of State Colleges and Universities and was reorganized to include Northeastern University , Governors State , and Chicago State Universities . In 1967 authority for Northern Illinois University , Illinois State University , and Sangamon State University were passed on to a newly formed Board of Regents . In 1984 , the Board of Regents created the position of Chancellor for the three regent universities , to act as a chief executive for all three schools ; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R . Monat . The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995 . On January 1 , 1996 , authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees , each concerned solely with one university . On February 14 , 2008 , the university drew international attention when a gunman opened fire in a crowd of students on campus , killing five students and injuring 17 more people , before fatally shooting himself . University presidents . 13 presidents have served at the university . - John Williston Cook ( 1899–1919 ) - J . Stanley Brown ( 1919–1927 ) - Joseph Clifton Brown ( 1927–1929 ) - Karl L . Adams ( 1929–1948 ) - Leslie A . Holmes ( 1949–1967 ) - Rhoten A . Smith ( 1967–1971 ) - Richard J . Nelson ( 1971–1978 ) - William R . Monat ( 1978–1984 ) - Clyde Wingfield ( 1985–1986 ) - John E . La Tourette ( 1986–2000 ) - John G . Peters ( 2000–2013 ) - Douglas D . Baker ( 2013–2017 ) - Lisa C . Freeman ( 2017–present ) Academics . NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors , 70 minors , nine pre-professional programs , and 79 graduate programs , including a College of Law , and 24 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees . Many of NIUs academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor , including business , engineering , nursing , visual and performing arts , and all teacher certification programs . New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012 . Rankings . In 2019 , Northern Illinois University was ranked the 198th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNets Social Mobility Index college rankings . NIU is classified as a National University by U.S . News & World Report and ranked number 177 out of 206 ranked National Universities ( 75 National Universities were left unranked ) . The same publication also ranked NIU as 41st best in the country for Public Affairs programs , and within that field , NIUs program in City Management & Urban Policy was ranked 3rd in the nation and the Public Finance & Budgeting program at 12th . Forbes magazine placed NIU as number 621 on its list of 650 universities in 2019 . Science and research . NIU is a member of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities . NIU is also a member of the prominent Universities Research Association that manages several federal physics laboratories including Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia , Illinois . The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology . NIU is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities – High research activity . The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Societys trade journal Chemical & Engineering News on September 26 , 2005 , as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States . The Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences is known for programs in hydrogeology and polar science . The department has held leadership roles in Antarctic geological drilling programs since the Dry Valley Drilling project in the early 1970s , and faculty and their students have been continuously active in numerous Antarctic climate history research and field work , including the Cape Roberts Project , The ANDRILL project and the WISSARD project . Established in 1963 , Northern Illinois Universitys Center for Southeast Asian Studies ( CSEAS ) is currently one of seven federally recognized National Resource Centers ( NRC ) for Southeast Asian foreign language and area studies . NIU has been awarded the Title VI Foreign Language and Area Studies ( FLAS ) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997 . NIUs CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies , enrolling more than 1,500 students each year . Other programs . - The NIU School of Theatre and Dance has a relationship with the Moscow Art Theatre School . Graduate students spend a month training in Moscow , while the undergraduates participate in a semester-long program . - The NIU Rehabilitation Counseling program is noted nationwide . In the 2010-2011 academic year , the program graduated seven students , whose average GPA was 3.90 . Of those graduating , 86% were successful in passing the Certified Rehabilitation Counselor ( CRC ) exam , and 100% of the graduates are employed . - The NIU Terminal Masters Program in Philosophy - The NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies is dedicated to increasing the world’s knowledge and understanding of Southeast Asias eleven countries : Brunei , Burma/Myanmar , Cambodia , East Timor , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , and Vietnam . Campus . The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings . Additional campus sites include , the Lorado Taft Field Campus ( 144 acres ) , Rockford Campus ( 10 acres ) , Hoffman Estates Campus ( 23.93 acres ) , and the Naperville Campus ( 11.2 acres ) . One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall . It is one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld . The auditorium in Altgeld Hall , which was designed to also function as a ballroom , was restored and can seat up to 500 . On the level below the auditorium , the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom . Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces . The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus . Barsema Hall , which houses the College of Business , opened its doors in 2002 . This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms , faculty offices , several computer labs , a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium . The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges , computer labs , restaurants , and the University Bookstore . It is home to the Huskies Den , which features bowling , billiards , a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming . The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel . The lower level of the Holmes Student Center reopened after renovations were completed in January 2020 . The renovations include a convenience store , the University Bookstore , a Starbucks , the Huskie Den Grill , bowling & billiards , and a wealth of seating . Residence halls . NIUs residence halls ( including two complexes with four 12-story towers each ) provide several living options to on-campus students . Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House ; Business Careers House ; Teacher Education and Certification House ( TEACH ) ; Honors House ; International House ; Science , Technology , Engineering & Mathematics ( STEM ) House ; and Fine Arts House . Other floor options include all-men , all-women , transfers , quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free . Northern View Community , which opened in 2008 , offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school , graduate students , law students , or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse . The New Residence Hall , a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall , opened to all students in the fall of 2012 . It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12 . After an extensive renovation , Grant C Tower reopened in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students . Gilbert Hall , which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995 , underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013 . Douglas Hall , a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas , was demolished by the spring of 2016 . Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016 . This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus . Residence halls in use : - Gilbert Hall - Grant Towers - Neptune Hall - New Residence Hall - Northern View - Stevenson Towers Athletic facilities . On the west side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium , the home of NIU football games , which also often hosts other outdoor events . Huskie Stadium , which has a seating capacity over 30,000 , is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation , and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games . There is also a baseball field , Ralph McKinzie Field ; a softball field , Mary M . Bell Field ; a soccer field , Huskie Soccer Complex ; and tennis courts , Gullikson Tennis Courts , which flank Huskie Stadium . At the stadiums north end zone are two athletic buildings . The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center , whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction . The facility opened in August 2007 . The second is the Kenneth and Ellen Chessick Indoor Practice Center , an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football , baseball , and softball teams . Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013 . The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services . The building , serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily , features of space , abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment , and numerous services to meet students recreation , fitness and wellness needs . The residence halls , located in the same area as the athletic facilities , are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas , a large quad between the dorms , basketball courts , skating courts , Eco Lake , and open fields for recreation . On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center , a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002 . The Convocation Center hosts NIU mens and womens basketball , gymnastics , wrestling , and volleyball , Victor E . Court , games , the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen , music concerts , and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs , internship fairs , and other expositions . At the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House , home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs ; a three-lane , 1/7-mile jogging and walking track ; four multipurpose courts for basketball , volleyball , indoor soccer and floor hockey ; and a cardio- and strength-training room , which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center . The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale , and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program . Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls . Student life . Programs . NIUs Division of Student Affairs and Enrollment Management hosts numerous programs to enhance students learning and living experience on campus . The Orientation and First Year Programs office ( OFP ) hosts UNIV 101 ( University Experience ) and UNIV 201 ( The Transfer Experience ) , which provide an introduction to college . These elective 1-credit , 12-week courses are designed to help new students adjust to NIU and develop the skills necessary to succeed in college and beyond . During the fall of 2009 , more than 62 percent of the freshman class enrolled in a UNIV 101 course . A new Academic Advising Center works with undecided students from the time they arrive on campus during orientation until they select a major . The student-centered staff advises students as they develop specialized academic plans compatible with student educational and life goals . Resource centers serve African-American , Asian-American and Latino students as well as off-campus and non-traditional students , military veterans , lesbian , bisexual , gay and transgender students . Among the many services of the office of Student Involvement & Leadership Development are opportunities for local and far-reaching volunteerism , including NIU Cares Day , Rake Across DeKalb and alternative spring break programs . The Counseling & Student Development Center supports the academic , emotional , social and cultural development of students through counseling , assessment , crisis response , outreach , consultation , training and educational services . Health Enhancement provides health promotion information , materials and interventions . The staff includes four health educators and a health consultant . The Huskie Bus Line , the largest student-run university bus system in Illinois , operates seven days a week while school is in session during the fall and spring semesters . On the weekends it runs a different route . There is a system that allows one to track the location of Huskie Buses online in real-time . While the campus has Internet , the universitys Acceptable Usage Policy forbids its usage for political activities . Social media sites are only restricted on university equipment and after a warning is provided to discontinue use . All other restrictions , including those pertaining to political activities , also apply to personal computers using the campus network . Northern Illinois University has an active presence on social media Sites , like Facebook , Instagram and Twitter . The university has a social media policy for its employees , which serves to promote a sense of community throughout the university community . Facilities . NIUs Campus Child Care Center offers care to children aged two months to five years , along with a summer school program for children ages 6 to 8 . Enrollment is secured on a first-come , first-served basis , with priority given first to currently enrolled families , followed by NIU students , NIU faculty and staff , and the community . The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation . The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board , Career Services , the Counseling and Student Development Center , the Honors Program , the Northern Star student newspaper , the Student Association , and Student Involvement and Leadership Development . Organizations . NIU has more than 400 student organizations , including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse , volleyball , rugby , swimming , and ice hockey . Groups embrace interests from academics , advocacy , athletics and the arts to community service , ethnicity , politics , language studies , and religion . Panhellenic Council sororities include Alpha Delta Pi , Alpha Phi , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Delta Gamma , Delta Zeta , Sigma Kappa , Sigma Lambda Sigma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Sigma Lambda Gamma , and Sigma Sigma Sigma . National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities include Alpha Kappa Alpha , Alpha Phi Alpha , Delta Sigma Theta , Iota Phi Theta , Kappa Alpha Psi , Omega Psi Phi , Phi Beta Sigma , Sigma Gamma Rho , and Zeta Phi Beta . Interfraternity Council fraternities include Alpha Epsilon Pi , Alpha Kappa Lambda , Alpha Sigma Phi , Delta Chi , Delta Upsilon , Phi Kappa Psi , Phi Kappa Sigma , Phi Kappa Theta , Phi Sigma Kappa , Omega Delta , Pi Kappa Phi , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Mu , Sigma Nu , and Tau Kappa Epsilon . United Greek Council fraternities and sororities include alpha Kappa Delta Phi , Alpha Phi Gamma , Alpha Psi Lambda , Alpha Sigma Omega , Chi Sigma Tau , Gamma Phi Omega , Kappa Delta Chi , Kappa Pi Beta , Kappa Phi Lambda , Lambda Upsilon Lambda , Lambda Theta Phi , Phi Rho Eta , Sigma Lambda Beta , and Tau Phi Sigma . Each year , several of the Greek organizations at NIU host IFC Tugs , a bracket-style athletic tournament competition similar to tug-of-war with a long history at Northern Illinois University . NIU Tugs was captured on film in a 1996 documentary , Tugs Untied , about NIUs unique version of the sport ; the 37-minute documentary won the Best of Arizona award at the 2000 Arizona International Film Festival . Arts and culture . Students and faculty in NIUs College of Visual and Performing Arts host dozens of art exhibitions , musical concerts and theatrical and dance productions throughout the year . Many are free . The NIU Anthropology Museum was opened to the public on February 12 , 2012 in Cole Hall . The Anthropology collections are extensive , with foci on North American native collections and cultural artifacts from throughout Southeast Asia . NIUs School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble , the NIU Steelband , and the Avalon String Quartet , described by the Chicago Tribune as an ensemble that invites you – ears , mind and spirit – into its music . The NIU Art Museum , which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall , hosts several shows of professional works . The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum , the Blackwell History of Education Museum , the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection . The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival , created in 2002 by media studies professor Laura Vazquez to give NIU students the ability to competitively screen their work . The 2011 festival received more than 40 entries from across the country and as far away as Cuba , South Africa and Australia . Since 2000 the Visual Communication program in the School of Art and Design has hosted the annual SEEK Design Conference , led by professor Steve Quinn . Students assist in coordinating this conference of about 200 attendees . SEEK has featured designers such as Stefan Sagmeister , Paula Scher , Massimo Vignelli , Chip Kidd , Rick Valicenti , Kyle Cooper , Debbie Millman , Eddie Opara , and Aaron Draplin . Athletics . Affiliation . NIU was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1920 to 1967 . Currently , the NIU Huskies compete in NCAA Division I , FBS ( I-A ) for Football , in the Mid-American Conference . NIUs athletic department experienced large growth in reputation in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Almost completely unknown to observers from outside of Illinois before the mid-1990s , the Huskies were ranked as high as 10th in the 2003 AP College Football poll after victories against BCS opponents number 14 Maryland ( who finished that season at number 17 ) , number 21 Alabama and Iowa State . In 2010 , NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season ( 8-0 ) , and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches polls . In 2012 , NIU football , after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference . Titles and highlights . - In 1963 , the NIU Huskies football team were ranked #1 in the AP , claiming a share of the NCAA College Division national championship . - In 1982 , the womens badminton team won the AIAW national collegiate championship . - In 1983 , the Huskies grabbed their first-ever bowl win , defeating Cal State Fullerton in the California Bowl . - In 1996 , the Huskies Lacrosse team finished second in the Wisconsin State Lacrosse Championships . - 2004 Silicon Valley Classic , NIU defeats Troy State . - In 2010 , the NI Mens Rugby Club were champions of CARFU , the Chicago Area Rugby Football Union . - From 2008–present , the NIU Huskies football team made 8 straight bowl appearances . - In 2010 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC West Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship . - In 2011 , the NIU Huskies soccer team won the MAC Championship and made it to the 2nd round of the NCAA National Tournament . - In 2012 ( 2011 season ) , the NIU Huskies football team defeated the Arkansas State Red Wolves in a GoDaddy.com Bowl . - In 2012 , the NIU Huskies football team won the MAC Championship and became the first MAC team to earn a BCS bid with a selection to the 2013 Orange Bowl . - In 2013 , the NIU Huskies football team became the first MAC team to defeat 2 Big Ten teams in non-conference games of the regular season and had a Heisman Trophy finalist , QB Jordan Lynch . - In 2014 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 5th straight MAC West division title and claimed their 3rd MAC Championship in 4 years . - In 2015 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 6th straight MAC West division title . - In 2018 , the NIU Huskies football team won their 7th MAC West division title and claimed their 4th MAC championship in 8 years .
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[
"Northern Spirit"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Jonti Richter belong to from 2002 to 2004?
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/wiki/Jonti_Richter#P54#0
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Jonti Richter Jonathan Richter ( born 12 April 1983 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is an Australian footballer who currently plays for Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers as a midfielder . Playing career . Northern Spirit . Jonti started his career with Australian club Northern Spirit of the old National Soccer League in 2002 . Richter spent two seasons with Northern Spirit , in which he made 44 appearances , finding the net on seven occasions . Jonti became a free agent when the club enduring major financial problems , and the club folded at the end of the 2003/2004 National Soccer League season . Queensland Roar . Richter was picked up by newly formed A-League club Queensland Roar in time for the start of the new 2005 in A-League . Jonti spent the whole season with Queensland Roar , making 17 appearances and scoring one goal . New Zealand Knights . Jontis next venture was with A-League club New Zealand Knights , who he joined for the 2006 season . Richter made 18 appearances , but failed to score , and found himself without a club when New Zealand Knights became defunct . He and several other players were locked in a legal battle with the now defunct New Zealand Knights owners , Soccer New Zealand , and the Football Federation of Australia over lost wages . The latter two took over the running of the club for the remainder of the 2006-2007 A-league season . With the advice of the Australian Professional Footballers Association and FIFPro there was no action taken against any party due to court and legal costs as well as lack of enough evidence to gain a positive result for the players . Manly United . Jonti failed to find a new club in the A-League and joined New South Wales Premier League side Manly United . Richter failed to settle with Manly United and at the end of the season , he returned to his hometown of Brisbane in October 2007 . Tamworth . Jonti joined Conference North side Tamworth on 30 October 2007 , along with former Tamworth old boy Graeme Law , who joined on a months loan from Conference National side Farsley Celtic . Richter knew Tamworth manager Gary Mills who tried to sign the young winger while he was on trial with Mills former club Notts County , and hopes with the guidance of his new boss , Jonti can make a name for himself in the English game . Richter played on and off throughout the season for Tamworth , he left at the end of the 2007/08 season , following the end of his contract . Brisbane Strikers . Richter now plays for Hyundai Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers , The Brisbane Strikers are coached by Richters former Queensland Roar teammate Stuart McLaren . Jonti had returned to Australia after he sustained a serious foot injury while playing in the England with Conference North Side Tamworth , which has kept him from the field for almost 18 months . International career . Australia U20 . Richter has represented Australia U20s in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . External links . - Jonti Richter Interview
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[
"Queensland Roar"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Jonti Richter belong to from 2005 to 2006?
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/wiki/Jonti_Richter#P54#1
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Jonti Richter Jonathan Richter ( born 12 April 1983 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is an Australian footballer who currently plays for Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers as a midfielder . Playing career . Northern Spirit . Jonti started his career with Australian club Northern Spirit of the old National Soccer League in 2002 . Richter spent two seasons with Northern Spirit , in which he made 44 appearances , finding the net on seven occasions . Jonti became a free agent when the club enduring major financial problems , and the club folded at the end of the 2003/2004 National Soccer League season . Queensland Roar . Richter was picked up by newly formed A-League club Queensland Roar in time for the start of the new 2005 in A-League . Jonti spent the whole season with Queensland Roar , making 17 appearances and scoring one goal . New Zealand Knights . Jontis next venture was with A-League club New Zealand Knights , who he joined for the 2006 season . Richter made 18 appearances , but failed to score , and found himself without a club when New Zealand Knights became defunct . He and several other players were locked in a legal battle with the now defunct New Zealand Knights owners , Soccer New Zealand , and the Football Federation of Australia over lost wages . The latter two took over the running of the club for the remainder of the 2006-2007 A-league season . With the advice of the Australian Professional Footballers Association and FIFPro there was no action taken against any party due to court and legal costs as well as lack of enough evidence to gain a positive result for the players . Manly United . Jonti failed to find a new club in the A-League and joined New South Wales Premier League side Manly United . Richter failed to settle with Manly United and at the end of the season , he returned to his hometown of Brisbane in October 2007 . Tamworth . Jonti joined Conference North side Tamworth on 30 October 2007 , along with former Tamworth old boy Graeme Law , who joined on a months loan from Conference National side Farsley Celtic . Richter knew Tamworth manager Gary Mills who tried to sign the young winger while he was on trial with Mills former club Notts County , and hopes with the guidance of his new boss , Jonti can make a name for himself in the English game . Richter played on and off throughout the season for Tamworth , he left at the end of the 2007/08 season , following the end of his contract . Brisbane Strikers . Richter now plays for Hyundai Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers , The Brisbane Strikers are coached by Richters former Queensland Roar teammate Stuart McLaren . Jonti had returned to Australia after he sustained a serious foot injury while playing in the England with Conference North Side Tamworth , which has kept him from the field for almost 18 months . International career . Australia U20 . Richter has represented Australia U20s in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . External links . - Jonti Richter Interview
|
[
"New Zealand Knights"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Jonti Richter play for from 2006 to 2007?
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/wiki/Jonti_Richter#P54#2
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Jonti Richter Jonathan Richter ( born 12 April 1983 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is an Australian footballer who currently plays for Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers as a midfielder . Playing career . Northern Spirit . Jonti started his career with Australian club Northern Spirit of the old National Soccer League in 2002 . Richter spent two seasons with Northern Spirit , in which he made 44 appearances , finding the net on seven occasions . Jonti became a free agent when the club enduring major financial problems , and the club folded at the end of the 2003/2004 National Soccer League season . Queensland Roar . Richter was picked up by newly formed A-League club Queensland Roar in time for the start of the new 2005 in A-League . Jonti spent the whole season with Queensland Roar , making 17 appearances and scoring one goal . New Zealand Knights . Jontis next venture was with A-League club New Zealand Knights , who he joined for the 2006 season . Richter made 18 appearances , but failed to score , and found himself without a club when New Zealand Knights became defunct . He and several other players were locked in a legal battle with the now defunct New Zealand Knights owners , Soccer New Zealand , and the Football Federation of Australia over lost wages . The latter two took over the running of the club for the remainder of the 2006-2007 A-league season . With the advice of the Australian Professional Footballers Association and FIFPro there was no action taken against any party due to court and legal costs as well as lack of enough evidence to gain a positive result for the players . Manly United . Jonti failed to find a new club in the A-League and joined New South Wales Premier League side Manly United . Richter failed to settle with Manly United and at the end of the season , he returned to his hometown of Brisbane in October 2007 . Tamworth . Jonti joined Conference North side Tamworth on 30 October 2007 , along with former Tamworth old boy Graeme Law , who joined on a months loan from Conference National side Farsley Celtic . Richter knew Tamworth manager Gary Mills who tried to sign the young winger while he was on trial with Mills former club Notts County , and hopes with the guidance of his new boss , Jonti can make a name for himself in the English game . Richter played on and off throughout the season for Tamworth , he left at the end of the 2007/08 season , following the end of his contract . Brisbane Strikers . Richter now plays for Hyundai Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers , The Brisbane Strikers are coached by Richters former Queensland Roar teammate Stuart McLaren . Jonti had returned to Australia after he sustained a serious foot injury while playing in the England with Conference North Side Tamworth , which has kept him from the field for almost 18 months . International career . Australia U20 . Richter has represented Australia U20s in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . External links . - Jonti Richter Interview
|
[
"Tamworth"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Jonti Richter belong to from 2007 to 2008?
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/wiki/Jonti_Richter#P54#3
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Jonti Richter Jonathan Richter ( born 12 April 1983 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is an Australian footballer who currently plays for Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers as a midfielder . Playing career . Northern Spirit . Jonti started his career with Australian club Northern Spirit of the old National Soccer League in 2002 . Richter spent two seasons with Northern Spirit , in which he made 44 appearances , finding the net on seven occasions . Jonti became a free agent when the club enduring major financial problems , and the club folded at the end of the 2003/2004 National Soccer League season . Queensland Roar . Richter was picked up by newly formed A-League club Queensland Roar in time for the start of the new 2005 in A-League . Jonti spent the whole season with Queensland Roar , making 17 appearances and scoring one goal . New Zealand Knights . Jontis next venture was with A-League club New Zealand Knights , who he joined for the 2006 season . Richter made 18 appearances , but failed to score , and found himself without a club when New Zealand Knights became defunct . He and several other players were locked in a legal battle with the now defunct New Zealand Knights owners , Soccer New Zealand , and the Football Federation of Australia over lost wages . The latter two took over the running of the club for the remainder of the 2006-2007 A-league season . With the advice of the Australian Professional Footballers Association and FIFPro there was no action taken against any party due to court and legal costs as well as lack of enough evidence to gain a positive result for the players . Manly United . Jonti failed to find a new club in the A-League and joined New South Wales Premier League side Manly United . Richter failed to settle with Manly United and at the end of the season , he returned to his hometown of Brisbane in October 2007 . Tamworth . Jonti joined Conference North side Tamworth on 30 October 2007 , along with former Tamworth old boy Graeme Law , who joined on a months loan from Conference National side Farsley Celtic . Richter knew Tamworth manager Gary Mills who tried to sign the young winger while he was on trial with Mills former club Notts County , and hopes with the guidance of his new boss , Jonti can make a name for himself in the English game . Richter played on and off throughout the season for Tamworth , he left at the end of the 2007/08 season , following the end of his contract . Brisbane Strikers . Richter now plays for Hyundai Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers , The Brisbane Strikers are coached by Richters former Queensland Roar teammate Stuart McLaren . Jonti had returned to Australia after he sustained a serious foot injury while playing in the England with Conference North Side Tamworth , which has kept him from the field for almost 18 months . International career . Australia U20 . Richter has represented Australia U20s in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . External links . - Jonti Richter Interview
|
[
"Brisbane Strikers"
] |
easy
|
Jonti Richter played for which team from 2009 to 2010?
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/wiki/Jonti_Richter#P54#4
|
Jonti Richter Jonathan Richter ( born 12 April 1983 in Johannesburg , South Africa ) is an Australian footballer who currently plays for Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers as a midfielder . Playing career . Northern Spirit . Jonti started his career with Australian club Northern Spirit of the old National Soccer League in 2002 . Richter spent two seasons with Northern Spirit , in which he made 44 appearances , finding the net on seven occasions . Jonti became a free agent when the club enduring major financial problems , and the club folded at the end of the 2003/2004 National Soccer League season . Queensland Roar . Richter was picked up by newly formed A-League club Queensland Roar in time for the start of the new 2005 in A-League . Jonti spent the whole season with Queensland Roar , making 17 appearances and scoring one goal . New Zealand Knights . Jontis next venture was with A-League club New Zealand Knights , who he joined for the 2006 season . Richter made 18 appearances , but failed to score , and found himself without a club when New Zealand Knights became defunct . He and several other players were locked in a legal battle with the now defunct New Zealand Knights owners , Soccer New Zealand , and the Football Federation of Australia over lost wages . The latter two took over the running of the club for the remainder of the 2006-2007 A-league season . With the advice of the Australian Professional Footballers Association and FIFPro there was no action taken against any party due to court and legal costs as well as lack of enough evidence to gain a positive result for the players . Manly United . Jonti failed to find a new club in the A-League and joined New South Wales Premier League side Manly United . Richter failed to settle with Manly United and at the end of the season , he returned to his hometown of Brisbane in October 2007 . Tamworth . Jonti joined Conference North side Tamworth on 30 October 2007 , along with former Tamworth old boy Graeme Law , who joined on a months loan from Conference National side Farsley Celtic . Richter knew Tamworth manager Gary Mills who tried to sign the young winger while he was on trial with Mills former club Notts County , and hopes with the guidance of his new boss , Jonti can make a name for himself in the English game . Richter played on and off throughout the season for Tamworth , he left at the end of the 2007/08 season , following the end of his contract . Brisbane Strikers . Richter now plays for Hyundai Queensland State League side Brisbane Strikers , The Brisbane Strikers are coached by Richters former Queensland Roar teammate Stuart McLaren . Jonti had returned to Australia after he sustained a serious foot injury while playing in the England with Conference North Side Tamworth , which has kept him from the field for almost 18 months . International career . Australia U20 . Richter has represented Australia U20s in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship . External links . - Jonti Richter Interview
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the parent organization of London Fire Brigade from 1866 to 1889?
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/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade#P749#0
|
London Fire Brigade The London Fire Brigade ( LFB ) is the fire and rescue service for London . It was formed by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 , under the leadership of superintendent Eyre Massey Shaw . The LFB is the busiest of all the fire services in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest in size , after the national Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , and has the largest number of full-time firefighters . It has 5,992 staff , including 5,096 operational firefighters and officers based at 102 fire stations ( plus one river station ) . The LFB is led by the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning , Andy Roe . The brigade and Commissioner are overseen by the Greater London Authority , which in April 2018 took over these responsibilities from the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ( LFEPA ) . In the 2015-16 financial year the LFB received 171,488 emergency calls . These consisted of : 20,773 fires , 48,696 false alarms of fire and 30,066 other calls for service . As well as firefighting , the LFB also responds to road traffic collisions , floods , shut-in-lift releases , and other incidents such as those involving hazardous materials or major transport accidents . It also conducts emergency planning and performs fire safety inspections and education . It does not provide an ambulance service as this function is performed by the London Ambulance Service as an independent NHS trust , although all LFB firefighters are trained in first aid and all of its fire engines carry first aid equipment . Since 2016 , the LFB has provided first aid for some life-threatening medical emergencies ( e.g . cardiac or respiratory arrest ) . History . Following a multitude of ad-hoc firefighting arrangements and the Great Fire of London , various insurance companies established firefighting units to tackle fires that occurred in buildings that their respective companies insured . As demands grew on the primitive firefighting units they began to coordinate and co-operate with each other until , on 1 January 1833 , the London Fire Engine Establishment was formed under the leadership of James Braidwood , who had founded the first professional , municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh . He introduced a uniform that , for the first time , included personal protection from the hazards of firefighting . With 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations , the unit was still a private enterprise , funded by the insurance companies and as such was responsible mainly for saving material goods from fire . Several large fires , most notably at the Palace of Westminster in 1834 and the 1861 Tooley Street fire ( in which Braidwood died in action , aged 61 ) , spurred the insurance companies to lobby the British government to provide the brigade at public expense and management . After due consideration , in 1865 the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was passed , creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw , a former head of police and fire services in Belfast . In 1904 it was renamed as the London Fire Brigade . The LFB moved into a new headquarters built by Higgs and Hill on the Albert Embankment in Lambeth in 1937 , where it remained until 2007 . During the Second World War the countrys brigades were amalgamated into a single National Fire Service . The separate London Fire Brigade for the County of London was re-established in 1948 . With the formation of Greater London in 1965 , this absorbed most of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , the borough brigades for West Ham , East Ham and Croydon and parts of the Essex , Hertfordshire , Surrey and Kent brigades . In 1986 the Greater London Council ( GLC ) was disbanded and a new statutory authority , the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority ( LFCDA ) , was formed to take responsibility for the LFB . The LFCDA was replaced in 2000 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . At the same time , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) was established to administer the LFEPA and coordinate emergency planning for London . Consisting of the Mayor of London and other elected members , the GLA also takes responsibility for the Metropolitan Police Service , Transport for London and other functions . In 2007 the LFB vacated its Lambeth headquarters and moved to a site in Union Street , Southwark . In the same year , the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that LFB Commissioner Ken Knight had been appointed as the first Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser to the government . Knight was succeeded as Commissioner at that time by Ron Dobson , who served for almost ten years . Dany Cotton took over in 2017 , becoming the brigades first female commissioner . Commissioners and chief officers . As of 1 January 2020 Andy Roe is the commissioner of the LFB . He succeeds Dany Cotton , who in 2017 had become the first woman to hold the top role ; Cotton resigned in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire after 32 years service in the brigade . Prior to Cotton , Ron Dobson was the commissioner and he had served in the LFB since 1979 ; he was awarded a CBE for his distinguished contribution to the fire service . - 1833 to 1861 : James Braidwood ( director of the London Fire Engine Establishment , died in action ) - 1861 to 1891 : Capt . Eyre Massey Shaw ( superintendent , later chief officer ) - 1891 to 1896 : James Sexton Simmonds - 1896 to 1903 : Capt . Lionel de Latour Wells - 1903 to 1909 : RAdm . James de Courcy Hamilton - 1909 to 1918 : Lt . Cdr . Sir Sampson Sladen - 1918 to 1933 : Arthur Reginald Dyer - 1933 to 1938 : Maj . Cyril Morris - 1938 to 1941 : Cdr . Sir Aylmer Firebrace - 1939 to 1941 : Maj . Frank Jackson - 1941 to 1948 : all fire brigades nationalised - 1948 to 1962 : Sir Frederick Delve - 1962 to 1970 : Leslie Leete - 1970 to 1976 : Joseph Milner - 1976 to 1980 : Peter Darby - 1980 to 1987 : Ronald Bullers - 1987 to 1991 : Gerald Clarkson - 1991 to 2003 : Brian Robinson ( first commissioner ) - 2003 to 2007 : Sir Ken Knight - 2007 to 2016 : Ron Dobson - 2017 to 2019 : Dany Cotton - 2020 to present : Andy Roe Organisation . Historically , the London Fire Brigade was organised into two divisions : Northern and Southern , divided in most places by the River Thames and each commanded by a Divisional Officer . Both divisions were divided into three districts , each under a Superintendent with his headquarters at a superintendent station . The superintendent stations themselves were commanded by District Officers , with the other stations under Station Officers . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 , the brigade was enlarged and took over almost all of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , part of west Kent , North Surrey and South West Essex , together with the small County Borough brigades of Croydon , East Ham and West Ham . The internal LFB organisation consists of three directorates that all report to the Commissioner . They are : - Operations ; - Safety and Assurance ; - Finance and Contractual Services . The LFBs headquarters since 2007 is located in Union Street in Southwark , adjacent to the brigades former training centre , which was both the original headquarters of the Massey Shaw fire brigade and his home , Winchester House , as well as the London Fire Brigade Museum . The brigade was previously headquartered in Lambeth between 1937 and 2007 . Legislative powers . Fire and rescue authorities in England come under the government department formerly known as the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) . This department was responsible for legislation covering fire authorities ; however , in 2006 , a structural change to central government led to the creation of the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) , and subsequently the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . It is now responsible for fire and resilience in England , including London . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 changed many working practices ; it was brought in to replace the Fire Services Act 1947 and repealed several existing acts , many going back fifty years . The full list of acts repealed can be found here : The 2004 Act was drafted in response to the Independent Review of the Fire Service , often referred to as the Bain Report , after its author Professor Sir George Bain . It recommended radical changes to many working procedures and led to a national firefighter strike in 2002–2003 . Further changes to the legislative , organisational and structural fabric of the brigade , which could include varying the attendance time , the location of frontline appliances and number of personnel , plus mandatory performance targets , priorities and objectives are set by the MHCLG in the form of a document called the Fire and Rescue Service National Framework . The framework is set annually by the government and applies to all brigades in England . Responsibility for the rest of the UK fire service is devolved to the various parliaments and assemblies . On country-wide issues , the Chief Fire Officers Association provides the collective voice on fire , rescue and resilience issues . Membership is made up from senior officers above the rank of Assistant Chief Officer , to Chief Fire Officer ( or the new title of Brigade Manager ) . Staffing . Rank structure . London Fire Brigade , along with many UK fire and rescue services , adopted a change in rank structure in 2006 . The traditional ranks were replaced with new titles descriptive of the job function . On 17 October 2019 , London Fire Brigade announced a return to the traditional rank titles , in a policy named Role to Rank . The rank structure of the Brigade is now as in the following table : Recruitment and training . In the last 24 months , the LFB have run three firefighter recruitment campaigns , however in previous years have seen fewer or even none . There are many factors as to why they would run a recruitment drive , as there is actually no set recruitment drive for firefighters . Professional firefighter training usually takes place at various London venues . On successful completion , the newly qualified firefighter is posted to a fire station to work on a shift pattern currently two day shifts ( ten and half hours ) , followed by two night shifts ( thirteen and half hours ) , followed by four days off . Working patterns were the subject of scrutiny in Professor Bains Independent Review of the Fire Service . After training school , firefighters serve a one-year period of probation ; qualification and full pay are not reached until the candidate completes a development folder which usually takes around 12–18 months . Ongoing training both theoretical and practical continues throughout the firefighters career . Shift pattern . In December 2010 the LFB and Fire Brigades Union ( FBU ) agreed on a new shift pattern for front-line firefighters : two 10½-hour day shifts then two 13½-hour night shifts followed by four days off . The agreement followed two 8-hour daytime strikes by the FBU in protest at the LFBs intention to change the shift pattern from two 9-hour day shifts then two 15-hour night shifts followed by three days off , to two 12-hour day shifts then two 12-hour night shifts followed by four days off . A London Fire Brigade report published in March 2012 stated that the shift changes have improved safety in the city . Compared with the 12 months prior to the shift changes , the 12 months following them saw firefighters able to spend more time on training , community safety work , and home safety visits ( including the free fitting of smoke alarms ) . Promotion . In order for a firefighter to gain promotion he or she must go through an assessment centre and reach the required standard set out by the Brigade . This process will be followed for each subsequent role the individual applies for , up to and including Assistant Commissioner . Appointments above the role of Assistant Commissioner are overseen by elected members of The London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . Some promotion exams can be substituted by qualifications from the Institution of Fire Engineers . Firefighters and civilians such as building inspectors , scientists , surveyors and other practising professionals , take these qualifications either by written test or research . Future promotion exams will be set using the Integrated Personal Development System ( IPDS ) . Firefighting , special services and fire prevention . In 2010/11 , the LFB handled a total of 212,657 emergency calls , including 5,241 hoax calls ( although it only mobilised to 2,248 of those malicious false alarms ) . During the same period , it dealt with 13,367 major fires . There were 6,731 dwelling fires , including 748 that had been started deliberately ; 73 people died in 58 fatal fires . In addition to conflagrations , LFB firefighters respond to special services . A special service is defined as every other non-fire related emergency , such as:<ref - Lift releases ( 9,395 in 2010/11 ) ; - Effecting entry/exit ( 7,276 in 2010/11 ) ; - Flooding ( 6,956 in 2010/11 ) ; - Traffic collisions ( 3,604 in 2010/11 ) ; - Spills and leaks ( 1,479 in 2010/11 ) ; - Assisting other agencies ( 855 in 2010/11 ) ; - Making safe operations ( 782 in 2010/11 ) ; - Animal rescues ( 583 in 2010/11 ) ; - Hazardous materials incidents ( 353 in 2010/11 ) ; - General evacuations ( 322 in 2010/11 ) ; - Suicides or attempts ( 229 in 2010/11 ) ; and - Waterborne rescues ( 38 in 2010/11 ) . The full scope of the brigades duties and powers is enshrined in the Fire and Rescue Act 2005 . Firefighters and , in some cases , specialist teams from the brigades fire investigation unit , based at Dowgate , also investigate arson incidents , often working alongside the police and providing evidence in court . In 2008/09 , deliberate fires accounted for 28% of all those attended by the LFB , a 28% reduction on the previous year . The other core duty of the brigade is to prevent damage , and day-to-day fire prevention duties . Firefighting cover . The LFB provides fire cover according to a system of four risk categories which have traditionally been used across the UK , where every building is rated for its risk on a scale from A down to D . The risk category determines the minimum number of appliances to be sent in a pre-determined mobilisation . Category A includes areas with a high density of large buildings and/or population , such as offices or factories . Three fire engines are to arrive at A risks within eight minutes , the first two within five minutes . Areas with a medium density of large buildings and/or population , such as multi-storey residential blocks , will generally be classified B risk . Two fire engines will be deployed , with one to arrive within five minutes and the second within eight minutes . Category C covers lower density , suburban areas and detached properties . One fire engine should arrive at a C risk incident within ten minutes . More rural areas not covered by the first three categories will be considered D risk . One fire engine should arrive at D risks within 20 minutes . Response times . In 2007/08 , the first fire engine mobilised to a 999 call arrived within five minutes 58.8% of the time , and within eight minutes 90% of the time . The second fire engine deployed arrived within eight minutes 81.9% of the time , and within ten minutes 92.4% of the time . In 2010/11 , the average response time of the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 34 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance was 6 minutes 53 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . In 2015/16 , the average response time for the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 33 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance to the scene was 6 minutes 55 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . Mutual assistance . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 gives the UK fire services the ability to call upon other services or fire authorities in what is known as mutual assistance . For example , the LFB played a comprehensive role in assisting Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service at the Buncefield fire in 2005 . Much earlier , the Hampton Court fire of 1986 , which was on the border with Surrey , was attended by both the LFB and Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . In 2015/16 the LFB assisted at 567 over the border incidents . The other fire services that adjoin the LFB are : - Essex County Fire and Rescue Service - Kent Fire and Rescue Service - Surrey Fire and Rescue Service - Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service - Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service - Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service The LFB also mobilises to support airport firefighters at London Heathrow Airport , London City Airport and The London Heliport . Determining the size of an incident . The LFB , along with all other UK fire and rescue services , determines the size of a fire or special service by the final number of appliances mobilised to deal with it . For example , two appliances are despatched to a B risk area in response to a fire call in a residential house . The officer-in-charge can request additional appliances by transmitting a radio message such as , make pumps four , or if persons are believed to be involved or trapped , make pumps four , persons reported . The control room will then deploy a further two appliances making a total of four . Informally , firefighters refer to such fires as a make up or a four-pumper ; If an incident is more serious , it can be escalated straight to a six- , eight- or ten-pump fire and beyond in London this is usually completed in even numbers , though it is not uncommon for a ten-pump fire to be made up to 15 if necessary . A call to , say , a large warehouse ablaze could be escalated straight to a ten-pump fire . The 2007 Cutty Sark fire required eight pumps ; as a serious incident escalates , the brigade deploys senior officers , Command Units and any specialist appliances required . Examples of 25-pump fires include the blaze at Alexandra Palace in 1980 , and at the Royal Marsden Hospital , Chelsea in 2008 , the latter also involving four aerial appliances . The Kings Cross fire in 1987 was a 30-pump fire , as was the blaze in numerous shops on Oxford Street in April 2007 . The Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 was a 40-pump fire . Pumping appliances can only operate with a minimum crew of four , and a maximum of six ( although this is rare ) so it is possible to estimate the number of firefighters attending an incident by multiplying the number of pumps by five . For example , the Cutty Sark fire was described as an eight-pump fire attended by 40 firefighters . Special services . Core services are paid for by Londons council tax payers and through central government funding known as a grant settlement ; each council tax payers bill will include a precept – a specific part of their bill that contributes to the funding of the fire brigade . Those in need of the LFBs services in an emergency do not pay , but the brigade can provide additional special services for which it may charge where there is no immediate threat to life or imminent risk of injury . Examples of these special services which may be charged for include the clearing of flooded commercial premises , the use of brigade equipment for supplying or removing water , and making structures safe in cases where there is no risk of personal injury to the public . Safety and fire prevention . LFB firefighters and watch officers often visit residential and commercial premises to advise on hazard risk assessment and fire prevention . They also provide safety education to schools and youth groups . Each of the London boroughs has a central fire safety office that collates and coordinates fire prevention work in accordance with legislation , and they are supported by a dedicated team of specialist officers . In 2010/11 , the LFB made 70,016 home fire safety visits . Over 100,000 children are seen each year by the brigades schools team . Around half of all serious fires occur in the home , and many house fires attended by the LFB no smoke alarm was fitted , despite the LFB fitting tens of thousands in homes every year . Stations and equipment . As of 2014 , the LFB has 103 fire stations , including one river station , across the 32 London boroughs and the City of London . They are staffed 24 hours a day by full-time employees of the brigade , and are linked to a control centre in Merton . This centre was opened in 2012 ; calls to it are fed from 999 operators at BT , Cable & Wireless and Global Crossing . Central London stations can attend up to 8,000 calls per year , inner-city stations about 3,000 to 4,000 calls per year ( these tend to be the stations that are busy serving the densely populated areas ) , and outlying or suburban fire stations may attend around 1,500 calls which include road traffic accidents , grass fires and house fires . Some UK fire authorities use retained ( part-time ) firefighters who live and work near their local station and are on-call , but the LFB is one of only three UK fire services where all operational staff are full-time employees . Each station has four shifts , or watches : red , white , blue and green , with a Sub Officer ( single appliance stations ) or Station Officer ( multi appliance stations ) in charge of each . The overall management of the station falls to the Station Commander , who will also attend serious incidents , as well as spending time on call . A group of one ( City of London ) to five ( Tower Hamlets ) stations within a borough are managed by a Borough Commander ( Group Commander ) who interacts strategically on a local level with the Borough Commander for the police and ambulance services and the chief executive of the local authority . Stations and districts . Upon the founding of the London County Council in 1965 , the new authority was organised into 11 divisions , of roughly 10 to 12 stations each , designated A Division through to L Division , dispatched by three 999 mobilising control rooms . A ( West End ) , D ( West London ) , G ( North West London ) and J ( North London ) mobilised from Wembley ( the former Middlesex headquarters ) ; B ( Central London south of the river ) , E ( South East London and Kent ) , H ( South London and Surrey ) and K ( South West London south of the river and Surrey ) mobilised from Croydon ( the former Croydon County Borough headquarters ) ; finally , C ( City and Inner East London ) , F ( East London including Docklands ) and L ( North East London and South West Essex ) , mobilised from Stratford ( the former West Ham County Borough headquarters ) . Each of these divisions were , to a degree , autonomous of each other and had their own divisional management hierarchy . This arrangement lasted until 1989 when the brigade was re-organised into the current arrangement . The LFB is currently formed into five divisions : Northern , Eastern , Western , Southeastern and Southwestern . As of 2013 , 21 fire stations were located in the Northern Division and have call signs prefixed A ; 26 were in the Eastern Division with call signs prefixed F ; Western Division consisted of 21 stations with G-prefixed call signs ; 22 were under the Southeastern Division with an E prefix ; and the remaining 22 were based in the Southwestern Division , call signs prefixed H . As part of this organisation , many stations were re-coded . Below is a complete listing , as of 2014 , of the 102 fire stations of the London Fire Brigade according to district and station radio callsign . The LFB is divided into five districts , each designated by a letter of the alphabet : the Northern District Command is designated as A ; the Southeastern District Command is designated as E ; the Eastern District Command is designated as F ; the Western District Command is designated as G ; the Southwestern District Command is designated as H . - Northern District The Northern District Command is designated as A or Alpha . There are currently 17 fire stations in the Northern District . The Northern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barnet , Camden , Enfield , Haringey , Islington , the City of Westminster and the City of London . - Southeastern District The Southeastern District Command is designated as E or Echo . There are currently 19 fire stations in the Southeastern District . The Southeastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Bexley , Bromley , Greenwich , Lewisham , and Southwark . - Eastern District The Eastern District Command is designated as F or Foxtrot . There are currently 23 fire stations in the Eastern District . The Eastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets , and Waltham Forest . - Western District The Western District Command is designated as G or Golf . There are currently 21 fire stations in the Western District . The Western District serves the following boroughs of London : Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow , and Kensington and Chelsea . - Southwestern District The Southwestern District Command is designated as H or Hotel . There are currently 22 fire stations in the Southwestern District , including the independent River Station , the quarters of the Fireboat . The Southwestern District serves the following boroughs of London : Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Lambeth , Merton , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , and Wandsworth . Appliances . All 102 LFB stations ( not counting the river station ) have a conventional fire appliance known as a dual pump ladder . Around 55 stations are also assigned one additional pump . Numerous other stations are home to a range of other specialist vehicles . The stations that are assigned both a dual pump ladder and a pump are generally the busier stations receiving over 2,000 emergency calls ( known colloquially by firefighters as shouts ) per year . They may also be stations of strategic importance , or those located in areas considered to be high risk . The remaining stations equipped with a single pump ladder generally attend fewer than 2,000 calls per year . An earlier fleet of mostly Volvo vehicles was phased out , with some retained for training and reserve purposes , and replaced between 2002 and 2011 with new Mercedes-Benz vehicles . In 2012 , the LFB purchased five Mini Countrymans for conversion into instant response vehicles . The two-seat cars are fitted with six extinguishers ( two each of water , foam and powder ) , plus a first-aid kit and defibrillator , and may be deployed to investigate automatic alarms actuating and smaller fires such as those in rubbish bins which do not require a full-sized engine and crew . The brigade has indicated a wish to add more smaller vehicles to its fleet , including crossover utility vehicles which could be fitted with water pumps , breathing apparatus and pull-out equipment drawers , and with enough space for four firefighters . In 2016 , the LFB announced they would be replacing the older-generation ( currently used ) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as : an improved crew cab for the comfort and safety of firefighters , new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models , a brand new electronically controlled pump , and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine , which will be compatible with Londons low-emission zones . In 2017 , 52 initial appliance orders are being rolled out across London ready for operational use , replacing the older 2002-2004 pumps , and later replacing the newer 2006-2008 pumps . The primary reason for the replacement of the older Ategos was due to their age ( some being 15 years old ) and poor economy . As of 2016 , the LFBs frontline operational fleet consists of : - Approximately 100 Dual Pump Ladders ( DPL ) ( plus approximately 25 used for training ) - Approximately 50 Pumps ( P ) - 15 Fire Rescue Units ( FRU ) ( plus 1 for training ) - 14 Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) multi-purpose vehicles - 8 Incident Response Units ( IRU ) - 8 Command Support Units ( CSU ) - 7 Aerial Ladder Platforms ( ALP ) - 6 Operational Support Units ( OSU ) - 6 High-volume Pumps ( HVP ) - 6 Fire Investigation Units ( FIU ) - 5 Instant Response Vehicles ( IRV ) - 4 Turntable Ladders ( TL ) - 4 Hose Laying Units ( HLU ) - 3 Bulk Foam Units ( BFU ) - 2 Scientific Support Units ( SSU ) - 2 Detection , Identification , and Monitoring Units ( DIM ) - 1 All-terrain Pump - 1 Heavy Distribution Unit ( HDU ) - 1 Fire Investigation Dog Unit ( FID ) - 1 Fireboat ( plus 1 used as a reserve and for training ) Improvements . The programme of improvements in staffing and equipment undertaken by the LFB since the September 11 attacks to improve Londons resilience and its capability to deal with major emergencies , including the threat of terrorism has included : ten Incident Response Units ; two Scientific Support Units ; four different types of urban search and rescue ( USAR ) vehicles and ten USAR personnel carriers ; three mass decontamination resilience units ; and six equipment carriers known as Operational Support Units . Architecturally , fire stations vary in age and design from Edwardian era red-brick fire houses to modern spacious blocks complete with additional specialist facilities . Early fire stations were originally built with horse-drawn appliances in mind and with traditional features such as the firemans pole , used by firefighters to gain rapid access from their upstairs quarters to the fire engine garages below when summoned . More modern fire stations , though constructed without such features , often have more spacious accommodation and facilities for staff of both sexes , public visitor areas such as community safety offices and other amenities . An example of these is the new fire station in Hammersmith which opened in 2003 , just a few hundred yards along Shepherds Bush Road from the previous local fire station which had been constructed in 1913 . Modernisation . In 2008 , existing LFB facilities were deemed unsuitable to meet the demands of modern firefighting and training . The LFB had been training firefighters at its current Grade 2 listed building in Southwark since 1878 . In response , the LFB signed a partnership contract with Babcock International Group PLC to provide firefighter training over the course of 25 years beginning in 2012 . Babcock is also the number one training provider to the Royal Navy , which includes firefighter training . The improvement program for firefighting training will introduce two new dedicated training centres and upgrades to 10 regional training centres . There will also be further improvements through additional computers and training facilities across many of the capitals 103 fire stations . The new firefighting training systems , supplied by Process Combustion Ltd , will have low environmental impact and will allow firefighter training to take place at night under simulated extreme conditions that firefighters will face on incident ground . In addition to improving training facilities , Babcocks proposals will increase the amount of time available for firefighter training and save the LFB an estimated £66m over the next 25 years . Fire station closures . The creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 saw the number of LFB stations increase . The LFB absorbed some stations from the county brigades . At the time there were a handful of smaller brigades : Middlesex , Croydon , West Ham and East Ham – they were all incorporated into the LFB . By 1965 the LFB had 115 stations , plus two river stations . The LFB has an ongoing policy of upgrading existing fire stations , and building new stations to replace those that are no longer suitable for the requirements of a modern-day fire service . In February 2010 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , officially opened the LFBs first new station in four years , at Harold Hill . The mayor hailed the stations exceptional environmental sustainability , calling it the greenest station in the capital . In the past two decades the total number of stations has reduced slightly , with the following permanent closures , including 10 in January 2014 as part of budget cuts : - 2014 : Belsize ( A42 ) , Bow ( F27 ) , Clerkenwell ( A27 ) , Downham ( E32 ) , Kingsland ( F31 ) , Knightsbridge ( A26 ) , Silvertown ( F46 ) , Southwark ( E33 ) , Westminster ( A25 ) , and Woolwich ( E24 ) . - 2005 : Manchester Square ( A22 ) - 1999 : Barbican ( A29 ) - 1998 : Heathrow Airport ( new station subsequently opened when the central terminal area was re-classified as A risk ) - 1998 : Shooters Hill ( E26 ) - 1993 : Sanderstead ( H30 ) ( originally a Surrey Fire Brigade station ) Regional control centre . In October 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) announced that the location for the new regional control centre , dedicated to the capital and part of the FiReControl project , would be at the Merton industrial estate in the London Borough of Merton . FiReControl was however scrapped in 2010 . Major or notable incidents . The geographical area covered by the LFB along with the major transport infrastructure and the political , business and administrative bases typical of a capital city has seen the brigade involved in many significant incidents . Major incident procedure . A major incident is defined as any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of Londons emergency services and will generally include the involvement , either directly or indirectly , of large numbers of people . Any member of any of the emergency services can initiate a major incident . Responsibility for the rescue of persons involved lies with the LFB . The care and transportation of casualties to hospital is the responsibility of the London Ambulance Service . Police will ease these operations by co-ordinating the emergency services , local authorities and other agencies . When a major incident is declared the services , along with civilian agencies , use a structural system known as gold-silver-bronze command that allows them to follow a set procedure for incident management . Put simply , gold relates to strategic control of an incident , silver to tactical command , and bronze to operational control . The term gold command can also relate to an emergency service building , mobile control unit or other base that becomes the focal point ( often remotely ) for the incidents management . Additionally , a major incident can lead to the government activating its coordination facility , known as COBR . Notable incidents . Notable incidents , some declared major incidents and some in which firefighters lost their lives , where the LFB has played a significant role include : - Grenfell Tower fire , 2017 ( 40 pumps ) In June 2017 the LFB sent over 200 firefighters and officers in 40 fire engines , all 14 of its fire rescue units , four aerial ladder platforms and multiple command and operational support units to the Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington . Crews were mobilised to the large tower block , which was ultimately almost completely alight , on the Lancaster West estate in the early hours of 14 June 2017 and some remained there for several days bringing the blaze under control . One of Surrey Fire and Rescue Services aerial ladder platforms was also requested due to its additional height . There were 72 fatalities making the incident Britains deadliest residential fire since the Blitz during World War II . - Wembley industrial estate , 2017 ( 20 pumps ) Over 120 firefighters , 20 pumps and four aerial ladder platforms were mobilised to a large fire in industrial units in Wembley in January 2017 . The blaze affected a number of two-storey units and took around 17 hours to bring under control , and days to dampen down and declare the site safe . Crews from Wembley , Northolt , Willesden , Park Royal , Stanmore and Hillingdon fire stations attended the incident . - Camden market fire , 2014 ( 10 pumps ) Ten fire engines and over 70 firefighters and officers were called to a fire at Stables Market on Chalk Farm Road , Camden , in May 2014 . A number of shops under railway arches were damaged by the blaze . Around 600 people were evacuated from the area . Crews were first mobilised at around 8 p.m . and the fire was under control by 10:50 p.m . Crews from Kentish Town , Euston , West Hampstead , Lambeth , Holloway , Islington and Soho stations attended the incident . Early indications suggested that the cause of the fire was an accidental electrical issue . - Vauxhall helicopter crash , 2013 Nearly 150 firefighters were involved in operations following a helicopter crash in Vauxhall in misty conditions during the morning rush-hour on 16 January 2013 . Several specialist vehicles , including heavy rescue and urban search and rescue , were mobilised to the scene where the wreckage fell onto a street , damaging five cars , two motorbikes and two adjacent buildings , after the aircrafts rotor blades struck a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower . The pilot and one person on the ground were killed in the incident . Fire crews also attended the tower block where the crane was left in a precarious position , and evacuated hundreds of workers and dozens of homes . A fireboat also carried out a precautionary search of the nearby River Thames . - Dagenham recycling centre fire , 2012 ( 40 pumps ) Over 200 firefighters attended what was described by the commissioner as the largest fire in London for several years . The LFB took just over four hours to bring under control the one-storey Dagenham recycling plant the size of a football pitch which was completely alight , sending a plume of smoke over east London . In addition to 40 fire engines , an aerial ladder platform , command unit , hose layer and three operational support vehicles attended . - Camden Market fire , 2008 ( 20 pumps ) Fire ravaged the stalls at the historic Camden Market in February 2008 , forcing the evacuation of 450 people from the area , including 100 from their homes . Twenty fire engines and over 100 firefighters fought to bring the blaze under control within six hours and prevent any loss of life . - Cutty Sark fire , 2007 ( 6 pumps ) Although no lives were endangered and a major incident was not initiated , the fire at the historic tea clipper Cutty Sark in May 2007 became a notable incident for the widespread interest of national media and the unusual circumstances – having been caused by an industrial vacuum cleaner inadvertently left switched on by renovation workers for 48 hours . Two fire appliances and an aerial appliance arrived at the scene within six minutes of the initial call to emergency services , and the commanding officer immediately requested an additional four appliances ; firefighters brought the blaze under control within an hour . - Oxford Street , 2007 ( 30 pumps ) From 27 to 28 April 2007 Londons busiest shopping area was closed whilst more than 100 firefighters tackled a large fire in a flat above a department store on Oxford Street . The clothing retailer New Look was later fined a record £400,000 for fire safety breaches . - Buncefield oil terminal , 2005 The UKs largest peacetime fire broke out on 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal at Buncefield . Although the major incident was attended by the LFB , its role was assisting and providing additional foam supplies to the neighbouring Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service , to the north of London , whose ground the incident took place in . - 7 July 2005 bombings ( 12/12/10 pumps ) Multiple major incidents were declared across London in response to the 7/7 terrorist attacks . A total of 34 pumps and nine fire-rescue units were mobilised to the four bomb sites . - Bethnal Green Road , 2004 ( 8 pumps ) A fire in shops and flats in Bethnal Green Road , Bethnal Green in July 2004 gained coverage in the national media due to the deaths of two LFB firefighters . The first LFB fatalities since 1993 were two of the 50 mobilised to the scene . - Buckingham Palace fire , 2002 ( 20 pumps ) Fire broke out on 2 June 2002 in the west terrace of Buckingham Palace . At its peak , 20 fire engines and 100 firefighters were on the scene , and in the course of firefighting operations four people were rescued from the roof . The Royal Family were away at the time . - Paddington train crash , 1999 ( 12 pumps ) Also known as the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , two trains collided a short distance outside of Paddington station in October 1999 , killing 31 people . - Cannon Street train crash , 1991 Two people were killed and over 500 injured in the Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 . - Marchioness disaster , 1989 The Marchioness disaster of August 1989 involved a collision on the River Thames between a pleasure boat , the Marchioness , and a gravel dredger , the Bowbelle , resulting in the sinking of the Marchioness and the deaths of 51 people . Initial confusion over which bridge the ship had sunk near meant fireboats and fire engines were sent in the wrong direction . It was not until half an hour later that a station officer from Southwark radioed : Marchioness sunk , believed downstream of Blackfrairs Bridge with unknown number of people in river and Met Police searching river between Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges . - Clapham Junction train crash , 1988 The Clapham Junction rail crash occurred on 12 December 1988 when a busy commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train , derailing it into the path of an oncoming third train . Thirty-five people died and 69 others suffered serious injury . - Kings Cross fire , 1987 The Kings Cross fire broke out on 18 November 1987 under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Kings Cross tube station platforms to the surface . The blaze and smoke claimed 31 lives , including that of Soho station officer Colin Townsley while he rescued a woman from a ticket office . Investigation and research of the fire resulted in the discovery of the trench effect . - Hampton Court fire , 1986 ( 20 pumps , jointly with Surrey ) On 31 March 1986 , a fire broke out at Hampton Court Palace , which killed one person . 20 fire engines and around 125 firefighters from both the LFB and the neighbouring Surrey Fire and Rescue Service were sent to the scene , which is on the border between the two areas . Firefighters played a major role in the rescue of some of the more valuable artworks from the palace . - New Cross house fire , 1981 The infamous New Cross house fire of 18 January 1981 claimed the lives of 13 people , all aged between 14 and 22 , attending a birthday party . The exact and true cause has never been established . - Denmark Place fire , 1980 In the early hours of 15 August 1980 , a man who was earlier ejected from an illegal drinking and gambling club in Soho returned with gasoline and started a fire that killed 37 people and injured 23 others . The incident became known as the Denmark Place fire . - The Granary warehouse , 1978 ( 35 pumps , 6 turntable ladders ) 1 October 1978 saw one of Londons largest post–World War II fires , at The Granary warehouse on St . Pancras Way . At the first call at 2:58 a.m. , three fire engines and a turntable ladder were sent to the scene . The scale of the blaze is evidenced by the rapid development of the LFBs mobilisation : make pumps four at 3:05 a.m. ; make pumps six at 3:07 a.m. ; make pumps 10 at 3:12 a.m. ; make pumps 15 and turntable ladders 2 at 3:19 a.m. ; make turntable ladders 4 at 3:39 a.m. ; make pumps 20 and turntable ladders 6 at 3:51 a.m. ; make pumps 25 at 4:19 a.m. ; make hose layers 2 at 4:30 a.m. ; and make pumps 35 at 5:13 a.m . At 4:50 a.m. , the structure suffered a major collapse , killing firefighter Stephen Neill from Barbican station , seriously injuring three others , and destroying two fire engines . - Moorgate train crash , 1975 The Moorgate tube crash was a disaster on the London Underground in February 1975 when a train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel . The driver and 42 passengers were killed . - Worsley Hotel fire , 1974 ( 30 pumps ) The Worsley Hotel fire of December 1974 was an arson attack that killed seven people , including probationary firefighter Hamish Petit of Paddington station . Four fire engines , a turntable ladder and emergency tender were initially mobilised to the scene , gradually increased to 30 pumps with three turntable ladders , three emergency tenders , and hose layers . A 41-year-old kitchen porter was convicted of the attack and seven counts of manslaughter and was jailed for life . - 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign During the 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign throughout the last quarter of the 20th century , several major bombings were carried out in London by the Provisional IRA , including at the Palace of Westminster , Tower of London , and Harrods . A list of these and other bombings in London to which the LFB responded can be found here . - Dudgeons Wharf , 1969 Dudgeons Wharf on the Isle of Dogs contained a site of over 100 tanks of various capacities up to 20,000 gallons used for storing oils and spirits . A fire started when workmen were cutting up old oil tanks . The LFB was called – six pumps , a foam tender and the fireboat Massey Shaw – and while firefighters tackled the fire an oil tank exploded . Five firefighters from Millwall and Poplar stations were killed , the largest single loss of life in the LFB since the Second World War . - Bishopsgate goods yard , 1964 ( 40 pumps , 12 turntable ladders ) Londons main railway goods terminal at was gutted by a spectacular fire in December 1964 . Within 37 minutes of the first crews arriving on scene , the scale of the blaze was so intense and widespread that 40 fire engines had been mobilised . In addition , 12 turntable ladders , two hose layers , two emergency tenders , and 235 firefighters battled the fire which killed two customs officials and destroyed hundreds of railway wagons , dozens of motor vehicles and millions of pounds worth of goods . The site remained derelict for the next 30 years until being rebuilt as Shoreditch High Street railway station . - Smithfield market , 1958 ( 50 pumps ) Over the course of firefighting operations at Londons central meat market in January 1958 , a total of 389 fire engines with more than 1,700 firefighters from 58 fire stations worked in shifts to tackle a fire of exceptional proportions . - Covent Garden warehouse fire , 1954 While fighting a fire in a five-storey warehouse adjacent to Covent Garden , a station officer and firefighter , both of Clerkenwell station , were killed . Six more were hospitalised , with three requiring plastic surgery treatment . - London Blitz on 7 September 1940 , a sub-officer at West Ham fire station witnessed the start of the Blitz by Nazi Germany on London . He reported that three miles of waterfront buildings had become a continuous blaze , and ordered 500 fire engines to be mobilised . The commander thought this an exaggeration and sent someone to investigate the situation , who reported back that 1,000 were required . More than 300 firefighters perished in the widespread and sustained bombing campaign , including two in a direct hit on Soho fire station and six in a direct hit on Wandsworth fire station . - Crystal Palace fire , 1936 ( 88 pumps ) A major fire which led to the complete destruction of the Crystal Palace on 30 November 1936 was attended by 88 fire engines and 438 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade and three other brigades , plus 749 police officers . - Colonial Wharf , 1935 ( 60 pumps ) An eight-storey rubber warehouse in Wapping High Street burned for four days from 27 September 1935 , with 60 fire engines in attendance . It was the first major incident for one of the LFBs most famous fireboats , the Massey Shaw , which greatly assisted land crews , who were hampered by inaccessibility , by supplying a vast water jet to allow the land crews to regroup and prevent the fire from spreading to adjoining warehouses . - Vauxhall , 1918 A fire on 30 January 1918 claimed the lives of seven London firefighters . Staff at Vauxhall fire station were alerted to the incident by a passer-by , and upon arrival found a three-storey private house well alight , with the roof and upper floor partially collapsed . The fire was extinguished within two hours but firefighters remained in the building dampening down . It was then , while the men were on the ground floor , that the building suffered a total structural collapse . Six firefighters died on scene , one later from severe injury , and two suffered lesser injuries . Notable exercises . - Exercise Unified Response , 2016 London Fire Brigade led the planning and staging of a large , multi-agency exercise at multiple sites in London , simulating the collapse of Waterloo station onto an underground train . In popular culture . - Londons Firefighters : Edited by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2015 . An illustrated anthology of articles , fiction and verse about the London Fire Brigade , much of it drawn from the award-winning in-house magazine London Fireman ( 1966–82 ) and London Firefighter ( 1982–2005 ) . The book celebrates the 150th anniversary in 2016 of Londons fire brigades ( 1866–2016 ) by delivering both a comprehensive history of the London Fire Brigade and a portrait of individual firemen and firewomen at work and ( occasionally ) at play . The illustrations , many from the London Fire Brigade and the Mary Evans Picture Library offer a commentary on the text . - Beyond the Flames : Written by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2013 . It is a personal , insiders account of the life and history of the London Fire Brigade from 1965 to the late 1990s . This book was runner-up in the 2014 The Peoples Book Prize ( UK ) ( the UKs prestigious first-time author literary award ) and was nominated for the Beryl Bainbridge Award 2014 . In 2015 Beyond the Flames was a finalist in the ( Wishing Shelf Independent Books Awards ) . David Pike was awarded the Queens Commendation for Brave Conduct , and went on to rise to senior rank and organised many of the Brigades most high-profile events in the early 1990s . - Fire Wars : In July 2003 , the BBC followed the arson investigators of the LFBs fire investigation unit . The two-part series looked at how the LFB investigated 4,000 fires where the cause was unknown . The second programme , Fire Wars : Murder Most Foul , centred on one investigation . - Londons Burning : The ITV television series Londons Burning was based on the fictional Blackwall fire station and centred on characters of the stations blue watch . It was originally a 1986 television film , written by Jack Rosenthal . The fire station used as the principal location in the drama was Dockhead , near London Bridge , before moving to Leyton fire station in east London late in the series . The series that followed the film ran from 1988 to 2002 . - Fire! : The LFBs Kingsland Road fire station in Hackney , east London , was the focus of a documentary series by Thames Television for ITV , broadcast in the spring of 1991 . - Fireman ! A Personal Account : Former London firefighter Neil Wallington wrote this account of his experience in the LFB , published in 1979 . He chronicled his transition from a firefighter in the Croydon Fire Brigade through to his reaching the rank of station officer in the LFB . He went on to become the Chief Fire Officer of the Devon fire brigade ( now known as Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service ) and has written several books about fire services over the world . Wallingtons work outlined the change in working conditions in the LFB in the 1970s , a time that saw the working hours of firefighters reduced and conditions improved . - Red Watch : The former ITN newsreader Gordon Honeycombe became friendly with Neil Wallington while he was a station officer at Paddington fire station . In 1976 , Honeycombe published an account of the Worsley Hotel fire , a major fire at a hostel in Maida Vale in 1974 that claimed the lives of seven people including one firefighter . The book provided a graphic account of a single incident , and outlined some of the changes to working practices that resulted from it .
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London Fire Brigade The London Fire Brigade ( LFB ) is the fire and rescue service for London . It was formed by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 , under the leadership of superintendent Eyre Massey Shaw . The LFB is the busiest of all the fire services in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest in size , after the national Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , and has the largest number of full-time firefighters . It has 5,992 staff , including 5,096 operational firefighters and officers based at 102 fire stations ( plus one river station ) . The LFB is led by the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning , Andy Roe . The brigade and Commissioner are overseen by the Greater London Authority , which in April 2018 took over these responsibilities from the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ( LFEPA ) . In the 2015-16 financial year the LFB received 171,488 emergency calls . These consisted of : 20,773 fires , 48,696 false alarms of fire and 30,066 other calls for service . As well as firefighting , the LFB also responds to road traffic collisions , floods , shut-in-lift releases , and other incidents such as those involving hazardous materials or major transport accidents . It also conducts emergency planning and performs fire safety inspections and education . It does not provide an ambulance service as this function is performed by the London Ambulance Service as an independent NHS trust , although all LFB firefighters are trained in first aid and all of its fire engines carry first aid equipment . Since 2016 , the LFB has provided first aid for some life-threatening medical emergencies ( e.g . cardiac or respiratory arrest ) . History . Following a multitude of ad-hoc firefighting arrangements and the Great Fire of London , various insurance companies established firefighting units to tackle fires that occurred in buildings that their respective companies insured . As demands grew on the primitive firefighting units they began to coordinate and co-operate with each other until , on 1 January 1833 , the London Fire Engine Establishment was formed under the leadership of James Braidwood , who had founded the first professional , municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh . He introduced a uniform that , for the first time , included personal protection from the hazards of firefighting . With 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations , the unit was still a private enterprise , funded by the insurance companies and as such was responsible mainly for saving material goods from fire . Several large fires , most notably at the Palace of Westminster in 1834 and the 1861 Tooley Street fire ( in which Braidwood died in action , aged 61 ) , spurred the insurance companies to lobby the British government to provide the brigade at public expense and management . After due consideration , in 1865 the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was passed , creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw , a former head of police and fire services in Belfast . In 1904 it was renamed as the London Fire Brigade . The LFB moved into a new headquarters built by Higgs and Hill on the Albert Embankment in Lambeth in 1937 , where it remained until 2007 . During the Second World War the countrys brigades were amalgamated into a single National Fire Service . The separate London Fire Brigade for the County of London was re-established in 1948 . With the formation of Greater London in 1965 , this absorbed most of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , the borough brigades for West Ham , East Ham and Croydon and parts of the Essex , Hertfordshire , Surrey and Kent brigades . In 1986 the Greater London Council ( GLC ) was disbanded and a new statutory authority , the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority ( LFCDA ) , was formed to take responsibility for the LFB . The LFCDA was replaced in 2000 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . At the same time , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) was established to administer the LFEPA and coordinate emergency planning for London . Consisting of the Mayor of London and other elected members , the GLA also takes responsibility for the Metropolitan Police Service , Transport for London and other functions . In 2007 the LFB vacated its Lambeth headquarters and moved to a site in Union Street , Southwark . In the same year , the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that LFB Commissioner Ken Knight had been appointed as the first Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser to the government . Knight was succeeded as Commissioner at that time by Ron Dobson , who served for almost ten years . Dany Cotton took over in 2017 , becoming the brigades first female commissioner . Commissioners and chief officers . As of 1 January 2020 Andy Roe is the commissioner of the LFB . He succeeds Dany Cotton , who in 2017 had become the first woman to hold the top role ; Cotton resigned in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire after 32 years service in the brigade . Prior to Cotton , Ron Dobson was the commissioner and he had served in the LFB since 1979 ; he was awarded a CBE for his distinguished contribution to the fire service . - 1833 to 1861 : James Braidwood ( director of the London Fire Engine Establishment , died in action ) - 1861 to 1891 : Capt . Eyre Massey Shaw ( superintendent , later chief officer ) - 1891 to 1896 : James Sexton Simmonds - 1896 to 1903 : Capt . Lionel de Latour Wells - 1903 to 1909 : RAdm . James de Courcy Hamilton - 1909 to 1918 : Lt . Cdr . Sir Sampson Sladen - 1918 to 1933 : Arthur Reginald Dyer - 1933 to 1938 : Maj . Cyril Morris - 1938 to 1941 : Cdr . Sir Aylmer Firebrace - 1939 to 1941 : Maj . Frank Jackson - 1941 to 1948 : all fire brigades nationalised - 1948 to 1962 : Sir Frederick Delve - 1962 to 1970 : Leslie Leete - 1970 to 1976 : Joseph Milner - 1976 to 1980 : Peter Darby - 1980 to 1987 : Ronald Bullers - 1987 to 1991 : Gerald Clarkson - 1991 to 2003 : Brian Robinson ( first commissioner ) - 2003 to 2007 : Sir Ken Knight - 2007 to 2016 : Ron Dobson - 2017 to 2019 : Dany Cotton - 2020 to present : Andy Roe Organisation . Historically , the London Fire Brigade was organised into two divisions : Northern and Southern , divided in most places by the River Thames and each commanded by a Divisional Officer . Both divisions were divided into three districts , each under a Superintendent with his headquarters at a superintendent station . The superintendent stations themselves were commanded by District Officers , with the other stations under Station Officers . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 , the brigade was enlarged and took over almost all of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , part of west Kent , North Surrey and South West Essex , together with the small County Borough brigades of Croydon , East Ham and West Ham . The internal LFB organisation consists of three directorates that all report to the Commissioner . They are : - Operations ; - Safety and Assurance ; - Finance and Contractual Services . The LFBs headquarters since 2007 is located in Union Street in Southwark , adjacent to the brigades former training centre , which was both the original headquarters of the Massey Shaw fire brigade and his home , Winchester House , as well as the London Fire Brigade Museum . The brigade was previously headquartered in Lambeth between 1937 and 2007 . Legislative powers . Fire and rescue authorities in England come under the government department formerly known as the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) . This department was responsible for legislation covering fire authorities ; however , in 2006 , a structural change to central government led to the creation of the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) , and subsequently the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . It is now responsible for fire and resilience in England , including London . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 changed many working practices ; it was brought in to replace the Fire Services Act 1947 and repealed several existing acts , many going back fifty years . The full list of acts repealed can be found here : The 2004 Act was drafted in response to the Independent Review of the Fire Service , often referred to as the Bain Report , after its author Professor Sir George Bain . It recommended radical changes to many working procedures and led to a national firefighter strike in 2002–2003 . Further changes to the legislative , organisational and structural fabric of the brigade , which could include varying the attendance time , the location of frontline appliances and number of personnel , plus mandatory performance targets , priorities and objectives are set by the MHCLG in the form of a document called the Fire and Rescue Service National Framework . The framework is set annually by the government and applies to all brigades in England . Responsibility for the rest of the UK fire service is devolved to the various parliaments and assemblies . On country-wide issues , the Chief Fire Officers Association provides the collective voice on fire , rescue and resilience issues . Membership is made up from senior officers above the rank of Assistant Chief Officer , to Chief Fire Officer ( or the new title of Brigade Manager ) . Staffing . Rank structure . London Fire Brigade , along with many UK fire and rescue services , adopted a change in rank structure in 2006 . The traditional ranks were replaced with new titles descriptive of the job function . On 17 October 2019 , London Fire Brigade announced a return to the traditional rank titles , in a policy named Role to Rank . The rank structure of the Brigade is now as in the following table : Recruitment and training . In the last 24 months , the LFB have run three firefighter recruitment campaigns , however in previous years have seen fewer or even none . There are many factors as to why they would run a recruitment drive , as there is actually no set recruitment drive for firefighters . Professional firefighter training usually takes place at various London venues . On successful completion , the newly qualified firefighter is posted to a fire station to work on a shift pattern currently two day shifts ( ten and half hours ) , followed by two night shifts ( thirteen and half hours ) , followed by four days off . Working patterns were the subject of scrutiny in Professor Bains Independent Review of the Fire Service . After training school , firefighters serve a one-year period of probation ; qualification and full pay are not reached until the candidate completes a development folder which usually takes around 12–18 months . Ongoing training both theoretical and practical continues throughout the firefighters career . Shift pattern . In December 2010 the LFB and Fire Brigades Union ( FBU ) agreed on a new shift pattern for front-line firefighters : two 10½-hour day shifts then two 13½-hour night shifts followed by four days off . The agreement followed two 8-hour daytime strikes by the FBU in protest at the LFBs intention to change the shift pattern from two 9-hour day shifts then two 15-hour night shifts followed by three days off , to two 12-hour day shifts then two 12-hour night shifts followed by four days off . A London Fire Brigade report published in March 2012 stated that the shift changes have improved safety in the city . Compared with the 12 months prior to the shift changes , the 12 months following them saw firefighters able to spend more time on training , community safety work , and home safety visits ( including the free fitting of smoke alarms ) . Promotion . In order for a firefighter to gain promotion he or she must go through an assessment centre and reach the required standard set out by the Brigade . This process will be followed for each subsequent role the individual applies for , up to and including Assistant Commissioner . Appointments above the role of Assistant Commissioner are overseen by elected members of The London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . Some promotion exams can be substituted by qualifications from the Institution of Fire Engineers . Firefighters and civilians such as building inspectors , scientists , surveyors and other practising professionals , take these qualifications either by written test or research . Future promotion exams will be set using the Integrated Personal Development System ( IPDS ) . Firefighting , special services and fire prevention . In 2010/11 , the LFB handled a total of 212,657 emergency calls , including 5,241 hoax calls ( although it only mobilised to 2,248 of those malicious false alarms ) . During the same period , it dealt with 13,367 major fires . There were 6,731 dwelling fires , including 748 that had been started deliberately ; 73 people died in 58 fatal fires . In addition to conflagrations , LFB firefighters respond to special services . A special service is defined as every other non-fire related emergency , such as:<ref - Lift releases ( 9,395 in 2010/11 ) ; - Effecting entry/exit ( 7,276 in 2010/11 ) ; - Flooding ( 6,956 in 2010/11 ) ; - Traffic collisions ( 3,604 in 2010/11 ) ; - Spills and leaks ( 1,479 in 2010/11 ) ; - Assisting other agencies ( 855 in 2010/11 ) ; - Making safe operations ( 782 in 2010/11 ) ; - Animal rescues ( 583 in 2010/11 ) ; - Hazardous materials incidents ( 353 in 2010/11 ) ; - General evacuations ( 322 in 2010/11 ) ; - Suicides or attempts ( 229 in 2010/11 ) ; and - Waterborne rescues ( 38 in 2010/11 ) . The full scope of the brigades duties and powers is enshrined in the Fire and Rescue Act 2005 . Firefighters and , in some cases , specialist teams from the brigades fire investigation unit , based at Dowgate , also investigate arson incidents , often working alongside the police and providing evidence in court . In 2008/09 , deliberate fires accounted for 28% of all those attended by the LFB , a 28% reduction on the previous year . The other core duty of the brigade is to prevent damage , and day-to-day fire prevention duties . Firefighting cover . The LFB provides fire cover according to a system of four risk categories which have traditionally been used across the UK , where every building is rated for its risk on a scale from A down to D . The risk category determines the minimum number of appliances to be sent in a pre-determined mobilisation . Category A includes areas with a high density of large buildings and/or population , such as offices or factories . Three fire engines are to arrive at A risks within eight minutes , the first two within five minutes . Areas with a medium density of large buildings and/or population , such as multi-storey residential blocks , will generally be classified B risk . Two fire engines will be deployed , with one to arrive within five minutes and the second within eight minutes . Category C covers lower density , suburban areas and detached properties . One fire engine should arrive at a C risk incident within ten minutes . More rural areas not covered by the first three categories will be considered D risk . One fire engine should arrive at D risks within 20 minutes . Response times . In 2007/08 , the first fire engine mobilised to a 999 call arrived within five minutes 58.8% of the time , and within eight minutes 90% of the time . The second fire engine deployed arrived within eight minutes 81.9% of the time , and within ten minutes 92.4% of the time . In 2010/11 , the average response time of the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 34 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance was 6 minutes 53 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . In 2015/16 , the average response time for the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 33 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance to the scene was 6 minutes 55 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . Mutual assistance . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 gives the UK fire services the ability to call upon other services or fire authorities in what is known as mutual assistance . For example , the LFB played a comprehensive role in assisting Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service at the Buncefield fire in 2005 . Much earlier , the Hampton Court fire of 1986 , which was on the border with Surrey , was attended by both the LFB and Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . In 2015/16 the LFB assisted at 567 over the border incidents . The other fire services that adjoin the LFB are : - Essex County Fire and Rescue Service - Kent Fire and Rescue Service - Surrey Fire and Rescue Service - Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service - Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service - Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service The LFB also mobilises to support airport firefighters at London Heathrow Airport , London City Airport and The London Heliport . Determining the size of an incident . The LFB , along with all other UK fire and rescue services , determines the size of a fire or special service by the final number of appliances mobilised to deal with it . For example , two appliances are despatched to a B risk area in response to a fire call in a residential house . The officer-in-charge can request additional appliances by transmitting a radio message such as , make pumps four , or if persons are believed to be involved or trapped , make pumps four , persons reported . The control room will then deploy a further two appliances making a total of four . Informally , firefighters refer to such fires as a make up or a four-pumper ; If an incident is more serious , it can be escalated straight to a six- , eight- or ten-pump fire and beyond in London this is usually completed in even numbers , though it is not uncommon for a ten-pump fire to be made up to 15 if necessary . A call to , say , a large warehouse ablaze could be escalated straight to a ten-pump fire . The 2007 Cutty Sark fire required eight pumps ; as a serious incident escalates , the brigade deploys senior officers , Command Units and any specialist appliances required . Examples of 25-pump fires include the blaze at Alexandra Palace in 1980 , and at the Royal Marsden Hospital , Chelsea in 2008 , the latter also involving four aerial appliances . The Kings Cross fire in 1987 was a 30-pump fire , as was the blaze in numerous shops on Oxford Street in April 2007 . The Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 was a 40-pump fire . Pumping appliances can only operate with a minimum crew of four , and a maximum of six ( although this is rare ) so it is possible to estimate the number of firefighters attending an incident by multiplying the number of pumps by five . For example , the Cutty Sark fire was described as an eight-pump fire attended by 40 firefighters . Special services . Core services are paid for by Londons council tax payers and through central government funding known as a grant settlement ; each council tax payers bill will include a precept – a specific part of their bill that contributes to the funding of the fire brigade . Those in need of the LFBs services in an emergency do not pay , but the brigade can provide additional special services for which it may charge where there is no immediate threat to life or imminent risk of injury . Examples of these special services which may be charged for include the clearing of flooded commercial premises , the use of brigade equipment for supplying or removing water , and making structures safe in cases where there is no risk of personal injury to the public . Safety and fire prevention . LFB firefighters and watch officers often visit residential and commercial premises to advise on hazard risk assessment and fire prevention . They also provide safety education to schools and youth groups . Each of the London boroughs has a central fire safety office that collates and coordinates fire prevention work in accordance with legislation , and they are supported by a dedicated team of specialist officers . In 2010/11 , the LFB made 70,016 home fire safety visits . Over 100,000 children are seen each year by the brigades schools team . Around half of all serious fires occur in the home , and many house fires attended by the LFB no smoke alarm was fitted , despite the LFB fitting tens of thousands in homes every year . Stations and equipment . As of 2014 , the LFB has 103 fire stations , including one river station , across the 32 London boroughs and the City of London . They are staffed 24 hours a day by full-time employees of the brigade , and are linked to a control centre in Merton . This centre was opened in 2012 ; calls to it are fed from 999 operators at BT , Cable & Wireless and Global Crossing . Central London stations can attend up to 8,000 calls per year , inner-city stations about 3,000 to 4,000 calls per year ( these tend to be the stations that are busy serving the densely populated areas ) , and outlying or suburban fire stations may attend around 1,500 calls which include road traffic accidents , grass fires and house fires . Some UK fire authorities use retained ( part-time ) firefighters who live and work near their local station and are on-call , but the LFB is one of only three UK fire services where all operational staff are full-time employees . Each station has four shifts , or watches : red , white , blue and green , with a Sub Officer ( single appliance stations ) or Station Officer ( multi appliance stations ) in charge of each . The overall management of the station falls to the Station Commander , who will also attend serious incidents , as well as spending time on call . A group of one ( City of London ) to five ( Tower Hamlets ) stations within a borough are managed by a Borough Commander ( Group Commander ) who interacts strategically on a local level with the Borough Commander for the police and ambulance services and the chief executive of the local authority . Stations and districts . Upon the founding of the London County Council in 1965 , the new authority was organised into 11 divisions , of roughly 10 to 12 stations each , designated A Division through to L Division , dispatched by three 999 mobilising control rooms . A ( West End ) , D ( West London ) , G ( North West London ) and J ( North London ) mobilised from Wembley ( the former Middlesex headquarters ) ; B ( Central London south of the river ) , E ( South East London and Kent ) , H ( South London and Surrey ) and K ( South West London south of the river and Surrey ) mobilised from Croydon ( the former Croydon County Borough headquarters ) ; finally , C ( City and Inner East London ) , F ( East London including Docklands ) and L ( North East London and South West Essex ) , mobilised from Stratford ( the former West Ham County Borough headquarters ) . Each of these divisions were , to a degree , autonomous of each other and had their own divisional management hierarchy . This arrangement lasted until 1989 when the brigade was re-organised into the current arrangement . The LFB is currently formed into five divisions : Northern , Eastern , Western , Southeastern and Southwestern . As of 2013 , 21 fire stations were located in the Northern Division and have call signs prefixed A ; 26 were in the Eastern Division with call signs prefixed F ; Western Division consisted of 21 stations with G-prefixed call signs ; 22 were under the Southeastern Division with an E prefix ; and the remaining 22 were based in the Southwestern Division , call signs prefixed H . As part of this organisation , many stations were re-coded . Below is a complete listing , as of 2014 , of the 102 fire stations of the London Fire Brigade according to district and station radio callsign . The LFB is divided into five districts , each designated by a letter of the alphabet : the Northern District Command is designated as A ; the Southeastern District Command is designated as E ; the Eastern District Command is designated as F ; the Western District Command is designated as G ; the Southwestern District Command is designated as H . - Northern District The Northern District Command is designated as A or Alpha . There are currently 17 fire stations in the Northern District . The Northern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barnet , Camden , Enfield , Haringey , Islington , the City of Westminster and the City of London . - Southeastern District The Southeastern District Command is designated as E or Echo . There are currently 19 fire stations in the Southeastern District . The Southeastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Bexley , Bromley , Greenwich , Lewisham , and Southwark . - Eastern District The Eastern District Command is designated as F or Foxtrot . There are currently 23 fire stations in the Eastern District . The Eastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets , and Waltham Forest . - Western District The Western District Command is designated as G or Golf . There are currently 21 fire stations in the Western District . The Western District serves the following boroughs of London : Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow , and Kensington and Chelsea . - Southwestern District The Southwestern District Command is designated as H or Hotel . There are currently 22 fire stations in the Southwestern District , including the independent River Station , the quarters of the Fireboat . The Southwestern District serves the following boroughs of London : Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Lambeth , Merton , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , and Wandsworth . Appliances . All 102 LFB stations ( not counting the river station ) have a conventional fire appliance known as a dual pump ladder . Around 55 stations are also assigned one additional pump . Numerous other stations are home to a range of other specialist vehicles . The stations that are assigned both a dual pump ladder and a pump are generally the busier stations receiving over 2,000 emergency calls ( known colloquially by firefighters as shouts ) per year . They may also be stations of strategic importance , or those located in areas considered to be high risk . The remaining stations equipped with a single pump ladder generally attend fewer than 2,000 calls per year . An earlier fleet of mostly Volvo vehicles was phased out , with some retained for training and reserve purposes , and replaced between 2002 and 2011 with new Mercedes-Benz vehicles . In 2012 , the LFB purchased five Mini Countrymans for conversion into instant response vehicles . The two-seat cars are fitted with six extinguishers ( two each of water , foam and powder ) , plus a first-aid kit and defibrillator , and may be deployed to investigate automatic alarms actuating and smaller fires such as those in rubbish bins which do not require a full-sized engine and crew . The brigade has indicated a wish to add more smaller vehicles to its fleet , including crossover utility vehicles which could be fitted with water pumps , breathing apparatus and pull-out equipment drawers , and with enough space for four firefighters . In 2016 , the LFB announced they would be replacing the older-generation ( currently used ) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as : an improved crew cab for the comfort and safety of firefighters , new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models , a brand new electronically controlled pump , and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine , which will be compatible with Londons low-emission zones . In 2017 , 52 initial appliance orders are being rolled out across London ready for operational use , replacing the older 2002-2004 pumps , and later replacing the newer 2006-2008 pumps . The primary reason for the replacement of the older Ategos was due to their age ( some being 15 years old ) and poor economy . As of 2016 , the LFBs frontline operational fleet consists of : - Approximately 100 Dual Pump Ladders ( DPL ) ( plus approximately 25 used for training ) - Approximately 50 Pumps ( P ) - 15 Fire Rescue Units ( FRU ) ( plus 1 for training ) - 14 Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) multi-purpose vehicles - 8 Incident Response Units ( IRU ) - 8 Command Support Units ( CSU ) - 7 Aerial Ladder Platforms ( ALP ) - 6 Operational Support Units ( OSU ) - 6 High-volume Pumps ( HVP ) - 6 Fire Investigation Units ( FIU ) - 5 Instant Response Vehicles ( IRV ) - 4 Turntable Ladders ( TL ) - 4 Hose Laying Units ( HLU ) - 3 Bulk Foam Units ( BFU ) - 2 Scientific Support Units ( SSU ) - 2 Detection , Identification , and Monitoring Units ( DIM ) - 1 All-terrain Pump - 1 Heavy Distribution Unit ( HDU ) - 1 Fire Investigation Dog Unit ( FID ) - 1 Fireboat ( plus 1 used as a reserve and for training ) Improvements . The programme of improvements in staffing and equipment undertaken by the LFB since the September 11 attacks to improve Londons resilience and its capability to deal with major emergencies , including the threat of terrorism has included : ten Incident Response Units ; two Scientific Support Units ; four different types of urban search and rescue ( USAR ) vehicles and ten USAR personnel carriers ; three mass decontamination resilience units ; and six equipment carriers known as Operational Support Units . Architecturally , fire stations vary in age and design from Edwardian era red-brick fire houses to modern spacious blocks complete with additional specialist facilities . Early fire stations were originally built with horse-drawn appliances in mind and with traditional features such as the firemans pole , used by firefighters to gain rapid access from their upstairs quarters to the fire engine garages below when summoned . More modern fire stations , though constructed without such features , often have more spacious accommodation and facilities for staff of both sexes , public visitor areas such as community safety offices and other amenities . An example of these is the new fire station in Hammersmith which opened in 2003 , just a few hundred yards along Shepherds Bush Road from the previous local fire station which had been constructed in 1913 . Modernisation . In 2008 , existing LFB facilities were deemed unsuitable to meet the demands of modern firefighting and training . The LFB had been training firefighters at its current Grade 2 listed building in Southwark since 1878 . In response , the LFB signed a partnership contract with Babcock International Group PLC to provide firefighter training over the course of 25 years beginning in 2012 . Babcock is also the number one training provider to the Royal Navy , which includes firefighter training . The improvement program for firefighting training will introduce two new dedicated training centres and upgrades to 10 regional training centres . There will also be further improvements through additional computers and training facilities across many of the capitals 103 fire stations . The new firefighting training systems , supplied by Process Combustion Ltd , will have low environmental impact and will allow firefighter training to take place at night under simulated extreme conditions that firefighters will face on incident ground . In addition to improving training facilities , Babcocks proposals will increase the amount of time available for firefighter training and save the LFB an estimated £66m over the next 25 years . Fire station closures . The creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 saw the number of LFB stations increase . The LFB absorbed some stations from the county brigades . At the time there were a handful of smaller brigades : Middlesex , Croydon , West Ham and East Ham – they were all incorporated into the LFB . By 1965 the LFB had 115 stations , plus two river stations . The LFB has an ongoing policy of upgrading existing fire stations , and building new stations to replace those that are no longer suitable for the requirements of a modern-day fire service . In February 2010 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , officially opened the LFBs first new station in four years , at Harold Hill . The mayor hailed the stations exceptional environmental sustainability , calling it the greenest station in the capital . In the past two decades the total number of stations has reduced slightly , with the following permanent closures , including 10 in January 2014 as part of budget cuts : - 2014 : Belsize ( A42 ) , Bow ( F27 ) , Clerkenwell ( A27 ) , Downham ( E32 ) , Kingsland ( F31 ) , Knightsbridge ( A26 ) , Silvertown ( F46 ) , Southwark ( E33 ) , Westminster ( A25 ) , and Woolwich ( E24 ) . - 2005 : Manchester Square ( A22 ) - 1999 : Barbican ( A29 ) - 1998 : Heathrow Airport ( new station subsequently opened when the central terminal area was re-classified as A risk ) - 1998 : Shooters Hill ( E26 ) - 1993 : Sanderstead ( H30 ) ( originally a Surrey Fire Brigade station ) Regional control centre . In October 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) announced that the location for the new regional control centre , dedicated to the capital and part of the FiReControl project , would be at the Merton industrial estate in the London Borough of Merton . FiReControl was however scrapped in 2010 . Major or notable incidents . The geographical area covered by the LFB along with the major transport infrastructure and the political , business and administrative bases typical of a capital city has seen the brigade involved in many significant incidents . Major incident procedure . A major incident is defined as any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of Londons emergency services and will generally include the involvement , either directly or indirectly , of large numbers of people . Any member of any of the emergency services can initiate a major incident . Responsibility for the rescue of persons involved lies with the LFB . The care and transportation of casualties to hospital is the responsibility of the London Ambulance Service . Police will ease these operations by co-ordinating the emergency services , local authorities and other agencies . When a major incident is declared the services , along with civilian agencies , use a structural system known as gold-silver-bronze command that allows them to follow a set procedure for incident management . Put simply , gold relates to strategic control of an incident , silver to tactical command , and bronze to operational control . The term gold command can also relate to an emergency service building , mobile control unit or other base that becomes the focal point ( often remotely ) for the incidents management . Additionally , a major incident can lead to the government activating its coordination facility , known as COBR . Notable incidents . Notable incidents , some declared major incidents and some in which firefighters lost their lives , where the LFB has played a significant role include : - Grenfell Tower fire , 2017 ( 40 pumps ) In June 2017 the LFB sent over 200 firefighters and officers in 40 fire engines , all 14 of its fire rescue units , four aerial ladder platforms and multiple command and operational support units to the Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington . Crews were mobilised to the large tower block , which was ultimately almost completely alight , on the Lancaster West estate in the early hours of 14 June 2017 and some remained there for several days bringing the blaze under control . One of Surrey Fire and Rescue Services aerial ladder platforms was also requested due to its additional height . There were 72 fatalities making the incident Britains deadliest residential fire since the Blitz during World War II . - Wembley industrial estate , 2017 ( 20 pumps ) Over 120 firefighters , 20 pumps and four aerial ladder platforms were mobilised to a large fire in industrial units in Wembley in January 2017 . The blaze affected a number of two-storey units and took around 17 hours to bring under control , and days to dampen down and declare the site safe . Crews from Wembley , Northolt , Willesden , Park Royal , Stanmore and Hillingdon fire stations attended the incident . - Camden market fire , 2014 ( 10 pumps ) Ten fire engines and over 70 firefighters and officers were called to a fire at Stables Market on Chalk Farm Road , Camden , in May 2014 . A number of shops under railway arches were damaged by the blaze . Around 600 people were evacuated from the area . Crews were first mobilised at around 8 p.m . and the fire was under control by 10:50 p.m . Crews from Kentish Town , Euston , West Hampstead , Lambeth , Holloway , Islington and Soho stations attended the incident . Early indications suggested that the cause of the fire was an accidental electrical issue . - Vauxhall helicopter crash , 2013 Nearly 150 firefighters were involved in operations following a helicopter crash in Vauxhall in misty conditions during the morning rush-hour on 16 January 2013 . Several specialist vehicles , including heavy rescue and urban search and rescue , were mobilised to the scene where the wreckage fell onto a street , damaging five cars , two motorbikes and two adjacent buildings , after the aircrafts rotor blades struck a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower . The pilot and one person on the ground were killed in the incident . Fire crews also attended the tower block where the crane was left in a precarious position , and evacuated hundreds of workers and dozens of homes . A fireboat also carried out a precautionary search of the nearby River Thames . - Dagenham recycling centre fire , 2012 ( 40 pumps ) Over 200 firefighters attended what was described by the commissioner as the largest fire in London for several years . The LFB took just over four hours to bring under control the one-storey Dagenham recycling plant the size of a football pitch which was completely alight , sending a plume of smoke over east London . In addition to 40 fire engines , an aerial ladder platform , command unit , hose layer and three operational support vehicles attended . - Camden Market fire , 2008 ( 20 pumps ) Fire ravaged the stalls at the historic Camden Market in February 2008 , forcing the evacuation of 450 people from the area , including 100 from their homes . Twenty fire engines and over 100 firefighters fought to bring the blaze under control within six hours and prevent any loss of life . - Cutty Sark fire , 2007 ( 6 pumps ) Although no lives were endangered and a major incident was not initiated , the fire at the historic tea clipper Cutty Sark in May 2007 became a notable incident for the widespread interest of national media and the unusual circumstances – having been caused by an industrial vacuum cleaner inadvertently left switched on by renovation workers for 48 hours . Two fire appliances and an aerial appliance arrived at the scene within six minutes of the initial call to emergency services , and the commanding officer immediately requested an additional four appliances ; firefighters brought the blaze under control within an hour . - Oxford Street , 2007 ( 30 pumps ) From 27 to 28 April 2007 Londons busiest shopping area was closed whilst more than 100 firefighters tackled a large fire in a flat above a department store on Oxford Street . The clothing retailer New Look was later fined a record £400,000 for fire safety breaches . - Buncefield oil terminal , 2005 The UKs largest peacetime fire broke out on 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal at Buncefield . Although the major incident was attended by the LFB , its role was assisting and providing additional foam supplies to the neighbouring Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service , to the north of London , whose ground the incident took place in . - 7 July 2005 bombings ( 12/12/10 pumps ) Multiple major incidents were declared across London in response to the 7/7 terrorist attacks . A total of 34 pumps and nine fire-rescue units were mobilised to the four bomb sites . - Bethnal Green Road , 2004 ( 8 pumps ) A fire in shops and flats in Bethnal Green Road , Bethnal Green in July 2004 gained coverage in the national media due to the deaths of two LFB firefighters . The first LFB fatalities since 1993 were two of the 50 mobilised to the scene . - Buckingham Palace fire , 2002 ( 20 pumps ) Fire broke out on 2 June 2002 in the west terrace of Buckingham Palace . At its peak , 20 fire engines and 100 firefighters were on the scene , and in the course of firefighting operations four people were rescued from the roof . The Royal Family were away at the time . - Paddington train crash , 1999 ( 12 pumps ) Also known as the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , two trains collided a short distance outside of Paddington station in October 1999 , killing 31 people . - Cannon Street train crash , 1991 Two people were killed and over 500 injured in the Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 . - Marchioness disaster , 1989 The Marchioness disaster of August 1989 involved a collision on the River Thames between a pleasure boat , the Marchioness , and a gravel dredger , the Bowbelle , resulting in the sinking of the Marchioness and the deaths of 51 people . Initial confusion over which bridge the ship had sunk near meant fireboats and fire engines were sent in the wrong direction . It was not until half an hour later that a station officer from Southwark radioed : Marchioness sunk , believed downstream of Blackfrairs Bridge with unknown number of people in river and Met Police searching river between Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges . - Clapham Junction train crash , 1988 The Clapham Junction rail crash occurred on 12 December 1988 when a busy commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train , derailing it into the path of an oncoming third train . Thirty-five people died and 69 others suffered serious injury . - Kings Cross fire , 1987 The Kings Cross fire broke out on 18 November 1987 under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Kings Cross tube station platforms to the surface . The blaze and smoke claimed 31 lives , including that of Soho station officer Colin Townsley while he rescued a woman from a ticket office . Investigation and research of the fire resulted in the discovery of the trench effect . - Hampton Court fire , 1986 ( 20 pumps , jointly with Surrey ) On 31 March 1986 , a fire broke out at Hampton Court Palace , which killed one person . 20 fire engines and around 125 firefighters from both the LFB and the neighbouring Surrey Fire and Rescue Service were sent to the scene , which is on the border between the two areas . Firefighters played a major role in the rescue of some of the more valuable artworks from the palace . - New Cross house fire , 1981 The infamous New Cross house fire of 18 January 1981 claimed the lives of 13 people , all aged between 14 and 22 , attending a birthday party . The exact and true cause has never been established . - Denmark Place fire , 1980 In the early hours of 15 August 1980 , a man who was earlier ejected from an illegal drinking and gambling club in Soho returned with gasoline and started a fire that killed 37 people and injured 23 others . The incident became known as the Denmark Place fire . - The Granary warehouse , 1978 ( 35 pumps , 6 turntable ladders ) 1 October 1978 saw one of Londons largest post–World War II fires , at The Granary warehouse on St . Pancras Way . At the first call at 2:58 a.m. , three fire engines and a turntable ladder were sent to the scene . The scale of the blaze is evidenced by the rapid development of the LFBs mobilisation : make pumps four at 3:05 a.m. ; make pumps six at 3:07 a.m. ; make pumps 10 at 3:12 a.m. ; make pumps 15 and turntable ladders 2 at 3:19 a.m. ; make turntable ladders 4 at 3:39 a.m. ; make pumps 20 and turntable ladders 6 at 3:51 a.m. ; make pumps 25 at 4:19 a.m. ; make hose layers 2 at 4:30 a.m. ; and make pumps 35 at 5:13 a.m . At 4:50 a.m. , the structure suffered a major collapse , killing firefighter Stephen Neill from Barbican station , seriously injuring three others , and destroying two fire engines . - Moorgate train crash , 1975 The Moorgate tube crash was a disaster on the London Underground in February 1975 when a train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel . The driver and 42 passengers were killed . - Worsley Hotel fire , 1974 ( 30 pumps ) The Worsley Hotel fire of December 1974 was an arson attack that killed seven people , including probationary firefighter Hamish Petit of Paddington station . Four fire engines , a turntable ladder and emergency tender were initially mobilised to the scene , gradually increased to 30 pumps with three turntable ladders , three emergency tenders , and hose layers . A 41-year-old kitchen porter was convicted of the attack and seven counts of manslaughter and was jailed for life . - 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign During the 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign throughout the last quarter of the 20th century , several major bombings were carried out in London by the Provisional IRA , including at the Palace of Westminster , Tower of London , and Harrods . A list of these and other bombings in London to which the LFB responded can be found here . - Dudgeons Wharf , 1969 Dudgeons Wharf on the Isle of Dogs contained a site of over 100 tanks of various capacities up to 20,000 gallons used for storing oils and spirits . A fire started when workmen were cutting up old oil tanks . The LFB was called – six pumps , a foam tender and the fireboat Massey Shaw – and while firefighters tackled the fire an oil tank exploded . Five firefighters from Millwall and Poplar stations were killed , the largest single loss of life in the LFB since the Second World War . - Bishopsgate goods yard , 1964 ( 40 pumps , 12 turntable ladders ) Londons main railway goods terminal at was gutted by a spectacular fire in December 1964 . Within 37 minutes of the first crews arriving on scene , the scale of the blaze was so intense and widespread that 40 fire engines had been mobilised . In addition , 12 turntable ladders , two hose layers , two emergency tenders , and 235 firefighters battled the fire which killed two customs officials and destroyed hundreds of railway wagons , dozens of motor vehicles and millions of pounds worth of goods . The site remained derelict for the next 30 years until being rebuilt as Shoreditch High Street railway station . - Smithfield market , 1958 ( 50 pumps ) Over the course of firefighting operations at Londons central meat market in January 1958 , a total of 389 fire engines with more than 1,700 firefighters from 58 fire stations worked in shifts to tackle a fire of exceptional proportions . - Covent Garden warehouse fire , 1954 While fighting a fire in a five-storey warehouse adjacent to Covent Garden , a station officer and firefighter , both of Clerkenwell station , were killed . Six more were hospitalised , with three requiring plastic surgery treatment . - London Blitz on 7 September 1940 , a sub-officer at West Ham fire station witnessed the start of the Blitz by Nazi Germany on London . He reported that three miles of waterfront buildings had become a continuous blaze , and ordered 500 fire engines to be mobilised . The commander thought this an exaggeration and sent someone to investigate the situation , who reported back that 1,000 were required . More than 300 firefighters perished in the widespread and sustained bombing campaign , including two in a direct hit on Soho fire station and six in a direct hit on Wandsworth fire station . - Crystal Palace fire , 1936 ( 88 pumps ) A major fire which led to the complete destruction of the Crystal Palace on 30 November 1936 was attended by 88 fire engines and 438 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade and three other brigades , plus 749 police officers . - Colonial Wharf , 1935 ( 60 pumps ) An eight-storey rubber warehouse in Wapping High Street burned for four days from 27 September 1935 , with 60 fire engines in attendance . It was the first major incident for one of the LFBs most famous fireboats , the Massey Shaw , which greatly assisted land crews , who were hampered by inaccessibility , by supplying a vast water jet to allow the land crews to regroup and prevent the fire from spreading to adjoining warehouses . - Vauxhall , 1918 A fire on 30 January 1918 claimed the lives of seven London firefighters . Staff at Vauxhall fire station were alerted to the incident by a passer-by , and upon arrival found a three-storey private house well alight , with the roof and upper floor partially collapsed . The fire was extinguished within two hours but firefighters remained in the building dampening down . It was then , while the men were on the ground floor , that the building suffered a total structural collapse . Six firefighters died on scene , one later from severe injury , and two suffered lesser injuries . Notable exercises . - Exercise Unified Response , 2016 London Fire Brigade led the planning and staging of a large , multi-agency exercise at multiple sites in London , simulating the collapse of Waterloo station onto an underground train . In popular culture . - Londons Firefighters : Edited by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2015 . An illustrated anthology of articles , fiction and verse about the London Fire Brigade , much of it drawn from the award-winning in-house magazine London Fireman ( 1966–82 ) and London Firefighter ( 1982–2005 ) . The book celebrates the 150th anniversary in 2016 of Londons fire brigades ( 1866–2016 ) by delivering both a comprehensive history of the London Fire Brigade and a portrait of individual firemen and firewomen at work and ( occasionally ) at play . The illustrations , many from the London Fire Brigade and the Mary Evans Picture Library offer a commentary on the text . - Beyond the Flames : Written by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2013 . It is a personal , insiders account of the life and history of the London Fire Brigade from 1965 to the late 1990s . This book was runner-up in the 2014 The Peoples Book Prize ( UK ) ( the UKs prestigious first-time author literary award ) and was nominated for the Beryl Bainbridge Award 2014 . In 2015 Beyond the Flames was a finalist in the ( Wishing Shelf Independent Books Awards ) . David Pike was awarded the Queens Commendation for Brave Conduct , and went on to rise to senior rank and organised many of the Brigades most high-profile events in the early 1990s . - Fire Wars : In July 2003 , the BBC followed the arson investigators of the LFBs fire investigation unit . The two-part series looked at how the LFB investigated 4,000 fires where the cause was unknown . The second programme , Fire Wars : Murder Most Foul , centred on one investigation . - Londons Burning : The ITV television series Londons Burning was based on the fictional Blackwall fire station and centred on characters of the stations blue watch . It was originally a 1986 television film , written by Jack Rosenthal . The fire station used as the principal location in the drama was Dockhead , near London Bridge , before moving to Leyton fire station in east London late in the series . The series that followed the film ran from 1988 to 2002 . - Fire! : The LFBs Kingsland Road fire station in Hackney , east London , was the focus of a documentary series by Thames Television for ITV , broadcast in the spring of 1991 . - Fireman ! A Personal Account : Former London firefighter Neil Wallington wrote this account of his experience in the LFB , published in 1979 . He chronicled his transition from a firefighter in the Croydon Fire Brigade through to his reaching the rank of station officer in the LFB . He went on to become the Chief Fire Officer of the Devon fire brigade ( now known as Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service ) and has written several books about fire services over the world . Wallingtons work outlined the change in working conditions in the LFB in the 1970s , a time that saw the working hours of firefighters reduced and conditions improved . - Red Watch : The former ITN newsreader Gordon Honeycombe became friendly with Neil Wallington while he was a station officer at Paddington fire station . In 1976 , Honeycombe published an account of the Worsley Hotel fire , a major fire at a hostel in Maida Vale in 1974 that claimed the lives of seven people including one firefighter . The book provided a graphic account of a single incident , and outlined some of the changes to working practices that resulted from it .
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London Fire Brigade The London Fire Brigade ( LFB ) is the fire and rescue service for London . It was formed by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 , under the leadership of superintendent Eyre Massey Shaw . The LFB is the busiest of all the fire services in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest in size , after the national Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , and has the largest number of full-time firefighters . It has 5,992 staff , including 5,096 operational firefighters and officers based at 102 fire stations ( plus one river station ) . The LFB is led by the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning , Andy Roe . The brigade and Commissioner are overseen by the Greater London Authority , which in April 2018 took over these responsibilities from the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ( LFEPA ) . In the 2015-16 financial year the LFB received 171,488 emergency calls . These consisted of : 20,773 fires , 48,696 false alarms of fire and 30,066 other calls for service . As well as firefighting , the LFB also responds to road traffic collisions , floods , shut-in-lift releases , and other incidents such as those involving hazardous materials or major transport accidents . It also conducts emergency planning and performs fire safety inspections and education . It does not provide an ambulance service as this function is performed by the London Ambulance Service as an independent NHS trust , although all LFB firefighters are trained in first aid and all of its fire engines carry first aid equipment . Since 2016 , the LFB has provided first aid for some life-threatening medical emergencies ( e.g . cardiac or respiratory arrest ) . History . Following a multitude of ad-hoc firefighting arrangements and the Great Fire of London , various insurance companies established firefighting units to tackle fires that occurred in buildings that their respective companies insured . As demands grew on the primitive firefighting units they began to coordinate and co-operate with each other until , on 1 January 1833 , the London Fire Engine Establishment was formed under the leadership of James Braidwood , who had founded the first professional , municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh . He introduced a uniform that , for the first time , included personal protection from the hazards of firefighting . With 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations , the unit was still a private enterprise , funded by the insurance companies and as such was responsible mainly for saving material goods from fire . Several large fires , most notably at the Palace of Westminster in 1834 and the 1861 Tooley Street fire ( in which Braidwood died in action , aged 61 ) , spurred the insurance companies to lobby the British government to provide the brigade at public expense and management . After due consideration , in 1865 the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was passed , creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw , a former head of police and fire services in Belfast . In 1904 it was renamed as the London Fire Brigade . The LFB moved into a new headquarters built by Higgs and Hill on the Albert Embankment in Lambeth in 1937 , where it remained until 2007 . During the Second World War the countrys brigades were amalgamated into a single National Fire Service . The separate London Fire Brigade for the County of London was re-established in 1948 . With the formation of Greater London in 1965 , this absorbed most of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , the borough brigades for West Ham , East Ham and Croydon and parts of the Essex , Hertfordshire , Surrey and Kent brigades . In 1986 the Greater London Council ( GLC ) was disbanded and a new statutory authority , the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority ( LFCDA ) , was formed to take responsibility for the LFB . The LFCDA was replaced in 2000 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . At the same time , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) was established to administer the LFEPA and coordinate emergency planning for London . Consisting of the Mayor of London and other elected members , the GLA also takes responsibility for the Metropolitan Police Service , Transport for London and other functions . In 2007 the LFB vacated its Lambeth headquarters and moved to a site in Union Street , Southwark . In the same year , the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that LFB Commissioner Ken Knight had been appointed as the first Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser to the government . Knight was succeeded as Commissioner at that time by Ron Dobson , who served for almost ten years . Dany Cotton took over in 2017 , becoming the brigades first female commissioner . Commissioners and chief officers . As of 1 January 2020 Andy Roe is the commissioner of the LFB . He succeeds Dany Cotton , who in 2017 had become the first woman to hold the top role ; Cotton resigned in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire after 32 years service in the brigade . Prior to Cotton , Ron Dobson was the commissioner and he had served in the LFB since 1979 ; he was awarded a CBE for his distinguished contribution to the fire service . - 1833 to 1861 : James Braidwood ( director of the London Fire Engine Establishment , died in action ) - 1861 to 1891 : Capt . Eyre Massey Shaw ( superintendent , later chief officer ) - 1891 to 1896 : James Sexton Simmonds - 1896 to 1903 : Capt . Lionel de Latour Wells - 1903 to 1909 : RAdm . James de Courcy Hamilton - 1909 to 1918 : Lt . Cdr . Sir Sampson Sladen - 1918 to 1933 : Arthur Reginald Dyer - 1933 to 1938 : Maj . Cyril Morris - 1938 to 1941 : Cdr . Sir Aylmer Firebrace - 1939 to 1941 : Maj . Frank Jackson - 1941 to 1948 : all fire brigades nationalised - 1948 to 1962 : Sir Frederick Delve - 1962 to 1970 : Leslie Leete - 1970 to 1976 : Joseph Milner - 1976 to 1980 : Peter Darby - 1980 to 1987 : Ronald Bullers - 1987 to 1991 : Gerald Clarkson - 1991 to 2003 : Brian Robinson ( first commissioner ) - 2003 to 2007 : Sir Ken Knight - 2007 to 2016 : Ron Dobson - 2017 to 2019 : Dany Cotton - 2020 to present : Andy Roe Organisation . Historically , the London Fire Brigade was organised into two divisions : Northern and Southern , divided in most places by the River Thames and each commanded by a Divisional Officer . Both divisions were divided into three districts , each under a Superintendent with his headquarters at a superintendent station . The superintendent stations themselves were commanded by District Officers , with the other stations under Station Officers . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 , the brigade was enlarged and took over almost all of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , part of west Kent , North Surrey and South West Essex , together with the small County Borough brigades of Croydon , East Ham and West Ham . The internal LFB organisation consists of three directorates that all report to the Commissioner . They are : - Operations ; - Safety and Assurance ; - Finance and Contractual Services . The LFBs headquarters since 2007 is located in Union Street in Southwark , adjacent to the brigades former training centre , which was both the original headquarters of the Massey Shaw fire brigade and his home , Winchester House , as well as the London Fire Brigade Museum . The brigade was previously headquartered in Lambeth between 1937 and 2007 . Legislative powers . Fire and rescue authorities in England come under the government department formerly known as the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) . This department was responsible for legislation covering fire authorities ; however , in 2006 , a structural change to central government led to the creation of the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) , and subsequently the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . It is now responsible for fire and resilience in England , including London . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 changed many working practices ; it was brought in to replace the Fire Services Act 1947 and repealed several existing acts , many going back fifty years . The full list of acts repealed can be found here : The 2004 Act was drafted in response to the Independent Review of the Fire Service , often referred to as the Bain Report , after its author Professor Sir George Bain . It recommended radical changes to many working procedures and led to a national firefighter strike in 2002–2003 . Further changes to the legislative , organisational and structural fabric of the brigade , which could include varying the attendance time , the location of frontline appliances and number of personnel , plus mandatory performance targets , priorities and objectives are set by the MHCLG in the form of a document called the Fire and Rescue Service National Framework . The framework is set annually by the government and applies to all brigades in England . Responsibility for the rest of the UK fire service is devolved to the various parliaments and assemblies . On country-wide issues , the Chief Fire Officers Association provides the collective voice on fire , rescue and resilience issues . Membership is made up from senior officers above the rank of Assistant Chief Officer , to Chief Fire Officer ( or the new title of Brigade Manager ) . Staffing . Rank structure . London Fire Brigade , along with many UK fire and rescue services , adopted a change in rank structure in 2006 . The traditional ranks were replaced with new titles descriptive of the job function . On 17 October 2019 , London Fire Brigade announced a return to the traditional rank titles , in a policy named Role to Rank . The rank structure of the Brigade is now as in the following table : Recruitment and training . In the last 24 months , the LFB have run three firefighter recruitment campaigns , however in previous years have seen fewer or even none . There are many factors as to why they would run a recruitment drive , as there is actually no set recruitment drive for firefighters . Professional firefighter training usually takes place at various London venues . On successful completion , the newly qualified firefighter is posted to a fire station to work on a shift pattern currently two day shifts ( ten and half hours ) , followed by two night shifts ( thirteen and half hours ) , followed by four days off . Working patterns were the subject of scrutiny in Professor Bains Independent Review of the Fire Service . After training school , firefighters serve a one-year period of probation ; qualification and full pay are not reached until the candidate completes a development folder which usually takes around 12–18 months . Ongoing training both theoretical and practical continues throughout the firefighters career . Shift pattern . In December 2010 the LFB and Fire Brigades Union ( FBU ) agreed on a new shift pattern for front-line firefighters : two 10½-hour day shifts then two 13½-hour night shifts followed by four days off . The agreement followed two 8-hour daytime strikes by the FBU in protest at the LFBs intention to change the shift pattern from two 9-hour day shifts then two 15-hour night shifts followed by three days off , to two 12-hour day shifts then two 12-hour night shifts followed by four days off . A London Fire Brigade report published in March 2012 stated that the shift changes have improved safety in the city . Compared with the 12 months prior to the shift changes , the 12 months following them saw firefighters able to spend more time on training , community safety work , and home safety visits ( including the free fitting of smoke alarms ) . Promotion . In order for a firefighter to gain promotion he or she must go through an assessment centre and reach the required standard set out by the Brigade . This process will be followed for each subsequent role the individual applies for , up to and including Assistant Commissioner . Appointments above the role of Assistant Commissioner are overseen by elected members of The London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . Some promotion exams can be substituted by qualifications from the Institution of Fire Engineers . Firefighters and civilians such as building inspectors , scientists , surveyors and other practising professionals , take these qualifications either by written test or research . Future promotion exams will be set using the Integrated Personal Development System ( IPDS ) . Firefighting , special services and fire prevention . In 2010/11 , the LFB handled a total of 212,657 emergency calls , including 5,241 hoax calls ( although it only mobilised to 2,248 of those malicious false alarms ) . During the same period , it dealt with 13,367 major fires . There were 6,731 dwelling fires , including 748 that had been started deliberately ; 73 people died in 58 fatal fires . In addition to conflagrations , LFB firefighters respond to special services . A special service is defined as every other non-fire related emergency , such as:<ref - Lift releases ( 9,395 in 2010/11 ) ; - Effecting entry/exit ( 7,276 in 2010/11 ) ; - Flooding ( 6,956 in 2010/11 ) ; - Traffic collisions ( 3,604 in 2010/11 ) ; - Spills and leaks ( 1,479 in 2010/11 ) ; - Assisting other agencies ( 855 in 2010/11 ) ; - Making safe operations ( 782 in 2010/11 ) ; - Animal rescues ( 583 in 2010/11 ) ; - Hazardous materials incidents ( 353 in 2010/11 ) ; - General evacuations ( 322 in 2010/11 ) ; - Suicides or attempts ( 229 in 2010/11 ) ; and - Waterborne rescues ( 38 in 2010/11 ) . The full scope of the brigades duties and powers is enshrined in the Fire and Rescue Act 2005 . Firefighters and , in some cases , specialist teams from the brigades fire investigation unit , based at Dowgate , also investigate arson incidents , often working alongside the police and providing evidence in court . In 2008/09 , deliberate fires accounted for 28% of all those attended by the LFB , a 28% reduction on the previous year . The other core duty of the brigade is to prevent damage , and day-to-day fire prevention duties . Firefighting cover . The LFB provides fire cover according to a system of four risk categories which have traditionally been used across the UK , where every building is rated for its risk on a scale from A down to D . The risk category determines the minimum number of appliances to be sent in a pre-determined mobilisation . Category A includes areas with a high density of large buildings and/or population , such as offices or factories . Three fire engines are to arrive at A risks within eight minutes , the first two within five minutes . Areas with a medium density of large buildings and/or population , such as multi-storey residential blocks , will generally be classified B risk . Two fire engines will be deployed , with one to arrive within five minutes and the second within eight minutes . Category C covers lower density , suburban areas and detached properties . One fire engine should arrive at a C risk incident within ten minutes . More rural areas not covered by the first three categories will be considered D risk . One fire engine should arrive at D risks within 20 minutes . Response times . In 2007/08 , the first fire engine mobilised to a 999 call arrived within five minutes 58.8% of the time , and within eight minutes 90% of the time . The second fire engine deployed arrived within eight minutes 81.9% of the time , and within ten minutes 92.4% of the time . In 2010/11 , the average response time of the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 34 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance was 6 minutes 53 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . In 2015/16 , the average response time for the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 33 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance to the scene was 6 minutes 55 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . Mutual assistance . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 gives the UK fire services the ability to call upon other services or fire authorities in what is known as mutual assistance . For example , the LFB played a comprehensive role in assisting Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service at the Buncefield fire in 2005 . Much earlier , the Hampton Court fire of 1986 , which was on the border with Surrey , was attended by both the LFB and Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . In 2015/16 the LFB assisted at 567 over the border incidents . The other fire services that adjoin the LFB are : - Essex County Fire and Rescue Service - Kent Fire and Rescue Service - Surrey Fire and Rescue Service - Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service - Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service - Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service The LFB also mobilises to support airport firefighters at London Heathrow Airport , London City Airport and The London Heliport . Determining the size of an incident . The LFB , along with all other UK fire and rescue services , determines the size of a fire or special service by the final number of appliances mobilised to deal with it . For example , two appliances are despatched to a B risk area in response to a fire call in a residential house . The officer-in-charge can request additional appliances by transmitting a radio message such as , make pumps four , or if persons are believed to be involved or trapped , make pumps four , persons reported . The control room will then deploy a further two appliances making a total of four . Informally , firefighters refer to such fires as a make up or a four-pumper ; If an incident is more serious , it can be escalated straight to a six- , eight- or ten-pump fire and beyond in London this is usually completed in even numbers , though it is not uncommon for a ten-pump fire to be made up to 15 if necessary . A call to , say , a large warehouse ablaze could be escalated straight to a ten-pump fire . The 2007 Cutty Sark fire required eight pumps ; as a serious incident escalates , the brigade deploys senior officers , Command Units and any specialist appliances required . Examples of 25-pump fires include the blaze at Alexandra Palace in 1980 , and at the Royal Marsden Hospital , Chelsea in 2008 , the latter also involving four aerial appliances . The Kings Cross fire in 1987 was a 30-pump fire , as was the blaze in numerous shops on Oxford Street in April 2007 . The Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 was a 40-pump fire . Pumping appliances can only operate with a minimum crew of four , and a maximum of six ( although this is rare ) so it is possible to estimate the number of firefighters attending an incident by multiplying the number of pumps by five . For example , the Cutty Sark fire was described as an eight-pump fire attended by 40 firefighters . Special services . Core services are paid for by Londons council tax payers and through central government funding known as a grant settlement ; each council tax payers bill will include a precept – a specific part of their bill that contributes to the funding of the fire brigade . Those in need of the LFBs services in an emergency do not pay , but the brigade can provide additional special services for which it may charge where there is no immediate threat to life or imminent risk of injury . Examples of these special services which may be charged for include the clearing of flooded commercial premises , the use of brigade equipment for supplying or removing water , and making structures safe in cases where there is no risk of personal injury to the public . Safety and fire prevention . LFB firefighters and watch officers often visit residential and commercial premises to advise on hazard risk assessment and fire prevention . They also provide safety education to schools and youth groups . Each of the London boroughs has a central fire safety office that collates and coordinates fire prevention work in accordance with legislation , and they are supported by a dedicated team of specialist officers . In 2010/11 , the LFB made 70,016 home fire safety visits . Over 100,000 children are seen each year by the brigades schools team . Around half of all serious fires occur in the home , and many house fires attended by the LFB no smoke alarm was fitted , despite the LFB fitting tens of thousands in homes every year . Stations and equipment . As of 2014 , the LFB has 103 fire stations , including one river station , across the 32 London boroughs and the City of London . They are staffed 24 hours a day by full-time employees of the brigade , and are linked to a control centre in Merton . This centre was opened in 2012 ; calls to it are fed from 999 operators at BT , Cable & Wireless and Global Crossing . Central London stations can attend up to 8,000 calls per year , inner-city stations about 3,000 to 4,000 calls per year ( these tend to be the stations that are busy serving the densely populated areas ) , and outlying or suburban fire stations may attend around 1,500 calls which include road traffic accidents , grass fires and house fires . Some UK fire authorities use retained ( part-time ) firefighters who live and work near their local station and are on-call , but the LFB is one of only three UK fire services where all operational staff are full-time employees . Each station has four shifts , or watches : red , white , blue and green , with a Sub Officer ( single appliance stations ) or Station Officer ( multi appliance stations ) in charge of each . The overall management of the station falls to the Station Commander , who will also attend serious incidents , as well as spending time on call . A group of one ( City of London ) to five ( Tower Hamlets ) stations within a borough are managed by a Borough Commander ( Group Commander ) who interacts strategically on a local level with the Borough Commander for the police and ambulance services and the chief executive of the local authority . Stations and districts . Upon the founding of the London County Council in 1965 , the new authority was organised into 11 divisions , of roughly 10 to 12 stations each , designated A Division through to L Division , dispatched by three 999 mobilising control rooms . A ( West End ) , D ( West London ) , G ( North West London ) and J ( North London ) mobilised from Wembley ( the former Middlesex headquarters ) ; B ( Central London south of the river ) , E ( South East London and Kent ) , H ( South London and Surrey ) and K ( South West London south of the river and Surrey ) mobilised from Croydon ( the former Croydon County Borough headquarters ) ; finally , C ( City and Inner East London ) , F ( East London including Docklands ) and L ( North East London and South West Essex ) , mobilised from Stratford ( the former West Ham County Borough headquarters ) . Each of these divisions were , to a degree , autonomous of each other and had their own divisional management hierarchy . This arrangement lasted until 1989 when the brigade was re-organised into the current arrangement . The LFB is currently formed into five divisions : Northern , Eastern , Western , Southeastern and Southwestern . As of 2013 , 21 fire stations were located in the Northern Division and have call signs prefixed A ; 26 were in the Eastern Division with call signs prefixed F ; Western Division consisted of 21 stations with G-prefixed call signs ; 22 were under the Southeastern Division with an E prefix ; and the remaining 22 were based in the Southwestern Division , call signs prefixed H . As part of this organisation , many stations were re-coded . Below is a complete listing , as of 2014 , of the 102 fire stations of the London Fire Brigade according to district and station radio callsign . The LFB is divided into five districts , each designated by a letter of the alphabet : the Northern District Command is designated as A ; the Southeastern District Command is designated as E ; the Eastern District Command is designated as F ; the Western District Command is designated as G ; the Southwestern District Command is designated as H . - Northern District The Northern District Command is designated as A or Alpha . There are currently 17 fire stations in the Northern District . The Northern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barnet , Camden , Enfield , Haringey , Islington , the City of Westminster and the City of London . - Southeastern District The Southeastern District Command is designated as E or Echo . There are currently 19 fire stations in the Southeastern District . The Southeastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Bexley , Bromley , Greenwich , Lewisham , and Southwark . - Eastern District The Eastern District Command is designated as F or Foxtrot . There are currently 23 fire stations in the Eastern District . The Eastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets , and Waltham Forest . - Western District The Western District Command is designated as G or Golf . There are currently 21 fire stations in the Western District . The Western District serves the following boroughs of London : Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow , and Kensington and Chelsea . - Southwestern District The Southwestern District Command is designated as H or Hotel . There are currently 22 fire stations in the Southwestern District , including the independent River Station , the quarters of the Fireboat . The Southwestern District serves the following boroughs of London : Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Lambeth , Merton , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , and Wandsworth . Appliances . All 102 LFB stations ( not counting the river station ) have a conventional fire appliance known as a dual pump ladder . Around 55 stations are also assigned one additional pump . Numerous other stations are home to a range of other specialist vehicles . The stations that are assigned both a dual pump ladder and a pump are generally the busier stations receiving over 2,000 emergency calls ( known colloquially by firefighters as shouts ) per year . They may also be stations of strategic importance , or those located in areas considered to be high risk . The remaining stations equipped with a single pump ladder generally attend fewer than 2,000 calls per year . An earlier fleet of mostly Volvo vehicles was phased out , with some retained for training and reserve purposes , and replaced between 2002 and 2011 with new Mercedes-Benz vehicles . In 2012 , the LFB purchased five Mini Countrymans for conversion into instant response vehicles . The two-seat cars are fitted with six extinguishers ( two each of water , foam and powder ) , plus a first-aid kit and defibrillator , and may be deployed to investigate automatic alarms actuating and smaller fires such as those in rubbish bins which do not require a full-sized engine and crew . The brigade has indicated a wish to add more smaller vehicles to its fleet , including crossover utility vehicles which could be fitted with water pumps , breathing apparatus and pull-out equipment drawers , and with enough space for four firefighters . In 2016 , the LFB announced they would be replacing the older-generation ( currently used ) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as : an improved crew cab for the comfort and safety of firefighters , new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models , a brand new electronically controlled pump , and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine , which will be compatible with Londons low-emission zones . In 2017 , 52 initial appliance orders are being rolled out across London ready for operational use , replacing the older 2002-2004 pumps , and later replacing the newer 2006-2008 pumps . The primary reason for the replacement of the older Ategos was due to their age ( some being 15 years old ) and poor economy . As of 2016 , the LFBs frontline operational fleet consists of : - Approximately 100 Dual Pump Ladders ( DPL ) ( plus approximately 25 used for training ) - Approximately 50 Pumps ( P ) - 15 Fire Rescue Units ( FRU ) ( plus 1 for training ) - 14 Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) multi-purpose vehicles - 8 Incident Response Units ( IRU ) - 8 Command Support Units ( CSU ) - 7 Aerial Ladder Platforms ( ALP ) - 6 Operational Support Units ( OSU ) - 6 High-volume Pumps ( HVP ) - 6 Fire Investigation Units ( FIU ) - 5 Instant Response Vehicles ( IRV ) - 4 Turntable Ladders ( TL ) - 4 Hose Laying Units ( HLU ) - 3 Bulk Foam Units ( BFU ) - 2 Scientific Support Units ( SSU ) - 2 Detection , Identification , and Monitoring Units ( DIM ) - 1 All-terrain Pump - 1 Heavy Distribution Unit ( HDU ) - 1 Fire Investigation Dog Unit ( FID ) - 1 Fireboat ( plus 1 used as a reserve and for training ) Improvements . The programme of improvements in staffing and equipment undertaken by the LFB since the September 11 attacks to improve Londons resilience and its capability to deal with major emergencies , including the threat of terrorism has included : ten Incident Response Units ; two Scientific Support Units ; four different types of urban search and rescue ( USAR ) vehicles and ten USAR personnel carriers ; three mass decontamination resilience units ; and six equipment carriers known as Operational Support Units . Architecturally , fire stations vary in age and design from Edwardian era red-brick fire houses to modern spacious blocks complete with additional specialist facilities . Early fire stations were originally built with horse-drawn appliances in mind and with traditional features such as the firemans pole , used by firefighters to gain rapid access from their upstairs quarters to the fire engine garages below when summoned . More modern fire stations , though constructed without such features , often have more spacious accommodation and facilities for staff of both sexes , public visitor areas such as community safety offices and other amenities . An example of these is the new fire station in Hammersmith which opened in 2003 , just a few hundred yards along Shepherds Bush Road from the previous local fire station which had been constructed in 1913 . Modernisation . In 2008 , existing LFB facilities were deemed unsuitable to meet the demands of modern firefighting and training . The LFB had been training firefighters at its current Grade 2 listed building in Southwark since 1878 . In response , the LFB signed a partnership contract with Babcock International Group PLC to provide firefighter training over the course of 25 years beginning in 2012 . Babcock is also the number one training provider to the Royal Navy , which includes firefighter training . The improvement program for firefighting training will introduce two new dedicated training centres and upgrades to 10 regional training centres . There will also be further improvements through additional computers and training facilities across many of the capitals 103 fire stations . The new firefighting training systems , supplied by Process Combustion Ltd , will have low environmental impact and will allow firefighter training to take place at night under simulated extreme conditions that firefighters will face on incident ground . In addition to improving training facilities , Babcocks proposals will increase the amount of time available for firefighter training and save the LFB an estimated £66m over the next 25 years . Fire station closures . The creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 saw the number of LFB stations increase . The LFB absorbed some stations from the county brigades . At the time there were a handful of smaller brigades : Middlesex , Croydon , West Ham and East Ham – they were all incorporated into the LFB . By 1965 the LFB had 115 stations , plus two river stations . The LFB has an ongoing policy of upgrading existing fire stations , and building new stations to replace those that are no longer suitable for the requirements of a modern-day fire service . In February 2010 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , officially opened the LFBs first new station in four years , at Harold Hill . The mayor hailed the stations exceptional environmental sustainability , calling it the greenest station in the capital . In the past two decades the total number of stations has reduced slightly , with the following permanent closures , including 10 in January 2014 as part of budget cuts : - 2014 : Belsize ( A42 ) , Bow ( F27 ) , Clerkenwell ( A27 ) , Downham ( E32 ) , Kingsland ( F31 ) , Knightsbridge ( A26 ) , Silvertown ( F46 ) , Southwark ( E33 ) , Westminster ( A25 ) , and Woolwich ( E24 ) . - 2005 : Manchester Square ( A22 ) - 1999 : Barbican ( A29 ) - 1998 : Heathrow Airport ( new station subsequently opened when the central terminal area was re-classified as A risk ) - 1998 : Shooters Hill ( E26 ) - 1993 : Sanderstead ( H30 ) ( originally a Surrey Fire Brigade station ) Regional control centre . In October 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) announced that the location for the new regional control centre , dedicated to the capital and part of the FiReControl project , would be at the Merton industrial estate in the London Borough of Merton . FiReControl was however scrapped in 2010 . Major or notable incidents . The geographical area covered by the LFB along with the major transport infrastructure and the political , business and administrative bases typical of a capital city has seen the brigade involved in many significant incidents . Major incident procedure . A major incident is defined as any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of Londons emergency services and will generally include the involvement , either directly or indirectly , of large numbers of people . Any member of any of the emergency services can initiate a major incident . Responsibility for the rescue of persons involved lies with the LFB . The care and transportation of casualties to hospital is the responsibility of the London Ambulance Service . Police will ease these operations by co-ordinating the emergency services , local authorities and other agencies . When a major incident is declared the services , along with civilian agencies , use a structural system known as gold-silver-bronze command that allows them to follow a set procedure for incident management . Put simply , gold relates to strategic control of an incident , silver to tactical command , and bronze to operational control . The term gold command can also relate to an emergency service building , mobile control unit or other base that becomes the focal point ( often remotely ) for the incidents management . Additionally , a major incident can lead to the government activating its coordination facility , known as COBR . Notable incidents . Notable incidents , some declared major incidents and some in which firefighters lost their lives , where the LFB has played a significant role include : - Grenfell Tower fire , 2017 ( 40 pumps ) In June 2017 the LFB sent over 200 firefighters and officers in 40 fire engines , all 14 of its fire rescue units , four aerial ladder platforms and multiple command and operational support units to the Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington . Crews were mobilised to the large tower block , which was ultimately almost completely alight , on the Lancaster West estate in the early hours of 14 June 2017 and some remained there for several days bringing the blaze under control . One of Surrey Fire and Rescue Services aerial ladder platforms was also requested due to its additional height . There were 72 fatalities making the incident Britains deadliest residential fire since the Blitz during World War II . - Wembley industrial estate , 2017 ( 20 pumps ) Over 120 firefighters , 20 pumps and four aerial ladder platforms were mobilised to a large fire in industrial units in Wembley in January 2017 . The blaze affected a number of two-storey units and took around 17 hours to bring under control , and days to dampen down and declare the site safe . Crews from Wembley , Northolt , Willesden , Park Royal , Stanmore and Hillingdon fire stations attended the incident . - Camden market fire , 2014 ( 10 pumps ) Ten fire engines and over 70 firefighters and officers were called to a fire at Stables Market on Chalk Farm Road , Camden , in May 2014 . A number of shops under railway arches were damaged by the blaze . Around 600 people were evacuated from the area . Crews were first mobilised at around 8 p.m . and the fire was under control by 10:50 p.m . Crews from Kentish Town , Euston , West Hampstead , Lambeth , Holloway , Islington and Soho stations attended the incident . Early indications suggested that the cause of the fire was an accidental electrical issue . - Vauxhall helicopter crash , 2013 Nearly 150 firefighters were involved in operations following a helicopter crash in Vauxhall in misty conditions during the morning rush-hour on 16 January 2013 . Several specialist vehicles , including heavy rescue and urban search and rescue , were mobilised to the scene where the wreckage fell onto a street , damaging five cars , two motorbikes and two adjacent buildings , after the aircrafts rotor blades struck a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower . The pilot and one person on the ground were killed in the incident . Fire crews also attended the tower block where the crane was left in a precarious position , and evacuated hundreds of workers and dozens of homes . A fireboat also carried out a precautionary search of the nearby River Thames . - Dagenham recycling centre fire , 2012 ( 40 pumps ) Over 200 firefighters attended what was described by the commissioner as the largest fire in London for several years . The LFB took just over four hours to bring under control the one-storey Dagenham recycling plant the size of a football pitch which was completely alight , sending a plume of smoke over east London . In addition to 40 fire engines , an aerial ladder platform , command unit , hose layer and three operational support vehicles attended . - Camden Market fire , 2008 ( 20 pumps ) Fire ravaged the stalls at the historic Camden Market in February 2008 , forcing the evacuation of 450 people from the area , including 100 from their homes . Twenty fire engines and over 100 firefighters fought to bring the blaze under control within six hours and prevent any loss of life . - Cutty Sark fire , 2007 ( 6 pumps ) Although no lives were endangered and a major incident was not initiated , the fire at the historic tea clipper Cutty Sark in May 2007 became a notable incident for the widespread interest of national media and the unusual circumstances – having been caused by an industrial vacuum cleaner inadvertently left switched on by renovation workers for 48 hours . Two fire appliances and an aerial appliance arrived at the scene within six minutes of the initial call to emergency services , and the commanding officer immediately requested an additional four appliances ; firefighters brought the blaze under control within an hour . - Oxford Street , 2007 ( 30 pumps ) From 27 to 28 April 2007 Londons busiest shopping area was closed whilst more than 100 firefighters tackled a large fire in a flat above a department store on Oxford Street . The clothing retailer New Look was later fined a record £400,000 for fire safety breaches . - Buncefield oil terminal , 2005 The UKs largest peacetime fire broke out on 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal at Buncefield . Although the major incident was attended by the LFB , its role was assisting and providing additional foam supplies to the neighbouring Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service , to the north of London , whose ground the incident took place in . - 7 July 2005 bombings ( 12/12/10 pumps ) Multiple major incidents were declared across London in response to the 7/7 terrorist attacks . A total of 34 pumps and nine fire-rescue units were mobilised to the four bomb sites . - Bethnal Green Road , 2004 ( 8 pumps ) A fire in shops and flats in Bethnal Green Road , Bethnal Green in July 2004 gained coverage in the national media due to the deaths of two LFB firefighters . The first LFB fatalities since 1993 were two of the 50 mobilised to the scene . - Buckingham Palace fire , 2002 ( 20 pumps ) Fire broke out on 2 June 2002 in the west terrace of Buckingham Palace . At its peak , 20 fire engines and 100 firefighters were on the scene , and in the course of firefighting operations four people were rescued from the roof . The Royal Family were away at the time . - Paddington train crash , 1999 ( 12 pumps ) Also known as the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , two trains collided a short distance outside of Paddington station in October 1999 , killing 31 people . - Cannon Street train crash , 1991 Two people were killed and over 500 injured in the Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 . - Marchioness disaster , 1989 The Marchioness disaster of August 1989 involved a collision on the River Thames between a pleasure boat , the Marchioness , and a gravel dredger , the Bowbelle , resulting in the sinking of the Marchioness and the deaths of 51 people . Initial confusion over which bridge the ship had sunk near meant fireboats and fire engines were sent in the wrong direction . It was not until half an hour later that a station officer from Southwark radioed : Marchioness sunk , believed downstream of Blackfrairs Bridge with unknown number of people in river and Met Police searching river between Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges . - Clapham Junction train crash , 1988 The Clapham Junction rail crash occurred on 12 December 1988 when a busy commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train , derailing it into the path of an oncoming third train . Thirty-five people died and 69 others suffered serious injury . - Kings Cross fire , 1987 The Kings Cross fire broke out on 18 November 1987 under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Kings Cross tube station platforms to the surface . The blaze and smoke claimed 31 lives , including that of Soho station officer Colin Townsley while he rescued a woman from a ticket office . Investigation and research of the fire resulted in the discovery of the trench effect . - Hampton Court fire , 1986 ( 20 pumps , jointly with Surrey ) On 31 March 1986 , a fire broke out at Hampton Court Palace , which killed one person . 20 fire engines and around 125 firefighters from both the LFB and the neighbouring Surrey Fire and Rescue Service were sent to the scene , which is on the border between the two areas . Firefighters played a major role in the rescue of some of the more valuable artworks from the palace . - New Cross house fire , 1981 The infamous New Cross house fire of 18 January 1981 claimed the lives of 13 people , all aged between 14 and 22 , attending a birthday party . The exact and true cause has never been established . - Denmark Place fire , 1980 In the early hours of 15 August 1980 , a man who was earlier ejected from an illegal drinking and gambling club in Soho returned with gasoline and started a fire that killed 37 people and injured 23 others . The incident became known as the Denmark Place fire . - The Granary warehouse , 1978 ( 35 pumps , 6 turntable ladders ) 1 October 1978 saw one of Londons largest post–World War II fires , at The Granary warehouse on St . Pancras Way . At the first call at 2:58 a.m. , three fire engines and a turntable ladder were sent to the scene . The scale of the blaze is evidenced by the rapid development of the LFBs mobilisation : make pumps four at 3:05 a.m. ; make pumps six at 3:07 a.m. ; make pumps 10 at 3:12 a.m. ; make pumps 15 and turntable ladders 2 at 3:19 a.m. ; make turntable ladders 4 at 3:39 a.m. ; make pumps 20 and turntable ladders 6 at 3:51 a.m. ; make pumps 25 at 4:19 a.m. ; make hose layers 2 at 4:30 a.m. ; and make pumps 35 at 5:13 a.m . At 4:50 a.m. , the structure suffered a major collapse , killing firefighter Stephen Neill from Barbican station , seriously injuring three others , and destroying two fire engines . - Moorgate train crash , 1975 The Moorgate tube crash was a disaster on the London Underground in February 1975 when a train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel . The driver and 42 passengers were killed . - Worsley Hotel fire , 1974 ( 30 pumps ) The Worsley Hotel fire of December 1974 was an arson attack that killed seven people , including probationary firefighter Hamish Petit of Paddington station . Four fire engines , a turntable ladder and emergency tender were initially mobilised to the scene , gradually increased to 30 pumps with three turntable ladders , three emergency tenders , and hose layers . A 41-year-old kitchen porter was convicted of the attack and seven counts of manslaughter and was jailed for life . - 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign During the 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign throughout the last quarter of the 20th century , several major bombings were carried out in London by the Provisional IRA , including at the Palace of Westminster , Tower of London , and Harrods . A list of these and other bombings in London to which the LFB responded can be found here . - Dudgeons Wharf , 1969 Dudgeons Wharf on the Isle of Dogs contained a site of over 100 tanks of various capacities up to 20,000 gallons used for storing oils and spirits . A fire started when workmen were cutting up old oil tanks . The LFB was called – six pumps , a foam tender and the fireboat Massey Shaw – and while firefighters tackled the fire an oil tank exploded . Five firefighters from Millwall and Poplar stations were killed , the largest single loss of life in the LFB since the Second World War . - Bishopsgate goods yard , 1964 ( 40 pumps , 12 turntable ladders ) Londons main railway goods terminal at was gutted by a spectacular fire in December 1964 . Within 37 minutes of the first crews arriving on scene , the scale of the blaze was so intense and widespread that 40 fire engines had been mobilised . In addition , 12 turntable ladders , two hose layers , two emergency tenders , and 235 firefighters battled the fire which killed two customs officials and destroyed hundreds of railway wagons , dozens of motor vehicles and millions of pounds worth of goods . The site remained derelict for the next 30 years until being rebuilt as Shoreditch High Street railway station . - Smithfield market , 1958 ( 50 pumps ) Over the course of firefighting operations at Londons central meat market in January 1958 , a total of 389 fire engines with more than 1,700 firefighters from 58 fire stations worked in shifts to tackle a fire of exceptional proportions . - Covent Garden warehouse fire , 1954 While fighting a fire in a five-storey warehouse adjacent to Covent Garden , a station officer and firefighter , both of Clerkenwell station , were killed . Six more were hospitalised , with three requiring plastic surgery treatment . - London Blitz on 7 September 1940 , a sub-officer at West Ham fire station witnessed the start of the Blitz by Nazi Germany on London . He reported that three miles of waterfront buildings had become a continuous blaze , and ordered 500 fire engines to be mobilised . The commander thought this an exaggeration and sent someone to investigate the situation , who reported back that 1,000 were required . More than 300 firefighters perished in the widespread and sustained bombing campaign , including two in a direct hit on Soho fire station and six in a direct hit on Wandsworth fire station . - Crystal Palace fire , 1936 ( 88 pumps ) A major fire which led to the complete destruction of the Crystal Palace on 30 November 1936 was attended by 88 fire engines and 438 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade and three other brigades , plus 749 police officers . - Colonial Wharf , 1935 ( 60 pumps ) An eight-storey rubber warehouse in Wapping High Street burned for four days from 27 September 1935 , with 60 fire engines in attendance . It was the first major incident for one of the LFBs most famous fireboats , the Massey Shaw , which greatly assisted land crews , who were hampered by inaccessibility , by supplying a vast water jet to allow the land crews to regroup and prevent the fire from spreading to adjoining warehouses . - Vauxhall , 1918 A fire on 30 January 1918 claimed the lives of seven London firefighters . Staff at Vauxhall fire station were alerted to the incident by a passer-by , and upon arrival found a three-storey private house well alight , with the roof and upper floor partially collapsed . The fire was extinguished within two hours but firefighters remained in the building dampening down . It was then , while the men were on the ground floor , that the building suffered a total structural collapse . Six firefighters died on scene , one later from severe injury , and two suffered lesser injuries . Notable exercises . - Exercise Unified Response , 2016 London Fire Brigade led the planning and staging of a large , multi-agency exercise at multiple sites in London , simulating the collapse of Waterloo station onto an underground train . In popular culture . - Londons Firefighters : Edited by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2015 . An illustrated anthology of articles , fiction and verse about the London Fire Brigade , much of it drawn from the award-winning in-house magazine London Fireman ( 1966–82 ) and London Firefighter ( 1982–2005 ) . The book celebrates the 150th anniversary in 2016 of Londons fire brigades ( 1866–2016 ) by delivering both a comprehensive history of the London Fire Brigade and a portrait of individual firemen and firewomen at work and ( occasionally ) at play . The illustrations , many from the London Fire Brigade and the Mary Evans Picture Library offer a commentary on the text . - Beyond the Flames : Written by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2013 . It is a personal , insiders account of the life and history of the London Fire Brigade from 1965 to the late 1990s . This book was runner-up in the 2014 The Peoples Book Prize ( UK ) ( the UKs prestigious first-time author literary award ) and was nominated for the Beryl Bainbridge Award 2014 . In 2015 Beyond the Flames was a finalist in the ( Wishing Shelf Independent Books Awards ) . David Pike was awarded the Queens Commendation for Brave Conduct , and went on to rise to senior rank and organised many of the Brigades most high-profile events in the early 1990s . - Fire Wars : In July 2003 , the BBC followed the arson investigators of the LFBs fire investigation unit . The two-part series looked at how the LFB investigated 4,000 fires where the cause was unknown . The second programme , Fire Wars : Murder Most Foul , centred on one investigation . - Londons Burning : The ITV television series Londons Burning was based on the fictional Blackwall fire station and centred on characters of the stations blue watch . It was originally a 1986 television film , written by Jack Rosenthal . The fire station used as the principal location in the drama was Dockhead , near London Bridge , before moving to Leyton fire station in east London late in the series . The series that followed the film ran from 1988 to 2002 . - Fire! : The LFBs Kingsland Road fire station in Hackney , east London , was the focus of a documentary series by Thames Television for ITV , broadcast in the spring of 1991 . - Fireman ! A Personal Account : Former London firefighter Neil Wallington wrote this account of his experience in the LFB , published in 1979 . He chronicled his transition from a firefighter in the Croydon Fire Brigade through to his reaching the rank of station officer in the LFB . He went on to become the Chief Fire Officer of the Devon fire brigade ( now known as Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service ) and has written several books about fire services over the world . Wallingtons work outlined the change in working conditions in the LFB in the 1970s , a time that saw the working hours of firefighters reduced and conditions improved . - Red Watch : The former ITN newsreader Gordon Honeycombe became friendly with Neil Wallington while he was a station officer at Paddington fire station . In 1976 , Honeycombe published an account of the Worsley Hotel fire , a major fire at a hostel in Maida Vale in 1974 that claimed the lives of seven people including one firefighter . The book provided a graphic account of a single incident , and outlined some of the changes to working practices that resulted from it .
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London Fire Brigade The London Fire Brigade ( LFB ) is the fire and rescue service for London . It was formed by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 , under the leadership of superintendent Eyre Massey Shaw . The LFB is the busiest of all the fire services in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest in size , after the national Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , and has the largest number of full-time firefighters . It has 5,992 staff , including 5,096 operational firefighters and officers based at 102 fire stations ( plus one river station ) . The LFB is led by the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning , Andy Roe . The brigade and Commissioner are overseen by the Greater London Authority , which in April 2018 took over these responsibilities from the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ( LFEPA ) . In the 2015-16 financial year the LFB received 171,488 emergency calls . These consisted of : 20,773 fires , 48,696 false alarms of fire and 30,066 other calls for service . As well as firefighting , the LFB also responds to road traffic collisions , floods , shut-in-lift releases , and other incidents such as those involving hazardous materials or major transport accidents . It also conducts emergency planning and performs fire safety inspections and education . It does not provide an ambulance service as this function is performed by the London Ambulance Service as an independent NHS trust , although all LFB firefighters are trained in first aid and all of its fire engines carry first aid equipment . Since 2016 , the LFB has provided first aid for some life-threatening medical emergencies ( e.g . cardiac or respiratory arrest ) . History . Following a multitude of ad-hoc firefighting arrangements and the Great Fire of London , various insurance companies established firefighting units to tackle fires that occurred in buildings that their respective companies insured . As demands grew on the primitive firefighting units they began to coordinate and co-operate with each other until , on 1 January 1833 , the London Fire Engine Establishment was formed under the leadership of James Braidwood , who had founded the first professional , municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh . He introduced a uniform that , for the first time , included personal protection from the hazards of firefighting . With 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations , the unit was still a private enterprise , funded by the insurance companies and as such was responsible mainly for saving material goods from fire . Several large fires , most notably at the Palace of Westminster in 1834 and the 1861 Tooley Street fire ( in which Braidwood died in action , aged 61 ) , spurred the insurance companies to lobby the British government to provide the brigade at public expense and management . After due consideration , in 1865 the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was passed , creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw , a former head of police and fire services in Belfast . In 1904 it was renamed as the London Fire Brigade . The LFB moved into a new headquarters built by Higgs and Hill on the Albert Embankment in Lambeth in 1937 , where it remained until 2007 . During the Second World War the countrys brigades were amalgamated into a single National Fire Service . The separate London Fire Brigade for the County of London was re-established in 1948 . With the formation of Greater London in 1965 , this absorbed most of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , the borough brigades for West Ham , East Ham and Croydon and parts of the Essex , Hertfordshire , Surrey and Kent brigades . In 1986 the Greater London Council ( GLC ) was disbanded and a new statutory authority , the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority ( LFCDA ) , was formed to take responsibility for the LFB . The LFCDA was replaced in 2000 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . At the same time , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) was established to administer the LFEPA and coordinate emergency planning for London . Consisting of the Mayor of London and other elected members , the GLA also takes responsibility for the Metropolitan Police Service , Transport for London and other functions . In 2007 the LFB vacated its Lambeth headquarters and moved to a site in Union Street , Southwark . In the same year , the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that LFB Commissioner Ken Knight had been appointed as the first Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser to the government . Knight was succeeded as Commissioner at that time by Ron Dobson , who served for almost ten years . Dany Cotton took over in 2017 , becoming the brigades first female commissioner . Commissioners and chief officers . As of 1 January 2020 Andy Roe is the commissioner of the LFB . He succeeds Dany Cotton , who in 2017 had become the first woman to hold the top role ; Cotton resigned in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire after 32 years service in the brigade . Prior to Cotton , Ron Dobson was the commissioner and he had served in the LFB since 1979 ; he was awarded a CBE for his distinguished contribution to the fire service . - 1833 to 1861 : James Braidwood ( director of the London Fire Engine Establishment , died in action ) - 1861 to 1891 : Capt . Eyre Massey Shaw ( superintendent , later chief officer ) - 1891 to 1896 : James Sexton Simmonds - 1896 to 1903 : Capt . Lionel de Latour Wells - 1903 to 1909 : RAdm . James de Courcy Hamilton - 1909 to 1918 : Lt . Cdr . Sir Sampson Sladen - 1918 to 1933 : Arthur Reginald Dyer - 1933 to 1938 : Maj . Cyril Morris - 1938 to 1941 : Cdr . Sir Aylmer Firebrace - 1939 to 1941 : Maj . Frank Jackson - 1941 to 1948 : all fire brigades nationalised - 1948 to 1962 : Sir Frederick Delve - 1962 to 1970 : Leslie Leete - 1970 to 1976 : Joseph Milner - 1976 to 1980 : Peter Darby - 1980 to 1987 : Ronald Bullers - 1987 to 1991 : Gerald Clarkson - 1991 to 2003 : Brian Robinson ( first commissioner ) - 2003 to 2007 : Sir Ken Knight - 2007 to 2016 : Ron Dobson - 2017 to 2019 : Dany Cotton - 2020 to present : Andy Roe Organisation . Historically , the London Fire Brigade was organised into two divisions : Northern and Southern , divided in most places by the River Thames and each commanded by a Divisional Officer . Both divisions were divided into three districts , each under a Superintendent with his headquarters at a superintendent station . The superintendent stations themselves were commanded by District Officers , with the other stations under Station Officers . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 , the brigade was enlarged and took over almost all of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , part of west Kent , North Surrey and South West Essex , together with the small County Borough brigades of Croydon , East Ham and West Ham . The internal LFB organisation consists of three directorates that all report to the Commissioner . They are : - Operations ; - Safety and Assurance ; - Finance and Contractual Services . The LFBs headquarters since 2007 is located in Union Street in Southwark , adjacent to the brigades former training centre , which was both the original headquarters of the Massey Shaw fire brigade and his home , Winchester House , as well as the London Fire Brigade Museum . The brigade was previously headquartered in Lambeth between 1937 and 2007 . Legislative powers . Fire and rescue authorities in England come under the government department formerly known as the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) . This department was responsible for legislation covering fire authorities ; however , in 2006 , a structural change to central government led to the creation of the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) , and subsequently the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . It is now responsible for fire and resilience in England , including London . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 changed many working practices ; it was brought in to replace the Fire Services Act 1947 and repealed several existing acts , many going back fifty years . The full list of acts repealed can be found here : The 2004 Act was drafted in response to the Independent Review of the Fire Service , often referred to as the Bain Report , after its author Professor Sir George Bain . It recommended radical changes to many working procedures and led to a national firefighter strike in 2002–2003 . Further changes to the legislative , organisational and structural fabric of the brigade , which could include varying the attendance time , the location of frontline appliances and number of personnel , plus mandatory performance targets , priorities and objectives are set by the MHCLG in the form of a document called the Fire and Rescue Service National Framework . The framework is set annually by the government and applies to all brigades in England . Responsibility for the rest of the UK fire service is devolved to the various parliaments and assemblies . On country-wide issues , the Chief Fire Officers Association provides the collective voice on fire , rescue and resilience issues . Membership is made up from senior officers above the rank of Assistant Chief Officer , to Chief Fire Officer ( or the new title of Brigade Manager ) . Staffing . Rank structure . London Fire Brigade , along with many UK fire and rescue services , adopted a change in rank structure in 2006 . The traditional ranks were replaced with new titles descriptive of the job function . On 17 October 2019 , London Fire Brigade announced a return to the traditional rank titles , in a policy named Role to Rank . The rank structure of the Brigade is now as in the following table : Recruitment and training . In the last 24 months , the LFB have run three firefighter recruitment campaigns , however in previous years have seen fewer or even none . There are many factors as to why they would run a recruitment drive , as there is actually no set recruitment drive for firefighters . Professional firefighter training usually takes place at various London venues . On successful completion , the newly qualified firefighter is posted to a fire station to work on a shift pattern currently two day shifts ( ten and half hours ) , followed by two night shifts ( thirteen and half hours ) , followed by four days off . Working patterns were the subject of scrutiny in Professor Bains Independent Review of the Fire Service . After training school , firefighters serve a one-year period of probation ; qualification and full pay are not reached until the candidate completes a development folder which usually takes around 12–18 months . Ongoing training both theoretical and practical continues throughout the firefighters career . Shift pattern . In December 2010 the LFB and Fire Brigades Union ( FBU ) agreed on a new shift pattern for front-line firefighters : two 10½-hour day shifts then two 13½-hour night shifts followed by four days off . The agreement followed two 8-hour daytime strikes by the FBU in protest at the LFBs intention to change the shift pattern from two 9-hour day shifts then two 15-hour night shifts followed by three days off , to two 12-hour day shifts then two 12-hour night shifts followed by four days off . A London Fire Brigade report published in March 2012 stated that the shift changes have improved safety in the city . Compared with the 12 months prior to the shift changes , the 12 months following them saw firefighters able to spend more time on training , community safety work , and home safety visits ( including the free fitting of smoke alarms ) . Promotion . In order for a firefighter to gain promotion he or she must go through an assessment centre and reach the required standard set out by the Brigade . This process will be followed for each subsequent role the individual applies for , up to and including Assistant Commissioner . Appointments above the role of Assistant Commissioner are overseen by elected members of The London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . Some promotion exams can be substituted by qualifications from the Institution of Fire Engineers . Firefighters and civilians such as building inspectors , scientists , surveyors and other practising professionals , take these qualifications either by written test or research . Future promotion exams will be set using the Integrated Personal Development System ( IPDS ) . Firefighting , special services and fire prevention . In 2010/11 , the LFB handled a total of 212,657 emergency calls , including 5,241 hoax calls ( although it only mobilised to 2,248 of those malicious false alarms ) . During the same period , it dealt with 13,367 major fires . There were 6,731 dwelling fires , including 748 that had been started deliberately ; 73 people died in 58 fatal fires . In addition to conflagrations , LFB firefighters respond to special services . A special service is defined as every other non-fire related emergency , such as:<ref - Lift releases ( 9,395 in 2010/11 ) ; - Effecting entry/exit ( 7,276 in 2010/11 ) ; - Flooding ( 6,956 in 2010/11 ) ; - Traffic collisions ( 3,604 in 2010/11 ) ; - Spills and leaks ( 1,479 in 2010/11 ) ; - Assisting other agencies ( 855 in 2010/11 ) ; - Making safe operations ( 782 in 2010/11 ) ; - Animal rescues ( 583 in 2010/11 ) ; - Hazardous materials incidents ( 353 in 2010/11 ) ; - General evacuations ( 322 in 2010/11 ) ; - Suicides or attempts ( 229 in 2010/11 ) ; and - Waterborne rescues ( 38 in 2010/11 ) . The full scope of the brigades duties and powers is enshrined in the Fire and Rescue Act 2005 . Firefighters and , in some cases , specialist teams from the brigades fire investigation unit , based at Dowgate , also investigate arson incidents , often working alongside the police and providing evidence in court . In 2008/09 , deliberate fires accounted for 28% of all those attended by the LFB , a 28% reduction on the previous year . The other core duty of the brigade is to prevent damage , and day-to-day fire prevention duties . Firefighting cover . The LFB provides fire cover according to a system of four risk categories which have traditionally been used across the UK , where every building is rated for its risk on a scale from A down to D . The risk category determines the minimum number of appliances to be sent in a pre-determined mobilisation . Category A includes areas with a high density of large buildings and/or population , such as offices or factories . Three fire engines are to arrive at A risks within eight minutes , the first two within five minutes . Areas with a medium density of large buildings and/or population , such as multi-storey residential blocks , will generally be classified B risk . Two fire engines will be deployed , with one to arrive within five minutes and the second within eight minutes . Category C covers lower density , suburban areas and detached properties . One fire engine should arrive at a C risk incident within ten minutes . More rural areas not covered by the first three categories will be considered D risk . One fire engine should arrive at D risks within 20 minutes . Response times . In 2007/08 , the first fire engine mobilised to a 999 call arrived within five minutes 58.8% of the time , and within eight minutes 90% of the time . The second fire engine deployed arrived within eight minutes 81.9% of the time , and within ten minutes 92.4% of the time . In 2010/11 , the average response time of the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 34 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance was 6 minutes 53 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . In 2015/16 , the average response time for the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 33 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance to the scene was 6 minutes 55 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . Mutual assistance . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 gives the UK fire services the ability to call upon other services or fire authorities in what is known as mutual assistance . For example , the LFB played a comprehensive role in assisting Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service at the Buncefield fire in 2005 . Much earlier , the Hampton Court fire of 1986 , which was on the border with Surrey , was attended by both the LFB and Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . In 2015/16 the LFB assisted at 567 over the border incidents . The other fire services that adjoin the LFB are : - Essex County Fire and Rescue Service - Kent Fire and Rescue Service - Surrey Fire and Rescue Service - Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service - Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service - Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service The LFB also mobilises to support airport firefighters at London Heathrow Airport , London City Airport and The London Heliport . Determining the size of an incident . The LFB , along with all other UK fire and rescue services , determines the size of a fire or special service by the final number of appliances mobilised to deal with it . For example , two appliances are despatched to a B risk area in response to a fire call in a residential house . The officer-in-charge can request additional appliances by transmitting a radio message such as , make pumps four , or if persons are believed to be involved or trapped , make pumps four , persons reported . The control room will then deploy a further two appliances making a total of four . Informally , firefighters refer to such fires as a make up or a four-pumper ; If an incident is more serious , it can be escalated straight to a six- , eight- or ten-pump fire and beyond in London this is usually completed in even numbers , though it is not uncommon for a ten-pump fire to be made up to 15 if necessary . A call to , say , a large warehouse ablaze could be escalated straight to a ten-pump fire . The 2007 Cutty Sark fire required eight pumps ; as a serious incident escalates , the brigade deploys senior officers , Command Units and any specialist appliances required . Examples of 25-pump fires include the blaze at Alexandra Palace in 1980 , and at the Royal Marsden Hospital , Chelsea in 2008 , the latter also involving four aerial appliances . The Kings Cross fire in 1987 was a 30-pump fire , as was the blaze in numerous shops on Oxford Street in April 2007 . The Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 was a 40-pump fire . Pumping appliances can only operate with a minimum crew of four , and a maximum of six ( although this is rare ) so it is possible to estimate the number of firefighters attending an incident by multiplying the number of pumps by five . For example , the Cutty Sark fire was described as an eight-pump fire attended by 40 firefighters . Special services . Core services are paid for by Londons council tax payers and through central government funding known as a grant settlement ; each council tax payers bill will include a precept – a specific part of their bill that contributes to the funding of the fire brigade . Those in need of the LFBs services in an emergency do not pay , but the brigade can provide additional special services for which it may charge where there is no immediate threat to life or imminent risk of injury . Examples of these special services which may be charged for include the clearing of flooded commercial premises , the use of brigade equipment for supplying or removing water , and making structures safe in cases where there is no risk of personal injury to the public . Safety and fire prevention . LFB firefighters and watch officers often visit residential and commercial premises to advise on hazard risk assessment and fire prevention . They also provide safety education to schools and youth groups . Each of the London boroughs has a central fire safety office that collates and coordinates fire prevention work in accordance with legislation , and they are supported by a dedicated team of specialist officers . In 2010/11 , the LFB made 70,016 home fire safety visits . Over 100,000 children are seen each year by the brigades schools team . Around half of all serious fires occur in the home , and many house fires attended by the LFB no smoke alarm was fitted , despite the LFB fitting tens of thousands in homes every year . Stations and equipment . As of 2014 , the LFB has 103 fire stations , including one river station , across the 32 London boroughs and the City of London . They are staffed 24 hours a day by full-time employees of the brigade , and are linked to a control centre in Merton . This centre was opened in 2012 ; calls to it are fed from 999 operators at BT , Cable & Wireless and Global Crossing . Central London stations can attend up to 8,000 calls per year , inner-city stations about 3,000 to 4,000 calls per year ( these tend to be the stations that are busy serving the densely populated areas ) , and outlying or suburban fire stations may attend around 1,500 calls which include road traffic accidents , grass fires and house fires . Some UK fire authorities use retained ( part-time ) firefighters who live and work near their local station and are on-call , but the LFB is one of only three UK fire services where all operational staff are full-time employees . Each station has four shifts , or watches : red , white , blue and green , with a Sub Officer ( single appliance stations ) or Station Officer ( multi appliance stations ) in charge of each . The overall management of the station falls to the Station Commander , who will also attend serious incidents , as well as spending time on call . A group of one ( City of London ) to five ( Tower Hamlets ) stations within a borough are managed by a Borough Commander ( Group Commander ) who interacts strategically on a local level with the Borough Commander for the police and ambulance services and the chief executive of the local authority . Stations and districts . Upon the founding of the London County Council in 1965 , the new authority was organised into 11 divisions , of roughly 10 to 12 stations each , designated A Division through to L Division , dispatched by three 999 mobilising control rooms . A ( West End ) , D ( West London ) , G ( North West London ) and J ( North London ) mobilised from Wembley ( the former Middlesex headquarters ) ; B ( Central London south of the river ) , E ( South East London and Kent ) , H ( South London and Surrey ) and K ( South West London south of the river and Surrey ) mobilised from Croydon ( the former Croydon County Borough headquarters ) ; finally , C ( City and Inner East London ) , F ( East London including Docklands ) and L ( North East London and South West Essex ) , mobilised from Stratford ( the former West Ham County Borough headquarters ) . Each of these divisions were , to a degree , autonomous of each other and had their own divisional management hierarchy . This arrangement lasted until 1989 when the brigade was re-organised into the current arrangement . The LFB is currently formed into five divisions : Northern , Eastern , Western , Southeastern and Southwestern . As of 2013 , 21 fire stations were located in the Northern Division and have call signs prefixed A ; 26 were in the Eastern Division with call signs prefixed F ; Western Division consisted of 21 stations with G-prefixed call signs ; 22 were under the Southeastern Division with an E prefix ; and the remaining 22 were based in the Southwestern Division , call signs prefixed H . As part of this organisation , many stations were re-coded . Below is a complete listing , as of 2014 , of the 102 fire stations of the London Fire Brigade according to district and station radio callsign . The LFB is divided into five districts , each designated by a letter of the alphabet : the Northern District Command is designated as A ; the Southeastern District Command is designated as E ; the Eastern District Command is designated as F ; the Western District Command is designated as G ; the Southwestern District Command is designated as H . - Northern District The Northern District Command is designated as A or Alpha . There are currently 17 fire stations in the Northern District . The Northern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barnet , Camden , Enfield , Haringey , Islington , the City of Westminster and the City of London . - Southeastern District The Southeastern District Command is designated as E or Echo . There are currently 19 fire stations in the Southeastern District . The Southeastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Bexley , Bromley , Greenwich , Lewisham , and Southwark . - Eastern District The Eastern District Command is designated as F or Foxtrot . There are currently 23 fire stations in the Eastern District . The Eastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets , and Waltham Forest . - Western District The Western District Command is designated as G or Golf . There are currently 21 fire stations in the Western District . The Western District serves the following boroughs of London : Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow , and Kensington and Chelsea . - Southwestern District The Southwestern District Command is designated as H or Hotel . There are currently 22 fire stations in the Southwestern District , including the independent River Station , the quarters of the Fireboat . The Southwestern District serves the following boroughs of London : Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Lambeth , Merton , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , and Wandsworth . Appliances . All 102 LFB stations ( not counting the river station ) have a conventional fire appliance known as a dual pump ladder . Around 55 stations are also assigned one additional pump . Numerous other stations are home to a range of other specialist vehicles . The stations that are assigned both a dual pump ladder and a pump are generally the busier stations receiving over 2,000 emergency calls ( known colloquially by firefighters as shouts ) per year . They may also be stations of strategic importance , or those located in areas considered to be high risk . The remaining stations equipped with a single pump ladder generally attend fewer than 2,000 calls per year . An earlier fleet of mostly Volvo vehicles was phased out , with some retained for training and reserve purposes , and replaced between 2002 and 2011 with new Mercedes-Benz vehicles . In 2012 , the LFB purchased five Mini Countrymans for conversion into instant response vehicles . The two-seat cars are fitted with six extinguishers ( two each of water , foam and powder ) , plus a first-aid kit and defibrillator , and may be deployed to investigate automatic alarms actuating and smaller fires such as those in rubbish bins which do not require a full-sized engine and crew . The brigade has indicated a wish to add more smaller vehicles to its fleet , including crossover utility vehicles which could be fitted with water pumps , breathing apparatus and pull-out equipment drawers , and with enough space for four firefighters . In 2016 , the LFB announced they would be replacing the older-generation ( currently used ) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as : an improved crew cab for the comfort and safety of firefighters , new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models , a brand new electronically controlled pump , and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine , which will be compatible with Londons low-emission zones . In 2017 , 52 initial appliance orders are being rolled out across London ready for operational use , replacing the older 2002-2004 pumps , and later replacing the newer 2006-2008 pumps . The primary reason for the replacement of the older Ategos was due to their age ( some being 15 years old ) and poor economy . As of 2016 , the LFBs frontline operational fleet consists of : - Approximately 100 Dual Pump Ladders ( DPL ) ( plus approximately 25 used for training ) - Approximately 50 Pumps ( P ) - 15 Fire Rescue Units ( FRU ) ( plus 1 for training ) - 14 Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) multi-purpose vehicles - 8 Incident Response Units ( IRU ) - 8 Command Support Units ( CSU ) - 7 Aerial Ladder Platforms ( ALP ) - 6 Operational Support Units ( OSU ) - 6 High-volume Pumps ( HVP ) - 6 Fire Investigation Units ( FIU ) - 5 Instant Response Vehicles ( IRV ) - 4 Turntable Ladders ( TL ) - 4 Hose Laying Units ( HLU ) - 3 Bulk Foam Units ( BFU ) - 2 Scientific Support Units ( SSU ) - 2 Detection , Identification , and Monitoring Units ( DIM ) - 1 All-terrain Pump - 1 Heavy Distribution Unit ( HDU ) - 1 Fire Investigation Dog Unit ( FID ) - 1 Fireboat ( plus 1 used as a reserve and for training ) Improvements . The programme of improvements in staffing and equipment undertaken by the LFB since the September 11 attacks to improve Londons resilience and its capability to deal with major emergencies , including the threat of terrorism has included : ten Incident Response Units ; two Scientific Support Units ; four different types of urban search and rescue ( USAR ) vehicles and ten USAR personnel carriers ; three mass decontamination resilience units ; and six equipment carriers known as Operational Support Units . Architecturally , fire stations vary in age and design from Edwardian era red-brick fire houses to modern spacious blocks complete with additional specialist facilities . Early fire stations were originally built with horse-drawn appliances in mind and with traditional features such as the firemans pole , used by firefighters to gain rapid access from their upstairs quarters to the fire engine garages below when summoned . More modern fire stations , though constructed without such features , often have more spacious accommodation and facilities for staff of both sexes , public visitor areas such as community safety offices and other amenities . An example of these is the new fire station in Hammersmith which opened in 2003 , just a few hundred yards along Shepherds Bush Road from the previous local fire station which had been constructed in 1913 . Modernisation . In 2008 , existing LFB facilities were deemed unsuitable to meet the demands of modern firefighting and training . The LFB had been training firefighters at its current Grade 2 listed building in Southwark since 1878 . In response , the LFB signed a partnership contract with Babcock International Group PLC to provide firefighter training over the course of 25 years beginning in 2012 . Babcock is also the number one training provider to the Royal Navy , which includes firefighter training . The improvement program for firefighting training will introduce two new dedicated training centres and upgrades to 10 regional training centres . There will also be further improvements through additional computers and training facilities across many of the capitals 103 fire stations . The new firefighting training systems , supplied by Process Combustion Ltd , will have low environmental impact and will allow firefighter training to take place at night under simulated extreme conditions that firefighters will face on incident ground . In addition to improving training facilities , Babcocks proposals will increase the amount of time available for firefighter training and save the LFB an estimated £66m over the next 25 years . Fire station closures . The creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 saw the number of LFB stations increase . The LFB absorbed some stations from the county brigades . At the time there were a handful of smaller brigades : Middlesex , Croydon , West Ham and East Ham – they were all incorporated into the LFB . By 1965 the LFB had 115 stations , plus two river stations . The LFB has an ongoing policy of upgrading existing fire stations , and building new stations to replace those that are no longer suitable for the requirements of a modern-day fire service . In February 2010 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , officially opened the LFBs first new station in four years , at Harold Hill . The mayor hailed the stations exceptional environmental sustainability , calling it the greenest station in the capital . In the past two decades the total number of stations has reduced slightly , with the following permanent closures , including 10 in January 2014 as part of budget cuts : - 2014 : Belsize ( A42 ) , Bow ( F27 ) , Clerkenwell ( A27 ) , Downham ( E32 ) , Kingsland ( F31 ) , Knightsbridge ( A26 ) , Silvertown ( F46 ) , Southwark ( E33 ) , Westminster ( A25 ) , and Woolwich ( E24 ) . - 2005 : Manchester Square ( A22 ) - 1999 : Barbican ( A29 ) - 1998 : Heathrow Airport ( new station subsequently opened when the central terminal area was re-classified as A risk ) - 1998 : Shooters Hill ( E26 ) - 1993 : Sanderstead ( H30 ) ( originally a Surrey Fire Brigade station ) Regional control centre . In October 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) announced that the location for the new regional control centre , dedicated to the capital and part of the FiReControl project , would be at the Merton industrial estate in the London Borough of Merton . FiReControl was however scrapped in 2010 . Major or notable incidents . The geographical area covered by the LFB along with the major transport infrastructure and the political , business and administrative bases typical of a capital city has seen the brigade involved in many significant incidents . Major incident procedure . A major incident is defined as any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of Londons emergency services and will generally include the involvement , either directly or indirectly , of large numbers of people . Any member of any of the emergency services can initiate a major incident . Responsibility for the rescue of persons involved lies with the LFB . The care and transportation of casualties to hospital is the responsibility of the London Ambulance Service . Police will ease these operations by co-ordinating the emergency services , local authorities and other agencies . When a major incident is declared the services , along with civilian agencies , use a structural system known as gold-silver-bronze command that allows them to follow a set procedure for incident management . Put simply , gold relates to strategic control of an incident , silver to tactical command , and bronze to operational control . The term gold command can also relate to an emergency service building , mobile control unit or other base that becomes the focal point ( often remotely ) for the incidents management . Additionally , a major incident can lead to the government activating its coordination facility , known as COBR . Notable incidents . Notable incidents , some declared major incidents and some in which firefighters lost their lives , where the LFB has played a significant role include : - Grenfell Tower fire , 2017 ( 40 pumps ) In June 2017 the LFB sent over 200 firefighters and officers in 40 fire engines , all 14 of its fire rescue units , four aerial ladder platforms and multiple command and operational support units to the Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington . Crews were mobilised to the large tower block , which was ultimately almost completely alight , on the Lancaster West estate in the early hours of 14 June 2017 and some remained there for several days bringing the blaze under control . One of Surrey Fire and Rescue Services aerial ladder platforms was also requested due to its additional height . There were 72 fatalities making the incident Britains deadliest residential fire since the Blitz during World War II . - Wembley industrial estate , 2017 ( 20 pumps ) Over 120 firefighters , 20 pumps and four aerial ladder platforms were mobilised to a large fire in industrial units in Wembley in January 2017 . The blaze affected a number of two-storey units and took around 17 hours to bring under control , and days to dampen down and declare the site safe . Crews from Wembley , Northolt , Willesden , Park Royal , Stanmore and Hillingdon fire stations attended the incident . - Camden market fire , 2014 ( 10 pumps ) Ten fire engines and over 70 firefighters and officers were called to a fire at Stables Market on Chalk Farm Road , Camden , in May 2014 . A number of shops under railway arches were damaged by the blaze . Around 600 people were evacuated from the area . Crews were first mobilised at around 8 p.m . and the fire was under control by 10:50 p.m . Crews from Kentish Town , Euston , West Hampstead , Lambeth , Holloway , Islington and Soho stations attended the incident . Early indications suggested that the cause of the fire was an accidental electrical issue . - Vauxhall helicopter crash , 2013 Nearly 150 firefighters were involved in operations following a helicopter crash in Vauxhall in misty conditions during the morning rush-hour on 16 January 2013 . Several specialist vehicles , including heavy rescue and urban search and rescue , were mobilised to the scene where the wreckage fell onto a street , damaging five cars , two motorbikes and two adjacent buildings , after the aircrafts rotor blades struck a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower . The pilot and one person on the ground were killed in the incident . Fire crews also attended the tower block where the crane was left in a precarious position , and evacuated hundreds of workers and dozens of homes . A fireboat also carried out a precautionary search of the nearby River Thames . - Dagenham recycling centre fire , 2012 ( 40 pumps ) Over 200 firefighters attended what was described by the commissioner as the largest fire in London for several years . The LFB took just over four hours to bring under control the one-storey Dagenham recycling plant the size of a football pitch which was completely alight , sending a plume of smoke over east London . In addition to 40 fire engines , an aerial ladder platform , command unit , hose layer and three operational support vehicles attended . - Camden Market fire , 2008 ( 20 pumps ) Fire ravaged the stalls at the historic Camden Market in February 2008 , forcing the evacuation of 450 people from the area , including 100 from their homes . Twenty fire engines and over 100 firefighters fought to bring the blaze under control within six hours and prevent any loss of life . - Cutty Sark fire , 2007 ( 6 pumps ) Although no lives were endangered and a major incident was not initiated , the fire at the historic tea clipper Cutty Sark in May 2007 became a notable incident for the widespread interest of national media and the unusual circumstances – having been caused by an industrial vacuum cleaner inadvertently left switched on by renovation workers for 48 hours . Two fire appliances and an aerial appliance arrived at the scene within six minutes of the initial call to emergency services , and the commanding officer immediately requested an additional four appliances ; firefighters brought the blaze under control within an hour . - Oxford Street , 2007 ( 30 pumps ) From 27 to 28 April 2007 Londons busiest shopping area was closed whilst more than 100 firefighters tackled a large fire in a flat above a department store on Oxford Street . The clothing retailer New Look was later fined a record £400,000 for fire safety breaches . - Buncefield oil terminal , 2005 The UKs largest peacetime fire broke out on 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal at Buncefield . Although the major incident was attended by the LFB , its role was assisting and providing additional foam supplies to the neighbouring Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service , to the north of London , whose ground the incident took place in . - 7 July 2005 bombings ( 12/12/10 pumps ) Multiple major incidents were declared across London in response to the 7/7 terrorist attacks . A total of 34 pumps and nine fire-rescue units were mobilised to the four bomb sites . - Bethnal Green Road , 2004 ( 8 pumps ) A fire in shops and flats in Bethnal Green Road , Bethnal Green in July 2004 gained coverage in the national media due to the deaths of two LFB firefighters . The first LFB fatalities since 1993 were two of the 50 mobilised to the scene . - Buckingham Palace fire , 2002 ( 20 pumps ) Fire broke out on 2 June 2002 in the west terrace of Buckingham Palace . At its peak , 20 fire engines and 100 firefighters were on the scene , and in the course of firefighting operations four people were rescued from the roof . The Royal Family were away at the time . - Paddington train crash , 1999 ( 12 pumps ) Also known as the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , two trains collided a short distance outside of Paddington station in October 1999 , killing 31 people . - Cannon Street train crash , 1991 Two people were killed and over 500 injured in the Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 . - Marchioness disaster , 1989 The Marchioness disaster of August 1989 involved a collision on the River Thames between a pleasure boat , the Marchioness , and a gravel dredger , the Bowbelle , resulting in the sinking of the Marchioness and the deaths of 51 people . Initial confusion over which bridge the ship had sunk near meant fireboats and fire engines were sent in the wrong direction . It was not until half an hour later that a station officer from Southwark radioed : Marchioness sunk , believed downstream of Blackfrairs Bridge with unknown number of people in river and Met Police searching river between Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges . - Clapham Junction train crash , 1988 The Clapham Junction rail crash occurred on 12 December 1988 when a busy commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train , derailing it into the path of an oncoming third train . Thirty-five people died and 69 others suffered serious injury . - Kings Cross fire , 1987 The Kings Cross fire broke out on 18 November 1987 under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Kings Cross tube station platforms to the surface . The blaze and smoke claimed 31 lives , including that of Soho station officer Colin Townsley while he rescued a woman from a ticket office . Investigation and research of the fire resulted in the discovery of the trench effect . - Hampton Court fire , 1986 ( 20 pumps , jointly with Surrey ) On 31 March 1986 , a fire broke out at Hampton Court Palace , which killed one person . 20 fire engines and around 125 firefighters from both the LFB and the neighbouring Surrey Fire and Rescue Service were sent to the scene , which is on the border between the two areas . Firefighters played a major role in the rescue of some of the more valuable artworks from the palace . - New Cross house fire , 1981 The infamous New Cross house fire of 18 January 1981 claimed the lives of 13 people , all aged between 14 and 22 , attending a birthday party . The exact and true cause has never been established . - Denmark Place fire , 1980 In the early hours of 15 August 1980 , a man who was earlier ejected from an illegal drinking and gambling club in Soho returned with gasoline and started a fire that killed 37 people and injured 23 others . The incident became known as the Denmark Place fire . - The Granary warehouse , 1978 ( 35 pumps , 6 turntable ladders ) 1 October 1978 saw one of Londons largest post–World War II fires , at The Granary warehouse on St . Pancras Way . At the first call at 2:58 a.m. , three fire engines and a turntable ladder were sent to the scene . The scale of the blaze is evidenced by the rapid development of the LFBs mobilisation : make pumps four at 3:05 a.m. ; make pumps six at 3:07 a.m. ; make pumps 10 at 3:12 a.m. ; make pumps 15 and turntable ladders 2 at 3:19 a.m. ; make turntable ladders 4 at 3:39 a.m. ; make pumps 20 and turntable ladders 6 at 3:51 a.m. ; make pumps 25 at 4:19 a.m. ; make hose layers 2 at 4:30 a.m. ; and make pumps 35 at 5:13 a.m . At 4:50 a.m. , the structure suffered a major collapse , killing firefighter Stephen Neill from Barbican station , seriously injuring three others , and destroying two fire engines . - Moorgate train crash , 1975 The Moorgate tube crash was a disaster on the London Underground in February 1975 when a train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel . The driver and 42 passengers were killed . - Worsley Hotel fire , 1974 ( 30 pumps ) The Worsley Hotel fire of December 1974 was an arson attack that killed seven people , including probationary firefighter Hamish Petit of Paddington station . Four fire engines , a turntable ladder and emergency tender were initially mobilised to the scene , gradually increased to 30 pumps with three turntable ladders , three emergency tenders , and hose layers . A 41-year-old kitchen porter was convicted of the attack and seven counts of manslaughter and was jailed for life . - 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign During the 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign throughout the last quarter of the 20th century , several major bombings were carried out in London by the Provisional IRA , including at the Palace of Westminster , Tower of London , and Harrods . A list of these and other bombings in London to which the LFB responded can be found here . - Dudgeons Wharf , 1969 Dudgeons Wharf on the Isle of Dogs contained a site of over 100 tanks of various capacities up to 20,000 gallons used for storing oils and spirits . A fire started when workmen were cutting up old oil tanks . The LFB was called – six pumps , a foam tender and the fireboat Massey Shaw – and while firefighters tackled the fire an oil tank exploded . Five firefighters from Millwall and Poplar stations were killed , the largest single loss of life in the LFB since the Second World War . - Bishopsgate goods yard , 1964 ( 40 pumps , 12 turntable ladders ) Londons main railway goods terminal at was gutted by a spectacular fire in December 1964 . Within 37 minutes of the first crews arriving on scene , the scale of the blaze was so intense and widespread that 40 fire engines had been mobilised . In addition , 12 turntable ladders , two hose layers , two emergency tenders , and 235 firefighters battled the fire which killed two customs officials and destroyed hundreds of railway wagons , dozens of motor vehicles and millions of pounds worth of goods . The site remained derelict for the next 30 years until being rebuilt as Shoreditch High Street railway station . - Smithfield market , 1958 ( 50 pumps ) Over the course of firefighting operations at Londons central meat market in January 1958 , a total of 389 fire engines with more than 1,700 firefighters from 58 fire stations worked in shifts to tackle a fire of exceptional proportions . - Covent Garden warehouse fire , 1954 While fighting a fire in a five-storey warehouse adjacent to Covent Garden , a station officer and firefighter , both of Clerkenwell station , were killed . Six more were hospitalised , with three requiring plastic surgery treatment . - London Blitz on 7 September 1940 , a sub-officer at West Ham fire station witnessed the start of the Blitz by Nazi Germany on London . He reported that three miles of waterfront buildings had become a continuous blaze , and ordered 500 fire engines to be mobilised . The commander thought this an exaggeration and sent someone to investigate the situation , who reported back that 1,000 were required . More than 300 firefighters perished in the widespread and sustained bombing campaign , including two in a direct hit on Soho fire station and six in a direct hit on Wandsworth fire station . - Crystal Palace fire , 1936 ( 88 pumps ) A major fire which led to the complete destruction of the Crystal Palace on 30 November 1936 was attended by 88 fire engines and 438 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade and three other brigades , plus 749 police officers . - Colonial Wharf , 1935 ( 60 pumps ) An eight-storey rubber warehouse in Wapping High Street burned for four days from 27 September 1935 , with 60 fire engines in attendance . It was the first major incident for one of the LFBs most famous fireboats , the Massey Shaw , which greatly assisted land crews , who were hampered by inaccessibility , by supplying a vast water jet to allow the land crews to regroup and prevent the fire from spreading to adjoining warehouses . - Vauxhall , 1918 A fire on 30 January 1918 claimed the lives of seven London firefighters . Staff at Vauxhall fire station were alerted to the incident by a passer-by , and upon arrival found a three-storey private house well alight , with the roof and upper floor partially collapsed . The fire was extinguished within two hours but firefighters remained in the building dampening down . It was then , while the men were on the ground floor , that the building suffered a total structural collapse . Six firefighters died on scene , one later from severe injury , and two suffered lesser injuries . Notable exercises . - Exercise Unified Response , 2016 London Fire Brigade led the planning and staging of a large , multi-agency exercise at multiple sites in London , simulating the collapse of Waterloo station onto an underground train . In popular culture . - Londons Firefighters : Edited by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2015 . An illustrated anthology of articles , fiction and verse about the London Fire Brigade , much of it drawn from the award-winning in-house magazine London Fireman ( 1966–82 ) and London Firefighter ( 1982–2005 ) . The book celebrates the 150th anniversary in 2016 of Londons fire brigades ( 1866–2016 ) by delivering both a comprehensive history of the London Fire Brigade and a portrait of individual firemen and firewomen at work and ( occasionally ) at play . The illustrations , many from the London Fire Brigade and the Mary Evans Picture Library offer a commentary on the text . - Beyond the Flames : Written by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2013 . It is a personal , insiders account of the life and history of the London Fire Brigade from 1965 to the late 1990s . This book was runner-up in the 2014 The Peoples Book Prize ( UK ) ( the UKs prestigious first-time author literary award ) and was nominated for the Beryl Bainbridge Award 2014 . In 2015 Beyond the Flames was a finalist in the ( Wishing Shelf Independent Books Awards ) . David Pike was awarded the Queens Commendation for Brave Conduct , and went on to rise to senior rank and organised many of the Brigades most high-profile events in the early 1990s . - Fire Wars : In July 2003 , the BBC followed the arson investigators of the LFBs fire investigation unit . The two-part series looked at how the LFB investigated 4,000 fires where the cause was unknown . The second programme , Fire Wars : Murder Most Foul , centred on one investigation . - Londons Burning : The ITV television series Londons Burning was based on the fictional Blackwall fire station and centred on characters of the stations blue watch . It was originally a 1986 television film , written by Jack Rosenthal . The fire station used as the principal location in the drama was Dockhead , near London Bridge , before moving to Leyton fire station in east London late in the series . The series that followed the film ran from 1988 to 2002 . - Fire! : The LFBs Kingsland Road fire station in Hackney , east London , was the focus of a documentary series by Thames Television for ITV , broadcast in the spring of 1991 . - Fireman ! A Personal Account : Former London firefighter Neil Wallington wrote this account of his experience in the LFB , published in 1979 . He chronicled his transition from a firefighter in the Croydon Fire Brigade through to his reaching the rank of station officer in the LFB . He went on to become the Chief Fire Officer of the Devon fire brigade ( now known as Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service ) and has written several books about fire services over the world . Wallingtons work outlined the change in working conditions in the LFB in the 1970s , a time that saw the working hours of firefighters reduced and conditions improved . - Red Watch : The former ITN newsreader Gordon Honeycombe became friendly with Neil Wallington while he was a station officer at Paddington fire station . In 1976 , Honeycombe published an account of the Worsley Hotel fire , a major fire at a hostel in Maida Vale in 1974 that claimed the lives of seven people including one firefighter . The book provided a graphic account of a single incident , and outlined some of the changes to working practices that resulted from it .
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London Fire Brigade The London Fire Brigade ( LFB ) is the fire and rescue service for London . It was formed by the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act 1865 , under the leadership of superintendent Eyre Massey Shaw . The LFB is the busiest of all the fire services in the United Kingdom . It is the second largest in size , after the national Scottish Fire and Rescue Service , and has the largest number of full-time firefighters . It has 5,992 staff , including 5,096 operational firefighters and officers based at 102 fire stations ( plus one river station ) . The LFB is led by the Commissioner for Fire and Emergency Planning , Andy Roe . The brigade and Commissioner are overseen by the Greater London Authority , which in April 2018 took over these responsibilities from the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority ( LFEPA ) . In the 2015-16 financial year the LFB received 171,488 emergency calls . These consisted of : 20,773 fires , 48,696 false alarms of fire and 30,066 other calls for service . As well as firefighting , the LFB also responds to road traffic collisions , floods , shut-in-lift releases , and other incidents such as those involving hazardous materials or major transport accidents . It also conducts emergency planning and performs fire safety inspections and education . It does not provide an ambulance service as this function is performed by the London Ambulance Service as an independent NHS trust , although all LFB firefighters are trained in first aid and all of its fire engines carry first aid equipment . Since 2016 , the LFB has provided first aid for some life-threatening medical emergencies ( e.g . cardiac or respiratory arrest ) . History . Following a multitude of ad-hoc firefighting arrangements and the Great Fire of London , various insurance companies established firefighting units to tackle fires that occurred in buildings that their respective companies insured . As demands grew on the primitive firefighting units they began to coordinate and co-operate with each other until , on 1 January 1833 , the London Fire Engine Establishment was formed under the leadership of James Braidwood , who had founded the first professional , municipal fire brigade in Edinburgh . He introduced a uniform that , for the first time , included personal protection from the hazards of firefighting . With 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations , the unit was still a private enterprise , funded by the insurance companies and as such was responsible mainly for saving material goods from fire . Several large fires , most notably at the Palace of Westminster in 1834 and the 1861 Tooley Street fire ( in which Braidwood died in action , aged 61 ) , spurred the insurance companies to lobby the British government to provide the brigade at public expense and management . After due consideration , in 1865 the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act was passed , creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade under the leadership of Eyre Massey Shaw , a former head of police and fire services in Belfast . In 1904 it was renamed as the London Fire Brigade . The LFB moved into a new headquarters built by Higgs and Hill on the Albert Embankment in Lambeth in 1937 , where it remained until 2007 . During the Second World War the countrys brigades were amalgamated into a single National Fire Service . The separate London Fire Brigade for the County of London was re-established in 1948 . With the formation of Greater London in 1965 , this absorbed most of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , the borough brigades for West Ham , East Ham and Croydon and parts of the Essex , Hertfordshire , Surrey and Kent brigades . In 1986 the Greater London Council ( GLC ) was disbanded and a new statutory authority , the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority ( LFCDA ) , was formed to take responsibility for the LFB . The LFCDA was replaced in 2000 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . At the same time , the Greater London Authority ( GLA ) was established to administer the LFEPA and coordinate emergency planning for London . Consisting of the Mayor of London and other elected members , the GLA also takes responsibility for the Metropolitan Police Service , Transport for London and other functions . In 2007 the LFB vacated its Lambeth headquarters and moved to a site in Union Street , Southwark . In the same year , the Department for Communities and Local Government announced that LFB Commissioner Ken Knight had been appointed as the first Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser to the government . Knight was succeeded as Commissioner at that time by Ron Dobson , who served for almost ten years . Dany Cotton took over in 2017 , becoming the brigades first female commissioner . Commissioners and chief officers . As of 1 January 2020 Andy Roe is the commissioner of the LFB . He succeeds Dany Cotton , who in 2017 had become the first woman to hold the top role ; Cotton resigned in the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire after 32 years service in the brigade . Prior to Cotton , Ron Dobson was the commissioner and he had served in the LFB since 1979 ; he was awarded a CBE for his distinguished contribution to the fire service . - 1833 to 1861 : James Braidwood ( director of the London Fire Engine Establishment , died in action ) - 1861 to 1891 : Capt . Eyre Massey Shaw ( superintendent , later chief officer ) - 1891 to 1896 : James Sexton Simmonds - 1896 to 1903 : Capt . Lionel de Latour Wells - 1903 to 1909 : RAdm . James de Courcy Hamilton - 1909 to 1918 : Lt . Cdr . Sir Sampson Sladen - 1918 to 1933 : Arthur Reginald Dyer - 1933 to 1938 : Maj . Cyril Morris - 1938 to 1941 : Cdr . Sir Aylmer Firebrace - 1939 to 1941 : Maj . Frank Jackson - 1941 to 1948 : all fire brigades nationalised - 1948 to 1962 : Sir Frederick Delve - 1962 to 1970 : Leslie Leete - 1970 to 1976 : Joseph Milner - 1976 to 1980 : Peter Darby - 1980 to 1987 : Ronald Bullers - 1987 to 1991 : Gerald Clarkson - 1991 to 2003 : Brian Robinson ( first commissioner ) - 2003 to 2007 : Sir Ken Knight - 2007 to 2016 : Ron Dobson - 2017 to 2019 : Dany Cotton - 2020 to present : Andy Roe Organisation . Historically , the London Fire Brigade was organised into two divisions : Northern and Southern , divided in most places by the River Thames and each commanded by a Divisional Officer . Both divisions were divided into three districts , each under a Superintendent with his headquarters at a superintendent station . The superintendent stations themselves were commanded by District Officers , with the other stations under Station Officers . On the creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 , the brigade was enlarged and took over almost all of the Middlesex Fire Brigade , part of west Kent , North Surrey and South West Essex , together with the small County Borough brigades of Croydon , East Ham and West Ham . The internal LFB organisation consists of three directorates that all report to the Commissioner . They are : - Operations ; - Safety and Assurance ; - Finance and Contractual Services . The LFBs headquarters since 2007 is located in Union Street in Southwark , adjacent to the brigades former training centre , which was both the original headquarters of the Massey Shaw fire brigade and his home , Winchester House , as well as the London Fire Brigade Museum . The brigade was previously headquartered in Lambeth between 1937 and 2007 . Legislative powers . Fire and rescue authorities in England come under the government department formerly known as the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ( ODPM ) . This department was responsible for legislation covering fire authorities ; however , in 2006 , a structural change to central government led to the creation of the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) , and subsequently the Ministry of Housing , Communities and Local Government ( MHCLG ) . It is now responsible for fire and resilience in England , including London . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 changed many working practices ; it was brought in to replace the Fire Services Act 1947 and repealed several existing acts , many going back fifty years . The full list of acts repealed can be found here : The 2004 Act was drafted in response to the Independent Review of the Fire Service , often referred to as the Bain Report , after its author Professor Sir George Bain . It recommended radical changes to many working procedures and led to a national firefighter strike in 2002–2003 . Further changes to the legislative , organisational and structural fabric of the brigade , which could include varying the attendance time , the location of frontline appliances and number of personnel , plus mandatory performance targets , priorities and objectives are set by the MHCLG in the form of a document called the Fire and Rescue Service National Framework . The framework is set annually by the government and applies to all brigades in England . Responsibility for the rest of the UK fire service is devolved to the various parliaments and assemblies . On country-wide issues , the Chief Fire Officers Association provides the collective voice on fire , rescue and resilience issues . Membership is made up from senior officers above the rank of Assistant Chief Officer , to Chief Fire Officer ( or the new title of Brigade Manager ) . Staffing . Rank structure . London Fire Brigade , along with many UK fire and rescue services , adopted a change in rank structure in 2006 . The traditional ranks were replaced with new titles descriptive of the job function . On 17 October 2019 , London Fire Brigade announced a return to the traditional rank titles , in a policy named Role to Rank . The rank structure of the Brigade is now as in the following table : Recruitment and training . In the last 24 months , the LFB have run three firefighter recruitment campaigns , however in previous years have seen fewer or even none . There are many factors as to why they would run a recruitment drive , as there is actually no set recruitment drive for firefighters . Professional firefighter training usually takes place at various London venues . On successful completion , the newly qualified firefighter is posted to a fire station to work on a shift pattern currently two day shifts ( ten and half hours ) , followed by two night shifts ( thirteen and half hours ) , followed by four days off . Working patterns were the subject of scrutiny in Professor Bains Independent Review of the Fire Service . After training school , firefighters serve a one-year period of probation ; qualification and full pay are not reached until the candidate completes a development folder which usually takes around 12–18 months . Ongoing training both theoretical and practical continues throughout the firefighters career . Shift pattern . In December 2010 the LFB and Fire Brigades Union ( FBU ) agreed on a new shift pattern for front-line firefighters : two 10½-hour day shifts then two 13½-hour night shifts followed by four days off . The agreement followed two 8-hour daytime strikes by the FBU in protest at the LFBs intention to change the shift pattern from two 9-hour day shifts then two 15-hour night shifts followed by three days off , to two 12-hour day shifts then two 12-hour night shifts followed by four days off . A London Fire Brigade report published in March 2012 stated that the shift changes have improved safety in the city . Compared with the 12 months prior to the shift changes , the 12 months following them saw firefighters able to spend more time on training , community safety work , and home safety visits ( including the free fitting of smoke alarms ) . Promotion . In order for a firefighter to gain promotion he or she must go through an assessment centre and reach the required standard set out by the Brigade . This process will be followed for each subsequent role the individual applies for , up to and including Assistant Commissioner . Appointments above the role of Assistant Commissioner are overseen by elected members of The London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority . Some promotion exams can be substituted by qualifications from the Institution of Fire Engineers . Firefighters and civilians such as building inspectors , scientists , surveyors and other practising professionals , take these qualifications either by written test or research . Future promotion exams will be set using the Integrated Personal Development System ( IPDS ) . Firefighting , special services and fire prevention . In 2010/11 , the LFB handled a total of 212,657 emergency calls , including 5,241 hoax calls ( although it only mobilised to 2,248 of those malicious false alarms ) . During the same period , it dealt with 13,367 major fires . There were 6,731 dwelling fires , including 748 that had been started deliberately ; 73 people died in 58 fatal fires . In addition to conflagrations , LFB firefighters respond to special services . A special service is defined as every other non-fire related emergency , such as:<ref - Lift releases ( 9,395 in 2010/11 ) ; - Effecting entry/exit ( 7,276 in 2010/11 ) ; - Flooding ( 6,956 in 2010/11 ) ; - Traffic collisions ( 3,604 in 2010/11 ) ; - Spills and leaks ( 1,479 in 2010/11 ) ; - Assisting other agencies ( 855 in 2010/11 ) ; - Making safe operations ( 782 in 2010/11 ) ; - Animal rescues ( 583 in 2010/11 ) ; - Hazardous materials incidents ( 353 in 2010/11 ) ; - General evacuations ( 322 in 2010/11 ) ; - Suicides or attempts ( 229 in 2010/11 ) ; and - Waterborne rescues ( 38 in 2010/11 ) . The full scope of the brigades duties and powers is enshrined in the Fire and Rescue Act 2005 . Firefighters and , in some cases , specialist teams from the brigades fire investigation unit , based at Dowgate , also investigate arson incidents , often working alongside the police and providing evidence in court . In 2008/09 , deliberate fires accounted for 28% of all those attended by the LFB , a 28% reduction on the previous year . The other core duty of the brigade is to prevent damage , and day-to-day fire prevention duties . Firefighting cover . The LFB provides fire cover according to a system of four risk categories which have traditionally been used across the UK , where every building is rated for its risk on a scale from A down to D . The risk category determines the minimum number of appliances to be sent in a pre-determined mobilisation . Category A includes areas with a high density of large buildings and/or population , such as offices or factories . Three fire engines are to arrive at A risks within eight minutes , the first two within five minutes . Areas with a medium density of large buildings and/or population , such as multi-storey residential blocks , will generally be classified B risk . Two fire engines will be deployed , with one to arrive within five minutes and the second within eight minutes . Category C covers lower density , suburban areas and detached properties . One fire engine should arrive at a C risk incident within ten minutes . More rural areas not covered by the first three categories will be considered D risk . One fire engine should arrive at D risks within 20 minutes . Response times . In 2007/08 , the first fire engine mobilised to a 999 call arrived within five minutes 58.8% of the time , and within eight minutes 90% of the time . The second fire engine deployed arrived within eight minutes 81.9% of the time , and within ten minutes 92.4% of the time . In 2010/11 , the average response time of the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 34 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance was 6 minutes 53 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . In 2015/16 , the average response time for the first appliance to the scene was 5 minutes 33 seconds ( 6 minute target ) , and the second appliance to the scene was 6 minutes 55 seconds ( 8 minute target ) . Mutual assistance . The Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 gives the UK fire services the ability to call upon other services or fire authorities in what is known as mutual assistance . For example , the LFB played a comprehensive role in assisting Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service at the Buncefield fire in 2005 . Much earlier , the Hampton Court fire of 1986 , which was on the border with Surrey , was attended by both the LFB and Surrey Fire and Rescue Service . In 2015/16 the LFB assisted at 567 over the border incidents . The other fire services that adjoin the LFB are : - Essex County Fire and Rescue Service - Kent Fire and Rescue Service - Surrey Fire and Rescue Service - Royal Berkshire Fire and Rescue Service - Buckinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service - Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service The LFB also mobilises to support airport firefighters at London Heathrow Airport , London City Airport and The London Heliport . Determining the size of an incident . The LFB , along with all other UK fire and rescue services , determines the size of a fire or special service by the final number of appliances mobilised to deal with it . For example , two appliances are despatched to a B risk area in response to a fire call in a residential house . The officer-in-charge can request additional appliances by transmitting a radio message such as , make pumps four , or if persons are believed to be involved or trapped , make pumps four , persons reported . The control room will then deploy a further two appliances making a total of four . Informally , firefighters refer to such fires as a make up or a four-pumper ; If an incident is more serious , it can be escalated straight to a six- , eight- or ten-pump fire and beyond in London this is usually completed in even numbers , though it is not uncommon for a ten-pump fire to be made up to 15 if necessary . A call to , say , a large warehouse ablaze could be escalated straight to a ten-pump fire . The 2007 Cutty Sark fire required eight pumps ; as a serious incident escalates , the brigade deploys senior officers , Command Units and any specialist appliances required . Examples of 25-pump fires include the blaze at Alexandra Palace in 1980 , and at the Royal Marsden Hospital , Chelsea in 2008 , the latter also involving four aerial appliances . The Kings Cross fire in 1987 was a 30-pump fire , as was the blaze in numerous shops on Oxford Street in April 2007 . The Grenfell Tower fire in June 2017 was a 40-pump fire . Pumping appliances can only operate with a minimum crew of four , and a maximum of six ( although this is rare ) so it is possible to estimate the number of firefighters attending an incident by multiplying the number of pumps by five . For example , the Cutty Sark fire was described as an eight-pump fire attended by 40 firefighters . Special services . Core services are paid for by Londons council tax payers and through central government funding known as a grant settlement ; each council tax payers bill will include a precept – a specific part of their bill that contributes to the funding of the fire brigade . Those in need of the LFBs services in an emergency do not pay , but the brigade can provide additional special services for which it may charge where there is no immediate threat to life or imminent risk of injury . Examples of these special services which may be charged for include the clearing of flooded commercial premises , the use of brigade equipment for supplying or removing water , and making structures safe in cases where there is no risk of personal injury to the public . Safety and fire prevention . LFB firefighters and watch officers often visit residential and commercial premises to advise on hazard risk assessment and fire prevention . They also provide safety education to schools and youth groups . Each of the London boroughs has a central fire safety office that collates and coordinates fire prevention work in accordance with legislation , and they are supported by a dedicated team of specialist officers . In 2010/11 , the LFB made 70,016 home fire safety visits . Over 100,000 children are seen each year by the brigades schools team . Around half of all serious fires occur in the home , and many house fires attended by the LFB no smoke alarm was fitted , despite the LFB fitting tens of thousands in homes every year . Stations and equipment . As of 2014 , the LFB has 103 fire stations , including one river station , across the 32 London boroughs and the City of London . They are staffed 24 hours a day by full-time employees of the brigade , and are linked to a control centre in Merton . This centre was opened in 2012 ; calls to it are fed from 999 operators at BT , Cable & Wireless and Global Crossing . Central London stations can attend up to 8,000 calls per year , inner-city stations about 3,000 to 4,000 calls per year ( these tend to be the stations that are busy serving the densely populated areas ) , and outlying or suburban fire stations may attend around 1,500 calls which include road traffic accidents , grass fires and house fires . Some UK fire authorities use retained ( part-time ) firefighters who live and work near their local station and are on-call , but the LFB is one of only three UK fire services where all operational staff are full-time employees . Each station has four shifts , or watches : red , white , blue and green , with a Sub Officer ( single appliance stations ) or Station Officer ( multi appliance stations ) in charge of each . The overall management of the station falls to the Station Commander , who will also attend serious incidents , as well as spending time on call . A group of one ( City of London ) to five ( Tower Hamlets ) stations within a borough are managed by a Borough Commander ( Group Commander ) who interacts strategically on a local level with the Borough Commander for the police and ambulance services and the chief executive of the local authority . Stations and districts . Upon the founding of the London County Council in 1965 , the new authority was organised into 11 divisions , of roughly 10 to 12 stations each , designated A Division through to L Division , dispatched by three 999 mobilising control rooms . A ( West End ) , D ( West London ) , G ( North West London ) and J ( North London ) mobilised from Wembley ( the former Middlesex headquarters ) ; B ( Central London south of the river ) , E ( South East London and Kent ) , H ( South London and Surrey ) and K ( South West London south of the river and Surrey ) mobilised from Croydon ( the former Croydon County Borough headquarters ) ; finally , C ( City and Inner East London ) , F ( East London including Docklands ) and L ( North East London and South West Essex ) , mobilised from Stratford ( the former West Ham County Borough headquarters ) . Each of these divisions were , to a degree , autonomous of each other and had their own divisional management hierarchy . This arrangement lasted until 1989 when the brigade was re-organised into the current arrangement . The LFB is currently formed into five divisions : Northern , Eastern , Western , Southeastern and Southwestern . As of 2013 , 21 fire stations were located in the Northern Division and have call signs prefixed A ; 26 were in the Eastern Division with call signs prefixed F ; Western Division consisted of 21 stations with G-prefixed call signs ; 22 were under the Southeastern Division with an E prefix ; and the remaining 22 were based in the Southwestern Division , call signs prefixed H . As part of this organisation , many stations were re-coded . Below is a complete listing , as of 2014 , of the 102 fire stations of the London Fire Brigade according to district and station radio callsign . The LFB is divided into five districts , each designated by a letter of the alphabet : the Northern District Command is designated as A ; the Southeastern District Command is designated as E ; the Eastern District Command is designated as F ; the Western District Command is designated as G ; the Southwestern District Command is designated as H . - Northern District The Northern District Command is designated as A or Alpha . There are currently 17 fire stations in the Northern District . The Northern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barnet , Camden , Enfield , Haringey , Islington , the City of Westminster and the City of London . - Southeastern District The Southeastern District Command is designated as E or Echo . There are currently 19 fire stations in the Southeastern District . The Southeastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Bexley , Bromley , Greenwich , Lewisham , and Southwark . - Eastern District The Eastern District Command is designated as F or Foxtrot . There are currently 23 fire stations in the Eastern District . The Eastern District serves the following boroughs of London : Barking and Dagenham , Hackney , Havering , Newham , Redbridge , Tower Hamlets , and Waltham Forest . - Western District The Western District Command is designated as G or Golf . There are currently 21 fire stations in the Western District . The Western District serves the following boroughs of London : Brent , Ealing , Hammersmith and Fulham , Harrow , Hillingdon , Hounslow , and Kensington and Chelsea . - Southwestern District The Southwestern District Command is designated as H or Hotel . There are currently 22 fire stations in the Southwestern District , including the independent River Station , the quarters of the Fireboat . The Southwestern District serves the following boroughs of London : Croydon , Kingston upon Thames , Lambeth , Merton , Richmond upon Thames , Sutton , and Wandsworth . Appliances . All 102 LFB stations ( not counting the river station ) have a conventional fire appliance known as a dual pump ladder . Around 55 stations are also assigned one additional pump . Numerous other stations are home to a range of other specialist vehicles . The stations that are assigned both a dual pump ladder and a pump are generally the busier stations receiving over 2,000 emergency calls ( known colloquially by firefighters as shouts ) per year . They may also be stations of strategic importance , or those located in areas considered to be high risk . The remaining stations equipped with a single pump ladder generally attend fewer than 2,000 calls per year . An earlier fleet of mostly Volvo vehicles was phased out , with some retained for training and reserve purposes , and replaced between 2002 and 2011 with new Mercedes-Benz vehicles . In 2012 , the LFB purchased five Mini Countrymans for conversion into instant response vehicles . The two-seat cars are fitted with six extinguishers ( two each of water , foam and powder ) , plus a first-aid kit and defibrillator , and may be deployed to investigate automatic alarms actuating and smaller fires such as those in rubbish bins which do not require a full-sized engine and crew . The brigade has indicated a wish to add more smaller vehicles to its fleet , including crossover utility vehicles which could be fitted with water pumps , breathing apparatus and pull-out equipment drawers , and with enough space for four firefighters . In 2016 , the LFB announced they would be replacing the older-generation ( currently used ) Mercedes-Benz Atego pump appliances with brand new Mercedes-Benz Ategos which include new features such as : an improved crew cab for the comfort and safety of firefighters , new high-pressure hoses which can deliver twice as much water as previous models , a brand new electronically controlled pump , and a more economical and environment-friendly EURO VI engine , which will be compatible with Londons low-emission zones . In 2017 , 52 initial appliance orders are being rolled out across London ready for operational use , replacing the older 2002-2004 pumps , and later replacing the newer 2006-2008 pumps . The primary reason for the replacement of the older Ategos was due to their age ( some being 15 years old ) and poor economy . As of 2016 , the LFBs frontline operational fleet consists of : - Approximately 100 Dual Pump Ladders ( DPL ) ( plus approximately 25 used for training ) - Approximately 50 Pumps ( P ) - 15 Fire Rescue Units ( FRU ) ( plus 1 for training ) - 14 Urban Search and Rescue ( USAR ) multi-purpose vehicles - 8 Incident Response Units ( IRU ) - 8 Command Support Units ( CSU ) - 7 Aerial Ladder Platforms ( ALP ) - 6 Operational Support Units ( OSU ) - 6 High-volume Pumps ( HVP ) - 6 Fire Investigation Units ( FIU ) - 5 Instant Response Vehicles ( IRV ) - 4 Turntable Ladders ( TL ) - 4 Hose Laying Units ( HLU ) - 3 Bulk Foam Units ( BFU ) - 2 Scientific Support Units ( SSU ) - 2 Detection , Identification , and Monitoring Units ( DIM ) - 1 All-terrain Pump - 1 Heavy Distribution Unit ( HDU ) - 1 Fire Investigation Dog Unit ( FID ) - 1 Fireboat ( plus 1 used as a reserve and for training ) Improvements . The programme of improvements in staffing and equipment undertaken by the LFB since the September 11 attacks to improve Londons resilience and its capability to deal with major emergencies , including the threat of terrorism has included : ten Incident Response Units ; two Scientific Support Units ; four different types of urban search and rescue ( USAR ) vehicles and ten USAR personnel carriers ; three mass decontamination resilience units ; and six equipment carriers known as Operational Support Units . Architecturally , fire stations vary in age and design from Edwardian era red-brick fire houses to modern spacious blocks complete with additional specialist facilities . Early fire stations were originally built with horse-drawn appliances in mind and with traditional features such as the firemans pole , used by firefighters to gain rapid access from their upstairs quarters to the fire engine garages below when summoned . More modern fire stations , though constructed without such features , often have more spacious accommodation and facilities for staff of both sexes , public visitor areas such as community safety offices and other amenities . An example of these is the new fire station in Hammersmith which opened in 2003 , just a few hundred yards along Shepherds Bush Road from the previous local fire station which had been constructed in 1913 . Modernisation . In 2008 , existing LFB facilities were deemed unsuitable to meet the demands of modern firefighting and training . The LFB had been training firefighters at its current Grade 2 listed building in Southwark since 1878 . In response , the LFB signed a partnership contract with Babcock International Group PLC to provide firefighter training over the course of 25 years beginning in 2012 . Babcock is also the number one training provider to the Royal Navy , which includes firefighter training . The improvement program for firefighting training will introduce two new dedicated training centres and upgrades to 10 regional training centres . There will also be further improvements through additional computers and training facilities across many of the capitals 103 fire stations . The new firefighting training systems , supplied by Process Combustion Ltd , will have low environmental impact and will allow firefighter training to take place at night under simulated extreme conditions that firefighters will face on incident ground . In addition to improving training facilities , Babcocks proposals will increase the amount of time available for firefighter training and save the LFB an estimated £66m over the next 25 years . Fire station closures . The creation of the Greater London Council in 1965 saw the number of LFB stations increase . The LFB absorbed some stations from the county brigades . At the time there were a handful of smaller brigades : Middlesex , Croydon , West Ham and East Ham – they were all incorporated into the LFB . By 1965 the LFB had 115 stations , plus two river stations . The LFB has an ongoing policy of upgrading existing fire stations , and building new stations to replace those that are no longer suitable for the requirements of a modern-day fire service . In February 2010 , the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson , officially opened the LFBs first new station in four years , at Harold Hill . The mayor hailed the stations exceptional environmental sustainability , calling it the greenest station in the capital . In the past two decades the total number of stations has reduced slightly , with the following permanent closures , including 10 in January 2014 as part of budget cuts : - 2014 : Belsize ( A42 ) , Bow ( F27 ) , Clerkenwell ( A27 ) , Downham ( E32 ) , Kingsland ( F31 ) , Knightsbridge ( A26 ) , Silvertown ( F46 ) , Southwark ( E33 ) , Westminster ( A25 ) , and Woolwich ( E24 ) . - 2005 : Manchester Square ( A22 ) - 1999 : Barbican ( A29 ) - 1998 : Heathrow Airport ( new station subsequently opened when the central terminal area was re-classified as A risk ) - 1998 : Shooters Hill ( E26 ) - 1993 : Sanderstead ( H30 ) ( originally a Surrey Fire Brigade station ) Regional control centre . In October 2007 , the Department for Communities and Local Government ( DCLG ) announced that the location for the new regional control centre , dedicated to the capital and part of the FiReControl project , would be at the Merton industrial estate in the London Borough of Merton . FiReControl was however scrapped in 2010 . Major or notable incidents . The geographical area covered by the LFB along with the major transport infrastructure and the political , business and administrative bases typical of a capital city has seen the brigade involved in many significant incidents . Major incident procedure . A major incident is defined as any emergency that requires the implementation of special arrangements by one or more of Londons emergency services and will generally include the involvement , either directly or indirectly , of large numbers of people . Any member of any of the emergency services can initiate a major incident . Responsibility for the rescue of persons involved lies with the LFB . The care and transportation of casualties to hospital is the responsibility of the London Ambulance Service . Police will ease these operations by co-ordinating the emergency services , local authorities and other agencies . When a major incident is declared the services , along with civilian agencies , use a structural system known as gold-silver-bronze command that allows them to follow a set procedure for incident management . Put simply , gold relates to strategic control of an incident , silver to tactical command , and bronze to operational control . The term gold command can also relate to an emergency service building , mobile control unit or other base that becomes the focal point ( often remotely ) for the incidents management . Additionally , a major incident can lead to the government activating its coordination facility , known as COBR . Notable incidents . Notable incidents , some declared major incidents and some in which firefighters lost their lives , where the LFB has played a significant role include : - Grenfell Tower fire , 2017 ( 40 pumps ) In June 2017 the LFB sent over 200 firefighters and officers in 40 fire engines , all 14 of its fire rescue units , four aerial ladder platforms and multiple command and operational support units to the Grenfell Tower fire in north Kensington . Crews were mobilised to the large tower block , which was ultimately almost completely alight , on the Lancaster West estate in the early hours of 14 June 2017 and some remained there for several days bringing the blaze under control . One of Surrey Fire and Rescue Services aerial ladder platforms was also requested due to its additional height . There were 72 fatalities making the incident Britains deadliest residential fire since the Blitz during World War II . - Wembley industrial estate , 2017 ( 20 pumps ) Over 120 firefighters , 20 pumps and four aerial ladder platforms were mobilised to a large fire in industrial units in Wembley in January 2017 . The blaze affected a number of two-storey units and took around 17 hours to bring under control , and days to dampen down and declare the site safe . Crews from Wembley , Northolt , Willesden , Park Royal , Stanmore and Hillingdon fire stations attended the incident . - Camden market fire , 2014 ( 10 pumps ) Ten fire engines and over 70 firefighters and officers were called to a fire at Stables Market on Chalk Farm Road , Camden , in May 2014 . A number of shops under railway arches were damaged by the blaze . Around 600 people were evacuated from the area . Crews were first mobilised at around 8 p.m . and the fire was under control by 10:50 p.m . Crews from Kentish Town , Euston , West Hampstead , Lambeth , Holloway , Islington and Soho stations attended the incident . Early indications suggested that the cause of the fire was an accidental electrical issue . - Vauxhall helicopter crash , 2013 Nearly 150 firefighters were involved in operations following a helicopter crash in Vauxhall in misty conditions during the morning rush-hour on 16 January 2013 . Several specialist vehicles , including heavy rescue and urban search and rescue , were mobilised to the scene where the wreckage fell onto a street , damaging five cars , two motorbikes and two adjacent buildings , after the aircrafts rotor blades struck a construction crane attached to St George Wharf Tower . The pilot and one person on the ground were killed in the incident . Fire crews also attended the tower block where the crane was left in a precarious position , and evacuated hundreds of workers and dozens of homes . A fireboat also carried out a precautionary search of the nearby River Thames . - Dagenham recycling centre fire , 2012 ( 40 pumps ) Over 200 firefighters attended what was described by the commissioner as the largest fire in London for several years . The LFB took just over four hours to bring under control the one-storey Dagenham recycling plant the size of a football pitch which was completely alight , sending a plume of smoke over east London . In addition to 40 fire engines , an aerial ladder platform , command unit , hose layer and three operational support vehicles attended . - Camden Market fire , 2008 ( 20 pumps ) Fire ravaged the stalls at the historic Camden Market in February 2008 , forcing the evacuation of 450 people from the area , including 100 from their homes . Twenty fire engines and over 100 firefighters fought to bring the blaze under control within six hours and prevent any loss of life . - Cutty Sark fire , 2007 ( 6 pumps ) Although no lives were endangered and a major incident was not initiated , the fire at the historic tea clipper Cutty Sark in May 2007 became a notable incident for the widespread interest of national media and the unusual circumstances – having been caused by an industrial vacuum cleaner inadvertently left switched on by renovation workers for 48 hours . Two fire appliances and an aerial appliance arrived at the scene within six minutes of the initial call to emergency services , and the commanding officer immediately requested an additional four appliances ; firefighters brought the blaze under control within an hour . - Oxford Street , 2007 ( 30 pumps ) From 27 to 28 April 2007 Londons busiest shopping area was closed whilst more than 100 firefighters tackled a large fire in a flat above a department store on Oxford Street . The clothing retailer New Look was later fined a record £400,000 for fire safety breaches . - Buncefield oil terminal , 2005 The UKs largest peacetime fire broke out on 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal at Buncefield . Although the major incident was attended by the LFB , its role was assisting and providing additional foam supplies to the neighbouring Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service , to the north of London , whose ground the incident took place in . - 7 July 2005 bombings ( 12/12/10 pumps ) Multiple major incidents were declared across London in response to the 7/7 terrorist attacks . A total of 34 pumps and nine fire-rescue units were mobilised to the four bomb sites . - Bethnal Green Road , 2004 ( 8 pumps ) A fire in shops and flats in Bethnal Green Road , Bethnal Green in July 2004 gained coverage in the national media due to the deaths of two LFB firefighters . The first LFB fatalities since 1993 were two of the 50 mobilised to the scene . - Buckingham Palace fire , 2002 ( 20 pumps ) Fire broke out on 2 June 2002 in the west terrace of Buckingham Palace . At its peak , 20 fire engines and 100 firefighters were on the scene , and in the course of firefighting operations four people were rescued from the roof . The Royal Family were away at the time . - Paddington train crash , 1999 ( 12 pumps ) Also known as the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , two trains collided a short distance outside of Paddington station in October 1999 , killing 31 people . - Cannon Street train crash , 1991 Two people were killed and over 500 injured in the Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 . - Marchioness disaster , 1989 The Marchioness disaster of August 1989 involved a collision on the River Thames between a pleasure boat , the Marchioness , and a gravel dredger , the Bowbelle , resulting in the sinking of the Marchioness and the deaths of 51 people . Initial confusion over which bridge the ship had sunk near meant fireboats and fire engines were sent in the wrong direction . It was not until half an hour later that a station officer from Southwark radioed : Marchioness sunk , believed downstream of Blackfrairs Bridge with unknown number of people in river and Met Police searching river between Blackfriars and Waterloo Bridges . - Clapham Junction train crash , 1988 The Clapham Junction rail crash occurred on 12 December 1988 when a busy commuter train passed a defective signal and ran into the back of a second train , derailing it into the path of an oncoming third train . Thirty-five people died and 69 others suffered serious injury . - Kings Cross fire , 1987 The Kings Cross fire broke out on 18 November 1987 under a wooden escalator leading from one of the Kings Cross tube station platforms to the surface . The blaze and smoke claimed 31 lives , including that of Soho station officer Colin Townsley while he rescued a woman from a ticket office . Investigation and research of the fire resulted in the discovery of the trench effect . - Hampton Court fire , 1986 ( 20 pumps , jointly with Surrey ) On 31 March 1986 , a fire broke out at Hampton Court Palace , which killed one person . 20 fire engines and around 125 firefighters from both the LFB and the neighbouring Surrey Fire and Rescue Service were sent to the scene , which is on the border between the two areas . Firefighters played a major role in the rescue of some of the more valuable artworks from the palace . - New Cross house fire , 1981 The infamous New Cross house fire of 18 January 1981 claimed the lives of 13 people , all aged between 14 and 22 , attending a birthday party . The exact and true cause has never been established . - Denmark Place fire , 1980 In the early hours of 15 August 1980 , a man who was earlier ejected from an illegal drinking and gambling club in Soho returned with gasoline and started a fire that killed 37 people and injured 23 others . The incident became known as the Denmark Place fire . - The Granary warehouse , 1978 ( 35 pumps , 6 turntable ladders ) 1 October 1978 saw one of Londons largest post–World War II fires , at The Granary warehouse on St . Pancras Way . At the first call at 2:58 a.m. , three fire engines and a turntable ladder were sent to the scene . The scale of the blaze is evidenced by the rapid development of the LFBs mobilisation : make pumps four at 3:05 a.m. ; make pumps six at 3:07 a.m. ; make pumps 10 at 3:12 a.m. ; make pumps 15 and turntable ladders 2 at 3:19 a.m. ; make turntable ladders 4 at 3:39 a.m. ; make pumps 20 and turntable ladders 6 at 3:51 a.m. ; make pumps 25 at 4:19 a.m. ; make hose layers 2 at 4:30 a.m. ; and make pumps 35 at 5:13 a.m . At 4:50 a.m. , the structure suffered a major collapse , killing firefighter Stephen Neill from Barbican station , seriously injuring three others , and destroying two fire engines . - Moorgate train crash , 1975 The Moorgate tube crash was a disaster on the London Underground in February 1975 when a train failed to stop and crashed into the buffers at the end of a tunnel . The driver and 42 passengers were killed . - Worsley Hotel fire , 1974 ( 30 pumps ) The Worsley Hotel fire of December 1974 was an arson attack that killed seven people , including probationary firefighter Hamish Petit of Paddington station . Four fire engines , a turntable ladder and emergency tender were initially mobilised to the scene , gradually increased to 30 pumps with three turntable ladders , three emergency tenders , and hose layers . A 41-year-old kitchen porter was convicted of the attack and seven counts of manslaughter and was jailed for life . - 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign During the 1970s–1990s IRA bombing campaign throughout the last quarter of the 20th century , several major bombings were carried out in London by the Provisional IRA , including at the Palace of Westminster , Tower of London , and Harrods . A list of these and other bombings in London to which the LFB responded can be found here . - Dudgeons Wharf , 1969 Dudgeons Wharf on the Isle of Dogs contained a site of over 100 tanks of various capacities up to 20,000 gallons used for storing oils and spirits . A fire started when workmen were cutting up old oil tanks . The LFB was called – six pumps , a foam tender and the fireboat Massey Shaw – and while firefighters tackled the fire an oil tank exploded . Five firefighters from Millwall and Poplar stations were killed , the largest single loss of life in the LFB since the Second World War . - Bishopsgate goods yard , 1964 ( 40 pumps , 12 turntable ladders ) Londons main railway goods terminal at was gutted by a spectacular fire in December 1964 . Within 37 minutes of the first crews arriving on scene , the scale of the blaze was so intense and widespread that 40 fire engines had been mobilised . In addition , 12 turntable ladders , two hose layers , two emergency tenders , and 235 firefighters battled the fire which killed two customs officials and destroyed hundreds of railway wagons , dozens of motor vehicles and millions of pounds worth of goods . The site remained derelict for the next 30 years until being rebuilt as Shoreditch High Street railway station . - Smithfield market , 1958 ( 50 pumps ) Over the course of firefighting operations at Londons central meat market in January 1958 , a total of 389 fire engines with more than 1,700 firefighters from 58 fire stations worked in shifts to tackle a fire of exceptional proportions . - Covent Garden warehouse fire , 1954 While fighting a fire in a five-storey warehouse adjacent to Covent Garden , a station officer and firefighter , both of Clerkenwell station , were killed . Six more were hospitalised , with three requiring plastic surgery treatment . - London Blitz on 7 September 1940 , a sub-officer at West Ham fire station witnessed the start of the Blitz by Nazi Germany on London . He reported that three miles of waterfront buildings had become a continuous blaze , and ordered 500 fire engines to be mobilised . The commander thought this an exaggeration and sent someone to investigate the situation , who reported back that 1,000 were required . More than 300 firefighters perished in the widespread and sustained bombing campaign , including two in a direct hit on Soho fire station and six in a direct hit on Wandsworth fire station . - Crystal Palace fire , 1936 ( 88 pumps ) A major fire which led to the complete destruction of the Crystal Palace on 30 November 1936 was attended by 88 fire engines and 438 firefighters from the London Fire Brigade and three other brigades , plus 749 police officers . - Colonial Wharf , 1935 ( 60 pumps ) An eight-storey rubber warehouse in Wapping High Street burned for four days from 27 September 1935 , with 60 fire engines in attendance . It was the first major incident for one of the LFBs most famous fireboats , the Massey Shaw , which greatly assisted land crews , who were hampered by inaccessibility , by supplying a vast water jet to allow the land crews to regroup and prevent the fire from spreading to adjoining warehouses . - Vauxhall , 1918 A fire on 30 January 1918 claimed the lives of seven London firefighters . Staff at Vauxhall fire station were alerted to the incident by a passer-by , and upon arrival found a three-storey private house well alight , with the roof and upper floor partially collapsed . The fire was extinguished within two hours but firefighters remained in the building dampening down . It was then , while the men were on the ground floor , that the building suffered a total structural collapse . Six firefighters died on scene , one later from severe injury , and two suffered lesser injuries . Notable exercises . - Exercise Unified Response , 2016 London Fire Brigade led the planning and staging of a large , multi-agency exercise at multiple sites in London , simulating the collapse of Waterloo station onto an underground train . In popular culture . - Londons Firefighters : Edited by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2015 . An illustrated anthology of articles , fiction and verse about the London Fire Brigade , much of it drawn from the award-winning in-house magazine London Fireman ( 1966–82 ) and London Firefighter ( 1982–2005 ) . The book celebrates the 150th anniversary in 2016 of Londons fire brigades ( 1866–2016 ) by delivering both a comprehensive history of the London Fire Brigade and a portrait of individual firemen and firewomen at work and ( occasionally ) at play . The illustrations , many from the London Fire Brigade and the Mary Evans Picture Library offer a commentary on the text . - Beyond the Flames : Written by David C Pike and published by Austin Macauley Publishers ( ) in 2013 . It is a personal , insiders account of the life and history of the London Fire Brigade from 1965 to the late 1990s . This book was runner-up in the 2014 The Peoples Book Prize ( UK ) ( the UKs prestigious first-time author literary award ) and was nominated for the Beryl Bainbridge Award 2014 . In 2015 Beyond the Flames was a finalist in the ( Wishing Shelf Independent Books Awards ) . David Pike was awarded the Queens Commendation for Brave Conduct , and went on to rise to senior rank and organised many of the Brigades most high-profile events in the early 1990s . - Fire Wars : In July 2003 , the BBC followed the arson investigators of the LFBs fire investigation unit . The two-part series looked at how the LFB investigated 4,000 fires where the cause was unknown . The second programme , Fire Wars : Murder Most Foul , centred on one investigation . - Londons Burning : The ITV television series Londons Burning was based on the fictional Blackwall fire station and centred on characters of the stations blue watch . It was originally a 1986 television film , written by Jack Rosenthal . The fire station used as the principal location in the drama was Dockhead , near London Bridge , before moving to Leyton fire station in east London late in the series . The series that followed the film ran from 1988 to 2002 . - Fire! : The LFBs Kingsland Road fire station in Hackney , east London , was the focus of a documentary series by Thames Television for ITV , broadcast in the spring of 1991 . - Fireman ! A Personal Account : Former London firefighter Neil Wallington wrote this account of his experience in the LFB , published in 1979 . He chronicled his transition from a firefighter in the Croydon Fire Brigade through to his reaching the rank of station officer in the LFB . He went on to become the Chief Fire Officer of the Devon fire brigade ( now known as Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service ) and has written several books about fire services over the world . Wallingtons work outlined the change in working conditions in the LFB in the 1970s , a time that saw the working hours of firefighters reduced and conditions improved . - Red Watch : The former ITN newsreader Gordon Honeycombe became friendly with Neil Wallington while he was a station officer at Paddington fire station . In 1976 , Honeycombe published an account of the Worsley Hotel fire , a major fire at a hostel in Maida Vale in 1974 that claimed the lives of seven people including one firefighter . The book provided a graphic account of a single incident , and outlined some of the changes to working practices that resulted from it .
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Where was USA Sevens located from 2004 to 2006?
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/wiki/USA_Sevens#P276#0
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USA Sevens The USA Sevens is a rugby sevens tournament held annually during March in the United States . The USA Sevens is the largest annual rugby competition in North America , drawing over 60,000 fans , and is broadcast live in the United States by ESPN . The USA Sevens was introduced in 2004 , originally in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California . The event moved to San Diego in 2007 , and from there moved to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas in 2010 . It then spent the entire decade of the 2010s in Las Vegas before returning to Carson in 2020 . The USA Sevens tournament features 16 teams representing countries from every inhabited continent , including the host , the U.S . national team . The USA Sevens is the fifth of ten tournaments on the World Rugby Sevens Series . The Sevens World Series is played throughout the world at nine other venues : Dubai , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Hong Kong , Singapore , Canada , France , and England . Format . The tournament consists of 16 countries participating in 45 matches over a three-day weekend . The 16 teams are divided into four pools of four teams , with seeding determined by finishes in the previous competition in the Sevens World Series . Wins are worth three points , draws two , and losses one . The top two teams from each group progress to the quarterfinals to compete for the Cup ( places 1-4 ) and Plate ( places 5-8 ) . The bottom two teams from each group participate in the Bowl ( places 9-12 ) and Shield ( places 13-16 ) competitions . Through the 2011–12 edition , the sixteen participating teams were the 12 core members of the Sevens World Series circuit , along with 4 additional qualifying teams—other teams that qualified multiple times during the 2009–2012 span included Japan , Canada , Uruguay and Guyana . Starting with the 2012–13 season , the number of core teams increased from 12 to 15 , with Canada , Spain and Portugal earning the three new slots . Popularity and Growth . The USA Sevens is the 2nd largest annual rugby competition in North America after the Vancouver 7s in Canada The tournament has grown in popularity since the tournament began in 2004 . In recent years , a number of events have accelerated the surge in popularity , including the announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics , the general growth of rugby in the United States , the improved performance of the U.S . national rugby team including their success in reaching the semi-finals of the 2009 USA Sevens , and NBCs decision to begin televising the tournament beginning in 2011 . Attendance . Tournament attendance has grown rapidly since its inception in 2004 . The tournament drew 15,800 fans in 2004 , 25,000 fans in 2007 , 35,773 in 2008 , and 37,000 fans in 2009 . The tournament switched to a three-day format in 2011 . The 2012 tournaments second-day attendance of 30,112 set a new record for the largest crowd to watch a rugby event in the United States . The 2013 tournament broke attendance records again , with total attendance of 67,341 . The 2014 tournament again saw record attendance , with 68,608 fans , despite the fact that the tournament had been moved to January to avoid the 2014 Winter Olympics . Media coverage . The profile and visibility of the USA Sevens has increased in the United States since NBC began broadcasting the tournament in 2011 , marking the first time that the tournament had live television coverage on network TV in the United States . NBC Sports and Universal Sports broadcast eight hours of live coverage of the 2011 tournament , including 4 hours of coverage on NBC . NBC increased its television coverage for the 2012 tournament , showing 10 hours of live coverage , including 4 hours on NBC and 4 hours on NBC Sports . The 2012 USA Sevens earned strong ratings of 0.7 on NBC , beating other popular sports events that weekend such as the Detroit v . Philadelphia NHL game ( 0.4 ) and the Alabama v . LSU basketball game ( 0.3 ) . NBC again increased its TV coverage in 2013 , with 16 hours of coverage across three channels , including 4 hours on NBC and 6 hours on NBC Sports . The 2014 USA Sevens drew ratings of 0.7 on Saturday and 1.0 on Sunday . The 2016 USA Sevens had 7 hours of TV coverage across NBCSN and NBC , but only 1 hour on NBC . NBC Sports has displayed an increased interest in broadcasting rugby since the International Olympic Committees announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics in 2016 . NBC Sports has recognized that its partnership with USA Sevens to broadcast the tournament will help grow the sport of rugby in the United States . Sponsors . Fueled in part by the publicity generated by the NBC broadcasts and rugbys return to the Olympics , the USA Sevens has been successful in lining up several blue-chip corporate sponsors . For the 2011 tournament , sponsors included Bridgestone , Toyota , Subway and ADT . The tournament was similarly successful in landing commercial sponsors for 2012 , including Adidas , Pepsi , DHL , Subway and others . Effective with the 2010–11 series , the London-based global financial services company HSBC became the title sponsor of the overall IRB Sevens World Series . History . The USA Sevens tournament has been a part of the World Rugby Sevens Series every year since its 2004 debut . This makes the USA Sevens tournament one of the longer running consecutive hosts on the circuit . The USA Sevens debuted at the Home Depot Center , now known as Dignity Health Sports Park , in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California in February 2004 . This competition marked the first time the United States ever hosted an official IRB event of international importance . USA Rugby was awarded the right to host the USA Sevens for three years , in part because rugby was recognized as one of the fastest growing team sports in the U.S . In 2005 , USA Rugby sold a 90% interest in USA Sevens , LLC to United World Sports , LLC , with USA Rugby retaining the remaining 10% ownership interest . In August 2006 , USA Rugby and the International Rugby Board renewed the contract for the USA Sevens to remain in the IRB Sevens World Series . The USA Sevens tournament was held from 2007 to 2009 in San Diego at Petco Park , the home field of the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball . San Diego was an appealing location because the average high temperature in San Diego in February is a balmy 72 °F ( 22 °C ) . Las Vegas then won the right to host the annual event beginning in 2010 , beating out competition from San Francisco , Phoenix , and Orlando . In 2015 , World Rugby reached an agreement with USA Rugby and with the tournaments organizers : World Rugby would continue to place the USA Sevens tournament in Las Vegas if the tournament organizers agreed to widen the field at Sam Boyd Stadium and install approved artificial turf . The USA Sevens was a financial success during its run in Las Vegas , partly because its venue of Sam Boyd Stadium was surrounded by playing fields . This allowed the complex to host the Las Vegas Invitational , a major rugby union event involving club , school , and university teams , alongside the USA Sevens . During the USA Sevens run in Las Vegas , the entry fee for the Invitational has included tickets to the USA Sevens , providing a large built-in attendance base . In 2017 , the Oakland Raiders were given permission by the NFL to relocate to Las Vegas , with the team to play in a new 60,000-capacity stadium on a plot of derelict land near the Las Vegas Strip . Due to the fact that $750 million of the construction costs was expected to come in the form of public funding , a deal was thrashed out to allow the UNLV Rebels football team of the local University of Nevada , Las Vegas to move in as co-tenants of the new stadium . This meant that Sam Boyd Stadium faces an uncertain future with multiple sources suggesting that it would be demolished . In March 2018 , United World Sports CEO Jon Prusmack stated his intention on initiating talks with the Raiders over the next few months to allow the USA Sevens to use the new Raiders stadium for future tournaments . In January 2019 , The Province , the main newspaper in Vancouver , reported that the then-upcoming 2019 USA Sevens would be the last in Las Vegas , at least for the immediate future . At the time , World Rugby was preparing to announce the hosts for the Sevens Series events for its next four-year cycle , starting with 2019–20 and running through 2022–23 . Reasons cited were stadium issues and poor living environment at the team hotels . Possible options were a return to San Diego , or moves to San Francisco ( which hosted the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens ) or Miami . WR ultimately announced that the event would return to its original home of Dignity Health Sports Park for at least the 2020 event . Apart from the uncertain future of Sam Boyd Stadium , its playing field had been the source of many issues . During the first years of the events run in Las Vegas , the stadiums standard artificial pitch was used , leading to many safety-related concerns . Some of these concerns were alleviated with the installation of temporary grass surfaces for the 2017–2019 events , but other safety issues inherent to the stadiums design remained . Sam Boyd Stadium was built for American football , a sport with a playing field ( including the end zones ) that is approximately the same length as a standard rugby pitch but is nearly 20 meters narrower . Because of this , the pitch in Las Vegas was noticeably narrower than at other series stops , with team benches unusually close to the touchlines . Results . Results by year . Sources : USA Sevens , Rugby7 Results by team . Updated to include the 2020 tournamenent :
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Where was USA Sevens taking place from 2007 to 2009?
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/wiki/USA_Sevens#P276#1
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USA Sevens The USA Sevens is a rugby sevens tournament held annually during March in the United States . The USA Sevens is the largest annual rugby competition in North America , drawing over 60,000 fans , and is broadcast live in the United States by ESPN . The USA Sevens was introduced in 2004 , originally in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California . The event moved to San Diego in 2007 , and from there moved to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas in 2010 . It then spent the entire decade of the 2010s in Las Vegas before returning to Carson in 2020 . The USA Sevens tournament features 16 teams representing countries from every inhabited continent , including the host , the U.S . national team . The USA Sevens is the fifth of ten tournaments on the World Rugby Sevens Series . The Sevens World Series is played throughout the world at nine other venues : Dubai , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Hong Kong , Singapore , Canada , France , and England . Format . The tournament consists of 16 countries participating in 45 matches over a three-day weekend . The 16 teams are divided into four pools of four teams , with seeding determined by finishes in the previous competition in the Sevens World Series . Wins are worth three points , draws two , and losses one . The top two teams from each group progress to the quarterfinals to compete for the Cup ( places 1-4 ) and Plate ( places 5-8 ) . The bottom two teams from each group participate in the Bowl ( places 9-12 ) and Shield ( places 13-16 ) competitions . Through the 2011–12 edition , the sixteen participating teams were the 12 core members of the Sevens World Series circuit , along with 4 additional qualifying teams—other teams that qualified multiple times during the 2009–2012 span included Japan , Canada , Uruguay and Guyana . Starting with the 2012–13 season , the number of core teams increased from 12 to 15 , with Canada , Spain and Portugal earning the three new slots . Popularity and Growth . The USA Sevens is the 2nd largest annual rugby competition in North America after the Vancouver 7s in Canada The tournament has grown in popularity since the tournament began in 2004 . In recent years , a number of events have accelerated the surge in popularity , including the announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics , the general growth of rugby in the United States , the improved performance of the U.S . national rugby team including their success in reaching the semi-finals of the 2009 USA Sevens , and NBCs decision to begin televising the tournament beginning in 2011 . Attendance . Tournament attendance has grown rapidly since its inception in 2004 . The tournament drew 15,800 fans in 2004 , 25,000 fans in 2007 , 35,773 in 2008 , and 37,000 fans in 2009 . The tournament switched to a three-day format in 2011 . The 2012 tournaments second-day attendance of 30,112 set a new record for the largest crowd to watch a rugby event in the United States . The 2013 tournament broke attendance records again , with total attendance of 67,341 . The 2014 tournament again saw record attendance , with 68,608 fans , despite the fact that the tournament had been moved to January to avoid the 2014 Winter Olympics . Media coverage . The profile and visibility of the USA Sevens has increased in the United States since NBC began broadcasting the tournament in 2011 , marking the first time that the tournament had live television coverage on network TV in the United States . NBC Sports and Universal Sports broadcast eight hours of live coverage of the 2011 tournament , including 4 hours of coverage on NBC . NBC increased its television coverage for the 2012 tournament , showing 10 hours of live coverage , including 4 hours on NBC and 4 hours on NBC Sports . The 2012 USA Sevens earned strong ratings of 0.7 on NBC , beating other popular sports events that weekend such as the Detroit v . Philadelphia NHL game ( 0.4 ) and the Alabama v . LSU basketball game ( 0.3 ) . NBC again increased its TV coverage in 2013 , with 16 hours of coverage across three channels , including 4 hours on NBC and 6 hours on NBC Sports . The 2014 USA Sevens drew ratings of 0.7 on Saturday and 1.0 on Sunday . The 2016 USA Sevens had 7 hours of TV coverage across NBCSN and NBC , but only 1 hour on NBC . NBC Sports has displayed an increased interest in broadcasting rugby since the International Olympic Committees announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics in 2016 . NBC Sports has recognized that its partnership with USA Sevens to broadcast the tournament will help grow the sport of rugby in the United States . Sponsors . Fueled in part by the publicity generated by the NBC broadcasts and rugbys return to the Olympics , the USA Sevens has been successful in lining up several blue-chip corporate sponsors . For the 2011 tournament , sponsors included Bridgestone , Toyota , Subway and ADT . The tournament was similarly successful in landing commercial sponsors for 2012 , including Adidas , Pepsi , DHL , Subway and others . Effective with the 2010–11 series , the London-based global financial services company HSBC became the title sponsor of the overall IRB Sevens World Series . History . The USA Sevens tournament has been a part of the World Rugby Sevens Series every year since its 2004 debut . This makes the USA Sevens tournament one of the longer running consecutive hosts on the circuit . The USA Sevens debuted at the Home Depot Center , now known as Dignity Health Sports Park , in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California in February 2004 . This competition marked the first time the United States ever hosted an official IRB event of international importance . USA Rugby was awarded the right to host the USA Sevens for three years , in part because rugby was recognized as one of the fastest growing team sports in the U.S . In 2005 , USA Rugby sold a 90% interest in USA Sevens , LLC to United World Sports , LLC , with USA Rugby retaining the remaining 10% ownership interest . In August 2006 , USA Rugby and the International Rugby Board renewed the contract for the USA Sevens to remain in the IRB Sevens World Series . The USA Sevens tournament was held from 2007 to 2009 in San Diego at Petco Park , the home field of the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball . San Diego was an appealing location because the average high temperature in San Diego in February is a balmy 72 °F ( 22 °C ) . Las Vegas then won the right to host the annual event beginning in 2010 , beating out competition from San Francisco , Phoenix , and Orlando . In 2015 , World Rugby reached an agreement with USA Rugby and with the tournaments organizers : World Rugby would continue to place the USA Sevens tournament in Las Vegas if the tournament organizers agreed to widen the field at Sam Boyd Stadium and install approved artificial turf . The USA Sevens was a financial success during its run in Las Vegas , partly because its venue of Sam Boyd Stadium was surrounded by playing fields . This allowed the complex to host the Las Vegas Invitational , a major rugby union event involving club , school , and university teams , alongside the USA Sevens . During the USA Sevens run in Las Vegas , the entry fee for the Invitational has included tickets to the USA Sevens , providing a large built-in attendance base . In 2017 , the Oakland Raiders were given permission by the NFL to relocate to Las Vegas , with the team to play in a new 60,000-capacity stadium on a plot of derelict land near the Las Vegas Strip . Due to the fact that $750 million of the construction costs was expected to come in the form of public funding , a deal was thrashed out to allow the UNLV Rebels football team of the local University of Nevada , Las Vegas to move in as co-tenants of the new stadium . This meant that Sam Boyd Stadium faces an uncertain future with multiple sources suggesting that it would be demolished . In March 2018 , United World Sports CEO Jon Prusmack stated his intention on initiating talks with the Raiders over the next few months to allow the USA Sevens to use the new Raiders stadium for future tournaments . In January 2019 , The Province , the main newspaper in Vancouver , reported that the then-upcoming 2019 USA Sevens would be the last in Las Vegas , at least for the immediate future . At the time , World Rugby was preparing to announce the hosts for the Sevens Series events for its next four-year cycle , starting with 2019–20 and running through 2022–23 . Reasons cited were stadium issues and poor living environment at the team hotels . Possible options were a return to San Diego , or moves to San Francisco ( which hosted the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens ) or Miami . WR ultimately announced that the event would return to its original home of Dignity Health Sports Park for at least the 2020 event . Apart from the uncertain future of Sam Boyd Stadium , its playing field had been the source of many issues . During the first years of the events run in Las Vegas , the stadiums standard artificial pitch was used , leading to many safety-related concerns . Some of these concerns were alleviated with the installation of temporary grass surfaces for the 2017–2019 events , but other safety issues inherent to the stadiums design remained . Sam Boyd Stadium was built for American football , a sport with a playing field ( including the end zones ) that is approximately the same length as a standard rugby pitch but is nearly 20 meters narrower . Because of this , the pitch in Las Vegas was noticeably narrower than at other series stops , with team benches unusually close to the touchlines . Results . Results by year . Sources : USA Sevens , Rugby7 Results by team . Updated to include the 2020 tournamenent :
|
[
"Sam Boyd Stadium"
] |
easy
|
Where was USA Sevens located from 2010 to 2011?
|
/wiki/USA_Sevens#P276#2
|
USA Sevens The USA Sevens is a rugby sevens tournament held annually during March in the United States . The USA Sevens is the largest annual rugby competition in North America , drawing over 60,000 fans , and is broadcast live in the United States by ESPN . The USA Sevens was introduced in 2004 , originally in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California . The event moved to San Diego in 2007 , and from there moved to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas in 2010 . It then spent the entire decade of the 2010s in Las Vegas before returning to Carson in 2020 . The USA Sevens tournament features 16 teams representing countries from every inhabited continent , including the host , the U.S . national team . The USA Sevens is the fifth of ten tournaments on the World Rugby Sevens Series . The Sevens World Series is played throughout the world at nine other venues : Dubai , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Hong Kong , Singapore , Canada , France , and England . Format . The tournament consists of 16 countries participating in 45 matches over a three-day weekend . The 16 teams are divided into four pools of four teams , with seeding determined by finishes in the previous competition in the Sevens World Series . Wins are worth three points , draws two , and losses one . The top two teams from each group progress to the quarterfinals to compete for the Cup ( places 1-4 ) and Plate ( places 5-8 ) . The bottom two teams from each group participate in the Bowl ( places 9-12 ) and Shield ( places 13-16 ) competitions . Through the 2011–12 edition , the sixteen participating teams were the 12 core members of the Sevens World Series circuit , along with 4 additional qualifying teams—other teams that qualified multiple times during the 2009–2012 span included Japan , Canada , Uruguay and Guyana . Starting with the 2012–13 season , the number of core teams increased from 12 to 15 , with Canada , Spain and Portugal earning the three new slots . Popularity and Growth . The USA Sevens is the 2nd largest annual rugby competition in North America after the Vancouver 7s in Canada The tournament has grown in popularity since the tournament began in 2004 . In recent years , a number of events have accelerated the surge in popularity , including the announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics , the general growth of rugby in the United States , the improved performance of the U.S . national rugby team including their success in reaching the semi-finals of the 2009 USA Sevens , and NBCs decision to begin televising the tournament beginning in 2011 . Attendance . Tournament attendance has grown rapidly since its inception in 2004 . The tournament drew 15,800 fans in 2004 , 25,000 fans in 2007 , 35,773 in 2008 , and 37,000 fans in 2009 . The tournament switched to a three-day format in 2011 . The 2012 tournaments second-day attendance of 30,112 set a new record for the largest crowd to watch a rugby event in the United States . The 2013 tournament broke attendance records again , with total attendance of 67,341 . The 2014 tournament again saw record attendance , with 68,608 fans , despite the fact that the tournament had been moved to January to avoid the 2014 Winter Olympics . Media coverage . The profile and visibility of the USA Sevens has increased in the United States since NBC began broadcasting the tournament in 2011 , marking the first time that the tournament had live television coverage on network TV in the United States . NBC Sports and Universal Sports broadcast eight hours of live coverage of the 2011 tournament , including 4 hours of coverage on NBC . NBC increased its television coverage for the 2012 tournament , showing 10 hours of live coverage , including 4 hours on NBC and 4 hours on NBC Sports . The 2012 USA Sevens earned strong ratings of 0.7 on NBC , beating other popular sports events that weekend such as the Detroit v . Philadelphia NHL game ( 0.4 ) and the Alabama v . LSU basketball game ( 0.3 ) . NBC again increased its TV coverage in 2013 , with 16 hours of coverage across three channels , including 4 hours on NBC and 6 hours on NBC Sports . The 2014 USA Sevens drew ratings of 0.7 on Saturday and 1.0 on Sunday . The 2016 USA Sevens had 7 hours of TV coverage across NBCSN and NBC , but only 1 hour on NBC . NBC Sports has displayed an increased interest in broadcasting rugby since the International Olympic Committees announcement in 2009 that rugby would return to the Summer Olympics in 2016 . NBC Sports has recognized that its partnership with USA Sevens to broadcast the tournament will help grow the sport of rugby in the United States . Sponsors . Fueled in part by the publicity generated by the NBC broadcasts and rugbys return to the Olympics , the USA Sevens has been successful in lining up several blue-chip corporate sponsors . For the 2011 tournament , sponsors included Bridgestone , Toyota , Subway and ADT . The tournament was similarly successful in landing commercial sponsors for 2012 , including Adidas , Pepsi , DHL , Subway and others . Effective with the 2010–11 series , the London-based global financial services company HSBC became the title sponsor of the overall IRB Sevens World Series . History . The USA Sevens tournament has been a part of the World Rugby Sevens Series every year since its 2004 debut . This makes the USA Sevens tournament one of the longer running consecutive hosts on the circuit . The USA Sevens debuted at the Home Depot Center , now known as Dignity Health Sports Park , in the Los Angeles suburb of Carson , California in February 2004 . This competition marked the first time the United States ever hosted an official IRB event of international importance . USA Rugby was awarded the right to host the USA Sevens for three years , in part because rugby was recognized as one of the fastest growing team sports in the U.S . In 2005 , USA Rugby sold a 90% interest in USA Sevens , LLC to United World Sports , LLC , with USA Rugby retaining the remaining 10% ownership interest . In August 2006 , USA Rugby and the International Rugby Board renewed the contract for the USA Sevens to remain in the IRB Sevens World Series . The USA Sevens tournament was held from 2007 to 2009 in San Diego at Petco Park , the home field of the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball . San Diego was an appealing location because the average high temperature in San Diego in February is a balmy 72 °F ( 22 °C ) . Las Vegas then won the right to host the annual event beginning in 2010 , beating out competition from San Francisco , Phoenix , and Orlando . In 2015 , World Rugby reached an agreement with USA Rugby and with the tournaments organizers : World Rugby would continue to place the USA Sevens tournament in Las Vegas if the tournament organizers agreed to widen the field at Sam Boyd Stadium and install approved artificial turf . The USA Sevens was a financial success during its run in Las Vegas , partly because its venue of Sam Boyd Stadium was surrounded by playing fields . This allowed the complex to host the Las Vegas Invitational , a major rugby union event involving club , school , and university teams , alongside the USA Sevens . During the USA Sevens run in Las Vegas , the entry fee for the Invitational has included tickets to the USA Sevens , providing a large built-in attendance base . In 2017 , the Oakland Raiders were given permission by the NFL to relocate to Las Vegas , with the team to play in a new 60,000-capacity stadium on a plot of derelict land near the Las Vegas Strip . Due to the fact that $750 million of the construction costs was expected to come in the form of public funding , a deal was thrashed out to allow the UNLV Rebels football team of the local University of Nevada , Las Vegas to move in as co-tenants of the new stadium . This meant that Sam Boyd Stadium faces an uncertain future with multiple sources suggesting that it would be demolished . In March 2018 , United World Sports CEO Jon Prusmack stated his intention on initiating talks with the Raiders over the next few months to allow the USA Sevens to use the new Raiders stadium for future tournaments . In January 2019 , The Province , the main newspaper in Vancouver , reported that the then-upcoming 2019 USA Sevens would be the last in Las Vegas , at least for the immediate future . At the time , World Rugby was preparing to announce the hosts for the Sevens Series events for its next four-year cycle , starting with 2019–20 and running through 2022–23 . Reasons cited were stadium issues and poor living environment at the team hotels . Possible options were a return to San Diego , or moves to San Francisco ( which hosted the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens ) or Miami . WR ultimately announced that the event would return to its original home of Dignity Health Sports Park for at least the 2020 event . Apart from the uncertain future of Sam Boyd Stadium , its playing field had been the source of many issues . During the first years of the events run in Las Vegas , the stadiums standard artificial pitch was used , leading to many safety-related concerns . Some of these concerns were alleviated with the installation of temporary grass surfaces for the 2017–2019 events , but other safety issues inherent to the stadiums design remained . Sam Boyd Stadium was built for American football , a sport with a playing field ( including the end zones ) that is approximately the same length as a standard rugby pitch but is nearly 20 meters narrower . Because of this , the pitch in Las Vegas was noticeably narrower than at other series stops , with team benches unusually close to the touchlines . Results . Results by year . Sources : USA Sevens , Rugby7 Results by team . Updated to include the 2020 tournamenent :
|
[
"Hellenic Front"
] |
easy
|
Which political party did Makis Voridis belong to from Apr 1990 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Makis_Voridis#P102#0
|
Makis Voridis Mavroudis ( Makis ) Voridis ( ) ( born 23 August 1964 ) is a Greek lawyer and politician . A member of the Hellenic Parliament for New Democracy since 2012 , he currently serves as the Minister for the Interior in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis . He previously served as Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the Cabinet of Lucas Papademos ( 2011–2012 ) , Minister for Health in the Cabinet of Antonis Samaras ( 2014–2015 ) , and Minister for Rural Development and Food in the original Mitsotakis cabinet ( 2019–2021 ) . Voridis graduated from Athens College and acquired his degree from the Law School of the University of Athens . He also acquired a Master of Laws with merit from University College London . Voridis specialized in international commercial law , criminal law , and the philosophy of law . During his time there , he was the leader of the fascist student group Student Alternative . Voridis himself has denied any connection with far-right politics , instead describing himself as a national liberal . According to a former fellow student at Athens College , writing in Israeli newspaper Haaretz , Voridis formed the fascist student group Free Pupils that painted the walls with swastikas and saluted each other using the Nazi-era greeting Heil Hitler . It was further alleged that during school elections , Voridis would violently threaten the Jewish students who opposed his fascist group , as well as their families . After graduating from Athens College , he was appointed secretary general of the young wing of the National Political Union ( EPEN ) , a far-right political party founded by a year earlier by the jailed leader of the 1967 military coup and junta leader Georgios Papadopoulos . Voridis , who replaced Nikolaos Michaloliakos ( who went on to lead Golden Dawn ) as EPENs youth leader , remained in this position until 1990 . During his compulsory military service from 1992 to 1993 , Voridis graduated class leader ( 92 A ESSO ) in Armour School and he served as an Armour Cadet Reserve Officer , gaining the rank of second lieutenant . In 1994 , he founded the far-right Hellenic Front party and became its first president . He unsuccessfully ran for the position of Athens mayor in 1998 and 2002 . The Fronts motto was Red Card to the Illegal Immigrants , and he ran together with Konstantinos Plevris in the national elections of 2000 . The Hellenic Front under the chairmanship of Voridis performed lamentably in the 2004 general election and managed to gather only 7000 ( 0.1% ) votes . As a result of this , the Hellenic Front ceased its political activity in 2005 and was subsequently merged with the more successful Popular Orthodox Rally ( LAOS ) party . Voridis became a member of the political council of LAOS . Voridis has a law office in Athens and competed for a council seat in the 2006 local elections on the LAOS ticket in East Attica . He eventually secured 5% of the vote and was elected prefectural councillor . On 16 September 2007 , Makis Voridis was elected Member of the Greek Parliament with LAOS , calling up 8,663 votes in the Attica district , with a potential difference of 5174 votes from the second candidate , Tania Iakovidou , a TV journalist . In November 2011 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the coalition government headed by Lucas Papademos . In February 2012 , he was expelled from LAOS for supporting the second bailout package but retained his portfolio after consultations with the prime minister . A few days later , he joined New Democracy and surrendered his parliamentary seat to LAOS . As Minister , Voridis was supposed to open up professions like taxi drivers , a measure he has previously opposed on multiple occasions . In an interview with The Guardian , Voridis denied allegations of crypto-fascism , antisemitism and homophobia , describing himself as a national liberal with a rightwing student activist background . Voridis has also expressed views against illegal immigration . The articles author describes him as a former axe-wielding fascist who does not deny he is a reconstructed fascist . His presence in government has been met with alarm by Jewish and leftist groups . On 10 June 2014 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Health , despite significant concern from Jewish and other groups . On 9 July 2019 , he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food in the cabinet of New Democracy leader and prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis . On 5 January 2021 , he was appointed Minister for the Interior . External links . - Hellenic Lines , newspaper of the Hellenic Front party ( in Greek ) - Kathimerini daily newspaper , an article about Makis Voridis and the parliamentary group of the Popular Orthodox Rally ( in English ) - Article by The Guardian about the extreme right in Europe . Makis Voridis is mentioned .
|
[
"Popular Orthodox Rally",
"Hellenic Front"
] |
easy
|
Which party was Makis Voridis a member of from 2005 to May 2005?
|
/wiki/Makis_Voridis#P102#1
|
Makis Voridis Mavroudis ( Makis ) Voridis ( ) ( born 23 August 1964 ) is a Greek lawyer and politician . A member of the Hellenic Parliament for New Democracy since 2012 , he currently serves as the Minister for the Interior in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis . He previously served as Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the Cabinet of Lucas Papademos ( 2011–2012 ) , Minister for Health in the Cabinet of Antonis Samaras ( 2014–2015 ) , and Minister for Rural Development and Food in the original Mitsotakis cabinet ( 2019–2021 ) . Voridis graduated from Athens College and acquired his degree from the Law School of the University of Athens . He also acquired a Master of Laws with merit from University College London . Voridis specialized in international commercial law , criminal law , and the philosophy of law . During his time there , he was the leader of the fascist student group Student Alternative . Voridis himself has denied any connection with far-right politics , instead describing himself as a national liberal . According to a former fellow student at Athens College , writing in Israeli newspaper Haaretz , Voridis formed the fascist student group Free Pupils that painted the walls with swastikas and saluted each other using the Nazi-era greeting Heil Hitler . It was further alleged that during school elections , Voridis would violently threaten the Jewish students who opposed his fascist group , as well as their families . After graduating from Athens College , he was appointed secretary general of the young wing of the National Political Union ( EPEN ) , a far-right political party founded by a year earlier by the jailed leader of the 1967 military coup and junta leader Georgios Papadopoulos . Voridis , who replaced Nikolaos Michaloliakos ( who went on to lead Golden Dawn ) as EPENs youth leader , remained in this position until 1990 . During his compulsory military service from 1992 to 1993 , Voridis graduated class leader ( 92 A ESSO ) in Armour School and he served as an Armour Cadet Reserve Officer , gaining the rank of second lieutenant . In 1994 , he founded the far-right Hellenic Front party and became its first president . He unsuccessfully ran for the position of Athens mayor in 1998 and 2002 . The Fronts motto was Red Card to the Illegal Immigrants , and he ran together with Konstantinos Plevris in the national elections of 2000 . The Hellenic Front under the chairmanship of Voridis performed lamentably in the 2004 general election and managed to gather only 7000 ( 0.1% ) votes . As a result of this , the Hellenic Front ceased its political activity in 2005 and was subsequently merged with the more successful Popular Orthodox Rally ( LAOS ) party . Voridis became a member of the political council of LAOS . Voridis has a law office in Athens and competed for a council seat in the 2006 local elections on the LAOS ticket in East Attica . He eventually secured 5% of the vote and was elected prefectural councillor . On 16 September 2007 , Makis Voridis was elected Member of the Greek Parliament with LAOS , calling up 8,663 votes in the Attica district , with a potential difference of 5174 votes from the second candidate , Tania Iakovidou , a TV journalist . In November 2011 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the coalition government headed by Lucas Papademos . In February 2012 , he was expelled from LAOS for supporting the second bailout package but retained his portfolio after consultations with the prime minister . A few days later , he joined New Democracy and surrendered his parliamentary seat to LAOS . As Minister , Voridis was supposed to open up professions like taxi drivers , a measure he has previously opposed on multiple occasions . In an interview with The Guardian , Voridis denied allegations of crypto-fascism , antisemitism and homophobia , describing himself as a national liberal with a rightwing student activist background . Voridis has also expressed views against illegal immigration . The articles author describes him as a former axe-wielding fascist who does not deny he is a reconstructed fascist . His presence in government has been met with alarm by Jewish and leftist groups . On 10 June 2014 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Health , despite significant concern from Jewish and other groups . On 9 July 2019 , he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food in the cabinet of New Democracy leader and prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis . On 5 January 2021 , he was appointed Minister for the Interior . External links . - Hellenic Lines , newspaper of the Hellenic Front party ( in Greek ) - Kathimerini daily newspaper , an article about Makis Voridis and the parliamentary group of the Popular Orthodox Rally ( in English ) - Article by The Guardian about the extreme right in Europe . Makis Voridis is mentioned .
|
[
"New Democracy"
] |
easy
|
Which party was Makis Voridis a member of from May 2012 to May 2013?
|
/wiki/Makis_Voridis#P102#2
|
Makis Voridis Mavroudis ( Makis ) Voridis ( ) ( born 23 August 1964 ) is a Greek lawyer and politician . A member of the Hellenic Parliament for New Democracy since 2012 , he currently serves as the Minister for the Interior in the Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis . He previously served as Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the Cabinet of Lucas Papademos ( 2011–2012 ) , Minister for Health in the Cabinet of Antonis Samaras ( 2014–2015 ) , and Minister for Rural Development and Food in the original Mitsotakis cabinet ( 2019–2021 ) . Voridis graduated from Athens College and acquired his degree from the Law School of the University of Athens . He also acquired a Master of Laws with merit from University College London . Voridis specialized in international commercial law , criminal law , and the philosophy of law . During his time there , he was the leader of the fascist student group Student Alternative . Voridis himself has denied any connection with far-right politics , instead describing himself as a national liberal . According to a former fellow student at Athens College , writing in Israeli newspaper Haaretz , Voridis formed the fascist student group Free Pupils that painted the walls with swastikas and saluted each other using the Nazi-era greeting Heil Hitler . It was further alleged that during school elections , Voridis would violently threaten the Jewish students who opposed his fascist group , as well as their families . After graduating from Athens College , he was appointed secretary general of the young wing of the National Political Union ( EPEN ) , a far-right political party founded by a year earlier by the jailed leader of the 1967 military coup and junta leader Georgios Papadopoulos . Voridis , who replaced Nikolaos Michaloliakos ( who went on to lead Golden Dawn ) as EPENs youth leader , remained in this position until 1990 . During his compulsory military service from 1992 to 1993 , Voridis graduated class leader ( 92 A ESSO ) in Armour School and he served as an Armour Cadet Reserve Officer , gaining the rank of second lieutenant . In 1994 , he founded the far-right Hellenic Front party and became its first president . He unsuccessfully ran for the position of Athens mayor in 1998 and 2002 . The Fronts motto was Red Card to the Illegal Immigrants , and he ran together with Konstantinos Plevris in the national elections of 2000 . The Hellenic Front under the chairmanship of Voridis performed lamentably in the 2004 general election and managed to gather only 7000 ( 0.1% ) votes . As a result of this , the Hellenic Front ceased its political activity in 2005 and was subsequently merged with the more successful Popular Orthodox Rally ( LAOS ) party . Voridis became a member of the political council of LAOS . Voridis has a law office in Athens and competed for a council seat in the 2006 local elections on the LAOS ticket in East Attica . He eventually secured 5% of the vote and was elected prefectural councillor . On 16 September 2007 , Makis Voridis was elected Member of the Greek Parliament with LAOS , calling up 8,663 votes in the Attica district , with a potential difference of 5174 votes from the second candidate , Tania Iakovidou , a TV journalist . In November 2011 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Infrastructure , Transport and Networks in the coalition government headed by Lucas Papademos . In February 2012 , he was expelled from LAOS for supporting the second bailout package but retained his portfolio after consultations with the prime minister . A few days later , he joined New Democracy and surrendered his parliamentary seat to LAOS . As Minister , Voridis was supposed to open up professions like taxi drivers , a measure he has previously opposed on multiple occasions . In an interview with The Guardian , Voridis denied allegations of crypto-fascism , antisemitism and homophobia , describing himself as a national liberal with a rightwing student activist background . Voridis has also expressed views against illegal immigration . The articles author describes him as a former axe-wielding fascist who does not deny he is a reconstructed fascist . His presence in government has been met with alarm by Jewish and leftist groups . On 10 June 2014 , Voridis was appointed Minister for Health , despite significant concern from Jewish and other groups . On 9 July 2019 , he was appointed Minister for Rural Development and Food in the cabinet of New Democracy leader and prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis . On 5 January 2021 , he was appointed Minister for the Interior . External links . - Hellenic Lines , newspaper of the Hellenic Front party ( in Greek ) - Kathimerini daily newspaper , an article about Makis Voridis and the parliamentary group of the Popular Orthodox Rally ( in English ) - Article by The Guardian about the extreme right in Europe . Makis Voridis is mentioned .
|
[
"reserve"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stefan Leitl play for from 1995 to 1996?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#0
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"Bayern Munich"
] |
easy
|
Stefan Leitl played for which team from 1996 to 1998?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#1
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"SV Lohhof"
] |
easy
|
Stefan Leitl played for which team from 1998 to 1999?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#2
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"FC Nürnberg"
] |
easy
|
Stefan Leitl played for which team from 1999 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#3
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"SpVgg Unterhaching"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stefan Leitl play for from 2002 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#4
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"Darmstadt 98"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Stefan Leitl belong to from 2004 to 2007?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#5
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"FC Ingolstadt"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Stefan Leitl play for from 2007 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Stefan_Leitl#P54#6
|
Stefan Leitl Stefan Leitl ( born 29 August 1977 ) is a German football manager and former player who currently manages Greuther Fürth . He has managed Ingolstadt 04 II and Ingolstadt 04 . He has played for Bayern Munich ( A ) , SV Lohhof , 1 . FC Nürnberg , SpVgg Unterhaching , Darmstadt 98 , and Ingolstadt 04 . Playing career . Leitl played as a youth for FC Ismaning , before joining the youth setup of Bayern Munich in 1987 . He left the club to join SpVgg Unterhaching , but returned , and began playing for the reserve team in 1995 . A year later he was promoted to the senior squad , but did not make any first-team appearances , continuing to play for the reserves in the Regionalliga Süd . In 1998 , he left FC Bayern , joining local amateur side SV Lohhof , with whom he won the Oberliga Bayern , securing promotion to the Regionalliga . He left , however , joining 1 . FC Nürnberg , then of the 2 . Bundesliga . After two years Nürnberg were promoted to the Bundesliga as champions , where Leitl found his opportunities limited – after just five appearances he left the club half-way through the 2001–02 season , dropping back down a division to return to Unterhaching . He could not prevent them being relegated down to the Regionalliga , but played in 33 of 36 games the following season as they won the title , finishing ahead of Jahn Regensburg on goals scored . Leitl had now been a champion at the top four levels of German football . The following season Leitl had lost his place , and only played 13 games , mostly as a substitute . He left the club in July 2004 , joining Darmstadt , where he spent three seasons in the Regionalliga , leaving in 2007 after the club were relegated . He returned to Bavaria to sign for FC Ingolstadt 04 , where he established himself as a key player , captaining the club to promotion as league runners-up . Ingolstadt were relegated after one season , but bounced back in 2010 , beating Hansa Rostock in a playoff to return to the 2 . Bundesliga . Leitl started the 2010–11 season with a goal in a DFB-Pokal match against Karlsruher SC , the first goal at Ingolstadts new Audi Sportpark . He retired at the end of the 2012–13 season . Managerial career . Leitl was manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II between 16 September 2014 and 21 August 2017 . The first match for Leitl as manager of FC Ingolstadt 04 II was a 4–2 win against Wacker Burghausen on 19 September 2014 . FC Ingolstadt 04 II finished the 2014–15 season in fifth place . Ingolstadt II finished the following season in 11th place . Ingolstadt II finished the 2016–17 season in eighth place . His final match for Ingolstadt II was a 2–0 win against 1860 Rosenheim on 18 August 2017 because Leitl replaced Maik Walpurgis on 22 August 2017 as manager of the first team . He was sacked on 22 September 2018 . He finished with a record of 14 wins , 11 draws , and 15 losses . On 5 February 2019 , he was appointed as the new head coach of Greuther Fürth . Honours . - Bundesliga : 1996–97 - DFB Liga-Pokal : 1997 - DFB-Pokal : 1997–98 - Oberliga Bayern : 1998–99 - 2 . Bundesliga : 2000–01 - Regionalliga Süd : 2002–03
|
[
"Jimmy Hanley"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Dinah Sheridan from 1942 to 1952?
|
/wiki/Dinah_Sheridan#P26#0
|
Dinah Sheridan Dinah Sheridan ( born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg ; 17 September 1920 – 25 November 2012 ) was an English actress with a career spanning seven decades . She was best known for the films Genevieve ( 1953 ) and The Railway Children ( 1970 ) ; the long-running BBC comedy series Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 ) ; and for her distinguished theatre career in Londons West End . Early life and career . Sheridan was born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg in Finchley , London , to Charlotte Lisa Ginsburg ( née Everth ; 1893–1966 ) and James Ginsburg ( 1893–1958 ) . Her father was born in Osaka , Japan , to a Jewish father of Russian descent . Her mother was born in Kew , Surrey , to parents of German descent . Her parents were photographers commissioned as Studio Lisa by the Queen Mother and her daughter , Elizabeth II to photograph the royal family and such events as royal pantomimes . She was educated at Sherrards School in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire and the Italia Conti Stage School . In 1932 , at the age of 11 , she debuted professionally in Where the Rainbow Ends at the Holborn Empire . She changed her name to Dinah Sheridan , which she selected from a phone book , to play Wendy , at the age of 14 , in a long-running theatrical production of Peter Pan starring Jean Forbes-Robertson . Dinah became the first actress to play both Peter Pan and Wendy , touring between 1934–36 and taking the show to Stratford-upon-Avon . Her parents changed their surname to Sheridan at the same time . Her first feature film was Give My Heart ( 1935 ) . Other early films included Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) and her first starring role the following year in Irish and Proud of It . Stage appearances included Terence Rattigans French Without Tears ( 1939 , Oxford ) , J B Priestleys When We Are Married ( 1940 , with Cyril Cusack , Llandudno ) and The Golden Grain ( 1952 , with Betty Balfour , Embassy Theatre , London ) . One of televisions pioneers . Sheridan was one of the first actresses to appear on television in 1936 when the medium was in its infancy , and was interviewed on the BBC TV magazine programme Picture Page . The BBC had commenced the worlds first regular-scheduled service that year from Alexandra Palace . Dinahs acting credits included appearing with Robert Helpmann in The Maker of Dreams ( 1937 ) ; and in Gallows Glorious , the first-ever three-act play on television ( 1938 ) . Films . She postponed her film career to serve for two years as an ambulance driver at the start of World War II at Welwyn Garden City , where she participated in repertory theatre . After marrying Jimmy Hanley in 1942 , she appeared in several films with him . Notable films in the 1940s were Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) , Get Cracking ( 1943 , with George Formby ) , Murder in Reverse ( 1945 , with Chili Bouchier ) , For You Alone ( 1945 ) , and the lead roles in The Hills of Donegal ( 1948 ) and The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1949 ) . She played Jane Huggett in The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) and appeared as Steve Temple in two Paul Temple films , Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) and Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) . She received wider recognition for her acting in 1951 as the game wardens wife in a film about African wildlife , Where No Vultures Fly . The film was notable for being largely shot on location in Africa . Although a fictional story , it was inspired by the events and life of Mervyn Cowie who had recently fought to establish the National Parks of Kenya . Given a Royal Premiere , it became one of the UK box office hits of the year and won the National Board of Review award ( USA ) for Foreign Film of the Year . Dinah followed this with playing the second female lead in the acclaimed The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) directed by David Lean . The film was a popular and critical success , winning many awards including three BAFTAs , an Academy Award , a New York Critics Circle award and four National Board of Review awards . In interviews , Dinah spoke of how she was very happy to take a supporting role to Ann Todd in order to be directed by Lean . Sheridan then starred opposite Dirk Bogarde in Appointment in London ( 1952 ) and had a featured role as Grace Marston in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan which was made as part of the Coronation celebrations of 1953 . She was Britains top female box-office star of 1953 , according to the Motion Picture Heralds poll of film exhibitors . This issued a ranking of the Top Ten British Box-Office Stars each year . One of her enduringly popular roles was as Wendy McKim in the comedy Genevieve ( 1953 ) , where her comic instinct and control were precise and stylish . The film won a BAFTA , a Golden Globe and a National Board of Review award . Her other most memorable screen role was as Mrs Waterbury , the mother of the Railway Children in the famous film The Railway Children ( 1970 ) . She made only one more cinema film after The Railway Children : The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , which starred Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson , with Angela Lansbury as Miss Marple . That role was an atmospheric cameo appearance with Anthony Steel and Nigel Stock in the film within a film Murder at Midnight . Return to the stage . Dinah Sheridans second husband , film executive John Davis , whom she married in 1954 , insisted that she quit acting and stay at home with her children . After their 1965 divorce ( which was granted to Sheridan on the grounds of cruelty ) , she resumed her career appearing in Margaret Williams comedy Lets All Go Down the Strand ( 1967 , alongside Gladys Cooper and Evelyn Laye , Phoenix Theatre , London ) . Lets All Go Down the Strand began a prolonged period of success in Londons West End , with Sheridan appearing in both comedic and dramatic roles for the next 25 years . She starred in Ronald Gows A Boston Story ( 1968 , opposite Tony Britton , Duchess Theatre ) ; Ira Wallachs Out of the Question ( 1969 , again opposite Dame Gladys Cooper , St Martins Theatre ) , and in the title role of Ray Cooneys Move Over Mrs Markham ( 1972 , again opposite Tony Britton , Vaudeville Theatre ) . She played the Countess of Chell in Waterhouse & Halls The Card ( 1973 , with Jim Dale , Queens Theatre ) , and starred in Frances Durbridges The Gentle Hook ( 1973 , Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford , then Piccadilly Theatre ) , Samuel Taylor & Cornelia Otis Skinners The Pleasure of His Company ( 1976 revival , starring opposite Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Phoenix Theatre ) , Agatha Christies A Murder Is Announced ( 1977 , opposite Dulcie Gray , Vaudeville Theatre ) , William Douglas Homes In The Red ( 1977 , with Gerald Harper , Whitehall Theatre ) and Noël Cowards Present Laughter ( 1981 , with Donald Sinden and Gwen Watford , Vaudeville Theatre ) . The latter production was recorded and transmitted on BBC Television . During 1978/79 , Dinah starred opposite John Gielgud in Half Life which toured the UK , before they both took the play to Toronto , Canada . Other theatre credits included Roberts Wife ( 1968 , with future husband John Merivale at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre ) , Softly , Goldfish Mating ( 1971 , with Patrick Macnee , toured the UK ) , Touch of Purple ( 1972 , Thorndike Theatre , Leatherhead ) , Don Taylors Out on the Lawn ( 1975 , with Edward Hardwicke , Rosemary Leach and T . P . McKenna , Watford Palace Theatre ) , Noël Cowards Star Quality ( 1982/83 , with Emlyn Williams and Annette Crosbie amongst others , Theatre Royal Bath ) , George Bernard Shaws The Apple Cart ( 1985/86 , with Peter OToole and Susannah York , firstly in Bath , then transferred to the Londons Theatre Royal Haymarket ) , and William Douglas Homes The Kingfisher ( 1992 , Theatre Royal Bath and toured the UK ) . Dinah participated in A Talent To Amuse a gala evening production at the Phoenix Theatre , London , on 16 December 1969 which celebrated Noël Cowards 70th birthday . Sheridan and John Merivale were friends of Coward . Many stars appeared in the production , including John Gielgud , Anna Neagle , Richard Attenborough , Joyce Grenfell and Danny La Rue . Television . Having made television history by appearing in the first major TV play and being the first actor interviewee in the 1930s , Dinah worked extensively in the medium later in her career . Roles included guest appearances in popular series of the time including Armchair Theatre ( 1969 ) , Seasons of the Year ( 1971 ) , Zodiac , Crown Court and Marked Personal ( all during 1974 ) , Village Hall ( 1975 ) ; Sykes ( 1979 ) and The Swish of the Curtain ( 1980 ) . Sheridan featured in several major television plays ( in the BBC Play of the Month and Play for Today strands ) most notably Oscar Wildes An Ideal Husband ( 1969 , with Margaret Leighton , Keith Michell , Jeremy Brett and Susan Hampshire ) ; and John Galsworthys Loyalties ( 1976 , with Edward Fox amongst others ) . Both were produced by Cedric Messina and directed by Rudolph Cartier . In 1983 she made a guest appearance in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who as the Time Lady Chancellor Flavia in the 20th-anniversary special , The Five Doctors . She co-starred with long-standing friend and colleague Tony Britton and Nigel Havers in British sitcom , Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 , BBC TV ) which had audiences of over 15 million . She was a regular in the ITV series The Winning Streak ( 1985 ) and Just Us ( 1992 ) , and the BBC comedy series All Night Long ( 1994 ) . She made a memorable guest appearance as Dotty Mayhew in BBC TVs Lovejoy special The Prague Sun ( 1992 ) , which also featured Donald Pleasence and Peter Vaughan . Her last role was in 1999 as Kathleen Gilmore in the Jonathan Creek television episode Miracle in Crooked Lane . When Sheridan was the subject of the UK TV show This Is Your Life in 1979 , guests in the studio included John Gielgud , Evelyn Laye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Betty Marsden and Charles Hawtrey , and filmed tributes from Dirk Bogarde and Tony Britton . Sheridan died peacefully at her home in Northwood , London , on 25 November 2012 , aged 92 . She is buried in Northwood Cemetery . Private life . Sheridan married four times , divorcing twice and being made a widow twice : firstly to actor Jimmy Hanley ( 1942–1952 ) , with whom she had three children , then to business executive John Davis ( 1954–1965 ) , later to actor John Merivale ( 1986–1990 , his death ) and lastly to Aubrey Ison ( 1992–2007 , his death ) . During her marriage to Aubrey Ison , the couple lived in Palm Desert , California ; following Aubreys death , Dinah returned to the UK in 2007 . Her son Jeremy Hanley became an accountant , Conservative Party Chairman , and government minister under John Majors administration . Her daughter Jenny Hanley became an actress and a co-presenter of the British television series Magpie . Another daughter died in infancy . Throughout her life she remained close friends and correspondent with several former co-stars , particularly Dame Gladys Cooper , Sir John Gielgud , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . and Sir Dirk Bogarde . Cooper was the stepmother of actor John ( Jack ) Merivale , Dinahs long-time partner ( 1968–86 ) and later husband ( 1986–90 , his death ) . For many years , John Merivale required kidney dialysis which Dinah learnt to perform at home . Selected filmography . - Landslide ( 1937 ) – Dinah Shaw - Behind Your Back ( 1937 ) – Kitty Hogan - Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) – Helen Hardcastle - Irish and Proud of It ( 1938 ) – Moira Flaherty - Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) – Evie - Get Cracking ( 1943 ) – Mary Pemberton - 29 Acacia Avenue ( 1945 ) – Pepper - For You Alone ( 1945 ) – Stella White - Murder in Reverse ( 1945 ) – Jill Masterick - The Hills of Donegal ( 1947 ) – Eileen Hannay - Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) – Steve Temple - The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1948 ) – Shirley Yorke - The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) – Jane Huggett - Dark Secret ( 1949 ) – Valerie Merryman - Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) – Steve Temple - Blackout ( 1950 ) – Pat Dale - No Trace ( 1950 ) – Linda - Where No Vultures Fly ( 1951 ) – Mary Payton - The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) – Jess Peel - Appointment in London ( 1952 ) – Eve Canyon - The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) – Grace Marston - Genevieve ( 1953 ) – Wendy McKim - The Railway Children ( 1970 ) – Mrs . Waterbury - The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) – Lady Amanda Ridgeley - Johnathan Creek ( 1999 ) - Kathleen Gilmore Further reading . - Sheridan , Lisa . From cabbages to kings : the autobiography of Lisa Sheridan . Odhams Press ( 1955 ) ; ASIN : B00563O2OG ( paperback ) External links . - Dinah Sheridan recalls her appearance on This Is Your Life
|
[
"John Davis"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Dinah Sheridan from 1954 to 1965?
|
/wiki/Dinah_Sheridan#P26#1
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Dinah Sheridan Dinah Sheridan ( born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg ; 17 September 1920 – 25 November 2012 ) was an English actress with a career spanning seven decades . She was best known for the films Genevieve ( 1953 ) and The Railway Children ( 1970 ) ; the long-running BBC comedy series Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 ) ; and for her distinguished theatre career in Londons West End . Early life and career . Sheridan was born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg in Finchley , London , to Charlotte Lisa Ginsburg ( née Everth ; 1893–1966 ) and James Ginsburg ( 1893–1958 ) . Her father was born in Osaka , Japan , to a Jewish father of Russian descent . Her mother was born in Kew , Surrey , to parents of German descent . Her parents were photographers commissioned as Studio Lisa by the Queen Mother and her daughter , Elizabeth II to photograph the royal family and such events as royal pantomimes . She was educated at Sherrards School in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire and the Italia Conti Stage School . In 1932 , at the age of 11 , she debuted professionally in Where the Rainbow Ends at the Holborn Empire . She changed her name to Dinah Sheridan , which she selected from a phone book , to play Wendy , at the age of 14 , in a long-running theatrical production of Peter Pan starring Jean Forbes-Robertson . Dinah became the first actress to play both Peter Pan and Wendy , touring between 1934–36 and taking the show to Stratford-upon-Avon . Her parents changed their surname to Sheridan at the same time . Her first feature film was Give My Heart ( 1935 ) . Other early films included Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) and her first starring role the following year in Irish and Proud of It . Stage appearances included Terence Rattigans French Without Tears ( 1939 , Oxford ) , J B Priestleys When We Are Married ( 1940 , with Cyril Cusack , Llandudno ) and The Golden Grain ( 1952 , with Betty Balfour , Embassy Theatre , London ) . One of televisions pioneers . Sheridan was one of the first actresses to appear on television in 1936 when the medium was in its infancy , and was interviewed on the BBC TV magazine programme Picture Page . The BBC had commenced the worlds first regular-scheduled service that year from Alexandra Palace . Dinahs acting credits included appearing with Robert Helpmann in The Maker of Dreams ( 1937 ) ; and in Gallows Glorious , the first-ever three-act play on television ( 1938 ) . Films . She postponed her film career to serve for two years as an ambulance driver at the start of World War II at Welwyn Garden City , where she participated in repertory theatre . After marrying Jimmy Hanley in 1942 , she appeared in several films with him . Notable films in the 1940s were Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) , Get Cracking ( 1943 , with George Formby ) , Murder in Reverse ( 1945 , with Chili Bouchier ) , For You Alone ( 1945 ) , and the lead roles in The Hills of Donegal ( 1948 ) and The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1949 ) . She played Jane Huggett in The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) and appeared as Steve Temple in two Paul Temple films , Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) and Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) . She received wider recognition for her acting in 1951 as the game wardens wife in a film about African wildlife , Where No Vultures Fly . The film was notable for being largely shot on location in Africa . Although a fictional story , it was inspired by the events and life of Mervyn Cowie who had recently fought to establish the National Parks of Kenya . Given a Royal Premiere , it became one of the UK box office hits of the year and won the National Board of Review award ( USA ) for Foreign Film of the Year . Dinah followed this with playing the second female lead in the acclaimed The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) directed by David Lean . The film was a popular and critical success , winning many awards including three BAFTAs , an Academy Award , a New York Critics Circle award and four National Board of Review awards . In interviews , Dinah spoke of how she was very happy to take a supporting role to Ann Todd in order to be directed by Lean . Sheridan then starred opposite Dirk Bogarde in Appointment in London ( 1952 ) and had a featured role as Grace Marston in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan which was made as part of the Coronation celebrations of 1953 . She was Britains top female box-office star of 1953 , according to the Motion Picture Heralds poll of film exhibitors . This issued a ranking of the Top Ten British Box-Office Stars each year . One of her enduringly popular roles was as Wendy McKim in the comedy Genevieve ( 1953 ) , where her comic instinct and control were precise and stylish . The film won a BAFTA , a Golden Globe and a National Board of Review award . Her other most memorable screen role was as Mrs Waterbury , the mother of the Railway Children in the famous film The Railway Children ( 1970 ) . She made only one more cinema film after The Railway Children : The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , which starred Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson , with Angela Lansbury as Miss Marple . That role was an atmospheric cameo appearance with Anthony Steel and Nigel Stock in the film within a film Murder at Midnight . Return to the stage . Dinah Sheridans second husband , film executive John Davis , whom she married in 1954 , insisted that she quit acting and stay at home with her children . After their 1965 divorce ( which was granted to Sheridan on the grounds of cruelty ) , she resumed her career appearing in Margaret Williams comedy Lets All Go Down the Strand ( 1967 , alongside Gladys Cooper and Evelyn Laye , Phoenix Theatre , London ) . Lets All Go Down the Strand began a prolonged period of success in Londons West End , with Sheridan appearing in both comedic and dramatic roles for the next 25 years . She starred in Ronald Gows A Boston Story ( 1968 , opposite Tony Britton , Duchess Theatre ) ; Ira Wallachs Out of the Question ( 1969 , again opposite Dame Gladys Cooper , St Martins Theatre ) , and in the title role of Ray Cooneys Move Over Mrs Markham ( 1972 , again opposite Tony Britton , Vaudeville Theatre ) . She played the Countess of Chell in Waterhouse & Halls The Card ( 1973 , with Jim Dale , Queens Theatre ) , and starred in Frances Durbridges The Gentle Hook ( 1973 , Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford , then Piccadilly Theatre ) , Samuel Taylor & Cornelia Otis Skinners The Pleasure of His Company ( 1976 revival , starring opposite Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Phoenix Theatre ) , Agatha Christies A Murder Is Announced ( 1977 , opposite Dulcie Gray , Vaudeville Theatre ) , William Douglas Homes In The Red ( 1977 , with Gerald Harper , Whitehall Theatre ) and Noël Cowards Present Laughter ( 1981 , with Donald Sinden and Gwen Watford , Vaudeville Theatre ) . The latter production was recorded and transmitted on BBC Television . During 1978/79 , Dinah starred opposite John Gielgud in Half Life which toured the UK , before they both took the play to Toronto , Canada . Other theatre credits included Roberts Wife ( 1968 , with future husband John Merivale at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre ) , Softly , Goldfish Mating ( 1971 , with Patrick Macnee , toured the UK ) , Touch of Purple ( 1972 , Thorndike Theatre , Leatherhead ) , Don Taylors Out on the Lawn ( 1975 , with Edward Hardwicke , Rosemary Leach and T . P . McKenna , Watford Palace Theatre ) , Noël Cowards Star Quality ( 1982/83 , with Emlyn Williams and Annette Crosbie amongst others , Theatre Royal Bath ) , George Bernard Shaws The Apple Cart ( 1985/86 , with Peter OToole and Susannah York , firstly in Bath , then transferred to the Londons Theatre Royal Haymarket ) , and William Douglas Homes The Kingfisher ( 1992 , Theatre Royal Bath and toured the UK ) . Dinah participated in A Talent To Amuse a gala evening production at the Phoenix Theatre , London , on 16 December 1969 which celebrated Noël Cowards 70th birthday . Sheridan and John Merivale were friends of Coward . Many stars appeared in the production , including John Gielgud , Anna Neagle , Richard Attenborough , Joyce Grenfell and Danny La Rue . Television . Having made television history by appearing in the first major TV play and being the first actor interviewee in the 1930s , Dinah worked extensively in the medium later in her career . Roles included guest appearances in popular series of the time including Armchair Theatre ( 1969 ) , Seasons of the Year ( 1971 ) , Zodiac , Crown Court and Marked Personal ( all during 1974 ) , Village Hall ( 1975 ) ; Sykes ( 1979 ) and The Swish of the Curtain ( 1980 ) . Sheridan featured in several major television plays ( in the BBC Play of the Month and Play for Today strands ) most notably Oscar Wildes An Ideal Husband ( 1969 , with Margaret Leighton , Keith Michell , Jeremy Brett and Susan Hampshire ) ; and John Galsworthys Loyalties ( 1976 , with Edward Fox amongst others ) . Both were produced by Cedric Messina and directed by Rudolph Cartier . In 1983 she made a guest appearance in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who as the Time Lady Chancellor Flavia in the 20th-anniversary special , The Five Doctors . She co-starred with long-standing friend and colleague Tony Britton and Nigel Havers in British sitcom , Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 , BBC TV ) which had audiences of over 15 million . She was a regular in the ITV series The Winning Streak ( 1985 ) and Just Us ( 1992 ) , and the BBC comedy series All Night Long ( 1994 ) . She made a memorable guest appearance as Dotty Mayhew in BBC TVs Lovejoy special The Prague Sun ( 1992 ) , which also featured Donald Pleasence and Peter Vaughan . Her last role was in 1999 as Kathleen Gilmore in the Jonathan Creek television episode Miracle in Crooked Lane . When Sheridan was the subject of the UK TV show This Is Your Life in 1979 , guests in the studio included John Gielgud , Evelyn Laye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Betty Marsden and Charles Hawtrey , and filmed tributes from Dirk Bogarde and Tony Britton . Sheridan died peacefully at her home in Northwood , London , on 25 November 2012 , aged 92 . She is buried in Northwood Cemetery . Private life . Sheridan married four times , divorcing twice and being made a widow twice : firstly to actor Jimmy Hanley ( 1942–1952 ) , with whom she had three children , then to business executive John Davis ( 1954–1965 ) , later to actor John Merivale ( 1986–1990 , his death ) and lastly to Aubrey Ison ( 1992–2007 , his death ) . During her marriage to Aubrey Ison , the couple lived in Palm Desert , California ; following Aubreys death , Dinah returned to the UK in 2007 . Her son Jeremy Hanley became an accountant , Conservative Party Chairman , and government minister under John Majors administration . Her daughter Jenny Hanley became an actress and a co-presenter of the British television series Magpie . Another daughter died in infancy . Throughout her life she remained close friends and correspondent with several former co-stars , particularly Dame Gladys Cooper , Sir John Gielgud , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . and Sir Dirk Bogarde . Cooper was the stepmother of actor John ( Jack ) Merivale , Dinahs long-time partner ( 1968–86 ) and later husband ( 1986–90 , his death ) . For many years , John Merivale required kidney dialysis which Dinah learnt to perform at home . Selected filmography . - Landslide ( 1937 ) – Dinah Shaw - Behind Your Back ( 1937 ) – Kitty Hogan - Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) – Helen Hardcastle - Irish and Proud of It ( 1938 ) – Moira Flaherty - Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) – Evie - Get Cracking ( 1943 ) – Mary Pemberton - 29 Acacia Avenue ( 1945 ) – Pepper - For You Alone ( 1945 ) – Stella White - Murder in Reverse ( 1945 ) – Jill Masterick - The Hills of Donegal ( 1947 ) – Eileen Hannay - Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) – Steve Temple - The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1948 ) – Shirley Yorke - The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) – Jane Huggett - Dark Secret ( 1949 ) – Valerie Merryman - Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) – Steve Temple - Blackout ( 1950 ) – Pat Dale - No Trace ( 1950 ) – Linda - Where No Vultures Fly ( 1951 ) – Mary Payton - The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) – Jess Peel - Appointment in London ( 1952 ) – Eve Canyon - The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) – Grace Marston - Genevieve ( 1953 ) – Wendy McKim - The Railway Children ( 1970 ) – Mrs . Waterbury - The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) – Lady Amanda Ridgeley - Johnathan Creek ( 1999 ) - Kathleen Gilmore Further reading . - Sheridan , Lisa . From cabbages to kings : the autobiography of Lisa Sheridan . Odhams Press ( 1955 ) ; ASIN : B00563O2OG ( paperback ) External links . - Dinah Sheridan recalls her appearance on This Is Your Life
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"John Merivale"
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Who was the spouse of Dinah Sheridan from 1986 to 1990?
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/wiki/Dinah_Sheridan#P26#2
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Dinah Sheridan Dinah Sheridan ( born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg ; 17 September 1920 – 25 November 2012 ) was an English actress with a career spanning seven decades . She was best known for the films Genevieve ( 1953 ) and The Railway Children ( 1970 ) ; the long-running BBC comedy series Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 ) ; and for her distinguished theatre career in Londons West End . Early life and career . Sheridan was born Dinah Nadyejda Ginsburg in Finchley , London , to Charlotte Lisa Ginsburg ( née Everth ; 1893–1966 ) and James Ginsburg ( 1893–1958 ) . Her father was born in Osaka , Japan , to a Jewish father of Russian descent . Her mother was born in Kew , Surrey , to parents of German descent . Her parents were photographers commissioned as Studio Lisa by the Queen Mother and her daughter , Elizabeth II to photograph the royal family and such events as royal pantomimes . She was educated at Sherrards School in Welwyn Garden City , Hertfordshire and the Italia Conti Stage School . In 1932 , at the age of 11 , she debuted professionally in Where the Rainbow Ends at the Holborn Empire . She changed her name to Dinah Sheridan , which she selected from a phone book , to play Wendy , at the age of 14 , in a long-running theatrical production of Peter Pan starring Jean Forbes-Robertson . Dinah became the first actress to play both Peter Pan and Wendy , touring between 1934–36 and taking the show to Stratford-upon-Avon . Her parents changed their surname to Sheridan at the same time . Her first feature film was Give My Heart ( 1935 ) . Other early films included Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) and her first starring role the following year in Irish and Proud of It . Stage appearances included Terence Rattigans French Without Tears ( 1939 , Oxford ) , J B Priestleys When We Are Married ( 1940 , with Cyril Cusack , Llandudno ) and The Golden Grain ( 1952 , with Betty Balfour , Embassy Theatre , London ) . One of televisions pioneers . Sheridan was one of the first actresses to appear on television in 1936 when the medium was in its infancy , and was interviewed on the BBC TV magazine programme Picture Page . The BBC had commenced the worlds first regular-scheduled service that year from Alexandra Palace . Dinahs acting credits included appearing with Robert Helpmann in The Maker of Dreams ( 1937 ) ; and in Gallows Glorious , the first-ever three-act play on television ( 1938 ) . Films . She postponed her film career to serve for two years as an ambulance driver at the start of World War II at Welwyn Garden City , where she participated in repertory theatre . After marrying Jimmy Hanley in 1942 , she appeared in several films with him . Notable films in the 1940s were Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) , Get Cracking ( 1943 , with George Formby ) , Murder in Reverse ( 1945 , with Chili Bouchier ) , For You Alone ( 1945 ) , and the lead roles in The Hills of Donegal ( 1948 ) and The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1949 ) . She played Jane Huggett in The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) and appeared as Steve Temple in two Paul Temple films , Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) and Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) . She received wider recognition for her acting in 1951 as the game wardens wife in a film about African wildlife , Where No Vultures Fly . The film was notable for being largely shot on location in Africa . Although a fictional story , it was inspired by the events and life of Mervyn Cowie who had recently fought to establish the National Parks of Kenya . Given a Royal Premiere , it became one of the UK box office hits of the year and won the National Board of Review award ( USA ) for Foreign Film of the Year . Dinah followed this with playing the second female lead in the acclaimed The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) directed by David Lean . The film was a popular and critical success , winning many awards including three BAFTAs , an Academy Award , a New York Critics Circle award and four National Board of Review awards . In interviews , Dinah spoke of how she was very happy to take a supporting role to Ann Todd in order to be directed by Lean . Sheridan then starred opposite Dirk Bogarde in Appointment in London ( 1952 ) and had a featured role as Grace Marston in The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan which was made as part of the Coronation celebrations of 1953 . She was Britains top female box-office star of 1953 , according to the Motion Picture Heralds poll of film exhibitors . This issued a ranking of the Top Ten British Box-Office Stars each year . One of her enduringly popular roles was as Wendy McKim in the comedy Genevieve ( 1953 ) , where her comic instinct and control were precise and stylish . The film won a BAFTA , a Golden Globe and a National Board of Review award . Her other most memorable screen role was as Mrs Waterbury , the mother of the Railway Children in the famous film The Railway Children ( 1970 ) . She made only one more cinema film after The Railway Children : The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) , which starred Elizabeth Taylor and Rock Hudson , with Angela Lansbury as Miss Marple . That role was an atmospheric cameo appearance with Anthony Steel and Nigel Stock in the film within a film Murder at Midnight . Return to the stage . Dinah Sheridans second husband , film executive John Davis , whom she married in 1954 , insisted that she quit acting and stay at home with her children . After their 1965 divorce ( which was granted to Sheridan on the grounds of cruelty ) , she resumed her career appearing in Margaret Williams comedy Lets All Go Down the Strand ( 1967 , alongside Gladys Cooper and Evelyn Laye , Phoenix Theatre , London ) . Lets All Go Down the Strand began a prolonged period of success in Londons West End , with Sheridan appearing in both comedic and dramatic roles for the next 25 years . She starred in Ronald Gows A Boston Story ( 1968 , opposite Tony Britton , Duchess Theatre ) ; Ira Wallachs Out of the Question ( 1969 , again opposite Dame Gladys Cooper , St Martins Theatre ) , and in the title role of Ray Cooneys Move Over Mrs Markham ( 1972 , again opposite Tony Britton , Vaudeville Theatre ) . She played the Countess of Chell in Waterhouse & Halls The Card ( 1973 , with Jim Dale , Queens Theatre ) , and starred in Frances Durbridges The Gentle Hook ( 1973 , Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Guildford , then Piccadilly Theatre ) , Samuel Taylor & Cornelia Otis Skinners The Pleasure of His Company ( 1976 revival , starring opposite Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Phoenix Theatre ) , Agatha Christies A Murder Is Announced ( 1977 , opposite Dulcie Gray , Vaudeville Theatre ) , William Douglas Homes In The Red ( 1977 , with Gerald Harper , Whitehall Theatre ) and Noël Cowards Present Laughter ( 1981 , with Donald Sinden and Gwen Watford , Vaudeville Theatre ) . The latter production was recorded and transmitted on BBC Television . During 1978/79 , Dinah starred opposite John Gielgud in Half Life which toured the UK , before they both took the play to Toronto , Canada . Other theatre credits included Roberts Wife ( 1968 , with future husband John Merivale at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre ) , Softly , Goldfish Mating ( 1971 , with Patrick Macnee , toured the UK ) , Touch of Purple ( 1972 , Thorndike Theatre , Leatherhead ) , Don Taylors Out on the Lawn ( 1975 , with Edward Hardwicke , Rosemary Leach and T . P . McKenna , Watford Palace Theatre ) , Noël Cowards Star Quality ( 1982/83 , with Emlyn Williams and Annette Crosbie amongst others , Theatre Royal Bath ) , George Bernard Shaws The Apple Cart ( 1985/86 , with Peter OToole and Susannah York , firstly in Bath , then transferred to the Londons Theatre Royal Haymarket ) , and William Douglas Homes The Kingfisher ( 1992 , Theatre Royal Bath and toured the UK ) . Dinah participated in A Talent To Amuse a gala evening production at the Phoenix Theatre , London , on 16 December 1969 which celebrated Noël Cowards 70th birthday . Sheridan and John Merivale were friends of Coward . Many stars appeared in the production , including John Gielgud , Anna Neagle , Richard Attenborough , Joyce Grenfell and Danny La Rue . Television . Having made television history by appearing in the first major TV play and being the first actor interviewee in the 1930s , Dinah worked extensively in the medium later in her career . Roles included guest appearances in popular series of the time including Armchair Theatre ( 1969 ) , Seasons of the Year ( 1971 ) , Zodiac , Crown Court and Marked Personal ( all during 1974 ) , Village Hall ( 1975 ) ; Sykes ( 1979 ) and The Swish of the Curtain ( 1980 ) . Sheridan featured in several major television plays ( in the BBC Play of the Month and Play for Today strands ) most notably Oscar Wildes An Ideal Husband ( 1969 , with Margaret Leighton , Keith Michell , Jeremy Brett and Susan Hampshire ) ; and John Galsworthys Loyalties ( 1976 , with Edward Fox amongst others ) . Both were produced by Cedric Messina and directed by Rudolph Cartier . In 1983 she made a guest appearance in the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who as the Time Lady Chancellor Flavia in the 20th-anniversary special , The Five Doctors . She co-starred with long-standing friend and colleague Tony Britton and Nigel Havers in British sitcom , Dont Wait Up ( 1983–90 , BBC TV ) which had audiences of over 15 million . She was a regular in the ITV series The Winning Streak ( 1985 ) and Just Us ( 1992 ) , and the BBC comedy series All Night Long ( 1994 ) . She made a memorable guest appearance as Dotty Mayhew in BBC TVs Lovejoy special The Prague Sun ( 1992 ) , which also featured Donald Pleasence and Peter Vaughan . Her last role was in 1999 as Kathleen Gilmore in the Jonathan Creek television episode Miracle in Crooked Lane . When Sheridan was the subject of the UK TV show This Is Your Life in 1979 , guests in the studio included John Gielgud , Evelyn Laye , Douglas Fairbanks Jr. , Betty Marsden and Charles Hawtrey , and filmed tributes from Dirk Bogarde and Tony Britton . Sheridan died peacefully at her home in Northwood , London , on 25 November 2012 , aged 92 . She is buried in Northwood Cemetery . Private life . Sheridan married four times , divorcing twice and being made a widow twice : firstly to actor Jimmy Hanley ( 1942–1952 ) , with whom she had three children , then to business executive John Davis ( 1954–1965 ) , later to actor John Merivale ( 1986–1990 , his death ) and lastly to Aubrey Ison ( 1992–2007 , his death ) . During her marriage to Aubrey Ison , the couple lived in Palm Desert , California ; following Aubreys death , Dinah returned to the UK in 2007 . Her son Jeremy Hanley became an accountant , Conservative Party Chairman , and government minister under John Majors administration . Her daughter Jenny Hanley became an actress and a co-presenter of the British television series Magpie . Another daughter died in infancy . Throughout her life she remained close friends and correspondent with several former co-stars , particularly Dame Gladys Cooper , Sir John Gielgud , Douglas Fairbanks Jr . and Sir Dirk Bogarde . Cooper was the stepmother of actor John ( Jack ) Merivale , Dinahs long-time partner ( 1968–86 ) and later husband ( 1986–90 , his death ) . For many years , John Merivale required kidney dialysis which Dinah learnt to perform at home . Selected filmography . - Landslide ( 1937 ) – Dinah Shaw - Behind Your Back ( 1937 ) – Kitty Hogan - Father Steps Out ( 1937 ) – Helen Hardcastle - Irish and Proud of It ( 1938 ) – Moira Flaherty - Salute John Citizen ( 1942 ) – Evie - Get Cracking ( 1943 ) – Mary Pemberton - 29 Acacia Avenue ( 1945 ) – Pepper - For You Alone ( 1945 ) – Stella White - Murder in Reverse ( 1945 ) – Jill Masterick - The Hills of Donegal ( 1947 ) – Eileen Hannay - Calling Paul Temple ( 1948 ) – Steve Temple - The Story of Shirley Yorke ( 1948 ) – Shirley Yorke - The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) – Jane Huggett - Dark Secret ( 1949 ) – Valerie Merryman - Paul Temples Triumph ( 1950 ) – Steve Temple - Blackout ( 1950 ) – Pat Dale - No Trace ( 1950 ) – Linda - Where No Vultures Fly ( 1951 ) – Mary Payton - The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) – Jess Peel - Appointment in London ( 1952 ) – Eve Canyon - The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) – Grace Marston - Genevieve ( 1953 ) – Wendy McKim - The Railway Children ( 1970 ) – Mrs . Waterbury - The Mirror Crackd ( 1980 ) – Lady Amanda Ridgeley - Johnathan Creek ( 1999 ) - Kathleen Gilmore Further reading . - Sheridan , Lisa . From cabbages to kings : the autobiography of Lisa Sheridan . Odhams Press ( 1955 ) ; ASIN : B00563O2OG ( paperback ) External links . - Dinah Sheridan recalls her appearance on This Is Your Life
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"Royal Canadian Navy"
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What operated HMS Warrior (R31) from 1946 to 1948?
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/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(R31)#P137#0
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HMS Warrior ( R31 ) HMS Warrior was a light aircraft carrier which was ordered in 1942 by the British Royal Navy during World War II . Construction was finished in 1945 and upon completion , the aircraft carrier was loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy from 1946 to 1948 as HMCS Warrior . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy in 1948 and entered service with the British . While in service with the Royal Navy , Warrior was modernised twice , including the installation of an angled flight deck in 1956 . In 1948–1949 , the ship was used in aircraft landing experiments and fitted with a rubber flight deck and in 1957 , was used as the headquarters ship during nuclear testing at Christmas Island . In 1958 , the vessel was sold to the Argentine Navy and entered Argentine service in 1959 as ARA Independencia . The aircraft carrier remained in service until 1970 when Independencia was placed in reserve . The following year , the ship was sold for scrap . Description . Warrior was a Colossus-class light aircraft carrier that was long between perpendiculars and overall with a beam at the waterline of and an overall width of . The ship had a mean draught of . Warrior had a standard displacement of when built and a full load displacement of . The aircraft carrier had a flight deck long that was wide and was above the water . The flight deck tapered to at the bow . For takeoffs , the flight deck was equipped with one BH 3 aircraft catapult capable of launching aircraft at . For landings , the ship was fitted with 10 arrestor wires capable of stopping a aircraft , with two safety barriers rated at stopping a 15,000-pound aircraft at Warrior had two aircraft elevators located along the centreline of the ship that were and could handle aircraft up to 15,000 pounds on a 36-second cycle . The aircraft hangar was with a further section beyond the aft elevator , all with a clearance of . The hangar was divided into four sections by asbestos fire curtains . The hangar was fully enclosed and could only be entered by air locks and the lifts , due to the hazardous nature of aviation fuel and oil vapours . The vessel had stowage for of aviation fuel . The ship was powered by steam created by four Admiralty 3-drum type boilers driving two Parsons geared turbines , each turning one shaft . The machinery was split into two spaces , each containing two boilers and one turbine , separated by spaces containing aviation fuel . The spaces were situated en echelon within the ship to prevent a single disabling torpedo strike . The engines were rated at and the vessel had a capacity for of fuel oil , with an range of at . The ships maximum speed was . There was no armour aboard the vessel save for mantlets around the torpedo storage area . There were no longitudinal bulkheads , but the transverse bulkheads were designed to allow the ship to survive two complete sections of the ship being flooded . Warrior was designed to handle up to 42 aircraft . The aircraft carrier carried a wide range of ordnance for their aircraft from torpedoes , depth charges , bombs , 20 mm cannon ammunition and flares . For anti-aircraft defence , the aircraft carrier was initially armed with four twin-mounted and twenty single-mounted 40 mm Bofors guns . The original radar installation included the Type 79 and Type 281 long-range air search radars , the Type 293 and Type 277 fighter direction radar and the YE aircraft homing beacon . The ship had a maximum ships company of 1,300 , which was reduced in peacetime . Construction and career . The contract to construct Warrior was placed on 7 August 1942 . Warrior was built by Harland and Wolff at their yard in Belfast and given the yard number 1224 , originally to be called Brave . Before construction began , the ships name was changed to Warrior and the keel was laid down on 12 December 1942 . The aircraft carrier was launched on 20 May 1944 and was the last of the Colossus class to finish construction . The Royal Navy had originally intended to rush Warrior into service for operations in the Indian Ocean during the Second World War , thus she was built without heaters for some onboard equipment since heat was unnecessary in tropical operations . Royal Canadian Navy service . As the focus of future operations at sea during the Second World War shifted to the Pacific theatre , planning began in May 1944 that the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) would require a larger fleet both in numbers and in size of ships . In the effort to get bigger , the RCN returned the escort carriers then on loan , and , in exchange for the loan of two light fleet carriers . A formal approach was first made in July , with negotiations being finalised in April 1945 when Warrior and were acquired on loan with the option to purchase them outright at a later date . Negotiations were completed in May for the naval air squadrons that would be needed to man the aircraft carrier , however the war ended before the ships were completed . After the agreement with Canada went through , Canadian naval aviation was established with the formation of four squadrons transferred from the Fleet Air Arm intended to fly from Warrior ; 803 Squadron and 883 Squadron equipped with Supermarine Seafires and 825 Squadron and 826 Squadron with Fairey Fireflys . Warrior was completed , transferred to the RCN and commissioned as HMCS Warrior on 24 January 1946 and placed under the command of Captain Frank Houghton . Sea trials were completed in March and flying trials were performed at Spithead following that . For the voyage to Canada , 803 and 825 Squadrons were embarked , while 883 and 826 Squadrons were paid off . Warrior entered Halifax harbour on 31 March 1946 , a week after leaving Portsmouth . She was escorted by the destroyer and the minesweeper , having officially joined the Canadian Atlantic Fleet on 23 March . April through May was spent alongside fixing builders defects before the ship began major fleet operations . In August , the aircraft carrier had its first loss , when a Firefly from 825 Squadron ditched , though both the pilot and observer were recovered . That same month , on 23 August while transiting the St . Lawrence River , Warrior ran aground at Pointe Sainte Antoine , near Montreal while en route to the city after her rudder jammed . Tugboats got the aircraft carrier unstuck from the mud bank she had run into the same day and Warrior continued on to Montreal where she became the largest ship to visit that port to that date . The RCN experienced problems with the unheated equipment during operations in cold North Atlantic waters off eastern Canada during 1946 . The ship was transferred west to Esquimalt , British Columbia in November 1946 , visiting Bermuda , Acapulco , Mexico and San Diego , California before arriving in December . On 18 January 1947 , Commodore Harry DeWolf took command of Warrior while the vessel was undergoing repairs to the damages to her hull that had been received during her August grounding . On 31 January , one 825 Squadrons Fireflys was lost along with its pilot off Portland Island during a training mission . It was during this period , that the RCN , facing reduced defence spending and manning constraints , came to the conclusion that they could not operate two aircraft carriers . Negotiations began to return Warrior when Magnificent became ready , with the RCN deeming Warrior unfit for service due to her lack of heating . In February 1947 , the aircraft carrier began her voyage back to Halifax , accompanied by the cruiser and destroyer . The Canadian group stopped at San Pedro , California before the aircraft carrier transited the Panama Canal by herself , meeting the destroyers and Micmac on the other side . The three Canadian ships visited Havana , Cuba , marking the first time a Canadian warship had visited the Cuban capital since 1929 . Warrior returned to Halifax on 27 March . The ship then sailed for Bermuda with Nootka to take part in a naval exercise with the Royal Navy . Most of mid-1947 was spent undergoing repairs at Halifax and performing short cruises along east coast . In August , Warrior sailed for the United Kingdom where her squadrons would be re-equipped with Firefly Mark IV and Hawker Sea Fury aircraft , returning to Halifax on 28 August . Meanwhile , preparations were being made for the return of Warrior and the acquisition of Magnificent . In November , Magnificents air group consisting of 826 and 883 Squadrons trained aboard Warrior off the coast of Nova Scotia . Following this , Warrior , escorted by the destroyer sailed to Bermuda where the ship was prepared to be paid off . The ship sailed for the UK on 12 February , arriving at Belfast on 20 February . On 1 March the ship moved to Spithead where the aviation fuel was removed . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy on 23 March 1948 at Portsmouth . Royal Navy service . HMCS Warrior returned to the United Kingdom and was recommissioned as HMS Warrior on 23 March 1948 . Warrior was then refitted at Devonport and equipped with a flexible flight deck to test the feasibility of receiving undercarriage-less aircraft ; modified de Havilland Sea Vampire aircraft were used to test the concept , which was successful but not introduced into service . The flexible deck was composed of a rubber sheet supported by air bags . The new deck extended from the bow to the barrier forward of the island and was superimposed on the existing flight deck . Aft of the flexible deck , a light steel ramp was placed over the flight deck rising to in height with a single arrestor wire . The trials lasted from November 1948 to March 1949 and upon completion , Warrior was paid off into the reserve at Portsmouth . Warrior was reactivated in June 1950 and modified to carry troops and aircraft to the Far East during the Korean War , departing in August on the first such mission . In June 1951 , with 16 Parachute Brigade embarked , Warrior sailed to Cyprus in response to a crisis in the Middle East . The ship underwent refit during most of 1952 and 1953 at Devonport Dockyard . The ship was fitted with a new lattice mast and new radars with Type 281Q fitted to the mast and Type 277Q radars installed fore and aft of the island . Identification friend or foe aerials were also installed on the mast . The bridge was enlarged and enclosed . The Fleet Air Arm 811 Squadron in Sea Furys and 825 Squadron in Fireflys were embarked after sea trials . During 1954 Warrior was deployed to the Far East , patrolling off the coast of Korea , following the ceasefire . In September the ship was among those sent to evacuate non-Communist refugees from Haiphong , North Vietnam to Vung Tau , South Vietnam , transporting more than 3,221 people in two voyages , and being awarded a South Vietnamese Presidential Citation . After returning to England another refit was carried out in 1955 at Devonport . This time Warrior received an angled flight deck of 5 degrees for trials . To install the angled deck , portside sponsons were removed , the angled deck installed portside amidships and the deck itself was upgraded to take aircraft up to . Furthermore , the catapult was upgraded to launch 20,000-pound aircraft and the arrester wire system improved to take the same weight of aircraft at . The aircraft carrier also received a mirror landing aid and Type 961 CCA radar . As the only ship in the class to receive the upgrade , it was intended to turn Warrior into a training and trials ship . Following a short period as a training ship , Warrior was dispatched to the Pacific Ocean , where the aircraft carrier took part in Operation Grapple , the first British hydrogen bomb tests , as the headquarters ship embarking a flight of Westland Whirlwind helicopters and Grumman Avenger AS4 aircraft to collect air samples from the tests and ferry them back for examination . After the operation was completed the Avengers were catapulted into the sea as they were contaminated with radioactivity . Considered surplus to requirements by the late 1950s , the Royal Navy decommissioned Warrior in February 1958 and offered her for sale . The return voyage from the Grapple tests was via Argentina , with port visits and demonstrations to the Argentine Navy , to whom the Admiralty was trying to sell her . Argentine Navy service . Warrior was sold to Argentina in 1958 and renamed ARA Independencia on 6 August 1958 . The Argentinian naval ensign was raised on 4 November at Portsmouth and sailed for Argentina on 10 December . Argentine Naval Aviation began air operations from Independencia on 8 June 1959 , even before the vessel was officially commissioned into the fleet . The ship was commissioned into the Argentine Navy on 8 July 1959 . The anti-aircraft armament was initially reduced to twelve 40 mm guns , soon further reduced to eight . In May 1962 the ship was however provided with one quadruple and nine double mountings of that caliber . After all the modifications the displacement of the ship had climbed to while the vessels maximum speed had declined to . The air group , which had a maximum 24 aircraft , was mainly formed from Vought F4U Corsairs , North American SNJ-5Cs Texans and Grumman S2F-1 ( S-2A ) Trackers . Naval Aviation inventory also included Grumman F9F Panther ( the first jet fighters in service with the Argentine Naval Aviation , starting from August 1963 which launched from Independencia ) and TF-9J Cougar jets , although Independencia proved to be unsuitable for operating them . The ship also used the North American T-28 Trojan trainer . After the aircraft carrier entered service in 1969 , Independencia moved to the reserve in 1970 . She was scrapped in 1971 .
|
[
"Royal Navy"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of HMS Warrior (R31) from 1948 to 1958?
|
/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(R31)#P137#1
|
HMS Warrior ( R31 ) HMS Warrior was a light aircraft carrier which was ordered in 1942 by the British Royal Navy during World War II . Construction was finished in 1945 and upon completion , the aircraft carrier was loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy from 1946 to 1948 as HMCS Warrior . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy in 1948 and entered service with the British . While in service with the Royal Navy , Warrior was modernised twice , including the installation of an angled flight deck in 1956 . In 1948–1949 , the ship was used in aircraft landing experiments and fitted with a rubber flight deck and in 1957 , was used as the headquarters ship during nuclear testing at Christmas Island . In 1958 , the vessel was sold to the Argentine Navy and entered Argentine service in 1959 as ARA Independencia . The aircraft carrier remained in service until 1970 when Independencia was placed in reserve . The following year , the ship was sold for scrap . Description . Warrior was a Colossus-class light aircraft carrier that was long between perpendiculars and overall with a beam at the waterline of and an overall width of . The ship had a mean draught of . Warrior had a standard displacement of when built and a full load displacement of . The aircraft carrier had a flight deck long that was wide and was above the water . The flight deck tapered to at the bow . For takeoffs , the flight deck was equipped with one BH 3 aircraft catapult capable of launching aircraft at . For landings , the ship was fitted with 10 arrestor wires capable of stopping a aircraft , with two safety barriers rated at stopping a 15,000-pound aircraft at Warrior had two aircraft elevators located along the centreline of the ship that were and could handle aircraft up to 15,000 pounds on a 36-second cycle . The aircraft hangar was with a further section beyond the aft elevator , all with a clearance of . The hangar was divided into four sections by asbestos fire curtains . The hangar was fully enclosed and could only be entered by air locks and the lifts , due to the hazardous nature of aviation fuel and oil vapours . The vessel had stowage for of aviation fuel . The ship was powered by steam created by four Admiralty 3-drum type boilers driving two Parsons geared turbines , each turning one shaft . The machinery was split into two spaces , each containing two boilers and one turbine , separated by spaces containing aviation fuel . The spaces were situated en echelon within the ship to prevent a single disabling torpedo strike . The engines were rated at and the vessel had a capacity for of fuel oil , with an range of at . The ships maximum speed was . There was no armour aboard the vessel save for mantlets around the torpedo storage area . There were no longitudinal bulkheads , but the transverse bulkheads were designed to allow the ship to survive two complete sections of the ship being flooded . Warrior was designed to handle up to 42 aircraft . The aircraft carrier carried a wide range of ordnance for their aircraft from torpedoes , depth charges , bombs , 20 mm cannon ammunition and flares . For anti-aircraft defence , the aircraft carrier was initially armed with four twin-mounted and twenty single-mounted 40 mm Bofors guns . The original radar installation included the Type 79 and Type 281 long-range air search radars , the Type 293 and Type 277 fighter direction radar and the YE aircraft homing beacon . The ship had a maximum ships company of 1,300 , which was reduced in peacetime . Construction and career . The contract to construct Warrior was placed on 7 August 1942 . Warrior was built by Harland and Wolff at their yard in Belfast and given the yard number 1224 , originally to be called Brave . Before construction began , the ships name was changed to Warrior and the keel was laid down on 12 December 1942 . The aircraft carrier was launched on 20 May 1944 and was the last of the Colossus class to finish construction . The Royal Navy had originally intended to rush Warrior into service for operations in the Indian Ocean during the Second World War , thus she was built without heaters for some onboard equipment since heat was unnecessary in tropical operations . Royal Canadian Navy service . As the focus of future operations at sea during the Second World War shifted to the Pacific theatre , planning began in May 1944 that the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) would require a larger fleet both in numbers and in size of ships . In the effort to get bigger , the RCN returned the escort carriers then on loan , and , in exchange for the loan of two light fleet carriers . A formal approach was first made in July , with negotiations being finalised in April 1945 when Warrior and were acquired on loan with the option to purchase them outright at a later date . Negotiations were completed in May for the naval air squadrons that would be needed to man the aircraft carrier , however the war ended before the ships were completed . After the agreement with Canada went through , Canadian naval aviation was established with the formation of four squadrons transferred from the Fleet Air Arm intended to fly from Warrior ; 803 Squadron and 883 Squadron equipped with Supermarine Seafires and 825 Squadron and 826 Squadron with Fairey Fireflys . Warrior was completed , transferred to the RCN and commissioned as HMCS Warrior on 24 January 1946 and placed under the command of Captain Frank Houghton . Sea trials were completed in March and flying trials were performed at Spithead following that . For the voyage to Canada , 803 and 825 Squadrons were embarked , while 883 and 826 Squadrons were paid off . Warrior entered Halifax harbour on 31 March 1946 , a week after leaving Portsmouth . She was escorted by the destroyer and the minesweeper , having officially joined the Canadian Atlantic Fleet on 23 March . April through May was spent alongside fixing builders defects before the ship began major fleet operations . In August , the aircraft carrier had its first loss , when a Firefly from 825 Squadron ditched , though both the pilot and observer were recovered . That same month , on 23 August while transiting the St . Lawrence River , Warrior ran aground at Pointe Sainte Antoine , near Montreal while en route to the city after her rudder jammed . Tugboats got the aircraft carrier unstuck from the mud bank she had run into the same day and Warrior continued on to Montreal where she became the largest ship to visit that port to that date . The RCN experienced problems with the unheated equipment during operations in cold North Atlantic waters off eastern Canada during 1946 . The ship was transferred west to Esquimalt , British Columbia in November 1946 , visiting Bermuda , Acapulco , Mexico and San Diego , California before arriving in December . On 18 January 1947 , Commodore Harry DeWolf took command of Warrior while the vessel was undergoing repairs to the damages to her hull that had been received during her August grounding . On 31 January , one 825 Squadrons Fireflys was lost along with its pilot off Portland Island during a training mission . It was during this period , that the RCN , facing reduced defence spending and manning constraints , came to the conclusion that they could not operate two aircraft carriers . Negotiations began to return Warrior when Magnificent became ready , with the RCN deeming Warrior unfit for service due to her lack of heating . In February 1947 , the aircraft carrier began her voyage back to Halifax , accompanied by the cruiser and destroyer . The Canadian group stopped at San Pedro , California before the aircraft carrier transited the Panama Canal by herself , meeting the destroyers and Micmac on the other side . The three Canadian ships visited Havana , Cuba , marking the first time a Canadian warship had visited the Cuban capital since 1929 . Warrior returned to Halifax on 27 March . The ship then sailed for Bermuda with Nootka to take part in a naval exercise with the Royal Navy . Most of mid-1947 was spent undergoing repairs at Halifax and performing short cruises along east coast . In August , Warrior sailed for the United Kingdom where her squadrons would be re-equipped with Firefly Mark IV and Hawker Sea Fury aircraft , returning to Halifax on 28 August . Meanwhile , preparations were being made for the return of Warrior and the acquisition of Magnificent . In November , Magnificents air group consisting of 826 and 883 Squadrons trained aboard Warrior off the coast of Nova Scotia . Following this , Warrior , escorted by the destroyer sailed to Bermuda where the ship was prepared to be paid off . The ship sailed for the UK on 12 February , arriving at Belfast on 20 February . On 1 March the ship moved to Spithead where the aviation fuel was removed . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy on 23 March 1948 at Portsmouth . Royal Navy service . HMCS Warrior returned to the United Kingdom and was recommissioned as HMS Warrior on 23 March 1948 . Warrior was then refitted at Devonport and equipped with a flexible flight deck to test the feasibility of receiving undercarriage-less aircraft ; modified de Havilland Sea Vampire aircraft were used to test the concept , which was successful but not introduced into service . The flexible deck was composed of a rubber sheet supported by air bags . The new deck extended from the bow to the barrier forward of the island and was superimposed on the existing flight deck . Aft of the flexible deck , a light steel ramp was placed over the flight deck rising to in height with a single arrestor wire . The trials lasted from November 1948 to March 1949 and upon completion , Warrior was paid off into the reserve at Portsmouth . Warrior was reactivated in June 1950 and modified to carry troops and aircraft to the Far East during the Korean War , departing in August on the first such mission . In June 1951 , with 16 Parachute Brigade embarked , Warrior sailed to Cyprus in response to a crisis in the Middle East . The ship underwent refit during most of 1952 and 1953 at Devonport Dockyard . The ship was fitted with a new lattice mast and new radars with Type 281Q fitted to the mast and Type 277Q radars installed fore and aft of the island . Identification friend or foe aerials were also installed on the mast . The bridge was enlarged and enclosed . The Fleet Air Arm 811 Squadron in Sea Furys and 825 Squadron in Fireflys were embarked after sea trials . During 1954 Warrior was deployed to the Far East , patrolling off the coast of Korea , following the ceasefire . In September the ship was among those sent to evacuate non-Communist refugees from Haiphong , North Vietnam to Vung Tau , South Vietnam , transporting more than 3,221 people in two voyages , and being awarded a South Vietnamese Presidential Citation . After returning to England another refit was carried out in 1955 at Devonport . This time Warrior received an angled flight deck of 5 degrees for trials . To install the angled deck , portside sponsons were removed , the angled deck installed portside amidships and the deck itself was upgraded to take aircraft up to . Furthermore , the catapult was upgraded to launch 20,000-pound aircraft and the arrester wire system improved to take the same weight of aircraft at . The aircraft carrier also received a mirror landing aid and Type 961 CCA radar . As the only ship in the class to receive the upgrade , it was intended to turn Warrior into a training and trials ship . Following a short period as a training ship , Warrior was dispatched to the Pacific Ocean , where the aircraft carrier took part in Operation Grapple , the first British hydrogen bomb tests , as the headquarters ship embarking a flight of Westland Whirlwind helicopters and Grumman Avenger AS4 aircraft to collect air samples from the tests and ferry them back for examination . After the operation was completed the Avengers were catapulted into the sea as they were contaminated with radioactivity . Considered surplus to requirements by the late 1950s , the Royal Navy decommissioned Warrior in February 1958 and offered her for sale . The return voyage from the Grapple tests was via Argentina , with port visits and demonstrations to the Argentine Navy , to whom the Admiralty was trying to sell her . Argentine Navy service . Warrior was sold to Argentina in 1958 and renamed ARA Independencia on 6 August 1958 . The Argentinian naval ensign was raised on 4 November at Portsmouth and sailed for Argentina on 10 December . Argentine Naval Aviation began air operations from Independencia on 8 June 1959 , even before the vessel was officially commissioned into the fleet . The ship was commissioned into the Argentine Navy on 8 July 1959 . The anti-aircraft armament was initially reduced to twelve 40 mm guns , soon further reduced to eight . In May 1962 the ship was however provided with one quadruple and nine double mountings of that caliber . After all the modifications the displacement of the ship had climbed to while the vessels maximum speed had declined to . The air group , which had a maximum 24 aircraft , was mainly formed from Vought F4U Corsairs , North American SNJ-5Cs Texans and Grumman S2F-1 ( S-2A ) Trackers . Naval Aviation inventory also included Grumman F9F Panther ( the first jet fighters in service with the Argentine Naval Aviation , starting from August 1963 which launched from Independencia ) and TF-9J Cougar jets , although Independencia proved to be unsuitable for operating them . The ship also used the North American T-28 Trojan trainer . After the aircraft carrier entered service in 1969 , Independencia moved to the reserve in 1970 . She was scrapped in 1971 .
|
[
"Argentine Navy"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of HMS Warrior (R31) from 1959 to 1969?
|
/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(R31)#P137#2
|
HMS Warrior ( R31 ) HMS Warrior was a light aircraft carrier which was ordered in 1942 by the British Royal Navy during World War II . Construction was finished in 1945 and upon completion , the aircraft carrier was loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy from 1946 to 1948 as HMCS Warrior . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy in 1948 and entered service with the British . While in service with the Royal Navy , Warrior was modernised twice , including the installation of an angled flight deck in 1956 . In 1948–1949 , the ship was used in aircraft landing experiments and fitted with a rubber flight deck and in 1957 , was used as the headquarters ship during nuclear testing at Christmas Island . In 1958 , the vessel was sold to the Argentine Navy and entered Argentine service in 1959 as ARA Independencia . The aircraft carrier remained in service until 1970 when Independencia was placed in reserve . The following year , the ship was sold for scrap . Description . Warrior was a Colossus-class light aircraft carrier that was long between perpendiculars and overall with a beam at the waterline of and an overall width of . The ship had a mean draught of . Warrior had a standard displacement of when built and a full load displacement of . The aircraft carrier had a flight deck long that was wide and was above the water . The flight deck tapered to at the bow . For takeoffs , the flight deck was equipped with one BH 3 aircraft catapult capable of launching aircraft at . For landings , the ship was fitted with 10 arrestor wires capable of stopping a aircraft , with two safety barriers rated at stopping a 15,000-pound aircraft at Warrior had two aircraft elevators located along the centreline of the ship that were and could handle aircraft up to 15,000 pounds on a 36-second cycle . The aircraft hangar was with a further section beyond the aft elevator , all with a clearance of . The hangar was divided into four sections by asbestos fire curtains . The hangar was fully enclosed and could only be entered by air locks and the lifts , due to the hazardous nature of aviation fuel and oil vapours . The vessel had stowage for of aviation fuel . The ship was powered by steam created by four Admiralty 3-drum type boilers driving two Parsons geared turbines , each turning one shaft . The machinery was split into two spaces , each containing two boilers and one turbine , separated by spaces containing aviation fuel . The spaces were situated en echelon within the ship to prevent a single disabling torpedo strike . The engines were rated at and the vessel had a capacity for of fuel oil , with an range of at . The ships maximum speed was . There was no armour aboard the vessel save for mantlets around the torpedo storage area . There were no longitudinal bulkheads , but the transverse bulkheads were designed to allow the ship to survive two complete sections of the ship being flooded . Warrior was designed to handle up to 42 aircraft . The aircraft carrier carried a wide range of ordnance for their aircraft from torpedoes , depth charges , bombs , 20 mm cannon ammunition and flares . For anti-aircraft defence , the aircraft carrier was initially armed with four twin-mounted and twenty single-mounted 40 mm Bofors guns . The original radar installation included the Type 79 and Type 281 long-range air search radars , the Type 293 and Type 277 fighter direction radar and the YE aircraft homing beacon . The ship had a maximum ships company of 1,300 , which was reduced in peacetime . Construction and career . The contract to construct Warrior was placed on 7 August 1942 . Warrior was built by Harland and Wolff at their yard in Belfast and given the yard number 1224 , originally to be called Brave . Before construction began , the ships name was changed to Warrior and the keel was laid down on 12 December 1942 . The aircraft carrier was launched on 20 May 1944 and was the last of the Colossus class to finish construction . The Royal Navy had originally intended to rush Warrior into service for operations in the Indian Ocean during the Second World War , thus she was built without heaters for some onboard equipment since heat was unnecessary in tropical operations . Royal Canadian Navy service . As the focus of future operations at sea during the Second World War shifted to the Pacific theatre , planning began in May 1944 that the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) would require a larger fleet both in numbers and in size of ships . In the effort to get bigger , the RCN returned the escort carriers then on loan , and , in exchange for the loan of two light fleet carriers . A formal approach was first made in July , with negotiations being finalised in April 1945 when Warrior and were acquired on loan with the option to purchase them outright at a later date . Negotiations were completed in May for the naval air squadrons that would be needed to man the aircraft carrier , however the war ended before the ships were completed . After the agreement with Canada went through , Canadian naval aviation was established with the formation of four squadrons transferred from the Fleet Air Arm intended to fly from Warrior ; 803 Squadron and 883 Squadron equipped with Supermarine Seafires and 825 Squadron and 826 Squadron with Fairey Fireflys . Warrior was completed , transferred to the RCN and commissioned as HMCS Warrior on 24 January 1946 and placed under the command of Captain Frank Houghton . Sea trials were completed in March and flying trials were performed at Spithead following that . For the voyage to Canada , 803 and 825 Squadrons were embarked , while 883 and 826 Squadrons were paid off . Warrior entered Halifax harbour on 31 March 1946 , a week after leaving Portsmouth . She was escorted by the destroyer and the minesweeper , having officially joined the Canadian Atlantic Fleet on 23 March . April through May was spent alongside fixing builders defects before the ship began major fleet operations . In August , the aircraft carrier had its first loss , when a Firefly from 825 Squadron ditched , though both the pilot and observer were recovered . That same month , on 23 August while transiting the St . Lawrence River , Warrior ran aground at Pointe Sainte Antoine , near Montreal while en route to the city after her rudder jammed . Tugboats got the aircraft carrier unstuck from the mud bank she had run into the same day and Warrior continued on to Montreal where she became the largest ship to visit that port to that date . The RCN experienced problems with the unheated equipment during operations in cold North Atlantic waters off eastern Canada during 1946 . The ship was transferred west to Esquimalt , British Columbia in November 1946 , visiting Bermuda , Acapulco , Mexico and San Diego , California before arriving in December . On 18 January 1947 , Commodore Harry DeWolf took command of Warrior while the vessel was undergoing repairs to the damages to her hull that had been received during her August grounding . On 31 January , one 825 Squadrons Fireflys was lost along with its pilot off Portland Island during a training mission . It was during this period , that the RCN , facing reduced defence spending and manning constraints , came to the conclusion that they could not operate two aircraft carriers . Negotiations began to return Warrior when Magnificent became ready , with the RCN deeming Warrior unfit for service due to her lack of heating . In February 1947 , the aircraft carrier began her voyage back to Halifax , accompanied by the cruiser and destroyer . The Canadian group stopped at San Pedro , California before the aircraft carrier transited the Panama Canal by herself , meeting the destroyers and Micmac on the other side . The three Canadian ships visited Havana , Cuba , marking the first time a Canadian warship had visited the Cuban capital since 1929 . Warrior returned to Halifax on 27 March . The ship then sailed for Bermuda with Nootka to take part in a naval exercise with the Royal Navy . Most of mid-1947 was spent undergoing repairs at Halifax and performing short cruises along east coast . In August , Warrior sailed for the United Kingdom where her squadrons would be re-equipped with Firefly Mark IV and Hawker Sea Fury aircraft , returning to Halifax on 28 August . Meanwhile , preparations were being made for the return of Warrior and the acquisition of Magnificent . In November , Magnificents air group consisting of 826 and 883 Squadrons trained aboard Warrior off the coast of Nova Scotia . Following this , Warrior , escorted by the destroyer sailed to Bermuda where the ship was prepared to be paid off . The ship sailed for the UK on 12 February , arriving at Belfast on 20 February . On 1 March the ship moved to Spithead where the aviation fuel was removed . Warrior was returned to the Royal Navy on 23 March 1948 at Portsmouth . Royal Navy service . HMCS Warrior returned to the United Kingdom and was recommissioned as HMS Warrior on 23 March 1948 . Warrior was then refitted at Devonport and equipped with a flexible flight deck to test the feasibility of receiving undercarriage-less aircraft ; modified de Havilland Sea Vampire aircraft were used to test the concept , which was successful but not introduced into service . The flexible deck was composed of a rubber sheet supported by air bags . The new deck extended from the bow to the barrier forward of the island and was superimposed on the existing flight deck . Aft of the flexible deck , a light steel ramp was placed over the flight deck rising to in height with a single arrestor wire . The trials lasted from November 1948 to March 1949 and upon completion , Warrior was paid off into the reserve at Portsmouth . Warrior was reactivated in June 1950 and modified to carry troops and aircraft to the Far East during the Korean War , departing in August on the first such mission . In June 1951 , with 16 Parachute Brigade embarked , Warrior sailed to Cyprus in response to a crisis in the Middle East . The ship underwent refit during most of 1952 and 1953 at Devonport Dockyard . The ship was fitted with a new lattice mast and new radars with Type 281Q fitted to the mast and Type 277Q radars installed fore and aft of the island . Identification friend or foe aerials were also installed on the mast . The bridge was enlarged and enclosed . The Fleet Air Arm 811 Squadron in Sea Furys and 825 Squadron in Fireflys were embarked after sea trials . During 1954 Warrior was deployed to the Far East , patrolling off the coast of Korea , following the ceasefire . In September the ship was among those sent to evacuate non-Communist refugees from Haiphong , North Vietnam to Vung Tau , South Vietnam , transporting more than 3,221 people in two voyages , and being awarded a South Vietnamese Presidential Citation . After returning to England another refit was carried out in 1955 at Devonport . This time Warrior received an angled flight deck of 5 degrees for trials . To install the angled deck , portside sponsons were removed , the angled deck installed portside amidships and the deck itself was upgraded to take aircraft up to . Furthermore , the catapult was upgraded to launch 20,000-pound aircraft and the arrester wire system improved to take the same weight of aircraft at . The aircraft carrier also received a mirror landing aid and Type 961 CCA radar . As the only ship in the class to receive the upgrade , it was intended to turn Warrior into a training and trials ship . Following a short period as a training ship , Warrior was dispatched to the Pacific Ocean , where the aircraft carrier took part in Operation Grapple , the first British hydrogen bomb tests , as the headquarters ship embarking a flight of Westland Whirlwind helicopters and Grumman Avenger AS4 aircraft to collect air samples from the tests and ferry them back for examination . After the operation was completed the Avengers were catapulted into the sea as they were contaminated with radioactivity . Considered surplus to requirements by the late 1950s , the Royal Navy decommissioned Warrior in February 1958 and offered her for sale . The return voyage from the Grapple tests was via Argentina , with port visits and demonstrations to the Argentine Navy , to whom the Admiralty was trying to sell her . Argentine Navy service . Warrior was sold to Argentina in 1958 and renamed ARA Independencia on 6 August 1958 . The Argentinian naval ensign was raised on 4 November at Portsmouth and sailed for Argentina on 10 December . Argentine Naval Aviation began air operations from Independencia on 8 June 1959 , even before the vessel was officially commissioned into the fleet . The ship was commissioned into the Argentine Navy on 8 July 1959 . The anti-aircraft armament was initially reduced to twelve 40 mm guns , soon further reduced to eight . In May 1962 the ship was however provided with one quadruple and nine double mountings of that caliber . After all the modifications the displacement of the ship had climbed to while the vessels maximum speed had declined to . The air group , which had a maximum 24 aircraft , was mainly formed from Vought F4U Corsairs , North American SNJ-5Cs Texans and Grumman S2F-1 ( S-2A ) Trackers . Naval Aviation inventory also included Grumman F9F Panther ( the first jet fighters in service with the Argentine Naval Aviation , starting from August 1963 which launched from Independencia ) and TF-9J Cougar jets , although Independencia proved to be unsuitable for operating them . The ship also used the North American T-28 Trojan trainer . After the aircraft carrier entered service in 1969 , Independencia moved to the reserve in 1970 . She was scrapped in 1971 .
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[
""
] |
easy
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What position did Samuel James Mitchell take from 1882 to 1883?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#0
|
Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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[
"House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory"
] |
easy
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Which position did Samuel James Mitchell hold from Jun 1901 to Jun 1909?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#1
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Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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[
"Attorney-General"
] |
easy
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Which position did Samuel James Mitchell hold from Jun 1909 to Dec 1909?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#2
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Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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[
"Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge"
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easy
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Which position did Samuel James Mitchell hold from Apr 1910 to 1911?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#3
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Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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"Acting Administrator and Judge"
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easy
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What position did Samuel James Mitchell take from 1911 to 1912?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#4
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Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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"Stipendiary Magistrate"
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easy
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What position did Samuel James Mitchell take from 1912 to Mar 1912?
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/wiki/Samuel_James_Mitchell#P39#5
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Samuel James Mitchell Samuel James Mitchell ( 11 May 1852 – 3 October 1926 ) was an Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1901 to 1910 , representing the Northern Territory . He was Government Resident of the Northern Territory and the inaugural judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory from 1910 to 1912 . He returned to South Australia after 1912 , serving as a judge in various capacities until his death . Early life . Mitchell was born near Mount Barker in South Australia . He was educated at RC Mittons Grammar school in Adelaide . He worked at Mount Gambier and Melrose before moving to Port Augusta in 1871 and working as an auctioneer . He was a Corporate Town of Port Augusta councillor and served as its mayor for two years before returning to Adelaide and working as a draper . He married Eliza Ann Gardner on 15 September 1875 . Legal life . He became an article clerk for Henry Edward Downer in 1885 . Samuel Mitchell graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1890 and was admitted to the Bar and practised with Paris Nesbit QC and later Robert Ingleby QC . Political life . He was Mayor of Port Augusta for 2 years . He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1900 , but in 1901 won the House of Assembly seat for the Northern Territory . He was re-elected in 1902 and 1906 and was Attorney-General for 6 months from June 1909 . As Northern Territory Judge . In 1910 with the transfer of the Northern Territory to Commonwealth control , he resigned to become the Government resident and the Northern Territory Judge . In 1911 he helped to effect the transfer of control to the Commonwealth . He remained Acting Administrator and Judge but resigned in 1912 after the Federal authorities would not make his appointment for life . Later life . He returned to South Australia and became a Stipendiary Magistrate and in 1916 transferred to the Adelaide Police Court . He was the first South Australian Judge of Insolvency from 1918 to 1926 and a Stipendiary Magistrate of the Adelaide Local Court and Taxation Appeal Court . Children and grandchildren with legal careers . His son Harold , born 11 August 1885 , practised law for a short time in Renmark before joining the AIF . Lieutenant Mitchell died on 5 April 1918 and was buried at Millencourt Cemetery in France . Dame Roma Mitchell , his grand daughter , born 2 October 1913 was Australias first female Queens Counsel in 1962 and first female Judge in 1965 . She later became Governor of South Australia in 1990 , and is regarded as a pioneer of womens rights . External links . - Northern Territory Supreme Court profile - History of Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him - History of Patron Dame Roma Mitchell ( his grand daughter ) , with references to him
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[
"Dongfeng Motor Corporation"
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Dongfeng Automobile Company was owned by whom from Jul 1999 to 2001?
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/wiki/Dongfeng_Automobile_Company#P127#0
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Dongfeng Automobile Company Dongfeng Automobile Co. , Ltd . ( DFAC ) , is a Chinese automobile company based in Xiangyang , Hubei province . It is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( DFL ) which is a joint venture of Dongfeng Motor Group ( DFG ) and Nissan . DFG is majority owned by Dongfeng Motor Corporation , a Chinese state-owned enterprise . It makes light commercial vehicles for the Chinese market . It also makes diesel engines in a 50-50 joint venture with Cummins , Inc . known as Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co . Ltd . , DFAC is a constituent of small cap index SSE 380 Index . History . The predecessors of Dongfeng Automobile Company , were a light commercial vehicles factory , an engine factory and a foundry of Dongfeng Motor Corporation , that were located in Xiangyang , Hubei province . Founded in Shiyan in 1969 , the ultimate parent company Dongfeng Motor Corporation was headquartered in Wuhan , the provincial capital of Hubei since 2003 . However , the headquarter of Dongfeng Automobile Company was remained at Xiangyang . The first factory of Dongfeng Motor in Xiangyang was first built in 1983 . Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited ( ; DFAC ) was incorporated as a subsidiary ( 70% shares ) of Dongfeng Motor Corporation on 21 July 1999 , the date of receiving the license of incorporation , or 15 July , the date of the first annual general meeting . In the same year the rest of the shares were floated on the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The company also signed a leasing agreement with Dongfeng Motor Corporation , regarding the land lease and trademarks . In 2001 , the shares held by Dongfeng Motor Corporation were transferred to an intermediate parent company Dongfeng Motor Group ( ; known as Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) at that time ) , as part of a debt restructuring . In 2003 , the shares were transferred again , to a Sino-Japanese joint venture [ new ] Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) . In 2010 , it was reported that the company started to built its electric bus assembly line . Subsidiaries . - current - former DFAC acquired 51% stake of Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile ( ) in 2005 for from two other state-owned companies : CITIC Automobile ( of CITIC Group ) and Zhengzhou Light Vehicle Works ( ) . DFAC also subscribed a capital increase of Zhengzhou Nissan , for in 2008 . On 13 June 2017 , DFAC announced to sell Zhengzhou Nissan to the direct parent company Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . for about , subject to the approval of extraordinary general meeting . It was approved on 28 June . Joint ventures . Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co. , Ltd . ( ; DCEC ) , a joint venture of Cummins and Dongfeng in Xiangyang ( formerly called Xiangfan ) , was established in 1995 . It manufactured heavy duty vehicle engines . Shareholders . DFAC was majority owned by a joint venture Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. , making DFAC was indirectly owned by the Chinese Government ( via Dongfeng Motor Corporation ) , the French State ( via Renault ) , H share shareholders of Dongfeng Motor Group and other shareholders of Nissan and Renault ( via Nissan ) . The Chinese Government also owned an additional 2.74% shares via their sovereign wealth fund Central Huijin as the second largest shareholder of Dongfeng Automobile Company . Products . DFAC . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the DFAC brand . - Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang ( Suzuki Carry based ) DFAC electric trucks ( Captain ) . The electric light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are Dongfeng Electric Light Trucks sold under the DFAC or Captain（凯普特） brand . - Dongfeng EV200 - Dongfeng EV300 - Dongfeng EV350 - Dongfeng EV400 - Dongfeng EV450 - Dongfeng EV500 - Dongfeng eStar Yufeng series . The electric commercial vans of Dongfeng Automobile Company are mainly developed for the logistics industry and are mainly rebadged variants of gasoline-powered vans sold under the Yufeng series . The Dongfeng Yufeng was originally a full size van , which later spawned an electric variant called the Yufeng EM19 which became the start of the Yufeng series . - Dongfeng Yufeng EA100 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM19 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM26 Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the Dongfeng Automobile Company subsidiary , Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) （东风华神）brand . - Dongfeng Huashen Tianlai - Dongfeng Huashen T1 - Dongfeng Huashen T5 - Dongfeng Huashen T7 - Dongfeng Huashen F5 - Dongfeng Teshang - Dongfeng Jingying
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[
"Dongfeng Motor Corporation"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of Dongfeng Automobile Company from 2001 to 2003?
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/wiki/Dongfeng_Automobile_Company#P127#1
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Dongfeng Automobile Company Dongfeng Automobile Co. , Ltd . ( DFAC ) , is a Chinese automobile company based in Xiangyang , Hubei province . It is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( DFL ) which is a joint venture of Dongfeng Motor Group ( DFG ) and Nissan . DFG is majority owned by Dongfeng Motor Corporation , a Chinese state-owned enterprise . It makes light commercial vehicles for the Chinese market . It also makes diesel engines in a 50-50 joint venture with Cummins , Inc . known as Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co . Ltd . , DFAC is a constituent of small cap index SSE 380 Index . History . The predecessors of Dongfeng Automobile Company , were a light commercial vehicles factory , an engine factory and a foundry of Dongfeng Motor Corporation , that were located in Xiangyang , Hubei province . Founded in Shiyan in 1969 , the ultimate parent company Dongfeng Motor Corporation was headquartered in Wuhan , the provincial capital of Hubei since 2003 . However , the headquarter of Dongfeng Automobile Company was remained at Xiangyang . The first factory of Dongfeng Motor in Xiangyang was first built in 1983 . Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited ( ; DFAC ) was incorporated as a subsidiary ( 70% shares ) of Dongfeng Motor Corporation on 21 July 1999 , the date of receiving the license of incorporation , or 15 July , the date of the first annual general meeting . In the same year the rest of the shares were floated on the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The company also signed a leasing agreement with Dongfeng Motor Corporation , regarding the land lease and trademarks . In 2001 , the shares held by Dongfeng Motor Corporation were transferred to an intermediate parent company Dongfeng Motor Group ( ; known as Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) at that time ) , as part of a debt restructuring . In 2003 , the shares were transferred again , to a Sino-Japanese joint venture [ new ] Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) . In 2010 , it was reported that the company started to built its electric bus assembly line . Subsidiaries . - current - former DFAC acquired 51% stake of Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile ( ) in 2005 for from two other state-owned companies : CITIC Automobile ( of CITIC Group ) and Zhengzhou Light Vehicle Works ( ) . DFAC also subscribed a capital increase of Zhengzhou Nissan , for in 2008 . On 13 June 2017 , DFAC announced to sell Zhengzhou Nissan to the direct parent company Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . for about , subject to the approval of extraordinary general meeting . It was approved on 28 June . Joint ventures . Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co. , Ltd . ( ; DCEC ) , a joint venture of Cummins and Dongfeng in Xiangyang ( formerly called Xiangfan ) , was established in 1995 . It manufactured heavy duty vehicle engines . Shareholders . DFAC was majority owned by a joint venture Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. , making DFAC was indirectly owned by the Chinese Government ( via Dongfeng Motor Corporation ) , the French State ( via Renault ) , H share shareholders of Dongfeng Motor Group and other shareholders of Nissan and Renault ( via Nissan ) . The Chinese Government also owned an additional 2.74% shares via their sovereign wealth fund Central Huijin as the second largest shareholder of Dongfeng Automobile Company . Products . DFAC . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the DFAC brand . - Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang ( Suzuki Carry based ) DFAC electric trucks ( Captain ) . The electric light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are Dongfeng Electric Light Trucks sold under the DFAC or Captain（凯普特） brand . - Dongfeng EV200 - Dongfeng EV300 - Dongfeng EV350 - Dongfeng EV400 - Dongfeng EV450 - Dongfeng EV500 - Dongfeng eStar Yufeng series . The electric commercial vans of Dongfeng Automobile Company are mainly developed for the logistics industry and are mainly rebadged variants of gasoline-powered vans sold under the Yufeng series . The Dongfeng Yufeng was originally a full size van , which later spawned an electric variant called the Yufeng EM19 which became the start of the Yufeng series . - Dongfeng Yufeng EA100 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM19 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM26 Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the Dongfeng Automobile Company subsidiary , Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) （东风华神）brand . - Dongfeng Huashen Tianlai - Dongfeng Huashen T1 - Dongfeng Huashen T5 - Dongfeng Huashen T7 - Dongfeng Huashen F5 - Dongfeng Teshang - Dongfeng Jingying
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[
"Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd"
] |
easy
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Who owned Dongfeng Automobile Company from 2003 to 2004?
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/wiki/Dongfeng_Automobile_Company#P127#2
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Dongfeng Automobile Company Dongfeng Automobile Co. , Ltd . ( DFAC ) , is a Chinese automobile company based in Xiangyang , Hubei province . It is a subsidiary of Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( DFL ) which is a joint venture of Dongfeng Motor Group ( DFG ) and Nissan . DFG is majority owned by Dongfeng Motor Corporation , a Chinese state-owned enterprise . It makes light commercial vehicles for the Chinese market . It also makes diesel engines in a 50-50 joint venture with Cummins , Inc . known as Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co . Ltd . , DFAC is a constituent of small cap index SSE 380 Index . History . The predecessors of Dongfeng Automobile Company , were a light commercial vehicles factory , an engine factory and a foundry of Dongfeng Motor Corporation , that were located in Xiangyang , Hubei province . Founded in Shiyan in 1969 , the ultimate parent company Dongfeng Motor Corporation was headquartered in Wuhan , the provincial capital of Hubei since 2003 . However , the headquarter of Dongfeng Automobile Company was remained at Xiangyang . The first factory of Dongfeng Motor in Xiangyang was first built in 1983 . Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited ( ; DFAC ) was incorporated as a subsidiary ( 70% shares ) of Dongfeng Motor Corporation on 21 July 1999 , the date of receiving the license of incorporation , or 15 July , the date of the first annual general meeting . In the same year the rest of the shares were floated on the Shanghai Stock Exchange . The company also signed a leasing agreement with Dongfeng Motor Corporation , regarding the land lease and trademarks . In 2001 , the shares held by Dongfeng Motor Corporation were transferred to an intermediate parent company Dongfeng Motor Group ( ; known as Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) at that time ) , as part of a debt restructuring . In 2003 , the shares were transferred again , to a Sino-Japanese joint venture [ new ] Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( ) . In 2010 , it was reported that the company started to built its electric bus assembly line . Subsidiaries . - current - former DFAC acquired 51% stake of Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile ( ) in 2005 for from two other state-owned companies : CITIC Automobile ( of CITIC Group ) and Zhengzhou Light Vehicle Works ( ) . DFAC also subscribed a capital increase of Zhengzhou Nissan , for in 2008 . On 13 June 2017 , DFAC announced to sell Zhengzhou Nissan to the direct parent company Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . for about , subject to the approval of extraordinary general meeting . It was approved on 28 June . Joint ventures . Dongfeng Cummins Engine Co. , Ltd . ( ; DCEC ) , a joint venture of Cummins and Dongfeng in Xiangyang ( formerly called Xiangfan ) , was established in 1995 . It manufactured heavy duty vehicle engines . Shareholders . DFAC was majority owned by a joint venture Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd. , making DFAC was indirectly owned by the Chinese Government ( via Dongfeng Motor Corporation ) , the French State ( via Renault ) , H share shareholders of Dongfeng Motor Group and other shareholders of Nissan and Renault ( via Nissan ) . The Chinese Government also owned an additional 2.74% shares via their sovereign wealth fund Central Huijin as the second largest shareholder of Dongfeng Automobile Company . Products . DFAC . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the DFAC brand . - Dongfeng DFAC Xiaobawang ( Suzuki Carry based ) DFAC electric trucks ( Captain ) . The electric light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are Dongfeng Electric Light Trucks sold under the DFAC or Captain（凯普特） brand . - Dongfeng EV200 - Dongfeng EV300 - Dongfeng EV350 - Dongfeng EV400 - Dongfeng EV450 - Dongfeng EV500 - Dongfeng eStar Yufeng series . The electric commercial vans of Dongfeng Automobile Company are mainly developed for the logistics industry and are mainly rebadged variants of gasoline-powered vans sold under the Yufeng series . The Dongfeng Yufeng was originally a full size van , which later spawned an electric variant called the Yufeng EM19 which became the start of the Yufeng series . - Dongfeng Yufeng EA100 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM19 - Dongfeng Yufeng EM26 Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) . The light commercial vehicle products of Dongfeng Automobile Company are sold under the Dongfeng Automobile Company subsidiary , Vasol ( Dongfeng Huashen ) （东风华神）brand . - Dongfeng Huashen Tianlai - Dongfeng Huashen T1 - Dongfeng Huashen T5 - Dongfeng Huashen T7 - Dongfeng Huashen F5 - Dongfeng Teshang - Dongfeng Jingying
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[
"Henry Wyatt"
] |
easy
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Allington Castle was owned by whom from 1492 to 1537?
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/wiki/Allington_Castle#P127#0
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Allington Castle Allington Castle is a stone-built moated castle in Allington , Kent , just north of Maidstone , in England . The first castle on the site was an unauthorised fortification , built during The Anarchy of the early 12th century and torn down later in the century when royal control was reasserted . It was replaced by a manor house , which was fortified with royal permission in the 13th century . Various alterations and expansions were made by successive owners over the following two centuries . The property was developed into a fortified compound with six towers at irregular intervals along the curtain wall and domestic buildings in the interior , including one of the first long galleries built in England . In 1554 it was seized by the Crown in the course of dispossessing its owner , Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger , after the failure of his rebellion against Queen Mary . The castle subsequently fell into a state of decay that was accelerated by damaging fires , neglect and vandalism , until it was largely ruined by the start of the 20th century . It was saved and restored by the efforts of Sir Martin Conway and his wife during the first half of the century . After nearly fifty years of occupation by a community of Carmelite friars and nuns , it returned to being a private residence in 1999 and is currently the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . It is a grade I listed building and is used as a wedding venue , though there is no public access otherwise . History . 12th to 15th century . The first castle was built by William de Warenne , 2nd Earl of Surrey during the reign of King Stephen in the first half of the 12th century . It took the form of a moated mound ( possibly a motte and bailey ) built on a site adjoining a bend in the River Medway about north of Maidstone . The fortification was subsequently expanded but as it was an unauthorised adulterine castle , its demolition was ordered in 1174 during the reign of Henry II . It was replaced with a small unfortified manor house . The present castle was built between 1279–99 by Stephen de Pencester , the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , who was granted a licence to crenellate the existing manor house by Edward I . It was inherited by Penchesters daughter and passed via marriage to the Cobham family , who owned it until 1492 . The buildings development was continued in the early 13th century by Sir Henry de Cobham , incorporating the remains of the old manor house into the new castle . Although it was fortified , it was more of a residence than a fortress , as indicated by its extensive – and early – use of brick , which may have reflected Stephens interests in a brickyard in Essex . It seems to have been neglected subsequently ; it is described by documentary sources as being in a very bad condition by 1398–99 . Tenure of the Wyatts . Allington Castle was acquired in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt , a prominent supporter of Henry Tudor , who was later to become King Henry VII . He undertook major alterations , dividing the courtyard into two unequal parts by constructing a two-storeyed building which contained what may have been one of the first long galleries in England . He also added a half-timbered block adjoining the curtain wall , which was used as the castles kitchens and stables . Henry VII visited it during Wyatts tenure . Henry VIII also visited in 1527 , 1530 and 1536 , as did Cardinal Wolsey in 1527 and Catherine Parr in 1544 . Henry was said to have been so concerned for his personal safety while staying in the castles north-east tower that he had the single entry , a spiral staircase , blocked off by a dry stone wall each night that he was there . His son , the poet Thomas Wyatt , was born there in 1503 , but in 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger forfeited the castle after his unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary . The plotters had held their first meeting at the castle before marching to London ; after the rebellion had been crushed , many of the failed rebels were imprisoned in the castle . Sir Thomas was executed , the Wyatts were deprived of the rest of their extensive estate , and the surviving members of the family emigrated to America . Fall into ruin . The castle and manor were granted in 1568 to John Astley , Queen Elizabeths Master of the Jewel House , though he did not live there . Around 1600 , two farm houses were subsequently built in the grounds of Allington Castle while the rest of the castle gradually fell into ruin . Most of the Great Hall and the north-east wing were destroyed in a disastrous fire in the second half of the 16th century . An early 17th-century lessee named John Best pulled down the battlements and added a half-timbered gabled second storey to the east and west wings as a replacement for the fire-damaged areas of the castle . The Bests were Catholics and used a room in the east tower as their private chapel . There is still a priest hole in the lodge of the gatehouse , a sign of the persecution that Catholics faced at the time . Allington Castle was bought in 1720 by Sir Robert Marsham , the 2nd Baron Romney and a descendant of the Wyatts , but he did not live there and let it deteriorate . Its decaying appearance was recorded by JMW Turner in sketches and watercolours made in 1798 . The top of the Long Gallery was destroyed in another fire in the early 19th century and the rest of the castle was nearly demolished a few decades later by Charles Marsham , 5th Earl of Romney . He was dissuaded by opposition from local residents , notably the Rector of the nearby Church of St . Lawrence , but by this time the castle was totally ruined . The Penchester wing was abandoned and used as a quarry for building materials , while the ground-floor remnants of the Long Gallery were converted into a pair of farmhouses . Restoration . In 1895 , a retired London barrister named Dudley C . Falke rented the castle from Lord Romney and began the lengthy task of restoration . However , this proved too expensive for his resources . In 1905 he approached the distinguished mountaineer and cartographer Sir William Martin Conway ( later Lord Conway ) , who he had heard was looking to buy an old castle or manor house . Conway had posted an advertisement in The Times stating : Wanted to purchase , an old manor-house or abbey , built in the 16th century or earlier . The castle made a great impression on Conway and his American wife Katrina when they saw it for the first time : Conway decided to purchase the castles freehold from Lord Romney at a cost of £4,800 and spent the next 30 years restoring it with the assistance of the architects W . D . Caroe and Philip Tilden . He was able to draw on his own and his wifes wealth , and his efforts were also supported by his wifes wealthy stepfather , a businessman named Manton Marble . Corbens , a local building firm , was hired to carry out the work and provided traditional craftsmen to undertake the restoration in an architecturally and historically sympathetic style . Conway and his daughter Agnes , an archaeologist , also undertook extensive research into the history of the castle . Much of the restoration had been completed by the start of the First World War in 1914 . The gatehouse and the Penchester wing had been completely restored and most of the old keep had been completed as well . The Long Gallery was rebuilt and the Tudor house within the castle walls was linked to it . An old dovecot on the castle grounds was restored for use by Agnes Conway as a study . After the war , Lord Conway set about clearing the exterior of the castle from the ramshackle collection of rural buildings that had accumulated over the centuries just outside the walls . They were replaced with planted poplars and gardens built under Philip Tilden . The Great Hall was rebuilt by 1927 , and the restoration of the north-east wing was completed by 1932 . Lord Conway died in 1937 , whereupon Agnes inherited Allington Castle . By this time , the restoration work had ceased for lack of funds and the castle was leased between 1936 and 1946 to the politician and architect Alfred Bossom . Agnes Conway subsequently returned to it with her husband , George Horsfield . After Agnes died in 1950 the castle was sold by her husband to the Order of Carmelites from the nearby Aylesford Priory at a price of £15,000 , and it became the home of a community of Carmelite Friars from March 1951 . There was a certain amount of historical irony in this , as the Wyatts of Allington Castle had obtained Aylesford Priory and dispossessed its occupants during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries ; now the tables were turned . The castle was managed between 1951 and 1958 by the Institute of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , which undertook a substantial programme of repairs and restoration . It subsequently became a centre for ecumenical work with the monastic community at Aylesford taking on responsibility for running it . Further renovations were undertaken to provide accommodation and facilities for the castles inhabitants . In September 1972 , Allington Castle became an independent priory . The friars eventually vacated the castle in 1999 . It is now the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . The castle is not open to the public , but is used as a wedding venue . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 . Architecture . Allington Castle takes the form of an irregular parallelogram with a curtain wall incorporating six round towers of various sizes . A gatehouse , incorporating the remains of the original manor house from which the castle developed , stands on the north-west side . The largest and most significant of the towers , the four-storeyed Solomons Tower , projects from the south-west side of the curtain wall . Just to its north , adjoining the west curtain wall , is the Penchester Lodgings , one of two surviving ranges of early buildings , which may incorporate remains of the earlier manor house . The banqueting hall and main apartments stood against the east curtain wall . It has largely been reconstructed , though the 15th-century porch is original . The interior of the castle was once a single large open space , but is divided into a large outer and a smaller inner courtyard . The latter was once occupied by buildings against the south curtain wall and appears to have been the site of the first castle on the site , judging by the remains of foundations discovered during Conways restoration work . The range dividing the two courtyards contains the Long Gallery on the upper floor , with offices below . The buildings in the south-east corner were occupied by kitchens and a buttery with rooms above . The moat surrounding the castle was once flooded and was crossed by a drawbridge , with a portcullis closing the entrance to the castle . The ruins of a barbican can be seen on the far side of the moat . A short distance to the south-west of the castle is a low mound , which is all that survives of the 12th-century motte . In film . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1975 childrens movie Robin Hood Junior , produced by the Childrens Film Foundation ( CFF ) and starring Keith Chegwin as young Robin . Allington Castle was depicted as the Locksley ( or Loxley ) Castle of Lord Gilbert during the Crusades era . In television . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1965 episode Castle Death of The Avengers TV series. It also served for the external shots and views for the castle Covington Cross in the eponymously named 1992 TV series Covington Cross . In music . The Castle was the site of the filming of the music video for Lover Chanting by the Swedish band Little Dragon . External links . Official Page allington-castle.com - History of Allington Castle , by Sir W . Martin Conway , M.A. , F.S.A . Archaeologia Cantiana . Vol . 28 , 1909 , pages 337-362
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[
"Thomas Wyatt"
] |
easy
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Who was the owner of Allington Castle from 1537 to 1542?
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/wiki/Allington_Castle#P127#1
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Allington Castle Allington Castle is a stone-built moated castle in Allington , Kent , just north of Maidstone , in England . The first castle on the site was an unauthorised fortification , built during The Anarchy of the early 12th century and torn down later in the century when royal control was reasserted . It was replaced by a manor house , which was fortified with royal permission in the 13th century . Various alterations and expansions were made by successive owners over the following two centuries . The property was developed into a fortified compound with six towers at irregular intervals along the curtain wall and domestic buildings in the interior , including one of the first long galleries built in England . In 1554 it was seized by the Crown in the course of dispossessing its owner , Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger , after the failure of his rebellion against Queen Mary . The castle subsequently fell into a state of decay that was accelerated by damaging fires , neglect and vandalism , until it was largely ruined by the start of the 20th century . It was saved and restored by the efforts of Sir Martin Conway and his wife during the first half of the century . After nearly fifty years of occupation by a community of Carmelite friars and nuns , it returned to being a private residence in 1999 and is currently the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . It is a grade I listed building and is used as a wedding venue , though there is no public access otherwise . History . 12th to 15th century . The first castle was built by William de Warenne , 2nd Earl of Surrey during the reign of King Stephen in the first half of the 12th century . It took the form of a moated mound ( possibly a motte and bailey ) built on a site adjoining a bend in the River Medway about north of Maidstone . The fortification was subsequently expanded but as it was an unauthorised adulterine castle , its demolition was ordered in 1174 during the reign of Henry II . It was replaced with a small unfortified manor house . The present castle was built between 1279–99 by Stephen de Pencester , the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , who was granted a licence to crenellate the existing manor house by Edward I . It was inherited by Penchesters daughter and passed via marriage to the Cobham family , who owned it until 1492 . The buildings development was continued in the early 13th century by Sir Henry de Cobham , incorporating the remains of the old manor house into the new castle . Although it was fortified , it was more of a residence than a fortress , as indicated by its extensive – and early – use of brick , which may have reflected Stephens interests in a brickyard in Essex . It seems to have been neglected subsequently ; it is described by documentary sources as being in a very bad condition by 1398–99 . Tenure of the Wyatts . Allington Castle was acquired in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt , a prominent supporter of Henry Tudor , who was later to become King Henry VII . He undertook major alterations , dividing the courtyard into two unequal parts by constructing a two-storeyed building which contained what may have been one of the first long galleries in England . He also added a half-timbered block adjoining the curtain wall , which was used as the castles kitchens and stables . Henry VII visited it during Wyatts tenure . Henry VIII also visited in 1527 , 1530 and 1536 , as did Cardinal Wolsey in 1527 and Catherine Parr in 1544 . Henry was said to have been so concerned for his personal safety while staying in the castles north-east tower that he had the single entry , a spiral staircase , blocked off by a dry stone wall each night that he was there . His son , the poet Thomas Wyatt , was born there in 1503 , but in 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger forfeited the castle after his unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary . The plotters had held their first meeting at the castle before marching to London ; after the rebellion had been crushed , many of the failed rebels were imprisoned in the castle . Sir Thomas was executed , the Wyatts were deprived of the rest of their extensive estate , and the surviving members of the family emigrated to America . Fall into ruin . The castle and manor were granted in 1568 to John Astley , Queen Elizabeths Master of the Jewel House , though he did not live there . Around 1600 , two farm houses were subsequently built in the grounds of Allington Castle while the rest of the castle gradually fell into ruin . Most of the Great Hall and the north-east wing were destroyed in a disastrous fire in the second half of the 16th century . An early 17th-century lessee named John Best pulled down the battlements and added a half-timbered gabled second storey to the east and west wings as a replacement for the fire-damaged areas of the castle . The Bests were Catholics and used a room in the east tower as their private chapel . There is still a priest hole in the lodge of the gatehouse , a sign of the persecution that Catholics faced at the time . Allington Castle was bought in 1720 by Sir Robert Marsham , the 2nd Baron Romney and a descendant of the Wyatts , but he did not live there and let it deteriorate . Its decaying appearance was recorded by JMW Turner in sketches and watercolours made in 1798 . The top of the Long Gallery was destroyed in another fire in the early 19th century and the rest of the castle was nearly demolished a few decades later by Charles Marsham , 5th Earl of Romney . He was dissuaded by opposition from local residents , notably the Rector of the nearby Church of St . Lawrence , but by this time the castle was totally ruined . The Penchester wing was abandoned and used as a quarry for building materials , while the ground-floor remnants of the Long Gallery were converted into a pair of farmhouses . Restoration . In 1895 , a retired London barrister named Dudley C . Falke rented the castle from Lord Romney and began the lengthy task of restoration . However , this proved too expensive for his resources . In 1905 he approached the distinguished mountaineer and cartographer Sir William Martin Conway ( later Lord Conway ) , who he had heard was looking to buy an old castle or manor house . Conway had posted an advertisement in The Times stating : Wanted to purchase , an old manor-house or abbey , built in the 16th century or earlier . The castle made a great impression on Conway and his American wife Katrina when they saw it for the first time : Conway decided to purchase the castles freehold from Lord Romney at a cost of £4,800 and spent the next 30 years restoring it with the assistance of the architects W . D . Caroe and Philip Tilden . He was able to draw on his own and his wifes wealth , and his efforts were also supported by his wifes wealthy stepfather , a businessman named Manton Marble . Corbens , a local building firm , was hired to carry out the work and provided traditional craftsmen to undertake the restoration in an architecturally and historically sympathetic style . Conway and his daughter Agnes , an archaeologist , also undertook extensive research into the history of the castle . Much of the restoration had been completed by the start of the First World War in 1914 . The gatehouse and the Penchester wing had been completely restored and most of the old keep had been completed as well . The Long Gallery was rebuilt and the Tudor house within the castle walls was linked to it . An old dovecot on the castle grounds was restored for use by Agnes Conway as a study . After the war , Lord Conway set about clearing the exterior of the castle from the ramshackle collection of rural buildings that had accumulated over the centuries just outside the walls . They were replaced with planted poplars and gardens built under Philip Tilden . The Great Hall was rebuilt by 1927 , and the restoration of the north-east wing was completed by 1932 . Lord Conway died in 1937 , whereupon Agnes inherited Allington Castle . By this time , the restoration work had ceased for lack of funds and the castle was leased between 1936 and 1946 to the politician and architect Alfred Bossom . Agnes Conway subsequently returned to it with her husband , George Horsfield . After Agnes died in 1950 the castle was sold by her husband to the Order of Carmelites from the nearby Aylesford Priory at a price of £15,000 , and it became the home of a community of Carmelite Friars from March 1951 . There was a certain amount of historical irony in this , as the Wyatts of Allington Castle had obtained Aylesford Priory and dispossessed its occupants during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries ; now the tables were turned . The castle was managed between 1951 and 1958 by the Institute of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , which undertook a substantial programme of repairs and restoration . It subsequently became a centre for ecumenical work with the monastic community at Aylesford taking on responsibility for running it . Further renovations were undertaken to provide accommodation and facilities for the castles inhabitants . In September 1972 , Allington Castle became an independent priory . The friars eventually vacated the castle in 1999 . It is now the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . The castle is not open to the public , but is used as a wedding venue . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 . Architecture . Allington Castle takes the form of an irregular parallelogram with a curtain wall incorporating six round towers of various sizes . A gatehouse , incorporating the remains of the original manor house from which the castle developed , stands on the north-west side . The largest and most significant of the towers , the four-storeyed Solomons Tower , projects from the south-west side of the curtain wall . Just to its north , adjoining the west curtain wall , is the Penchester Lodgings , one of two surviving ranges of early buildings , which may incorporate remains of the earlier manor house . The banqueting hall and main apartments stood against the east curtain wall . It has largely been reconstructed , though the 15th-century porch is original . The interior of the castle was once a single large open space , but is divided into a large outer and a smaller inner courtyard . The latter was once occupied by buildings against the south curtain wall and appears to have been the site of the first castle on the site , judging by the remains of foundations discovered during Conways restoration work . The range dividing the two courtyards contains the Long Gallery on the upper floor , with offices below . The buildings in the south-east corner were occupied by kitchens and a buttery with rooms above . The moat surrounding the castle was once flooded and was crossed by a drawbridge , with a portcullis closing the entrance to the castle . The ruins of a barbican can be seen on the far side of the moat . A short distance to the south-west of the castle is a low mound , which is all that survives of the 12th-century motte . In film . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1975 childrens movie Robin Hood Junior , produced by the Childrens Film Foundation ( CFF ) and starring Keith Chegwin as young Robin . Allington Castle was depicted as the Locksley ( or Loxley ) Castle of Lord Gilbert during the Crusades era . In television . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1965 episode Castle Death of The Avengers TV series. It also served for the external shots and views for the castle Covington Cross in the eponymously named 1992 TV series Covington Cross . In music . The Castle was the site of the filming of the music video for Lover Chanting by the Swedish band Little Dragon . External links . Official Page allington-castle.com - History of Allington Castle , by Sir W . Martin Conway , M.A. , F.S.A . Archaeologia Cantiana . Vol . 28 , 1909 , pages 337-362
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[
"Thomas Wyatt the Younger"
] |
easy
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Who owned Allington Castle from 1542 to 1554?
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/wiki/Allington_Castle#P127#2
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Allington Castle Allington Castle is a stone-built moated castle in Allington , Kent , just north of Maidstone , in England . The first castle on the site was an unauthorised fortification , built during The Anarchy of the early 12th century and torn down later in the century when royal control was reasserted . It was replaced by a manor house , which was fortified with royal permission in the 13th century . Various alterations and expansions were made by successive owners over the following two centuries . The property was developed into a fortified compound with six towers at irregular intervals along the curtain wall and domestic buildings in the interior , including one of the first long galleries built in England . In 1554 it was seized by the Crown in the course of dispossessing its owner , Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger , after the failure of his rebellion against Queen Mary . The castle subsequently fell into a state of decay that was accelerated by damaging fires , neglect and vandalism , until it was largely ruined by the start of the 20th century . It was saved and restored by the efforts of Sir Martin Conway and his wife during the first half of the century . After nearly fifty years of occupation by a community of Carmelite friars and nuns , it returned to being a private residence in 1999 and is currently the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . It is a grade I listed building and is used as a wedding venue , though there is no public access otherwise . History . 12th to 15th century . The first castle was built by William de Warenne , 2nd Earl of Surrey during the reign of King Stephen in the first half of the 12th century . It took the form of a moated mound ( possibly a motte and bailey ) built on a site adjoining a bend in the River Medway about north of Maidstone . The fortification was subsequently expanded but as it was an unauthorised adulterine castle , its demolition was ordered in 1174 during the reign of Henry II . It was replaced with a small unfortified manor house . The present castle was built between 1279–99 by Stephen de Pencester , the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , who was granted a licence to crenellate the existing manor house by Edward I . It was inherited by Penchesters daughter and passed via marriage to the Cobham family , who owned it until 1492 . The buildings development was continued in the early 13th century by Sir Henry de Cobham , incorporating the remains of the old manor house into the new castle . Although it was fortified , it was more of a residence than a fortress , as indicated by its extensive – and early – use of brick , which may have reflected Stephens interests in a brickyard in Essex . It seems to have been neglected subsequently ; it is described by documentary sources as being in a very bad condition by 1398–99 . Tenure of the Wyatts . Allington Castle was acquired in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt , a prominent supporter of Henry Tudor , who was later to become King Henry VII . He undertook major alterations , dividing the courtyard into two unequal parts by constructing a two-storeyed building which contained what may have been one of the first long galleries in England . He also added a half-timbered block adjoining the curtain wall , which was used as the castles kitchens and stables . Henry VII visited it during Wyatts tenure . Henry VIII also visited in 1527 , 1530 and 1536 , as did Cardinal Wolsey in 1527 and Catherine Parr in 1544 . Henry was said to have been so concerned for his personal safety while staying in the castles north-east tower that he had the single entry , a spiral staircase , blocked off by a dry stone wall each night that he was there . His son , the poet Thomas Wyatt , was born there in 1503 , but in 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger forfeited the castle after his unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary . The plotters had held their first meeting at the castle before marching to London ; after the rebellion had been crushed , many of the failed rebels were imprisoned in the castle . Sir Thomas was executed , the Wyatts were deprived of the rest of their extensive estate , and the surviving members of the family emigrated to America . Fall into ruin . The castle and manor were granted in 1568 to John Astley , Queen Elizabeths Master of the Jewel House , though he did not live there . Around 1600 , two farm houses were subsequently built in the grounds of Allington Castle while the rest of the castle gradually fell into ruin . Most of the Great Hall and the north-east wing were destroyed in a disastrous fire in the second half of the 16th century . An early 17th-century lessee named John Best pulled down the battlements and added a half-timbered gabled second storey to the east and west wings as a replacement for the fire-damaged areas of the castle . The Bests were Catholics and used a room in the east tower as their private chapel . There is still a priest hole in the lodge of the gatehouse , a sign of the persecution that Catholics faced at the time . Allington Castle was bought in 1720 by Sir Robert Marsham , the 2nd Baron Romney and a descendant of the Wyatts , but he did not live there and let it deteriorate . Its decaying appearance was recorded by JMW Turner in sketches and watercolours made in 1798 . The top of the Long Gallery was destroyed in another fire in the early 19th century and the rest of the castle was nearly demolished a few decades later by Charles Marsham , 5th Earl of Romney . He was dissuaded by opposition from local residents , notably the Rector of the nearby Church of St . Lawrence , but by this time the castle was totally ruined . The Penchester wing was abandoned and used as a quarry for building materials , while the ground-floor remnants of the Long Gallery were converted into a pair of farmhouses . Restoration . In 1895 , a retired London barrister named Dudley C . Falke rented the castle from Lord Romney and began the lengthy task of restoration . However , this proved too expensive for his resources . In 1905 he approached the distinguished mountaineer and cartographer Sir William Martin Conway ( later Lord Conway ) , who he had heard was looking to buy an old castle or manor house . Conway had posted an advertisement in The Times stating : Wanted to purchase , an old manor-house or abbey , built in the 16th century or earlier . The castle made a great impression on Conway and his American wife Katrina when they saw it for the first time : Conway decided to purchase the castles freehold from Lord Romney at a cost of £4,800 and spent the next 30 years restoring it with the assistance of the architects W . D . Caroe and Philip Tilden . He was able to draw on his own and his wifes wealth , and his efforts were also supported by his wifes wealthy stepfather , a businessman named Manton Marble . Corbens , a local building firm , was hired to carry out the work and provided traditional craftsmen to undertake the restoration in an architecturally and historically sympathetic style . Conway and his daughter Agnes , an archaeologist , also undertook extensive research into the history of the castle . Much of the restoration had been completed by the start of the First World War in 1914 . The gatehouse and the Penchester wing had been completely restored and most of the old keep had been completed as well . The Long Gallery was rebuilt and the Tudor house within the castle walls was linked to it . An old dovecot on the castle grounds was restored for use by Agnes Conway as a study . After the war , Lord Conway set about clearing the exterior of the castle from the ramshackle collection of rural buildings that had accumulated over the centuries just outside the walls . They were replaced with planted poplars and gardens built under Philip Tilden . The Great Hall was rebuilt by 1927 , and the restoration of the north-east wing was completed by 1932 . Lord Conway died in 1937 , whereupon Agnes inherited Allington Castle . By this time , the restoration work had ceased for lack of funds and the castle was leased between 1936 and 1946 to the politician and architect Alfred Bossom . Agnes Conway subsequently returned to it with her husband , George Horsfield . After Agnes died in 1950 the castle was sold by her husband to the Order of Carmelites from the nearby Aylesford Priory at a price of £15,000 , and it became the home of a community of Carmelite Friars from March 1951 . There was a certain amount of historical irony in this , as the Wyatts of Allington Castle had obtained Aylesford Priory and dispossessed its occupants during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries ; now the tables were turned . The castle was managed between 1951 and 1958 by the Institute of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , which undertook a substantial programme of repairs and restoration . It subsequently became a centre for ecumenical work with the monastic community at Aylesford taking on responsibility for running it . Further renovations were undertaken to provide accommodation and facilities for the castles inhabitants . In September 1972 , Allington Castle became an independent priory . The friars eventually vacated the castle in 1999 . It is now the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . The castle is not open to the public , but is used as a wedding venue . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 . Architecture . Allington Castle takes the form of an irregular parallelogram with a curtain wall incorporating six round towers of various sizes . A gatehouse , incorporating the remains of the original manor house from which the castle developed , stands on the north-west side . The largest and most significant of the towers , the four-storeyed Solomons Tower , projects from the south-west side of the curtain wall . Just to its north , adjoining the west curtain wall , is the Penchester Lodgings , one of two surviving ranges of early buildings , which may incorporate remains of the earlier manor house . The banqueting hall and main apartments stood against the east curtain wall . It has largely been reconstructed , though the 15th-century porch is original . The interior of the castle was once a single large open space , but is divided into a large outer and a smaller inner courtyard . The latter was once occupied by buildings against the south curtain wall and appears to have been the site of the first castle on the site , judging by the remains of foundations discovered during Conways restoration work . The range dividing the two courtyards contains the Long Gallery on the upper floor , with offices below . The buildings in the south-east corner were occupied by kitchens and a buttery with rooms above . The moat surrounding the castle was once flooded and was crossed by a drawbridge , with a portcullis closing the entrance to the castle . The ruins of a barbican can be seen on the far side of the moat . A short distance to the south-west of the castle is a low mound , which is all that survives of the 12th-century motte . In film . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1975 childrens movie Robin Hood Junior , produced by the Childrens Film Foundation ( CFF ) and starring Keith Chegwin as young Robin . Allington Castle was depicted as the Locksley ( or Loxley ) Castle of Lord Gilbert during the Crusades era . In television . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1965 episode Castle Death of The Avengers TV series. It also served for the external shots and views for the castle Covington Cross in the eponymously named 1992 TV series Covington Cross . In music . The Castle was the site of the filming of the music video for Lover Chanting by the Swedish band Little Dragon . External links . Official Page allington-castle.com - History of Allington Castle , by Sir W . Martin Conway , M.A. , F.S.A . Archaeologia Cantiana . Vol . 28 , 1909 , pages 337-362
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[
"William Martin Conway"
] |
easy
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Allington Castle was owned by whom from 1905 to 1937?
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/wiki/Allington_Castle#P127#3
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Allington Castle Allington Castle is a stone-built moated castle in Allington , Kent , just north of Maidstone , in England . The first castle on the site was an unauthorised fortification , built during The Anarchy of the early 12th century and torn down later in the century when royal control was reasserted . It was replaced by a manor house , which was fortified with royal permission in the 13th century . Various alterations and expansions were made by successive owners over the following two centuries . The property was developed into a fortified compound with six towers at irregular intervals along the curtain wall and domestic buildings in the interior , including one of the first long galleries built in England . In 1554 it was seized by the Crown in the course of dispossessing its owner , Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger , after the failure of his rebellion against Queen Mary . The castle subsequently fell into a state of decay that was accelerated by damaging fires , neglect and vandalism , until it was largely ruined by the start of the 20th century . It was saved and restored by the efforts of Sir Martin Conway and his wife during the first half of the century . After nearly fifty years of occupation by a community of Carmelite friars and nuns , it returned to being a private residence in 1999 and is currently the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . It is a grade I listed building and is used as a wedding venue , though there is no public access otherwise . History . 12th to 15th century . The first castle was built by William de Warenne , 2nd Earl of Surrey during the reign of King Stephen in the first half of the 12th century . It took the form of a moated mound ( possibly a motte and bailey ) built on a site adjoining a bend in the River Medway about north of Maidstone . The fortification was subsequently expanded but as it was an unauthorised adulterine castle , its demolition was ordered in 1174 during the reign of Henry II . It was replaced with a small unfortified manor house . The present castle was built between 1279–99 by Stephen de Pencester , the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , who was granted a licence to crenellate the existing manor house by Edward I . It was inherited by Penchesters daughter and passed via marriage to the Cobham family , who owned it until 1492 . The buildings development was continued in the early 13th century by Sir Henry de Cobham , incorporating the remains of the old manor house into the new castle . Although it was fortified , it was more of a residence than a fortress , as indicated by its extensive – and early – use of brick , which may have reflected Stephens interests in a brickyard in Essex . It seems to have been neglected subsequently ; it is described by documentary sources as being in a very bad condition by 1398–99 . Tenure of the Wyatts . Allington Castle was acquired in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt , a prominent supporter of Henry Tudor , who was later to become King Henry VII . He undertook major alterations , dividing the courtyard into two unequal parts by constructing a two-storeyed building which contained what may have been one of the first long galleries in England . He also added a half-timbered block adjoining the curtain wall , which was used as the castles kitchens and stables . Henry VII visited it during Wyatts tenure . Henry VIII also visited in 1527 , 1530 and 1536 , as did Cardinal Wolsey in 1527 and Catherine Parr in 1544 . Henry was said to have been so concerned for his personal safety while staying in the castles north-east tower that he had the single entry , a spiral staircase , blocked off by a dry stone wall each night that he was there . His son , the poet Thomas Wyatt , was born there in 1503 , but in 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger forfeited the castle after his unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary . The plotters had held their first meeting at the castle before marching to London ; after the rebellion had been crushed , many of the failed rebels were imprisoned in the castle . Sir Thomas was executed , the Wyatts were deprived of the rest of their extensive estate , and the surviving members of the family emigrated to America . Fall into ruin . The castle and manor were granted in 1568 to John Astley , Queen Elizabeths Master of the Jewel House , though he did not live there . Around 1600 , two farm houses were subsequently built in the grounds of Allington Castle while the rest of the castle gradually fell into ruin . Most of the Great Hall and the north-east wing were destroyed in a disastrous fire in the second half of the 16th century . An early 17th-century lessee named John Best pulled down the battlements and added a half-timbered gabled second storey to the east and west wings as a replacement for the fire-damaged areas of the castle . The Bests were Catholics and used a room in the east tower as their private chapel . There is still a priest hole in the lodge of the gatehouse , a sign of the persecution that Catholics faced at the time . Allington Castle was bought in 1720 by Sir Robert Marsham , the 2nd Baron Romney and a descendant of the Wyatts , but he did not live there and let it deteriorate . Its decaying appearance was recorded by JMW Turner in sketches and watercolours made in 1798 . The top of the Long Gallery was destroyed in another fire in the early 19th century and the rest of the castle was nearly demolished a few decades later by Charles Marsham , 5th Earl of Romney . He was dissuaded by opposition from local residents , notably the Rector of the nearby Church of St . Lawrence , but by this time the castle was totally ruined . The Penchester wing was abandoned and used as a quarry for building materials , while the ground-floor remnants of the Long Gallery were converted into a pair of farmhouses . Restoration . In 1895 , a retired London barrister named Dudley C . Falke rented the castle from Lord Romney and began the lengthy task of restoration . However , this proved too expensive for his resources . In 1905 he approached the distinguished mountaineer and cartographer Sir William Martin Conway ( later Lord Conway ) , who he had heard was looking to buy an old castle or manor house . Conway had posted an advertisement in The Times stating : Wanted to purchase , an old manor-house or abbey , built in the 16th century or earlier . The castle made a great impression on Conway and his American wife Katrina when they saw it for the first time : Conway decided to purchase the castles freehold from Lord Romney at a cost of £4,800 and spent the next 30 years restoring it with the assistance of the architects W . D . Caroe and Philip Tilden . He was able to draw on his own and his wifes wealth , and his efforts were also supported by his wifes wealthy stepfather , a businessman named Manton Marble . Corbens , a local building firm , was hired to carry out the work and provided traditional craftsmen to undertake the restoration in an architecturally and historically sympathetic style . Conway and his daughter Agnes , an archaeologist , also undertook extensive research into the history of the castle . Much of the restoration had been completed by the start of the First World War in 1914 . The gatehouse and the Penchester wing had been completely restored and most of the old keep had been completed as well . The Long Gallery was rebuilt and the Tudor house within the castle walls was linked to it . An old dovecot on the castle grounds was restored for use by Agnes Conway as a study . After the war , Lord Conway set about clearing the exterior of the castle from the ramshackle collection of rural buildings that had accumulated over the centuries just outside the walls . They were replaced with planted poplars and gardens built under Philip Tilden . The Great Hall was rebuilt by 1927 , and the restoration of the north-east wing was completed by 1932 . Lord Conway died in 1937 , whereupon Agnes inherited Allington Castle . By this time , the restoration work had ceased for lack of funds and the castle was leased between 1936 and 1946 to the politician and architect Alfred Bossom . Agnes Conway subsequently returned to it with her husband , George Horsfield . After Agnes died in 1950 the castle was sold by her husband to the Order of Carmelites from the nearby Aylesford Priory at a price of £15,000 , and it became the home of a community of Carmelite Friars from March 1951 . There was a certain amount of historical irony in this , as the Wyatts of Allington Castle had obtained Aylesford Priory and dispossessed its occupants during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries ; now the tables were turned . The castle was managed between 1951 and 1958 by the Institute of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , which undertook a substantial programme of repairs and restoration . It subsequently became a centre for ecumenical work with the monastic community at Aylesford taking on responsibility for running it . Further renovations were undertaken to provide accommodation and facilities for the castles inhabitants . In September 1972 , Allington Castle became an independent priory . The friars eventually vacated the castle in 1999 . It is now the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . The castle is not open to the public , but is used as a wedding venue . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 . Architecture . Allington Castle takes the form of an irregular parallelogram with a curtain wall incorporating six round towers of various sizes . A gatehouse , incorporating the remains of the original manor house from which the castle developed , stands on the north-west side . The largest and most significant of the towers , the four-storeyed Solomons Tower , projects from the south-west side of the curtain wall . Just to its north , adjoining the west curtain wall , is the Penchester Lodgings , one of two surviving ranges of early buildings , which may incorporate remains of the earlier manor house . The banqueting hall and main apartments stood against the east curtain wall . It has largely been reconstructed , though the 15th-century porch is original . The interior of the castle was once a single large open space , but is divided into a large outer and a smaller inner courtyard . The latter was once occupied by buildings against the south curtain wall and appears to have been the site of the first castle on the site , judging by the remains of foundations discovered during Conways restoration work . The range dividing the two courtyards contains the Long Gallery on the upper floor , with offices below . The buildings in the south-east corner were occupied by kitchens and a buttery with rooms above . The moat surrounding the castle was once flooded and was crossed by a drawbridge , with a portcullis closing the entrance to the castle . The ruins of a barbican can be seen on the far side of the moat . A short distance to the south-west of the castle is a low mound , which is all that survives of the 12th-century motte . In film . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1975 childrens movie Robin Hood Junior , produced by the Childrens Film Foundation ( CFF ) and starring Keith Chegwin as young Robin . Allington Castle was depicted as the Locksley ( or Loxley ) Castle of Lord Gilbert during the Crusades era . In television . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1965 episode Castle Death of The Avengers TV series. It also served for the external shots and views for the castle Covington Cross in the eponymously named 1992 TV series Covington Cross . In music . The Castle was the site of the filming of the music video for Lover Chanting by the Swedish band Little Dragon . External links . Official Page allington-castle.com - History of Allington Castle , by Sir W . Martin Conway , M.A. , F.S.A . Archaeologia Cantiana . Vol . 28 , 1909 , pages 337-362
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[
"Agnes Conway"
] |
easy
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Allington Castle was owned by whom from 1937 to 1950?
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/wiki/Allington_Castle#P127#4
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Allington Castle Allington Castle is a stone-built moated castle in Allington , Kent , just north of Maidstone , in England . The first castle on the site was an unauthorised fortification , built during The Anarchy of the early 12th century and torn down later in the century when royal control was reasserted . It was replaced by a manor house , which was fortified with royal permission in the 13th century . Various alterations and expansions were made by successive owners over the following two centuries . The property was developed into a fortified compound with six towers at irregular intervals along the curtain wall and domestic buildings in the interior , including one of the first long galleries built in England . In 1554 it was seized by the Crown in the course of dispossessing its owner , Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger , after the failure of his rebellion against Queen Mary . The castle subsequently fell into a state of decay that was accelerated by damaging fires , neglect and vandalism , until it was largely ruined by the start of the 20th century . It was saved and restored by the efforts of Sir Martin Conway and his wife during the first half of the century . After nearly fifty years of occupation by a community of Carmelite friars and nuns , it returned to being a private residence in 1999 and is currently the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . It is a grade I listed building and is used as a wedding venue , though there is no public access otherwise . History . 12th to 15th century . The first castle was built by William de Warenne , 2nd Earl of Surrey during the reign of King Stephen in the first half of the 12th century . It took the form of a moated mound ( possibly a motte and bailey ) built on a site adjoining a bend in the River Medway about north of Maidstone . The fortification was subsequently expanded but as it was an unauthorised adulterine castle , its demolition was ordered in 1174 during the reign of Henry II . It was replaced with a small unfortified manor house . The present castle was built between 1279–99 by Stephen de Pencester , the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports , who was granted a licence to crenellate the existing manor house by Edward I . It was inherited by Penchesters daughter and passed via marriage to the Cobham family , who owned it until 1492 . The buildings development was continued in the early 13th century by Sir Henry de Cobham , incorporating the remains of the old manor house into the new castle . Although it was fortified , it was more of a residence than a fortress , as indicated by its extensive – and early – use of brick , which may have reflected Stephens interests in a brickyard in Essex . It seems to have been neglected subsequently ; it is described by documentary sources as being in a very bad condition by 1398–99 . Tenure of the Wyatts . Allington Castle was acquired in 1492 by Sir Henry Wyatt , a prominent supporter of Henry Tudor , who was later to become King Henry VII . He undertook major alterations , dividing the courtyard into two unequal parts by constructing a two-storeyed building which contained what may have been one of the first long galleries in England . He also added a half-timbered block adjoining the curtain wall , which was used as the castles kitchens and stables . Henry VII visited it during Wyatts tenure . Henry VIII also visited in 1527 , 1530 and 1536 , as did Cardinal Wolsey in 1527 and Catherine Parr in 1544 . Henry was said to have been so concerned for his personal safety while staying in the castles north-east tower that he had the single entry , a spiral staircase , blocked off by a dry stone wall each night that he was there . His son , the poet Thomas Wyatt , was born there in 1503 , but in 1554 Thomas Wyatt the younger forfeited the castle after his unsuccessful rebellion against Queen Mary . The plotters had held their first meeting at the castle before marching to London ; after the rebellion had been crushed , many of the failed rebels were imprisoned in the castle . Sir Thomas was executed , the Wyatts were deprived of the rest of their extensive estate , and the surviving members of the family emigrated to America . Fall into ruin . The castle and manor were granted in 1568 to John Astley , Queen Elizabeths Master of the Jewel House , though he did not live there . Around 1600 , two farm houses were subsequently built in the grounds of Allington Castle while the rest of the castle gradually fell into ruin . Most of the Great Hall and the north-east wing were destroyed in a disastrous fire in the second half of the 16th century . An early 17th-century lessee named John Best pulled down the battlements and added a half-timbered gabled second storey to the east and west wings as a replacement for the fire-damaged areas of the castle . The Bests were Catholics and used a room in the east tower as their private chapel . There is still a priest hole in the lodge of the gatehouse , a sign of the persecution that Catholics faced at the time . Allington Castle was bought in 1720 by Sir Robert Marsham , the 2nd Baron Romney and a descendant of the Wyatts , but he did not live there and let it deteriorate . Its decaying appearance was recorded by JMW Turner in sketches and watercolours made in 1798 . The top of the Long Gallery was destroyed in another fire in the early 19th century and the rest of the castle was nearly demolished a few decades later by Charles Marsham , 5th Earl of Romney . He was dissuaded by opposition from local residents , notably the Rector of the nearby Church of St . Lawrence , but by this time the castle was totally ruined . The Penchester wing was abandoned and used as a quarry for building materials , while the ground-floor remnants of the Long Gallery were converted into a pair of farmhouses . Restoration . In 1895 , a retired London barrister named Dudley C . Falke rented the castle from Lord Romney and began the lengthy task of restoration . However , this proved too expensive for his resources . In 1905 he approached the distinguished mountaineer and cartographer Sir William Martin Conway ( later Lord Conway ) , who he had heard was looking to buy an old castle or manor house . Conway had posted an advertisement in The Times stating : Wanted to purchase , an old manor-house or abbey , built in the 16th century or earlier . The castle made a great impression on Conway and his American wife Katrina when they saw it for the first time : Conway decided to purchase the castles freehold from Lord Romney at a cost of £4,800 and spent the next 30 years restoring it with the assistance of the architects W . D . Caroe and Philip Tilden . He was able to draw on his own and his wifes wealth , and his efforts were also supported by his wifes wealthy stepfather , a businessman named Manton Marble . Corbens , a local building firm , was hired to carry out the work and provided traditional craftsmen to undertake the restoration in an architecturally and historically sympathetic style . Conway and his daughter Agnes , an archaeologist , also undertook extensive research into the history of the castle . Much of the restoration had been completed by the start of the First World War in 1914 . The gatehouse and the Penchester wing had been completely restored and most of the old keep had been completed as well . The Long Gallery was rebuilt and the Tudor house within the castle walls was linked to it . An old dovecot on the castle grounds was restored for use by Agnes Conway as a study . After the war , Lord Conway set about clearing the exterior of the castle from the ramshackle collection of rural buildings that had accumulated over the centuries just outside the walls . They were replaced with planted poplars and gardens built under Philip Tilden . The Great Hall was rebuilt by 1927 , and the restoration of the north-east wing was completed by 1932 . Lord Conway died in 1937 , whereupon Agnes inherited Allington Castle . By this time , the restoration work had ceased for lack of funds and the castle was leased between 1936 and 1946 to the politician and architect Alfred Bossom . Agnes Conway subsequently returned to it with her husband , George Horsfield . After Agnes died in 1950 the castle was sold by her husband to the Order of Carmelites from the nearby Aylesford Priory at a price of £15,000 , and it became the home of a community of Carmelite Friars from March 1951 . There was a certain amount of historical irony in this , as the Wyatts of Allington Castle had obtained Aylesford Priory and dispossessed its occupants during Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries ; now the tables were turned . The castle was managed between 1951 and 1958 by the Institute of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , which undertook a substantial programme of repairs and restoration . It subsequently became a centre for ecumenical work with the monastic community at Aylesford taking on responsibility for running it . Further renovations were undertaken to provide accommodation and facilities for the castles inhabitants . In September 1972 , Allington Castle became an independent priory . The friars eventually vacated the castle in 1999 . It is now the home of Sir Robert Worcester , the founder of the MORI polling company . The castle is not open to the public , but is used as a wedding venue . It has been a Grade I listed building since 1951 . Architecture . Allington Castle takes the form of an irregular parallelogram with a curtain wall incorporating six round towers of various sizes . A gatehouse , incorporating the remains of the original manor house from which the castle developed , stands on the north-west side . The largest and most significant of the towers , the four-storeyed Solomons Tower , projects from the south-west side of the curtain wall . Just to its north , adjoining the west curtain wall , is the Penchester Lodgings , one of two surviving ranges of early buildings , which may incorporate remains of the earlier manor house . The banqueting hall and main apartments stood against the east curtain wall . It has largely been reconstructed , though the 15th-century porch is original . The interior of the castle was once a single large open space , but is divided into a large outer and a smaller inner courtyard . The latter was once occupied by buildings against the south curtain wall and appears to have been the site of the first castle on the site , judging by the remains of foundations discovered during Conways restoration work . The range dividing the two courtyards contains the Long Gallery on the upper floor , with offices below . The buildings in the south-east corner were occupied by kitchens and a buttery with rooms above . The moat surrounding the castle was once flooded and was crossed by a drawbridge , with a portcullis closing the entrance to the castle . The ruins of a barbican can be seen on the far side of the moat . A short distance to the south-west of the castle is a low mound , which is all that survives of the 12th-century motte . In film . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1975 childrens movie Robin Hood Junior , produced by the Childrens Film Foundation ( CFF ) and starring Keith Chegwin as young Robin . Allington Castle was depicted as the Locksley ( or Loxley ) Castle of Lord Gilbert during the Crusades era . In television . The Castle was the site of the filming of the 1965 episode Castle Death of The Avengers TV series. It also served for the external shots and views for the castle Covington Cross in the eponymously named 1992 TV series Covington Cross . In music . The Castle was the site of the filming of the music video for Lover Chanting by the Swedish band Little Dragon . External links . Official Page allington-castle.com - History of Allington Castle , by Sir W . Martin Conway , M.A. , F.S.A . Archaeologia Cantiana . Vol . 28 , 1909 , pages 337-362
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[
"Scunthorpe United"
] |
easy
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Which team did Matt Sparrow play for from 1999 to 2010?
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/wiki/Matt_Sparrow#P54#0
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Matt Sparrow Matthew Ronald Sparrow ( born 3 October 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Australian semi-professional soccer club Fremantle City . Sparrow made 440 appearances in the Football League across his 17-year-long playing career , including 369 for Scunthorpe United . Sparrow has previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Crawley Town , Cheltenham Town , Lincoln City , Gainsborough Trinity , and Sorrento . Club career . Scunthorpe United . Born in Wembley , London , Sparrow spent 11 years of his professional career at Scunthorpe United , playing in the bottom three tiers of league football for them . He formally signed for the club as a 16-year-old and played in the FA Youth Alliance final for Scunthorpe at the old Wembley stadium against West Bromwich Albion . After spending several months in prison in 2001 , he became a regular in the Scunthorpe first team . He was part of the team that won promotion to the Championship after finishing the 2006–07 season as champions . In August 2007 , he was offered a new three-year contract with the club . Sparrow scored twice in the 2008–09 League One Play-off Final at Wembley Stadium against Millwall , helping them to a 3–2 victory and promotion to the Championship . Testimonial year . Sparrow made his 300th appearance for Scunthorpe in April 2009 , and subsequently played in a testimonial match which took take place on 1 May . Former Scunthorpe striker Billy Sharp and veteran midfielder Peter Beagrie returned for the match . Also involved were Jack Cork , Alex Calvo Garcia , Jamie McCombe , Jamie Forrester , John Eyre , Lee Ridley , Paul Wilson , Steve Housham , Andy Butler , Mark Jackson , Martin Carruthers , Steve Torpey , Lee Hodges , Paul Harsley , Wayne Graves , Lee Turnbull , Tony Daws , Andy Crosby , Ian Baraclough , Cleveland Taylor , Chris Hope , Kevin Sharp , Kevin Pressman , Paul Musselwhite , Justin Walker , Ross Hyslop , Brian Quailey , Sam Beagrie , Des Comerford and Simon Elliott – plus managers Brian Laws and Nigel Adkins . On 24 June 2010 , it was reported that Sparrow had turned down a new contract offer and was looking elsewhere to continue his career . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 29 June 2010 , Sparrow signed for League One side Brighton & Hove Albion , penning a three-year contract . Brighton won the League One championship that season ( in which Sparrow scored four goals ) and were promoted to the Championship . In the 2011–12 season , Sparrow scored two goals , both in the 3–0 home win over Southampton . However , he received a red card and a three-match suspension in Februarys win against Leicester City , for a reckless sliding tackle . Crawley Town . On 10 January 2013 , Sparrow signed for League One and fellow Sussex side Crawley Town on a free transfer . Sparrow made his Crawley debut only two days later on 12 January , coming on in the 67th minute as a substitute replacing fellow midfielder Dannie Bulman , in a 2–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers . He made his home debut on 2 February in a 1–1 draw against Swindon Town . He scored his first goal for the club on 9 February in a 2–1 defeat against his former club Scunthorpe United . He scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town . He played 17 times for Crawley in the league that season , scoring three goals as they finished in 10th place , their highest-ever league placing . Return to Scunthorpe United . Sparrow returned to his old club Scunthorpe United on 2 July 2013 after being released by Crawley Town . On 5 May 2015 it was announced that Sparrow wouldnt be offered a new deal and was free to leave the club . Lincoln City . On 24 June 2015 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference Premier club Lincoln City and make his debut in a home game against Cheltenham Town . Sorrento . In 2016 , he emigrated to Western Australia and joined semi-professional club Sorrento . Gainsborough Trinity . On 6 October 2016 , it was announced that Sparrow had signed with Gainsborough Trinity of the National League North . He made a total of 4 appearances for Gainsborough before returning to Australia . Joondaloop United . Sparrow signed for Joondalup United for the 2017 National Premier Leagues season , where it was announced that he would also work in a coaching role . Personal life . He attended the John Leggott College in Scunthorpe between 1998 and 2000 , studying Leisure and Tourism . Honours . Scunthorpe United - Football League One : 2006–07 - Football League One play-offs : 2008–09 Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11
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[
"Brighton & Hove Albion"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Matt Sparrow belong to from 2010 to 2013?
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/wiki/Matt_Sparrow#P54#1
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Matt Sparrow Matthew Ronald Sparrow ( born 3 October 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Australian semi-professional soccer club Fremantle City . Sparrow made 440 appearances in the Football League across his 17-year-long playing career , including 369 for Scunthorpe United . Sparrow has previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Crawley Town , Cheltenham Town , Lincoln City , Gainsborough Trinity , and Sorrento . Club career . Scunthorpe United . Born in Wembley , London , Sparrow spent 11 years of his professional career at Scunthorpe United , playing in the bottom three tiers of league football for them . He formally signed for the club as a 16-year-old and played in the FA Youth Alliance final for Scunthorpe at the old Wembley stadium against West Bromwich Albion . After spending several months in prison in 2001 , he became a regular in the Scunthorpe first team . He was part of the team that won promotion to the Championship after finishing the 2006–07 season as champions . In August 2007 , he was offered a new three-year contract with the club . Sparrow scored twice in the 2008–09 League One Play-off Final at Wembley Stadium against Millwall , helping them to a 3–2 victory and promotion to the Championship . Testimonial year . Sparrow made his 300th appearance for Scunthorpe in April 2009 , and subsequently played in a testimonial match which took take place on 1 May . Former Scunthorpe striker Billy Sharp and veteran midfielder Peter Beagrie returned for the match . Also involved were Jack Cork , Alex Calvo Garcia , Jamie McCombe , Jamie Forrester , John Eyre , Lee Ridley , Paul Wilson , Steve Housham , Andy Butler , Mark Jackson , Martin Carruthers , Steve Torpey , Lee Hodges , Paul Harsley , Wayne Graves , Lee Turnbull , Tony Daws , Andy Crosby , Ian Baraclough , Cleveland Taylor , Chris Hope , Kevin Sharp , Kevin Pressman , Paul Musselwhite , Justin Walker , Ross Hyslop , Brian Quailey , Sam Beagrie , Des Comerford and Simon Elliott – plus managers Brian Laws and Nigel Adkins . On 24 June 2010 , it was reported that Sparrow had turned down a new contract offer and was looking elsewhere to continue his career . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 29 June 2010 , Sparrow signed for League One side Brighton & Hove Albion , penning a three-year contract . Brighton won the League One championship that season ( in which Sparrow scored four goals ) and were promoted to the Championship . In the 2011–12 season , Sparrow scored two goals , both in the 3–0 home win over Southampton . However , he received a red card and a three-match suspension in Februarys win against Leicester City , for a reckless sliding tackle . Crawley Town . On 10 January 2013 , Sparrow signed for League One and fellow Sussex side Crawley Town on a free transfer . Sparrow made his Crawley debut only two days later on 12 January , coming on in the 67th minute as a substitute replacing fellow midfielder Dannie Bulman , in a 2–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers . He made his home debut on 2 February in a 1–1 draw against Swindon Town . He scored his first goal for the club on 9 February in a 2–1 defeat against his former club Scunthorpe United . He scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town . He played 17 times for Crawley in the league that season , scoring three goals as they finished in 10th place , their highest-ever league placing . Return to Scunthorpe United . Sparrow returned to his old club Scunthorpe United on 2 July 2013 after being released by Crawley Town . On 5 May 2015 it was announced that Sparrow wouldnt be offered a new deal and was free to leave the club . Lincoln City . On 24 June 2015 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference Premier club Lincoln City and make his debut in a home game against Cheltenham Town . Sorrento . In 2016 , he emigrated to Western Australia and joined semi-professional club Sorrento . Gainsborough Trinity . On 6 October 2016 , it was announced that Sparrow had signed with Gainsborough Trinity of the National League North . He made a total of 4 appearances for Gainsborough before returning to Australia . Joondaloop United . Sparrow signed for Joondalup United for the 2017 National Premier Leagues season , where it was announced that he would also work in a coaching role . Personal life . He attended the John Leggott College in Scunthorpe between 1998 and 2000 , studying Leisure and Tourism . Honours . Scunthorpe United - Football League One : 2006–07 - Football League One play-offs : 2008–09 Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11
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[
"Scunthorpe United"
] |
easy
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Matt Sparrow played for which team from 2013 to 2015?
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/wiki/Matt_Sparrow#P54#2
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Matt Sparrow Matthew Ronald Sparrow ( born 3 October 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Australian semi-professional soccer club Fremantle City . Sparrow made 440 appearances in the Football League across his 17-year-long playing career , including 369 for Scunthorpe United . Sparrow has previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Crawley Town , Cheltenham Town , Lincoln City , Gainsborough Trinity , and Sorrento . Club career . Scunthorpe United . Born in Wembley , London , Sparrow spent 11 years of his professional career at Scunthorpe United , playing in the bottom three tiers of league football for them . He formally signed for the club as a 16-year-old and played in the FA Youth Alliance final for Scunthorpe at the old Wembley stadium against West Bromwich Albion . After spending several months in prison in 2001 , he became a regular in the Scunthorpe first team . He was part of the team that won promotion to the Championship after finishing the 2006–07 season as champions . In August 2007 , he was offered a new three-year contract with the club . Sparrow scored twice in the 2008–09 League One Play-off Final at Wembley Stadium against Millwall , helping them to a 3–2 victory and promotion to the Championship . Testimonial year . Sparrow made his 300th appearance for Scunthorpe in April 2009 , and subsequently played in a testimonial match which took take place on 1 May . Former Scunthorpe striker Billy Sharp and veteran midfielder Peter Beagrie returned for the match . Also involved were Jack Cork , Alex Calvo Garcia , Jamie McCombe , Jamie Forrester , John Eyre , Lee Ridley , Paul Wilson , Steve Housham , Andy Butler , Mark Jackson , Martin Carruthers , Steve Torpey , Lee Hodges , Paul Harsley , Wayne Graves , Lee Turnbull , Tony Daws , Andy Crosby , Ian Baraclough , Cleveland Taylor , Chris Hope , Kevin Sharp , Kevin Pressman , Paul Musselwhite , Justin Walker , Ross Hyslop , Brian Quailey , Sam Beagrie , Des Comerford and Simon Elliott – plus managers Brian Laws and Nigel Adkins . On 24 June 2010 , it was reported that Sparrow had turned down a new contract offer and was looking elsewhere to continue his career . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 29 June 2010 , Sparrow signed for League One side Brighton & Hove Albion , penning a three-year contract . Brighton won the League One championship that season ( in which Sparrow scored four goals ) and were promoted to the Championship . In the 2011–12 season , Sparrow scored two goals , both in the 3–0 home win over Southampton . However , he received a red card and a three-match suspension in Februarys win against Leicester City , for a reckless sliding tackle . Crawley Town . On 10 January 2013 , Sparrow signed for League One and fellow Sussex side Crawley Town on a free transfer . Sparrow made his Crawley debut only two days later on 12 January , coming on in the 67th minute as a substitute replacing fellow midfielder Dannie Bulman , in a 2–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers . He made his home debut on 2 February in a 1–1 draw against Swindon Town . He scored his first goal for the club on 9 February in a 2–1 defeat against his former club Scunthorpe United . He scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town . He played 17 times for Crawley in the league that season , scoring three goals as they finished in 10th place , their highest-ever league placing . Return to Scunthorpe United . Sparrow returned to his old club Scunthorpe United on 2 July 2013 after being released by Crawley Town . On 5 May 2015 it was announced that Sparrow wouldnt be offered a new deal and was free to leave the club . Lincoln City . On 24 June 2015 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference Premier club Lincoln City and make his debut in a home game against Cheltenham Town . Sorrento . In 2016 , he emigrated to Western Australia and joined semi-professional club Sorrento . Gainsborough Trinity . On 6 October 2016 , it was announced that Sparrow had signed with Gainsborough Trinity of the National League North . He made a total of 4 appearances for Gainsborough before returning to Australia . Joondaloop United . Sparrow signed for Joondalup United for the 2017 National Premier Leagues season , where it was announced that he would also work in a coaching role . Personal life . He attended the John Leggott College in Scunthorpe between 1998 and 2000 , studying Leisure and Tourism . Honours . Scunthorpe United - Football League One : 2006–07 - Football League One play-offs : 2008–09 Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11
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[
"Lincoln City"
] |
easy
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Which team did Matt Sparrow play for from 2015 to 2016?
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/wiki/Matt_Sparrow#P54#3
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Matt Sparrow Matthew Ronald Sparrow ( born 3 October 1981 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Australian semi-professional soccer club Fremantle City . Sparrow made 440 appearances in the Football League across his 17-year-long playing career , including 369 for Scunthorpe United . Sparrow has previously played for Brighton & Hove Albion , Crawley Town , Cheltenham Town , Lincoln City , Gainsborough Trinity , and Sorrento . Club career . Scunthorpe United . Born in Wembley , London , Sparrow spent 11 years of his professional career at Scunthorpe United , playing in the bottom three tiers of league football for them . He formally signed for the club as a 16-year-old and played in the FA Youth Alliance final for Scunthorpe at the old Wembley stadium against West Bromwich Albion . After spending several months in prison in 2001 , he became a regular in the Scunthorpe first team . He was part of the team that won promotion to the Championship after finishing the 2006–07 season as champions . In August 2007 , he was offered a new three-year contract with the club . Sparrow scored twice in the 2008–09 League One Play-off Final at Wembley Stadium against Millwall , helping them to a 3–2 victory and promotion to the Championship . Testimonial year . Sparrow made his 300th appearance for Scunthorpe in April 2009 , and subsequently played in a testimonial match which took take place on 1 May . Former Scunthorpe striker Billy Sharp and veteran midfielder Peter Beagrie returned for the match . Also involved were Jack Cork , Alex Calvo Garcia , Jamie McCombe , Jamie Forrester , John Eyre , Lee Ridley , Paul Wilson , Steve Housham , Andy Butler , Mark Jackson , Martin Carruthers , Steve Torpey , Lee Hodges , Paul Harsley , Wayne Graves , Lee Turnbull , Tony Daws , Andy Crosby , Ian Baraclough , Cleveland Taylor , Chris Hope , Kevin Sharp , Kevin Pressman , Paul Musselwhite , Justin Walker , Ross Hyslop , Brian Quailey , Sam Beagrie , Des Comerford and Simon Elliott – plus managers Brian Laws and Nigel Adkins . On 24 June 2010 , it was reported that Sparrow had turned down a new contract offer and was looking elsewhere to continue his career . Brighton & Hove Albion . On 29 June 2010 , Sparrow signed for League One side Brighton & Hove Albion , penning a three-year contract . Brighton won the League One championship that season ( in which Sparrow scored four goals ) and were promoted to the Championship . In the 2011–12 season , Sparrow scored two goals , both in the 3–0 home win over Southampton . However , he received a red card and a three-match suspension in Februarys win against Leicester City , for a reckless sliding tackle . Crawley Town . On 10 January 2013 , Sparrow signed for League One and fellow Sussex side Crawley Town on a free transfer . Sparrow made his Crawley debut only two days later on 12 January , coming on in the 67th minute as a substitute replacing fellow midfielder Dannie Bulman , in a 2–0 defeat against Tranmere Rovers . He made his home debut on 2 February in a 1–1 draw against Swindon Town . He scored his first goal for the club on 9 February in a 2–1 defeat against his former club Scunthorpe United . He scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw against Yeovil Town . He played 17 times for Crawley in the league that season , scoring three goals as they finished in 10th place , their highest-ever league placing . Return to Scunthorpe United . Sparrow returned to his old club Scunthorpe United on 2 July 2013 after being released by Crawley Town . On 5 May 2015 it was announced that Sparrow wouldnt be offered a new deal and was free to leave the club . Lincoln City . On 24 June 2015 , he signed a one-year deal with Conference Premier club Lincoln City and make his debut in a home game against Cheltenham Town . Sorrento . In 2016 , he emigrated to Western Australia and joined semi-professional club Sorrento . Gainsborough Trinity . On 6 October 2016 , it was announced that Sparrow had signed with Gainsborough Trinity of the National League North . He made a total of 4 appearances for Gainsborough before returning to Australia . Joondaloop United . Sparrow signed for Joondalup United for the 2017 National Premier Leagues season , where it was announced that he would also work in a coaching role . Personal life . He attended the John Leggott College in Scunthorpe between 1998 and 2000 , studying Leisure and Tourism . Honours . Scunthorpe United - Football League One : 2006–07 - Football League One play-offs : 2008–09 Brighton & Hove Albion - Football League One : 2010–11
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"Konrad Adenauer"
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Who was the chair of Christian Democratic Union of Germany from Oct 1950 to Mar 1966?
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/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany#P488#0
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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"Ludwig Erhard"
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Who was the chair of Christian Democratic Union of Germany from Mar 1966 to May 1967?
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/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany#P488#1
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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"Rainer Barzel"
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Who was the chair of Christian Democratic Union of Germany from Oct 1971 to Jun 1973?
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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Who was the head of Christian Democratic Union of Germany from Jun 1973 to Nov 1998?
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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Who was the head of Christian Democratic Union of Germany from Apr 2000 to Dec 2018?
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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Christian Democratic Union of Germany The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( , CDU ; ) is a Christian-democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany . It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics . Armin Laschet has been federal chairman of the CDU since January 2021 . The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag , the German federal legislature , 200 out of 709 seats , having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election . It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction , also known as the Union , with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) . The groups parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus , a member of the CDU . Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party , the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party , with many former members joining the party , including its first leader Konrad Adenauer . The party also included politicians of other backgrounds , including liberals and conservatives . As a result , the party claims to represent Christian-social , liberal and conservative elements . The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook . Black is the partys customary colour . Other colours include red for the logo , orange for the flag , and black-red-gold for the corporate design . The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel , who also served as the partys leader from 2000 until 2018 . The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998 . Germanys three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU ; Helmut Kohl ( 1982–1998 ) , Angela Merkel ( 2005–present ) , and Konrad Adenauer ( 1949–1963 ) . The party also leads the governments of six of Germanys sixteen states . The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International , the International Democrat Union and the European Peoples Party ( EPP ) . It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs . Ursula von der Leyen , the current President of the European Commission , is a member of the CDU . History . Founding period . Immediately following the end of World War II and the foreign occupation of Germany simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout the country , each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party . The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year . The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party , the German Democratic Party , the German National Peoples Party and the German Peoples Party . Many of these individuals , including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes , were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship . In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s ( see Vergangenheitsbewältigung ) , the CDU also attracted conservative , anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks ( like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer ) . A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier , who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board ( 1949–1969 ) . One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party . It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union . The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional ( Catholic and Protestant alike ) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism . The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950 , at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party . Adenauer era ( 1949–1963 ) . In the beginning , it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II , but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) . The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union , depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican . The Western powers appreciated the CDUs moderation , its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time . Adenauer was also trusted by the British . The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state . Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents . He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position . The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany . The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949 . Adenauer remained the partys leader until 1963 , at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him . As the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy , Erhard was forced to resign . Consequently , a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger . Opposition against social-liberal governments ( 1969–1982 ) . The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election , forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history . The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandts change through rapprochement policy towards the Eastern bloc ( Ostpolitik ) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germanys eastern border . The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations ( Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories ) who hoped for a return of these territories . Seven Bundestag members , including former vice chancellor Erich Mende , defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties , depriving Brandt of his majority , and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU . In April 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power , calling a constructive vote of no confidence . CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor . But not all parliamentarians voted as expected ( it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi ) : Brandt won the vote and stayed in office . Thus , the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years . In 1982 , the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power . Kohl era ( 1982–1998 ) . CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election . After the collapse of the East German government in 1989 , Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification . On 3 October 1990 , the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany . The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country . Public support for the coalitions work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory . Although Kohl was re-elected , the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west . The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery . Kohl served as chairman until the partys electoral defeat in 1998 , when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble . Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel , who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018 . In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote , the lowest result for those parties since 1949 ; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005 . In the 2002 federal election , the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher ( 29.5% and 9.0% , respectively ) , but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government . Merkel era ( 2000–2018 ) . In 2005 , early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow , winning more than ten state elections , most of which were landslide victories . The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties demand for the chancellorship . After three weeks of negotiations , the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts . The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November . Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates ( 397 to 217 ) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November . Since her first term in office , from 2005 to 2009 , there have been discussions if the CDU was still sufficiently conservative or if it was social-democratising . In March 2009 , Merkel answered with the statement Sometimes I am liberal , sometimes I am conservative , sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU . Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections , their desired partner the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history , thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition . This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998 . CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot , while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck ( a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany , who was favoured even by some CDU members ) received a number of faithless votes from the government camp . The decisions to suspend conscription ( late 2010 ) and to phase out nuclear energy ( shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011 ) broke with long-term principles of the CDU , moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters . At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a wage floor , after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years . Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term asymmetric demobilisation for the CDUs strategy ( practised in the 2009 , 2013 and 2017 campaigns ) of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals , e.g . regarding social justice ( SPD ) and ecology ( Greens ) , thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters . Some of the promises in the CDUs 2013 election platform were seen as overtaking the SPD on the left . While this strategy proved to be quite successful in elections , it also raised warnings that the CDUs profile would become random , the party would lose its essence and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated . President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption , triggering an early presidential election . This time the CDU supported , reluctantly , nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck . The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election , when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990 , only a few seats short of an absolute majority . This was partly due to the CDUs expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups ( class , age or gender ) , partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel . After talks with the Greens had failed , the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD . Despite their long-cherished slogan of There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU , the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013 . The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members . It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administrations handling of the European debt crisis ( 2009–14 ) and later the 2015 refugee crisis , lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even state failure . Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU . In the 2017 election , the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare : With 26.8 percent of party list votes , the CDU received its worst result since 1949 , losing more than fifty seats in the Bundestag ( despite an enlargement of the parliament ) . After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens , they continued their grand coalition with the SPD . In October 2018 , Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December , but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021 . Post-Merkel ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as federal chairwoman of the CDU . Kramp-Karrenbauer was considered Merkels ideological successor , though holding more socially conservative positions , such as opposition to same-sex marriage . Kramp-Karrenbauers election saw a rise in support for the CDU in national polling , and her personal popularity was initially high . However , she suffered a sharp decline in popularity in the lead-up to the 2019 European Parliament election , in which the CDU/CSU suffered its worst ever result in a national election with just 29% . Kramp-Karrenbauer thereafter remained one of the least popular politicians nationally . The CSUs Manfred Weber was the Spitzenkandidat for the European Peoples Party in the 2019 European Parliament election . However , the EPP group ultimately nominated the CDUs Ursula von der Leyen as their candidate for President of the European Commission ; she was elected in July 2019 , becoming the first woman to hold the office . Kramp-Karrenbauer resigned as party chair on 10 February 2020 , in the midst of the 2020 Thuringian government crisis . The Thuringian CDU had been perceived as cooperating with the Alternative for Germany ( AfD ) to prevent the election of a left-wing government , breaching the long-standing taboo in Germany surrounding cooperation with the far-right . Kramp-Karrenbauer was perceived as unable to enforce discipline within the party during the crisis , which she claimed was complicated by unclear positions within the party regarding cooperation with the AfD and The Left , which party statute holds to be equally unacceptable . While the Thuringia crisis was the immediate trigger for Kramp-Karrenbauers resignation , she stated the decision had matured some time ago , and media attributed it to the troubled development of her brief leadership . Kramp-Karrenbauer remained in office as Minister of Defence and interim party leader from February until the leadership election was held in January 2021 . Originally scheduled for April 2020 , it was delayed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and was ultimately held online . Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia Armin Laschet won the election with 52.8% of delegate votes . His main opponent was Friedrich Merz , who won 47.2% of vote ; Merz had also run against Kramp-Karrenbauer in 2018 and been defeated . Laschets election was seen as an affirmation of Merkels leadership and the CDUs centrist orientation . Voter base . While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right , the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition . The loss of anti-communism as a political theme , secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU . In her 2005 campaign , Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values . Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the dominant culture imply tolerance and living together . According to party analyst Stephan Eisel , her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the partys core constituency . The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God . However , CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals . The CDUs policies derive from political Catholicism , Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism . The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohls term in office as the Chancellor of Germany ( 1982–1998 ) . As a conservative party , the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives . In terms of immigrants , the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration . Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases . In terms of foreign policy , the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States . In the European Union , the party opposes the entry of Turkey , preferring instead a privileged partnership . In addition to citing various human rights violations , the CDU also believes that Turkeys unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another . The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance 90/The Greens . The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany . Internal structure . Party congress . The party congress is the highest organ of the CDU . It meets at least every two years , determines the basic lines of CDU policy , approves the party program and decides on the statutes of the CDU . The CDU party congress consists of the delegates of the CDU regional associations , the foreign associations and the honorary chairmen . The state associations send exactly 1,000 delegates who have to be elected by the state or district conventions . The number of delegates that a regional association can send depends on the number of members of the association six months before the party congress and the result of the last federal election in the respective federal state . The foreign associations recognized by the federal executive committee each send a delegate to the party congress , regardless of their number of members . Federal committee . The federal committee is the second highest body and deals with all political and organizational matters that are not expressly reserved for the federal party congress . For this reason it is often called a small party congress . Federal executive board and presidium . The CDU federal executive heads the federal party . It implements the resolutions of the federal party congress and the federal committee and convenes the federal party congress . The CDU Presidium is responsible for executing the resolutions of the federal executive committee and handling current and urgent business . It consists of the leading members of the federal executive board and is not an organ of the CDU in Germany . Members . Before 1966 , membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated . The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year . In 2018 , the CDU had 420,240 members . In 2012 , the members average age was 59 years . 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old . A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male . Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states . Relationship to the CSU . Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( CSU ) originated after World War II , sharing a concern for the Christian worldview . In the Bundestag , the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU . This faction is called CDU/CSU , or informally the Union . Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties . The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation , the Junge Union , a common pupil organisation , the , a common student organisation , the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation , the . The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties ; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict . The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976 , when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth . This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria . The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany , with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian Peoples Party functioning as the Bavarian variant . Since its formation , the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU . The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states . The CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag , the German government , the Bundesrat , the parliamentary elections of the German President , the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia . Konrad Adenauer Foundation . The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU . It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU . The foundation offers political education , conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects , grants scholarships to gifted individuals , researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification , international understanding and development-policy cooperation . Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money . Special organizations . Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following : - Junge Union ( JU ) , the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU . - Christian Democratic Employees Association ( CDA ) , a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners . - Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU ( EAK , together with the CSU ) , representing the Protestant minority in the party . - Association of Christian Democratic Students ( RCDS ) , the student organisation of the party . - ( LSU ) , representing LGBT+ members of the CDU . Election results . State Parliaments ( Länder ) . Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party , the Christian Social Union in Bavaria .
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"Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties"
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What was the operator of L&YR Class 21 from 1886 to Dec 1922?
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/wiki/L&YR_Class_21#P137#0
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L&YR Class 21 The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties . They were nicknamed Pugs . Construction history . The class originates in the purchase of three saddle tank locomotives ordered from Vulcan Foundry in 1886 . They were fitted with an long , diameter boiler pressed to powering two outside cylinders connected to driving wheels . The wheelbase was and the total heating surface of the saturated boiler was . J . A . F . Aspinall then ordered more locomotives of a modified design : the wheelbase was shortened to , the tank was extended over the smokebox , the cab was enlarged , and the boiler pressure raised to . Seventeen of this modified design were ordered from Horwich Works in three batches ; Aspinalls successor Henry Hoy order another batch of 10 ; and Hoys successor George Hughes ordered 30 more in two batches . The last locomotive was delivered in July 1910 , four months before the first retirement ; 917 and 918 were withdrawn in November that year , but were not scrapped until November 1912 . Operational history . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) gave the locomotives the power classification 0F . In total sixty were made between 1886 and 1910 . They were built for use in sharply curved sidings for shunting duties . The Pugs were allocated by the L&YR for operation in the industrial areas and docks of Fleetwood , Goole , Liverpool and Salford . In later times they became more widely dispersed , reaching places such as Bristol , Bangor , Crewe , Derby , Widnes , York and Swansea . When the LMS was merged into British Railways on 1 January 1948 , 23 Pugs remained in service ; BR added 40,000 to their fleet numbers . Withdrawal . Withdrawals started in 1910 with two going in that year . Four went in the 1920s , 31 in the 1930s ; leaving 23 to be withdrawn between 1957 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - On 5 July 1963 , one of the driving wheels of locomotive No . 51232 sheared off at , Lancashire . Preservation . Two Pugs have survived into preservation , both through the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . L&YR No . 19 ( LMS No . 11243 ) , built in 1910 , was sold by the LMS into industry in 1931 and was acquired by the Trust from the United Glass Bottle Manufacturers Ltd . at Charlton in 1967 . It was found to be in poor mechanical condition and was later placed on static display pending overhaul , most recently at the Ribble Steam Railway . In early 2020 the locomotive moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury . Following an inspection of its condition , it was decided to proceed with restoring it to working order . This restoration is now in progress . L&YR No . 68 ( LMS No . 11218 , BR No . 51218 ) , built in 1901 , was purchased directly from British Rail in 1964 and moved to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in January 1965 . The locomotive was re-tubed in 1974 and took part in the Stockton & Darlington Railway cavalcade that year . The locomotive was overhauled again in 1997 and continued in service , albeit mostly as a shunting locomotive due to its low power , until its boiler tubes required replacement in 2006 . The locomotive carried its original identity of L&YR 68 from 2004 onwards , but has been cosmetically restored in 2018 to 51218 for the K&WVRs 50th Anniversary Gala , reflecting that 51218 was the first loco to arrive in 1965 . Overhaul is now under consideration at Haworth on the K&WVR as the restoration of 0-6-0ST No . 752 has now been completed at the East Lancashire Railway . Models . Several models of the Pug have been produced commercially . The first was a OO-scale polystyrene kit made in the 1960s by Kitmaster , the moulds for which were subsequently sold to Airfix then passed on to Dapol , which still manufactures the former Airfix plastic kit range . This kit has often been used as the basis for a narrow-gauge pug bash locomotive running on 00-9 tracks . A ready-to-run OO model was produced initially by Dapol and then Hornby where the Pug was produced until 2000 . The Pug was reintroduced to Hornbys range in 2010 ( R2927 ) in early British Railways Livery . Larger scale models are available from a number of suppliers including Tower Models of Blackpool .
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"East Lancashire Railway in Bury"
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What operated L&YR Class 21 from 1923 to 1931?
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/wiki/L&YR_Class_21#P137#1
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L&YR Class 21 The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties . They were nicknamed Pugs . Construction history . The class originates in the purchase of three saddle tank locomotives ordered from Vulcan Foundry in 1886 . They were fitted with an long , diameter boiler pressed to powering two outside cylinders connected to driving wheels . The wheelbase was and the total heating surface of the saturated boiler was . J . A . F . Aspinall then ordered more locomotives of a modified design : the wheelbase was shortened to , the tank was extended over the smokebox , the cab was enlarged , and the boiler pressure raised to . Seventeen of this modified design were ordered from Horwich Works in three batches ; Aspinalls successor Henry Hoy order another batch of 10 ; and Hoys successor George Hughes ordered 30 more in two batches . The last locomotive was delivered in July 1910 , four months before the first retirement ; 917 and 918 were withdrawn in November that year , but were not scrapped until November 1912 . Operational history . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) gave the locomotives the power classification 0F . In total sixty were made between 1886 and 1910 . They were built for use in sharply curved sidings for shunting duties . The Pugs were allocated by the L&YR for operation in the industrial areas and docks of Fleetwood , Goole , Liverpool and Salford . In later times they became more widely dispersed , reaching places such as Bristol , Bangor , Crewe , Derby , Widnes , York and Swansea . When the LMS was merged into British Railways on 1 January 1948 , 23 Pugs remained in service ; BR added 40,000 to their fleet numbers . Withdrawal . Withdrawals started in 1910 with two going in that year . Four went in the 1920s , 31 in the 1930s ; leaving 23 to be withdrawn between 1957 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - On 5 July 1963 , one of the driving wheels of locomotive No . 51232 sheared off at , Lancashire . Preservation . Two Pugs have survived into preservation , both through the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . L&YR No . 19 ( LMS No . 11243 ) , built in 1910 , was sold by the LMS into industry in 1931 and was acquired by the Trust from the United Glass Bottle Manufacturers Ltd . at Charlton in 1967 . It was found to be in poor mechanical condition and was later placed on static display pending overhaul , most recently at the Ribble Steam Railway . In early 2020 the locomotive moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury . Following an inspection of its condition , it was decided to proceed with restoring it to working order . This restoration is now in progress . L&YR No . 68 ( LMS No . 11218 , BR No . 51218 ) , built in 1901 , was purchased directly from British Rail in 1964 and moved to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in January 1965 . The locomotive was re-tubed in 1974 and took part in the Stockton & Darlington Railway cavalcade that year . The locomotive was overhauled again in 1997 and continued in service , albeit mostly as a shunting locomotive due to its low power , until its boiler tubes required replacement in 2006 . The locomotive carried its original identity of L&YR 68 from 2004 onwards , but has been cosmetically restored in 2018 to 51218 for the K&WVRs 50th Anniversary Gala , reflecting that 51218 was the first loco to arrive in 1965 . Overhaul is now under consideration at Haworth on the K&WVR as the restoration of 0-6-0ST No . 752 has now been completed at the East Lancashire Railway . Models . Several models of the Pug have been produced commercially . The first was a OO-scale polystyrene kit made in the 1960s by Kitmaster , the moulds for which were subsequently sold to Airfix then passed on to Dapol , which still manufactures the former Airfix plastic kit range . This kit has often been used as the basis for a narrow-gauge pug bash locomotive running on 00-9 tracks . A ready-to-run OO model was produced initially by Dapol and then Hornby where the Pug was produced until 2000 . The Pug was reintroduced to Hornbys range in 2010 ( R2927 ) in early British Railways Livery . Larger scale models are available from a number of suppliers including Tower Models of Blackpool .
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easy
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What operated L&YR Class 21 from 1931 to 1948?
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/wiki/L&YR_Class_21#P137#2
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L&YR Class 21 The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties . They were nicknamed Pugs . Construction history . The class originates in the purchase of three saddle tank locomotives ordered from Vulcan Foundry in 1886 . They were fitted with an long , diameter boiler pressed to powering two outside cylinders connected to driving wheels . The wheelbase was and the total heating surface of the saturated boiler was . J . A . F . Aspinall then ordered more locomotives of a modified design : the wheelbase was shortened to , the tank was extended over the smokebox , the cab was enlarged , and the boiler pressure raised to . Seventeen of this modified design were ordered from Horwich Works in three batches ; Aspinalls successor Henry Hoy order another batch of 10 ; and Hoys successor George Hughes ordered 30 more in two batches . The last locomotive was delivered in July 1910 , four months before the first retirement ; 917 and 918 were withdrawn in November that year , but were not scrapped until November 1912 . Operational history . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) gave the locomotives the power classification 0F . In total sixty were made between 1886 and 1910 . They were built for use in sharply curved sidings for shunting duties . The Pugs were allocated by the L&YR for operation in the industrial areas and docks of Fleetwood , Goole , Liverpool and Salford . In later times they became more widely dispersed , reaching places such as Bristol , Bangor , Crewe , Derby , Widnes , York and Swansea . When the LMS was merged into British Railways on 1 January 1948 , 23 Pugs remained in service ; BR added 40,000 to their fleet numbers . Withdrawal . Withdrawals started in 1910 with two going in that year . Four went in the 1920s , 31 in the 1930s ; leaving 23 to be withdrawn between 1957 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - On 5 July 1963 , one of the driving wheels of locomotive No . 51232 sheared off at , Lancashire . Preservation . Two Pugs have survived into preservation , both through the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . L&YR No . 19 ( LMS No . 11243 ) , built in 1910 , was sold by the LMS into industry in 1931 and was acquired by the Trust from the United Glass Bottle Manufacturers Ltd . at Charlton in 1967 . It was found to be in poor mechanical condition and was later placed on static display pending overhaul , most recently at the Ribble Steam Railway . In early 2020 the locomotive moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury . Following an inspection of its condition , it was decided to proceed with restoring it to working order . This restoration is now in progress . L&YR No . 68 ( LMS No . 11218 , BR No . 51218 ) , built in 1901 , was purchased directly from British Rail in 1964 and moved to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in January 1965 . The locomotive was re-tubed in 1974 and took part in the Stockton & Darlington Railway cavalcade that year . The locomotive was overhauled again in 1997 and continued in service , albeit mostly as a shunting locomotive due to its low power , until its boiler tubes required replacement in 2006 . The locomotive carried its original identity of L&YR 68 from 2004 onwards , but has been cosmetically restored in 2018 to 51218 for the K&WVRs 50th Anniversary Gala , reflecting that 51218 was the first loco to arrive in 1965 . Overhaul is now under consideration at Haworth on the K&WVR as the restoration of 0-6-0ST No . 752 has now been completed at the East Lancashire Railway . Models . Several models of the Pug have been produced commercially . The first was a OO-scale polystyrene kit made in the 1960s by Kitmaster , the moulds for which were subsequently sold to Airfix then passed on to Dapol , which still manufactures the former Airfix plastic kit range . This kit has often been used as the basis for a narrow-gauge pug bash locomotive running on 00-9 tracks . A ready-to-run OO model was produced initially by Dapol and then Hornby where the Pug was produced until 2000 . The Pug was reintroduced to Hornbys range in 2010 ( R2927 ) in early British Railways Livery . Larger scale models are available from a number of suppliers including Tower Models of Blackpool .
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[
"British Railways"
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What operated L&YR Class 21 from 1948 to 1964?
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/wiki/L&YR_Class_21#P137#3
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L&YR Class 21 The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties . They were nicknamed Pugs . Construction history . The class originates in the purchase of three saddle tank locomotives ordered from Vulcan Foundry in 1886 . They were fitted with an long , diameter boiler pressed to powering two outside cylinders connected to driving wheels . The wheelbase was and the total heating surface of the saturated boiler was . J . A . F . Aspinall then ordered more locomotives of a modified design : the wheelbase was shortened to , the tank was extended over the smokebox , the cab was enlarged , and the boiler pressure raised to . Seventeen of this modified design were ordered from Horwich Works in three batches ; Aspinalls successor Henry Hoy order another batch of 10 ; and Hoys successor George Hughes ordered 30 more in two batches . The last locomotive was delivered in July 1910 , four months before the first retirement ; 917 and 918 were withdrawn in November that year , but were not scrapped until November 1912 . Operational history . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) gave the locomotives the power classification 0F . In total sixty were made between 1886 and 1910 . They were built for use in sharply curved sidings for shunting duties . The Pugs were allocated by the L&YR for operation in the industrial areas and docks of Fleetwood , Goole , Liverpool and Salford . In later times they became more widely dispersed , reaching places such as Bristol , Bangor , Crewe , Derby , Widnes , York and Swansea . When the LMS was merged into British Railways on 1 January 1948 , 23 Pugs remained in service ; BR added 40,000 to their fleet numbers . Withdrawal . Withdrawals started in 1910 with two going in that year . Four went in the 1920s , 31 in the 1930s ; leaving 23 to be withdrawn between 1957 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - On 5 July 1963 , one of the driving wheels of locomotive No . 51232 sheared off at , Lancashire . Preservation . Two Pugs have survived into preservation , both through the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . L&YR No . 19 ( LMS No . 11243 ) , built in 1910 , was sold by the LMS into industry in 1931 and was acquired by the Trust from the United Glass Bottle Manufacturers Ltd . at Charlton in 1967 . It was found to be in poor mechanical condition and was later placed on static display pending overhaul , most recently at the Ribble Steam Railway . In early 2020 the locomotive moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury . Following an inspection of its condition , it was decided to proceed with restoring it to working order . This restoration is now in progress . L&YR No . 68 ( LMS No . 11218 , BR No . 51218 ) , built in 1901 , was purchased directly from British Rail in 1964 and moved to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in January 1965 . The locomotive was re-tubed in 1974 and took part in the Stockton & Darlington Railway cavalcade that year . The locomotive was overhauled again in 1997 and continued in service , albeit mostly as a shunting locomotive due to its low power , until its boiler tubes required replacement in 2006 . The locomotive carried its original identity of L&YR 68 from 2004 onwards , but has been cosmetically restored in 2018 to 51218 for the K&WVRs 50th Anniversary Gala , reflecting that 51218 was the first loco to arrive in 1965 . Overhaul is now under consideration at Haworth on the K&WVR as the restoration of 0-6-0ST No . 752 has now been completed at the East Lancashire Railway . Models . Several models of the Pug have been produced commercially . The first was a OO-scale polystyrene kit made in the 1960s by Kitmaster , the moulds for which were subsequently sold to Airfix then passed on to Dapol , which still manufactures the former Airfix plastic kit range . This kit has often been used as the basis for a narrow-gauge pug bash locomotive running on 00-9 tracks . A ready-to-run OO model was produced initially by Dapol and then Hornby where the Pug was produced until 2000 . The Pug was reintroduced to Hornbys range in 2010 ( R2927 ) in early British Railways Livery . Larger scale models are available from a number of suppliers including Tower Models of Blackpool .
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What operated L&YR Class 21 from 1964 to 1965?
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/wiki/L&YR_Class_21#P137#4
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L&YR Class 21 The L&YR Class 21 is a class of small 0-4-0ST steam locomotive built by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway for shunting duties . They were nicknamed Pugs . Construction history . The class originates in the purchase of three saddle tank locomotives ordered from Vulcan Foundry in 1886 . They were fitted with an long , diameter boiler pressed to powering two outside cylinders connected to driving wheels . The wheelbase was and the total heating surface of the saturated boiler was . J . A . F . Aspinall then ordered more locomotives of a modified design : the wheelbase was shortened to , the tank was extended over the smokebox , the cab was enlarged , and the boiler pressure raised to . Seventeen of this modified design were ordered from Horwich Works in three batches ; Aspinalls successor Henry Hoy order another batch of 10 ; and Hoys successor George Hughes ordered 30 more in two batches . The last locomotive was delivered in July 1910 , four months before the first retirement ; 917 and 918 were withdrawn in November that year , but were not scrapped until November 1912 . Operational history . The London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) gave the locomotives the power classification 0F . In total sixty were made between 1886 and 1910 . They were built for use in sharply curved sidings for shunting duties . The Pugs were allocated by the L&YR for operation in the industrial areas and docks of Fleetwood , Goole , Liverpool and Salford . In later times they became more widely dispersed , reaching places such as Bristol , Bangor , Crewe , Derby , Widnes , York and Swansea . When the LMS was merged into British Railways on 1 January 1948 , 23 Pugs remained in service ; BR added 40,000 to their fleet numbers . Withdrawal . Withdrawals started in 1910 with two going in that year . Four went in the 1920s , 31 in the 1930s ; leaving 23 to be withdrawn between 1957 and 1964 . Accidents and incidents . - On 5 July 1963 , one of the driving wheels of locomotive No . 51232 sheared off at , Lancashire . Preservation . Two Pugs have survived into preservation , both through the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Trust . L&YR No . 19 ( LMS No . 11243 ) , built in 1910 , was sold by the LMS into industry in 1931 and was acquired by the Trust from the United Glass Bottle Manufacturers Ltd . at Charlton in 1967 . It was found to be in poor mechanical condition and was later placed on static display pending overhaul , most recently at the Ribble Steam Railway . In early 2020 the locomotive moved to the East Lancashire Railway in Bury . Following an inspection of its condition , it was decided to proceed with restoring it to working order . This restoration is now in progress . L&YR No . 68 ( LMS No . 11218 , BR No . 51218 ) , built in 1901 , was purchased directly from British Rail in 1964 and moved to the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway in January 1965 . The locomotive was re-tubed in 1974 and took part in the Stockton & Darlington Railway cavalcade that year . The locomotive was overhauled again in 1997 and continued in service , albeit mostly as a shunting locomotive due to its low power , until its boiler tubes required replacement in 2006 . The locomotive carried its original identity of L&YR 68 from 2004 onwards , but has been cosmetically restored in 2018 to 51218 for the K&WVRs 50th Anniversary Gala , reflecting that 51218 was the first loco to arrive in 1965 . Overhaul is now under consideration at Haworth on the K&WVR as the restoration of 0-6-0ST No . 752 has now been completed at the East Lancashire Railway . Models . Several models of the Pug have been produced commercially . The first was a OO-scale polystyrene kit made in the 1960s by Kitmaster , the moulds for which were subsequently sold to Airfix then passed on to Dapol , which still manufactures the former Airfix plastic kit range . This kit has often been used as the basis for a narrow-gauge pug bash locomotive running on 00-9 tracks . A ready-to-run OO model was produced initially by Dapol and then Hornby where the Pug was produced until 2000 . The Pug was reintroduced to Hornbys range in 2010 ( R2927 ) in early British Railways Livery . Larger scale models are available from a number of suppliers including Tower Models of Blackpool .
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[
"teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy"
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easy
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Otto Ludvig Beckman took which position from 1889 to 1891?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#0
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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[
"head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona"
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easy
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Otto Ludvig Beckman took which position from 1891 to 1892?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#1
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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""
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What position did Otto Ludvig Beckman take from 1892 to 1896?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#2
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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[
"artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress"
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easy
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Otto Ludvig Beckman took which position from 1902 to 1904?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#3
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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What was the position of Otto Ludvig Beckman from 1904 to 1905?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#4
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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[
"commander of the Coastal Artillery"
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easy
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What was the position of Otto Ludvig Beckman from 1907 to 1909?
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/wiki/Otto_Ludvig_Beckman#P39#5
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Otto Ludvig Beckman Otto Ludvig Beckman ( 29 April 1856 – 27 June 1909 ) was a Swedish Navy general and commanding officer of the Swedish Coastal Artillery . He was assassinated during czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 . Career . Beckman began his career as a sub-lieutenant in the Swedish Navy in 1876 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1881 and captain in 1888 . He was a teacher at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy from 1889 to 1891 and was head of the Naval Mine Department at the naval station in Karlskrona from 1891 to 1901 . Beckman was promoted to commander of second rank in 1897 and first rank in 1900 . He was a member of the Executive Board of the Fleets Retirement Fund from 1899 . Beckman was promoted to colonel and commander of Karlskrona Coastal Artillery Regiment ( KA 2 ) as well as artillery commander of Karlskrona Fortress in 1902 . In 1907 , Beckman was promoted to major general and became commander of the Coastal Artillery . He was a long-standing member of Karlskrona City Council and deputy chairman of the city treasury . He was a member of the Defence Committee in 1907 . Beckman was also an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences . Assassination . During Czar Nicholas IIs visit to Stockholm in 1909 the anarchist Hjalmar Wång tried to assassinate the czar . He failed , however , and killed Beckman instead . It was after a banquet at the Royal Palace , when Beckman and his colleagues made a short visit to the Grand Hôtel . Ten minutes after midnight on the 27 June he walked , dressed in parade uniform , through Kungsträdgården . There he met Wång who shot him in the back . Right after , the 22-year-old Wång shot himself in the head twice . Wång died the next morning from his injuries . Commander P . Dahlgren who was walking with Beckman escaped without injures . The passer-by , feldsher Levander , was hit by a bullet but survived . Beckman was buried on the 2 July 1909 at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna Municipality . Personal life . Beckman was married to Olga Maria Högsted ( born 1861 ) , and together they had the sons , lieutenant colonel Per Evald Ottocar Beckman ( 1885–1962 ) , commander Sven Alfred Ottocar Beckman ( 1887–1962 ) , and district judge Herbert Ottokar Beckman ( 1893-1981 ) as well as the daughter , rector Olga Elsa Beckman ( 1888–1975 ) . Awards and decorations . - Commanders 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 16 June 1908 ) - Commander 2nd Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1 December 1904 ) - Knight 1st Class of the Order of the Sword ( 1896 ) Honours . - Member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences ( 1891 ) - Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences ( 1901 )
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"Howard Hawks"
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Who was the spouse of Slim Keith from Dec 1941 to Jun 1949?
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/wiki/Slim_Keith#P26#0
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Slim Keith Nancy Slim Keith , Lady Keith ( born Mary Raye Gross ; July 15 , 1917 – April 6 , 1990 ) was an American socialite and fashion icon during the 1950s and 1960s , exemplifying the American jet set . She and her friend Babe Paley were the thinly veiled inspiration for characters in Truman Capotes novel . She is also credited with bringing Lauren Bacall to Hollywoods attention by showing her then-husband , producer Howard Hawks , a magazine cover with Bacalls picture on it . Early life . Born Mary Raye Gross in Salinas , California ( her mother changed her name to Nancy ) , by age 22 , she had appeared on the cover of Harpers Bazaar . She was included on that celebrated fashion magazines best-dressed list for years , and in 1946 won a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award ( as Mrs . Leland Hayward ) . Nicknamed “Slim” , she was also dubbed the original California Girl because of her golden looks and athletic ability . She considered a career in opera , before deciding it was too demanding . Personal life . Slim at the age of 16 left school and traveled to Death Valley . While staying at the Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch Resort , she met William Powell . Through Powell , she was introduced to William Randolph Hearst and his companion Marion Davies . She thus became a Hollywood socialite and was frequently seen at parties with Gary Cooper and Cary Grant . She was pursued romantically by Clark Gable , as well as by Ernest Hemingway . In 1938 she met Howard Hawks , the noted film director , who was immediately smitten with her and did everything he could to persuade her to marry him , despite the fact he was already married to Athole Shearer , the sister of actress Norma Shearer . Three years later , after his divorce from Athole , they were married . Hawks , however , was unable to remain faithful , and shortly after the birth of their daughter Kitty Hawks , Slim moved to Havana to stay with Ernest Hemingway . There in Cuba she also met the man who would be her second husband , the movie and theatrical producer Leland Hayward . In 1949 , soon after divorcing their respective spouses , they married in New York and remained together for 10 years . Slim later wrote that Hayward had been the one love of her life even though he had left her for Pamela Churchill , who , like Slim , had gained much of her early celebrity as a socialite and by marriage . Slims next and last husband was British banker Kenneth Keith , whom she left in 1972 after a 10-year marriage . Keith banished Capote from her life when he used her as the unflattering model for the fictional Lady Coolbirth of his infamous and unfinished . She never spoke to him again . This particular era is explored further in Melanie Benjamins novel The Swans of Fifth Avenue . According to Sally Bedell Smith in Reflected Glory , the model for Lady Coolbirth was Pamela Harriman , not Slim Keith . Slim was also known for her iconic sense of style . With exceptional taste , Slim pursued an elegant , crisp style in all that she wore . Death . The last years of her life were spent pursuing travel and quiet social activities in New York . An inveterate smoker , she died at age 72 of lung cancer at New York Hospital . Fictional portrayals . Slim Keith was portrayed in the film Infamous ( 2006 ) by Hope Davis , and mentioned briefly in Rear Window ( 1954 ) as Slim Hayward . Her marriage to Howard Hawks was depicted in Tonya Walkers short story Slim in The Cunningham Short Story Anthology published by Willowdown Books . She was also depicted in Melanie Benjamins book The Swans of Fifth Avenue ( 2016 ) . The novel explores elements of Slims colorful life , as well as her friendships with Babe Paley and Truman Capote . Although her remarkable sense of style is not a focus of the novel , much can be said about her contributions to classic , Americana dress . In a particularly revealing scene , Benjamin imagines Keith raising a glass to Babe and Truman . She recalls , A time before it was fashionable to tell the truth , and the world grew sordid from too much honesty . External links . - Divas - The Site
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