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[
"Leland Hayward"
] |
easy
|
Who was Slim Keith 's spouse from Jun 1949 to May 1960?
|
/wiki/Slim_Keith#P26#1
|
Slim Keith Nancy Slim Keith , Lady Keith ( born Mary Raye Gross ; July 15 , 1917 – April 6 , 1990 ) was an American socialite and fashion icon during the 1950s and 1960s , exemplifying the American jet set . She and her friend Babe Paley were the thinly veiled inspiration for characters in Truman Capotes novel . She is also credited with bringing Lauren Bacall to Hollywoods attention by showing her then-husband , producer Howard Hawks , a magazine cover with Bacalls picture on it . Early life . Born Mary Raye Gross in Salinas , California ( her mother changed her name to Nancy ) , by age 22 , she had appeared on the cover of Harpers Bazaar . She was included on that celebrated fashion magazines best-dressed list for years , and in 1946 won a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award ( as Mrs . Leland Hayward ) . Nicknamed “Slim” , she was also dubbed the original California Girl because of her golden looks and athletic ability . She considered a career in opera , before deciding it was too demanding . Personal life . Slim at the age of 16 left school and traveled to Death Valley . While staying at the Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch Resort , she met William Powell . Through Powell , she was introduced to William Randolph Hearst and his companion Marion Davies . She thus became a Hollywood socialite and was frequently seen at parties with Gary Cooper and Cary Grant . She was pursued romantically by Clark Gable , as well as by Ernest Hemingway . In 1938 she met Howard Hawks , the noted film director , who was immediately smitten with her and did everything he could to persuade her to marry him , despite the fact he was already married to Athole Shearer , the sister of actress Norma Shearer . Three years later , after his divorce from Athole , they were married . Hawks , however , was unable to remain faithful , and shortly after the birth of their daughter Kitty Hawks , Slim moved to Havana to stay with Ernest Hemingway . There in Cuba she also met the man who would be her second husband , the movie and theatrical producer Leland Hayward . In 1949 , soon after divorcing their respective spouses , they married in New York and remained together for 10 years . Slim later wrote that Hayward had been the one love of her life even though he had left her for Pamela Churchill , who , like Slim , had gained much of her early celebrity as a socialite and by marriage . Slims next and last husband was British banker Kenneth Keith , whom she left in 1972 after a 10-year marriage . Keith banished Capote from her life when he used her as the unflattering model for the fictional Lady Coolbirth of his infamous and unfinished . She never spoke to him again . This particular era is explored further in Melanie Benjamins novel The Swans of Fifth Avenue . According to Sally Bedell Smith in Reflected Glory , the model for Lady Coolbirth was Pamela Harriman , not Slim Keith . Slim was also known for her iconic sense of style . With exceptional taste , Slim pursued an elegant , crisp style in all that she wore . Death . The last years of her life were spent pursuing travel and quiet social activities in New York . An inveterate smoker , she died at age 72 of lung cancer at New York Hospital . Fictional portrayals . Slim Keith was portrayed in the film Infamous ( 2006 ) by Hope Davis , and mentioned briefly in Rear Window ( 1954 ) as Slim Hayward . Her marriage to Howard Hawks was depicted in Tonya Walkers short story Slim in The Cunningham Short Story Anthology published by Willowdown Books . She was also depicted in Melanie Benjamins book The Swans of Fifth Avenue ( 2016 ) . The novel explores elements of Slims colorful life , as well as her friendships with Babe Paley and Truman Capote . Although her remarkable sense of style is not a focus of the novel , much can be said about her contributions to classic , Americana dress . In a particularly revealing scene , Benjamin imagines Keith raising a glass to Babe and Truman . She recalls , A time before it was fashionable to tell the truth , and the world grew sordid from too much honesty . External links . - Divas - The Site
|
[
"Kenneth Keith"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of Slim Keith from 1962 to 1972?
|
/wiki/Slim_Keith#P26#2
|
Slim Keith Nancy Slim Keith , Lady Keith ( born Mary Raye Gross ; July 15 , 1917 – April 6 , 1990 ) was an American socialite and fashion icon during the 1950s and 1960s , exemplifying the American jet set . She and her friend Babe Paley were the thinly veiled inspiration for characters in Truman Capotes novel . She is also credited with bringing Lauren Bacall to Hollywoods attention by showing her then-husband , producer Howard Hawks , a magazine cover with Bacalls picture on it . Early life . Born Mary Raye Gross in Salinas , California ( her mother changed her name to Nancy ) , by age 22 , she had appeared on the cover of Harpers Bazaar . She was included on that celebrated fashion magazines best-dressed list for years , and in 1946 won a Neiman Marcus Fashion Award ( as Mrs . Leland Hayward ) . Nicknamed “Slim” , she was also dubbed the original California Girl because of her golden looks and athletic ability . She considered a career in opera , before deciding it was too demanding . Personal life . Slim at the age of 16 left school and traveled to Death Valley . While staying at the Furnace Creek Inn and Ranch Resort , she met William Powell . Through Powell , she was introduced to William Randolph Hearst and his companion Marion Davies . She thus became a Hollywood socialite and was frequently seen at parties with Gary Cooper and Cary Grant . She was pursued romantically by Clark Gable , as well as by Ernest Hemingway . In 1938 she met Howard Hawks , the noted film director , who was immediately smitten with her and did everything he could to persuade her to marry him , despite the fact he was already married to Athole Shearer , the sister of actress Norma Shearer . Three years later , after his divorce from Athole , they were married . Hawks , however , was unable to remain faithful , and shortly after the birth of their daughter Kitty Hawks , Slim moved to Havana to stay with Ernest Hemingway . There in Cuba she also met the man who would be her second husband , the movie and theatrical producer Leland Hayward . In 1949 , soon after divorcing their respective spouses , they married in New York and remained together for 10 years . Slim later wrote that Hayward had been the one love of her life even though he had left her for Pamela Churchill , who , like Slim , had gained much of her early celebrity as a socialite and by marriage . Slims next and last husband was British banker Kenneth Keith , whom she left in 1972 after a 10-year marriage . Keith banished Capote from her life when he used her as the unflattering model for the fictional Lady Coolbirth of his infamous and unfinished . She never spoke to him again . This particular era is explored further in Melanie Benjamins novel The Swans of Fifth Avenue . According to Sally Bedell Smith in Reflected Glory , the model for Lady Coolbirth was Pamela Harriman , not Slim Keith . Slim was also known for her iconic sense of style . With exceptional taste , Slim pursued an elegant , crisp style in all that she wore . Death . The last years of her life were spent pursuing travel and quiet social activities in New York . An inveterate smoker , she died at age 72 of lung cancer at New York Hospital . Fictional portrayals . Slim Keith was portrayed in the film Infamous ( 2006 ) by Hope Davis , and mentioned briefly in Rear Window ( 1954 ) as Slim Hayward . Her marriage to Howard Hawks was depicted in Tonya Walkers short story Slim in The Cunningham Short Story Anthology published by Willowdown Books . She was also depicted in Melanie Benjamins book The Swans of Fifth Avenue ( 2016 ) . The novel explores elements of Slims colorful life , as well as her friendships with Babe Paley and Truman Capote . Although her remarkable sense of style is not a focus of the novel , much can be said about her contributions to classic , Americana dress . In a particularly revealing scene , Benjamin imagines Keith raising a glass to Babe and Truman . She recalls , A time before it was fashionable to tell the truth , and the world grew sordid from too much honesty . External links . - Divas - The Site
|
[
"Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre"
] |
easy
|
What was the home venue of Townsville Crocodiles from 1993 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles#P115#0
|
Townsville Crocodiles The Townsville Crocodiles were an Australian professional mens basketball team based in the North Queensland city of Townsville . They competed in the National Basketball League ( NBL ) and played their home games at the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre . Between their inception in 1993 and their final season in 2015–16 , the Crocodiles enjoyed financial stability and sustained community support , but on-court success eluded them . Team history . 1986–1992 : Gaining admission into the NBL . Former Brisbane Bullets guard Mark Bragg , a Townsville resident , began campaigning to bring an NBL franchise to Townsville in the late 1980s . The franchise adopted the name of Townsvilles State League team , becoming the Townsville Suns . The NBL was ready to admit the Suns , along with fellow Queenslanders the Gold Coast Cougars , in 1990 , but financial backing for the Suns venue fell through . Local government then got behind Braggs bid , and the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre was completed in time for the Suns debut in February 1993 . 1993–1998 : Early years . With Bragg at the helm as head coach , the Suns struggled during their debut season , but it only took five games before they recorded their first-ever NBL win , a victory over the Newcastle Falcons . Townsville broke the mould in 1993 , becoming the first Australian team to hire an import player from a country other than the United States ; Lithuanian player Rimas Kurtinaitis was a crucial part of the team during their debut season . The Suns finished 4–22 and took the wooden spoon . Townsville would not reach the playoffs in its first six seasons , although they came perilously close in the 1997 season ; needing only one win from their final six games to ensure a historic playoff appearance , the Suns went 0–6 after centre Clarence Tyson suffered a season-ending knee injury in Canberra . After a disappointing 1998 campaign , Mark Bragg was sacked as head coach . With 151 games played out of the Suns 164 , Jason Cameron was the only player to have played in all six Suns seasons . Throughout , Townsville fans stuck by the team , ensuring the club set an Australian record for attendances ; the Suns sold out their first 69 games at the Furnace ( capacity 4,141 ) , a streak that was only broken after the venue was expanded for the 1998 season . 1998–2001 : Name change and finals basketball . It was a very different team that took the court in the 1998/99 season . The team had been involved in a dispute with the NBAs Phoenix Suns , who held the Suns trademark in Australia . Faced with the prospect of paying Phoenix royalties on merchandise sales , the team changed its name to the Townsville Crocodiles . New head coach Ian Stacker took the reins , and immediately attracted top-name talent like Australian Olympic player Sam Mackinnon , but it would take one more season before Townsvilles long-suffering fans saw playoff basketball . The Crocodiles finished second in the NBL in 1999/2000 with a 22–6 record , meaning they got a first-round bye in the NBL playoffs . But they faced a battle-hardened Perth Wildcats team in the semi-finals , and were defeated 2–1 in front of their disappointed home fans . Perth would go on to win the championship . The Crocs again went 22–6 the following year and , under the leagues new playoff system , eliminated both the Sydney Kings and the Victoria Titans . It came down to the grand final series , where the team lost 2 games to 1- 95–92 in the final game- after a thrilling fourth-quarter comeback by the Wollongong Hawks . 2002–2006 : Missed opportunities . Townsville missed the playoffs in 2002 and the 2003 season looked no better , but the Crocodiles strung together a 16-game winning streak to again finish second on the NBL ladder . ( The streak equaled an NBL record. ) Townsville lost the opening-round series 2–1 to Wollongong , but by virtue of NBL rules , got a second chance to advance ; they were then finally eliminated by the eventual champion Sydney Kings . After another disappointing season in 2005–06 , Townsville head coach Ian Stackers contract was not renewed . The Crocodiles again failed to make the playoffs . Trevor Gleeson was appointed coach and the team improved on their failed 2005–06 season by making the play-offs . They won their first final against one of the newcomers in the Singapore Slingers but lost their second to the Sydney Kings . 2006–2009 : Return to finals . 2007–08 saw the Crocs struggle in their first ten games , only winning three matches . Before the season , the team was struggling with injuries to both 7-foot centres Ben Pepper ( back ) and Greg Vanderjagt ( knee ) along with swingman Bradley Sheridan ( back ) . The team ended up losing newly signed import Rosell Ellis who suffered a freak of an injury when he tore his pectoral muscle during a weight session just after two matches . In those two matches saw Ellis get 27 points and 11 rebounds in both matches . The Crocs then brought in streetball legend Corey Homicide Wiliams which saw the Crocs turn back into a strong team . With also help from the crocs bench saw them finish the season in fifth place with a record of 17–13 . But just like the 2006–07 season , saw the crocs win their first game against another newcomer Gold Coast Blaze but were once again saw them smashed by the team who finished one win higher than the Crocs in the Perth Wildcats 96–78 . The crocs have now made a push to make it to the top four in the 2008–09 season when they re-signed imports Williams and Ellis and also signings Brad Williamson and Steven Broom from the Brisbane Bullets and former Boomer Russell Hinder . The 2008/09 season saw them struggle to have a full roster with Bradley Sheridan ( ankles ) , Ben Pepper ( personal reasons ) and Steven Broom ( shoulder ) leaving the club before the season had even began . The local fans were able to rally behind the club to finish 5th . The Crocs were unable to make the grand final series as they were knocked out by eventual champions South Dragons . 2013–2016 : Financial troubles and disbandment . On 8 April 2013 , the Crocodiles announced that Barrier Reef Basketball Pty Ltd was relinquishing its National Basketball League license , putting the Crocodiles 2013–14 season in doubt . In September 2013 , the Crocodiles re-entered the league as a community owned club under head coach , Shawn Dennis . In June 2014 , the Crocodiles announced that the Townsville RSL Stadium would be their new home court for the 2014–15 season . Following the 2014–15 season , the Crocodiles decided to place themselves into Voluntary Administration . On 21 May 2015 , they re-entered the league for a second time after regaining control of the Deed of Company Arrangement and subsequently received NBL approval to re-enter the competition . The Crocodiles also announced that they would be returning to the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre for the 2015–16 season . In February 2016 , the Queensland Police seized a compressed air launcher use by the team for over ten years to launch folded T-shirts into the crowd , after the device was deemed to be a category B weapon . On 14 April 2016 , the Crocodiles pulled out of the 2016–17 season due to financial pressures . Retired Jerseys . - #7 David Blades - #21 Robert Rose Kevin Sugars Medal ( Club MVP ) . - 1993 Ricky Jones - 1994 Darryl Johnson - 1995 Derek Rucker - 1996 Clarence Tyson - 1997 Derek Rucker - 1998 Derek Rucker - 1999 Robert Rose - 2000 Sam Mackinnon & Robert Rose - 2001 Robert Rose - 2002 Robert Rose - 2003 Pat Reidy & Wayne Turner - 2004 Pat Reidy - 2005 John Rillie - 2006 Larry Abney - 2007 Larry Abney & John Rillie - 2008 John Rillie - 2009 Corey Williams - 2010 Corey Williams - 2011 Luke Schenscher - 2012 Peter Crawford - 2013 Gary Ervin - 2014 Brian Conklin - 2015 Brian Conklin - 2016 Jordair Jett Source : Award Winners Notable players . - Larry Abney - David Blades - Will Blalock - Jason Cameron - Chris Cedar - Brian Conklin - Peter Crawford - Gary Ervin - Wayne Turner - Russell Hinder - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Luke Nevill - Josh Pace - Robert Rose - / Derek Rucker - Luke Schenscher - / Corey Williams External links . - National Basketball League official website - Townsville Crocodiles official website
|
[
"Townsville RSL Stadium"
] |
easy
|
What was the home venue of Townsville Crocodiles from 2014 to 2015?
|
/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles#P115#1
|
Townsville Crocodiles The Townsville Crocodiles were an Australian professional mens basketball team based in the North Queensland city of Townsville . They competed in the National Basketball League ( NBL ) and played their home games at the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre . Between their inception in 1993 and their final season in 2015–16 , the Crocodiles enjoyed financial stability and sustained community support , but on-court success eluded them . Team history . 1986–1992 : Gaining admission into the NBL . Former Brisbane Bullets guard Mark Bragg , a Townsville resident , began campaigning to bring an NBL franchise to Townsville in the late 1980s . The franchise adopted the name of Townsvilles State League team , becoming the Townsville Suns . The NBL was ready to admit the Suns , along with fellow Queenslanders the Gold Coast Cougars , in 1990 , but financial backing for the Suns venue fell through . Local government then got behind Braggs bid , and the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre was completed in time for the Suns debut in February 1993 . 1993–1998 : Early years . With Bragg at the helm as head coach , the Suns struggled during their debut season , but it only took five games before they recorded their first-ever NBL win , a victory over the Newcastle Falcons . Townsville broke the mould in 1993 , becoming the first Australian team to hire an import player from a country other than the United States ; Lithuanian player Rimas Kurtinaitis was a crucial part of the team during their debut season . The Suns finished 4–22 and took the wooden spoon . Townsville would not reach the playoffs in its first six seasons , although they came perilously close in the 1997 season ; needing only one win from their final six games to ensure a historic playoff appearance , the Suns went 0–6 after centre Clarence Tyson suffered a season-ending knee injury in Canberra . After a disappointing 1998 campaign , Mark Bragg was sacked as head coach . With 151 games played out of the Suns 164 , Jason Cameron was the only player to have played in all six Suns seasons . Throughout , Townsville fans stuck by the team , ensuring the club set an Australian record for attendances ; the Suns sold out their first 69 games at the Furnace ( capacity 4,141 ) , a streak that was only broken after the venue was expanded for the 1998 season . 1998–2001 : Name change and finals basketball . It was a very different team that took the court in the 1998/99 season . The team had been involved in a dispute with the NBAs Phoenix Suns , who held the Suns trademark in Australia . Faced with the prospect of paying Phoenix royalties on merchandise sales , the team changed its name to the Townsville Crocodiles . New head coach Ian Stacker took the reins , and immediately attracted top-name talent like Australian Olympic player Sam Mackinnon , but it would take one more season before Townsvilles long-suffering fans saw playoff basketball . The Crocodiles finished second in the NBL in 1999/2000 with a 22–6 record , meaning they got a first-round bye in the NBL playoffs . But they faced a battle-hardened Perth Wildcats team in the semi-finals , and were defeated 2–1 in front of their disappointed home fans . Perth would go on to win the championship . The Crocs again went 22–6 the following year and , under the leagues new playoff system , eliminated both the Sydney Kings and the Victoria Titans . It came down to the grand final series , where the team lost 2 games to 1- 95–92 in the final game- after a thrilling fourth-quarter comeback by the Wollongong Hawks . 2002–2006 : Missed opportunities . Townsville missed the playoffs in 2002 and the 2003 season looked no better , but the Crocodiles strung together a 16-game winning streak to again finish second on the NBL ladder . ( The streak equaled an NBL record. ) Townsville lost the opening-round series 2–1 to Wollongong , but by virtue of NBL rules , got a second chance to advance ; they were then finally eliminated by the eventual champion Sydney Kings . After another disappointing season in 2005–06 , Townsville head coach Ian Stackers contract was not renewed . The Crocodiles again failed to make the playoffs . Trevor Gleeson was appointed coach and the team improved on their failed 2005–06 season by making the play-offs . They won their first final against one of the newcomers in the Singapore Slingers but lost their second to the Sydney Kings . 2006–2009 : Return to finals . 2007–08 saw the Crocs struggle in their first ten games , only winning three matches . Before the season , the team was struggling with injuries to both 7-foot centres Ben Pepper ( back ) and Greg Vanderjagt ( knee ) along with swingman Bradley Sheridan ( back ) . The team ended up losing newly signed import Rosell Ellis who suffered a freak of an injury when he tore his pectoral muscle during a weight session just after two matches . In those two matches saw Ellis get 27 points and 11 rebounds in both matches . The Crocs then brought in streetball legend Corey Homicide Wiliams which saw the Crocs turn back into a strong team . With also help from the crocs bench saw them finish the season in fifth place with a record of 17–13 . But just like the 2006–07 season , saw the crocs win their first game against another newcomer Gold Coast Blaze but were once again saw them smashed by the team who finished one win higher than the Crocs in the Perth Wildcats 96–78 . The crocs have now made a push to make it to the top four in the 2008–09 season when they re-signed imports Williams and Ellis and also signings Brad Williamson and Steven Broom from the Brisbane Bullets and former Boomer Russell Hinder . The 2008/09 season saw them struggle to have a full roster with Bradley Sheridan ( ankles ) , Ben Pepper ( personal reasons ) and Steven Broom ( shoulder ) leaving the club before the season had even began . The local fans were able to rally behind the club to finish 5th . The Crocs were unable to make the grand final series as they were knocked out by eventual champions South Dragons . 2013–2016 : Financial troubles and disbandment . On 8 April 2013 , the Crocodiles announced that Barrier Reef Basketball Pty Ltd was relinquishing its National Basketball League license , putting the Crocodiles 2013–14 season in doubt . In September 2013 , the Crocodiles re-entered the league as a community owned club under head coach , Shawn Dennis . In June 2014 , the Crocodiles announced that the Townsville RSL Stadium would be their new home court for the 2014–15 season . Following the 2014–15 season , the Crocodiles decided to place themselves into Voluntary Administration . On 21 May 2015 , they re-entered the league for a second time after regaining control of the Deed of Company Arrangement and subsequently received NBL approval to re-enter the competition . The Crocodiles also announced that they would be returning to the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre for the 2015–16 season . In February 2016 , the Queensland Police seized a compressed air launcher use by the team for over ten years to launch folded T-shirts into the crowd , after the device was deemed to be a category B weapon . On 14 April 2016 , the Crocodiles pulled out of the 2016–17 season due to financial pressures . Retired Jerseys . - #7 David Blades - #21 Robert Rose Kevin Sugars Medal ( Club MVP ) . - 1993 Ricky Jones - 1994 Darryl Johnson - 1995 Derek Rucker - 1996 Clarence Tyson - 1997 Derek Rucker - 1998 Derek Rucker - 1999 Robert Rose - 2000 Sam Mackinnon & Robert Rose - 2001 Robert Rose - 2002 Robert Rose - 2003 Pat Reidy & Wayne Turner - 2004 Pat Reidy - 2005 John Rillie - 2006 Larry Abney - 2007 Larry Abney & John Rillie - 2008 John Rillie - 2009 Corey Williams - 2010 Corey Williams - 2011 Luke Schenscher - 2012 Peter Crawford - 2013 Gary Ervin - 2014 Brian Conklin - 2015 Brian Conklin - 2016 Jordair Jett Source : Award Winners Notable players . - Larry Abney - David Blades - Will Blalock - Jason Cameron - Chris Cedar - Brian Conklin - Peter Crawford - Gary Ervin - Wayne Turner - Russell Hinder - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Luke Nevill - Josh Pace - Robert Rose - / Derek Rucker - Luke Schenscher - / Corey Williams External links . - National Basketball League official website - Townsville Crocodiles official website
|
[
"Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre"
] |
easy
|
What was the home venue of Townsville Crocodiles from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Townsville_Crocodiles#P115#2
|
Townsville Crocodiles The Townsville Crocodiles were an Australian professional mens basketball team based in the North Queensland city of Townsville . They competed in the National Basketball League ( NBL ) and played their home games at the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre . Between their inception in 1993 and their final season in 2015–16 , the Crocodiles enjoyed financial stability and sustained community support , but on-court success eluded them . Team history . 1986–1992 : Gaining admission into the NBL . Former Brisbane Bullets guard Mark Bragg , a Townsville resident , began campaigning to bring an NBL franchise to Townsville in the late 1980s . The franchise adopted the name of Townsvilles State League team , becoming the Townsville Suns . The NBL was ready to admit the Suns , along with fellow Queenslanders the Gold Coast Cougars , in 1990 , but financial backing for the Suns venue fell through . Local government then got behind Braggs bid , and the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre was completed in time for the Suns debut in February 1993 . 1993–1998 : Early years . With Bragg at the helm as head coach , the Suns struggled during their debut season , but it only took five games before they recorded their first-ever NBL win , a victory over the Newcastle Falcons . Townsville broke the mould in 1993 , becoming the first Australian team to hire an import player from a country other than the United States ; Lithuanian player Rimas Kurtinaitis was a crucial part of the team during their debut season . The Suns finished 4–22 and took the wooden spoon . Townsville would not reach the playoffs in its first six seasons , although they came perilously close in the 1997 season ; needing only one win from their final six games to ensure a historic playoff appearance , the Suns went 0–6 after centre Clarence Tyson suffered a season-ending knee injury in Canberra . After a disappointing 1998 campaign , Mark Bragg was sacked as head coach . With 151 games played out of the Suns 164 , Jason Cameron was the only player to have played in all six Suns seasons . Throughout , Townsville fans stuck by the team , ensuring the club set an Australian record for attendances ; the Suns sold out their first 69 games at the Furnace ( capacity 4,141 ) , a streak that was only broken after the venue was expanded for the 1998 season . 1998–2001 : Name change and finals basketball . It was a very different team that took the court in the 1998/99 season . The team had been involved in a dispute with the NBAs Phoenix Suns , who held the Suns trademark in Australia . Faced with the prospect of paying Phoenix royalties on merchandise sales , the team changed its name to the Townsville Crocodiles . New head coach Ian Stacker took the reins , and immediately attracted top-name talent like Australian Olympic player Sam Mackinnon , but it would take one more season before Townsvilles long-suffering fans saw playoff basketball . The Crocodiles finished second in the NBL in 1999/2000 with a 22–6 record , meaning they got a first-round bye in the NBL playoffs . But they faced a battle-hardened Perth Wildcats team in the semi-finals , and were defeated 2–1 in front of their disappointed home fans . Perth would go on to win the championship . The Crocs again went 22–6 the following year and , under the leagues new playoff system , eliminated both the Sydney Kings and the Victoria Titans . It came down to the grand final series , where the team lost 2 games to 1- 95–92 in the final game- after a thrilling fourth-quarter comeback by the Wollongong Hawks . 2002–2006 : Missed opportunities . Townsville missed the playoffs in 2002 and the 2003 season looked no better , but the Crocodiles strung together a 16-game winning streak to again finish second on the NBL ladder . ( The streak equaled an NBL record. ) Townsville lost the opening-round series 2–1 to Wollongong , but by virtue of NBL rules , got a second chance to advance ; they were then finally eliminated by the eventual champion Sydney Kings . After another disappointing season in 2005–06 , Townsville head coach Ian Stackers contract was not renewed . The Crocodiles again failed to make the playoffs . Trevor Gleeson was appointed coach and the team improved on their failed 2005–06 season by making the play-offs . They won their first final against one of the newcomers in the Singapore Slingers but lost their second to the Sydney Kings . 2006–2009 : Return to finals . 2007–08 saw the Crocs struggle in their first ten games , only winning three matches . Before the season , the team was struggling with injuries to both 7-foot centres Ben Pepper ( back ) and Greg Vanderjagt ( knee ) along with swingman Bradley Sheridan ( back ) . The team ended up losing newly signed import Rosell Ellis who suffered a freak of an injury when he tore his pectoral muscle during a weight session just after two matches . In those two matches saw Ellis get 27 points and 11 rebounds in both matches . The Crocs then brought in streetball legend Corey Homicide Wiliams which saw the Crocs turn back into a strong team . With also help from the crocs bench saw them finish the season in fifth place with a record of 17–13 . But just like the 2006–07 season , saw the crocs win their first game against another newcomer Gold Coast Blaze but were once again saw them smashed by the team who finished one win higher than the Crocs in the Perth Wildcats 96–78 . The crocs have now made a push to make it to the top four in the 2008–09 season when they re-signed imports Williams and Ellis and also signings Brad Williamson and Steven Broom from the Brisbane Bullets and former Boomer Russell Hinder . The 2008/09 season saw them struggle to have a full roster with Bradley Sheridan ( ankles ) , Ben Pepper ( personal reasons ) and Steven Broom ( shoulder ) leaving the club before the season had even began . The local fans were able to rally behind the club to finish 5th . The Crocs were unable to make the grand final series as they were knocked out by eventual champions South Dragons . 2013–2016 : Financial troubles and disbandment . On 8 April 2013 , the Crocodiles announced that Barrier Reef Basketball Pty Ltd was relinquishing its National Basketball League license , putting the Crocodiles 2013–14 season in doubt . In September 2013 , the Crocodiles re-entered the league as a community owned club under head coach , Shawn Dennis . In June 2014 , the Crocodiles announced that the Townsville RSL Stadium would be their new home court for the 2014–15 season . Following the 2014–15 season , the Crocodiles decided to place themselves into Voluntary Administration . On 21 May 2015 , they re-entered the league for a second time after regaining control of the Deed of Company Arrangement and subsequently received NBL approval to re-enter the competition . The Crocodiles also announced that they would be returning to the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre for the 2015–16 season . In February 2016 , the Queensland Police seized a compressed air launcher use by the team for over ten years to launch folded T-shirts into the crowd , after the device was deemed to be a category B weapon . On 14 April 2016 , the Crocodiles pulled out of the 2016–17 season due to financial pressures . Retired Jerseys . - #7 David Blades - #21 Robert Rose Kevin Sugars Medal ( Club MVP ) . - 1993 Ricky Jones - 1994 Darryl Johnson - 1995 Derek Rucker - 1996 Clarence Tyson - 1997 Derek Rucker - 1998 Derek Rucker - 1999 Robert Rose - 2000 Sam Mackinnon & Robert Rose - 2001 Robert Rose - 2002 Robert Rose - 2003 Pat Reidy & Wayne Turner - 2004 Pat Reidy - 2005 John Rillie - 2006 Larry Abney - 2007 Larry Abney & John Rillie - 2008 John Rillie - 2009 Corey Williams - 2010 Corey Williams - 2011 Luke Schenscher - 2012 Peter Crawford - 2013 Gary Ervin - 2014 Brian Conklin - 2015 Brian Conklin - 2016 Jordair Jett Source : Award Winners Notable players . - Larry Abney - David Blades - Will Blalock - Jason Cameron - Chris Cedar - Brian Conklin - Peter Crawford - Gary Ervin - Wayne Turner - Russell Hinder - Rimas Kurtinaitis - Luke Nevill - Josh Pace - Robert Rose - / Derek Rucker - Luke Schenscher - / Corey Williams External links . - National Basketball League official website - Townsville Crocodiles official website
|
[
"He belonged to the German Bundestag"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Robert Lehr hold from Sep 1949 to Aug 1950?
|
/wiki/Robert_Lehr#P39#0
|
Robert Lehr Robert Lehr ( 20 August 1883 – 13 October 1956 ) was a German politician ( DNVP , CDU ) . He served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1950 to 1953 under chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Early life . Robert Lehr was born on 20 August 1883 in Celle as the third child of Oskar and Clara ( Stück ) Lehr . His childhood was shaped by his fathers involvement in the military as well as his parents Protestant Pietistic beliefs . Academia and early political career . Education . Lehr completed his Abitur in 1904 and began studying jurisprudence in Marburg , Berlin , and Bonn . In 1907 he passed his first Staatsexamen in Cologne and received his doctorate from the University of Heidelberg in 1908 with a dissertation on legal liability laws within the German Reich . After completing his referendary and final Staatsexamen Lehr decided to pursue a career in local administration because of the personal autonomy and variety such a position offered . He began working as an assessor for the municipality of Düsseldorf in 1913 Politics . In December 1914 at the age of 31 , Lehr was elected department head of the police , in which role he was responsible for controlling the press , surveying food supply , counterespionage , and combating radical forces . He held this position throughout World War I . He moved to a position as head of the finance department in 1919 and worked their until 1924 , when he was elected ’’Oberbürgermeister’’ of Düsseldorf . During this time he was able to foster economic success within his city despite the worsening economic conditions in nearby Cologne . Nazi-era . Arrest . During a board meeting on 12 April 1933 , only weeks after the Enabling Act ( ‘’Ermächtigungsgesetz’’ ) , ‘’Oberbürgmeister’’ Lehr was arrested on charges of bribery and personal gain . He was released from “protective custody” in September 1933 due to a severe sickness . He remained barred from working as a lawyer or professor within Nazi Germany , and remained a private citizen throughout the remainder of the Nazi rule . Resistance . In 1935 , Lehr joined a Düsseldorf resistance group consisting of multiple prominent individuals of the Weimar Era including former Union Secretary Karl Arnold and evangelical lawyer Franz Etzel . The Düsseldorf resistance was connected with multiple other resistance groups throughout the nation , including those led by Jakob Kaiser in Berlin and Heinrich Körner in Bonn . Lehr and his wife remained under intense scrutiny by the Gestapo until the end of World War II . Post-war . Lehr returned to politics immediately following the war , helping to establish the CDU in 1945 . He was named the governor of the North Rhine-Westphalia province by occupying British troops . He belonged to the German Bundestag from 1949 until 1953 . Lehr remained active in other areas of society as well , serving as President of the ‘’Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald’’ , an environmental association , from 1947 until 1956 and acting as the head of the ‘’Marburger Universitätsbund’’ from 1952 until his death . He also served as President of the ‘’Industrial Club of Düsseldorf’’ during this time . Lehr died on 13 October 1956 at the age of 73 in Düsseldorf . Further reading . - Kaff , Brigitte ( 2004 ) . Robert Lehr . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . p . 337-343 . Print .
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the position of Robert Lehr in Aug 1950?
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/wiki/Robert_Lehr#P39#1
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Robert Lehr Robert Lehr ( 20 August 1883 – 13 October 1956 ) was a German politician ( DNVP , CDU ) . He served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1950 to 1953 under chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Early life . Robert Lehr was born on 20 August 1883 in Celle as the third child of Oskar and Clara ( Stück ) Lehr . His childhood was shaped by his fathers involvement in the military as well as his parents Protestant Pietistic beliefs . Academia and early political career . Education . Lehr completed his Abitur in 1904 and began studying jurisprudence in Marburg , Berlin , and Bonn . In 1907 he passed his first Staatsexamen in Cologne and received his doctorate from the University of Heidelberg in 1908 with a dissertation on legal liability laws within the German Reich . After completing his referendary and final Staatsexamen Lehr decided to pursue a career in local administration because of the personal autonomy and variety such a position offered . He began working as an assessor for the municipality of Düsseldorf in 1913 Politics . In December 1914 at the age of 31 , Lehr was elected department head of the police , in which role he was responsible for controlling the press , surveying food supply , counterespionage , and combating radical forces . He held this position throughout World War I . He moved to a position as head of the finance department in 1919 and worked their until 1924 , when he was elected ’’Oberbürgermeister’’ of Düsseldorf . During this time he was able to foster economic success within his city despite the worsening economic conditions in nearby Cologne . Nazi-era . Arrest . During a board meeting on 12 April 1933 , only weeks after the Enabling Act ( ‘’Ermächtigungsgesetz’’ ) , ‘’Oberbürgmeister’’ Lehr was arrested on charges of bribery and personal gain . He was released from “protective custody” in September 1933 due to a severe sickness . He remained barred from working as a lawyer or professor within Nazi Germany , and remained a private citizen throughout the remainder of the Nazi rule . Resistance . In 1935 , Lehr joined a Düsseldorf resistance group consisting of multiple prominent individuals of the Weimar Era including former Union Secretary Karl Arnold and evangelical lawyer Franz Etzel . The Düsseldorf resistance was connected with multiple other resistance groups throughout the nation , including those led by Jakob Kaiser in Berlin and Heinrich Körner in Bonn . Lehr and his wife remained under intense scrutiny by the Gestapo until the end of World War II . Post-war . Lehr returned to politics immediately following the war , helping to establish the CDU in 1945 . He was named the governor of the North Rhine-Westphalia province by occupying British troops . He belonged to the German Bundestag from 1949 until 1953 . Lehr remained active in other areas of society as well , serving as President of the ‘’Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald’’ , an environmental association , from 1947 until 1956 and acting as the head of the ‘’Marburger Universitätsbund’’ from 1952 until his death . He also served as President of the ‘’Industrial Club of Düsseldorf’’ during this time . Lehr died on 13 October 1956 at the age of 73 in Düsseldorf . Further reading . - Kaff , Brigitte ( 2004 ) . Robert Lehr . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . p . 337-343 . Print .
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[
"President of the ‘’Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald’"
] |
easy
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Which position did Robert Lehr hold from Oct 1950 to Feb 1951?
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/wiki/Robert_Lehr#P39#2
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Robert Lehr Robert Lehr ( 20 August 1883 – 13 October 1956 ) was a German politician ( DNVP , CDU ) . He served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1950 to 1953 under chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Early life . Robert Lehr was born on 20 August 1883 in Celle as the third child of Oskar and Clara ( Stück ) Lehr . His childhood was shaped by his fathers involvement in the military as well as his parents Protestant Pietistic beliefs . Academia and early political career . Education . Lehr completed his Abitur in 1904 and began studying jurisprudence in Marburg , Berlin , and Bonn . In 1907 he passed his first Staatsexamen in Cologne and received his doctorate from the University of Heidelberg in 1908 with a dissertation on legal liability laws within the German Reich . After completing his referendary and final Staatsexamen Lehr decided to pursue a career in local administration because of the personal autonomy and variety such a position offered . He began working as an assessor for the municipality of Düsseldorf in 1913 Politics . In December 1914 at the age of 31 , Lehr was elected department head of the police , in which role he was responsible for controlling the press , surveying food supply , counterespionage , and combating radical forces . He held this position throughout World War I . He moved to a position as head of the finance department in 1919 and worked their until 1924 , when he was elected ’’Oberbürgermeister’’ of Düsseldorf . During this time he was able to foster economic success within his city despite the worsening economic conditions in nearby Cologne . Nazi-era . Arrest . During a board meeting on 12 April 1933 , only weeks after the Enabling Act ( ‘’Ermächtigungsgesetz’’ ) , ‘’Oberbürgmeister’’ Lehr was arrested on charges of bribery and personal gain . He was released from “protective custody” in September 1933 due to a severe sickness . He remained barred from working as a lawyer or professor within Nazi Germany , and remained a private citizen throughout the remainder of the Nazi rule . Resistance . In 1935 , Lehr joined a Düsseldorf resistance group consisting of multiple prominent individuals of the Weimar Era including former Union Secretary Karl Arnold and evangelical lawyer Franz Etzel . The Düsseldorf resistance was connected with multiple other resistance groups throughout the nation , including those led by Jakob Kaiser in Berlin and Heinrich Körner in Bonn . Lehr and his wife remained under intense scrutiny by the Gestapo until the end of World War II . Post-war . Lehr returned to politics immediately following the war , helping to establish the CDU in 1945 . He was named the governor of the North Rhine-Westphalia province by occupying British troops . He belonged to the German Bundestag from 1949 until 1953 . Lehr remained active in other areas of society as well , serving as President of the ‘’Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald’’ , an environmental association , from 1947 until 1956 and acting as the head of the ‘’Marburger Universitätsbund’’ from 1952 until his death . He also served as President of the ‘’Industrial Club of Düsseldorf’’ during this time . Lehr died on 13 October 1956 at the age of 73 in Düsseldorf . Further reading . - Kaff , Brigitte ( 2004 ) . Robert Lehr . Christliche Demokraten gegen Hitler : Aus Verfolgung und Widerstand zur Union . Ed . Buchstab , Günter ; Kaff , Brigitte ; Kleinmann , Hans-Otto . Freiburg , Germany : Herder , 2004 . p . 337-343 . Print .
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[
"Holtville Union High School"
] |
easy
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George Brown Jr. went to which school from 1934 to 1935?
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/wiki/George_Brown_Jr.#P69#0
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George Brown Jr . George Edward Brown Jr . ( March 6 , 1920 – July 15 , 1999 ) was an American politician . He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1963 to 1971 and from 1973 until his death in Bethesda , Maryland , in 1999 , representing Los Angeles , San Bernardino and Riverside counties in California . Early life . Brown was born in Holtville , California , one of four children of George Edward Brown and Bird Alma Kilgore . Brown graduated from Holtville Union High School in 1935 and attended Central Junior College ( now Imperial Valley College ) in 1938 . He then entered the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he became head of the UCLA Student Housing Association and helped found the University Cooperative Housing Association ( UHCA ) , a student housing cooperative , in 1938 . The UCHA was formed in part to allow African American students to live off campus in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , which then did not allow them in the neighborhood . To emphasize the point , Brown took an African American roommate in the first interracial housing arrangement at UCLA . The experience was also the first example of Browns lifelong association with cooperatives . Shortly after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor , Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps , an action that offended Brown so much that he helped organize protests in Los Angeles in 1942 . Browns college education was interrupted by the draft , but as a Quaker , he had registered as a conscientious objector , and in 1942 , he entered the Civilian Public Service at Camp 21 in Wyeth , Oregon . During his service at Camp 21 , Brown realized that he could not change the broader society while he was isolated in Civilian Public Service and rescinded his conscientious objector status in 1944 , entering the United States Army , serving in World War II as an instructor and rising to the rank of lieutenant by the time of his discharge in 1946 . Once the war ended , he returned to college , finishing his education at UCLA , where he graduated with a BS degree in Industrial Physics in 1946 . Career . For 12 years , he was employed by the city of Los Angeles in the Department of Water and Power in engineering and personnel . In 1958 , he became a management consultant . Brown continued his political activism by invigorating the Monterey Park Democratic Club . In 1954 , Brown was elected as a member of city council of Monterey Park , and served until 1958 . In 1956 , Brown became the mayor of Monterey Park , California , until 1958 . Browns activism on behalf of civil rights continued during his term as mayor , as was evidenced by a report that when the first African American family moved to Monterey Park and met with racist protests , Brown drove to the familys home , where he spent the night to protect them . He was a member of the California State Assembly from 1959 to 1963 . His service in the state legislature was marked by a number of innovative legislative proposals . The George Brown Act of 1961 was one of the first comprehensive public employee labor relations laws in the nation . Other legislative proposals included some of the first bills to ban lead in gasoline , ban the use of the pesticide DDT , and even a whimsical proposal to ban the internal combustion engine . In 1962 , Brown won the election and became a member of the United States House of Representatives , where he served from 1963 to 1970 . Early Congressional service . Browns Congressional service coincided with the early phases of the Vietnam War . Brown was a strong opponent of the expansion of the conflict and joined a Quaker protest on the steps of the Capitol in 1965 , daring police to arrest him with the other anti-war protestors . He was a lone and steady voice and vote against the war . The Fiscal Year 1966 Department of Defense Appropriations Bill passed the House of Representatives 392–1 , with Brown the sole dissenting vote . On February 26 , 1966 , the Foreign Aid Bill , with its provisions of support for the South Vietnamese government , passed the House 350–27 , with Brown the only liberal voting No ( the other 26 votes were conservatives opposed to foreign aid ) . In March 1966 , the fiscal year 1966 Supplemental Appropriations Bill with funding for Vietnam passed the House 393–4 , with Brown joined by Representatives Burton , Conyers , and Ryan . In August 1967 , Brown was once again the sole dissenting voice against the fiscal year 1968 Defense Appropriations bill , which passed the House 407–1 . Brown was involved in other major national policy changes , notably the passage of the Civil Rights Act . Brown was a strong and early advocate of the legislation and was present at the signing of the bill ( second row , far left in photo ) . Brown also actively supported the farmworker organizing of Cesar Chavez and the mid-1960s grape boycott . 1970 California Senate Democratic Primary . In 1970 , Republican Senator George Murphy was considered vulnerable and was a top target of the Democratic Party . Representative John V . Tunney entered the race early and painted himself as a young , charismatic and energetic Kennedy-esque candidate , as opposed to the older , established Murphy . However , Brown also entered the race in 1969 though with little money , organization , or , most felt , chance to win . What ensued was one of the most bitter primary elections in California history . Brown touted his long standing opposition to U.S . involvement in Vietnam , and while Tunney also stated he opposed the war , he favored keeping the draft while Brown opposed it . Browns mentor was Eugene McCarthy and like McCarthy in 1968 , he ran a grass roots campaign . While Tunney stayed in the center-right of the political spectrum , Brown ran unabashedly to the left . Suddenly young voters flocked to the older Brown , and what seemed like an easy nomination for Tunney turned into a dogfight . The invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State killings also helped Brown . Brown made Vietnam and Richard Nixon the focus of his campaign while Tunney toed a middle ground . As Brown edged ahead in the polls , the campaign turned nasty . Tunney falsely claimed that Brown advocated campus violence and was a liberal rogue who could not be trusted in the Senate . The normally-laidback Brown then lashed out at Tunney , calling him a spoiled little rich kid . Tunney then touted his anti-war record , which Brown said was merely political grandstanding . Tunney used a late spending spree on television ads and after a hard-fought nasty campaign , Brown narrowly lost the primary . After the bitter primary , Tunney trailed Murphy in the polls by double digits but quickly made up ground and defeated Murphy handily in the general election . Return to Congress . Following his defeat by Tunney in the California Senate race , Brown was awarded a Ford Foundation Fellowship and studied for a time with Ivan Illich at his Intercultural Documentation Center at Cuernavaca in Mexico . The 1970 reapportionment added five new districts to California , and in 1972 , Brown sought election to the redistricted 38th congressional district and won . He was elected to the Ninety-third and to the 13 succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1973 – July 15 , 1999 ) . Being a progressive Democrat from a largely-Republican area , Brown was famous for running in more close elections than any other representatives in the 20th century without being defeated . ( A close election is considered by most pundits to be 55% of the vote or less , as most incumbent members of Congress easily top 60% in their races. ) Brown topped the 55% mark only eight times in his 18 congressional elections and 60% only three times . He was nearly defeated in numerous elections starting with his first in 1962 for congressional district 29 with 55.7% of the vote . He would then earn 58.6% , 51.1% , and 52.3% in 1964 , 1966 , and 1968 respectively before he ran for the US Senate . In 1972 , he returned to Congress by winning 56% of the vote in the Thirty-eighth district . He would then have his three easiest campaigns by winning 62.6% in 1974 , 61.6% in 1976 , and 62.9% in 1978 . In 1980 , the Ronald Reagan landslide almost forced him from office , and he struggled to hold on with 52.5% against Republican John Paul Stark . It was the first of four consecutive elections against Stark , another modern-era record . Brown would triumph with 54% in 1982 and would garner 56.6% in 1984 , 57% in 1986 , and 54% in 1988 . In 1990 he slipped to a meager 52.7% against San Bernardino County Supervisor Rob Hammock , a sign of tough elections to come . In 1992 , the famed pilot Dick Rutan held him to 50.7% . The 1996 race was even closer , as he barely defeated San Bernardino County Superior Court Judge Linda Wilde with 50.5% , winning by a plurality of only 996 votes . In his final re-election campaign in 1998 , he came up with 55% of the vote . In the 102nd and the 103rd Congresses , he served as chairman of the Committee on Science , Space and Technology , which is now the House Committee on Science . Brown died on July 15 , 1999 , at the age of 79 in Bethesda , Maryland , from an infection developed following heart valve replacement surgery in May of that year while he was serving his 18th term in the House . At the time of his death , Brown was the ranking Democratic member on the House Science Committee and a senior member of the House Agriculture Committee . He was the oldest serving House member and the longest-serving member of the House or Senate in the history of his home state of California . The Democrat Joe Baca was elected to his seat in a special election . Legislative record . Brown was known as a champion for science . He left behind a deep and expansive legacy that has shaped science and science policy in America . Among some of his many accomplishments during his service on the House Science Committee : - Established the first federal climate change research program in the National Climate Program Act of 1978 - Established the Office of Science and Technology Policy - Established the Environmental Protection Agency - Established the ( now defunct ) Office of Technology Assessment Consistent with his long-held conviction that the nation needed a coherent technology policy , Brown developed an extensive technology initiative during his term as Chairman of the House Science and Technology Committee ( 1991-1995 ) . This work articulated his concept of a partnership between the public and private sectors to improve the nations competitiveness . Such successes and his continuing concern to demonstrate the practical application of advances in science and technology , he instituted the first video conferences in the U.S . Congress between the US and the Soviet Union/Russia , between 1987 and 1990 . During these live teleconferences , Members of the House Science and Technology Committee exchanged ideas on science and technology via satellite with counterparts from the Commonwealth of Independent States . This series of broadcasts , hosted by Peter Jennings , won an Emmy for technical achievement . Brown was critical of government secrecy over-reach and sought and gained a seat on the House Intelligence Committee . He pressed for a relaxation of secrecy restrictions on remote sensing satellites , seeing a great potential commercial market in remote sensing . His work eventually brought him into conflict with the intelligence community and he eventually resigned from the committee in protest . He also was a staunch defender of civil liberties and human rights . In 1992 , for example , he led a 60 Minutes investigative team to Central America to expose the use of U.S . taxpayer dollars for the construction of export processing zones in which workers were being grossly mistreated and denied their fundamental human rights as they made apparel and other consumer products exported back to the U.S . His investigation and expose surfaced in the 1992 presidential election campaign and also resulted in the Congress immediately cutting off the use of any taxpayer funds for the development of such export zones ( EPZs ) anywhere outside of the U.S . Personal life . Browns wife was Marta Macias . They had two children . In 1950s , Brown lived in Monterey Park , California . On July 15 , 1999 , Brown died of an infection following a heart valve replacement surgery , at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland . Legacy . Because of his strong commitment to science , Congressman Brown has been honored by several science and policy related organizations and had laboratories , awards , libraries and bills named in his honor , including : - <a E . Brown Salinity Laboratory</a> - George E . Brown Jr . Library , National Academies of Science - <a E . Brown Jr . Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation ( NEES ) </a> - H.R . 1022 : George E . Brown Jr . Near-Earth Object Survey Act ( which was rolled into S.1281 , the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 , and is now law - <a Brown Award for International Scientific Cooperation CRDF Global</a> Browns archive of papers have been donated to University of California , Riverside . The George E . Brown , Jr . Federal Building and United States Courthouse , housing the United States District Court for the Central District of California , Eastern Division , in downtown Riverside , is named in his honor .
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[
"Central Junior College ( now Imperial Valley College )"
] |
easy
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Where was George Brown Jr. educated from 1938 to 1939?
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/wiki/George_Brown_Jr.#P69#1
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George Brown Jr . George Edward Brown Jr . ( March 6 , 1920 – July 15 , 1999 ) was an American politician . He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1963 to 1971 and from 1973 until his death in Bethesda , Maryland , in 1999 , representing Los Angeles , San Bernardino and Riverside counties in California . Early life . Brown was born in Holtville , California , one of four children of George Edward Brown and Bird Alma Kilgore . Brown graduated from Holtville Union High School in 1935 and attended Central Junior College ( now Imperial Valley College ) in 1938 . He then entered the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , where he became head of the UCLA Student Housing Association and helped found the University Cooperative Housing Association ( UHCA ) , a student housing cooperative , in 1938 . The UCHA was formed in part to allow African American students to live off campus in the Westwood section of Los Angeles , which then did not allow them in the neighborhood . To emphasize the point , Brown took an African American roommate in the first interracial housing arrangement at UCLA . The experience was also the first example of Browns lifelong association with cooperatives . Shortly after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor , Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps , an action that offended Brown so much that he helped organize protests in Los Angeles in 1942 . Browns college education was interrupted by the draft , but as a Quaker , he had registered as a conscientious objector , and in 1942 , he entered the Civilian Public Service at Camp 21 in Wyeth , Oregon . During his service at Camp 21 , Brown realized that he could not change the broader society while he was isolated in Civilian Public Service and rescinded his conscientious objector status in 1944 , entering the United States Army , serving in World War II as an instructor and rising to the rank of lieutenant by the time of his discharge in 1946 . Once the war ended , he returned to college , finishing his education at UCLA , where he graduated with a BS degree in Industrial Physics in 1946 . Career . For 12 years , he was employed by the city of Los Angeles in the Department of Water and Power in engineering and personnel . In 1958 , he became a management consultant . Brown continued his political activism by invigorating the Monterey Park Democratic Club . In 1954 , Brown was elected as a member of city council of Monterey Park , and served until 1958 . In 1956 , Brown became the mayor of Monterey Park , California , until 1958 . Browns activism on behalf of civil rights continued during his term as mayor , as was evidenced by a report that when the first African American family moved to Monterey Park and met with racist protests , Brown drove to the familys home , where he spent the night to protect them . He was a member of the California State Assembly from 1959 to 1963 . His service in the state legislature was marked by a number of innovative legislative proposals . The George Brown Act of 1961 was one of the first comprehensive public employee labor relations laws in the nation . Other legislative proposals included some of the first bills to ban lead in gasoline , ban the use of the pesticide DDT , and even a whimsical proposal to ban the internal combustion engine . In 1962 , Brown won the election and became a member of the United States House of Representatives , where he served from 1963 to 1970 . Early Congressional service . Browns Congressional service coincided with the early phases of the Vietnam War . Brown was a strong opponent of the expansion of the conflict and joined a Quaker protest on the steps of the Capitol in 1965 , daring police to arrest him with the other anti-war protestors . He was a lone and steady voice and vote against the war . The Fiscal Year 1966 Department of Defense Appropriations Bill passed the House of Representatives 392–1 , with Brown the sole dissenting vote . On February 26 , 1966 , the Foreign Aid Bill , with its provisions of support for the South Vietnamese government , passed the House 350–27 , with Brown the only liberal voting No ( the other 26 votes were conservatives opposed to foreign aid ) . In March 1966 , the fiscal year 1966 Supplemental Appropriations Bill with funding for Vietnam passed the House 393–4 , with Brown joined by Representatives Burton , Conyers , and Ryan . In August 1967 , Brown was once again the sole dissenting voice against the fiscal year 1968 Defense Appropriations bill , which passed the House 407–1 . Brown was involved in other major national policy changes , notably the passage of the Civil Rights Act . Brown was a strong and early advocate of the legislation and was present at the signing of the bill ( second row , far left in photo ) . Brown also actively supported the farmworker organizing of Cesar Chavez and the mid-1960s grape boycott . 1970 California Senate Democratic Primary . In 1970 , Republican Senator George Murphy was considered vulnerable and was a top target of the Democratic Party . Representative John V . Tunney entered the race early and painted himself as a young , charismatic and energetic Kennedy-esque candidate , as opposed to the older , established Murphy . However , Brown also entered the race in 1969 though with little money , organization , or , most felt , chance to win . What ensued was one of the most bitter primary elections in California history . Brown touted his long standing opposition to U.S . involvement in Vietnam , and while Tunney also stated he opposed the war , he favored keeping the draft while Brown opposed it . Browns mentor was Eugene McCarthy and like McCarthy in 1968 , he ran a grass roots campaign . While Tunney stayed in the center-right of the political spectrum , Brown ran unabashedly to the left . Suddenly young voters flocked to the older Brown , and what seemed like an easy nomination for Tunney turned into a dogfight . The invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State killings also helped Brown . Brown made Vietnam and Richard Nixon the focus of his campaign while Tunney toed a middle ground . As Brown edged ahead in the polls , the campaign turned nasty . Tunney falsely claimed that Brown advocated campus violence and was a liberal rogue who could not be trusted in the Senate . The normally-laidback Brown then lashed out at Tunney , calling him a spoiled little rich kid . Tunney then touted his anti-war record , which Brown said was merely political grandstanding . Tunney used a late spending spree on television ads and after a hard-fought nasty campaign , Brown narrowly lost the primary . After the bitter primary , Tunney trailed Murphy in the polls by double digits but quickly made up ground and defeated Murphy handily in the general election . Return to Congress . Following his defeat by Tunney in the California Senate race , Brown was awarded a Ford Foundation Fellowship and studied for a time with Ivan Illich at his Intercultural Documentation Center at Cuernavaca in Mexico . The 1970 reapportionment added five new districts to California , and in 1972 , Brown sought election to the redistricted 38th congressional district and won . He was elected to the Ninety-third and to the 13 succeeding Congresses ( January 3 , 1973 – July 15 , 1999 ) . Being a progressive Democrat from a largely-Republican area , Brown was famous for running in more close elections than any other representatives in the 20th century without being defeated . ( A close election is considered by most pundits to be 55% of the vote or less , as most incumbent members of Congress easily top 60% in their races. ) Brown topped the 55% mark only eight times in his 18 congressional elections and 60% only three times . He was nearly defeated in numerous elections starting with his first in 1962 for congressional district 29 with 55.7% of the vote . He would then earn 58.6% , 51.1% , and 52.3% in 1964 , 1966 , and 1968 respectively before he ran for the US Senate . In 1972 , he returned to Congress by winning 56% of the vote in the Thirty-eighth district . He would then have his three easiest campaigns by winning 62.6% in 1974 , 61.6% in 1976 , and 62.9% in 1978 . In 1980 , the Ronald Reagan landslide almost forced him from office , and he struggled to hold on with 52.5% against Republican John Paul Stark . It was the first of four consecutive elections against Stark , another modern-era record . Brown would triumph with 54% in 1982 and would garner 56.6% in 1984 , 57% in 1986 , and 54% in 1988 . In 1990 he slipped to a meager 52.7% against San Bernardino County Supervisor Rob Hammock , a sign of tough elections to come . In 1992 , the famed pilot Dick Rutan held him to 50.7% . The 1996 race was even closer , as he barely defeated San Bernardino County Superior Court Judge Linda Wilde with 50.5% , winning by a plurality of only 996 votes . In his final re-election campaign in 1998 , he came up with 55% of the vote . In the 102nd and the 103rd Congresses , he served as chairman of the Committee on Science , Space and Technology , which is now the House Committee on Science . Brown died on July 15 , 1999 , at the age of 79 in Bethesda , Maryland , from an infection developed following heart valve replacement surgery in May of that year while he was serving his 18th term in the House . At the time of his death , Brown was the ranking Democratic member on the House Science Committee and a senior member of the House Agriculture Committee . He was the oldest serving House member and the longest-serving member of the House or Senate in the history of his home state of California . The Democrat Joe Baca was elected to his seat in a special election . Legislative record . Brown was known as a champion for science . He left behind a deep and expansive legacy that has shaped science and science policy in America . Among some of his many accomplishments during his service on the House Science Committee : - Established the first federal climate change research program in the National Climate Program Act of 1978 - Established the Office of Science and Technology Policy - Established the Environmental Protection Agency - Established the ( now defunct ) Office of Technology Assessment Consistent with his long-held conviction that the nation needed a coherent technology policy , Brown developed an extensive technology initiative during his term as Chairman of the House Science and Technology Committee ( 1991-1995 ) . This work articulated his concept of a partnership between the public and private sectors to improve the nations competitiveness . Such successes and his continuing concern to demonstrate the practical application of advances in science and technology , he instituted the first video conferences in the U.S . Congress between the US and the Soviet Union/Russia , between 1987 and 1990 . During these live teleconferences , Members of the House Science and Technology Committee exchanged ideas on science and technology via satellite with counterparts from the Commonwealth of Independent States . This series of broadcasts , hosted by Peter Jennings , won an Emmy for technical achievement . Brown was critical of government secrecy over-reach and sought and gained a seat on the House Intelligence Committee . He pressed for a relaxation of secrecy restrictions on remote sensing satellites , seeing a great potential commercial market in remote sensing . His work eventually brought him into conflict with the intelligence community and he eventually resigned from the committee in protest . He also was a staunch defender of civil liberties and human rights . In 1992 , for example , he led a 60 Minutes investigative team to Central America to expose the use of U.S . taxpayer dollars for the construction of export processing zones in which workers were being grossly mistreated and denied their fundamental human rights as they made apparel and other consumer products exported back to the U.S . His investigation and expose surfaced in the 1992 presidential election campaign and also resulted in the Congress immediately cutting off the use of any taxpayer funds for the development of such export zones ( EPZs ) anywhere outside of the U.S . Personal life . Browns wife was Marta Macias . They had two children . In 1950s , Brown lived in Monterey Park , California . On July 15 , 1999 , Brown died of an infection following a heart valve replacement surgery , at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda , Maryland . Legacy . Because of his strong commitment to science , Congressman Brown has been honored by several science and policy related organizations and had laboratories , awards , libraries and bills named in his honor , including : - <a E . Brown Salinity Laboratory</a> - George E . Brown Jr . Library , National Academies of Science - <a E . Brown Jr . Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation ( NEES ) </a> - H.R . 1022 : George E . Brown Jr . Near-Earth Object Survey Act ( which was rolled into S.1281 , the NASA Authorization Act of 2005 , and is now law - <a Brown Award for International Scientific Cooperation CRDF Global</a> Browns archive of papers have been donated to University of California , Riverside . The George E . Brown , Jr . Federal Building and United States Courthouse , housing the United States District Court for the Central District of California , Eastern Division , in downtown Riverside , is named in his honor .
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[
"Scottish Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did Tricia Marwick hold from May 1999 to Mar 2003?
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/wiki/Tricia_Marwick#P39#0
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Tricia Marwick Patricia Marwick ( née Lee ; born 5 November 1953 ) , commonly known as Tricia Marwick , is a Scottish politician who served as Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 . She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) from 1999 to 2016 , initially elected for the Mid Scotland and Fife region and then for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes , formerly Central Fife , constituency after 2007 . Elected as a member of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) , she suspended her membership in 2011 upon her election as presiding officer , following the tradition of the presiding officer being nonpartisan . Background . Marwick was born Patricia Lee on 5 November 1953 in Cowdenbeath and was brought up in Fife , one of seven siblings . She worked as Public Affairs Officer for Shelter Scotland , a charity for homeless people , from 1992 to 1999 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . At the 1999 Scottish Parliamentary election , Marwick was elected as a member for the Mid Scotland and Fife region . She served on the SNP opposition frontbench team as Deputy Business Manager 1999–2000 , Shadow Minister for Local Government 2004 , Business Manager and Chief Whip 2004–2005 and Shadow Minister for Housing 2005–2007 . Marwick has also served as a member of the Scottish Parliament’s Standards , Justice and Home Affairs , Equal Opportunities , Local Government and Communities committees and as convenor of the Waverly Railway ( Scotland ) Bill committee from 2004–2006 . At the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary election she contested the Central Fife seat and , although she narrowly failed to win the seat , she was re-elected to serve as a member for Mid Scotland and Fife . Marwick contested Central Fife again in 2007 and was elected as the constituencies MSP after defeating the Labour incumbent , Christine May , with a majority of 1,166 votes . Following the 2007 election Marwick was appointed as the SNPs representative on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body , and oversaw parliamentary access and information issues . Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament . In the 2011 election , Marwick was elected for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes constituency , essentially a redrawing of her old Central Fife seat . On 11 May 2011 , when Parliament reconvened , Marwick was elected to serve as the 4th Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament , having won support from the majority of members in the second round of voting . She became the first woman and second SNP member to serve in the position . In October 2012 , Marwick accepted a nomination to join the Privy Council , meaning that she is styled the Rt Hon . Tricia Marwick MSP . On 29 May 2015 , it was announced that Marwick would stand down as Presiding Officer at the 2016 election . She also left elected politics as a whole . Upon standing down , she was made an offer to have her name put forward for an honour from the Queen but turned the offer down . After Parliament . Marwick was announced as the new chair for the NHS Fife board in November 2016 , replacing Allan Burns who resigned from the post in August 2016 . Her appointment as chair ran from 1 January 2017 until 31 December 2020 . In 2021 Marwick tweeted journalist Fraser Nelson , who had published articles critical of the Scottish Government , that , We see you Fraser . We see what you are trying to do . Have never seen you challenge Westminster Governments . Scottish birth not alone does a Scotsman make , sometimes it signifies a Scotsman on the make . Nelson replied , “While raised in the Highlands I guess I was never quite properly Scottish . How could you tell?” The Scottish Conservatives said Marwick should clearly have known better than to pander to the most extreme wing of her party and she deleted the tweet . Personal life . Marwicks niece is Natalie McGarry , the former MP for Glasgow East .
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[
"Scottish Parliamentary"
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easy
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Which position did Tricia Marwick hold from May 2003 to Apr 2007?
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/wiki/Tricia_Marwick#P39#1
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Tricia Marwick Patricia Marwick ( née Lee ; born 5 November 1953 ) , commonly known as Tricia Marwick , is a Scottish politician who served as Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 . She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) from 1999 to 2016 , initially elected for the Mid Scotland and Fife region and then for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes , formerly Central Fife , constituency after 2007 . Elected as a member of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) , she suspended her membership in 2011 upon her election as presiding officer , following the tradition of the presiding officer being nonpartisan . Background . Marwick was born Patricia Lee on 5 November 1953 in Cowdenbeath and was brought up in Fife , one of seven siblings . She worked as Public Affairs Officer for Shelter Scotland , a charity for homeless people , from 1992 to 1999 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . At the 1999 Scottish Parliamentary election , Marwick was elected as a member for the Mid Scotland and Fife region . She served on the SNP opposition frontbench team as Deputy Business Manager 1999–2000 , Shadow Minister for Local Government 2004 , Business Manager and Chief Whip 2004–2005 and Shadow Minister for Housing 2005–2007 . Marwick has also served as a member of the Scottish Parliament’s Standards , Justice and Home Affairs , Equal Opportunities , Local Government and Communities committees and as convenor of the Waverly Railway ( Scotland ) Bill committee from 2004–2006 . At the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary election she contested the Central Fife seat and , although she narrowly failed to win the seat , she was re-elected to serve as a member for Mid Scotland and Fife . Marwick contested Central Fife again in 2007 and was elected as the constituencies MSP after defeating the Labour incumbent , Christine May , with a majority of 1,166 votes . Following the 2007 election Marwick was appointed as the SNPs representative on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body , and oversaw parliamentary access and information issues . Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament . In the 2011 election , Marwick was elected for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes constituency , essentially a redrawing of her old Central Fife seat . On 11 May 2011 , when Parliament reconvened , Marwick was elected to serve as the 4th Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament , having won support from the majority of members in the second round of voting . She became the first woman and second SNP member to serve in the position . In October 2012 , Marwick accepted a nomination to join the Privy Council , meaning that she is styled the Rt Hon . Tricia Marwick MSP . On 29 May 2015 , it was announced that Marwick would stand down as Presiding Officer at the 2016 election . She also left elected politics as a whole . Upon standing down , she was made an offer to have her name put forward for an honour from the Queen but turned the offer down . After Parliament . Marwick was announced as the new chair for the NHS Fife board in November 2016 , replacing Allan Burns who resigned from the post in August 2016 . Her appointment as chair ran from 1 January 2017 until 31 December 2020 . In 2021 Marwick tweeted journalist Fraser Nelson , who had published articles critical of the Scottish Government , that , We see you Fraser . We see what you are trying to do . Have never seen you challenge Westminster Governments . Scottish birth not alone does a Scotsman make , sometimes it signifies a Scotsman on the make . Nelson replied , “While raised in the Highlands I guess I was never quite properly Scottish . How could you tell?” The Scottish Conservatives said Marwick should clearly have known better than to pander to the most extreme wing of her party and she deleted the tweet . Personal life . Marwicks niece is Natalie McGarry , the former MP for Glasgow East .
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[
"representative on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body"
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easy
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What was the position of Tricia Marwick from May 2007 to Mar 2011?
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/wiki/Tricia_Marwick#P39#2
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Tricia Marwick Patricia Marwick ( née Lee ; born 5 November 1953 ) , commonly known as Tricia Marwick , is a Scottish politician who served as Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 . She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) from 1999 to 2016 , initially elected for the Mid Scotland and Fife region and then for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes , formerly Central Fife , constituency after 2007 . Elected as a member of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) , she suspended her membership in 2011 upon her election as presiding officer , following the tradition of the presiding officer being nonpartisan . Background . Marwick was born Patricia Lee on 5 November 1953 in Cowdenbeath and was brought up in Fife , one of seven siblings . She worked as Public Affairs Officer for Shelter Scotland , a charity for homeless people , from 1992 to 1999 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . At the 1999 Scottish Parliamentary election , Marwick was elected as a member for the Mid Scotland and Fife region . She served on the SNP opposition frontbench team as Deputy Business Manager 1999–2000 , Shadow Minister for Local Government 2004 , Business Manager and Chief Whip 2004–2005 and Shadow Minister for Housing 2005–2007 . Marwick has also served as a member of the Scottish Parliament’s Standards , Justice and Home Affairs , Equal Opportunities , Local Government and Communities committees and as convenor of the Waverly Railway ( Scotland ) Bill committee from 2004–2006 . At the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary election she contested the Central Fife seat and , although she narrowly failed to win the seat , she was re-elected to serve as a member for Mid Scotland and Fife . Marwick contested Central Fife again in 2007 and was elected as the constituencies MSP after defeating the Labour incumbent , Christine May , with a majority of 1,166 votes . Following the 2007 election Marwick was appointed as the SNPs representative on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body , and oversaw parliamentary access and information issues . Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament . In the 2011 election , Marwick was elected for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes constituency , essentially a redrawing of her old Central Fife seat . On 11 May 2011 , when Parliament reconvened , Marwick was elected to serve as the 4th Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament , having won support from the majority of members in the second round of voting . She became the first woman and second SNP member to serve in the position . In October 2012 , Marwick accepted a nomination to join the Privy Council , meaning that she is styled the Rt Hon . Tricia Marwick MSP . On 29 May 2015 , it was announced that Marwick would stand down as Presiding Officer at the 2016 election . She also left elected politics as a whole . Upon standing down , she was made an offer to have her name put forward for an honour from the Queen but turned the offer down . After Parliament . Marwick was announced as the new chair for the NHS Fife board in November 2016 , replacing Allan Burns who resigned from the post in August 2016 . Her appointment as chair ran from 1 January 2017 until 31 December 2020 . In 2021 Marwick tweeted journalist Fraser Nelson , who had published articles critical of the Scottish Government , that , We see you Fraser . We see what you are trying to do . Have never seen you challenge Westminster Governments . Scottish birth not alone does a Scotsman make , sometimes it signifies a Scotsman on the make . Nelson replied , “While raised in the Highlands I guess I was never quite properly Scottish . How could you tell?” The Scottish Conservatives said Marwick should clearly have known better than to pander to the most extreme wing of her party and she deleted the tweet . Personal life . Marwicks niece is Natalie McGarry , the former MP for Glasgow East .
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"4th Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament"
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easy
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What position did Tricia Marwick take from May 2011 to Mar 2016?
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/wiki/Tricia_Marwick#P39#3
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Tricia Marwick Patricia Marwick ( née Lee ; born 5 November 1953 ) , commonly known as Tricia Marwick , is a Scottish politician who served as Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament from 2011 to 2016 . She was a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) from 1999 to 2016 , initially elected for the Mid Scotland and Fife region and then for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes , formerly Central Fife , constituency after 2007 . Elected as a member of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) , she suspended her membership in 2011 upon her election as presiding officer , following the tradition of the presiding officer being nonpartisan . Background . Marwick was born Patricia Lee on 5 November 1953 in Cowdenbeath and was brought up in Fife , one of seven siblings . She worked as Public Affairs Officer for Shelter Scotland , a charity for homeless people , from 1992 to 1999 . Member of the Scottish Parliament . At the 1999 Scottish Parliamentary election , Marwick was elected as a member for the Mid Scotland and Fife region . She served on the SNP opposition frontbench team as Deputy Business Manager 1999–2000 , Shadow Minister for Local Government 2004 , Business Manager and Chief Whip 2004–2005 and Shadow Minister for Housing 2005–2007 . Marwick has also served as a member of the Scottish Parliament’s Standards , Justice and Home Affairs , Equal Opportunities , Local Government and Communities committees and as convenor of the Waverly Railway ( Scotland ) Bill committee from 2004–2006 . At the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary election she contested the Central Fife seat and , although she narrowly failed to win the seat , she was re-elected to serve as a member for Mid Scotland and Fife . Marwick contested Central Fife again in 2007 and was elected as the constituencies MSP after defeating the Labour incumbent , Christine May , with a majority of 1,166 votes . Following the 2007 election Marwick was appointed as the SNPs representative on the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body , and oversaw parliamentary access and information issues . Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament . In the 2011 election , Marwick was elected for the Mid Fife and Glenrothes constituency , essentially a redrawing of her old Central Fife seat . On 11 May 2011 , when Parliament reconvened , Marwick was elected to serve as the 4th Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament , having won support from the majority of members in the second round of voting . She became the first woman and second SNP member to serve in the position . In October 2012 , Marwick accepted a nomination to join the Privy Council , meaning that she is styled the Rt Hon . Tricia Marwick MSP . On 29 May 2015 , it was announced that Marwick would stand down as Presiding Officer at the 2016 election . She also left elected politics as a whole . Upon standing down , she was made an offer to have her name put forward for an honour from the Queen but turned the offer down . After Parliament . Marwick was announced as the new chair for the NHS Fife board in November 2016 , replacing Allan Burns who resigned from the post in August 2016 . Her appointment as chair ran from 1 January 2017 until 31 December 2020 . In 2021 Marwick tweeted journalist Fraser Nelson , who had published articles critical of the Scottish Government , that , We see you Fraser . We see what you are trying to do . Have never seen you challenge Westminster Governments . Scottish birth not alone does a Scotsman make , sometimes it signifies a Scotsman on the make . Nelson replied , “While raised in the Highlands I guess I was never quite properly Scottish . How could you tell?” The Scottish Conservatives said Marwick should clearly have known better than to pander to the most extreme wing of her party and she deleted the tweet . Personal life . Marwicks niece is Natalie McGarry , the former MP for Glasgow East .
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[
"Aurelio Peccei"
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Who was the chair of Club of Rome from 1968 to 1984?
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/wiki/Club_of_Rome#P488#0
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Club of Rome Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome , Italy , the Club of Rome consists of one hundred full members selected from current and former heads of state and government , UN administrators , high-level politicians and government officials , diplomats , scientists , economists , and business leaders from around the globe . It stimulated considerable public attention in 1972 with the first report to the Club of Rome , The Limits to Growth . Since 1 July 2008 the organization has been based in Winterthur , Switzerland . Formation . The Club of Rome was founded in April 1968 by Aurelio Peccei , an Italian industrialist , and Alexander King , a Scottish scientist . It was formed when a small international group of people from the fields of academia , civil society , diplomacy , and industry met at Villa Farnesina in Rome , hence the name . The problématique . Central to the formation of the club was Pecceis concept of the problematic . It was his opinion that viewing the problems of mankind—environmental deterioration , poverty , endemic ill-health , urban blight , criminality—individually , in isolation or as problems capable of being solved in their own terms , was doomed to failure . All are interrelated . It is this generalized meta-problem ( or meta-system of problems ) which we have called and shall continue to call the problematic that inheres in our situation . In 1970 , Pecceis vision was laid out in a document written by Hasan Özbekhan , Erich Jantsch , and Alexander Christakis . Entitled , The Predicament of Mankind ; Quest for Structured Responses to Growing Worldwide Complexities and Uncertainties : A PROPOSAL . The document would serve as the roadmap for the LTG project . The Limits to Growth . The Club of Rome stimulated considerable public attention with the first report to the club , The Limits to Growth . Published in 1972 , its computer simulations suggested that economic growth could not continue indefinitely because of resource depletion . The 1973 oil crisis increased public concern about this problem . The report went on to sell 30 million copies in more than 30 languages , making it the best-selling environmental book in history . Even before The Limits to Growth was published , Eduard Pestel and Mihajlo Mesarovic of Case Western Reserve University had begun work on a far more elaborate model ( it distinguished ten world regions and involved 200,000 equations compared with 1,000 in the Meadows model ) . The research had the full support of the club and its final publication , Mankind at the Turning Point was accepted as the official second report to the Club of Rome in 1974 . In addition to providing a more refined regional breakdown , Pestel and Mesarovic had succeeded in integrating social as well as technical data . The second report revised the scenarios of the original Limits to Growth and gave a more optimistic prognosis for the future of the environment , noting that many of the factors involved were within human control and therefore that environmental and economic catastrophe were preventable or avoidable . In 1991 , the club published The First Global Revolution . It analyses the problems of humanity , calling these collectively or in essence the problematique . It notes that , historically , social or political unity has commonly been motivated by enemies in common : The need for enemies seems to be a common historical factor . Some states have striven to overcome domestic failure and internal contradictions by blaming external enemies . The ploy of finding a scapegoat is as old as mankind itself—when things become too difficult at home , divert attention to adventure abroad . Bring the divided nation together to face an outside enemy , either a real one , or else one invented for the purpose . With the disappearance of the traditional enemy , the temptation is to use religious or ethnic minorities as scapegoats , especially those whose differences from the majority are disturbing . Every state has been so used to classifying its neighbours as friend or foe , that the sudden absence of traditional adversaries has left governments and public opinion with a great void to fill . New enemies have to be identified , new strategies imagined , and new weapons devised . In searching for a common enemy against whom we can unite , we came up with the idea that pollution , the threat of global warming , water shortages , famine and the like , would fit the bill . In their totality and their interactions these phenomena do constitute a common threat which must be confronted by everyone together . But in designating these dangers as the enemy , we fall into the trap , which we have already warned readers about , namely mistaking symptoms for causes . All these dangers are caused by human intervention in natural processes , and it is only through changed attitudes and behaviour that they can be overcome . The real enemy then is humanity itself . In 2001 the Club of Rome established a think tank , called tt30 , consisting of about 30 men and women , ages 25–35 . It aimed to identify and solve problems in the world , from the perspective of youth . A study by Graham Turner of the research organisation CSIRO in Australia in 2008 found that 30 years of historical data compare favorably with key features of a business-as-usual scenario called the standard run scenario , which results in collapse of the global system midway through the 21st century . Organization . According to its website , the Club of Rome is composed of scientists , economists , businessmen , international high civil servants , heads of state and former heads of state from all five continents who are convinced that the future of humankind is not determined once and for all and that each human being can contribute to the improvement of our societies . The Club of Rome is a membership organization and has different membership categories . Full members engage in the research activities , projects , and contribute to decision-making processes during the Clubs annual general assembly . Of the full members , 12 are elected to form the executive committee , which sets the general direction and the agenda . Of the executive committee , two are elected as co-presidents and two as vice-presidents . The secretary-general is elected from the members of the executive committee . The secretary-general is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the club from its headquarters in Winterthur , Switzerland . Aside from full members there are associate members , who participate in research and projects , but have no vote in the general assembly . The club also has honorary members . Notable honorary members include Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands , Orio Giarini , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , Mikhail Gorbachev , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Horst Köhler , and Manmohan Singh . The annual general assembly of 2016 took place in Berlin on 10–11 November . Among the guest speakers were former German President Christian Wulff , German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Gerd Müller , as well as Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus . National associations . The Club has national associations in 35 countries and territories . The mission of the national associations is to spread the ideas and vision in their respective countries , to offer solutions and to lobby for a more sustainable and just economy in their nations , and to support the international secretariat of the Club with the organization of events , such as the annual general assembly . Current activities . there have been 43 reports to the club . These are peer-reviewed studies commissioned by the executive committee , or suggested by a member or group of members , or by outside individuals and institutions . The most recent is Come On ! Capitalism , Short-termism , Population and the Destruction of the Planet . In 2016 , the club initiated a new youth project called Reclaim Economics . With this project they support students , activists , intellectuals , artists , video-makers , teachers , professors and others to shift the teaching of economics away from the mathematical pseudo-science it has become . On 14 March 2019 , the Club of Rome issued an official statement in support of Greta Thunberg and the school strikes for climate , urging governments across the world to respond to this call for action and cut global carbon emissions . Critics . Nobel prize-winning economist Robert Solow criticized The Limits to Growth ( LTG ) as having simplistic scenarios . He has also been a vocal critic of the Club of Rome , ostensibly for amateurism . He has said that the one thing that really annoys me is amateurs making absurd statements about economics , and I thought that the Club of Rome was nonsense . Not because natural resources or environmental necessities might not at some time pose a limit , not on growth , but on the level of economic activity—I didnt think that was a nonsensical idea—but because the Club of Rome was doing amateur dynamics without a license , without a proper qualification . And they were doing it badly , so I got steamed up about that . An analysis of the world model used for The Limits to Growth by mathematicians Vermeulen and De Jongh has shown it to be very sensitive to small parameter variations and having dubious assumptions and approximations . An interdisciplinary team at Sussex Universitys Science Policy Research Unit reviewed the structure and assumptions of the models used and published its finding in Models of Doom ; showing that the forecasts of the worlds future are very sensitive to a few unduly pessimistic key assumptions . The Sussex scientists also claim that the Meadows et al . methods , data , and predictions are faulty , that their world models ( and their Malthusian bias ) do not accurately reflect reality . In contrast , John Scales Avery , a member of Nobel Peace Prize ( 1995 ) winning group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , supported the basic thesis of LTG by stating , Although the specific predictions of resource availability in [ The ] Limits to Growth lacked accuracy , its basic thesis - that unlimited economic growth on a finite planet is impossible - was indisputably correct . Notable members . - Alexander King ( 1909–2007 ) , President of the Club of Rome 1984–1990 , founding member - Anders Wijkman , Co-President , 2012–2018 - Ashok Khosla , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Aurelio Peccei ( 1908–1984 ) founding member - Bas de Leeuw - Bohdan Hawrylyshyn ( 1926–2016 ) – economist , chairman International Management Institute – Kyiv ( ) , Honorary Council of Ukraine - Călin Georgescu ( born 1962 ) – chairman of the board , European Support Centre for the Club of Rome , now European Research Center , Vienna and Konstanz ( 2010- ) - Daisaku Ikeda - David Korten - Dennis Meadows ( born 1942 ) - Derrick de Kerckhove ( born 1944 ) - Donella Meadows ( 1941–2001 ) - Dzhermen Gvishiani , son in law of Alexei Kosygin - Eberhard von Koerber , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Elisabeth Mann-Borgese – first female member since 1970 - Erich Jantsch , author of Technological Forecasting ( 1929–1980 ) - Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Co-President , 2012–2018 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso - Fredrick Chien ( born in 1935 ) , former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) - Frederic Vester ( 1925–2003 ) - George P . Mitchell ( 1919–2013 ) - Graeme Maxton - Hans-Peter Dürr ( 1929–2014 ) - Hugo Thiemann ( 1917–2012 ) - Ivo Šlaus - John R . Platt ( 1918–1992 ) - John Warlick McDonald ( 1922–2019 ) - Joseph Stiglitz ( born 1943 ) , Nobel prize-winning economist - Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir - Mahdi Elmandjra ( 1933–2014 ) - Mamphela Ramphele Co-President since 2018 - Max Kohnstamm ( Netherlands ) , former Secretary General of the ECSC ( 1914–2010 ) - Michael K . Dorsey - Mikhail Gorbachev ( born 1931 ) , last leader of the Soviet Union - Mihajlo D . Mesarovic - Mohan Munasinghe - Mugur Isărescu ( born in 1949 ) , the governor of the National Bank of Romania in Bucharest - Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen ( 1906–1994 ) , economist , author of The Entropy Law and the Economic Process - Pierre Elliott Trudeau ( 1919–2000 ) , former prime minister of Canada ; - Prince Hassan bin Talal , President of the Club of Rome 2000–2006 - Ricardo Díez Hochleitner , President , 1991–2000 - Robert Uffen ( 1923–2009 ) - Sandrine Dixson-Declève,Co-President since 2018 - Tomas Björkman , author of The World We Create - Václav Havel ( 1936–2011 ) , last president of Czechoslovakia , first president of the Czech Republic - Victor Urquidi ( 1919–2014 )
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[
"Anders Wijkman"
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Club of Rome from 2012 to 2018?
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/wiki/Club_of_Rome#P488#1
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Club of Rome Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome , Italy , the Club of Rome consists of one hundred full members selected from current and former heads of state and government , UN administrators , high-level politicians and government officials , diplomats , scientists , economists , and business leaders from around the globe . It stimulated considerable public attention in 1972 with the first report to the Club of Rome , The Limits to Growth . Since 1 July 2008 the organization has been based in Winterthur , Switzerland . Formation . The Club of Rome was founded in April 1968 by Aurelio Peccei , an Italian industrialist , and Alexander King , a Scottish scientist . It was formed when a small international group of people from the fields of academia , civil society , diplomacy , and industry met at Villa Farnesina in Rome , hence the name . The problématique . Central to the formation of the club was Pecceis concept of the problematic . It was his opinion that viewing the problems of mankind—environmental deterioration , poverty , endemic ill-health , urban blight , criminality—individually , in isolation or as problems capable of being solved in their own terms , was doomed to failure . All are interrelated . It is this generalized meta-problem ( or meta-system of problems ) which we have called and shall continue to call the problematic that inheres in our situation . In 1970 , Pecceis vision was laid out in a document written by Hasan Özbekhan , Erich Jantsch , and Alexander Christakis . Entitled , The Predicament of Mankind ; Quest for Structured Responses to Growing Worldwide Complexities and Uncertainties : A PROPOSAL . The document would serve as the roadmap for the LTG project . The Limits to Growth . The Club of Rome stimulated considerable public attention with the first report to the club , The Limits to Growth . Published in 1972 , its computer simulations suggested that economic growth could not continue indefinitely because of resource depletion . The 1973 oil crisis increased public concern about this problem . The report went on to sell 30 million copies in more than 30 languages , making it the best-selling environmental book in history . Even before The Limits to Growth was published , Eduard Pestel and Mihajlo Mesarovic of Case Western Reserve University had begun work on a far more elaborate model ( it distinguished ten world regions and involved 200,000 equations compared with 1,000 in the Meadows model ) . The research had the full support of the club and its final publication , Mankind at the Turning Point was accepted as the official second report to the Club of Rome in 1974 . In addition to providing a more refined regional breakdown , Pestel and Mesarovic had succeeded in integrating social as well as technical data . The second report revised the scenarios of the original Limits to Growth and gave a more optimistic prognosis for the future of the environment , noting that many of the factors involved were within human control and therefore that environmental and economic catastrophe were preventable or avoidable . In 1991 , the club published The First Global Revolution . It analyses the problems of humanity , calling these collectively or in essence the problematique . It notes that , historically , social or political unity has commonly been motivated by enemies in common : The need for enemies seems to be a common historical factor . Some states have striven to overcome domestic failure and internal contradictions by blaming external enemies . The ploy of finding a scapegoat is as old as mankind itself—when things become too difficult at home , divert attention to adventure abroad . Bring the divided nation together to face an outside enemy , either a real one , or else one invented for the purpose . With the disappearance of the traditional enemy , the temptation is to use religious or ethnic minorities as scapegoats , especially those whose differences from the majority are disturbing . Every state has been so used to classifying its neighbours as friend or foe , that the sudden absence of traditional adversaries has left governments and public opinion with a great void to fill . New enemies have to be identified , new strategies imagined , and new weapons devised . In searching for a common enemy against whom we can unite , we came up with the idea that pollution , the threat of global warming , water shortages , famine and the like , would fit the bill . In their totality and their interactions these phenomena do constitute a common threat which must be confronted by everyone together . But in designating these dangers as the enemy , we fall into the trap , which we have already warned readers about , namely mistaking symptoms for causes . All these dangers are caused by human intervention in natural processes , and it is only through changed attitudes and behaviour that they can be overcome . The real enemy then is humanity itself . In 2001 the Club of Rome established a think tank , called tt30 , consisting of about 30 men and women , ages 25–35 . It aimed to identify and solve problems in the world , from the perspective of youth . A study by Graham Turner of the research organisation CSIRO in Australia in 2008 found that 30 years of historical data compare favorably with key features of a business-as-usual scenario called the standard run scenario , which results in collapse of the global system midway through the 21st century . Organization . According to its website , the Club of Rome is composed of scientists , economists , businessmen , international high civil servants , heads of state and former heads of state from all five continents who are convinced that the future of humankind is not determined once and for all and that each human being can contribute to the improvement of our societies . The Club of Rome is a membership organization and has different membership categories . Full members engage in the research activities , projects , and contribute to decision-making processes during the Clubs annual general assembly . Of the full members , 12 are elected to form the executive committee , which sets the general direction and the agenda . Of the executive committee , two are elected as co-presidents and two as vice-presidents . The secretary-general is elected from the members of the executive committee . The secretary-general is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the club from its headquarters in Winterthur , Switzerland . Aside from full members there are associate members , who participate in research and projects , but have no vote in the general assembly . The club also has honorary members . Notable honorary members include Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands , Orio Giarini , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , Mikhail Gorbachev , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Horst Köhler , and Manmohan Singh . The annual general assembly of 2016 took place in Berlin on 10–11 November . Among the guest speakers were former German President Christian Wulff , German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Gerd Müller , as well as Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus . National associations . The Club has national associations in 35 countries and territories . The mission of the national associations is to spread the ideas and vision in their respective countries , to offer solutions and to lobby for a more sustainable and just economy in their nations , and to support the international secretariat of the Club with the organization of events , such as the annual general assembly . Current activities . there have been 43 reports to the club . These are peer-reviewed studies commissioned by the executive committee , or suggested by a member or group of members , or by outside individuals and institutions . The most recent is Come On ! Capitalism , Short-termism , Population and the Destruction of the Planet . In 2016 , the club initiated a new youth project called Reclaim Economics . With this project they support students , activists , intellectuals , artists , video-makers , teachers , professors and others to shift the teaching of economics away from the mathematical pseudo-science it has become . On 14 March 2019 , the Club of Rome issued an official statement in support of Greta Thunberg and the school strikes for climate , urging governments across the world to respond to this call for action and cut global carbon emissions . Critics . Nobel prize-winning economist Robert Solow criticized The Limits to Growth ( LTG ) as having simplistic scenarios . He has also been a vocal critic of the Club of Rome , ostensibly for amateurism . He has said that the one thing that really annoys me is amateurs making absurd statements about economics , and I thought that the Club of Rome was nonsense . Not because natural resources or environmental necessities might not at some time pose a limit , not on growth , but on the level of economic activity—I didnt think that was a nonsensical idea—but because the Club of Rome was doing amateur dynamics without a license , without a proper qualification . And they were doing it badly , so I got steamed up about that . An analysis of the world model used for The Limits to Growth by mathematicians Vermeulen and De Jongh has shown it to be very sensitive to small parameter variations and having dubious assumptions and approximations . An interdisciplinary team at Sussex Universitys Science Policy Research Unit reviewed the structure and assumptions of the models used and published its finding in Models of Doom ; showing that the forecasts of the worlds future are very sensitive to a few unduly pessimistic key assumptions . The Sussex scientists also claim that the Meadows et al . methods , data , and predictions are faulty , that their world models ( and their Malthusian bias ) do not accurately reflect reality . In contrast , John Scales Avery , a member of Nobel Peace Prize ( 1995 ) winning group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , supported the basic thesis of LTG by stating , Although the specific predictions of resource availability in [ The ] Limits to Growth lacked accuracy , its basic thesis - that unlimited economic growth on a finite planet is impossible - was indisputably correct . Notable members . - Alexander King ( 1909–2007 ) , President of the Club of Rome 1984–1990 , founding member - Anders Wijkman , Co-President , 2012–2018 - Ashok Khosla , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Aurelio Peccei ( 1908–1984 ) founding member - Bas de Leeuw - Bohdan Hawrylyshyn ( 1926–2016 ) – economist , chairman International Management Institute – Kyiv ( ) , Honorary Council of Ukraine - Călin Georgescu ( born 1962 ) – chairman of the board , European Support Centre for the Club of Rome , now European Research Center , Vienna and Konstanz ( 2010- ) - Daisaku Ikeda - David Korten - Dennis Meadows ( born 1942 ) - Derrick de Kerckhove ( born 1944 ) - Donella Meadows ( 1941–2001 ) - Dzhermen Gvishiani , son in law of Alexei Kosygin - Eberhard von Koerber , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Elisabeth Mann-Borgese – first female member since 1970 - Erich Jantsch , author of Technological Forecasting ( 1929–1980 ) - Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Co-President , 2012–2018 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso - Fredrick Chien ( born in 1935 ) , former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) - Frederic Vester ( 1925–2003 ) - George P . Mitchell ( 1919–2013 ) - Graeme Maxton - Hans-Peter Dürr ( 1929–2014 ) - Hugo Thiemann ( 1917–2012 ) - Ivo Šlaus - John R . Platt ( 1918–1992 ) - John Warlick McDonald ( 1922–2019 ) - Joseph Stiglitz ( born 1943 ) , Nobel prize-winning economist - Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir - Mahdi Elmandjra ( 1933–2014 ) - Mamphela Ramphele Co-President since 2018 - Max Kohnstamm ( Netherlands ) , former Secretary General of the ECSC ( 1914–2010 ) - Michael K . Dorsey - Mikhail Gorbachev ( born 1931 ) , last leader of the Soviet Union - Mihajlo D . Mesarovic - Mohan Munasinghe - Mugur Isărescu ( born in 1949 ) , the governor of the National Bank of Romania in Bucharest - Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen ( 1906–1994 ) , economist , author of The Entropy Law and the Economic Process - Pierre Elliott Trudeau ( 1919–2000 ) , former prime minister of Canada ; - Prince Hassan bin Talal , President of the Club of Rome 2000–2006 - Ricardo Díez Hochleitner , President , 1991–2000 - Robert Uffen ( 1923–2009 ) - Sandrine Dixson-Declève,Co-President since 2018 - Tomas Björkman , author of The World We Create - Václav Havel ( 1936–2011 ) , last president of Czechoslovakia , first president of the Czech Republic - Victor Urquidi ( 1919–2014 )
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[
"Mamphela Ramphele"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Club of Rome from 2018 to 2019?
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/wiki/Club_of_Rome#P488#2
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Club of Rome Founded in 1968 at Accademia dei Lincei in Rome , Italy , the Club of Rome consists of one hundred full members selected from current and former heads of state and government , UN administrators , high-level politicians and government officials , diplomats , scientists , economists , and business leaders from around the globe . It stimulated considerable public attention in 1972 with the first report to the Club of Rome , The Limits to Growth . Since 1 July 2008 the organization has been based in Winterthur , Switzerland . Formation . The Club of Rome was founded in April 1968 by Aurelio Peccei , an Italian industrialist , and Alexander King , a Scottish scientist . It was formed when a small international group of people from the fields of academia , civil society , diplomacy , and industry met at Villa Farnesina in Rome , hence the name . The problématique . Central to the formation of the club was Pecceis concept of the problematic . It was his opinion that viewing the problems of mankind—environmental deterioration , poverty , endemic ill-health , urban blight , criminality—individually , in isolation or as problems capable of being solved in their own terms , was doomed to failure . All are interrelated . It is this generalized meta-problem ( or meta-system of problems ) which we have called and shall continue to call the problematic that inheres in our situation . In 1970 , Pecceis vision was laid out in a document written by Hasan Özbekhan , Erich Jantsch , and Alexander Christakis . Entitled , The Predicament of Mankind ; Quest for Structured Responses to Growing Worldwide Complexities and Uncertainties : A PROPOSAL . The document would serve as the roadmap for the LTG project . The Limits to Growth . The Club of Rome stimulated considerable public attention with the first report to the club , The Limits to Growth . Published in 1972 , its computer simulations suggested that economic growth could not continue indefinitely because of resource depletion . The 1973 oil crisis increased public concern about this problem . The report went on to sell 30 million copies in more than 30 languages , making it the best-selling environmental book in history . Even before The Limits to Growth was published , Eduard Pestel and Mihajlo Mesarovic of Case Western Reserve University had begun work on a far more elaborate model ( it distinguished ten world regions and involved 200,000 equations compared with 1,000 in the Meadows model ) . The research had the full support of the club and its final publication , Mankind at the Turning Point was accepted as the official second report to the Club of Rome in 1974 . In addition to providing a more refined regional breakdown , Pestel and Mesarovic had succeeded in integrating social as well as technical data . The second report revised the scenarios of the original Limits to Growth and gave a more optimistic prognosis for the future of the environment , noting that many of the factors involved were within human control and therefore that environmental and economic catastrophe were preventable or avoidable . In 1991 , the club published The First Global Revolution . It analyses the problems of humanity , calling these collectively or in essence the problematique . It notes that , historically , social or political unity has commonly been motivated by enemies in common : The need for enemies seems to be a common historical factor . Some states have striven to overcome domestic failure and internal contradictions by blaming external enemies . The ploy of finding a scapegoat is as old as mankind itself—when things become too difficult at home , divert attention to adventure abroad . Bring the divided nation together to face an outside enemy , either a real one , or else one invented for the purpose . With the disappearance of the traditional enemy , the temptation is to use religious or ethnic minorities as scapegoats , especially those whose differences from the majority are disturbing . Every state has been so used to classifying its neighbours as friend or foe , that the sudden absence of traditional adversaries has left governments and public opinion with a great void to fill . New enemies have to be identified , new strategies imagined , and new weapons devised . In searching for a common enemy against whom we can unite , we came up with the idea that pollution , the threat of global warming , water shortages , famine and the like , would fit the bill . In their totality and their interactions these phenomena do constitute a common threat which must be confronted by everyone together . But in designating these dangers as the enemy , we fall into the trap , which we have already warned readers about , namely mistaking symptoms for causes . All these dangers are caused by human intervention in natural processes , and it is only through changed attitudes and behaviour that they can be overcome . The real enemy then is humanity itself . In 2001 the Club of Rome established a think tank , called tt30 , consisting of about 30 men and women , ages 25–35 . It aimed to identify and solve problems in the world , from the perspective of youth . A study by Graham Turner of the research organisation CSIRO in Australia in 2008 found that 30 years of historical data compare favorably with key features of a business-as-usual scenario called the standard run scenario , which results in collapse of the global system midway through the 21st century . Organization . According to its website , the Club of Rome is composed of scientists , economists , businessmen , international high civil servants , heads of state and former heads of state from all five continents who are convinced that the future of humankind is not determined once and for all and that each human being can contribute to the improvement of our societies . The Club of Rome is a membership organization and has different membership categories . Full members engage in the research activities , projects , and contribute to decision-making processes during the Clubs annual general assembly . Of the full members , 12 are elected to form the executive committee , which sets the general direction and the agenda . Of the executive committee , two are elected as co-presidents and two as vice-presidents . The secretary-general is elected from the members of the executive committee . The secretary-general is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the club from its headquarters in Winterthur , Switzerland . Aside from full members there are associate members , who participate in research and projects , but have no vote in the general assembly . The club also has honorary members . Notable honorary members include Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands , Orio Giarini , Fernando Henrique Cardoso , Mikhail Gorbachev , King Juan Carlos I of Spain , Horst Köhler , and Manmohan Singh . The annual general assembly of 2016 took place in Berlin on 10–11 November . Among the guest speakers were former German President Christian Wulff , German Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development Gerd Müller , as well as Nobel Laureate Muhammad Yunus . National associations . The Club has national associations in 35 countries and territories . The mission of the national associations is to spread the ideas and vision in their respective countries , to offer solutions and to lobby for a more sustainable and just economy in their nations , and to support the international secretariat of the Club with the organization of events , such as the annual general assembly . Current activities . there have been 43 reports to the club . These are peer-reviewed studies commissioned by the executive committee , or suggested by a member or group of members , or by outside individuals and institutions . The most recent is Come On ! Capitalism , Short-termism , Population and the Destruction of the Planet . In 2016 , the club initiated a new youth project called Reclaim Economics . With this project they support students , activists , intellectuals , artists , video-makers , teachers , professors and others to shift the teaching of economics away from the mathematical pseudo-science it has become . On 14 March 2019 , the Club of Rome issued an official statement in support of Greta Thunberg and the school strikes for climate , urging governments across the world to respond to this call for action and cut global carbon emissions . Critics . Nobel prize-winning economist Robert Solow criticized The Limits to Growth ( LTG ) as having simplistic scenarios . He has also been a vocal critic of the Club of Rome , ostensibly for amateurism . He has said that the one thing that really annoys me is amateurs making absurd statements about economics , and I thought that the Club of Rome was nonsense . Not because natural resources or environmental necessities might not at some time pose a limit , not on growth , but on the level of economic activity—I didnt think that was a nonsensical idea—but because the Club of Rome was doing amateur dynamics without a license , without a proper qualification . And they were doing it badly , so I got steamed up about that . An analysis of the world model used for The Limits to Growth by mathematicians Vermeulen and De Jongh has shown it to be very sensitive to small parameter variations and having dubious assumptions and approximations . An interdisciplinary team at Sussex Universitys Science Policy Research Unit reviewed the structure and assumptions of the models used and published its finding in Models of Doom ; showing that the forecasts of the worlds future are very sensitive to a few unduly pessimistic key assumptions . The Sussex scientists also claim that the Meadows et al . methods , data , and predictions are faulty , that their world models ( and their Malthusian bias ) do not accurately reflect reality . In contrast , John Scales Avery , a member of Nobel Peace Prize ( 1995 ) winning group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , supported the basic thesis of LTG by stating , Although the specific predictions of resource availability in [ The ] Limits to Growth lacked accuracy , its basic thesis - that unlimited economic growth on a finite planet is impossible - was indisputably correct . Notable members . - Alexander King ( 1909–2007 ) , President of the Club of Rome 1984–1990 , founding member - Anders Wijkman , Co-President , 2012–2018 - Ashok Khosla , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Aurelio Peccei ( 1908–1984 ) founding member - Bas de Leeuw - Bohdan Hawrylyshyn ( 1926–2016 ) – economist , chairman International Management Institute – Kyiv ( ) , Honorary Council of Ukraine - Călin Georgescu ( born 1962 ) – chairman of the board , European Support Centre for the Club of Rome , now European Research Center , Vienna and Konstanz ( 2010- ) - Daisaku Ikeda - David Korten - Dennis Meadows ( born 1942 ) - Derrick de Kerckhove ( born 1944 ) - Donella Meadows ( 1941–2001 ) - Dzhermen Gvishiani , son in law of Alexei Kosygin - Eberhard von Koerber , Co-President , 2006–2012 - Elisabeth Mann-Borgese – first female member since 1970 - Erich Jantsch , author of Technological Forecasting ( 1929–1980 ) - Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker Co-President , 2012–2018 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso - Fredrick Chien ( born in 1935 ) , former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) - Frederic Vester ( 1925–2003 ) - George P . Mitchell ( 1919–2013 ) - Graeme Maxton - Hans-Peter Dürr ( 1929–2014 ) - Hugo Thiemann ( 1917–2012 ) - Ivo Šlaus - John R . Platt ( 1918–1992 ) - John Warlick McDonald ( 1922–2019 ) - Joseph Stiglitz ( born 1943 ) , Nobel prize-winning economist - Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir - Mahdi Elmandjra ( 1933–2014 ) - Mamphela Ramphele Co-President since 2018 - Max Kohnstamm ( Netherlands ) , former Secretary General of the ECSC ( 1914–2010 ) - Michael K . Dorsey - Mikhail Gorbachev ( born 1931 ) , last leader of the Soviet Union - Mihajlo D . Mesarovic - Mohan Munasinghe - Mugur Isărescu ( born in 1949 ) , the governor of the National Bank of Romania in Bucharest - Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen ( 1906–1994 ) , economist , author of The Entropy Law and the Economic Process - Pierre Elliott Trudeau ( 1919–2000 ) , former prime minister of Canada ; - Prince Hassan bin Talal , President of the Club of Rome 2000–2006 - Ricardo Díez Hochleitner , President , 1991–2000 - Robert Uffen ( 1923–2009 ) - Sandrine Dixson-Declève,Co-President since 2018 - Tomas Björkman , author of The World We Create - Václav Havel ( 1936–2011 ) , last president of Czechoslovakia , first president of the Czech Republic - Victor Urquidi ( 1919–2014 )
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[
"3515 South Vernon Avenue in the Fourth Ward"
] |
easy
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Where did Elias Disney live from 1905 to 1906?
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/wiki/Elias_Disney#P551#0
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Elias Disney Elias Charles Disney ( February 6 , 1859September 13 , 1941 ) was the father of Roy and Walt Disney . Early life . Disney was born in the rural village of Bluevale , in what is now Ontario , Canada , to Irish Protestant immigrants Kepple Elias Disney ( 1832–1891 ) and Mary Richardson ( 1838–1909 ) . Both parents had emigrated from Ireland to Canada as children , accompanying their parents . Disney was an ardent socialist and a supporter of Eugene Debs . He became a farmer and a businessman with little success . He moved to California with his father in 1878 in hopes of finding gold . Instead , Kepple was convinced by an agent of the Union Pacific Railroad to buy of land near Ellis , Kansas . In Ellis , Disney attempted to live as an orange grower and failed . Career . Disney worked on his fathers new farm until 1884 , when he left to find another job . He was hired in a railroad machine shop ( one of his co-workers was Walter Chrysler ) , then he joined the railroad crew building the Union Pacific line through Colorado . After the railroad contract was over , he became a professional fiddle player in Denver . Again he was unsuccessful , and he returned to his fathers farm . He also worked for a short time as a mailman in Kissimmee , Florida , close to the eventual site of Walt Disney World . Disney did also attempt to make a career as an orange grower in Florida , but he was unsuccessful . Although frequently unsuccessful at self-employment , Disneys entrepreneurial tendencies were passed on to his son Walt . He was a construction worker for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , an event which author Erik Larson cites as a source of inspiration for his son Walt and the Disney kingdom he would eventually create . He bought shares of O-Zell Company , a jelly-canning factory that also produced apple juice in Chicago , where his son Walt Disney worked before he joined the Red Cross Ambulance Corps in World War I . By 1890 , the Disneys lived at 3515 South Vernon Avenue in the Fourth Ward . Disney worked as a carpenter . On October 31 , 1891 , Disney bought a lot at 1249 Tripp . By 1892 , he had built a house on it . The neighborhood was called Hermosa and had been settled by Scottish , German , and Scandinavian immigrants . Their younger three children were born there . By the turn of the century , Disney had become an active building contractor . He built houses which he owned and then resold . He also built the Saint Paul Congregational Church , a building dedicated on October 14 , 1900 . Disney was one of the churchs trustees , while his wife was its treasurer . According to some sources , Disney worried about the rising criminality of the city . A neighboring family had two adolescent children involved in a car barn robbery , and Disney feared that crime would taint his own children . In 1906 he moved with his family to a farm near Marceline , Missouri . Disney and his family settled there in April , 1906 . On March 5 , he bought a farm . Its previous owner William E . Crane had died in November , 1905 . Crane was a veteran of the American Civil War and his house predated the foundation of Marceline . He bought the farm for $3,000 or $75 per acre . On April 3 , Disney bought an adjoining tract of about from Cranes widow . He paid an additional $450 . Marceline was probably chosen for being accessible from Chicago , for its rural setting , and because his younger brother Robert owned a farm west of the city . The Crane Farm had orchards of apples , peaches , and plums , and fields of grain . The farm animals included pigs , chickens , horses , and cows . The Disneys had a telephone connection by 1907 . Herbert and Raymond Disney never liked life on the farm . They moved out around the fall of 1908 , heading back to Chicago . They found work as clerks . In 1907 , Disney convinced some of his fellow farmers to join the American Society of Equity , a farmers union aiming to consolidate the members buying power . The family sold the farm on November 28 , 1910 , as Disney fell ill . He was suffering from typhoid fever , followed by pneumonia . The Disneys lived in a rented house in Marceline , probably at 508 North Kansas Avenue . Until 1911 , when they moved to Kansas City , Missouri . They lived in a rented house at 2706 East Thirty-first Street . They stayed there until they bought their own modest home in September , 1914 . It was situated at 3028 Bellefontaine Street . On July 1 , 1911 , Disney purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star . It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street , and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue . Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers . The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper Kansas City Times to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday Star to more than 600 . Their customers increased with time . Disney also delivered butter and eggs to his newspaper customers . They were imported from a dairy farm in Marceline . Disney sold the paper route on March 17 , 1917 . He had been investing in the O-Zell Company of Chicago since 1912 and moved back to the city in 1917 to take an active role in its management . The Disneys rented a flat at 1523 Ogden Avenue . He retired from management work in 1920 and moved back to Kansas City . He was again listed as a carpenter . He moved to Portland , Oregon by the fall ( autumn September–October ) of 1921 . His son Herbert had earlier moved to this city . Personal life . Family . Disney married Flora Call on January 1 , 1888 , in Kismet , Lake County , Florida , north of the land on which Walt Disney World would eventually be built and lived for a short time in adjoining Acron , Florida . She was the daughter of his fathers neighbors . Soon after marriage , the Disneys moved to Chicago , Illinois , where Disney met and befriended Walter Parr , St . Paul Congregational Churchs preacher for whom the Disneys fourth son , Walt , was named . The couple had five children : - Herbert Arthur Disney ( December 8 , 1888 – January 29 , 1961 , aged 72 ) , Letter Carrier ( 1940 US Census ) - Raymond Arnold Disney ( December 30 , 1890 – May 24 , 1989 , aged 98 ) , self-employed Insurance Broker ( 1940 US Census ) - Roy Oliver Disney ( June 24 , 1893 – December 20 , 1971 , aged 78 ) , Businessman and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Walter Walt Elias Disney ( December 5 , 1901 – December 15 , 1966 , aged 65 ) , Entrepreneur and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Ruth Flora Disney ( December 6 , 1903 – April 7 , 1995 , aged 91 ) Disney was a member of the Congregational Church and often preached stern sermons on Sundays in this church . His son , Walter Elias Disney , was named after a Congregationalist minister named Walter Parr . Disney and Walt had a tense relationship as Disney never saw Walts profession as an artist as a real job . Disneys son Raymond Arnold Disney named his son Charles Elias Disney after his father Elias Charles Disney . Beliefs and habits . Disney never drank alcohol and rarely smoked . According to biographical accounts , Disney was a stern man who could have a strong temper at times , and would take the money his sons earned for safekeeping , considering them too young to know the value of money . If his children misbehaved , Disney would not hesitate to punish them with a switch . Disney would talk socialism with various people and bring them home . He was a fiddler and would bring home anyone else who could play an instrument . External links . - Biography of the Disney Family in Canada - ( documentary footage ) - Windows on Main Street , U.S.A. , at Disneyland Park : Elias Disney
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[
"Marceline , Missouri"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Elias Disney from 1906 to 1910?
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/wiki/Elias_Disney#P551#1
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Elias Disney Elias Charles Disney ( February 6 , 1859September 13 , 1941 ) was the father of Roy and Walt Disney . Early life . Disney was born in the rural village of Bluevale , in what is now Ontario , Canada , to Irish Protestant immigrants Kepple Elias Disney ( 1832–1891 ) and Mary Richardson ( 1838–1909 ) . Both parents had emigrated from Ireland to Canada as children , accompanying their parents . Disney was an ardent socialist and a supporter of Eugene Debs . He became a farmer and a businessman with little success . He moved to California with his father in 1878 in hopes of finding gold . Instead , Kepple was convinced by an agent of the Union Pacific Railroad to buy of land near Ellis , Kansas . In Ellis , Disney attempted to live as an orange grower and failed . Career . Disney worked on his fathers new farm until 1884 , when he left to find another job . He was hired in a railroad machine shop ( one of his co-workers was Walter Chrysler ) , then he joined the railroad crew building the Union Pacific line through Colorado . After the railroad contract was over , he became a professional fiddle player in Denver . Again he was unsuccessful , and he returned to his fathers farm . He also worked for a short time as a mailman in Kissimmee , Florida , close to the eventual site of Walt Disney World . Disney did also attempt to make a career as an orange grower in Florida , but he was unsuccessful . Although frequently unsuccessful at self-employment , Disneys entrepreneurial tendencies were passed on to his son Walt . He was a construction worker for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , an event which author Erik Larson cites as a source of inspiration for his son Walt and the Disney kingdom he would eventually create . He bought shares of O-Zell Company , a jelly-canning factory that also produced apple juice in Chicago , where his son Walt Disney worked before he joined the Red Cross Ambulance Corps in World War I . By 1890 , the Disneys lived at 3515 South Vernon Avenue in the Fourth Ward . Disney worked as a carpenter . On October 31 , 1891 , Disney bought a lot at 1249 Tripp . By 1892 , he had built a house on it . The neighborhood was called Hermosa and had been settled by Scottish , German , and Scandinavian immigrants . Their younger three children were born there . By the turn of the century , Disney had become an active building contractor . He built houses which he owned and then resold . He also built the Saint Paul Congregational Church , a building dedicated on October 14 , 1900 . Disney was one of the churchs trustees , while his wife was its treasurer . According to some sources , Disney worried about the rising criminality of the city . A neighboring family had two adolescent children involved in a car barn robbery , and Disney feared that crime would taint his own children . In 1906 he moved with his family to a farm near Marceline , Missouri . Disney and his family settled there in April , 1906 . On March 5 , he bought a farm . Its previous owner William E . Crane had died in November , 1905 . Crane was a veteran of the American Civil War and his house predated the foundation of Marceline . He bought the farm for $3,000 or $75 per acre . On April 3 , Disney bought an adjoining tract of about from Cranes widow . He paid an additional $450 . Marceline was probably chosen for being accessible from Chicago , for its rural setting , and because his younger brother Robert owned a farm west of the city . The Crane Farm had orchards of apples , peaches , and plums , and fields of grain . The farm animals included pigs , chickens , horses , and cows . The Disneys had a telephone connection by 1907 . Herbert and Raymond Disney never liked life on the farm . They moved out around the fall of 1908 , heading back to Chicago . They found work as clerks . In 1907 , Disney convinced some of his fellow farmers to join the American Society of Equity , a farmers union aiming to consolidate the members buying power . The family sold the farm on November 28 , 1910 , as Disney fell ill . He was suffering from typhoid fever , followed by pneumonia . The Disneys lived in a rented house in Marceline , probably at 508 North Kansas Avenue . Until 1911 , when they moved to Kansas City , Missouri . They lived in a rented house at 2706 East Thirty-first Street . They stayed there until they bought their own modest home in September , 1914 . It was situated at 3028 Bellefontaine Street . On July 1 , 1911 , Disney purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star . It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street , and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue . Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers . The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper Kansas City Times to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday Star to more than 600 . Their customers increased with time . Disney also delivered butter and eggs to his newspaper customers . They were imported from a dairy farm in Marceline . Disney sold the paper route on March 17 , 1917 . He had been investing in the O-Zell Company of Chicago since 1912 and moved back to the city in 1917 to take an active role in its management . The Disneys rented a flat at 1523 Ogden Avenue . He retired from management work in 1920 and moved back to Kansas City . He was again listed as a carpenter . He moved to Portland , Oregon by the fall ( autumn September–October ) of 1921 . His son Herbert had earlier moved to this city . Personal life . Family . Disney married Flora Call on January 1 , 1888 , in Kismet , Lake County , Florida , north of the land on which Walt Disney World would eventually be built and lived for a short time in adjoining Acron , Florida . She was the daughter of his fathers neighbors . Soon after marriage , the Disneys moved to Chicago , Illinois , where Disney met and befriended Walter Parr , St . Paul Congregational Churchs preacher for whom the Disneys fourth son , Walt , was named . The couple had five children : - Herbert Arthur Disney ( December 8 , 1888 – January 29 , 1961 , aged 72 ) , Letter Carrier ( 1940 US Census ) - Raymond Arnold Disney ( December 30 , 1890 – May 24 , 1989 , aged 98 ) , self-employed Insurance Broker ( 1940 US Census ) - Roy Oliver Disney ( June 24 , 1893 – December 20 , 1971 , aged 78 ) , Businessman and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Walter Walt Elias Disney ( December 5 , 1901 – December 15 , 1966 , aged 65 ) , Entrepreneur and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Ruth Flora Disney ( December 6 , 1903 – April 7 , 1995 , aged 91 ) Disney was a member of the Congregational Church and often preached stern sermons on Sundays in this church . His son , Walter Elias Disney , was named after a Congregationalist minister named Walter Parr . Disney and Walt had a tense relationship as Disney never saw Walts profession as an artist as a real job . Disneys son Raymond Arnold Disney named his son Charles Elias Disney after his father Elias Charles Disney . Beliefs and habits . Disney never drank alcohol and rarely smoked . According to biographical accounts , Disney was a stern man who could have a strong temper at times , and would take the money his sons earned for safekeeping , considering them too young to know the value of money . If his children misbehaved , Disney would not hesitate to punish them with a switch . Disney would talk socialism with various people and bring them home . He was a fiddler and would bring home anyone else who could play an instrument . External links . - Biography of the Disney Family in Canada - ( documentary footage ) - Windows on Main Street , U.S.A. , at Disneyland Park : Elias Disney
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[
"Marceline",
"508 North Kansas Avenue"
] |
easy
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What was the residence of Elias Disney from 1910 to 1911?
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/wiki/Elias_Disney#P551#2
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Elias Disney Elias Charles Disney ( February 6 , 1859September 13 , 1941 ) was the father of Roy and Walt Disney . Early life . Disney was born in the rural village of Bluevale , in what is now Ontario , Canada , to Irish Protestant immigrants Kepple Elias Disney ( 1832–1891 ) and Mary Richardson ( 1838–1909 ) . Both parents had emigrated from Ireland to Canada as children , accompanying their parents . Disney was an ardent socialist and a supporter of Eugene Debs . He became a farmer and a businessman with little success . He moved to California with his father in 1878 in hopes of finding gold . Instead , Kepple was convinced by an agent of the Union Pacific Railroad to buy of land near Ellis , Kansas . In Ellis , Disney attempted to live as an orange grower and failed . Career . Disney worked on his fathers new farm until 1884 , when he left to find another job . He was hired in a railroad machine shop ( one of his co-workers was Walter Chrysler ) , then he joined the railroad crew building the Union Pacific line through Colorado . After the railroad contract was over , he became a professional fiddle player in Denver . Again he was unsuccessful , and he returned to his fathers farm . He also worked for a short time as a mailman in Kissimmee , Florida , close to the eventual site of Walt Disney World . Disney did also attempt to make a career as an orange grower in Florida , but he was unsuccessful . Although frequently unsuccessful at self-employment , Disneys entrepreneurial tendencies were passed on to his son Walt . He was a construction worker for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago , an event which author Erik Larson cites as a source of inspiration for his son Walt and the Disney kingdom he would eventually create . He bought shares of O-Zell Company , a jelly-canning factory that also produced apple juice in Chicago , where his son Walt Disney worked before he joined the Red Cross Ambulance Corps in World War I . By 1890 , the Disneys lived at 3515 South Vernon Avenue in the Fourth Ward . Disney worked as a carpenter . On October 31 , 1891 , Disney bought a lot at 1249 Tripp . By 1892 , he had built a house on it . The neighborhood was called Hermosa and had been settled by Scottish , German , and Scandinavian immigrants . Their younger three children were born there . By the turn of the century , Disney had become an active building contractor . He built houses which he owned and then resold . He also built the Saint Paul Congregational Church , a building dedicated on October 14 , 1900 . Disney was one of the churchs trustees , while his wife was its treasurer . According to some sources , Disney worried about the rising criminality of the city . A neighboring family had two adolescent children involved in a car barn robbery , and Disney feared that crime would taint his own children . In 1906 he moved with his family to a farm near Marceline , Missouri . Disney and his family settled there in April , 1906 . On March 5 , he bought a farm . Its previous owner William E . Crane had died in November , 1905 . Crane was a veteran of the American Civil War and his house predated the foundation of Marceline . He bought the farm for $3,000 or $75 per acre . On April 3 , Disney bought an adjoining tract of about from Cranes widow . He paid an additional $450 . Marceline was probably chosen for being accessible from Chicago , for its rural setting , and because his younger brother Robert owned a farm west of the city . The Crane Farm had orchards of apples , peaches , and plums , and fields of grain . The farm animals included pigs , chickens , horses , and cows . The Disneys had a telephone connection by 1907 . Herbert and Raymond Disney never liked life on the farm . They moved out around the fall of 1908 , heading back to Chicago . They found work as clerks . In 1907 , Disney convinced some of his fellow farmers to join the American Society of Equity , a farmers union aiming to consolidate the members buying power . The family sold the farm on November 28 , 1910 , as Disney fell ill . He was suffering from typhoid fever , followed by pneumonia . The Disneys lived in a rented house in Marceline , probably at 508 North Kansas Avenue . Until 1911 , when they moved to Kansas City , Missouri . They lived in a rented house at 2706 East Thirty-first Street . They stayed there until they bought their own modest home in September , 1914 . It was situated at 3028 Bellefontaine Street . On July 1 , 1911 , Disney purchased a newspaper delivery route for The Kansas City Star . It extended from the Twenty-seventh Street to the Thirty-first Street , and from Prospect Avenue to Indiana Avenue . Roy and Walt were put to work delivering the newspapers . The Disneys delivered the morning newspaper Kansas City Times to about 700 customers and the evening and Sunday Star to more than 600 . Their customers increased with time . Disney also delivered butter and eggs to his newspaper customers . They were imported from a dairy farm in Marceline . Disney sold the paper route on March 17 , 1917 . He had been investing in the O-Zell Company of Chicago since 1912 and moved back to the city in 1917 to take an active role in its management . The Disneys rented a flat at 1523 Ogden Avenue . He retired from management work in 1920 and moved back to Kansas City . He was again listed as a carpenter . He moved to Portland , Oregon by the fall ( autumn September–October ) of 1921 . His son Herbert had earlier moved to this city . Personal life . Family . Disney married Flora Call on January 1 , 1888 , in Kismet , Lake County , Florida , north of the land on which Walt Disney World would eventually be built and lived for a short time in adjoining Acron , Florida . She was the daughter of his fathers neighbors . Soon after marriage , the Disneys moved to Chicago , Illinois , where Disney met and befriended Walter Parr , St . Paul Congregational Churchs preacher for whom the Disneys fourth son , Walt , was named . The couple had five children : - Herbert Arthur Disney ( December 8 , 1888 – January 29 , 1961 , aged 72 ) , Letter Carrier ( 1940 US Census ) - Raymond Arnold Disney ( December 30 , 1890 – May 24 , 1989 , aged 98 ) , self-employed Insurance Broker ( 1940 US Census ) - Roy Oliver Disney ( June 24 , 1893 – December 20 , 1971 , aged 78 ) , Businessman and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Walter Walt Elias Disney ( December 5 , 1901 – December 15 , 1966 , aged 65 ) , Entrepreneur and Co-Founder of The Walt Disney Company - Ruth Flora Disney ( December 6 , 1903 – April 7 , 1995 , aged 91 ) Disney was a member of the Congregational Church and often preached stern sermons on Sundays in this church . His son , Walter Elias Disney , was named after a Congregationalist minister named Walter Parr . Disney and Walt had a tense relationship as Disney never saw Walts profession as an artist as a real job . Disneys son Raymond Arnold Disney named his son Charles Elias Disney after his father Elias Charles Disney . Beliefs and habits . Disney never drank alcohol and rarely smoked . According to biographical accounts , Disney was a stern man who could have a strong temper at times , and would take the money his sons earned for safekeeping , considering them too young to know the value of money . If his children misbehaved , Disney would not hesitate to punish them with a switch . Disney would talk socialism with various people and bring them home . He was a fiddler and would bring home anyone else who could play an instrument . External links . - Biography of the Disney Family in Canada - ( documentary footage ) - Windows on Main Street , U.S.A. , at Disneyland Park : Elias Disney
|
[
"Hrvatski Dragovoljac"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Vladimir Vasilj belong to from 1995 to 1997?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#0
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"Dinamo Zagreb"
] |
easy
|
Vladimir Vasilj played for which team from 1998 to 2001?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#1
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"NK Zagreb",
"Croatian national team"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Vladimir Vasilj belong to from 2001 to 2003?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#2
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"NK Varteks"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Vladimir Vasilj belong to from 2003 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#3
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"Dinamo Zagreb"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Vladimir Vasilj play for from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#4
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg"
] |
easy
|
Vladimir Vasilj played for which team from 2006 to 2009?
|
/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilj#P54#5
|
Vladimir Vasilj Vladimir Vasilj ( born 6 July 1975 ) is a former Croatian football goalkeeper . Career . Born in Hanover , West Germany , Vasilj started his professional career at Croatian club Hrvatski Dragovoljac in the 1995–96 season . He continued to play for the club in the following three seasons , being their first-choice goalkeeper in two of the three seasons . In the spring of 1998 , he became the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 22-man squad for the 1998 World Cup finals in France , but did not play any matches at the tournament where Croatia surprisingly finished third . Prior to the World Cup , he made his international debut by appearing as a substitute goalkeeper in the second half of Croatias friendly match against Slovakia played on 29 May 1998 in Pula . He left Hrvatski Dragovoljac for Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 1998 , but was merely the clubs third-choice goalkeeper and managed to make only two domestic league appearances in the following two seasons . He became the clubs second-choice goalkeeper after Dražen Ladićs retirement in May 2000 and made three domestic league appearances in the 2000–01 season before transferring to Dinamos local rivals NK Zagreb for the 2001–02 season . He played for the club in the following two seasons and was their first-choice goalkeeper in both of them , also playing a significant role in the Zagreb team that surprisingly won the Croatian First League champions title in 2002 . In the spring of 2002 , he returned to the Croatian national team as their third-choice goalkeeper and was also named to the final 23-man squad for the 2002 World Cup finals in South Korea and Japan , but once again did not manage to play any matches at the tournament . Prior to the World Cup , he won his second international cap in a friendly match against Hungary . He subsequently did not win any international caps , but was called up to be the Croatian national teams third-choice goalkeeper at the Euro 2004 finals in Portugal after the teams first-choice goalkeeper Stipe Pletikosa was forced to withdraw from the tournament due to an injury . At club level , Vasilj left Zagreb for NK Varteks in the summer of 2003 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making 30 domestic league appearances as well as appearing in both of the clubs two matches in the first round of the UEFA Cup , where they were eliminated by Hungarian club Debreceni VSC . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in the summer of 2004 and spent one season at the club as their first-choice goalkeeper , making a total of 20 domestic league appearances and also appearing in all of the clubs six UEFA Cup matches that season . He left Dinamo in the summer of 2005 and joined Turkish club Konyaspor , where he spent the first part of the 2005–06 season as the second-choice goalkeeper , making only two appearances in the Süper Lig , and he subsequently went on to leave Konyaspor for NK Široki Brijeg from Bosnia and Herzegovina at the beginning of 2006 , signing an 18-month contract until June 2007 . He was released by the club and then retired in July 2009 . Personal life . Vladimir is the father of a Bosnian footballer Nikola Vasilj . Honours . Dinamo Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 1998–99 , 1999–00 NK Zagreb - Croatian First Football League : 2001–02 Široki Brijeg - Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina : 2005–06 - Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup : 2007 Croatia - FIFA World Cup Third place : 1998
|
[
"member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles"
] |
easy
|
What position did Joan Hall take from Dec 1993 to Dec 1997?
|
/wiki/Joan_Hall#P39#0
|
Joan Hall Joan Lynette Hall ( née Bullock ) ( born 22 December 1946 ) is a former member of the South Australian House of Assembly , serving in the electoral district of Coles from 1993 to 2002 and the renamed electoral district of Morialta from 2002 to 2006 . The wife of former Premier , Liberal Movement leader , and Australian Senator Steele Hall , she met Hall while working as his parliamentary secretary during the 1960s and 1970s . Later , she was a staffer to Premier Dean Brown before entering parliament as the member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles at the 1993 election . A moderate like her husband , Hall felt chagrin that Brown did not promote her to the ministry after the Liberals landslide 1993 victory . When Industry Minister John Olsen , leader of the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party , decided to challenge Browns leadership , Hall threw her support to him , giving Olsen the numbers to successfully challenge Brown for the Premiership . Under Olsen , she was Minister for Youth and Employment from December 1997 , then Minister for Tourism from October 1998 . She won party pre-selections in 2002 and 2006 despite claims of interference in a preselection by Federal Members by both herself and her husband . Whilst serving as Tourism Minister , Hall was involved in bringing the Tour Down Under , the Clipsal 500 , The Le Mans Race of 1000 years , the National Wine Centre and the 2007 Police and Fire Games to South Australia . In October 2001 , she resigned from the ministry due to a conflict of interest in her handling of the Hindmarsh Soccer Stadium redevelopment . On a margin of 4 percent from the previous election , Hall suffered a 12 percent swing in Morialta at the 2006 election , which saw her lose the seat to Labor candidate Lindsay Simmons . Moderate candidate John Gardner reclaimed the seat for the Liberals at the 2010 election with an 11 percent swing . External links . - Parliamentary Profile - Poll Bludger - Morialta electorate
|
[
"Minister for Youth and Employment"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Joan Hall hold from Dec 1997 to Oct 1998?
|
/wiki/Joan_Hall#P39#1
|
Joan Hall Joan Lynette Hall ( née Bullock ) ( born 22 December 1946 ) is a former member of the South Australian House of Assembly , serving in the electoral district of Coles from 1993 to 2002 and the renamed electoral district of Morialta from 2002 to 2006 . The wife of former Premier , Liberal Movement leader , and Australian Senator Steele Hall , she met Hall while working as his parliamentary secretary during the 1960s and 1970s . Later , she was a staffer to Premier Dean Brown before entering parliament as the member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles at the 1993 election . A moderate like her husband , Hall felt chagrin that Brown did not promote her to the ministry after the Liberals landslide 1993 victory . When Industry Minister John Olsen , leader of the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party , decided to challenge Browns leadership , Hall threw her support to him , giving Olsen the numbers to successfully challenge Brown for the Premiership . Under Olsen , she was Minister for Youth and Employment from December 1997 , then Minister for Tourism from October 1998 . She won party pre-selections in 2002 and 2006 despite claims of interference in a preselection by Federal Members by both herself and her husband . Whilst serving as Tourism Minister , Hall was involved in bringing the Tour Down Under , the Clipsal 500 , The Le Mans Race of 1000 years , the National Wine Centre and the 2007 Police and Fire Games to South Australia . In October 2001 , she resigned from the ministry due to a conflict of interest in her handling of the Hindmarsh Soccer Stadium redevelopment . On a margin of 4 percent from the previous election , Hall suffered a 12 percent swing in Morialta at the 2006 election , which saw her lose the seat to Labor candidate Lindsay Simmons . Moderate candidate John Gardner reclaimed the seat for the Liberals at the 2010 election with an 11 percent swing . External links . - Parliamentary Profile - Poll Bludger - Morialta electorate
|
[
"Minister for Tourism"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Joan Hall hold from Oct 1998 to Oct 2001?
|
/wiki/Joan_Hall#P39#2
|
Joan Hall Joan Lynette Hall ( née Bullock ) ( born 22 December 1946 ) is a former member of the South Australian House of Assembly , serving in the electoral district of Coles from 1993 to 2002 and the renamed electoral district of Morialta from 2002 to 2006 . The wife of former Premier , Liberal Movement leader , and Australian Senator Steele Hall , she met Hall while working as his parliamentary secretary during the 1960s and 1970s . Later , she was a staffer to Premier Dean Brown before entering parliament as the member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles at the 1993 election . A moderate like her husband , Hall felt chagrin that Brown did not promote her to the ministry after the Liberals landslide 1993 victory . When Industry Minister John Olsen , leader of the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party , decided to challenge Browns leadership , Hall threw her support to him , giving Olsen the numbers to successfully challenge Brown for the Premiership . Under Olsen , she was Minister for Youth and Employment from December 1997 , then Minister for Tourism from October 1998 . She won party pre-selections in 2002 and 2006 despite claims of interference in a preselection by Federal Members by both herself and her husband . Whilst serving as Tourism Minister , Hall was involved in bringing the Tour Down Under , the Clipsal 500 , The Le Mans Race of 1000 years , the National Wine Centre and the 2007 Police and Fire Games to South Australia . In October 2001 , she resigned from the ministry due to a conflict of interest in her handling of the Hindmarsh Soccer Stadium redevelopment . On a margin of 4 percent from the previous election , Hall suffered a 12 percent swing in Morialta at the 2006 election , which saw her lose the seat to Labor candidate Lindsay Simmons . Moderate candidate John Gardner reclaimed the seat for the Liberals at the 2010 election with an 11 percent swing . External links . - Parliamentary Profile - Poll Bludger - Morialta electorate
|
[
"electoral district of Morialta"
] |
easy
|
Which position did Joan Hall hold from Feb 2002 to Mar 2006?
|
/wiki/Joan_Hall#P39#3
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Joan Hall Joan Lynette Hall ( née Bullock ) ( born 22 December 1946 ) is a former member of the South Australian House of Assembly , serving in the electoral district of Coles from 1993 to 2002 and the renamed electoral district of Morialta from 2002 to 2006 . The wife of former Premier , Liberal Movement leader , and Australian Senator Steele Hall , she met Hall while working as his parliamentary secretary during the 1960s and 1970s . Later , she was a staffer to Premier Dean Brown before entering parliament as the member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles at the 1993 election . A moderate like her husband , Hall felt chagrin that Brown did not promote her to the ministry after the Liberals landslide 1993 victory . When Industry Minister John Olsen , leader of the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party , decided to challenge Browns leadership , Hall threw her support to him , giving Olsen the numbers to successfully challenge Brown for the Premiership . Under Olsen , she was Minister for Youth and Employment from December 1997 , then Minister for Tourism from October 1998 . She won party pre-selections in 2002 and 2006 despite claims of interference in a preselection by Federal Members by both herself and her husband . Whilst serving as Tourism Minister , Hall was involved in bringing the Tour Down Under , the Clipsal 500 , The Le Mans Race of 1000 years , the National Wine Centre and the 2007 Police and Fire Games to South Australia . In October 2001 , she resigned from the ministry due to a conflict of interest in her handling of the Hindmarsh Soccer Stadium redevelopment . On a margin of 4 percent from the previous election , Hall suffered a 12 percent swing in Morialta at the 2006 election , which saw her lose the seat to Labor candidate Lindsay Simmons . Moderate candidate John Gardner reclaimed the seat for the Liberals at the 2010 election with an 11 percent swing . External links . - Parliamentary Profile - Poll Bludger - Morialta electorate
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Which position did Joan Hall hold from 2014 to Jul 2024?
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/wiki/Joan_Hall#P39#4
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Joan Hall Joan Lynette Hall ( née Bullock ) ( born 22 December 1946 ) is a former member of the South Australian House of Assembly , serving in the electoral district of Coles from 1993 to 2002 and the renamed electoral district of Morialta from 2002 to 2006 . The wife of former Premier , Liberal Movement leader , and Australian Senator Steele Hall , she met Hall while working as his parliamentary secretary during the 1960s and 1970s . Later , she was a staffer to Premier Dean Brown before entering parliament as the member for the Adelaide Hills seat of Coles at the 1993 election . A moderate like her husband , Hall felt chagrin that Brown did not promote her to the ministry after the Liberals landslide 1993 victory . When Industry Minister John Olsen , leader of the conservative wing of the state Liberal Party , decided to challenge Browns leadership , Hall threw her support to him , giving Olsen the numbers to successfully challenge Brown for the Premiership . Under Olsen , she was Minister for Youth and Employment from December 1997 , then Minister for Tourism from October 1998 . She won party pre-selections in 2002 and 2006 despite claims of interference in a preselection by Federal Members by both herself and her husband . Whilst serving as Tourism Minister , Hall was involved in bringing the Tour Down Under , the Clipsal 500 , The Le Mans Race of 1000 years , the National Wine Centre and the 2007 Police and Fire Games to South Australia . In October 2001 , she resigned from the ministry due to a conflict of interest in her handling of the Hindmarsh Soccer Stadium redevelopment . On a margin of 4 percent from the previous election , Hall suffered a 12 percent swing in Morialta at the 2006 election , which saw her lose the seat to Labor candidate Lindsay Simmons . Moderate candidate John Gardner reclaimed the seat for the Liberals at the 2010 election with an 11 percent swing . External links . - Parliamentary Profile - Poll Bludger - Morialta electorate
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What position did Clive Betts take from Apr 1992 to Apr 1997?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#0
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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Clive Betts took which position from May 1997 to May 2001?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#1
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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What position did Clive Betts take from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#2
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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What position did Clive Betts take from May 2005 to Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#3
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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What position did Clive Betts take from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#4
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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Clive Betts took which position from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#5
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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easy
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Clive Betts took which position from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#6
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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Clive Betts took which position from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020?
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/wiki/Clive_Betts#P39#7
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Clive Betts Clive James Charles Betts ( born 13 January 1950 ) is a British Labour Party politician and former economist , who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Sheffield Attercliffe from 1992 to 2010 , and is the current MP for the successor seat of Sheffield South East . Early life . Betts was born on 13 January 1950 in Sheffield . He was state educated at the Longley School in Sheffield , King Edward VII School , Sheffield and Pembroke College , Cambridge , where he received a BA in Economics and Politics . He joined the Labour Party in 1969 and joined the Trades Union Congress in 1971 as an economist . In 1973 he was appointed as an economist with Derbyshire County Council , and moved to the South Yorkshire County Council in 1974 where he was an Economist until 1986 . In 1986 he was appointed as an economist with Rotherham Borough Council . Sheffield City Council . Betts stood unsuccessfully as the Labour Party candidate in the Burngreave Ward in the 1975 city council election . He was subsequently elected in the Firth Park ward in the 1976 city council election and re-elected in 1980 , 1984 and 1988 . As a Sheffield City Councillor he was Chair of the Housing Committee for six years , Deputy Leader and Chair of the Finance Committee for one year and the Chief Whip of the Labour Group for three years . He was also formerly the Group Secretary . Betts became Deputy Leader of Sheffield City Council under David Blunkett in 1986 . He succeeded Blunkett as Leader of the Council in 1987 following the latters election as MP for Sheffield Brightside . As Leader of the Council Betts presided over Councils controversial decision to fund the 1991 World Student Games . Parliamentary career . In October 1974 he unsuccessfully stood for election to the House of Commons as the Labour Party candidate in the safe Conservative seat of Sheffield Hallam , being defeated by the incumbent John Osborn . At the subsequent general election he unsuccessfully fought the safe Conservative seat of Louth , being defeated by the incumbent Michael Brotherton . He was selected to contest the safe Labour seat of Sheffield Attercliffe following the retirement of the veteran Labour MP Patrick Duffy . At the 1992 general election , Betts was elected with a large majority , and made his maiden speech on 6 May 1992 . Government career . Betts was made an opposition whip under Tony Blair in 1996 , and after the 1997 general election , he entered the government as an Assistant Whip . He was promoted in 1998 to full Whip , with the title of Lord Commissioner to the Treasury , he was dropped from the government after the 2001 general election . Select Committee membership . Since 10 June 2010 he has been Chairman of the Communities and Local Government Committee , and on 19 June 2015 was returned unopposed as its chairman . Elsewhere , Betts serves on the Finance Committee , Panel of Chairs , National Policy Statements Sub-Committee and Liaison Committee . He has served on the Treasury & Civil Service Committee , Treasury Committee , Committee of Selection , Transport , Local Government & The Regions Committee , Urban Affairs Sub-Committee , Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Select Committee , Committee on Reform of the House of Commons , Liaison Committee and Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Select committee . Suspension . In 2003 , Betts was suspended from the House of Commons for seven days for irregularities involving the employment and visa of Jose Gasparo , a Brazilian student with previous experience as a male escort . The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on 10 July 2010 that Betts partner and parliamentary assistant , James Thomas , had tried to edit this fact from Betts English Wikipedia page in an attempt to cover it up . Betts was found guilty of breaching the MPs code of conduct , with the Standards and Privileges Committee stating that he had acted extremely foolishly and had risked damaging public confidence in the integrity of Parliament . Particular concerns involved Betts failure to disclose Gasparos background to Parliamentary authorities and the fact that Betts had knowingly photocopied an altered document on Gasparos behalf . Betts gave an unreserved apology in a personal statement to MPs when the report was published . Expenses . In 2003 , Betts was subject to criticism for his accommodation expenses after he had previously campaigned for an increase in MPs entitlements on the ground of hardship . It was reported by The Times that Betts had flipped his designated second home to Yorkshire before buying a country estate there , before flipping it back to London and taking out a larger mortgage on his flat there . Betts denied wrongdoing , arguing the Yorkshire property had been two dilapidated listed buildings and that when he became a whip he had to declare his main residence as his London flat . In 2004 , he was criticised by the British Medical Association for going to Portugal with 15 fellow MPs on an all-expenses trip paid for by the fast food chain McDonalds . Betts responded that if MPs had a puritanical attitude about food then people would ignore what they said . He faced further criticism in 2010 after it was reported that he was one of eight MPs who were renting out a second home in London whilst claiming for the cost of renting a third home in the city at taxpayers expense . Although legal , critics argued the loophole was allowing MPs to increase their income after the rules on parliamentary expenses were tightened . Betts employs his partner as his Senior Parliamentary Assistant on a salary up to £45,000 . He was listed in articles in The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian which criticised the practice of MPs employing family members , on the lines that it promotes nepotism . Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members , the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Betts employment of his partner is lawful . Policies and Views . EU Referendum . Betts backed remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . Labour Leadership Challenge . He supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party ( UK ) leadership election . Personal life . Betts lives in a farmhouse on the Derbyshire border with his partner James Thomas , who is also employed as his parliamentary assistant . He plays cricket , supports Sheffield Wednesday F.C. , and in the past has played squash , football and used to be a regular Sheffield Marathon runner . External links . - Clive Betts MP official site - Papers of Clive Betts , MP , Sheffield ( reference MP8 ) held at Sheffield City Archives CalmView : Record
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[
"Rita Montaner"
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Who was Xavier Cugat 's spouse from 1918 to 1920?
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/wiki/Xavier_Cugat#P26#0
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Xavier Cugat Xavier Cugat ( ; January 1 , 1900 – October 27 , 1990 ) was a Spanish musician and bandleader who spent his formative years in Havana , Cuba . A trained violinist and arranger , he was a leading figure in the spread of Latin music . In New York City he was the leader of the resident orchestra at the Waldorf–Astoria before and after World War II . He was also a cartoonist and a restaurateur . The personal papers of Xavier Cugat are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya . Life and career . Cugat was born Francisco de Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Bru y Deulofeu in Girona , Catalonia , Spain . His family emigrated to Cuba when he was three years old . He studied classical violin and worked as a violinist at the age of nine in a silent movie theater to help pay for his education . He was first chair violinist for the Teatro Nacional Symphonic Orchestra . When he wasnt performing , he started drawing caricatures . On 6 July 1915 he and his family arrived in New York City on the SS Havana . Cugat appeared in recitals with Enrico Caruso , playing violin solos . In the 1920s , he led a band that played often at the Cocoanut Grove , a club in Los Angeles . Cugats friend , Charlie Chaplin , visited the club to dance the tango , so Cugat added tangos to the bands performances . Seeing how popular the dance was becoming , Cugat convinced the owner to hire South American dancers to give tango lessons . This , too , became popular , and Cugat made the dancers part of his orchestra . In 1928 he turned his act into the film Xavier Cugat and His Gigolos . He worked for the Los Angeles Times as a cartoonist . His caricatures were nationally syndicated . They appeared in Photoplay magazine beginning with the November 1927 issue , under the byline de Bru . His older brother , Francis , was an artist of some note , having painted cover art for F . Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby . In 1931 Cugat took his band to New York for the 1931 opening of the Waldorf–Astoria hotel . He replaced Jack Denny as leader of the hotels resident band . For sixteen years , he led the Waldorf–Astoria Orchestra , shuttling between New York and Los Angeles for most of the next 30 years . One of his trademark gestures was to hold a chihuahua while he waved his baton with the other arm . His music career led to appearing in the films In Gay Madrid ( 1930 ) , You Were Never Lovelier ( 1942 ) , Week-End at the Waldorf ( 1945 ) , Bathing Beauty ( 1944 ) , Holiday in Mexico ( 1946 ) , A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , On an Island with You ( 1948 ) , and Chicago Syndicate ( 1955 ) . Cugat owned and operated the Mexican restaurant Casa Cugat in West Hollywood . The restaurant was frequented by Hollywood celebrities and featured two singing guitarists who would visit each table and play diners favorite songs upon request . The restaurant began operations in the 1940s and closed in 1986 . The restaurants exterior and a fanciful depiction of its interior can be found in scenes in the 1949 film Neptunes Daughter in which Cugat has a substantial role playing himself . A brief scene revolving around the restaurant can also be seen in the earlier 1943 film The Heats On , also starring Cugat as himself . Death . Cugat spent his last years in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , living in a suite at Hotel Ritz . He died of heart failure at age 90 in Barcelona and was buried in his native Girona . He was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2001 . Marriages . Cugat was married five times . His first marriage was to Rita Montaner ( 1918–20 ) , his second was to Carmen Castillo ( 1929–44 ) , his third to Lorraine Allen ( 1947–52 ) , his fourth to singer Abbe Lane ( 1952–64 ) , and his fifth to Spanish guitarist and comic actress Charo Baeza ( 1966–78 ) . Recordings . Cugat recorded for Columbia ( 1940s and 1950s , and Epic ) , RCA Victor ( 1930s and 1950s ) , Mercury ( 1951–52 and the 1960s ) , and Decca ( 1960s ) . Dinah Shore made her first recordings as a vocalist with Cugat in 1939 and 1940 for RCA Victor . In 1940 his recording of Perfidia became a hit . Cugat followed trends closely , making records for the conga , the mambo , the cha-cha-cha , and the twist when these dances were popular . Several songs that he recorded , including Perfidia , were used in the Wong Kar-wai films Days of Being Wild and 2046 . In 1943 Brazil was Cugats most successful chart hit . It spent seven weeks at No . 2 on the Billboard magazine National Best Selling Retail Records chart behind Harry Jamess song Ive Heard That Song Before . In the 1950s he made several recordings with his wife , singer Abbe Lane . His orchestra included Desi Arnaz , Lina Romay , Abbe Lane , Tito Rodriguez , Yma Sumac , Miguelito Valdés , Frank Berardi , Gene Lorello , George Lopez , Glenn E . Brown , Henry Greher , Isabello Marerro , James English , John Haluko , Joseph Gutierrez , Luis Castellanos , Manuel Paxtot , Oswaldo Oliveira , Otto Bolívar , Otto Garcia , Rafael Angelo , Richard Hoffman , Robert De Joseph , and Robert Jones . On June 25 , 2019 , The New York Times Magazine listed Xavier Cugat among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Discography . - The Lady in Red ( Victor , 1935 ) - One , Two , Three , Kick - Congas ( Victor , 1941 ) - Cugats Rhumba ( 1945 ) - In Santiago , Chile ( Taint Chilly At All ) ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Siesta ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Tropical Bouquets ( 1949 ) - Relaxing with Cugat ( Columbia , 1952 ) - Dancetime with Cugat ( RCA Victor , 1953 ) - Cugats Favorite Rhumbas ( Columbia , 1954 ) - Mambo at the Waldorf ( Columbia , 1955 ) - Mambo ! ( Music for Latin Lovers ) ( Mercury , 1957 ) - The King Plays Some Aces ( RCA Victor , 1958 ) - Cugat in Spain ( RCA Victor , 1959 ) - Chile Con Cuge ( RCA , 1959 ) - The Latin Rhythms of Xavier Cugat ( Harmony 1960 ) - Cugat in France , Spain , and Italy ( RCA , 1960 ) - Viva Cugat ! ( Mercury , 1961 ) - Cugat Plays Continental Hits ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Most Popular Movie Hits As Styled By Cugat ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Cugats Golden Goodies ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Plays the Music of Ernesto Lecuona ( Mercury , 1964 ) - Midnight Roses ( Decca 1968 ) - Cugis Cocktails ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Cugat Caricatures ( Mercury , 1964 ) - The Cugat Touch ( Springboard , 1976 ) External links . - Personal papers of Xavier Cugat , Biblioteca de Catalunya ; accessed 8 November 2015 - About Xavier Cugat , - Xavier Cugat recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings .
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[
"Abbe Lane"
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Who was the spouse of Xavier Cugat from 1952 to 1963?
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/wiki/Xavier_Cugat#P26#1
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Xavier Cugat Xavier Cugat ( ; January 1 , 1900 – October 27 , 1990 ) was a Spanish musician and bandleader who spent his formative years in Havana , Cuba . A trained violinist and arranger , he was a leading figure in the spread of Latin music . In New York City he was the leader of the resident orchestra at the Waldorf–Astoria before and after World War II . He was also a cartoonist and a restaurateur . The personal papers of Xavier Cugat are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya . Life and career . Cugat was born Francisco de Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Bru y Deulofeu in Girona , Catalonia , Spain . His family emigrated to Cuba when he was three years old . He studied classical violin and worked as a violinist at the age of nine in a silent movie theater to help pay for his education . He was first chair violinist for the Teatro Nacional Symphonic Orchestra . When he wasnt performing , he started drawing caricatures . On 6 July 1915 he and his family arrived in New York City on the SS Havana . Cugat appeared in recitals with Enrico Caruso , playing violin solos . In the 1920s , he led a band that played often at the Cocoanut Grove , a club in Los Angeles . Cugats friend , Charlie Chaplin , visited the club to dance the tango , so Cugat added tangos to the bands performances . Seeing how popular the dance was becoming , Cugat convinced the owner to hire South American dancers to give tango lessons . This , too , became popular , and Cugat made the dancers part of his orchestra . In 1928 he turned his act into the film Xavier Cugat and His Gigolos . He worked for the Los Angeles Times as a cartoonist . His caricatures were nationally syndicated . They appeared in Photoplay magazine beginning with the November 1927 issue , under the byline de Bru . His older brother , Francis , was an artist of some note , having painted cover art for F . Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby . In 1931 Cugat took his band to New York for the 1931 opening of the Waldorf–Astoria hotel . He replaced Jack Denny as leader of the hotels resident band . For sixteen years , he led the Waldorf–Astoria Orchestra , shuttling between New York and Los Angeles for most of the next 30 years . One of his trademark gestures was to hold a chihuahua while he waved his baton with the other arm . His music career led to appearing in the films In Gay Madrid ( 1930 ) , You Were Never Lovelier ( 1942 ) , Week-End at the Waldorf ( 1945 ) , Bathing Beauty ( 1944 ) , Holiday in Mexico ( 1946 ) , A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , On an Island with You ( 1948 ) , and Chicago Syndicate ( 1955 ) . Cugat owned and operated the Mexican restaurant Casa Cugat in West Hollywood . The restaurant was frequented by Hollywood celebrities and featured two singing guitarists who would visit each table and play diners favorite songs upon request . The restaurant began operations in the 1940s and closed in 1986 . The restaurants exterior and a fanciful depiction of its interior can be found in scenes in the 1949 film Neptunes Daughter in which Cugat has a substantial role playing himself . A brief scene revolving around the restaurant can also be seen in the earlier 1943 film The Heats On , also starring Cugat as himself . Death . Cugat spent his last years in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , living in a suite at Hotel Ritz . He died of heart failure at age 90 in Barcelona and was buried in his native Girona . He was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2001 . Marriages . Cugat was married five times . His first marriage was to Rita Montaner ( 1918–20 ) , his second was to Carmen Castillo ( 1929–44 ) , his third to Lorraine Allen ( 1947–52 ) , his fourth to singer Abbe Lane ( 1952–64 ) , and his fifth to Spanish guitarist and comic actress Charo Baeza ( 1966–78 ) . Recordings . Cugat recorded for Columbia ( 1940s and 1950s , and Epic ) , RCA Victor ( 1930s and 1950s ) , Mercury ( 1951–52 and the 1960s ) , and Decca ( 1960s ) . Dinah Shore made her first recordings as a vocalist with Cugat in 1939 and 1940 for RCA Victor . In 1940 his recording of Perfidia became a hit . Cugat followed trends closely , making records for the conga , the mambo , the cha-cha-cha , and the twist when these dances were popular . Several songs that he recorded , including Perfidia , were used in the Wong Kar-wai films Days of Being Wild and 2046 . In 1943 Brazil was Cugats most successful chart hit . It spent seven weeks at No . 2 on the Billboard magazine National Best Selling Retail Records chart behind Harry Jamess song Ive Heard That Song Before . In the 1950s he made several recordings with his wife , singer Abbe Lane . His orchestra included Desi Arnaz , Lina Romay , Abbe Lane , Tito Rodriguez , Yma Sumac , Miguelito Valdés , Frank Berardi , Gene Lorello , George Lopez , Glenn E . Brown , Henry Greher , Isabello Marerro , James English , John Haluko , Joseph Gutierrez , Luis Castellanos , Manuel Paxtot , Oswaldo Oliveira , Otto Bolívar , Otto Garcia , Rafael Angelo , Richard Hoffman , Robert De Joseph , and Robert Jones . On June 25 , 2019 , The New York Times Magazine listed Xavier Cugat among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Discography . - The Lady in Red ( Victor , 1935 ) - One , Two , Three , Kick - Congas ( Victor , 1941 ) - Cugats Rhumba ( 1945 ) - In Santiago , Chile ( Taint Chilly At All ) ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Siesta ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Tropical Bouquets ( 1949 ) - Relaxing with Cugat ( Columbia , 1952 ) - Dancetime with Cugat ( RCA Victor , 1953 ) - Cugats Favorite Rhumbas ( Columbia , 1954 ) - Mambo at the Waldorf ( Columbia , 1955 ) - Mambo ! ( Music for Latin Lovers ) ( Mercury , 1957 ) - The King Plays Some Aces ( RCA Victor , 1958 ) - Cugat in Spain ( RCA Victor , 1959 ) - Chile Con Cuge ( RCA , 1959 ) - The Latin Rhythms of Xavier Cugat ( Harmony 1960 ) - Cugat in France , Spain , and Italy ( RCA , 1960 ) - Viva Cugat ! ( Mercury , 1961 ) - Cugat Plays Continental Hits ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Most Popular Movie Hits As Styled By Cugat ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Cugats Golden Goodies ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Plays the Music of Ernesto Lecuona ( Mercury , 1964 ) - Midnight Roses ( Decca 1968 ) - Cugis Cocktails ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Cugat Caricatures ( Mercury , 1964 ) - The Cugat Touch ( Springboard , 1976 ) External links . - Personal papers of Xavier Cugat , Biblioteca de Catalunya ; accessed 8 November 2015 - About Xavier Cugat , - Xavier Cugat recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings .
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[
"Charo Baeza"
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easy
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Who was the spouse of Xavier Cugat from 1966 to 1978?
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/wiki/Xavier_Cugat#P26#2
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Xavier Cugat Xavier Cugat ( ; January 1 , 1900 – October 27 , 1990 ) was a Spanish musician and bandleader who spent his formative years in Havana , Cuba . A trained violinist and arranger , he was a leading figure in the spread of Latin music . In New York City he was the leader of the resident orchestra at the Waldorf–Astoria before and after World War II . He was also a cartoonist and a restaurateur . The personal papers of Xavier Cugat are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya . Life and career . Cugat was born Francisco de Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Bru y Deulofeu in Girona , Catalonia , Spain . His family emigrated to Cuba when he was three years old . He studied classical violin and worked as a violinist at the age of nine in a silent movie theater to help pay for his education . He was first chair violinist for the Teatro Nacional Symphonic Orchestra . When he wasnt performing , he started drawing caricatures . On 6 July 1915 he and his family arrived in New York City on the SS Havana . Cugat appeared in recitals with Enrico Caruso , playing violin solos . In the 1920s , he led a band that played often at the Cocoanut Grove , a club in Los Angeles . Cugats friend , Charlie Chaplin , visited the club to dance the tango , so Cugat added tangos to the bands performances . Seeing how popular the dance was becoming , Cugat convinced the owner to hire South American dancers to give tango lessons . This , too , became popular , and Cugat made the dancers part of his orchestra . In 1928 he turned his act into the film Xavier Cugat and His Gigolos . He worked for the Los Angeles Times as a cartoonist . His caricatures were nationally syndicated . They appeared in Photoplay magazine beginning with the November 1927 issue , under the byline de Bru . His older brother , Francis , was an artist of some note , having painted cover art for F . Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby . In 1931 Cugat took his band to New York for the 1931 opening of the Waldorf–Astoria hotel . He replaced Jack Denny as leader of the hotels resident band . For sixteen years , he led the Waldorf–Astoria Orchestra , shuttling between New York and Los Angeles for most of the next 30 years . One of his trademark gestures was to hold a chihuahua while he waved his baton with the other arm . His music career led to appearing in the films In Gay Madrid ( 1930 ) , You Were Never Lovelier ( 1942 ) , Week-End at the Waldorf ( 1945 ) , Bathing Beauty ( 1944 ) , Holiday in Mexico ( 1946 ) , A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) , On an Island with You ( 1948 ) , and Chicago Syndicate ( 1955 ) . Cugat owned and operated the Mexican restaurant Casa Cugat in West Hollywood . The restaurant was frequented by Hollywood celebrities and featured two singing guitarists who would visit each table and play diners favorite songs upon request . The restaurant began operations in the 1940s and closed in 1986 . The restaurants exterior and a fanciful depiction of its interior can be found in scenes in the 1949 film Neptunes Daughter in which Cugat has a substantial role playing himself . A brief scene revolving around the restaurant can also be seen in the earlier 1943 film The Heats On , also starring Cugat as himself . Death . Cugat spent his last years in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain , living in a suite at Hotel Ritz . He died of heart failure at age 90 in Barcelona and was buried in his native Girona . He was posthumously inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2001 . Marriages . Cugat was married five times . His first marriage was to Rita Montaner ( 1918–20 ) , his second was to Carmen Castillo ( 1929–44 ) , his third to Lorraine Allen ( 1947–52 ) , his fourth to singer Abbe Lane ( 1952–64 ) , and his fifth to Spanish guitarist and comic actress Charo Baeza ( 1966–78 ) . Recordings . Cugat recorded for Columbia ( 1940s and 1950s , and Epic ) , RCA Victor ( 1930s and 1950s ) , Mercury ( 1951–52 and the 1960s ) , and Decca ( 1960s ) . Dinah Shore made her first recordings as a vocalist with Cugat in 1939 and 1940 for RCA Victor . In 1940 his recording of Perfidia became a hit . Cugat followed trends closely , making records for the conga , the mambo , the cha-cha-cha , and the twist when these dances were popular . Several songs that he recorded , including Perfidia , were used in the Wong Kar-wai films Days of Being Wild and 2046 . In 1943 Brazil was Cugats most successful chart hit . It spent seven weeks at No . 2 on the Billboard magazine National Best Selling Retail Records chart behind Harry Jamess song Ive Heard That Song Before . In the 1950s he made several recordings with his wife , singer Abbe Lane . His orchestra included Desi Arnaz , Lina Romay , Abbe Lane , Tito Rodriguez , Yma Sumac , Miguelito Valdés , Frank Berardi , Gene Lorello , George Lopez , Glenn E . Brown , Henry Greher , Isabello Marerro , James English , John Haluko , Joseph Gutierrez , Luis Castellanos , Manuel Paxtot , Oswaldo Oliveira , Otto Bolívar , Otto Garcia , Rafael Angelo , Richard Hoffman , Robert De Joseph , and Robert Jones . On June 25 , 2019 , The New York Times Magazine listed Xavier Cugat among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire . Discography . - The Lady in Red ( Victor , 1935 ) - One , Two , Three , Kick - Congas ( Victor , 1941 ) - Cugats Rhumba ( 1945 ) - In Santiago , Chile ( Taint Chilly At All ) ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Siesta ( Columbia , 1948 ) - Tropical Bouquets ( 1949 ) - Relaxing with Cugat ( Columbia , 1952 ) - Dancetime with Cugat ( RCA Victor , 1953 ) - Cugats Favorite Rhumbas ( Columbia , 1954 ) - Mambo at the Waldorf ( Columbia , 1955 ) - Mambo ! ( Music for Latin Lovers ) ( Mercury , 1957 ) - The King Plays Some Aces ( RCA Victor , 1958 ) - Cugat in Spain ( RCA Victor , 1959 ) - Chile Con Cuge ( RCA , 1959 ) - The Latin Rhythms of Xavier Cugat ( Harmony 1960 ) - Cugat in France , Spain , and Italy ( RCA , 1960 ) - Viva Cugat ! ( Mercury , 1961 ) - Cugat Plays Continental Hits ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Most Popular Movie Hits As Styled By Cugat ( Mercury , 1962 ) - Cugats Golden Goodies ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Plays the Music of Ernesto Lecuona ( Mercury , 1964 ) - Midnight Roses ( Decca 1968 ) - Cugis Cocktails ( Mercury , 1963 ) - Cugat Caricatures ( Mercury , 1964 ) - The Cugat Touch ( Springboard , 1976 ) External links . - Personal papers of Xavier Cugat , Biblioteca de Catalunya ; accessed 8 November 2015 - About Xavier Cugat , - Xavier Cugat recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings .
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"Member of the European Parliament"
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Herbert Reul took which position from Jul 2004 to Jun 2014?
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/wiki/Herbert_Reul#P39#0
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Herbert Reul Herbert Reul ( born 31 August 1952 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who currently serves as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet . He previously served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . Early career . Reul was born in Langenfeld , Rhineland . The son of a mayor , Reul joined the youth wing of the CDU , the Junge Union , at the age of 18 . In 1975 , while still a student at University of Cologne , he became a town councillor in his hometown of Leichlingen , near Cologne , and served for 17 years . From 1981 until 1985 , he worked as a secondary school teacher . Political career . Career in state politics , 1985–2003 . In the 1985 state elections , Reul gained a seat in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia and occupied it for 19 years . In parliament , he was his political groups spokesperson on education policy from 1985 to 1991 . Between 1991 and 2003 , he served as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia , under the leadership of successive chairmen Norbert Blüm ( 1993–99 ) and Jürgen Rüttgers ( 1999-2003 ) . Member of the European Parliament , 2004–2017 . Reul first became a Member of the European Parliament in the 2004 European elections . During his time in parliament , he was a member of the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy . Between 2006 and 2009 , he also served as the energy spokesman for the German Christian Democrats’ delegation in the European Peoples Party in the Parliament . From 2012 , Reul was a member of the European Parliaments delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula . He had previously been a member of the delegation for relations with the Peoples Republic of China between 2004 and 2012 . In addition to his committee assignments , Reul was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Long Term Investment and Reindustrialisation , the Sky and Space Intergroup ( SSI ) and the European Parliament Intergroup on Climate Change , Biodiversity and Sustainable Development . Reul was widely regarded as one of the driving forces behind blocking Martin Schulz’ reelection as President of the European Parliament in early 2017 . State Minister for Internal Affairs , 2017–present . Since the North Rhine-Westphalia state elections in 2017 , Reul has been serving as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet . He succeeded Ralf Jäger . As one of his states representatives at the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs and of the Defence Committee . During his time in office , Reul oversaw investigations into the 2018 Münster attack and the Bottrop and Essen car attack in 2018/2019 . In 2020 , he ordered an investigation into police officers’ use of force following a public outcry over a video of a police officer detaining a minor by kneeling on his neck . Role in national politics . Reul was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 and 2017 . Since 2012 , he has been serving on the Presidium of the CDU , under the leadership of successive chairwomen Angela Merkel ( 2012-2018 ) and Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer ( since 2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU ) together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the Social Democrats ( SPD ) following the 2013 German elections , he led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on banking regulation and the Eurozone ; his co-chair from the SPD was Martin Schulz . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Reul publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the partys chair . Other activities . Corporate boards . - RheinEnergie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2012-2014 ) , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2014 ) Non-profits . - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2017 ) - Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2016 ) - Institute for European Politics ( IEP ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2015 ) - Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Member - Karl Arnold Foundation , Member of the Board - Karl Reul Foundation , Member of the Advisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2015 ) - Institute for Mining and Energy Law at the Ruhr University Bochum , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2013 ) - Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) , Member of the Broadcasting Council ( 2003-2009 ) , Substitute Member of the Broadcasting Council ( since 2009 ) Controversy . Shortly after the CDU donations scandal and amid the campaign for the state elections in 2000 , Reul became the target of public criticism when he – in his capacity as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – had his party pay for a private trip to the Bayreuth Festival . References . Leverkusen whos who
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"State Minister for Internal Affairs"
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Herbert Reul took which position from 2017 to 2018?
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/wiki/Herbert_Reul#P39#1
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Herbert Reul Herbert Reul ( born 31 August 1952 ) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) who currently serves as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet . He previously served as a Member of the European Parliament ( MEP ) . Early career . Reul was born in Langenfeld , Rhineland . The son of a mayor , Reul joined the youth wing of the CDU , the Junge Union , at the age of 18 . In 1975 , while still a student at University of Cologne , he became a town councillor in his hometown of Leichlingen , near Cologne , and served for 17 years . From 1981 until 1985 , he worked as a secondary school teacher . Political career . Career in state politics , 1985–2003 . In the 1985 state elections , Reul gained a seat in the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia and occupied it for 19 years . In parliament , he was his political groups spokesperson on education policy from 1985 to 1991 . Between 1991 and 2003 , he served as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia , under the leadership of successive chairmen Norbert Blüm ( 1993–99 ) and Jürgen Rüttgers ( 1999-2003 ) . Member of the European Parliament , 2004–2017 . Reul first became a Member of the European Parliament in the 2004 European elections . During his time in parliament , he was a member of the Committee on Industry , Research and Energy . Between 2006 and 2009 , he also served as the energy spokesman for the German Christian Democrats’ delegation in the European Peoples Party in the Parliament . From 2012 , Reul was a member of the European Parliaments delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula . He had previously been a member of the delegation for relations with the Peoples Republic of China between 2004 and 2012 . In addition to his committee assignments , Reul was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Long Term Investment and Reindustrialisation , the Sky and Space Intergroup ( SSI ) and the European Parliament Intergroup on Climate Change , Biodiversity and Sustainable Development . Reul was widely regarded as one of the driving forces behind blocking Martin Schulz’ reelection as President of the European Parliament in early 2017 . State Minister for Internal Affairs , 2017–present . Since the North Rhine-Westphalia state elections in 2017 , Reul has been serving as State Minister for Internal Affairs in the government of Minister-President Armin Laschet . He succeeded Ralf Jäger . As one of his states representatives at the Bundesrat , he is a member of the Committee on Internal Affairs and of the Defence Committee . During his time in office , Reul oversaw investigations into the 2018 Münster attack and the Bottrop and Essen car attack in 2018/2019 . In 2020 , he ordered an investigation into police officers’ use of force following a public outcry over a video of a police officer detaining a minor by kneeling on his neck . Role in national politics . Reul was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 1994 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 and 2017 . Since 2012 , he has been serving on the Presidium of the CDU , under the leadership of successive chairwomen Angela Merkel ( 2012-2018 ) and Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer ( since 2018 ) . In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Merkels Christian Democrats ( CDU ) together with the Bavarian CSU ) and the Social Democrats ( SPD ) following the 2013 German elections , he led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on banking regulation and the Eurozone ; his co-chair from the SPD was Martin Schulz . Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018 , Reul publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the partys chair . Other activities . Corporate boards . - RheinEnergie AG , Member of the Supervisory Board ( 2012-2014 ) , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2014 ) Non-profits . - German Forum for Crime Prevention ( DFK ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2017 ) - Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2016 ) - Institute for European Politics ( IEP ) , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2015 ) - Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Member - Karl Arnold Foundation , Member of the Board - Karl Reul Foundation , Member of the Advisory Board - Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing , Member of the Board of Trustees ( since 2015 ) - Institute for Mining and Energy Law at the Ruhr University Bochum , Member of the Advisory Board ( since 2013 ) - Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) , Member of the Broadcasting Council ( 2003-2009 ) , Substitute Member of the Broadcasting Council ( since 2009 ) Controversy . Shortly after the CDU donations scandal and amid the campaign for the state elections in 2000 , Reul became the target of public criticism when he – in his capacity as Secretary General of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia – had his party pay for a private trip to the Bayreuth Festival . References . Leverkusen whos who
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"Member of Parliament"
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Yrjö Leino took which position in Apr 1945?
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/wiki/Yrjö_Leino#P39#0
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Yrjö Leino Yrjö Kaarlo Leino ( 28 January 1897 – 28 June 1961 ) was a Finnish communist politician . Imprisoned twice for his communist activities , and spending much of the Second World War as an underground communist activist , he served as a minister in three cabinets between 1944 and 1948 . Early years . Yrjö Leino was the only child of tanner Oskar Leino and factory worker Mandi Leino ( née Enfors ) . Leino studied at Normal Lyceum of Helsinki without graduating . In 1921 , after working in Helsinki and in casual agricultural jobs , Leino received an agricultural trade school diploma . Around 1924 , Leino bought a farm called Lövkulla in Kirkkonummi , but the farm soon led him to financial difficulties . Leino was forced to sell Lövkulla in the early 1930s . Around this time he also separated from his first wife , Alli Simola , and moved to Oitmäki , where his second wife Ulla Smedberg was a teacher . Again , the marriage ended in separation . Political captivity . Leino moved towards the extreme left in the 1930s . Detectives had begun surveillance on him after the fugitive communist activist Antti Järvinen had visited Leino in Lövkulla in early 1926 . The same year Leino was also visited by Arvo Tuominen , who had just been released from prison . In 1935 , Leino was sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment for high treason . During imprisonment at the Tammisaari prison camp , he is said to have formally become a communist . Leino was released from prison in 1938 , but the security police Valpo kept him under surveillance . The newly liberated Leino then participated in underground activities of the prohibited Communist Party of Finland . War years . During the Winter War Leino stayed underground , hiding in communist safe-houses across the Finnish countryside . In those years , Leino became acquainted with his future wife Hertta Kuusinen . In 1940 , Leino was detained in a secure facility . His detention continued until 1941 , when he escaped from a prison train in Riihimäki , which was taking prisoners to fight in a penal battalion . Leino participated in underground Communist Party activities until the 1944 armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union and the legalization of the Communist Party . Parliamentary and ministerial years . In the 1945 parliamentary elections , Leino was elected Member of Parliament for the Finnish Peoples Democratic League ( SKDL ) from Kuopio . Leino remained in parliament until 1950 . He became Minister of the Interior in 1945 . Leinos time as Minister of the Interior is often referred to as Finlands years of peril , as the far left control over the Interior Ministry and therefore the internal security apparatus of the nation raised fears of a communist takeover . In the spring of 1948 , Leino was the SKDL representative in the delegation which negotiated the Finno-Soviet Finno-Soviet Treaty in Moscow . Some days before the delegations departure to Moscow , Leino met with the Chief of Defence , General Aarne Sihvo , and presented him with concerns about extreme right-wing and left-wing demonstrations that suggested a coup . Leino asked that the army secure order in Finland while the Finno-Soviet Treaty was being negotiated . President Paasikivi released Leino from his duties as interior minister in 1948 . Parliament had adopted a motion of non confidece of Leino with connection to his illegal handing over of nineteen Finnish citizens and Nansen passport holders to the Soviet Union in 1945 . Overall , Leino was a minister for 1,283 days . After leaving parliament in 1951 , Leino avoided publicity . Memoirs controversy . Leino returned to the public eye for the last time in 1958 when he published memoirs of his time as Minister of the Interior . Leino had started a manuscript several years earlier but the book was finished with the help of publisher Tammi , Untamo Utrio , and editor , Kalevi Sorsa ( who became later prime minister of Finland ) .The manuscript was prepared in secret – even most of the staff of the publishing company were kept in ignorance – but the project was revealed by Leino because of an indiscretion just before the planned publication . A book intended for public consumption hit a sore point as Finnish-Soviet relations had reached an extremely sensitive stage . Moreover , the SKDL newspaper Kansan Uutiset attacked Leino for publishing the memoir . The paper claimed that the book had been ghost-written by the renegade ex-communist Arvo Tuominen , who , however , had been completely unaware of the project . Chargé dAffaires of the Soviet Union in Finland , Ivan Filippov , ( Ambassador Viktor Lebedev had suddenly departed from Finland a few weeks earlier on 21 October 1958 ) demanded that Prime Minister Karl-August Fagerholms government prevent the release of Leinos memoirs . Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing , because the work had not yet been released nor was there censorship in Finland . Filippov advised that if Leinos book was published , the Soviet Union would draw serious conclusions . Later the same day Fagerholm called the publisher , Untamo Utrio , and it was decided that the January launch of the book was to be cancelled . Eventually , the entire print run of the book was destroyed at the Soviet Unions request . Almost all of the books – some 12,500 copies – were burned in August 1962 with the exception of a few volumes which were furtively sent to political activists . Deputy director of Tammi Jarl Hellemann later argued that the fuss about the book was completely disproportionate to its substance , describing the incident as the first instance of Finnish self-censorship motivated by concerns about relations with the Soviet Union ( see Finlandization ) . The book was finally published in 1991 , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , when interest in it had largely dissipated . Private life . Leinos personal life was often stormy . Leino was first married to Alli Simola . Their daughter Lieko Tuuli Zachovalová ( neé Leino ) ( 1927–2017 ) gained fame as radio journalist living in Czechoslovakia . Leinos second marriage , to Ulla Smedberg , produced a son , journalist and author Olle Leino ( 1932-2021 ) who resided in Sweden . In 1973 , Olle published a biography of his father , Who was Yrjö Leino ( In Swedish Vem tackar Yrjö Leino ) , and in 1990 , the book Just one more letter ( In Swedish Ännu ett brev ) , where he describes the relationship between his father and his third wife Hertta Kuusinen . Leino died on 28 June 1961 , almost entirely forgotten , marked by an ever-worsening problem of alcoholism and a paranoid fear of assassination attempts by the Communists . Leino is buried in the Honkanummi cemetery in Vantaa .
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"Minister of the Interior"
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Yrjö Leino took which position from Apr 1945 to May 1948?
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/wiki/Yrjö_Leino#P39#1
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Yrjö Leino Yrjö Kaarlo Leino ( 28 January 1897 – 28 June 1961 ) was a Finnish communist politician . Imprisoned twice for his communist activities , and spending much of the Second World War as an underground communist activist , he served as a minister in three cabinets between 1944 and 1948 . Early years . Yrjö Leino was the only child of tanner Oskar Leino and factory worker Mandi Leino ( née Enfors ) . Leino studied at Normal Lyceum of Helsinki without graduating . In 1921 , after working in Helsinki and in casual agricultural jobs , Leino received an agricultural trade school diploma . Around 1924 , Leino bought a farm called Lövkulla in Kirkkonummi , but the farm soon led him to financial difficulties . Leino was forced to sell Lövkulla in the early 1930s . Around this time he also separated from his first wife , Alli Simola , and moved to Oitmäki , where his second wife Ulla Smedberg was a teacher . Again , the marriage ended in separation . Political captivity . Leino moved towards the extreme left in the 1930s . Detectives had begun surveillance on him after the fugitive communist activist Antti Järvinen had visited Leino in Lövkulla in early 1926 . The same year Leino was also visited by Arvo Tuominen , who had just been released from prison . In 1935 , Leino was sentenced to three and a half years imprisonment for high treason . During imprisonment at the Tammisaari prison camp , he is said to have formally become a communist . Leino was released from prison in 1938 , but the security police Valpo kept him under surveillance . The newly liberated Leino then participated in underground activities of the prohibited Communist Party of Finland . War years . During the Winter War Leino stayed underground , hiding in communist safe-houses across the Finnish countryside . In those years , Leino became acquainted with his future wife Hertta Kuusinen . In 1940 , Leino was detained in a secure facility . His detention continued until 1941 , when he escaped from a prison train in Riihimäki , which was taking prisoners to fight in a penal battalion . Leino participated in underground Communist Party activities until the 1944 armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union and the legalization of the Communist Party . Parliamentary and ministerial years . In the 1945 parliamentary elections , Leino was elected Member of Parliament for the Finnish Peoples Democratic League ( SKDL ) from Kuopio . Leino remained in parliament until 1950 . He became Minister of the Interior in 1945 . Leinos time as Minister of the Interior is often referred to as Finlands years of peril , as the far left control over the Interior Ministry and therefore the internal security apparatus of the nation raised fears of a communist takeover . In the spring of 1948 , Leino was the SKDL representative in the delegation which negotiated the Finno-Soviet Finno-Soviet Treaty in Moscow . Some days before the delegations departure to Moscow , Leino met with the Chief of Defence , General Aarne Sihvo , and presented him with concerns about extreme right-wing and left-wing demonstrations that suggested a coup . Leino asked that the army secure order in Finland while the Finno-Soviet Treaty was being negotiated . President Paasikivi released Leino from his duties as interior minister in 1948 . Parliament had adopted a motion of non confidece of Leino with connection to his illegal handing over of nineteen Finnish citizens and Nansen passport holders to the Soviet Union in 1945 . Overall , Leino was a minister for 1,283 days . After leaving parliament in 1951 , Leino avoided publicity . Memoirs controversy . Leino returned to the public eye for the last time in 1958 when he published memoirs of his time as Minister of the Interior . Leino had started a manuscript several years earlier but the book was finished with the help of publisher Tammi , Untamo Utrio , and editor , Kalevi Sorsa ( who became later prime minister of Finland ) .The manuscript was prepared in secret – even most of the staff of the publishing company were kept in ignorance – but the project was revealed by Leino because of an indiscretion just before the planned publication . A book intended for public consumption hit a sore point as Finnish-Soviet relations had reached an extremely sensitive stage . Moreover , the SKDL newspaper Kansan Uutiset attacked Leino for publishing the memoir . The paper claimed that the book had been ghost-written by the renegade ex-communist Arvo Tuominen , who , however , had been completely unaware of the project . Chargé dAffaires of the Soviet Union in Finland , Ivan Filippov , ( Ambassador Viktor Lebedev had suddenly departed from Finland a few weeks earlier on 21 October 1958 ) demanded that Prime Minister Karl-August Fagerholms government prevent the release of Leinos memoirs . Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing , because the work had not yet been released nor was there censorship in Finland . Filippov advised that if Leinos book was published , the Soviet Union would draw serious conclusions . Later the same day Fagerholm called the publisher , Untamo Utrio , and it was decided that the January launch of the book was to be cancelled . Eventually , the entire print run of the book was destroyed at the Soviet Unions request . Almost all of the books – some 12,500 copies – were burned in August 1962 with the exception of a few volumes which were furtively sent to political activists . Deputy director of Tammi Jarl Hellemann later argued that the fuss about the book was completely disproportionate to its substance , describing the incident as the first instance of Finnish self-censorship motivated by concerns about relations with the Soviet Union ( see Finlandization ) . The book was finally published in 1991 , after the collapse of the Soviet Union , when interest in it had largely dissipated . Private life . Leinos personal life was often stormy . Leino was first married to Alli Simola . Their daughter Lieko Tuuli Zachovalová ( neé Leino ) ( 1927–2017 ) gained fame as radio journalist living in Czechoslovakia . Leinos second marriage , to Ulla Smedberg , produced a son , journalist and author Olle Leino ( 1932-2021 ) who resided in Sweden . In 1973 , Olle published a biography of his father , Who was Yrjö Leino ( In Swedish Vem tackar Yrjö Leino ) , and in 1990 , the book Just one more letter ( In Swedish Ännu ett brev ) , where he describes the relationship between his father and his third wife Hertta Kuusinen . Leino died on 28 June 1961 , almost entirely forgotten , marked by an ever-worsening problem of alcoholism and a paranoid fear of assassination attempts by the Communists . Leino is buried in the Honkanummi cemetery in Vantaa .
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"Walther Gerlach"
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Who directed or managed Fraunhofer Society from 1949 to 1951?
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/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society#P1037#0
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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Fraunhofer Society was managed or directed by whom from 1951 to 1955?
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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Who was the director or manager of Fraunhofer Society from 1955 to 1964?
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/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society#P1037#2
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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Who directed or managed Fraunhofer Society from 1974 to 1982?
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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Who directed or managed Fraunhofer Society from 1982 to 2002?
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/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society#P1037#4
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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[
"Hans-Jörg Bullinger"
] |
easy
|
Who directed or managed Fraunhofer Society from 2002 to 2012?
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/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society#P1037#5
|
Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
|
[
"Reimund Neugebauer"
] |
easy
|
Who was the director or manager of Fraunhofer Society from 2012 to 2013?
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/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society#P1037#6
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Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( , Fraunhofer Society for the Advancement of Applied Research ) is a German research organization with 72institutes spread throughout Germany , each focusing on different fields of applied science ( as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ) . With some 28,000 employees , mainly scientists and engineers and with an annual research budget of about €2.8billion it is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe . Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state ( the German public , through the federal government together with the states or Länder , owns the Fraunhofer Society ) , but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work , either for government-sponsored projects or from industry . It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who , as a scientist , an engineer , and an entrepreneur , is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society . The organization has seven centers in the United States , under the name Fraunhofer USA , and three in Asia . In October 2010 , Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America . Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , in Glasgow , Scotland , in March 2012 . The Fraunhofer model . The so-called Fraunhofer model has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the societys continuing growth . Under the model , the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects . The other 30% of the budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state ( Land ) government grants and is used to support preparatory research . Thus the size of the societys budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions . This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes . This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Societys strategic direction of becoming a leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible , autonomous , and entrepreneurial approach to the societys research priorities . The institutes are not legally independent units . The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results , scientific impact and above all for their own funding . On the one hand , this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus , distribution of resources , project acquisition , and in project management . On the other hand , this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation . In this sense , the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research , innovation , and entrepreneurship . Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes . The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields , i.e . microelectronics , information and communication technology , life sciences , materials research , energy technology or medical technology . One of the best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process . In 2018 , the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions . This corresponds to about three inventions per working day . Of these , 612 developments were registered for patents . The number of active property rights and property right applications increased to 6881 . Institutes . The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 72 institutes and research units . These are Fraunhofer Institutes for : - Algorithms and Scientific Computing – SCAI - Applied Information Technology – FIT - Applied and Integrated Security – AISEC - Applied Optics and Precision Engineering – IOF - Applied Polymer Research – IAP - Applied Solid State Physics – IAF - Biomedical Engineering – IBMT - Building Physics – IBP - Cell Therapy and Immunology - IZI - Ceramic Technologies and Systems – IKTS - Chemical Technology – ICT - Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics – FKIE - Computer Graphics Research – IGD - Digital Media Technology – IDMT - Digital Medicine - MEVIS - Electron Beam and Plasma Technology – FEP - Electronic Nano Systems – ENAS - Energy Economics and Energy System Technology - IEE - Environmental , Safety and Energy Technology – UMSICHT - Embedded Systems and Communication - ESK - Experimental Software Engineering – IESE - Factory Operation and Automation – IFF - High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques – FHR - High-Speed Dynamics ( Ernst-Mach-Institut ) – EMI - Industrial Engineering – IAO - Industrial Mathematics – ITWM - Information Center for Regional Planning and Building Construction – IRB - Integrated Circuits – IIS - Integrated Systems and Device Technology – IISB - Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems – IAIS - Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology – IGB - International Management and Knowledge Economy - IMW - Laser Technology – ILT - Machine Tools and Forming Technology – IWU - Manufacturing Engineering and Applied Materials Research – IFAM - Manufacturing Engineering and Automation – IPA - Material and Beam Technology – IWS - Material Flow and Logistics – IML - Materials Recycling and Resource Strategies – IWKS - Mechanics of Materials – IWM - Microelectronic Circuits and Systems – IMS - Microstructure of Materials and Systems – IMWS - Microsystems and Solid State Technologies EMFT - EMFT - Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology – IME - Non-Destructive Testing – IZFP - Optronics , System Technologies and Image Exploitation – IOSB - Open Communication Systems – FOKUS - Photonic Microsystems – IPMS - Physical Measurement Techniques – IPM - Process Engineering and Packaging – IVV - Production Systems and Design Technology – IPK - Production Technology – IPT - Reliability and Microintegration – IZM - Secure Information Technology – SIT - Silicate Research – ISC - Silicon Technology – ISIT - Solar Energy Systems – ISE - Structural Durability and System Reliability – LBF - Surface Engineering and Thin Films – IST - Systems and Innovation Research – ISI - Technological Trend Analysis – INT - Telecommunications , Heinrich-Hertz-Institut – HHI - Toxicology and Experimental Medicine – ITEM - Transportation and Infrastructure Systems – IVI - Wind Energy Systems – IWES - Wood Research , Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut – WKI Fraunhofer USA . In addition to its German institutes , the Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA : - Coatings and Diamond Technologies – CCD - Experimental Software Engineering – CESE - Laser Applications – CLA - Manufacturing Innovation – CMI - Digital Media Technologies – DMT Fraunhofer Singapore . In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia : - Fraunhofer Singapore – Visual and Medical Computing , Cognitive Human-Machine Interaction , Cyber- and Information Security , Visual Immersive Mathematics Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd . At the invitation of the UK Government , Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UKs first Fraunhofer Centre , Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics , was established and quickly recognised as a world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems . The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation . Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government , Scottish Enterprise and the University of Strathclyde . Notable projects . - The MP3 compression algorithm was invented and patented by Fraunhofer IIS . Its license revenues generated about €100 million in revenue for the society in 2005 . - The Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute ( HHI ) was a significant contributor to the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard , a technology recognized with two Emmy awards in 2008 and 2009 . This includes the Fraunhofer FDK AAC library . - As of May 2010 , a metamorphic triple-junction solar cell developed by Fraunhofers Institute for Solar Energy Systems holds the world record for solar energy conversion efficiency with 41.1% , nearly twice that of a standard silicon-based cell . - Fraunhofer is developing a program for use at IKEA stores , which would allow people to take a picture of their home into a store to view a fully assembled , digital adaptation of their room . - E-puzzler , a pattern-recognition machine , which can digitally put back together even the most finely shredded papers . The E-puzzler uses a computerized conveyor belt that runs shards of shredded and torn paper through a digital scanner , automatically reconstructing original documents . - OpenIMS , an Open Source implementation of IMS Call Session Control Functions ( CSCFs ) and a lightweight Home Subscriber Server ( HSS ) , which together form the core elements of all IMS/NGN architectures as specified today within 3GPP , 3GPP2 , ETSI TISPAN and the PacketCable initiative . - Powerpaste , a magnesium and hydrogen -based gel , that releases hydrogen fuel suitable for fuel cell consumption when it reacts with water has been developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials ( IFAM ) History . The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26 , 1949 , by representatives of industry and academia , the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952 , the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape ( alongside the German Research Foundation ( DFG ) and the Max Planck Institutes ) . Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was , however , the subject of a long-running dispute . From 1954 , the Societys first institutes developed . By 1956 , it was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense . In 1959 , the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965 , the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research . In 1968 , the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research . By 1969 , Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes . The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time , a commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society ( FhG ) . The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success . This would later come to be known as the Fraunhofer Model . The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973 . In the same year , the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established , and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years . In 1977 , the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research . By 1984 , the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and a research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988 , defense research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society . By 1989 , the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes , with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991 , the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in the Fraunhofer Society . In 1993 , the Fraunhofer Societys total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994 , the Society founded a US-based subsidiary , Fraunhofer USA , Inc. , to extend the outreach of Fraunhofers R&D network to American clients . Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented , nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of the applied research . In 1999 , Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture , a technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes . Between 2000 and 2001 , the institutes and IT research centers of the GMD ( Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology ) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research . The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) : MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed . For many years afterward , MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio . In 2002 , ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH ( HHI ) , which belonged to the Gottfried William Leibniz Society e . V . ( GWL ) , was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society . With this integration the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time . In 2003 , the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying the desired values and guidelines of the societys culture . Amongst these , the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential . In 2004 , the former Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits ( IIS ) gained the status of an independent institute . It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT . New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions . In 2005 , two new institutes , the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology ( IZI ) , and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded . In 2006 , the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems ( IAIS ) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems ( AIS ) , and the Institute for Media Communication ( IMK ) . In 2009 , the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes , amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication , Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and the Fraunhofer Institute for Radar and High Frequency Technology FHR . In 2012 , the cooperation of Fraunhofer with selected research-oriented universities of applied sciences based on the Application Center model started . The first cooperation was started with the Technische Hochschule OWL in Lemgo and leads to the foundation of the Fraunhofer IOSB-INA in the late 2011 . Presidents . - Walther Gerlach ( 1949–1951 ) - ( 1951–1955 ) - Hermann von Siemens ( 1955–1964 ) - Franz Kollmann ( 1964–1968 ) - Christian Otto Mohr ( 1968–1974 ) - Heinz Keller ( 1974–1982 ) - ( 1982–1993 ) - ( 1993–2002 ) - Hans-Jörg Bullinger ( 2002–2012 ) - Reimund Neugebauer ( 2012–present )
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[
"Grandmaster"
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Robert Hübner in 1971?
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/wiki/Robert_Hübner#P2962#0
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Robert Hübner Robert Hübner ( born November 6 , 1948 ) is a German chess grandmaster , chess writer , and papyrologist . He was one of the worlds leading players in the 1970s and early 1980s . Chess career . At eighteen , he was joint winner of the West German Chess Championship . His International Master ( IM ) title was awarded in 1969 and his Grandmaster ( GM ) title in 1971 . He reached third place in the FIDE world ranking list in 1980 . Between 1971 and 1991 ( loss to Jan Timman ) , Hübner played in four Candidates Tournaments for the World Championship . Three ended in controversial circumstances : - In 1971 , he forfeited a closely contested quarter final to Tigran Petrosian , after blundering a piece in the 7th game in a drawn position . - In 1980–81 , his best result , after winning the quarter and semi final ( against the Hungarian players Adorjan and Portisch ) , he reached the final before losing to Viktor Korchnoi . Hübner forfeited the match after 10 games when he was down 1 point . - In 1983 , he lost a quarter final to Vassily Smyslov in unique circumstances : with the match tied after the original 10 games plus 4 further games , the tie was resolved ( in Smyslovs favour ) by a spin of a roulette wheel . At his strongest in the mid-seventies to mid-eighties , Hübner participated in many of the elite tournaments of the day , and was invited at Montreal 1979 ( The Tournament of Stars ) , playing alongside Anatoly Karpov , Mikhail Tal , and Jan Timman . His most notable tournament victories were at Houston 1974 , Munich 1979 ( shared with Ulf Andersson and Boris Spassky ) , Rio de Janeiro Interzonal 1979 ( shared with Lajos Portisch and Tigran Petrosian ) , Chicago 1982 , Biel 1984 ( equal with Vlastimil Hort ) , Linares 1985 ( shared with Ljubomir Ljubojević ) , and Tilburg 1985 ( shared with Anthony Miles and Viktor Korchnoi ) . He served as a second to Nigel Short in the 1993 world championship match against Garry Kasparov . In 2000 he won , with the German team , a silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . He remained active on the international circuit into the 2000s but has never been a full-time chess professional due to his academic career . Playing style . Over the chessboard , Hübners technique has been described as efficient and ruthless . According to Bill Hartston—His perfectionist and rather pessimistic approach , however , prevented him from reaching the very top . Other contributions . Hübners contributions to chess literature include the study of world champions and extensive analysis of 19th-century chess brilliancies . His recent contributions are detailed analysis and study of the chess games of world champions – notably Bobby Fischer and Alexander Alekhine . He is the eponym of the Hübner Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c5 5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nf3 Bxc3+ . When anti-doping tests were introduced into international chess , Hübner declared his withdrawal from the German national team . He views these tests as bureaucratic power displays that degrade the individual . In his opinion , doping in chess cannot improve the true abilities of a player , only their application . I am always happy if my opponents abilities can fully unfold , because then I learn more . Additionally , Hübner is known as one of the worlds best xiangqi players not from China . Notable games . - Robert James Fischer vs . Robert Hübner , Palma de Mallorca iz 1970 , Caro–Kann Defense : Breyer Variation ( B10 ) , ½–½ A dramatic game with central pawn attacks against the GM Robert James Fischer . - Robert Hübner vs . Raymond Keene , Vienna ( Austria ) 1972 , Modern Defense : King Pawn Fianchetto ( B06 ) , 1–0 After a long series of manoeuvres the White pressure on the Black king position peaks in a winning combination .
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[
"International Master"
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Robert Hübner in 1969?
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/wiki/Robert_Hübner#P2962#1
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Robert Hübner Robert Hübner ( born November 6 , 1948 ) is a German chess grandmaster , chess writer , and papyrologist . He was one of the worlds leading players in the 1970s and early 1980s . Chess career . At eighteen , he was joint winner of the West German Chess Championship . His International Master ( IM ) title was awarded in 1969 and his Grandmaster ( GM ) title in 1971 . He reached third place in the FIDE world ranking list in 1980 . Between 1971 and 1991 ( loss to Jan Timman ) , Hübner played in four Candidates Tournaments for the World Championship . Three ended in controversial circumstances : - In 1971 , he forfeited a closely contested quarter final to Tigran Petrosian , after blundering a piece in the 7th game in a drawn position . - In 1980–81 , his best result , after winning the quarter and semi final ( against the Hungarian players Adorjan and Portisch ) , he reached the final before losing to Viktor Korchnoi . Hübner forfeited the match after 10 games when he was down 1 point . - In 1983 , he lost a quarter final to Vassily Smyslov in unique circumstances : with the match tied after the original 10 games plus 4 further games , the tie was resolved ( in Smyslovs favour ) by a spin of a roulette wheel . At his strongest in the mid-seventies to mid-eighties , Hübner participated in many of the elite tournaments of the day , and was invited at Montreal 1979 ( The Tournament of Stars ) , playing alongside Anatoly Karpov , Mikhail Tal , and Jan Timman . His most notable tournament victories were at Houston 1974 , Munich 1979 ( shared with Ulf Andersson and Boris Spassky ) , Rio de Janeiro Interzonal 1979 ( shared with Lajos Portisch and Tigran Petrosian ) , Chicago 1982 , Biel 1984 ( equal with Vlastimil Hort ) , Linares 1985 ( shared with Ljubomir Ljubojević ) , and Tilburg 1985 ( shared with Anthony Miles and Viktor Korchnoi ) . He served as a second to Nigel Short in the 1993 world championship match against Garry Kasparov . In 2000 he won , with the German team , a silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . He remained active on the international circuit into the 2000s but has never been a full-time chess professional due to his academic career . Playing style . Over the chessboard , Hübners technique has been described as efficient and ruthless . According to Bill Hartston—His perfectionist and rather pessimistic approach , however , prevented him from reaching the very top . Other contributions . Hübners contributions to chess literature include the study of world champions and extensive analysis of 19th-century chess brilliancies . His recent contributions are detailed analysis and study of the chess games of world champions – notably Bobby Fischer and Alexander Alekhine . He is the eponym of the Hübner Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c5 5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nf3 Bxc3+ . When anti-doping tests were introduced into international chess , Hübner declared his withdrawal from the German national team . He views these tests as bureaucratic power displays that degrade the individual . In his opinion , doping in chess cannot improve the true abilities of a player , only their application . I am always happy if my opponents abilities can fully unfold , because then I learn more . Additionally , Hübner is known as one of the worlds best xiangqi players not from China . Notable games . - Robert James Fischer vs . Robert Hübner , Palma de Mallorca iz 1970 , Caro–Kann Defense : Breyer Variation ( B10 ) , ½–½ A dramatic game with central pawn attacks against the GM Robert James Fischer . - Robert Hübner vs . Raymond Keene , Vienna ( Austria ) 1972 , Modern Defense : King Pawn Fianchetto ( B06 ) , 1–0 After a long series of manoeuvres the White pressure on the Black king position peaks in a winning combination .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Robert Hübner in 1965?
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/wiki/Robert_Hübner#P2962#2
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Robert Hübner Robert Hübner ( born November 6 , 1948 ) is a German chess grandmaster , chess writer , and papyrologist . He was one of the worlds leading players in the 1970s and early 1980s . Chess career . At eighteen , he was joint winner of the West German Chess Championship . His International Master ( IM ) title was awarded in 1969 and his Grandmaster ( GM ) title in 1971 . He reached third place in the FIDE world ranking list in 1980 . Between 1971 and 1991 ( loss to Jan Timman ) , Hübner played in four Candidates Tournaments for the World Championship . Three ended in controversial circumstances : - In 1971 , he forfeited a closely contested quarter final to Tigran Petrosian , after blundering a piece in the 7th game in a drawn position . - In 1980–81 , his best result , after winning the quarter and semi final ( against the Hungarian players Adorjan and Portisch ) , he reached the final before losing to Viktor Korchnoi . Hübner forfeited the match after 10 games when he was down 1 point . - In 1983 , he lost a quarter final to Vassily Smyslov in unique circumstances : with the match tied after the original 10 games plus 4 further games , the tie was resolved ( in Smyslovs favour ) by a spin of a roulette wheel . At his strongest in the mid-seventies to mid-eighties , Hübner participated in many of the elite tournaments of the day , and was invited at Montreal 1979 ( The Tournament of Stars ) , playing alongside Anatoly Karpov , Mikhail Tal , and Jan Timman . His most notable tournament victories were at Houston 1974 , Munich 1979 ( shared with Ulf Andersson and Boris Spassky ) , Rio de Janeiro Interzonal 1979 ( shared with Lajos Portisch and Tigran Petrosian ) , Chicago 1982 , Biel 1984 ( equal with Vlastimil Hort ) , Linares 1985 ( shared with Ljubomir Ljubojević ) , and Tilburg 1985 ( shared with Anthony Miles and Viktor Korchnoi ) . He served as a second to Nigel Short in the 1993 world championship match against Garry Kasparov . In 2000 he won , with the German team , a silver medal in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul . He remained active on the international circuit into the 2000s but has never been a full-time chess professional due to his academic career . Playing style . Over the chessboard , Hübners technique has been described as efficient and ruthless . According to Bill Hartston—His perfectionist and rather pessimistic approach , however , prevented him from reaching the very top . Other contributions . Hübners contributions to chess literature include the study of world champions and extensive analysis of 19th-century chess brilliancies . His recent contributions are detailed analysis and study of the chess games of world champions – notably Bobby Fischer and Alexander Alekhine . He is the eponym of the Hübner Variation of the Nimzo-Indian Defence : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3 c5 5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nf3 Bxc3+ . When anti-doping tests were introduced into international chess , Hübner declared his withdrawal from the German national team . He views these tests as bureaucratic power displays that degrade the individual . In his opinion , doping in chess cannot improve the true abilities of a player , only their application . I am always happy if my opponents abilities can fully unfold , because then I learn more . Additionally , Hübner is known as one of the worlds best xiangqi players not from China . Notable games . - Robert James Fischer vs . Robert Hübner , Palma de Mallorca iz 1970 , Caro–Kann Defense : Breyer Variation ( B10 ) , ½–½ A dramatic game with central pawn attacks against the GM Robert James Fischer . - Robert Hübner vs . Raymond Keene , Vienna ( Austria ) 1972 , Modern Defense : King Pawn Fianchetto ( B06 ) , 1–0 After a long series of manoeuvres the White pressure on the Black king position peaks in a winning combination .
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[
"San Quentin"
] |
easy
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What was the place of detention for Thomas Silverstein from 1971 to 1975?
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/wiki/Thomas_Silverstein#P2632#0
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Thomas Silverstein Thomas Silverstein ( February 4 , 1952 – May 11 , 2019 ) was an American criminal who spent the last 42 years of his life in prison after being convicted of four separate murders while imprisoned for armed robbery , one of which was overturned . Silverstein spent the last 36 years of his life in solitary confinement for killing Corrections Officer Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois . Prison authorities described him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang . Silverstein maintained that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed . He was held in a specially designed cell in what is called Range 13 at ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado . He was the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons at the time of his death . Early life . Thomas Silverstein was born in Long Beach , California , to Virginia Conway . Conway had divorced her first husband in 1952 while pregnant with Silverstein and married Thomas Conway , who Silverstein claimed was his biological father . Four years later , Virginia divorced Conway and married Sid Silverstein , who legally adopted her son . Silverstein was timid , awkward , shy , and frequently bullied as a child in the middle-class neighborhood where the family lived , in part because his peers mistakenly believed he was Jewish . Virginia Silverstein demanded that her son fight back , telling the boy that if he ever came home again crying because he had been beaten up by a bully , she would be waiting to give him another beating . Silverstein states , Thats how my mom was . She stood her mud . If someone came at you with a bat , you got your bat and you both went at it . At age fourteen , Silverstein was sentenced to a California Youth Authority reformatory where , he said , his attitudes about violence were reinforced . Anyone not willing to fight was abused . In 1971 , at age nineteen , Silverstein was sent to San Quentin Prison in California for armed robbery . Four years later , he was paroled , but he was arrested soon after along with his father , Thomas Conway , and his cousin , Gerald Hoff , for three armed robberies . Their take was less than $11,000 . In 1977 , Silverstein was sentenced to fifteen years for armed robbery , to be served at United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth , Kansas . Murders at USP Marion . While at Leavenworth , Silverstein developed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood . In 1980 , Silverstein was convicted of the murder of inmate Danny Atwell , who reportedly refused to serve as a mule for heroin being moved through the prison . He was sentenced to life without parole and transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Marion , Illinois ( USP Marion ) , which was then a high security facility . The conviction was overturned in 1985 after it emerged that the jailhouse informants who testified at his trial had perjured themselves on the stand . At Marion , Silverstein was housed in the Control Unit , a virtual solitary confinement regime reserved for extreme management problems ( prisoners prone to assaultive and disruptive behavior ) in the prison . In 1981 , Silverstein was accused of the murder of Robert Chappelle , a member of the D.C . Blacks prison gang . Silverstein and another inmate , Clayton Fountain , were convicted and Silverstein received an additional life sentence . Silverstein maintained his innocence . While Silverstein was on trial for Chappelles murder , the Bureau of Prisons transferred Raymond Cadillac Smith , the national leader of the D.C . Blacks prison gang , from another prison into the control unit in Marion . From the moment Smith arrived in the control unit , prison logs show that he began trying to kill Silverstein . I tried to tell Cadillac that I didnt kill Chappelle , but he didnt believe me and he bragged that he was going to kill me , Silverstein recalled . Everyone knew what was going on and no one did anything to keep us apart . The guards wanted one of us to kill the other . Silverstein and Clayton Fountain killed Smith with improvised weapons , stabbing him 67 times . After Smith was dead , they dragged his body up and down the catwalk in front of the cells , displaying it to other prisoners . Silverstein received another life sentence . Murder of Correction Officer Clutts . On October 22 , 1983 , Silverstein killed Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion . After being let out of his cell for a shower , Silverstein used a ruse to get Clutts to walk ahead of him and positioned himself between Clutts and other officers . He stopped outside the cell of another inmate , Randy Gometz . Gometz passed a homemade prison knife to Silverstein and unlocked Silversteins handcuffs with a homemade key . Silverstein then attacked Clutts , stabbing him multiple times . Silverstein later claimed that he murdered Clutts in retaliation for Clutts deliberately harassing him . Among other things , Clutts was accused of destroying paintings by Silverstein . A few hours later , Clayton Fountain ( also an Aryan Brotherhood member ) used the same strategy to kill Correctional Officer Robert Hoffmann . USP Marion was subsequently placed on an indefinite lockdown , which ultimately lasted for 23 years . Following the murder of Clutts , Silverstein was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Atlanta , where he was placed in solitary confinement . His security status was recorded as no human contact . The events surrounding the murders of Correctional Officer Clutts and Hoffmann inspired the design of the federal supermax prison , the United States Penitentiary , Florence ADX ( USP Florence ADX ) in Colorado , which opened in 1994 and was built to house the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system . Silverstein and Gometz were both held at ADX Florence . Fountain died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri in 2004 . Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth . During the 1987 Atlanta Prison Riots , Cuban detainees at the Atlanta federal penitentiary released Silverstein from his isolation cell . They handed Silverstein over to the Federal Bureau of Investigations Hostage Rescue Team one week later . Bureau of Prisons officials were reportedly afraid that Silverstein would begin killing correctional officers held hostage by the Cubans . Before the Cubans released Silverstein to Bureau of Prisons , the Cubans let Silverstein out of his isolation cell and Silverstein was able to roam freely about the prison . One of the prison guards being held hostage had a history of being kind to Silverstein . ( When the guard would handcuff Silverstein he would make it a point to ask Silverstein if his handcuffs were too tight. ) He was confronted by Silverstein and was ultimately spared by him . Bureau of Prisons negotiators were able to convince the Cuban riot leaders to hand over Silverstein as a gesture of good faith , a relatively easy decision for them , given that Silversteins status was peripheral to the aims of the Cuban leaders during the riot . Silverstein was subsequently moved back to Leavenworth , where he stayed for the next 18 years . In 2005 , when USP Leavenworth was downgraded to a medium-security facility , Silverstein was moved to ADX Florence , a supermax facility in Colorado . His earliest theoretical date of release was November 2 , 2095 . Allegations of torture and injustice . Silverstein claimed that no human contact status is essentially a form of torture reserved for those who kill correctional officers . When an inmate kills a guard , he must be punished , a Bureau of Prisons official told author Pete Earley . We cant execute Silverstein , so we have no choice but to make his life a living hell . Otherwise other inmates will kill guards too . There has to be some supreme punishment . Every convict knows what Silverstein is going through . We want them to realize that if they cross the same line that he did , they will pay a heavy price . Ted Sellers , a former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in prison , said he became a legend at Leavenworth . Sellers told BBC News Online , He is not as bad as they portray . Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall . But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion… They would purposely screw you around . You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day . Of course hes got a short fuse . Death . Silverstein died on May 11 , 2019 , after spending 36 years in solitary confinement ; he died from complications from heart surgery .
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[
"Leavenworth"
] |
easy
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What was the place of detention for Thomas Silverstein from 1977 to 2005?
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/wiki/Thomas_Silverstein#P2632#1
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Thomas Silverstein Thomas Silverstein ( February 4 , 1952 – May 11 , 2019 ) was an American criminal who spent the last 42 years of his life in prison after being convicted of four separate murders while imprisoned for armed robbery , one of which was overturned . Silverstein spent the last 36 years of his life in solitary confinement for killing Corrections Officer Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois . Prison authorities described him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang . Silverstein maintained that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed . He was held in a specially designed cell in what is called Range 13 at ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado . He was the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons at the time of his death . Early life . Thomas Silverstein was born in Long Beach , California , to Virginia Conway . Conway had divorced her first husband in 1952 while pregnant with Silverstein and married Thomas Conway , who Silverstein claimed was his biological father . Four years later , Virginia divorced Conway and married Sid Silverstein , who legally adopted her son . Silverstein was timid , awkward , shy , and frequently bullied as a child in the middle-class neighborhood where the family lived , in part because his peers mistakenly believed he was Jewish . Virginia Silverstein demanded that her son fight back , telling the boy that if he ever came home again crying because he had been beaten up by a bully , she would be waiting to give him another beating . Silverstein states , Thats how my mom was . She stood her mud . If someone came at you with a bat , you got your bat and you both went at it . At age fourteen , Silverstein was sentenced to a California Youth Authority reformatory where , he said , his attitudes about violence were reinforced . Anyone not willing to fight was abused . In 1971 , at age nineteen , Silverstein was sent to San Quentin Prison in California for armed robbery . Four years later , he was paroled , but he was arrested soon after along with his father , Thomas Conway , and his cousin , Gerald Hoff , for three armed robberies . Their take was less than $11,000 . In 1977 , Silverstein was sentenced to fifteen years for armed robbery , to be served at United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth , Kansas . Murders at USP Marion . While at Leavenworth , Silverstein developed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood . In 1980 , Silverstein was convicted of the murder of inmate Danny Atwell , who reportedly refused to serve as a mule for heroin being moved through the prison . He was sentenced to life without parole and transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Marion , Illinois ( USP Marion ) , which was then a high security facility . The conviction was overturned in 1985 after it emerged that the jailhouse informants who testified at his trial had perjured themselves on the stand . At Marion , Silverstein was housed in the Control Unit , a virtual solitary confinement regime reserved for extreme management problems ( prisoners prone to assaultive and disruptive behavior ) in the prison . In 1981 , Silverstein was accused of the murder of Robert Chappelle , a member of the D.C . Blacks prison gang . Silverstein and another inmate , Clayton Fountain , were convicted and Silverstein received an additional life sentence . Silverstein maintained his innocence . While Silverstein was on trial for Chappelles murder , the Bureau of Prisons transferred Raymond Cadillac Smith , the national leader of the D.C . Blacks prison gang , from another prison into the control unit in Marion . From the moment Smith arrived in the control unit , prison logs show that he began trying to kill Silverstein . I tried to tell Cadillac that I didnt kill Chappelle , but he didnt believe me and he bragged that he was going to kill me , Silverstein recalled . Everyone knew what was going on and no one did anything to keep us apart . The guards wanted one of us to kill the other . Silverstein and Clayton Fountain killed Smith with improvised weapons , stabbing him 67 times . After Smith was dead , they dragged his body up and down the catwalk in front of the cells , displaying it to other prisoners . Silverstein received another life sentence . Murder of Correction Officer Clutts . On October 22 , 1983 , Silverstein killed Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion . After being let out of his cell for a shower , Silverstein used a ruse to get Clutts to walk ahead of him and positioned himself between Clutts and other officers . He stopped outside the cell of another inmate , Randy Gometz . Gometz passed a homemade prison knife to Silverstein and unlocked Silversteins handcuffs with a homemade key . Silverstein then attacked Clutts , stabbing him multiple times . Silverstein later claimed that he murdered Clutts in retaliation for Clutts deliberately harassing him . Among other things , Clutts was accused of destroying paintings by Silverstein . A few hours later , Clayton Fountain ( also an Aryan Brotherhood member ) used the same strategy to kill Correctional Officer Robert Hoffmann . USP Marion was subsequently placed on an indefinite lockdown , which ultimately lasted for 23 years . Following the murder of Clutts , Silverstein was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Atlanta , where he was placed in solitary confinement . His security status was recorded as no human contact . The events surrounding the murders of Correctional Officer Clutts and Hoffmann inspired the design of the federal supermax prison , the United States Penitentiary , Florence ADX ( USP Florence ADX ) in Colorado , which opened in 1994 and was built to house the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system . Silverstein and Gometz were both held at ADX Florence . Fountain died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri in 2004 . Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth . During the 1987 Atlanta Prison Riots , Cuban detainees at the Atlanta federal penitentiary released Silverstein from his isolation cell . They handed Silverstein over to the Federal Bureau of Investigations Hostage Rescue Team one week later . Bureau of Prisons officials were reportedly afraid that Silverstein would begin killing correctional officers held hostage by the Cubans . Before the Cubans released Silverstein to Bureau of Prisons , the Cubans let Silverstein out of his isolation cell and Silverstein was able to roam freely about the prison . One of the prison guards being held hostage had a history of being kind to Silverstein . ( When the guard would handcuff Silverstein he would make it a point to ask Silverstein if his handcuffs were too tight. ) He was confronted by Silverstein and was ultimately spared by him . Bureau of Prisons negotiators were able to convince the Cuban riot leaders to hand over Silverstein as a gesture of good faith , a relatively easy decision for them , given that Silversteins status was peripheral to the aims of the Cuban leaders during the riot . Silverstein was subsequently moved back to Leavenworth , where he stayed for the next 18 years . In 2005 , when USP Leavenworth was downgraded to a medium-security facility , Silverstein was moved to ADX Florence , a supermax facility in Colorado . His earliest theoretical date of release was November 2 , 2095 . Allegations of torture and injustice . Silverstein claimed that no human contact status is essentially a form of torture reserved for those who kill correctional officers . When an inmate kills a guard , he must be punished , a Bureau of Prisons official told author Pete Earley . We cant execute Silverstein , so we have no choice but to make his life a living hell . Otherwise other inmates will kill guards too . There has to be some supreme punishment . Every convict knows what Silverstein is going through . We want them to realize that if they cross the same line that he did , they will pay a heavy price . Ted Sellers , a former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in prison , said he became a legend at Leavenworth . Sellers told BBC News Online , He is not as bad as they portray . Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall . But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion… They would purposely screw you around . You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day . Of course hes got a short fuse . Death . Silverstein died on May 11 , 2019 , after spending 36 years in solitary confinement ; he died from complications from heart surgery .
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[
"ADX Florence"
] |
easy
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What was the place of detention for Thomas Silverstein from 2005 to 2019?
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/wiki/Thomas_Silverstein#P2632#2
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Thomas Silverstein Thomas Silverstein ( February 4 , 1952 – May 11 , 2019 ) was an American criminal who spent the last 42 years of his life in prison after being convicted of four separate murders while imprisoned for armed robbery , one of which was overturned . Silverstein spent the last 36 years of his life in solitary confinement for killing Corrections Officer Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois . Prison authorities described him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang . Silverstein maintained that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed . He was held in a specially designed cell in what is called Range 13 at ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado . He was the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons at the time of his death . Early life . Thomas Silverstein was born in Long Beach , California , to Virginia Conway . Conway had divorced her first husband in 1952 while pregnant with Silverstein and married Thomas Conway , who Silverstein claimed was his biological father . Four years later , Virginia divorced Conway and married Sid Silverstein , who legally adopted her son . Silverstein was timid , awkward , shy , and frequently bullied as a child in the middle-class neighborhood where the family lived , in part because his peers mistakenly believed he was Jewish . Virginia Silverstein demanded that her son fight back , telling the boy that if he ever came home again crying because he had been beaten up by a bully , she would be waiting to give him another beating . Silverstein states , Thats how my mom was . She stood her mud . If someone came at you with a bat , you got your bat and you both went at it . At age fourteen , Silverstein was sentenced to a California Youth Authority reformatory where , he said , his attitudes about violence were reinforced . Anyone not willing to fight was abused . In 1971 , at age nineteen , Silverstein was sent to San Quentin Prison in California for armed robbery . Four years later , he was paroled , but he was arrested soon after along with his father , Thomas Conway , and his cousin , Gerald Hoff , for three armed robberies . Their take was less than $11,000 . In 1977 , Silverstein was sentenced to fifteen years for armed robbery , to be served at United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth , Kansas . Murders at USP Marion . While at Leavenworth , Silverstein developed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood . In 1980 , Silverstein was convicted of the murder of inmate Danny Atwell , who reportedly refused to serve as a mule for heroin being moved through the prison . He was sentenced to life without parole and transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Marion , Illinois ( USP Marion ) , which was then a high security facility . The conviction was overturned in 1985 after it emerged that the jailhouse informants who testified at his trial had perjured themselves on the stand . At Marion , Silverstein was housed in the Control Unit , a virtual solitary confinement regime reserved for extreme management problems ( prisoners prone to assaultive and disruptive behavior ) in the prison . In 1981 , Silverstein was accused of the murder of Robert Chappelle , a member of the D.C . Blacks prison gang . Silverstein and another inmate , Clayton Fountain , were convicted and Silverstein received an additional life sentence . Silverstein maintained his innocence . While Silverstein was on trial for Chappelles murder , the Bureau of Prisons transferred Raymond Cadillac Smith , the national leader of the D.C . Blacks prison gang , from another prison into the control unit in Marion . From the moment Smith arrived in the control unit , prison logs show that he began trying to kill Silverstein . I tried to tell Cadillac that I didnt kill Chappelle , but he didnt believe me and he bragged that he was going to kill me , Silverstein recalled . Everyone knew what was going on and no one did anything to keep us apart . The guards wanted one of us to kill the other . Silverstein and Clayton Fountain killed Smith with improvised weapons , stabbing him 67 times . After Smith was dead , they dragged his body up and down the catwalk in front of the cells , displaying it to other prisoners . Silverstein received another life sentence . Murder of Correction Officer Clutts . On October 22 , 1983 , Silverstein killed Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion . After being let out of his cell for a shower , Silverstein used a ruse to get Clutts to walk ahead of him and positioned himself between Clutts and other officers . He stopped outside the cell of another inmate , Randy Gometz . Gometz passed a homemade prison knife to Silverstein and unlocked Silversteins handcuffs with a homemade key . Silverstein then attacked Clutts , stabbing him multiple times . Silverstein later claimed that he murdered Clutts in retaliation for Clutts deliberately harassing him . Among other things , Clutts was accused of destroying paintings by Silverstein . A few hours later , Clayton Fountain ( also an Aryan Brotherhood member ) used the same strategy to kill Correctional Officer Robert Hoffmann . USP Marion was subsequently placed on an indefinite lockdown , which ultimately lasted for 23 years . Following the murder of Clutts , Silverstein was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Atlanta , where he was placed in solitary confinement . His security status was recorded as no human contact . The events surrounding the murders of Correctional Officer Clutts and Hoffmann inspired the design of the federal supermax prison , the United States Penitentiary , Florence ADX ( USP Florence ADX ) in Colorado , which opened in 1994 and was built to house the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system . Silverstein and Gometz were both held at ADX Florence . Fountain died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri in 2004 . Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth . During the 1987 Atlanta Prison Riots , Cuban detainees at the Atlanta federal penitentiary released Silverstein from his isolation cell . They handed Silverstein over to the Federal Bureau of Investigations Hostage Rescue Team one week later . Bureau of Prisons officials were reportedly afraid that Silverstein would begin killing correctional officers held hostage by the Cubans . Before the Cubans released Silverstein to Bureau of Prisons , the Cubans let Silverstein out of his isolation cell and Silverstein was able to roam freely about the prison . One of the prison guards being held hostage had a history of being kind to Silverstein . ( When the guard would handcuff Silverstein he would make it a point to ask Silverstein if his handcuffs were too tight. ) He was confronted by Silverstein and was ultimately spared by him . Bureau of Prisons negotiators were able to convince the Cuban riot leaders to hand over Silverstein as a gesture of good faith , a relatively easy decision for them , given that Silversteins status was peripheral to the aims of the Cuban leaders during the riot . Silverstein was subsequently moved back to Leavenworth , where he stayed for the next 18 years . In 2005 , when USP Leavenworth was downgraded to a medium-security facility , Silverstein was moved to ADX Florence , a supermax facility in Colorado . His earliest theoretical date of release was November 2 , 2095 . Allegations of torture and injustice . Silverstein claimed that no human contact status is essentially a form of torture reserved for those who kill correctional officers . When an inmate kills a guard , he must be punished , a Bureau of Prisons official told author Pete Earley . We cant execute Silverstein , so we have no choice but to make his life a living hell . Otherwise other inmates will kill guards too . There has to be some supreme punishment . Every convict knows what Silverstein is going through . We want them to realize that if they cross the same line that he did , they will pay a heavy price . Ted Sellers , a former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in prison , said he became a legend at Leavenworth . Sellers told BBC News Online , He is not as bad as they portray . Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall . But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion… They would purposely screw you around . You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day . Of course hes got a short fuse . Death . Silverstein died on May 11 , 2019 , after spending 36 years in solitary confinement ; he died from complications from heart surgery .
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What was the place of detention for Thomas Silverstein from 2019 to 2020?
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/wiki/Thomas_Silverstein#P2632#3
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Thomas Silverstein Thomas Silverstein ( February 4 , 1952 – May 11 , 2019 ) was an American criminal who spent the last 42 years of his life in prison after being convicted of four separate murders while imprisoned for armed robbery , one of which was overturned . Silverstein spent the last 36 years of his life in solitary confinement for killing Corrections Officer Merle Clutts at the Marion Penitentiary in Illinois . Prison authorities described him as a brutal killer and a former leader of the Aryan Brotherhood prison gang . Silverstein maintained that the dehumanizing conditions inside the prison system contributed to the three murders he committed . He was held in a specially designed cell in what is called Range 13 at ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado . He was the longest-held prisoner in solitary confinement within the Bureau of Prisons at the time of his death . Early life . Thomas Silverstein was born in Long Beach , California , to Virginia Conway . Conway had divorced her first husband in 1952 while pregnant with Silverstein and married Thomas Conway , who Silverstein claimed was his biological father . Four years later , Virginia divorced Conway and married Sid Silverstein , who legally adopted her son . Silverstein was timid , awkward , shy , and frequently bullied as a child in the middle-class neighborhood where the family lived , in part because his peers mistakenly believed he was Jewish . Virginia Silverstein demanded that her son fight back , telling the boy that if he ever came home again crying because he had been beaten up by a bully , she would be waiting to give him another beating . Silverstein states , Thats how my mom was . She stood her mud . If someone came at you with a bat , you got your bat and you both went at it . At age fourteen , Silverstein was sentenced to a California Youth Authority reformatory where , he said , his attitudes about violence were reinforced . Anyone not willing to fight was abused . In 1971 , at age nineteen , Silverstein was sent to San Quentin Prison in California for armed robbery . Four years later , he was paroled , but he was arrested soon after along with his father , Thomas Conway , and his cousin , Gerald Hoff , for three armed robberies . Their take was less than $11,000 . In 1977 , Silverstein was sentenced to fifteen years for armed robbery , to be served at United States Penitentiary in Leavenworth , Kansas . Murders at USP Marion . While at Leavenworth , Silverstein developed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood . In 1980 , Silverstein was convicted of the murder of inmate Danny Atwell , who reportedly refused to serve as a mule for heroin being moved through the prison . He was sentenced to life without parole and transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Marion , Illinois ( USP Marion ) , which was then a high security facility . The conviction was overturned in 1985 after it emerged that the jailhouse informants who testified at his trial had perjured themselves on the stand . At Marion , Silverstein was housed in the Control Unit , a virtual solitary confinement regime reserved for extreme management problems ( prisoners prone to assaultive and disruptive behavior ) in the prison . In 1981 , Silverstein was accused of the murder of Robert Chappelle , a member of the D.C . Blacks prison gang . Silverstein and another inmate , Clayton Fountain , were convicted and Silverstein received an additional life sentence . Silverstein maintained his innocence . While Silverstein was on trial for Chappelles murder , the Bureau of Prisons transferred Raymond Cadillac Smith , the national leader of the D.C . Blacks prison gang , from another prison into the control unit in Marion . From the moment Smith arrived in the control unit , prison logs show that he began trying to kill Silverstein . I tried to tell Cadillac that I didnt kill Chappelle , but he didnt believe me and he bragged that he was going to kill me , Silverstein recalled . Everyone knew what was going on and no one did anything to keep us apart . The guards wanted one of us to kill the other . Silverstein and Clayton Fountain killed Smith with improvised weapons , stabbing him 67 times . After Smith was dead , they dragged his body up and down the catwalk in front of the cells , displaying it to other prisoners . Silverstein received another life sentence . Murder of Correction Officer Clutts . On October 22 , 1983 , Silverstein killed Correction Officer Merle Clutts at USP Marion . After being let out of his cell for a shower , Silverstein used a ruse to get Clutts to walk ahead of him and positioned himself between Clutts and other officers . He stopped outside the cell of another inmate , Randy Gometz . Gometz passed a homemade prison knife to Silverstein and unlocked Silversteins handcuffs with a homemade key . Silverstein then attacked Clutts , stabbing him multiple times . Silverstein later claimed that he murdered Clutts in retaliation for Clutts deliberately harassing him . Among other things , Clutts was accused of destroying paintings by Silverstein . A few hours later , Clayton Fountain ( also an Aryan Brotherhood member ) used the same strategy to kill Correctional Officer Robert Hoffmann . USP Marion was subsequently placed on an indefinite lockdown , which ultimately lasted for 23 years . Following the murder of Clutts , Silverstein was transferred to the United States Penitentiary , Atlanta , where he was placed in solitary confinement . His security status was recorded as no human contact . The events surrounding the murders of Correctional Officer Clutts and Hoffmann inspired the design of the federal supermax prison , the United States Penitentiary , Florence ADX ( USP Florence ADX ) in Colorado , which opened in 1994 and was built to house the most dangerous inmates in the federal prison system . Silverstein and Gometz were both held at ADX Florence . Fountain died at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield , Missouri in 2004 . Riot in Atlanta and transfer to Leavenworth . During the 1987 Atlanta Prison Riots , Cuban detainees at the Atlanta federal penitentiary released Silverstein from his isolation cell . They handed Silverstein over to the Federal Bureau of Investigations Hostage Rescue Team one week later . Bureau of Prisons officials were reportedly afraid that Silverstein would begin killing correctional officers held hostage by the Cubans . Before the Cubans released Silverstein to Bureau of Prisons , the Cubans let Silverstein out of his isolation cell and Silverstein was able to roam freely about the prison . One of the prison guards being held hostage had a history of being kind to Silverstein . ( When the guard would handcuff Silverstein he would make it a point to ask Silverstein if his handcuffs were too tight. ) He was confronted by Silverstein and was ultimately spared by him . Bureau of Prisons negotiators were able to convince the Cuban riot leaders to hand over Silverstein as a gesture of good faith , a relatively easy decision for them , given that Silversteins status was peripheral to the aims of the Cuban leaders during the riot . Silverstein was subsequently moved back to Leavenworth , where he stayed for the next 18 years . In 2005 , when USP Leavenworth was downgraded to a medium-security facility , Silverstein was moved to ADX Florence , a supermax facility in Colorado . His earliest theoretical date of release was November 2 , 2095 . Allegations of torture and injustice . Silverstein claimed that no human contact status is essentially a form of torture reserved for those who kill correctional officers . When an inmate kills a guard , he must be punished , a Bureau of Prisons official told author Pete Earley . We cant execute Silverstein , so we have no choice but to make his life a living hell . Otherwise other inmates will kill guards too . There has to be some supreme punishment . Every convict knows what Silverstein is going through . We want them to realize that if they cross the same line that he did , they will pay a heavy price . Ted Sellers , a former convict who met Silverstein during 25 years spent in prison , said he became a legend at Leavenworth . Sellers told BBC News Online , He is not as bad as they portray . Sure he is dangerous if they push him to the wall . But there were some dirty rotten guards at Marion… They would purposely screw you around . You are dealing with a person locked up 23 hours a day . Of course hes got a short fuse . Death . Silverstein died on May 11 , 2019 , after spending 36 years in solitary confinement ; he died from complications from heart surgery .
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Reinhold Maier took which position from 1952 to 1953?
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/wiki/Reinhold_Maier#P39#0
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Reinhold Maier Reinhold Maier ( 16 October 1889 – 19 August 1971 ) was a German politician and the leader of the FDP from 1957–1960 . From 1946 to 1952 he was Minister President of Württemberg-Baden and then the 1st Minister President of the new state of Baden-Württemberg until 1953 . He served as the 4th President of the Bundesrat in 1952/53 , the only FDP politician in German history to do so to date , as well as one of only two Presidents to not come from either the CDU/CSU or the SPD ( the other one is Winfried Kretschmann , who is member of Alliance 90/The Greens and was the 67th President of the Bundesrat in 2012/13 ) . Maier was born in Schorndorf . Early life . Maier , a Protestant , was born the son of a municipal architect , Gottlieb Maier , in Schorndorf . After attending grammar school in Schorndorf , Reinhold Maier attended the Dillmann-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and , in 1907 , received his Abitur . He then studied law at the University of Grenoble and at the University of Tübingen . There he was a member of the South German ( and liberally inclined ) Tübingen fraternity Academic Society Stuttgardia Tübingen . Here he met fellow aspiring politicians such as Eberhard Wildermuth , Karl Georg Pfleiderer , Konrad Wittwer and Wolfgang Haussmann . He received his doctorate in law in Heidelberg . During the First World War he took part as a soldier at the foot artillery regiment 13 . In 1920 he settled in Stuttgart and practiced as a lawyer . In 1924 he was inducted into the Masonic Lodge Zu den 3 cedars in Stuttgart . During the Nazi era he worked as a lawyer ; his wife Gerta Goldschmidt flew to the United Kingdom with their two children . Reinhold Maier was forced to divorce her under Nazi pressure but remarried her after the war in 1946 . Career . Already a member of the Progressive Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( FVP ) since 1912 , Maier joined the newly formed left-wing liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) in 1918 . In 1924 he became chairman of the Stuttgart District Association of DDP . In 1945 Maier participated in the founding of the Democratic Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( DVP ) , not to be confused with the German Peoples Party of the Weimar Republic . The DVP was absorbed by the FDP in 1948 . Maier became Minister President of “Württemberg-Baden” , a constituent state of the subsequent ‘’Land’’ of Baden-Württemberg in 1945 , following the collapse of the Nazi regime , which in its twilight had claimed the life of his former boss , the last elected Minister President Eugen Bolz , one of the 20 July Plot conspirators . As such , he preceded the West German state by setting up a constitutional democratic system in competition with the burgeoning SPD and communist parties , and the French and American occupation authorities . Despite his DVP party consistently polling less votes than Christian Democratic and socialist opponents , Maier steadfastly maintained coalitions with the liberals as the leading party . After the formation of the coalition of FDP / DVP , SPD and All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights ( BHE ) under his leadership , simultaneous to the constituting of the new state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , the Hesse FDP Association requested the expulsion of Maier and the state chairman Wolfgang Haussmann ( 1903-1989 ) from the party along with the separation of the DVP from the FDP , but the coup was not successful . Deputy . Maier was 1932–1933 a member of parliament for the German State Party . At the same time he was from 1932 to 1933 a member of the . On 23 March 1933 , he voted for the Enabling Act together with the other four liberal Reichstag deputies Hermann Dietrich , Theodor Heuss , , and Ernst Lemmer . The final sentence of his speech was : For the sake of people and country and in anticipation of a legitimate development , we will rescind our serious concerns and approve the Enabling Act . According to the informations of Theodor Heuss in his memoirs , the five liberal Reichstag deputies have initially been divided with respect to the Enabling Act . Heuss had formulated two explanations , one for rejection , one for abstention . At his side , however , was only Hermann Dietrich . Heinrich Landahl , Ernst Lemmer and Reinhold Maier voted in the Reichstag group for approval . Heuss and Dietrich were overruled , so then all Liberal MPs voted for the Enabling Act . In the Weimar Republic Maier was a member of the German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . In 1945 he was a founder of the Democratic Peoples Party ( DVP ) , which is now the Baden-Württemberg-Organisation of the FDP . He died in Stuttgart .
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What was the position of Reinhold Maier in 1953?
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/wiki/Reinhold_Maier#P39#1
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Reinhold Maier Reinhold Maier ( 16 October 1889 – 19 August 1971 ) was a German politician and the leader of the FDP from 1957–1960 . From 1946 to 1952 he was Minister President of Württemberg-Baden and then the 1st Minister President of the new state of Baden-Württemberg until 1953 . He served as the 4th President of the Bundesrat in 1952/53 , the only FDP politician in German history to do so to date , as well as one of only two Presidents to not come from either the CDU/CSU or the SPD ( the other one is Winfried Kretschmann , who is member of Alliance 90/The Greens and was the 67th President of the Bundesrat in 2012/13 ) . Maier was born in Schorndorf . Early life . Maier , a Protestant , was born the son of a municipal architect , Gottlieb Maier , in Schorndorf . After attending grammar school in Schorndorf , Reinhold Maier attended the Dillmann-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and , in 1907 , received his Abitur . He then studied law at the University of Grenoble and at the University of Tübingen . There he was a member of the South German ( and liberally inclined ) Tübingen fraternity Academic Society Stuttgardia Tübingen . Here he met fellow aspiring politicians such as Eberhard Wildermuth , Karl Georg Pfleiderer , Konrad Wittwer and Wolfgang Haussmann . He received his doctorate in law in Heidelberg . During the First World War he took part as a soldier at the foot artillery regiment 13 . In 1920 he settled in Stuttgart and practiced as a lawyer . In 1924 he was inducted into the Masonic Lodge Zu den 3 cedars in Stuttgart . During the Nazi era he worked as a lawyer ; his wife Gerta Goldschmidt flew to the United Kingdom with their two children . Reinhold Maier was forced to divorce her under Nazi pressure but remarried her after the war in 1946 . Career . Already a member of the Progressive Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( FVP ) since 1912 , Maier joined the newly formed left-wing liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) in 1918 . In 1924 he became chairman of the Stuttgart District Association of DDP . In 1945 Maier participated in the founding of the Democratic Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( DVP ) , not to be confused with the German Peoples Party of the Weimar Republic . The DVP was absorbed by the FDP in 1948 . Maier became Minister President of “Württemberg-Baden” , a constituent state of the subsequent ‘’Land’’ of Baden-Württemberg in 1945 , following the collapse of the Nazi regime , which in its twilight had claimed the life of his former boss , the last elected Minister President Eugen Bolz , one of the 20 July Plot conspirators . As such , he preceded the West German state by setting up a constitutional democratic system in competition with the burgeoning SPD and communist parties , and the French and American occupation authorities . Despite his DVP party consistently polling less votes than Christian Democratic and socialist opponents , Maier steadfastly maintained coalitions with the liberals as the leading party . After the formation of the coalition of FDP / DVP , SPD and All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights ( BHE ) under his leadership , simultaneous to the constituting of the new state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , the Hesse FDP Association requested the expulsion of Maier and the state chairman Wolfgang Haussmann ( 1903-1989 ) from the party along with the separation of the DVP from the FDP , but the coup was not successful . Deputy . Maier was 1932–1933 a member of parliament for the German State Party . At the same time he was from 1932 to 1933 a member of the . On 23 March 1933 , he voted for the Enabling Act together with the other four liberal Reichstag deputies Hermann Dietrich , Theodor Heuss , , and Ernst Lemmer . The final sentence of his speech was : For the sake of people and country and in anticipation of a legitimate development , we will rescind our serious concerns and approve the Enabling Act . According to the informations of Theodor Heuss in his memoirs , the five liberal Reichstag deputies have initially been divided with respect to the Enabling Act . Heuss had formulated two explanations , one for rejection , one for abstention . At his side , however , was only Hermann Dietrich . Heinrich Landahl , Ernst Lemmer and Reinhold Maier voted in the Reichstag group for approval . Heuss and Dietrich were overruled , so then all Liberal MPs voted for the Enabling Act . In the Weimar Republic Maier was a member of the German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . In 1945 he was a founder of the Democratic Peoples Party ( DVP ) , which is now the Baden-Württemberg-Organisation of the FDP . He died in Stuttgart .
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Which position did Reinhold Maier hold from Oct 1953 to May 1956?
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/wiki/Reinhold_Maier#P39#2
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Reinhold Maier Reinhold Maier ( 16 October 1889 – 19 August 1971 ) was a German politician and the leader of the FDP from 1957–1960 . From 1946 to 1952 he was Minister President of Württemberg-Baden and then the 1st Minister President of the new state of Baden-Württemberg until 1953 . He served as the 4th President of the Bundesrat in 1952/53 , the only FDP politician in German history to do so to date , as well as one of only two Presidents to not come from either the CDU/CSU or the SPD ( the other one is Winfried Kretschmann , who is member of Alliance 90/The Greens and was the 67th President of the Bundesrat in 2012/13 ) . Maier was born in Schorndorf . Early life . Maier , a Protestant , was born the son of a municipal architect , Gottlieb Maier , in Schorndorf . After attending grammar school in Schorndorf , Reinhold Maier attended the Dillmann-Gymnasium in Stuttgart and , in 1907 , received his Abitur . He then studied law at the University of Grenoble and at the University of Tübingen . There he was a member of the South German ( and liberally inclined ) Tübingen fraternity Academic Society Stuttgardia Tübingen . Here he met fellow aspiring politicians such as Eberhard Wildermuth , Karl Georg Pfleiderer , Konrad Wittwer and Wolfgang Haussmann . He received his doctorate in law in Heidelberg . During the First World War he took part as a soldier at the foot artillery regiment 13 . In 1920 he settled in Stuttgart and practiced as a lawyer . In 1924 he was inducted into the Masonic Lodge Zu den 3 cedars in Stuttgart . During the Nazi era he worked as a lawyer ; his wife Gerta Goldschmidt flew to the United Kingdom with their two children . Reinhold Maier was forced to divorce her under Nazi pressure but remarried her after the war in 1946 . Career . Already a member of the Progressive Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( FVP ) since 1912 , Maier joined the newly formed left-wing liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) in 1918 . In 1924 he became chairman of the Stuttgart District Association of DDP . In 1945 Maier participated in the founding of the Democratic Peoples Party ( Germany ) ( DVP ) , not to be confused with the German Peoples Party of the Weimar Republic . The DVP was absorbed by the FDP in 1948 . Maier became Minister President of “Württemberg-Baden” , a constituent state of the subsequent ‘’Land’’ of Baden-Württemberg in 1945 , following the collapse of the Nazi regime , which in its twilight had claimed the life of his former boss , the last elected Minister President Eugen Bolz , one of the 20 July Plot conspirators . As such , he preceded the West German state by setting up a constitutional democratic system in competition with the burgeoning SPD and communist parties , and the French and American occupation authorities . Despite his DVP party consistently polling less votes than Christian Democratic and socialist opponents , Maier steadfastly maintained coalitions with the liberals as the leading party . After the formation of the coalition of FDP / DVP , SPD and All-German Bloc/League of Expellees and Deprived of Rights ( BHE ) under his leadership , simultaneous to the constituting of the new state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952 , the Hesse FDP Association requested the expulsion of Maier and the state chairman Wolfgang Haussmann ( 1903-1989 ) from the party along with the separation of the DVP from the FDP , but the coup was not successful . Deputy . Maier was 1932–1933 a member of parliament for the German State Party . At the same time he was from 1932 to 1933 a member of the . On 23 March 1933 , he voted for the Enabling Act together with the other four liberal Reichstag deputies Hermann Dietrich , Theodor Heuss , , and Ernst Lemmer . The final sentence of his speech was : For the sake of people and country and in anticipation of a legitimate development , we will rescind our serious concerns and approve the Enabling Act . According to the informations of Theodor Heuss in his memoirs , the five liberal Reichstag deputies have initially been divided with respect to the Enabling Act . Heuss had formulated two explanations , one for rejection , one for abstention . At his side , however , was only Hermann Dietrich . Heinrich Landahl , Ernst Lemmer and Reinhold Maier voted in the Reichstag group for approval . Heuss and Dietrich were overruled , so then all Liberal MPs voted for the Enabling Act . In the Weimar Republic Maier was a member of the German Democratic Party ( DDP ) . In 1945 he was a founder of the Democratic Peoples Party ( DVP ) , which is now the Baden-Württemberg-Organisation of the FDP . He died in Stuttgart .
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Crispin Blunt took which position from May 1997 to May 2001?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#0
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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What position did Crispin Blunt take from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#1
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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Crispin Blunt took which position from May 2005 to Apr 2010?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#2
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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"Member of Parliament"
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easy
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What was the position of Crispin Blunt from May 2010 to Mar 2015?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#3
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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"Member of Parliament"
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easy
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Which position did Crispin Blunt hold from May 2015 to May 2017?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#4
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Crispin Blunt took which position from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#5
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did Crispin Blunt hold from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020?
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/wiki/Crispin_Blunt#P39#6
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Crispin Blunt Crispin Jeremy Rupert Blunt ( born 15 July 1960 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Reigate since 1997 , and from May 2010 to September 2012 he was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Prisons and Youth Justice within the Ministry of Justice . Blunt first entered the House of Commons at the 1997 general election , when he replaced the then MP Sir George Gardiner who had been deselected by the Constituency Conservative Association Executive Council and joined the Referendum Party . In 2013 , Blunt was himself deselected by the Constituency Executive Council , with speculation that this was due to his public announcement that he was gay . However , after a ballot of party members in Reigate , the decision was overturned by a margin of 5–1 and Blunt was reselected as the Conservative candidate for the 2015 general election . Early life and career . Blunt was born in Germany , one of three sons of English parents Adrienne ( née Richardson ) and Major-General Peter Blunt ( 1923–2003 ) . He was educated at Wellington College , and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , where he won the Queens Medal , gaining a Regular Commission , before reading Politics at University College , Durham between 1981 and 1984 , where he was elected President of the Durham Union Society in 1983 and graduated with a 2:1 degree . In 1991 , he gained an MBA at the Cranfield School of Management . Blunt was commissioned as an Army Officer into the 13th/18th Royal Hussars ( Queen Marys Own ) and served until 1990 . During the 1980s , he was stationed in Cyprus , Germany and Britain , serving as a Troop Leader , Regimental Operations Officer and Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron Commander . He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1990 , having been awarded the Queens Medal . Blunt contested his first Parliamentary seat at the 1992 general election , as the Conservative Party candidate in West Bromwich East . From 1991 to 1992 , Blunt was a representative of the Forum of Private Business . In 1993 , he was appointed as Special Adviser to Malcolm Rifkind the then-Secretary of State for Defence , and worked in the same capacity when Rifkind became Foreign Secretary between 1995 and 1997 . Member of Parliament . At the 1997 general election , Blunt was elected to Parliament as Member for Reigate in Surrey , replacing the long-serving strongly Eurosceptic MP Sir George Gardiner , who had been deselected by the local Conservative Party . Blunt was subsequently appointed to the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . In July 1997 , he was elected as Secretary of the Conservative Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Committee and the Conservative Middle East Council . In May 2000 , he joined the House of Commons Environment , Transport and Regional Affairs Select Committee and in July 2003 he was elected Chairman of the Conservative Middle East Council , a position he still occupies . The new Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed Blunt to the Opposition front bench as Shadow Minister for Northern Ireland in September 2001 . In July 2002 , he was appointed as deputy to Tim Yeo , Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry . On 1 May 2003 he resigned his position on the front bench , saying that Duncan Smith was a handicap to the Conservatives . He decided to resign at that time in the expectation that the Conservative Party would make over 500 gains in local government elections , but in the belief that these would be achieved in spite of , rather than because of , Iain Duncan Smiths leadership . Blunt timed his resignation so that it became public after the polls closed but before the results were declared . The following day he was unanimously reselected by his local party as their prospective parliamentary candidate , but in May 2003 he failed to persuade 25 of his fellow Conservative MPs to call for a vote of confidence . He accepted that no challenge for the party leadership would be immediately forthcoming and returned to the back benches . In November 2003 , Michael Howard eventually replaced Duncan Smith after a vote of no confidence . Blunt became a party whip under Howard , but on 9 June 2005 he took leave of absence from that role to support the expected leadership bid of Sir Malcolm Rifkind . However , when Rifkind was knocked out of the party leadership contest , Blunt returned to the Whips office and wrote to all Party members in his constituency asking them to rank the remaining contenders in order of preference so he could best represent his constituents . Blunt is a former joint chair of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding . When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition formed the Government in 2010 , Blunt was appointed as the first Minister of State for Prisons at the Ministry of Justice . His responsibilities include : Prisons and probation , Youth justice , Criminal law and sentencing policy and Criminal justice . He is also a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group . In November 2013 , Blunt was re-selected to stand in the 2015 general election for the Conservative Party having undergone a postal ballot of constituency members . The postal ballot was triggered when the executive council came to a vote with a majority decision not to endorse his candidacy . Having won the postal ballot Blunt called for the executive council to consider their position . The lack of support from a majority of the executive council was partly attributed to the allegedly homophobic views of some older Conservative voters in the area . Roger Newstead , the chairman of the Reigate South and Earlswood Branch , wrote a private letter to Dr Ben Mearns , who had resigned from the branch committee after protesting at the decision to force a postal ballot . In the letter , Newstead said : I do not know what motivated my executive colleagues but I suspect that Crispin has been the author of his own misfortune . There is no doubt in my mind that his very public and totally unnecessary announcement that he was gay was the final straw for some members , particularly those in the north of the borough , with whom there had been a number of previous disagreements on policy matters.. . A number of lady members were very offended by the manner in which his marriage broke down . Apparently Victorias version was very different from Crispins . Later clarifying his views to The Guardian newspaper , Newstead said : I still say it was unnecessary [ for Crispin Blunt to come out ] . To me it was an error of judgment . I wouldnt have done anything like that . I would have just said if anyone had asked me : politicians have a unique lifestyle , it doesnt suit everybody and there is a long history of parliamentary marriages breaking down . You dont have to go out and tell people you have got homosexual tendencies – that sort of thing you know . It is a private matter and it shouldnt have been put in the public domain . He put it in the public domain . In May 2014 , Blunt was one of seven unsuccessful candidates for the chairmanship of the House of Commons Defence Select Committee . On 19 June 2015 , it was announced that he had been elected to the chairmanship of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee , a post he held until 12 July 2017 when he was defeated by Conservative candidate Tom Tugendhat . Prior to the 2016 EU Referendum , Blunt supported Brexit , the successful outcome . In September 2017 , Blunt was elected chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group , the cross-party group which represents humanists in Parliament . In 2018 , he became an honorary associate of the National Secular Society . Political views . A long-term Eurosceptic , Blunt issued a pamphlet in 1998 , when first elected to parliament , calling for an in-out referendum for the United Kingdom . In June 2016 , Blunt championed LGBT rights , during the campaigning of the EU referendum , stating that the UK would be the worlds leading proponents of LGBTI rights , in or out of the EU . Blunt has been described as a long-term critic of Israel . Blunt has spoken out about the presence of parliamentary prayers as part of the UK Parliaments formal business . He put forward an Early Day Motion on the issue in 2019 , arguing that the practice was discriminatory against non-religious MPs , since those MPs who choose to pray are able to reserve a seat for parliamentary business that day and are more likely to ask questions ; there are 650 elected MPs in the UK Parliament , but only seating enough for 427 at any one time . In 2020 , he again raised the issue in the House , with new speaker Lindsay Hoyle expressing sympathy with the need for reform . Blunt is one of the most prominent Conservative advocates of transgender rights . He argues that supporting transgender individuals is an extension of the partys tradition of supporting individual liberty . Personal life . Blunt married Victoria Jenkins in September 1990 in Kensington and they have a daughter , Claudia , ( born March 1992 ) and son , Frederick , ( born August 1994 ) . His niece is the actress Emily Blunt . In August 2010 , he announced that he was leaving his wife , in order to come to terms with his homosexuality . They remain separated but have not divorced . Blunts voting record in Parliament had previously been broadly unsympathetic towards gay rights , though slightly more favourable when compared with the majority of his Conservative colleagues . He later stated regret for that part of his voting record . In January 2016 , he stated that he uses poppers , during a parliamentary debate that discussed banning them along with other legal highs . He stated , I out myself as a user of poppers . I am astonished to find [ the government ] is proposing it to be banned and frankly so would many other gay men . Blunt is a keen cricketer , representing the Parliamentarians team , alongside fellow MPs Peter Bone and Hugh Robertson . He is also a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club . External links . - Crispin Blunt MP official constituency website - Resignation statement , 1 May 2003 - Profile : Crispin Blunt , BBC News , 2 May 2003 - Former Chairman Crispin Blunt MP Conservative Middle East Council ( CMEC ) profile
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[
"Malmö FF"
] |
easy
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Daniel Andersson (footballer, born 1977) played for which team from 1995 to 1996?
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/wiki/Daniel_Andersson_(footballer,_born_1977)#P54#0
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Daniel Andersson ( footballer , born 1977 ) Daniel Jerry Andersson ( ; born 28 August 1977 in Lund ) is a Swedish former professional football player who is the director of sports at Malmö FF . He played primarily as a defensive midfielder but could also play as a centre back , which he mostly did later in his career . Andersson played the majority of his career for Malmö FF in two different periods where he also served as team captain between 2006 and 2011 , he also had a successful period playing for Serie A club Bari . He also had a long international playing career , playing 74 matches for Sweden . Daniel is part of a prosperous football family as both his father Roy Andersson and brother Patrik Andersson had successful football careers . Club career . Early career . Andersson played for Bjärreds IF as a youngster , but joined Malmö FF in 1994 . He gradually became a star in the Swedish league , and was bought by Italian Serie A outfit Bari . Bari . Andersson enjoyed big personal success at Bari , being named captain as a foreigner at only 23 years , in his third year . This attracted the interest of Juventus and Fiorentina amongst other clubs , with both clubs putting bids on the table . Andersson was also on his way to Fiorentina , but due to their financial problems the transfer was cancelled in the last minute . Venezia , Chievo and Ancona . Instead he transferred to Venezia for a fee of 6 million euro , where he had an average season . After that he had short stints with Chievo and Ancona . In 2004 , he returned to Malmö FF together with former teammate Yksel Osmanovski . Second period at Malmö FF . Daniel Andersson returned to Malmö FF the same year as his brother , Patrik Andersson , who was captain of the team at the time . The return of both Andersson brothers was a contributing factor to the club winning the league the same year . When Patrik retired due to injury problems in 2005 Daniel took over the captaincy and held it until retirement . After having played as centre midfielder for the majority of his career he took the position as centre back from the start of the 2010 season , where he enjoyed great success consistently being one of the best players in Malmö FF that year . By this change he became the third Andersson family member after his father Roy and brother Patrik to captain Malmö FF from the centre back position . He succeeded so well with the position change that he was nominated for Swedish defender of the year and Allsvenskan player of the year after he led Malmö FF to their 16th Swedish Championship . On 29 October 2011 Andersson announced that he would focus on his forthcoming coaching career as one of the three assistant managers for Malmö FF but emphasized that he would continue to play for the club when he was needed . On 15 December 2011 Andersson played his last match for Malmö FF as player only in the away match against Austria Vienna in the final fixture of the group stage of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League . Due to injury problems with the clubs younger defenders Andersson played 16 of 30 matches in the 2012 season , most of these matches were played before the summer break . His last match as a professional player was an away fixture against IF Elfsborg on 12 August 2012 . On 16 November Andersson announced the end of his professional playing career to be able to fully focus on his coaching duties . International career . Andersson was capped 74 times for Sweden between 1997 and 2009 . He was a squad member for Euro 2000 , Euro 2008 , and the 2002 and 2006 World Cup finals . At Euro 2000 , he was a regular starter in Swedens line-up . As a result of Tobias Linderoth getting injured , he was once again a regular starter at Euro 2008 , although the team did not make it into the knockout stages of the competition . Andersson retired from the national team after the unsuccessful campaign to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , in order to devote his energies to Malmö FF . Coaching career . Andersson was appointed as one of three new assistant managers at Malmö FF along with Jörgen Pettersson and Simon Hollyhead on 29 October 2011 . His focus was primarily on the defensive side of training at first and helping former manager Rikard Norling with picking the starting eleven . On 9 January 2014 Andersson assumed the role of director of sports at the club , taking over the position from Per Ågren who was stepping down . On 14 May 2018 , Andersson took over as the caretaker manager at Malmö FF , following the sacking of Magnus Pehrsson ; as the club was placed 10th in the league after nine rounds . Personal life . Daniel Andersson is the son of Roy Andersson and the younger brother of Patrik Andersson , all three of them being some of the most successful players in Malmö FF . A notable fact is also that all three have played centre back and have been team captain of Malmö FF . Honours . Malmö FF - Allsvenskan : 2004 , 2010 Individual - Swedish Midfielder of the Year : 1997 - Swedish Goal of the Year : 1997 External links . - Malmö FF profile
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[
""
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easy
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Which team did Daniel Andersson (footballer, born 1977) play for from 1996 to 2004?
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/wiki/Daniel_Andersson_(footballer,_born_1977)#P54#1
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Daniel Andersson ( footballer , born 1977 ) Daniel Jerry Andersson ( ; born 28 August 1977 in Lund ) is a Swedish former professional football player who is the director of sports at Malmö FF . He played primarily as a defensive midfielder but could also play as a centre back , which he mostly did later in his career . Andersson played the majority of his career for Malmö FF in two different periods where he also served as team captain between 2006 and 2011 , he also had a successful period playing for Serie A club Bari . He also had a long international playing career , playing 74 matches for Sweden . Daniel is part of a prosperous football family as both his father Roy Andersson and brother Patrik Andersson had successful football careers . Club career . Early career . Andersson played for Bjärreds IF as a youngster , but joined Malmö FF in 1994 . He gradually became a star in the Swedish league , and was bought by Italian Serie A outfit Bari . Bari . Andersson enjoyed big personal success at Bari , being named captain as a foreigner at only 23 years , in his third year . This attracted the interest of Juventus and Fiorentina amongst other clubs , with both clubs putting bids on the table . Andersson was also on his way to Fiorentina , but due to their financial problems the transfer was cancelled in the last minute . Venezia , Chievo and Ancona . Instead he transferred to Venezia for a fee of 6 million euro , where he had an average season . After that he had short stints with Chievo and Ancona . In 2004 , he returned to Malmö FF together with former teammate Yksel Osmanovski . Second period at Malmö FF . Daniel Andersson returned to Malmö FF the same year as his brother , Patrik Andersson , who was captain of the team at the time . The return of both Andersson brothers was a contributing factor to the club winning the league the same year . When Patrik retired due to injury problems in 2005 Daniel took over the captaincy and held it until retirement . After having played as centre midfielder for the majority of his career he took the position as centre back from the start of the 2010 season , where he enjoyed great success consistently being one of the best players in Malmö FF that year . By this change he became the third Andersson family member after his father Roy and brother Patrik to captain Malmö FF from the centre back position . He succeeded so well with the position change that he was nominated for Swedish defender of the year and Allsvenskan player of the year after he led Malmö FF to their 16th Swedish Championship . On 29 October 2011 Andersson announced that he would focus on his forthcoming coaching career as one of the three assistant managers for Malmö FF but emphasized that he would continue to play for the club when he was needed . On 15 December 2011 Andersson played his last match for Malmö FF as player only in the away match against Austria Vienna in the final fixture of the group stage of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League . Due to injury problems with the clubs younger defenders Andersson played 16 of 30 matches in the 2012 season , most of these matches were played before the summer break . His last match as a professional player was an away fixture against IF Elfsborg on 12 August 2012 . On 16 November Andersson announced the end of his professional playing career to be able to fully focus on his coaching duties . International career . Andersson was capped 74 times for Sweden between 1997 and 2009 . He was a squad member for Euro 2000 , Euro 2008 , and the 2002 and 2006 World Cup finals . At Euro 2000 , he was a regular starter in Swedens line-up . As a result of Tobias Linderoth getting injured , he was once again a regular starter at Euro 2008 , although the team did not make it into the knockout stages of the competition . Andersson retired from the national team after the unsuccessful campaign to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , in order to devote his energies to Malmö FF . Coaching career . Andersson was appointed as one of three new assistant managers at Malmö FF along with Jörgen Pettersson and Simon Hollyhead on 29 October 2011 . His focus was primarily on the defensive side of training at first and helping former manager Rikard Norling with picking the starting eleven . On 9 January 2014 Andersson assumed the role of director of sports at the club , taking over the position from Per Ågren who was stepping down . On 14 May 2018 , Andersson took over as the caretaker manager at Malmö FF , following the sacking of Magnus Pehrsson ; as the club was placed 10th in the league after nine rounds . Personal life . Daniel Andersson is the son of Roy Andersson and the younger brother of Patrik Andersson , all three of them being some of the most successful players in Malmö FF . A notable fact is also that all three have played centre back and have been team captain of Malmö FF . Honours . Malmö FF - Allsvenskan : 2004 , 2010 Individual - Swedish Midfielder of the Year : 1997 - Swedish Goal of the Year : 1997 External links . - Malmö FF profile
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[
"Allsvenskan"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Daniel Andersson (footballer, born 1977) belong to from 2004 to 2009?
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/wiki/Daniel_Andersson_(footballer,_born_1977)#P54#2
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Daniel Andersson ( footballer , born 1977 ) Daniel Jerry Andersson ( ; born 28 August 1977 in Lund ) is a Swedish former professional football player who is the director of sports at Malmö FF . He played primarily as a defensive midfielder but could also play as a centre back , which he mostly did later in his career . Andersson played the majority of his career for Malmö FF in two different periods where he also served as team captain between 2006 and 2011 , he also had a successful period playing for Serie A club Bari . He also had a long international playing career , playing 74 matches for Sweden . Daniel is part of a prosperous football family as both his father Roy Andersson and brother Patrik Andersson had successful football careers . Club career . Early career . Andersson played for Bjärreds IF as a youngster , but joined Malmö FF in 1994 . He gradually became a star in the Swedish league , and was bought by Italian Serie A outfit Bari . Bari . Andersson enjoyed big personal success at Bari , being named captain as a foreigner at only 23 years , in his third year . This attracted the interest of Juventus and Fiorentina amongst other clubs , with both clubs putting bids on the table . Andersson was also on his way to Fiorentina , but due to their financial problems the transfer was cancelled in the last minute . Venezia , Chievo and Ancona . Instead he transferred to Venezia for a fee of 6 million euro , where he had an average season . After that he had short stints with Chievo and Ancona . In 2004 , he returned to Malmö FF together with former teammate Yksel Osmanovski . Second period at Malmö FF . Daniel Andersson returned to Malmö FF the same year as his brother , Patrik Andersson , who was captain of the team at the time . The return of both Andersson brothers was a contributing factor to the club winning the league the same year . When Patrik retired due to injury problems in 2005 Daniel took over the captaincy and held it until retirement . After having played as centre midfielder for the majority of his career he took the position as centre back from the start of the 2010 season , where he enjoyed great success consistently being one of the best players in Malmö FF that year . By this change he became the third Andersson family member after his father Roy and brother Patrik to captain Malmö FF from the centre back position . He succeeded so well with the position change that he was nominated for Swedish defender of the year and Allsvenskan player of the year after he led Malmö FF to their 16th Swedish Championship . On 29 October 2011 Andersson announced that he would focus on his forthcoming coaching career as one of the three assistant managers for Malmö FF but emphasized that he would continue to play for the club when he was needed . On 15 December 2011 Andersson played his last match for Malmö FF as player only in the away match against Austria Vienna in the final fixture of the group stage of the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League . Due to injury problems with the clubs younger defenders Andersson played 16 of 30 matches in the 2012 season , most of these matches were played before the summer break . His last match as a professional player was an away fixture against IF Elfsborg on 12 August 2012 . On 16 November Andersson announced the end of his professional playing career to be able to fully focus on his coaching duties . International career . Andersson was capped 74 times for Sweden between 1997 and 2009 . He was a squad member for Euro 2000 , Euro 2008 , and the 2002 and 2006 World Cup finals . At Euro 2000 , he was a regular starter in Swedens line-up . As a result of Tobias Linderoth getting injured , he was once again a regular starter at Euro 2008 , although the team did not make it into the knockout stages of the competition . Andersson retired from the national team after the unsuccessful campaign to qualify for the 2010 World Cup , in order to devote his energies to Malmö FF . Coaching career . Andersson was appointed as one of three new assistant managers at Malmö FF along with Jörgen Pettersson and Simon Hollyhead on 29 October 2011 . His focus was primarily on the defensive side of training at first and helping former manager Rikard Norling with picking the starting eleven . On 9 January 2014 Andersson assumed the role of director of sports at the club , taking over the position from Per Ågren who was stepping down . On 14 May 2018 , Andersson took over as the caretaker manager at Malmö FF , following the sacking of Magnus Pehrsson ; as the club was placed 10th in the league after nine rounds . Personal life . Daniel Andersson is the son of Roy Andersson and the younger brother of Patrik Andersson , all three of them being some of the most successful players in Malmö FF . A notable fact is also that all three have played centre back and have been team captain of Malmö FF . Honours . Malmö FF - Allsvenskan : 2004 , 2010 Individual - Swedish Midfielder of the Year : 1997 - Swedish Goal of the Year : 1997 External links . - Malmö FF profile
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[
"Permanent Representative to the United Nations"
] |
easy
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Which position did Nabil Elaraby hold from May 1991 to May 1995?
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/wiki/Nabil_Elaraby#P39#0
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Nabil Elaraby Nabil Elaraby ( Arabic : نبيل العربي ; born 15 March 1935 ) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was Secretary General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016 . Previously , he was Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs government from March to June 2011 . Early life and education . Elaraby was born on 15 March 1935 . He holds a J.S.D . ( 1971 ) and an LL.M . ( 1969 ) from New York University School of Law and a law degree from Cairo Universitys Faculty of Law ( 1955 ) . Career . Elaraby is a partner at Zaki Hashem & Partners in Cairo , specializing in negotiations and arbitration . Egyptian government . Elaraby was legal adviser and director in the Legal and Treaties Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1978 and then Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1983 . He then returned to his previous post at the Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1987 . He was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the Camp David Middle East peace conference in 1978 , head of the Egyptian delegation to the Taba negotiations from 1985 to 1989 , and Agent of the Egyptian Government to the Egyptian-Israeli arbitration tribunal ( Taba dispute ) from 1986 to 1988 . He was appointed by the Egyptian Minister of Justice on the list of arbitrators in civil and commercial affairs in Egypt in 1995 . United Nations . In 1968 , Elaraby was an Adlai Stevenson Fellow in International Law at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research ( UNITAR ) . He was appointed a Special Fellow in International Law at UNITAR in 1973 , and was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the United Nations Geneva Middle East peace conference from 1973 to 1975 . Elarby was Egypts Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1978 to 1981 , the Permanent Representative to the UN Office at Geneva from 1987 to 1991 , the Permanent Representative to the UN in New York from 1991 to 1999 , a member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations from 1994 to 2004 , President of the Security Council in 1996 , and Vice-President of the General Assembly in 1993 , 1994 and 1997 . He was a commissioner at the United Nations Compensation Commission in Geneva from 1999 to 2001 , and a member of the International Court of Justice from 2001 to February 2006 . Elaraby has served as Chairman for the First ( Disarmament and international security questions ) Committee of the General Assembly , the Informal Working Group on an Agenda for Peace , the Working Group on Legal Instruments for the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro , and the UN Special Committee on Enhancing the Principle of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in International Relations . Other international work . Elaraby was an Arbitrator at the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration in Paris in a dispute concerning the Suez Canal from 1989 to 1992 . He was a judge in the Judicial Tribunal of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1990 . Elaraby was a member of the governing board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute from 2000 to 2010 . Since December 2008 he has been serving as the Director of the Regional Cairo Centre for International Commercial Arbitration and as a counsel of the Sudanese government in the Abyei Boundary Arbitration between the Government of Sudan and the Sudanese Peoples Revolutionary Movement . Elaraby has also served as a Member of the Board for the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration , a Member of the Board for the Egyptian Society of International Law , and a Member of the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Centre List of Neutrals . 2011 Egyptian revolution and transitional government . Nabil Elaraby was one of the group of about 30 high-profile Egyptians acting as liaison between the protesters and the government , and pressing for the removal of President Hosni Mubarak . At a democracy forum on 25 February 2011 , he said the Egyptian government suffered from a lack of separation of powers , a lack of transparency and a lack of judicial independence . He said foreign policy should be based on Egypts interests , including holding Israel accountable when it does not respect its obligations . On 6 March 2011 , he was appointed Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs post-revolution cabinet . Since then he has opened the Rafah Border Crossing with Gaza and brokered the reconciliation of Hamas with Fatah . Arab League . On 15 May 2011 , he was appointed Secretary General of the Arab League , succeeding Amr Moussa . He officially took office on 1 July 2011 . Publications . - Taba , Camp David , Israeli West Bank barrier : From United Nations Security Council to the International Court of Justice ( ) , ed . Dar al-Chorouq , Cairo , 2017 . External links . - at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Egypt’s foreign minister on the way forward after Mubarak , Lally Weymouth , The Washington Post , 6 May 2011 - Nabil El-Arabi -- justice-based diplomacy , Dina Ezzat , Al-Ahram Weekly , 19 May 2011
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[
"Foreign Affairs Minister"
] |
easy
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What position did Nabil Elaraby take from Mar 2011 to Jun 2011?
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/wiki/Nabil_Elaraby#P39#1
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Nabil Elaraby Nabil Elaraby ( Arabic : نبيل العربي ; born 15 March 1935 ) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was Secretary General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016 . Previously , he was Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs government from March to June 2011 . Early life and education . Elaraby was born on 15 March 1935 . He holds a J.S.D . ( 1971 ) and an LL.M . ( 1969 ) from New York University School of Law and a law degree from Cairo Universitys Faculty of Law ( 1955 ) . Career . Elaraby is a partner at Zaki Hashem & Partners in Cairo , specializing in negotiations and arbitration . Egyptian government . Elaraby was legal adviser and director in the Legal and Treaties Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1978 and then Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1983 . He then returned to his previous post at the Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1987 . He was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the Camp David Middle East peace conference in 1978 , head of the Egyptian delegation to the Taba negotiations from 1985 to 1989 , and Agent of the Egyptian Government to the Egyptian-Israeli arbitration tribunal ( Taba dispute ) from 1986 to 1988 . He was appointed by the Egyptian Minister of Justice on the list of arbitrators in civil and commercial affairs in Egypt in 1995 . United Nations . In 1968 , Elaraby was an Adlai Stevenson Fellow in International Law at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research ( UNITAR ) . He was appointed a Special Fellow in International Law at UNITAR in 1973 , and was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the United Nations Geneva Middle East peace conference from 1973 to 1975 . Elarby was Egypts Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1978 to 1981 , the Permanent Representative to the UN Office at Geneva from 1987 to 1991 , the Permanent Representative to the UN in New York from 1991 to 1999 , a member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations from 1994 to 2004 , President of the Security Council in 1996 , and Vice-President of the General Assembly in 1993 , 1994 and 1997 . He was a commissioner at the United Nations Compensation Commission in Geneva from 1999 to 2001 , and a member of the International Court of Justice from 2001 to February 2006 . Elaraby has served as Chairman for the First ( Disarmament and international security questions ) Committee of the General Assembly , the Informal Working Group on an Agenda for Peace , the Working Group on Legal Instruments for the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro , and the UN Special Committee on Enhancing the Principle of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in International Relations . Other international work . Elaraby was an Arbitrator at the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration in Paris in a dispute concerning the Suez Canal from 1989 to 1992 . He was a judge in the Judicial Tribunal of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1990 . Elaraby was a member of the governing board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute from 2000 to 2010 . Since December 2008 he has been serving as the Director of the Regional Cairo Centre for International Commercial Arbitration and as a counsel of the Sudanese government in the Abyei Boundary Arbitration between the Government of Sudan and the Sudanese Peoples Revolutionary Movement . Elaraby has also served as a Member of the Board for the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration , a Member of the Board for the Egyptian Society of International Law , and a Member of the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Centre List of Neutrals . 2011 Egyptian revolution and transitional government . Nabil Elaraby was one of the group of about 30 high-profile Egyptians acting as liaison between the protesters and the government , and pressing for the removal of President Hosni Mubarak . At a democracy forum on 25 February 2011 , he said the Egyptian government suffered from a lack of separation of powers , a lack of transparency and a lack of judicial independence . He said foreign policy should be based on Egypts interests , including holding Israel accountable when it does not respect its obligations . On 6 March 2011 , he was appointed Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs post-revolution cabinet . Since then he has opened the Rafah Border Crossing with Gaza and brokered the reconciliation of Hamas with Fatah . Arab League . On 15 May 2011 , he was appointed Secretary General of the Arab League , succeeding Amr Moussa . He officially took office on 1 July 2011 . Publications . - Taba , Camp David , Israeli West Bank barrier : From United Nations Security Council to the International Court of Justice ( ) , ed . Dar al-Chorouq , Cairo , 2017 . External links . - at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Egypt’s foreign minister on the way forward after Mubarak , Lally Weymouth , The Washington Post , 6 May 2011 - Nabil El-Arabi -- justice-based diplomacy , Dina Ezzat , Al-Ahram Weekly , 19 May 2011
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[
"Secretary General of the Arab League"
] |
easy
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What position did Nabil Elaraby take from Jul 2011 to Jul 2016?
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/wiki/Nabil_Elaraby#P39#2
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Nabil Elaraby Nabil Elaraby ( Arabic : نبيل العربي ; born 15 March 1935 ) is an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was Secretary General of the Arab League from 1 July 2011 to 3 July 2016 . Previously , he was Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs government from March to June 2011 . Early life and education . Elaraby was born on 15 March 1935 . He holds a J.S.D . ( 1971 ) and an LL.M . ( 1969 ) from New York University School of Law and a law degree from Cairo Universitys Faculty of Law ( 1955 ) . Career . Elaraby is a partner at Zaki Hashem & Partners in Cairo , specializing in negotiations and arbitration . Egyptian government . Elaraby was legal adviser and director in the Legal and Treaties Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1976 to 1978 and then Ambassador to India from 1981 to 1983 . He then returned to his previous post at the Foreign Ministry from 1983 to 1987 . He was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the Camp David Middle East peace conference in 1978 , head of the Egyptian delegation to the Taba negotiations from 1985 to 1989 , and Agent of the Egyptian Government to the Egyptian-Israeli arbitration tribunal ( Taba dispute ) from 1986 to 1988 . He was appointed by the Egyptian Minister of Justice on the list of arbitrators in civil and commercial affairs in Egypt in 1995 . United Nations . In 1968 , Elaraby was an Adlai Stevenson Fellow in International Law at the United Nations Institute for Training and Research ( UNITAR ) . He was appointed a Special Fellow in International Law at UNITAR in 1973 , and was legal adviser to the Egyptian delegation to the United Nations Geneva Middle East peace conference from 1973 to 1975 . Elarby was Egypts Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York from 1978 to 1981 , the Permanent Representative to the UN Office at Geneva from 1987 to 1991 , the Permanent Representative to the UN in New York from 1991 to 1999 , a member of the International Law Commission of the United Nations from 1994 to 2004 , President of the Security Council in 1996 , and Vice-President of the General Assembly in 1993 , 1994 and 1997 . He was a commissioner at the United Nations Compensation Commission in Geneva from 1999 to 2001 , and a member of the International Court of Justice from 2001 to February 2006 . Elaraby has served as Chairman for the First ( Disarmament and international security questions ) Committee of the General Assembly , the Informal Working Group on an Agenda for Peace , the Working Group on Legal Instruments for the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro , and the UN Special Committee on Enhancing the Principle of the Prohibition of the Use of Force in International Relations . Other international work . Elaraby was an Arbitrator at the International Chamber of Commerce International Court of Arbitration in Paris in a dispute concerning the Suez Canal from 1989 to 1992 . He was a judge in the Judicial Tribunal of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1990 . Elaraby was a member of the governing board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute from 2000 to 2010 . Since December 2008 he has been serving as the Director of the Regional Cairo Centre for International Commercial Arbitration and as a counsel of the Sudanese government in the Abyei Boundary Arbitration between the Government of Sudan and the Sudanese Peoples Revolutionary Movement . Elaraby has also served as a Member of the Board for the Cairo Regional Centre for International Commercial Arbitration , a Member of the Board for the Egyptian Society of International Law , and a Member of the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Centre List of Neutrals . 2011 Egyptian revolution and transitional government . Nabil Elaraby was one of the group of about 30 high-profile Egyptians acting as liaison between the protesters and the government , and pressing for the removal of President Hosni Mubarak . At a democracy forum on 25 February 2011 , he said the Egyptian government suffered from a lack of separation of powers , a lack of transparency and a lack of judicial independence . He said foreign policy should be based on Egypts interests , including holding Israel accountable when it does not respect its obligations . On 6 March 2011 , he was appointed Foreign Affairs Minister of Egypt in Essam Sharafs post-revolution cabinet . Since then he has opened the Rafah Border Crossing with Gaza and brokered the reconciliation of Hamas with Fatah . Arab League . On 15 May 2011 , he was appointed Secretary General of the Arab League , succeeding Amr Moussa . He officially took office on 1 July 2011 . Publications . - Taba , Camp David , Israeli West Bank barrier : From United Nations Security Council to the International Court of Justice ( ) , ed . Dar al-Chorouq , Cairo , 2017 . External links . - at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Egypt’s foreign minister on the way forward after Mubarak , Lally Weymouth , The Washington Post , 6 May 2011 - Nabil El-Arabi -- justice-based diplomacy , Dina Ezzat , Al-Ahram Weekly , 19 May 2011
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[
""
] |
easy
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Who was the chair of Public Affairs (political party) from 2003 to 2005?
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/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)#P488#0
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Public Affairs ( political party ) Public Affairs ( , VV , nicknamed véčkaři ) was a conservative-liberal political party in the Czech Republic . Its main platform was transparency and opposition to political corruption . It had 24 seats in the 2010–2013 Chamber of Deputies . The party was led by anti-establishment investigative journalist and writer Radek John , and later by Jiří Kohout . Besides opposing corruption , the party was fiscally conservative . It had a number of right-wing populist policies . The party was supportive of direct democracy – the members of the party could change the course of the party by Internet referendums – and was pro-European Union . Early years . Founded in 2001 , the party focused on local politics in Prague , particularly Prague 1 , for most of its existence . In June 2009 , Radek John was recruited as its chairman , and it emerged in late 2009 as a contender in the 2010 election , polling above the 5% threshold to win seats , and occasionally above KDU-ČSL and the Green Party . John competed with Karel Schwarzenberg for the title of the countrys most popular politician . In the election , VV received 10.9% of the vote , easily surpassing the 5% threshold , and won 24 seats . The party entered into a governing coalition with the countrys two other centre-right parties : the Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) and TOP 09 . Party breakdown . In April 2011 , Vít Bárta , Czech Minister of Transport , was accused of bribery by his party colleagues , deputies Jaroslav Škárka , Stanislav Huml , and Kristýna Kočí , who were subsequently expelled from the party . The incident caused serious problems in the Czech government coalition . A lawsuit involving several members and deputies of the party began to be debated in court on 5 March 2012 . Vít Bárta was accused by the State Prosecution of bribery and Jaroslav Škárka of receiving a bribe . After Nečass government collapsed , some members of Public Affairs split to form another party , LIDEM , hoping to continue their coalition with ODS and TOP 09 , with Miroslava Němcová as Prime Minister . However , President Miloš Zeman refused and instead appointed Jiří Rusnok a caretaker Prime Minister . When this cabinet failed to win a confidence vote in the Chamber , the opposition called for dissolution of the Chamber and early elections . The remaining Public Affairs deputies voted in favour , and the motion of dissolution was passed with 143 out of 200 votes . On 3 September 2013 , Bárta announced that Public Affairs would not be standing in the October 2013 legislative election , leading to a split in the partys leadership . Some party members were later elected as candidates of Dawn of Direct Democracy . In August 2015 , the party announced its dissolution , with chairman Jiří Kohout stating that the party no longer had enough money to operate .
|
[
"Jaroslav Škárka"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Public Affairs (political party) from 2005 to 2009?
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/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)#P488#1
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Public Affairs ( political party ) Public Affairs ( , VV , nicknamed véčkaři ) was a conservative-liberal political party in the Czech Republic . Its main platform was transparency and opposition to political corruption . It had 24 seats in the 2010–2013 Chamber of Deputies . The party was led by anti-establishment investigative journalist and writer Radek John , and later by Jiří Kohout . Besides opposing corruption , the party was fiscally conservative . It had a number of right-wing populist policies . The party was supportive of direct democracy – the members of the party could change the course of the party by Internet referendums – and was pro-European Union . Early years . Founded in 2001 , the party focused on local politics in Prague , particularly Prague 1 , for most of its existence . In June 2009 , Radek John was recruited as its chairman , and it emerged in late 2009 as a contender in the 2010 election , polling above the 5% threshold to win seats , and occasionally above KDU-ČSL and the Green Party . John competed with Karel Schwarzenberg for the title of the countrys most popular politician . In the election , VV received 10.9% of the vote , easily surpassing the 5% threshold , and won 24 seats . The party entered into a governing coalition with the countrys two other centre-right parties : the Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) and TOP 09 . Party breakdown . In April 2011 , Vít Bárta , Czech Minister of Transport , was accused of bribery by his party colleagues , deputies Jaroslav Škárka , Stanislav Huml , and Kristýna Kočí , who were subsequently expelled from the party . The incident caused serious problems in the Czech government coalition . A lawsuit involving several members and deputies of the party began to be debated in court on 5 March 2012 . Vít Bárta was accused by the State Prosecution of bribery and Jaroslav Škárka of receiving a bribe . After Nečass government collapsed , some members of Public Affairs split to form another party , LIDEM , hoping to continue their coalition with ODS and TOP 09 , with Miroslava Němcová as Prime Minister . However , President Miloš Zeman refused and instead appointed Jiří Rusnok a caretaker Prime Minister . When this cabinet failed to win a confidence vote in the Chamber , the opposition called for dissolution of the Chamber and early elections . The remaining Public Affairs deputies voted in favour , and the motion of dissolution was passed with 143 out of 200 votes . On 3 September 2013 , Bárta announced that Public Affairs would not be standing in the October 2013 legislative election , leading to a split in the partys leadership . Some party members were later elected as candidates of Dawn of Direct Democracy . In August 2015 , the party announced its dissolution , with chairman Jiří Kohout stating that the party no longer had enough money to operate .
|
[
"Radek John"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Public Affairs (political party) from 2009 to 2013?
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/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)#P488#2
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Public Affairs ( political party ) Public Affairs ( , VV , nicknamed véčkaři ) was a conservative-liberal political party in the Czech Republic . Its main platform was transparency and opposition to political corruption . It had 24 seats in the 2010–2013 Chamber of Deputies . The party was led by anti-establishment investigative journalist and writer Radek John , and later by Jiří Kohout . Besides opposing corruption , the party was fiscally conservative . It had a number of right-wing populist policies . The party was supportive of direct democracy – the members of the party could change the course of the party by Internet referendums – and was pro-European Union . Early years . Founded in 2001 , the party focused on local politics in Prague , particularly Prague 1 , for most of its existence . In June 2009 , Radek John was recruited as its chairman , and it emerged in late 2009 as a contender in the 2010 election , polling above the 5% threshold to win seats , and occasionally above KDU-ČSL and the Green Party . John competed with Karel Schwarzenberg for the title of the countrys most popular politician . In the election , VV received 10.9% of the vote , easily surpassing the 5% threshold , and won 24 seats . The party entered into a governing coalition with the countrys two other centre-right parties : the Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) and TOP 09 . Party breakdown . In April 2011 , Vít Bárta , Czech Minister of Transport , was accused of bribery by his party colleagues , deputies Jaroslav Škárka , Stanislav Huml , and Kristýna Kočí , who were subsequently expelled from the party . The incident caused serious problems in the Czech government coalition . A lawsuit involving several members and deputies of the party began to be debated in court on 5 March 2012 . Vít Bárta was accused by the State Prosecution of bribery and Jaroslav Škárka of receiving a bribe . After Nečass government collapsed , some members of Public Affairs split to form another party , LIDEM , hoping to continue their coalition with ODS and TOP 09 , with Miroslava Němcová as Prime Minister . However , President Miloš Zeman refused and instead appointed Jiří Rusnok a caretaker Prime Minister . When this cabinet failed to win a confidence vote in the Chamber , the opposition called for dissolution of the Chamber and early elections . The remaining Public Affairs deputies voted in favour , and the motion of dissolution was passed with 143 out of 200 votes . On 3 September 2013 , Bárta announced that Public Affairs would not be standing in the October 2013 legislative election , leading to a split in the partys leadership . Some party members were later elected as candidates of Dawn of Direct Democracy . In August 2015 , the party announced its dissolution , with chairman Jiří Kohout stating that the party no longer had enough money to operate .
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[
"Vít Bárta"
] |
easy
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Who was the head of Public Affairs (political party) from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)#P488#3
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Public Affairs ( political party ) Public Affairs ( , VV , nicknamed véčkaři ) was a conservative-liberal political party in the Czech Republic . Its main platform was transparency and opposition to political corruption . It had 24 seats in the 2010–2013 Chamber of Deputies . The party was led by anti-establishment investigative journalist and writer Radek John , and later by Jiří Kohout . Besides opposing corruption , the party was fiscally conservative . It had a number of right-wing populist policies . The party was supportive of direct democracy – the members of the party could change the course of the party by Internet referendums – and was pro-European Union . Early years . Founded in 2001 , the party focused on local politics in Prague , particularly Prague 1 , for most of its existence . In June 2009 , Radek John was recruited as its chairman , and it emerged in late 2009 as a contender in the 2010 election , polling above the 5% threshold to win seats , and occasionally above KDU-ČSL and the Green Party . John competed with Karel Schwarzenberg for the title of the countrys most popular politician . In the election , VV received 10.9% of the vote , easily surpassing the 5% threshold , and won 24 seats . The party entered into a governing coalition with the countrys two other centre-right parties : the Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) and TOP 09 . Party breakdown . In April 2011 , Vít Bárta , Czech Minister of Transport , was accused of bribery by his party colleagues , deputies Jaroslav Škárka , Stanislav Huml , and Kristýna Kočí , who were subsequently expelled from the party . The incident caused serious problems in the Czech government coalition . A lawsuit involving several members and deputies of the party began to be debated in court on 5 March 2012 . Vít Bárta was accused by the State Prosecution of bribery and Jaroslav Škárka of receiving a bribe . After Nečass government collapsed , some members of Public Affairs split to form another party , LIDEM , hoping to continue their coalition with ODS and TOP 09 , with Miroslava Němcová as Prime Minister . However , President Miloš Zeman refused and instead appointed Jiří Rusnok a caretaker Prime Minister . When this cabinet failed to win a confidence vote in the Chamber , the opposition called for dissolution of the Chamber and early elections . The remaining Public Affairs deputies voted in favour , and the motion of dissolution was passed with 143 out of 200 votes . On 3 September 2013 , Bárta announced that Public Affairs would not be standing in the October 2013 legislative election , leading to a split in the partys leadership . Some party members were later elected as candidates of Dawn of Direct Democracy . In August 2015 , the party announced its dissolution , with chairman Jiří Kohout stating that the party no longer had enough money to operate .
|
[
"Jiří Kohout"
] |
easy
|
Who was the head of Public Affairs (political party) from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)#P488#4
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Public Affairs ( political party ) Public Affairs ( , VV , nicknamed véčkaři ) was a conservative-liberal political party in the Czech Republic . Its main platform was transparency and opposition to political corruption . It had 24 seats in the 2010–2013 Chamber of Deputies . The party was led by anti-establishment investigative journalist and writer Radek John , and later by Jiří Kohout . Besides opposing corruption , the party was fiscally conservative . It had a number of right-wing populist policies . The party was supportive of direct democracy – the members of the party could change the course of the party by Internet referendums – and was pro-European Union . Early years . Founded in 2001 , the party focused on local politics in Prague , particularly Prague 1 , for most of its existence . In June 2009 , Radek John was recruited as its chairman , and it emerged in late 2009 as a contender in the 2010 election , polling above the 5% threshold to win seats , and occasionally above KDU-ČSL and the Green Party . John competed with Karel Schwarzenberg for the title of the countrys most popular politician . In the election , VV received 10.9% of the vote , easily surpassing the 5% threshold , and won 24 seats . The party entered into a governing coalition with the countrys two other centre-right parties : the Civic Democratic Party ( ODS ) and TOP 09 . Party breakdown . In April 2011 , Vít Bárta , Czech Minister of Transport , was accused of bribery by his party colleagues , deputies Jaroslav Škárka , Stanislav Huml , and Kristýna Kočí , who were subsequently expelled from the party . The incident caused serious problems in the Czech government coalition . A lawsuit involving several members and deputies of the party began to be debated in court on 5 March 2012 . Vít Bárta was accused by the State Prosecution of bribery and Jaroslav Škárka of receiving a bribe . After Nečass government collapsed , some members of Public Affairs split to form another party , LIDEM , hoping to continue their coalition with ODS and TOP 09 , with Miroslava Němcová as Prime Minister . However , President Miloš Zeman refused and instead appointed Jiří Rusnok a caretaker Prime Minister . When this cabinet failed to win a confidence vote in the Chamber , the opposition called for dissolution of the Chamber and early elections . The remaining Public Affairs deputies voted in favour , and the motion of dissolution was passed with 143 out of 200 votes . On 3 September 2013 , Bárta announced that Public Affairs would not be standing in the October 2013 legislative election , leading to a split in the partys leadership . Some party members were later elected as candidates of Dawn of Direct Democracy . In August 2015 , the party announced its dissolution , with chairman Jiří Kohout stating that the party no longer had enough money to operate .
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[
"monument historique"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg from 1862 to Sep 1991?
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/wiki/Château_du_Haut-Kœnigsbourg#P1435#0
|
Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg The Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg ( ; ) is a medieval castle located in the commune of Orschwiller in the Bas-Rhin département of Alsace , France , Located in the Vosges mountains just west of Sélestat , situated in a strategic area on a rocky spur overlooking the Upper Rhine Plain , it was used by successive powers from the Middle Ages until the Thirty Years War when it was abandoned . From 1900 to 1908 it was rebuilt at the behest of the German kaiser Wilhelm II . Today it is a major tourist site , attracting more than 500,000 visitors a year . History . The Buntsandstein cliff was first mentioned as Stofenberk ( Staufenberg ) in a 774 deed issued by the Frankish king Charlemagne . Again certified in 854 , it was then a possession of the French Basilica of St Denis and the site of a monastery . Middle Ages . It is not known when the first castle was built . However , a Burg Staufen ( Castrum Estufin ) is documented in 1147 , when the monks complained to King Louis VII of France about its unlawful construction by the Hohenstaufen Duke Frederick II of Swabia . Fredericks younger brother Conrad III had been elected King of the Romans in 1138 , to be succeeded by Fredericks son Frederick Barbarossa in 1152 , and by 1192 the castle was called Kinzburg ( Königsburg , Kings Castle ) . In the early thirteenth century , the fortification passed from the Hohenstaufen family to the dukes of Lorraine , who entrusted it to the local Rathsamhausen knightly family and the Lords of Hohenstein , who held the castle until the fifteenth century . As the Hohensteins allowed some robber barons to use the castle as a hideout , and their behaviour began to exasperate the neighbouring rulers , in 1454 it was occupied by Elector Palatine Frederick I and in 1462 was set ablaze by the unified forces of the cities of Colmar , Strasbourg , and Basel . In 1479 , the Habsburg emperor Frederick III granted the castle ruins in fief to the Counts of Thierstein , who rebuilt them with a defensive system suited to the new artillery of the time . When in 1517 the last Thierstein died , the castle became a reverted fief and again came into the possession of the Habsburg emperor of the day , Maximilian I . In 1633 , during the Thirty Years War in which Catholics forces fought Protestants , the Imperial castle was besieged by Protestant Swedish forces . After a 52-day siege , the castle was burned and looted by the Swedish troops . For several hundred years it was left unused , and the ruins became overgrown by the forest . Various romantic poets and artists were inspired by the castle during this time . 19th century renovation . The ruins had been listed as a monument historique of the Second French Empire since 1862 and were purchased by the township of Sélestat ( or Schlettstadt ) three years later . After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 the region was incorporated into the German Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine , and in 1899 the citizens granted what was left of the castle to the German emperor Wilhelm II . Wilhelm wished to create a castle lauding the qualities of Alsace in the Middle Ages and more generally of German civilization stretching from Hohkönigsburg in the west to ( likewise restored ) Marienburg Castle in the east . He also hoped the restoration would reinforce the bond of Alsatians with Germany , as they had only recently been incorporated into the newly established German Empire . The management of the restoration of the fortifications was entrusted to the architect Bodo Ebhardt , a proven expert on the reconstruction of medieval castles . Work proceeded from 1900 to 1908 . On May 13 , 1908 , the restored Hohkönigsburg was inaugurated in the presence of the Emperor . In an elaborate re-enactment ceremony , a historic cortege entered the castle , under a torrential downpour . Ebharts aim was to rebuild it , as near as possible , as it was on the eve of the Thirty Years War . He relied heavily on historical accounts but , occasionally lacking information , he had to improvise some parts of the stronghold . For example , the Keep tower is now reckoned to be about 14 metres too tall . Wilhelm II , who regularly visited the construction site via a specially built train station in nearby Saint-Hippolyte , also encouraged certain modifications that emphasised a Romantic nostalgia for Germanic civilization . For example , the main dining hall has a higher roof than it did at the time , and links between the Hohenzollern family and the Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire are emphasized . The Emperor wanted to legitimise the House of Hohenzollern at the head of the Second Empire , and to assure himself as worthy heir of the Hohenstaufens and the Habsburgs . The castle today . After World War I , the French state confiscated the castle in accordance with the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . It has been listed since 1862 and classified since 1993 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . In 2007 , ownership was transferred to the Bas-Rhin département . Today , it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the region . For many years it was considered fashionable in France to sneer at the castle because of its links to the German emperor . Many considered it to be nothing more than a fairy tale castle similar to Neuschwanstein . However , in recent years many historians have established that , although it is not a completely accurate reconstruction , it is at least interesting for what it shows about Wilhelm IIs romantic nationalist ideas of the past and the architects work . Indeed , Bodo Ebhardt restored the castle following a close study of the remaining walls , archives and other fortified castles built at the same period . Parts of the 1937 film La Grande Illusion by Jean Renoir were shot at Haut-Kœnigsbourg . Château de lŒdenbourg Located just below Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is the ruin of Château de lŒdenbourg , which is also known as Petit-Kœnigsbourg and is a historical monument in its own right . Construction of Château de lŒdenbourg was started somewhere in the middle of the thirteenth century . Copy in Malaysia . A copy of the castle has been built in the Berjaya Hills , 60 km north-east of Kuala Lumpur . A copy of the historic Alsatian city of Colmar is located next to it .
|
[
"monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg from Sep 1991 to Feb 1993?
|
/wiki/Château_du_Haut-Kœnigsbourg#P1435#1
|
Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg The Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg ( ; ) is a medieval castle located in the commune of Orschwiller in the Bas-Rhin département of Alsace , France , Located in the Vosges mountains just west of Sélestat , situated in a strategic area on a rocky spur overlooking the Upper Rhine Plain , it was used by successive powers from the Middle Ages until the Thirty Years War when it was abandoned . From 1900 to 1908 it was rebuilt at the behest of the German kaiser Wilhelm II . Today it is a major tourist site , attracting more than 500,000 visitors a year . History . The Buntsandstein cliff was first mentioned as Stofenberk ( Staufenberg ) in a 774 deed issued by the Frankish king Charlemagne . Again certified in 854 , it was then a possession of the French Basilica of St Denis and the site of a monastery . Middle Ages . It is not known when the first castle was built . However , a Burg Staufen ( Castrum Estufin ) is documented in 1147 , when the monks complained to King Louis VII of France about its unlawful construction by the Hohenstaufen Duke Frederick II of Swabia . Fredericks younger brother Conrad III had been elected King of the Romans in 1138 , to be succeeded by Fredericks son Frederick Barbarossa in 1152 , and by 1192 the castle was called Kinzburg ( Königsburg , Kings Castle ) . In the early thirteenth century , the fortification passed from the Hohenstaufen family to the dukes of Lorraine , who entrusted it to the local Rathsamhausen knightly family and the Lords of Hohenstein , who held the castle until the fifteenth century . As the Hohensteins allowed some robber barons to use the castle as a hideout , and their behaviour began to exasperate the neighbouring rulers , in 1454 it was occupied by Elector Palatine Frederick I and in 1462 was set ablaze by the unified forces of the cities of Colmar , Strasbourg , and Basel . In 1479 , the Habsburg emperor Frederick III granted the castle ruins in fief to the Counts of Thierstein , who rebuilt them with a defensive system suited to the new artillery of the time . When in 1517 the last Thierstein died , the castle became a reverted fief and again came into the possession of the Habsburg emperor of the day , Maximilian I . In 1633 , during the Thirty Years War in which Catholics forces fought Protestants , the Imperial castle was besieged by Protestant Swedish forces . After a 52-day siege , the castle was burned and looted by the Swedish troops . For several hundred years it was left unused , and the ruins became overgrown by the forest . Various romantic poets and artists were inspired by the castle during this time . 19th century renovation . The ruins had been listed as a monument historique of the Second French Empire since 1862 and were purchased by the township of Sélestat ( or Schlettstadt ) three years later . After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 the region was incorporated into the German Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine , and in 1899 the citizens granted what was left of the castle to the German emperor Wilhelm II . Wilhelm wished to create a castle lauding the qualities of Alsace in the Middle Ages and more generally of German civilization stretching from Hohkönigsburg in the west to ( likewise restored ) Marienburg Castle in the east . He also hoped the restoration would reinforce the bond of Alsatians with Germany , as they had only recently been incorporated into the newly established German Empire . The management of the restoration of the fortifications was entrusted to the architect Bodo Ebhardt , a proven expert on the reconstruction of medieval castles . Work proceeded from 1900 to 1908 . On May 13 , 1908 , the restored Hohkönigsburg was inaugurated in the presence of the Emperor . In an elaborate re-enactment ceremony , a historic cortege entered the castle , under a torrential downpour . Ebharts aim was to rebuild it , as near as possible , as it was on the eve of the Thirty Years War . He relied heavily on historical accounts but , occasionally lacking information , he had to improvise some parts of the stronghold . For example , the Keep tower is now reckoned to be about 14 metres too tall . Wilhelm II , who regularly visited the construction site via a specially built train station in nearby Saint-Hippolyte , also encouraged certain modifications that emphasised a Romantic nostalgia for Germanic civilization . For example , the main dining hall has a higher roof than it did at the time , and links between the Hohenzollern family and the Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire are emphasized . The Emperor wanted to legitimise the House of Hohenzollern at the head of the Second Empire , and to assure himself as worthy heir of the Hohenstaufens and the Habsburgs . The castle today . After World War I , the French state confiscated the castle in accordance with the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . It has been listed since 1862 and classified since 1993 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . In 2007 , ownership was transferred to the Bas-Rhin département . Today , it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the region . For many years it was considered fashionable in France to sneer at the castle because of its links to the German emperor . Many considered it to be nothing more than a fairy tale castle similar to Neuschwanstein . However , in recent years many historians have established that , although it is not a completely accurate reconstruction , it is at least interesting for what it shows about Wilhelm IIs romantic nationalist ideas of the past and the architects work . Indeed , Bodo Ebhardt restored the castle following a close study of the remaining walls , archives and other fortified castles built at the same period . Parts of the 1937 film La Grande Illusion by Jean Renoir were shot at Haut-Kœnigsbourg . Château de lŒdenbourg Located just below Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is the ruin of Château de lŒdenbourg , which is also known as Petit-Kœnigsbourg and is a historical monument in its own right . Construction of Château de lŒdenbourg was started somewhere in the middle of the thirteenth century . Copy in Malaysia . A copy of the castle has been built in the Berjaya Hills , 60 km north-east of Kuala Lumpur . A copy of the historic Alsatian city of Colmar is located next to it .
|
[
"monument historique"
] |
easy
|
Which site was the heritage designation of Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg from Feb 1993 to Feb 1994?
|
/wiki/Château_du_Haut-Kœnigsbourg#P1435#2
|
Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg The Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg ( ; ) is a medieval castle located in the commune of Orschwiller in the Bas-Rhin département of Alsace , France , Located in the Vosges mountains just west of Sélestat , situated in a strategic area on a rocky spur overlooking the Upper Rhine Plain , it was used by successive powers from the Middle Ages until the Thirty Years War when it was abandoned . From 1900 to 1908 it was rebuilt at the behest of the German kaiser Wilhelm II . Today it is a major tourist site , attracting more than 500,000 visitors a year . History . The Buntsandstein cliff was first mentioned as Stofenberk ( Staufenberg ) in a 774 deed issued by the Frankish king Charlemagne . Again certified in 854 , it was then a possession of the French Basilica of St Denis and the site of a monastery . Middle Ages . It is not known when the first castle was built . However , a Burg Staufen ( Castrum Estufin ) is documented in 1147 , when the monks complained to King Louis VII of France about its unlawful construction by the Hohenstaufen Duke Frederick II of Swabia . Fredericks younger brother Conrad III had been elected King of the Romans in 1138 , to be succeeded by Fredericks son Frederick Barbarossa in 1152 , and by 1192 the castle was called Kinzburg ( Königsburg , Kings Castle ) . In the early thirteenth century , the fortification passed from the Hohenstaufen family to the dukes of Lorraine , who entrusted it to the local Rathsamhausen knightly family and the Lords of Hohenstein , who held the castle until the fifteenth century . As the Hohensteins allowed some robber barons to use the castle as a hideout , and their behaviour began to exasperate the neighbouring rulers , in 1454 it was occupied by Elector Palatine Frederick I and in 1462 was set ablaze by the unified forces of the cities of Colmar , Strasbourg , and Basel . In 1479 , the Habsburg emperor Frederick III granted the castle ruins in fief to the Counts of Thierstein , who rebuilt them with a defensive system suited to the new artillery of the time . When in 1517 the last Thierstein died , the castle became a reverted fief and again came into the possession of the Habsburg emperor of the day , Maximilian I . In 1633 , during the Thirty Years War in which Catholics forces fought Protestants , the Imperial castle was besieged by Protestant Swedish forces . After a 52-day siege , the castle was burned and looted by the Swedish troops . For several hundred years it was left unused , and the ruins became overgrown by the forest . Various romantic poets and artists were inspired by the castle during this time . 19th century renovation . The ruins had been listed as a monument historique of the Second French Empire since 1862 and were purchased by the township of Sélestat ( or Schlettstadt ) three years later . After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 the region was incorporated into the German Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine , and in 1899 the citizens granted what was left of the castle to the German emperor Wilhelm II . Wilhelm wished to create a castle lauding the qualities of Alsace in the Middle Ages and more generally of German civilization stretching from Hohkönigsburg in the west to ( likewise restored ) Marienburg Castle in the east . He also hoped the restoration would reinforce the bond of Alsatians with Germany , as they had only recently been incorporated into the newly established German Empire . The management of the restoration of the fortifications was entrusted to the architect Bodo Ebhardt , a proven expert on the reconstruction of medieval castles . Work proceeded from 1900 to 1908 . On May 13 , 1908 , the restored Hohkönigsburg was inaugurated in the presence of the Emperor . In an elaborate re-enactment ceremony , a historic cortege entered the castle , under a torrential downpour . Ebharts aim was to rebuild it , as near as possible , as it was on the eve of the Thirty Years War . He relied heavily on historical accounts but , occasionally lacking information , he had to improvise some parts of the stronghold . For example , the Keep tower is now reckoned to be about 14 metres too tall . Wilhelm II , who regularly visited the construction site via a specially built train station in nearby Saint-Hippolyte , also encouraged certain modifications that emphasised a Romantic nostalgia for Germanic civilization . For example , the main dining hall has a higher roof than it did at the time , and links between the Hohenzollern family and the Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire are emphasized . The Emperor wanted to legitimise the House of Hohenzollern at the head of the Second Empire , and to assure himself as worthy heir of the Hohenstaufens and the Habsburgs . The castle today . After World War I , the French state confiscated the castle in accordance with the 1919 Treaty of Versailles . It has been listed since 1862 and classified since 1993 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . In 2007 , ownership was transferred to the Bas-Rhin département . Today , it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the region . For many years it was considered fashionable in France to sneer at the castle because of its links to the German emperor . Many considered it to be nothing more than a fairy tale castle similar to Neuschwanstein . However , in recent years many historians have established that , although it is not a completely accurate reconstruction , it is at least interesting for what it shows about Wilhelm IIs romantic nationalist ideas of the past and the architects work . Indeed , Bodo Ebhardt restored the castle following a close study of the remaining walls , archives and other fortified castles built at the same period . Parts of the 1937 film La Grande Illusion by Jean Renoir were shot at Haut-Kœnigsbourg . Château de lŒdenbourg Located just below Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is the ruin of Château de lŒdenbourg , which is also known as Petit-Kœnigsbourg and is a historical monument in its own right . Construction of Château de lŒdenbourg was started somewhere in the middle of the thirteenth century . Copy in Malaysia . A copy of the castle has been built in the Berjaya Hills , 60 km north-east of Kuala Lumpur . A copy of the historic Alsatian city of Colmar is located next to it .
|
[
"Fabio Fazio"
] |
easy
|
Who was the presenter of Quelli che... il Calcio from 1993 to 2001?
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/wiki/Quelli_che..._il_Calcio#P371#0
|
Quelli che.. . il Calcio Quelli che.. . Il Calcio is a sports-themed entertainment television program initially broadcast on Rai 3 from 26 September 1993 to 17 May 1998 and subsequently on Rai 2 from 13 September 1998 on Sunday afternoon , during the period of activity of the Italian football championship . , which follows and comments live the Serie A matches . The program was conducted from 1993 to 2001 by Fabio Fazio together with Marino Bartoletti , from 2001 to 2011 by Simona Ventura , from 2011 to 2013 by Victoria Cabello , from 2013 to 2017 by Nicola Savino and from 2017 by the comic duo Luca and Paolo together . to Mia Ceran . It airs from the TV studio 3 of the Rai production center in Milan . In conjunction with the Epiphany championship round , the program also airs on January 6 , while in Easter week it is aired on Holy Saturday . History . 1993-2001 : run by Fabio Fazio . The broadcast debuted on Rai 3 on 26 September 1993 conducted by Fabio Fazio and Marino Bartoletti with the participation of sports journalists such as Carlo Sassi . Its name derives from the title of the song ( which initially was also the theme song for the program ) Quelli che ... , composed and sung by Enzo Jannacci , with the addition of the word football , a sport that was the focus of discussion with satire and irony . The song by Jannacci for the broadcast , however , had a completely different text ( it spoke of football ) compared to the first original version . From his debut to the present day , he has also collaborated with the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute on Rai Radio 1 : until 1997 , in fact , the faces of the radio commentators appeared on a large video wall behind the conductor . In 1996 the video wall with the radio commentators was moved and placed behind the audience , and then underwent numerous changes over the years . The format was born , according to the host himself , as a television translation of the Rai Radio 1 radio program , and consists in transmitting the results of Serie A and Serie B matches ( until 2005 , when they were moved to Saturday ; from 2010 are replaced by Series C ) , which appear in succession at the bottom of the screen . In the upper part appears the match commented live by the VIP reporters or the reporter in the event . When a Serie A team scores a goal , it is communicated live ( until 2005 by the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute , then by journalists in the studio ) ; in the background the scream of the fans and epic music is broadcast , followed ( when possible ) by the hymn of the team that scored ; since 1997 the new result of the match appears in the upper part of the screen and on both edges of the screen a flag with the social colors of the team that scored , radio commentators commenting on the action on the spot ( during the period of connection with Tutto football minute by minute ) and the minutes and names of the players who have scored their respective goals ; finally , in the center of the screen , the cheers of the players ( when possible ) and the fans are broadcast live . This graphic will change over the years . Furthermore , until 2009 , the Totocalcio ticket was shown at the interval and at the end of the matches . During the first eight years of the program , comedians of the caliber of Teo Teocoli , Anna Marchesini and lesser known but still appreciated characters alternated alongside the conductor , among which the Dutch astrologer Peter Van Wood , the Juventus fan from Africa , stood out . Idris , the Japanese designer Takahide Sano , often the journalist and TV presenter Luciano Rispoli , the pediatric primary and rowdy Sampdoria fan Renato Panconi , the Lazio nun Sister Paola , the journalist Paolo Brosio and the impassive-looking statistics expert Massimo Alfredo Giuseppe Maria Buscemi . During the first 4 years of broadcast there were also fixed connections from the stadiums , and in particular Everardo Dalla Noce - a former radio commentator and face of TG2 who for many years followed the economic page - who commented from the various stadiums in Italy all the games together with his assistant , as well as the director Giacomo Forte , in addition for some episodes of the first 3 years , another former face of Tg2 , Onofrio Pirrotta , was held in a newspaper kiosk in an Italian newsstand . From 1996 to 1999 the engineer Professor Roberto Vacca joined the guests of Quelli che il calcio . In the same edition , the comedian Maurizio Battista joined the show from 1997 to 1999 , then leaving the space to Maurizio Crozza . 2001-2011 : run by Simona Ventura Simona Ventura With the ninth edition , aired from 26 August 2001 to 5 May 2002 , the conduction passes to Simona Ventura , she will conduct the program for 10 years , making it the longest-running presenter of the broadcast . Despite the change in conduction , which involves the change of the format in a more youthful version , the broadcast continues to obtain high results from auditel , also thanks to the updates given by sports journalists and / or former footballers , who analyze the crucial moments of the matches and other sporting events in the afternoon ( among others in the various editions Massimo Caputi , Bruno Pizzul , Ivan Zazzaroni , Marco Fiocchetti , Enrico Varriale , Luigi Maifredi , Bruno Gentili , Giampiero Galeazzi and the ex-husband of the host Stefano Bettarini ) . Between 2001 and 2005 the program has an extraordinary four-year period . Among the comedians , to the already present Tullio Solenghi and Dario Vergassola , the comedians Maurizio Crozza and Gene Gnocchi are added to the cast . The former became known for his imitations , while the latter for his political satire . Both comedians achieved extraordinary success : on May 5 , 2002 , the program reached a record 43% share and over 7 million viewers . In addition , Ventura has also managed to present several international pop stars , such as the English singer Amy Winehouse who performed on November 4 , 2007 with her single Back to Black , or Lady Gaga , which debuted in 2009 with Paparazzi . The reasons for the success are to be found above all in the imitations of Maurizio Crozza first and of Max Giusti and Lucia Ocone then , in addition to the fixed presence of the sketches of Gene Gnocchi ( present until 2007 ) ; other appreciated elements are : the VIP guests in the studio , who watch the games ironically discussing them with the host ; the coupons , ie the valleys of the program to which the mouflons ( ie the valets ) were also added ; the correspondents for live matches from the stadiums ( already present in the Fazio era ) , mainly fans from the entertainment world ; the special correspondents , first of all Digei Angelo and Nicola Savino of Radio Deejay ( who later became presenter of the program from the 2013-2014 edition ) who participate in events of particular interest . Hosts . 1993–2001 – Fabio Fazio 2001–2011 – Simona Ventura 2011–2013 – Victoria Cabello 2013–2017 – Nicola Savino and Gialappas Band 2017–present – Luca e Paolo and Mia Ceran
|
[
"Simona Ventura"
] |
easy
|
Who was the presenter of Quelli che... il Calcio from 2001 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Quelli_che..._il_Calcio#P371#1
|
Quelli che.. . il Calcio Quelli che.. . Il Calcio is a sports-themed entertainment television program initially broadcast on Rai 3 from 26 September 1993 to 17 May 1998 and subsequently on Rai 2 from 13 September 1998 on Sunday afternoon , during the period of activity of the Italian football championship . , which follows and comments live the Serie A matches . The program was conducted from 1993 to 2001 by Fabio Fazio together with Marino Bartoletti , from 2001 to 2011 by Simona Ventura , from 2011 to 2013 by Victoria Cabello , from 2013 to 2017 by Nicola Savino and from 2017 by the comic duo Luca and Paolo together . to Mia Ceran . It airs from the TV studio 3 of the Rai production center in Milan . In conjunction with the Epiphany championship round , the program also airs on January 6 , while in Easter week it is aired on Holy Saturday . History . 1993-2001 : run by Fabio Fazio . The broadcast debuted on Rai 3 on 26 September 1993 conducted by Fabio Fazio and Marino Bartoletti with the participation of sports journalists such as Carlo Sassi . Its name derives from the title of the song ( which initially was also the theme song for the program ) Quelli che ... , composed and sung by Enzo Jannacci , with the addition of the word football , a sport that was the focus of discussion with satire and irony . The song by Jannacci for the broadcast , however , had a completely different text ( it spoke of football ) compared to the first original version . From his debut to the present day , he has also collaborated with the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute on Rai Radio 1 : until 1997 , in fact , the faces of the radio commentators appeared on a large video wall behind the conductor . In 1996 the video wall with the radio commentators was moved and placed behind the audience , and then underwent numerous changes over the years . The format was born , according to the host himself , as a television translation of the Rai Radio 1 radio program , and consists in transmitting the results of Serie A and Serie B matches ( until 2005 , when they were moved to Saturday ; from 2010 are replaced by Series C ) , which appear in succession at the bottom of the screen . In the upper part appears the match commented live by the VIP reporters or the reporter in the event . When a Serie A team scores a goal , it is communicated live ( until 2005 by the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute , then by journalists in the studio ) ; in the background the scream of the fans and epic music is broadcast , followed ( when possible ) by the hymn of the team that scored ; since 1997 the new result of the match appears in the upper part of the screen and on both edges of the screen a flag with the social colors of the team that scored , radio commentators commenting on the action on the spot ( during the period of connection with Tutto football minute by minute ) and the minutes and names of the players who have scored their respective goals ; finally , in the center of the screen , the cheers of the players ( when possible ) and the fans are broadcast live . This graphic will change over the years . Furthermore , until 2009 , the Totocalcio ticket was shown at the interval and at the end of the matches . During the first eight years of the program , comedians of the caliber of Teo Teocoli , Anna Marchesini and lesser known but still appreciated characters alternated alongside the conductor , among which the Dutch astrologer Peter Van Wood , the Juventus fan from Africa , stood out . Idris , the Japanese designer Takahide Sano , often the journalist and TV presenter Luciano Rispoli , the pediatric primary and rowdy Sampdoria fan Renato Panconi , the Lazio nun Sister Paola , the journalist Paolo Brosio and the impassive-looking statistics expert Massimo Alfredo Giuseppe Maria Buscemi . During the first 4 years of broadcast there were also fixed connections from the stadiums , and in particular Everardo Dalla Noce - a former radio commentator and face of TG2 who for many years followed the economic page - who commented from the various stadiums in Italy all the games together with his assistant , as well as the director Giacomo Forte , in addition for some episodes of the first 3 years , another former face of Tg2 , Onofrio Pirrotta , was held in a newspaper kiosk in an Italian newsstand . From 1996 to 1999 the engineer Professor Roberto Vacca joined the guests of Quelli che il calcio . In the same edition , the comedian Maurizio Battista joined the show from 1997 to 1999 , then leaving the space to Maurizio Crozza . 2001-2011 : run by Simona Ventura Simona Ventura With the ninth edition , aired from 26 August 2001 to 5 May 2002 , the conduction passes to Simona Ventura , she will conduct the program for 10 years , making it the longest-running presenter of the broadcast . Despite the change in conduction , which involves the change of the format in a more youthful version , the broadcast continues to obtain high results from auditel , also thanks to the updates given by sports journalists and / or former footballers , who analyze the crucial moments of the matches and other sporting events in the afternoon ( among others in the various editions Massimo Caputi , Bruno Pizzul , Ivan Zazzaroni , Marco Fiocchetti , Enrico Varriale , Luigi Maifredi , Bruno Gentili , Giampiero Galeazzi and the ex-husband of the host Stefano Bettarini ) . Between 2001 and 2005 the program has an extraordinary four-year period . Among the comedians , to the already present Tullio Solenghi and Dario Vergassola , the comedians Maurizio Crozza and Gene Gnocchi are added to the cast . The former became known for his imitations , while the latter for his political satire . Both comedians achieved extraordinary success : on May 5 , 2002 , the program reached a record 43% share and over 7 million viewers . In addition , Ventura has also managed to present several international pop stars , such as the English singer Amy Winehouse who performed on November 4 , 2007 with her single Back to Black , or Lady Gaga , which debuted in 2009 with Paparazzi . The reasons for the success are to be found above all in the imitations of Maurizio Crozza first and of Max Giusti and Lucia Ocone then , in addition to the fixed presence of the sketches of Gene Gnocchi ( present until 2007 ) ; other appreciated elements are : the VIP guests in the studio , who watch the games ironically discussing them with the host ; the coupons , ie the valleys of the program to which the mouflons ( ie the valets ) were also added ; the correspondents for live matches from the stadiums ( already present in the Fazio era ) , mainly fans from the entertainment world ; the special correspondents , first of all Digei Angelo and Nicola Savino of Radio Deejay ( who later became presenter of the program from the 2013-2014 edition ) who participate in events of particular interest . Hosts . 1993–2001 – Fabio Fazio 2001–2011 – Simona Ventura 2011–2013 – Victoria Cabello 2013–2017 – Nicola Savino and Gialappas Band 2017–present – Luca e Paolo and Mia Ceran
|
[
"Victoria Cabello"
] |
easy
|
Who was the presenter of Quelli che... il Calcio from 2011 to 2013?
|
/wiki/Quelli_che..._il_Calcio#P371#2
|
Quelli che.. . il Calcio Quelli che.. . Il Calcio is a sports-themed entertainment television program initially broadcast on Rai 3 from 26 September 1993 to 17 May 1998 and subsequently on Rai 2 from 13 September 1998 on Sunday afternoon , during the period of activity of the Italian football championship . , which follows and comments live the Serie A matches . The program was conducted from 1993 to 2001 by Fabio Fazio together with Marino Bartoletti , from 2001 to 2011 by Simona Ventura , from 2011 to 2013 by Victoria Cabello , from 2013 to 2017 by Nicola Savino and from 2017 by the comic duo Luca and Paolo together . to Mia Ceran . It airs from the TV studio 3 of the Rai production center in Milan . In conjunction with the Epiphany championship round , the program also airs on January 6 , while in Easter week it is aired on Holy Saturday . History . 1993-2001 : run by Fabio Fazio . The broadcast debuted on Rai 3 on 26 September 1993 conducted by Fabio Fazio and Marino Bartoletti with the participation of sports journalists such as Carlo Sassi . Its name derives from the title of the song ( which initially was also the theme song for the program ) Quelli che ... , composed and sung by Enzo Jannacci , with the addition of the word football , a sport that was the focus of discussion with satire and irony . The song by Jannacci for the broadcast , however , had a completely different text ( it spoke of football ) compared to the first original version . From his debut to the present day , he has also collaborated with the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute on Rai Radio 1 : until 1997 , in fact , the faces of the radio commentators appeared on a large video wall behind the conductor . In 1996 the video wall with the radio commentators was moved and placed behind the audience , and then underwent numerous changes over the years . The format was born , according to the host himself , as a television translation of the Rai Radio 1 radio program , and consists in transmitting the results of Serie A and Serie B matches ( until 2005 , when they were moved to Saturday ; from 2010 are replaced by Series C ) , which appear in succession at the bottom of the screen . In the upper part appears the match commented live by the VIP reporters or the reporter in the event . When a Serie A team scores a goal , it is communicated live ( until 2005 by the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute , then by journalists in the studio ) ; in the background the scream of the fans and epic music is broadcast , followed ( when possible ) by the hymn of the team that scored ; since 1997 the new result of the match appears in the upper part of the screen and on both edges of the screen a flag with the social colors of the team that scored , radio commentators commenting on the action on the spot ( during the period of connection with Tutto football minute by minute ) and the minutes and names of the players who have scored their respective goals ; finally , in the center of the screen , the cheers of the players ( when possible ) and the fans are broadcast live . This graphic will change over the years . Furthermore , until 2009 , the Totocalcio ticket was shown at the interval and at the end of the matches . During the first eight years of the program , comedians of the caliber of Teo Teocoli , Anna Marchesini and lesser known but still appreciated characters alternated alongside the conductor , among which the Dutch astrologer Peter Van Wood , the Juventus fan from Africa , stood out . Idris , the Japanese designer Takahide Sano , often the journalist and TV presenter Luciano Rispoli , the pediatric primary and rowdy Sampdoria fan Renato Panconi , the Lazio nun Sister Paola , the journalist Paolo Brosio and the impassive-looking statistics expert Massimo Alfredo Giuseppe Maria Buscemi . During the first 4 years of broadcast there were also fixed connections from the stadiums , and in particular Everardo Dalla Noce - a former radio commentator and face of TG2 who for many years followed the economic page - who commented from the various stadiums in Italy all the games together with his assistant , as well as the director Giacomo Forte , in addition for some episodes of the first 3 years , another former face of Tg2 , Onofrio Pirrotta , was held in a newspaper kiosk in an Italian newsstand . From 1996 to 1999 the engineer Professor Roberto Vacca joined the guests of Quelli che il calcio . In the same edition , the comedian Maurizio Battista joined the show from 1997 to 1999 , then leaving the space to Maurizio Crozza . 2001-2011 : run by Simona Ventura Simona Ventura With the ninth edition , aired from 26 August 2001 to 5 May 2002 , the conduction passes to Simona Ventura , she will conduct the program for 10 years , making it the longest-running presenter of the broadcast . Despite the change in conduction , which involves the change of the format in a more youthful version , the broadcast continues to obtain high results from auditel , also thanks to the updates given by sports journalists and / or former footballers , who analyze the crucial moments of the matches and other sporting events in the afternoon ( among others in the various editions Massimo Caputi , Bruno Pizzul , Ivan Zazzaroni , Marco Fiocchetti , Enrico Varriale , Luigi Maifredi , Bruno Gentili , Giampiero Galeazzi and the ex-husband of the host Stefano Bettarini ) . Between 2001 and 2005 the program has an extraordinary four-year period . Among the comedians , to the already present Tullio Solenghi and Dario Vergassola , the comedians Maurizio Crozza and Gene Gnocchi are added to the cast . The former became known for his imitations , while the latter for his political satire . Both comedians achieved extraordinary success : on May 5 , 2002 , the program reached a record 43% share and over 7 million viewers . In addition , Ventura has also managed to present several international pop stars , such as the English singer Amy Winehouse who performed on November 4 , 2007 with her single Back to Black , or Lady Gaga , which debuted in 2009 with Paparazzi . The reasons for the success are to be found above all in the imitations of Maurizio Crozza first and of Max Giusti and Lucia Ocone then , in addition to the fixed presence of the sketches of Gene Gnocchi ( present until 2007 ) ; other appreciated elements are : the VIP guests in the studio , who watch the games ironically discussing them with the host ; the coupons , ie the valleys of the program to which the mouflons ( ie the valets ) were also added ; the correspondents for live matches from the stadiums ( already present in the Fazio era ) , mainly fans from the entertainment world ; the special correspondents , first of all Digei Angelo and Nicola Savino of Radio Deejay ( who later became presenter of the program from the 2013-2014 edition ) who participate in events of particular interest . Hosts . 1993–2001 – Fabio Fazio 2001–2011 – Simona Ventura 2011–2013 – Victoria Cabello 2013–2017 – Nicola Savino and Gialappas Band 2017–present – Luca e Paolo and Mia Ceran
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[
"Nicola Savino"
] |
easy
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Quelli che... il Calcio was presented by whom from 2013 to 2014?
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/wiki/Quelli_che..._il_Calcio#P371#3
|
Quelli che.. . il Calcio Quelli che.. . Il Calcio is a sports-themed entertainment television program initially broadcast on Rai 3 from 26 September 1993 to 17 May 1998 and subsequently on Rai 2 from 13 September 1998 on Sunday afternoon , during the period of activity of the Italian football championship . , which follows and comments live the Serie A matches . The program was conducted from 1993 to 2001 by Fabio Fazio together with Marino Bartoletti , from 2001 to 2011 by Simona Ventura , from 2011 to 2013 by Victoria Cabello , from 2013 to 2017 by Nicola Savino and from 2017 by the comic duo Luca and Paolo together . to Mia Ceran . It airs from the TV studio 3 of the Rai production center in Milan . In conjunction with the Epiphany championship round , the program also airs on January 6 , while in Easter week it is aired on Holy Saturday . History . 1993-2001 : run by Fabio Fazio . The broadcast debuted on Rai 3 on 26 September 1993 conducted by Fabio Fazio and Marino Bartoletti with the participation of sports journalists such as Carlo Sassi . Its name derives from the title of the song ( which initially was also the theme song for the program ) Quelli che ... , composed and sung by Enzo Jannacci , with the addition of the word football , a sport that was the focus of discussion with satire and irony . The song by Jannacci for the broadcast , however , had a completely different text ( it spoke of football ) compared to the first original version . From his debut to the present day , he has also collaborated with the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute on Rai Radio 1 : until 1997 , in fact , the faces of the radio commentators appeared on a large video wall behind the conductor . In 1996 the video wall with the radio commentators was moved and placed behind the audience , and then underwent numerous changes over the years . The format was born , according to the host himself , as a television translation of the Rai Radio 1 radio program , and consists in transmitting the results of Serie A and Serie B matches ( until 2005 , when they were moved to Saturday ; from 2010 are replaced by Series C ) , which appear in succession at the bottom of the screen . In the upper part appears the match commented live by the VIP reporters or the reporter in the event . When a Serie A team scores a goal , it is communicated live ( until 2005 by the radio broadcast Tutto il calcio minute by minute , then by journalists in the studio ) ; in the background the scream of the fans and epic music is broadcast , followed ( when possible ) by the hymn of the team that scored ; since 1997 the new result of the match appears in the upper part of the screen and on both edges of the screen a flag with the social colors of the team that scored , radio commentators commenting on the action on the spot ( during the period of connection with Tutto football minute by minute ) and the minutes and names of the players who have scored their respective goals ; finally , in the center of the screen , the cheers of the players ( when possible ) and the fans are broadcast live . This graphic will change over the years . Furthermore , until 2009 , the Totocalcio ticket was shown at the interval and at the end of the matches . During the first eight years of the program , comedians of the caliber of Teo Teocoli , Anna Marchesini and lesser known but still appreciated characters alternated alongside the conductor , among which the Dutch astrologer Peter Van Wood , the Juventus fan from Africa , stood out . Idris , the Japanese designer Takahide Sano , often the journalist and TV presenter Luciano Rispoli , the pediatric primary and rowdy Sampdoria fan Renato Panconi , the Lazio nun Sister Paola , the journalist Paolo Brosio and the impassive-looking statistics expert Massimo Alfredo Giuseppe Maria Buscemi . During the first 4 years of broadcast there were also fixed connections from the stadiums , and in particular Everardo Dalla Noce - a former radio commentator and face of TG2 who for many years followed the economic page - who commented from the various stadiums in Italy all the games together with his assistant , as well as the director Giacomo Forte , in addition for some episodes of the first 3 years , another former face of Tg2 , Onofrio Pirrotta , was held in a newspaper kiosk in an Italian newsstand . From 1996 to 1999 the engineer Professor Roberto Vacca joined the guests of Quelli che il calcio . In the same edition , the comedian Maurizio Battista joined the show from 1997 to 1999 , then leaving the space to Maurizio Crozza . 2001-2011 : run by Simona Ventura Simona Ventura With the ninth edition , aired from 26 August 2001 to 5 May 2002 , the conduction passes to Simona Ventura , she will conduct the program for 10 years , making it the longest-running presenter of the broadcast . Despite the change in conduction , which involves the change of the format in a more youthful version , the broadcast continues to obtain high results from auditel , also thanks to the updates given by sports journalists and / or former footballers , who analyze the crucial moments of the matches and other sporting events in the afternoon ( among others in the various editions Massimo Caputi , Bruno Pizzul , Ivan Zazzaroni , Marco Fiocchetti , Enrico Varriale , Luigi Maifredi , Bruno Gentili , Giampiero Galeazzi and the ex-husband of the host Stefano Bettarini ) . Between 2001 and 2005 the program has an extraordinary four-year period . Among the comedians , to the already present Tullio Solenghi and Dario Vergassola , the comedians Maurizio Crozza and Gene Gnocchi are added to the cast . The former became known for his imitations , while the latter for his political satire . Both comedians achieved extraordinary success : on May 5 , 2002 , the program reached a record 43% share and over 7 million viewers . In addition , Ventura has also managed to present several international pop stars , such as the English singer Amy Winehouse who performed on November 4 , 2007 with her single Back to Black , or Lady Gaga , which debuted in 2009 with Paparazzi . The reasons for the success are to be found above all in the imitations of Maurizio Crozza first and of Max Giusti and Lucia Ocone then , in addition to the fixed presence of the sketches of Gene Gnocchi ( present until 2007 ) ; other appreciated elements are : the VIP guests in the studio , who watch the games ironically discussing them with the host ; the coupons , ie the valleys of the program to which the mouflons ( ie the valets ) were also added ; the correspondents for live matches from the stadiums ( already present in the Fazio era ) , mainly fans from the entertainment world ; the special correspondents , first of all Digei Angelo and Nicola Savino of Radio Deejay ( who later became presenter of the program from the 2013-2014 edition ) who participate in events of particular interest . Hosts . 1993–2001 – Fabio Fazio 2001–2011 – Simona Ventura 2011–2013 – Victoria Cabello 2013–2017 – Nicola Savino and Gialappas Band 2017–present – Luca e Paolo and Mia Ceran
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Vladimir Alatortsev in 1950?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Alatortsev#P2962#0
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Vladimir Alatortsev Vladimir Alexeyevich Alatortsev ( , pronounced a LAH tart sev ; 14 May 1909 – 13 January 1987 ) was a Soviet chess player , author , and administrator . During his career , he became champion of both Leningrad and Moscow , and played in the Soviet Chess Championship finals nine times , with his best competitive results in the 1930s . He placed clear second in the 1933 Soviet final . He retired from most competitive play in the early 1950s , moving into roles as a chess organizer , teacher , and coach . He served as chairman of the All-Union chess section from 1954 to 1959 and as chairman of the USSR Chess Federation from 1959 to 1961 . By profession , he was a hydraulics engineer . Early years , peaks pre-war . Alatortsev was an early Leningrad chess rival of Mikhail Botvinnik , who later became World Champion . However , Botvinnik , who was two years younger , established complete dominance over Alatortsev right from the start , and wound up with a 9-0 lifetime won-loss score with two games drawn . Alatortsevs first important high-level result was a shared 3rd-6th place in the Soviet Championship , Moscow 1931 , with a score of 10 points out of 17 ; Botvinnik won . Alatortsev was again runner-up to Botvinnik in the 1932 Leningrad Championship with 7/11 . Alatortsev made his best Soviet Championship result in 1933 at Leningrad ( URS-ch08 ) , when he placed clear second with 13/19 , as Botvinnik won his second title . At Tbilisi 1933 , he tied for 1st-2nd places with Viktor Goglidze at 10/14 . He shared the Leningrad title in 1933–34 with Georgy Lisitsin on 11/15 . In the 1934 Leningrad International Alatortsev scored 4½/11 , as Botvinnik won to continue his dominance , and scored 7/13 in the Leningrad National tournament in May 1934 for 8th place , as Ilya Rabinovich won . In the 1934 Soviet Championship at Leningrad , he scored 10½/19 for a tied 5th-8th place ; Grigory Levenfish and Ilya Rabinovich won . He earned a place in the 1935 Moscow International tournament , the strongest Soviet event since 1925 , and finished with a even score of 9½ /19 , as Botvinnik and Salo Flohr won . Alatortsev drew a 12-game match ( +4 =4 −4 ) with the Hungarian Andor Lilienthal in 1935 . He was jointly champion of Moscow in both 1936 and 1937 . Then in the 1937 Soviet Championship at Tbilisi , Alatortsev made 9½/19 to tie 10th-12th places . Alatortsev posted his second best pre-war result when he tied for 1st-2nd places with Leonid Shamaev in a strong tournament at Leningrad 1938 , with 14/21 , ahead of Lilienthal and Viacheslav Ragozin . Chessmetrics.com ranks this as a 2684 performance . In the Leningrad-Moscow tournament of 1939 , Alatortsev tied for 9th-10th places on 9/17 , as Flohr won . He had to qualify for the next Soviet final , and in the semi-final at Kiev 1940 , he scored 9½/16 to tie for 4th-7th places , but did not advance to the final , losing out on tiebreak . Chessmetrics ranks him as #21 in the world for August 1940 , with a rating of 2626 . War years . With the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , organized chess was put to a stop for the next several years ; but Alatortsevs solid pre-war results earned him an invitation to a strong event at Kuibyshev 1942 . He made 6½/11 for seventh place , as Isaac Boleslavsky won . He then scored 7/15 at the 1942 Moscow Championship . Post-war form drops . With the Nazi invaders in full retreat by 1944 , organized chess slowly got going again in the Soviet Union . Alatortsev struggled in the 1944 Soviet Championship at Moscow with just 5½/16 for 16th place , as Botvinnik won . He had to return to qualifying for the next Soviet final , and made it through at Moscow in the semi-final with 10½/15 to tie for 2nd-4th places , as David Bronstein won . In the final that same year in Moscow , he scored just 7½/17 , as Botvinnik dominated the field . Alatortsev played the 1945 Latvian Championship at Riga , and won the tournament ( but not the title ; he was playing hors concours ) . He scored 8½/15 in the 1946 Moscow Championship to tie for 4th-5th places , as Bronstein won again . He was below 50 per cent for the next two Soviet finals as well ; in the Soviet Championship at Leningrad 1947 , he made 7½/19 , as Paul Keres won , and then in the next edition at Moscow 1948 , he finished well down with 7½/18 , as Bronstein and Alexander Kotov won . Alatortsev qualified successfully through the semi-final at Moscow 1949 with 9½/16 , and then he played his last Soviet Championship final at Moscow 1950 , scoring 9/17 to tie for 7th-10th places , as Keres won . Coach , organizer , author . It was clear that the new generation of Soviet players was taking over the top places in tournaments . Players such as Alexander Kotov , Isaac Boleslavsky , David Bronstein , Efim Geller , Yuri Averbakh , Tigran Petrosian , and Mark Taimanov were all younger and had the benefits of organized Soviet training , so they surpassed the older generation in their achievements . Alatortsev moved into a training role in the late 1940s , assisting the rising star Vasily Smyslov . He also became involved in tournament organization and administration . Alatortsev was awarded the title International Master by FIDE , the World Chess Federation , in 1950 , when this title was introduced officially . Alatortsev stopped playing major tournaments in the early 1950s , but occasionally took part in lesser events . He served as head of the Soviet Chess Federation from 1954 to 1961 , during a time when there were about three million registered Soviet players . From 1943 to 1974 , he was the editor of a chess column in the newspaper Vechernyaya Moskva . In 1960 , he published the book Modern Chess Theory . His final strong tournament was Tbilisi 1965 , where at age 56 he made 8/17 . Alatortsev never got the opportunity to compete outside the Soviet Union . He was awarded the Honorary Emeritus Grandmaster title by FIDE in 1983 . Alatortsev died at age 77 , on 13 January 1987 in Moscow . In the ECO database , the D31 line of the Queens Gambit Declined is named for Alatortsev . External links . - Vladimir Alatortsev games at 365Chess.com
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[
"Honorary Emeritus Grandmaster"
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Vladimir Alatortsev in 1983?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Alatortsev#P2962#1
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Vladimir Alatortsev Vladimir Alexeyevich Alatortsev ( , pronounced a LAH tart sev ; 14 May 1909 – 13 January 1987 ) was a Soviet chess player , author , and administrator . During his career , he became champion of both Leningrad and Moscow , and played in the Soviet Chess Championship finals nine times , with his best competitive results in the 1930s . He placed clear second in the 1933 Soviet final . He retired from most competitive play in the early 1950s , moving into roles as a chess organizer , teacher , and coach . He served as chairman of the All-Union chess section from 1954 to 1959 and as chairman of the USSR Chess Federation from 1959 to 1961 . By profession , he was a hydraulics engineer . Early years , peaks pre-war . Alatortsev was an early Leningrad chess rival of Mikhail Botvinnik , who later became World Champion . However , Botvinnik , who was two years younger , established complete dominance over Alatortsev right from the start , and wound up with a 9-0 lifetime won-loss score with two games drawn . Alatortsevs first important high-level result was a shared 3rd-6th place in the Soviet Championship , Moscow 1931 , with a score of 10 points out of 17 ; Botvinnik won . Alatortsev was again runner-up to Botvinnik in the 1932 Leningrad Championship with 7/11 . Alatortsev made his best Soviet Championship result in 1933 at Leningrad ( URS-ch08 ) , when he placed clear second with 13/19 , as Botvinnik won his second title . At Tbilisi 1933 , he tied for 1st-2nd places with Viktor Goglidze at 10/14 . He shared the Leningrad title in 1933–34 with Georgy Lisitsin on 11/15 . In the 1934 Leningrad International Alatortsev scored 4½/11 , as Botvinnik won to continue his dominance , and scored 7/13 in the Leningrad National tournament in May 1934 for 8th place , as Ilya Rabinovich won . In the 1934 Soviet Championship at Leningrad , he scored 10½/19 for a tied 5th-8th place ; Grigory Levenfish and Ilya Rabinovich won . He earned a place in the 1935 Moscow International tournament , the strongest Soviet event since 1925 , and finished with a even score of 9½ /19 , as Botvinnik and Salo Flohr won . Alatortsev drew a 12-game match ( +4 =4 −4 ) with the Hungarian Andor Lilienthal in 1935 . He was jointly champion of Moscow in both 1936 and 1937 . Then in the 1937 Soviet Championship at Tbilisi , Alatortsev made 9½/19 to tie 10th-12th places . Alatortsev posted his second best pre-war result when he tied for 1st-2nd places with Leonid Shamaev in a strong tournament at Leningrad 1938 , with 14/21 , ahead of Lilienthal and Viacheslav Ragozin . Chessmetrics.com ranks this as a 2684 performance . In the Leningrad-Moscow tournament of 1939 , Alatortsev tied for 9th-10th places on 9/17 , as Flohr won . He had to qualify for the next Soviet final , and in the semi-final at Kiev 1940 , he scored 9½/16 to tie for 4th-7th places , but did not advance to the final , losing out on tiebreak . Chessmetrics ranks him as #21 in the world for August 1940 , with a rating of 2626 . War years . With the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , organized chess was put to a stop for the next several years ; but Alatortsevs solid pre-war results earned him an invitation to a strong event at Kuibyshev 1942 . He made 6½/11 for seventh place , as Isaac Boleslavsky won . He then scored 7/15 at the 1942 Moscow Championship . Post-war form drops . With the Nazi invaders in full retreat by 1944 , organized chess slowly got going again in the Soviet Union . Alatortsev struggled in the 1944 Soviet Championship at Moscow with just 5½/16 for 16th place , as Botvinnik won . He had to return to qualifying for the next Soviet final , and made it through at Moscow in the semi-final with 10½/15 to tie for 2nd-4th places , as David Bronstein won . In the final that same year in Moscow , he scored just 7½/17 , as Botvinnik dominated the field . Alatortsev played the 1945 Latvian Championship at Riga , and won the tournament ( but not the title ; he was playing hors concours ) . He scored 8½/15 in the 1946 Moscow Championship to tie for 4th-5th places , as Bronstein won again . He was below 50 per cent for the next two Soviet finals as well ; in the Soviet Championship at Leningrad 1947 , he made 7½/19 , as Paul Keres won , and then in the next edition at Moscow 1948 , he finished well down with 7½/18 , as Bronstein and Alexander Kotov won . Alatortsev qualified successfully through the semi-final at Moscow 1949 with 9½/16 , and then he played his last Soviet Championship final at Moscow 1950 , scoring 9/17 to tie for 7th-10th places , as Keres won . Coach , organizer , author . It was clear that the new generation of Soviet players was taking over the top places in tournaments . Players such as Alexander Kotov , Isaac Boleslavsky , David Bronstein , Efim Geller , Yuri Averbakh , Tigran Petrosian , and Mark Taimanov were all younger and had the benefits of organized Soviet training , so they surpassed the older generation in their achievements . Alatortsev moved into a training role in the late 1940s , assisting the rising star Vasily Smyslov . He also became involved in tournament organization and administration . Alatortsev was awarded the title International Master by FIDE , the World Chess Federation , in 1950 , when this title was introduced officially . Alatortsev stopped playing major tournaments in the early 1950s , but occasionally took part in lesser events . He served as head of the Soviet Chess Federation from 1954 to 1961 , during a time when there were about three million registered Soviet players . From 1943 to 1974 , he was the editor of a chess column in the newspaper Vechernyaya Moskva . In 1960 , he published the book Modern Chess Theory . His final strong tournament was Tbilisi 1965 , where at age 56 he made 8/17 . Alatortsev never got the opportunity to compete outside the Soviet Union . He was awarded the Honorary Emeritus Grandmaster title by FIDE in 1983 . Alatortsev died at age 77 , on 13 January 1987 in Moscow . In the ECO database , the D31 line of the Queens Gambit Declined is named for Alatortsev . External links . - Vladimir Alatortsev games at 365Chess.com
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which title was conferred to Vladimir Alatortsev in 1931?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Alatortsev#P2962#2
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Vladimir Alatortsev Vladimir Alexeyevich Alatortsev ( , pronounced a LAH tart sev ; 14 May 1909 – 13 January 1987 ) was a Soviet chess player , author , and administrator . During his career , he became champion of both Leningrad and Moscow , and played in the Soviet Chess Championship finals nine times , with his best competitive results in the 1930s . He placed clear second in the 1933 Soviet final . He retired from most competitive play in the early 1950s , moving into roles as a chess organizer , teacher , and coach . He served as chairman of the All-Union chess section from 1954 to 1959 and as chairman of the USSR Chess Federation from 1959 to 1961 . By profession , he was a hydraulics engineer . Early years , peaks pre-war . Alatortsev was an early Leningrad chess rival of Mikhail Botvinnik , who later became World Champion . However , Botvinnik , who was two years younger , established complete dominance over Alatortsev right from the start , and wound up with a 9-0 lifetime won-loss score with two games drawn . Alatortsevs first important high-level result was a shared 3rd-6th place in the Soviet Championship , Moscow 1931 , with a score of 10 points out of 17 ; Botvinnik won . Alatortsev was again runner-up to Botvinnik in the 1932 Leningrad Championship with 7/11 . Alatortsev made his best Soviet Championship result in 1933 at Leningrad ( URS-ch08 ) , when he placed clear second with 13/19 , as Botvinnik won his second title . At Tbilisi 1933 , he tied for 1st-2nd places with Viktor Goglidze at 10/14 . He shared the Leningrad title in 1933–34 with Georgy Lisitsin on 11/15 . In the 1934 Leningrad International Alatortsev scored 4½/11 , as Botvinnik won to continue his dominance , and scored 7/13 in the Leningrad National tournament in May 1934 for 8th place , as Ilya Rabinovich won . In the 1934 Soviet Championship at Leningrad , he scored 10½/19 for a tied 5th-8th place ; Grigory Levenfish and Ilya Rabinovich won . He earned a place in the 1935 Moscow International tournament , the strongest Soviet event since 1925 , and finished with a even score of 9½ /19 , as Botvinnik and Salo Flohr won . Alatortsev drew a 12-game match ( +4 =4 −4 ) with the Hungarian Andor Lilienthal in 1935 . He was jointly champion of Moscow in both 1936 and 1937 . Then in the 1937 Soviet Championship at Tbilisi , Alatortsev made 9½/19 to tie 10th-12th places . Alatortsev posted his second best pre-war result when he tied for 1st-2nd places with Leonid Shamaev in a strong tournament at Leningrad 1938 , with 14/21 , ahead of Lilienthal and Viacheslav Ragozin . Chessmetrics.com ranks this as a 2684 performance . In the Leningrad-Moscow tournament of 1939 , Alatortsev tied for 9th-10th places on 9/17 , as Flohr won . He had to qualify for the next Soviet final , and in the semi-final at Kiev 1940 , he scored 9½/16 to tie for 4th-7th places , but did not advance to the final , losing out on tiebreak . Chessmetrics ranks him as #21 in the world for August 1940 , with a rating of 2626 . War years . With the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , organized chess was put to a stop for the next several years ; but Alatortsevs solid pre-war results earned him an invitation to a strong event at Kuibyshev 1942 . He made 6½/11 for seventh place , as Isaac Boleslavsky won . He then scored 7/15 at the 1942 Moscow Championship . Post-war form drops . With the Nazi invaders in full retreat by 1944 , organized chess slowly got going again in the Soviet Union . Alatortsev struggled in the 1944 Soviet Championship at Moscow with just 5½/16 for 16th place , as Botvinnik won . He had to return to qualifying for the next Soviet final , and made it through at Moscow in the semi-final with 10½/15 to tie for 2nd-4th places , as David Bronstein won . In the final that same year in Moscow , he scored just 7½/17 , as Botvinnik dominated the field . Alatortsev played the 1945 Latvian Championship at Riga , and won the tournament ( but not the title ; he was playing hors concours ) . He scored 8½/15 in the 1946 Moscow Championship to tie for 4th-5th places , as Bronstein won again . He was below 50 per cent for the next two Soviet finals as well ; in the Soviet Championship at Leningrad 1947 , he made 7½/19 , as Paul Keres won , and then in the next edition at Moscow 1948 , he finished well down with 7½/18 , as Bronstein and Alexander Kotov won . Alatortsev qualified successfully through the semi-final at Moscow 1949 with 9½/16 , and then he played his last Soviet Championship final at Moscow 1950 , scoring 9/17 to tie for 7th-10th places , as Keres won . Coach , organizer , author . It was clear that the new generation of Soviet players was taking over the top places in tournaments . Players such as Alexander Kotov , Isaac Boleslavsky , David Bronstein , Efim Geller , Yuri Averbakh , Tigran Petrosian , and Mark Taimanov were all younger and had the benefits of organized Soviet training , so they surpassed the older generation in their achievements . Alatortsev moved into a training role in the late 1940s , assisting the rising star Vasily Smyslov . He also became involved in tournament organization and administration . Alatortsev was awarded the title International Master by FIDE , the World Chess Federation , in 1950 , when this title was introduced officially . Alatortsev stopped playing major tournaments in the early 1950s , but occasionally took part in lesser events . He served as head of the Soviet Chess Federation from 1954 to 1961 , during a time when there were about three million registered Soviet players . From 1943 to 1974 , he was the editor of a chess column in the newspaper Vechernyaya Moskva . In 1960 , he published the book Modern Chess Theory . His final strong tournament was Tbilisi 1965 , where at age 56 he made 8/17 . Alatortsev never got the opportunity to compete outside the Soviet Union . He was awarded the Honorary Emeritus Grandmaster title by FIDE in 1983 . Alatortsev died at age 77 , on 13 January 1987 in Moscow . In the ECO database , the D31 line of the Queens Gambit Declined is named for Alatortsev . External links . - Vladimir Alatortsev games at 365Chess.com
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[
"Saxe-Weimar"
] |
easy
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Which country did Jena belong to from 1672 to 1690?
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Jena Jena ( ; ) is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of about 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies . Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel . The citys economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance . Furthermore , Jena is also a service hub for the surrounding regions . Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia , within the wide valley of the Saale river . Due to its rocky landscape , varied substrate and mixed forests , Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town . Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . History . Middle Ages . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east . Owing to its function as a river crossing , Jena was conveniently located . Nevertheless , there were also some more important Saale crossings like the nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south , so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages . The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document . The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley . In the 13th century , the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley : Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jenas constituent communities today – to the south on the east bank . Around 1230 , Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between todays Fürstengraben , Löbdergraben , Teichgraben and Leutragraben . The city got a marketplace , main church , town hall , council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a fully fledged town . In this time , the citys economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley . The two monasteries of the Dominicans ( 1286 ) and the Cistercians ( 1301 ) rounded out Jenas medieval appearance . As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century , the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331 . Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries . Moreover , the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously . Early modern period . The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523 . Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine . In the following years , the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 ( Carmelite ) and 1548 ( Dominican ) . An important step in Jenas history was the foundation of the university in 1558 . Ernestine Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous founded it , because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century , so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city . The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books ( and the populations ability to read ) in the Lutheran doctrine , and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called Seven Wonders of Jena was composed by students of the university at this time , supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city . Beginning in the 16th century , the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions . Initially , Jena remained a part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ) . In 1692 , after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ) , the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and , in 1741 , of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809 . From 1809 to 1918 , Jena was part of the Duchy ( from 1815 Grand Duchy ) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871 was also part of the German Empire . 19th century . Around 1790 , the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of idealist philosophy ( with professors like Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ) and of the early Romanticism ( with poets like Novalis , the brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ) . In 1794 , the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship . Consequently , the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as particularly liberal and open-minded was enhanced . On 14 October 1806 , Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen . Resistance against the French occupation was strong , especially among the students . Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813 . Two years later , the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city . During the later 19th century , the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at the university . The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871 . The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the ( relatively late ) connection to the railway . The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874 ) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway ( opened 1876 ) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in the west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east . Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe ( with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ) . Since that time , production of optical items , precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jenas economy ; Jena glass is even named after the city . Zeiss , Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general . When Zeiss died in 1889 , his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the companys profits for social benefits like research projects at universities etc . This model became an example for other German companies ( e.g . the Robert Bosch Stiftung ) . In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena . 20th century . Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena . The former academic town became a working-class city ; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west . In 1901 , the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building ( established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castles site ) . After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920 , Jena was one of the three biggest cities ( together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922 . The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period , conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus ( communists and social democrats ) and the right-wing Nazi milieus . On the one hand , the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence , but on the other hand , it consolidated the Nazi ideology , for example with a professorship of social anthropology ( which sought to scientifically legitimize the racial policy of Nazi Germany ) . Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena , many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government . This weakened the academic milieu , because many academics were Jews ( especially in medicine ) . During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city , and a subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945 , towards the end of World War II , Jena was heavily bombed by the American and British Allies . 709 people were killed , 2,000 injured and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed , but in parts restored after the end of the war . No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage , except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter . Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945 . Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany . In 1949 , it became part of the new German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) . The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the Soviet Union . On the other hand , the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950 , Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today . In 1953 , Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy . The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning . During the 1960s , another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion . Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s , because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem . New districts established in the north ( near Rautal ) and in the south ( around Winzerla and Lobeda ) . The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena , fed by academic and clerical circles . In autumn 1989 , the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved . After 1990 , Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s , but finally it managed the transition to the market economy and today , it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany . Furthermore , the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded . Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena . The citys far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground ( NSU ) terror group . However the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot . Geography and demographics . Topography . Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river , between the Harz mountains in the north , the Thuringian Forest/Thuringian Highland in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , in the southeast . The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valleys edges . The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation , whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m . On the eastern side those are ( from north to south ) : the Gleisberg near Kunitz , the Jenzig near Wogau , the Hausberg near Wenigenjena , the Kernberge near Wöllnitz , the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf . On the western side , there are the Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre , the Tatzend west of the city centre , the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain , the Holzberg near Winzerla , the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua . The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between . Due to its jagged surface , the municipal territory isnt very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century . At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines . Ecology . 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area . One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town . Ophrys apifera even grows at a few locations within the town . Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers . Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale , within the town . Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night , from the mountains , to raid bins . Climate . Jena has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) or an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system . Summers are warm and sometimes humid ; winters are relatively cold . The citys topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter ( quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer . Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year . Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February , but snow cover does not usually remain for long . During the Middle Ages , Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes . Nowadays , the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated down Saale river . Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley , wind speeds tend to be very low ; predominant direction is SW . Administrative division . Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna and Golmsdorf in the north , Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda and Bucha in the south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen and Saaleplatte in the west . The city itself is divided in 30 districts . The inner-city districts are Zentrum , Nord , West , Süd , Wenigenjena ( east of Saale , incorporated in 1909 ) and Kernberge , other big districts are Lobeda ( incorporated in 1946 ) and Winzerla ( incorporated in 1922 ) in the south with large housing complexes . The residual districts are from a more rural constitution : Demographics . Over the centuries , Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants . The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870 . Then , a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900 , 50,000 in 1920 , 73,000 in 1940 , 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980 . The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000 . The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population , which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012 . The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p . a , whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency . Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena . It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s , but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders . The birth surplus was 62 in 2012 , or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants ( Thuringian average : -4.5 ; national average : -2.4 ) . The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 ( Thuringian average : -0.8 ; national average : +4.6 ) . The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia , Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland , Russia , Ukraine , Hungary , Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . Like many other eastern German cities , Jena has a small foreign-born population : circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Differing from the national average , the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years , the economic situation of the city has improved : the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013 . Due to the official policy of atheism in the former GDR , most of the population is non-religious . 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Culture , sights and cityscape . Museums . Jena has a great variety of museums : - The Optical Museum Jena at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments like glasses , microscopes , cameras and telescopes . - The Phyletisches Museum at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils . - The Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art . - The Botanischer Garten ( botanic garden ) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany ( established in 1794 ) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world . - The Romantikerhaus at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of Jena romantics in German literature . - Schillers Gartenhaus at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of Friedrich Schiller and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena . - The Goethe-Gedenkstätte at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jena ( only in summer ) . - The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus at Berggasse is the former house of biologist Ernst Haeckel and hosts an exhibition about his life . - The Schott Glasmuseum at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of Otto Schott and the history of his glass factory , the Schott AG . - The Museum 1806 at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt during the Napoleonic wars . - The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections . While the collections of antiques and minerals are public , the oriental coins are only accessed for research . Cityscape . The historic city centre is located inside the former wall ( which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north , Löbdergraben in the east , Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west ) . There are only a few historic buildings in this area ( e.g . at Oberlauengasse ) , due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades . The Eichplatz , a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre , has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process . The walls defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates . In these areas , some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse , in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse . The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena , with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley , to the west along Mühltal and on the Saales east side in former Wenigenjena . Compared with the city centre , later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas . During the interwar period , the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less , so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences . Todays Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region , and urban planning is still a challenge . A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square , town hall , and castle in the former town of Lobeda , which is a district since 1946 , located approximately to the south of Jenas centre . Sights and architectural heritage . Churches . - The main church , St . Michaels , is one of the biggest Gothic monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557 . It has a bronze slab of Martin Luthers tomb . - The St . Johns Church was the church of the extinct village Leutra west of Jena and later used as the citys cemetery chapel . Since 1811 , the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena . - The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a Baroque evangelical church today . - The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and todays quarter Wenigenjena . Friedrich Schiller married here in 1790 . - The St . Peters Church is the former city church of Jenas southern district Lobeda . The Gothic church was built around 1480 . - The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen ( dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers ) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s . - The St . Marys Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style , built in the 15th century . Other sights . - The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( Anatomieturm and Roter Turm ) , the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz . - The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany . It has an astronomical clock featuring the Snatching Hans ( Schnapphans ) . - The planetarium opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world , with technology developed by Carl Zeiss . - The University Main Building stands at the former castles place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style ( Theodor Fischer/Bruno Taut ) . - The Abbeanum is a university building by Ernst Neufert in Bauhaus style , built in 1930 . - The Jen Tower is the citys highest skyscraper , built between 1969 and 1972 , with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant . - The Haus Auerbach is the former house of physicist Felix Auerbach , built by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in Bauhaus style in 1924 . Near is the Haus Zuckerkandl , another mansion built by Gropius in 1929 . - The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965 , including Germanys first high-rise building , the Bau 15 from 1915 . - The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous ( built in 1858 ) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called Hanfried . - The monument to Ernst Abbe is a building of early-modern architecture by Henry van de Velde ( 1910 ) . - The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg , founders of Jena . - Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth is an important nature reserve to the southwest . Theatre and music . Jena has its own theatre and orchestra , the Jenaer Philharmonie . Sports . Jena is home to professional football club , FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times , the FDGB Cup four times , and reacehd the final of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In womens football , FF USV Jena is a member of the 2 . Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs home stadium is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also , the citys basketball team , Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season . In addition , since 2000 , the university of Jena has a rugby team . Since 2012 , the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2 . Rugby-Bundesliga . Current mens javelin throw world record ( 98.48 ) by Jan Železný was achieved in Jena . Economy and infrastructure . Agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture plays a small role in Jena , only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming ( compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ) . Furthermore , the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle . The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt , Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest . Wine-growing was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800 , but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless , the commercial production of wine hasnt yet resumed . Industry is a great tradition in Jena , reaching back to the mid-19th century . In 2012 , there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro . The most important branches are precision machinery , pharmaceuticals , optics , biotechnology and software engineering . Notable companies in Jena are the traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies like Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany . With companies such as Intershop Communications , Salesforce.com ( after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies , Jena is a hub for E-commerce in Germany . Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena . The city is among Germanys 50 fastest growing regions , with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies , a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure . Jena was awarded the title Stadt der Wissenschaft ( city of science ) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association , in 2008 . Jena is also a hub of public and private services , specially in education , research and business services . Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringias solely university hospital . Furthermore , Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres . Together with the photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking . Transport . By rail . Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point . What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the citys difficult topography and on the other hand by the history , because the two main lines were built by two different private companies . The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen ( via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz ( via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar , Jena and Gera . The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz , the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx . south of the city centre . When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017 , the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network . As compensation , there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north , and to Nuremberg in the south . By road . The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at Hermsdorf junction are the Bundesautobahn 4 ( Frankfurt–Dresden ) and the Bundesautobahn 9 ( Berlin–Munich ) , which were both built during the 1930s . The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district . Therefore , it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution . Furthermore , there are two Bundesstraßen crossing in Jena : the Bundesstraße 7 is a connection to Weimar in the west and Gera in the east and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection along Saale valley to Naumburg in the north and Rudolstadt in the south . Furthermore , there are some roads to Apolda via Isserstedt , Blankenhain via Ammerbach and Stadtroda via Lobeda . Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas . By aviation . The next local airports to Jena are the Erfurt–Weimar Airport , approx . to the west and the Leipzig/Halle Airport , approx . to the northeast , which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions . The next major airports are Frankfurt Airport , the upcoming Berlin Brandenburg Airport and Munich Airport . By bike . Despite the hilly terrain in some parts , Jena is a cycling city , due to the many students . Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built . There are bike lanes along some main streets , though , in comparison to other cities in Germany , there are deficits . For bicycle touring there is the Saale track ( ) and the Thuringian city string track ( ) . Both of these connect points of tourist interest : the former along the Saale valley from Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria to the Elbe river near Magdeburg , while the latter follows the medieval Via Regia closely and runs from Eisenach via Erfurt , Weimar and Jena to Altenburg via Gera . Trams and buses . The Jena tramway network was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification . It connects the major districts with the city centre ; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes . Nevertheless , there are some old single-track segments interfering the services . Furthermore , there is an extensive network of buses , run ( like the trams ) by the Jenah organization , a pun on Jena and the German lit . public transport . Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region . Education and research . After reunification , the educational system was realigned . The University of Jena , established in 1558 , was largely extended . Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university . Another college is the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena , a University of Applied Sciences founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications . There are also nearly 5,000 students . Further there are six Gymnasiums , five state-owned and one Christian ( ecumenical ) . One of the state-owned is a Sportgymnasium , an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football . Another state-owned Gymnasium ( the Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena ) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum . The various research institutes based in Jena include : - The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D . program . - The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History - The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry - The Institute of Photonic Technology - The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering ( IOF ) - The Leibniz Institute for Age Research , a research center with a Ph.D program - INNOVENT - a private research center - The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis - The Jena Center for Bioinformatics Quality of life . In 2013 , according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft , Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany . According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos , Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany . It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions . Politics . Mayor and city council . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Peter Röhlinger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , who served from 1990 to 2006 . In 2006 he was succeeded by Albrecht Schröter of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by Thomas Nitzsche of the FDP , who has since served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018 , with a runoff held on 29 April , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 44,736 ! 99.5 ! 39,481 ! 99.3 ! Invalid votes ! 210 ! 0.5 ! 294 ! 0.7 ! Total ! 44,946 ! 100.0 ! 39,775 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 85,401 ! 52.6 ! 85,220 ! 46.7 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 52,540 ! Invalid votes ! 1,121 ! Total ! 53,661 ! 100.0 ! 46 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 84,990 ! 63.1 ! 11.6 Twin towns – sister cities . Jena is twinned with : - Aubervilliers , France ( 1999 ) - Beit Jala , Palestine ( 2011 ) - Berkeley , United States ( 1989 ) - Erlangen , Germany ( 1987 ) - Lugoj , Romania ( 1983 ) - Porto , Portugal ( 1984 ) - San Marcos , Nicaragua ( 1996 ) - Vladimir , Russia ( 2008 ) Notable people , and alumni of the university . - Ernst Abbe ( 1840–1905 ) , physicist , social reformer , partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott - Andreas Bauer Kanabas , classical bass - Johannes R . Becher ( 1891–1958 ) , poet and politician - Hans Berger , discoverer of human EEG - Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , naturalist , doctor , comparative anatomist and physiologist - Walter von Boetticher ( 1853–1945 ) , historian and physician studied medicine at Jena - Johann Gottfried Eichhorn , orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment - Robert Enke ( 1977–2009 ) , footballer ( goalkeeper ) - Walter Eucken ( 1891–1950 ) , founder of neoliberal economic theory - Rudolf Eucken ( 1846–1926 ) , philosopher and winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature - Johann Gottlieb Fichte , philosopher and early German nationalist - Gottlob Frege ( 1848–1925 ) , mathematician , logician , and philosopher - Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , inventor of the kindergarten - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749–1832 ) , poet/writer - Klara Griefahn ( 1897–1945 ) , physician - Otto Günsche ( 1917–2003 ) , commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War - Ernst Haeckel ( 1834–1919 ) , evolutionary biologist/zoologist - G . W . F . Hegel ( 1770–1831 ) , philosopher - Friedrich Hölderlin ( 1770–1843 ) , poet - Albert Woldemar Hollander ( 1796–1868 ) , educator and pedagog . - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646–1716 ) , polymath and philosopher - Martin Luther ( 1483–1546 ) , professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and seminal figure in the Reformation . - August Eduard Martin ( 1847-1933 ) , obstetrician and gynecologist - Karl Marx ( 1818–1883 ) , philosopher/economist - Tilo Medek ( 1940–2006 ) , composer - Philipp Melanchthon , theologian - Johann Karl August Musäus , author - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( 1844–1900 ) , philosopher - Novalis ( 1772–1801 ) , poet - Max Reger , composer , pianist , professor and conductor - Friedrich Schelling , philosopher - Friedrich Schiller , poet/writer - Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling - Wilhelm Schlegel , philosopher - Sahra Wagenknecht ( born 1969 ) , German politician - Bernd Schneider ( born 1973 ) , footballer - Otto Schott , inventor of fireproof glass , founder of the Schott glass works - Reinhard Johannes Sorge , poet , dramatist , and Roman Catholic convert - Johann Gustav Stickel , orientalist - Kurt Tucholsky , writer - Carl Zeiss ( 1816–1888 ) , founder of the Zeiss company
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Jena Jena ( ; ) is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of about 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies . Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel . The citys economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance . Furthermore , Jena is also a service hub for the surrounding regions . Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia , within the wide valley of the Saale river . Due to its rocky landscape , varied substrate and mixed forests , Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town . Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . History . Middle Ages . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east . Owing to its function as a river crossing , Jena was conveniently located . Nevertheless , there were also some more important Saale crossings like the nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south , so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages . The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document . The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley . In the 13th century , the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley : Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jenas constituent communities today – to the south on the east bank . Around 1230 , Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between todays Fürstengraben , Löbdergraben , Teichgraben and Leutragraben . The city got a marketplace , main church , town hall , council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a fully fledged town . In this time , the citys economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley . The two monasteries of the Dominicans ( 1286 ) and the Cistercians ( 1301 ) rounded out Jenas medieval appearance . As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century , the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331 . Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries . Moreover , the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously . Early modern period . The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523 . Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine . In the following years , the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 ( Carmelite ) and 1548 ( Dominican ) . An important step in Jenas history was the foundation of the university in 1558 . Ernestine Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous founded it , because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century , so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city . The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books ( and the populations ability to read ) in the Lutheran doctrine , and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called Seven Wonders of Jena was composed by students of the university at this time , supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city . Beginning in the 16th century , the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions . Initially , Jena remained a part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ) . In 1692 , after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ) , the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and , in 1741 , of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809 . From 1809 to 1918 , Jena was part of the Duchy ( from 1815 Grand Duchy ) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871 was also part of the German Empire . 19th century . Around 1790 , the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of idealist philosophy ( with professors like Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ) and of the early Romanticism ( with poets like Novalis , the brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ) . In 1794 , the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship . Consequently , the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as particularly liberal and open-minded was enhanced . On 14 October 1806 , Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen . Resistance against the French occupation was strong , especially among the students . Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813 . Two years later , the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city . During the later 19th century , the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at the university . The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871 . The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the ( relatively late ) connection to the railway . The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874 ) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway ( opened 1876 ) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in the west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east . Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe ( with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ) . Since that time , production of optical items , precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jenas economy ; Jena glass is even named after the city . Zeiss , Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general . When Zeiss died in 1889 , his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the companys profits for social benefits like research projects at universities etc . This model became an example for other German companies ( e.g . the Robert Bosch Stiftung ) . In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena . 20th century . Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena . The former academic town became a working-class city ; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west . In 1901 , the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building ( established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castles site ) . After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920 , Jena was one of the three biggest cities ( together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922 . The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period , conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus ( communists and social democrats ) and the right-wing Nazi milieus . On the one hand , the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence , but on the other hand , it consolidated the Nazi ideology , for example with a professorship of social anthropology ( which sought to scientifically legitimize the racial policy of Nazi Germany ) . Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena , many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government . This weakened the academic milieu , because many academics were Jews ( especially in medicine ) . During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city , and a subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945 , towards the end of World War II , Jena was heavily bombed by the American and British Allies . 709 people were killed , 2,000 injured and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed , but in parts restored after the end of the war . No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage , except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter . Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945 . Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany . In 1949 , it became part of the new German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) . The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the Soviet Union . On the other hand , the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950 , Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today . In 1953 , Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy . The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning . During the 1960s , another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion . Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s , because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem . New districts established in the north ( near Rautal ) and in the south ( around Winzerla and Lobeda ) . The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena , fed by academic and clerical circles . In autumn 1989 , the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved . After 1990 , Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s , but finally it managed the transition to the market economy and today , it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany . Furthermore , the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded . Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena . The citys far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground ( NSU ) terror group . However the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot . Geography and demographics . Topography . Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river , between the Harz mountains in the north , the Thuringian Forest/Thuringian Highland in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , in the southeast . The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valleys edges . The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation , whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m . On the eastern side those are ( from north to south ) : the Gleisberg near Kunitz , the Jenzig near Wogau , the Hausberg near Wenigenjena , the Kernberge near Wöllnitz , the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf . On the western side , there are the Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre , the Tatzend west of the city centre , the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain , the Holzberg near Winzerla , the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua . The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between . Due to its jagged surface , the municipal territory isnt very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century . At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines . Ecology . 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area . One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town . Ophrys apifera even grows at a few locations within the town . Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers . Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale , within the town . Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night , from the mountains , to raid bins . Climate . Jena has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) or an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system . Summers are warm and sometimes humid ; winters are relatively cold . The citys topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter ( quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer . Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year . Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February , but snow cover does not usually remain for long . During the Middle Ages , Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes . Nowadays , the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated down Saale river . Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley , wind speeds tend to be very low ; predominant direction is SW . Administrative division . Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna and Golmsdorf in the north , Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda and Bucha in the south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen and Saaleplatte in the west . The city itself is divided in 30 districts . The inner-city districts are Zentrum , Nord , West , Süd , Wenigenjena ( east of Saale , incorporated in 1909 ) and Kernberge , other big districts are Lobeda ( incorporated in 1946 ) and Winzerla ( incorporated in 1922 ) in the south with large housing complexes . The residual districts are from a more rural constitution : Demographics . Over the centuries , Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants . The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870 . Then , a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900 , 50,000 in 1920 , 73,000 in 1940 , 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980 . The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000 . The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population , which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012 . The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p . a , whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency . Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena . It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s , but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders . The birth surplus was 62 in 2012 , or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants ( Thuringian average : -4.5 ; national average : -2.4 ) . The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 ( Thuringian average : -0.8 ; national average : +4.6 ) . The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia , Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland , Russia , Ukraine , Hungary , Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . Like many other eastern German cities , Jena has a small foreign-born population : circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Differing from the national average , the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years , the economic situation of the city has improved : the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013 . Due to the official policy of atheism in the former GDR , most of the population is non-religious . 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Culture , sights and cityscape . Museums . Jena has a great variety of museums : - The Optical Museum Jena at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments like glasses , microscopes , cameras and telescopes . - The Phyletisches Museum at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils . - The Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art . - The Botanischer Garten ( botanic garden ) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany ( established in 1794 ) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world . - The Romantikerhaus at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of Jena romantics in German literature . - Schillers Gartenhaus at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of Friedrich Schiller and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena . - The Goethe-Gedenkstätte at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jena ( only in summer ) . - The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus at Berggasse is the former house of biologist Ernst Haeckel and hosts an exhibition about his life . - The Schott Glasmuseum at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of Otto Schott and the history of his glass factory , the Schott AG . - The Museum 1806 at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt during the Napoleonic wars . - The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections . While the collections of antiques and minerals are public , the oriental coins are only accessed for research . Cityscape . The historic city centre is located inside the former wall ( which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north , Löbdergraben in the east , Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west ) . There are only a few historic buildings in this area ( e.g . at Oberlauengasse ) , due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades . The Eichplatz , a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre , has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process . The walls defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates . In these areas , some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse , in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse . The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena , with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley , to the west along Mühltal and on the Saales east side in former Wenigenjena . Compared with the city centre , later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas . During the interwar period , the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less , so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences . Todays Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region , and urban planning is still a challenge . A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square , town hall , and castle in the former town of Lobeda , which is a district since 1946 , located approximately to the south of Jenas centre . Sights and architectural heritage . Churches . - The main church , St . Michaels , is one of the biggest Gothic monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557 . It has a bronze slab of Martin Luthers tomb . - The St . Johns Church was the church of the extinct village Leutra west of Jena and later used as the citys cemetery chapel . Since 1811 , the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena . - The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a Baroque evangelical church today . - The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and todays quarter Wenigenjena . Friedrich Schiller married here in 1790 . - The St . Peters Church is the former city church of Jenas southern district Lobeda . The Gothic church was built around 1480 . - The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen ( dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers ) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s . - The St . Marys Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style , built in the 15th century . Other sights . - The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( Anatomieturm and Roter Turm ) , the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz . - The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany . It has an astronomical clock featuring the Snatching Hans ( Schnapphans ) . - The planetarium opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world , with technology developed by Carl Zeiss . - The University Main Building stands at the former castles place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style ( Theodor Fischer/Bruno Taut ) . - The Abbeanum is a university building by Ernst Neufert in Bauhaus style , built in 1930 . - The Jen Tower is the citys highest skyscraper , built between 1969 and 1972 , with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant . - The Haus Auerbach is the former house of physicist Felix Auerbach , built by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in Bauhaus style in 1924 . Near is the Haus Zuckerkandl , another mansion built by Gropius in 1929 . - The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965 , including Germanys first high-rise building , the Bau 15 from 1915 . - The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous ( built in 1858 ) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called Hanfried . - The monument to Ernst Abbe is a building of early-modern architecture by Henry van de Velde ( 1910 ) . - The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg , founders of Jena . - Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth is an important nature reserve to the southwest . Theatre and music . Jena has its own theatre and orchestra , the Jenaer Philharmonie . Sports . Jena is home to professional football club , FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times , the FDGB Cup four times , and reacehd the final of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In womens football , FF USV Jena is a member of the 2 . Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs home stadium is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also , the citys basketball team , Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season . In addition , since 2000 , the university of Jena has a rugby team . Since 2012 , the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2 . Rugby-Bundesliga . Current mens javelin throw world record ( 98.48 ) by Jan Železný was achieved in Jena . Economy and infrastructure . Agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture plays a small role in Jena , only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming ( compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ) . Furthermore , the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle . The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt , Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest . Wine-growing was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800 , but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless , the commercial production of wine hasnt yet resumed . Industry is a great tradition in Jena , reaching back to the mid-19th century . In 2012 , there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro . The most important branches are precision machinery , pharmaceuticals , optics , biotechnology and software engineering . Notable companies in Jena are the traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies like Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany . With companies such as Intershop Communications , Salesforce.com ( after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies , Jena is a hub for E-commerce in Germany . Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena . The city is among Germanys 50 fastest growing regions , with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies , a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure . Jena was awarded the title Stadt der Wissenschaft ( city of science ) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association , in 2008 . Jena is also a hub of public and private services , specially in education , research and business services . Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringias solely university hospital . Furthermore , Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres . Together with the photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking . Transport . By rail . Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point . What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the citys difficult topography and on the other hand by the history , because the two main lines were built by two different private companies . The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen ( via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz ( via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar , Jena and Gera . The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz , the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx . south of the city centre . When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017 , the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network . As compensation , there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north , and to Nuremberg in the south . By road . The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at Hermsdorf junction are the Bundesautobahn 4 ( Frankfurt–Dresden ) and the Bundesautobahn 9 ( Berlin–Munich ) , which were both built during the 1930s . The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district . Therefore , it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution . Furthermore , there are two Bundesstraßen crossing in Jena : the Bundesstraße 7 is a connection to Weimar in the west and Gera in the east and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection along Saale valley to Naumburg in the north and Rudolstadt in the south . Furthermore , there are some roads to Apolda via Isserstedt , Blankenhain via Ammerbach and Stadtroda via Lobeda . Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas . By aviation . The next local airports to Jena are the Erfurt–Weimar Airport , approx . to the west and the Leipzig/Halle Airport , approx . to the northeast , which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions . The next major airports are Frankfurt Airport , the upcoming Berlin Brandenburg Airport and Munich Airport . By bike . Despite the hilly terrain in some parts , Jena is a cycling city , due to the many students . Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built . There are bike lanes along some main streets , though , in comparison to other cities in Germany , there are deficits . For bicycle touring there is the Saale track ( ) and the Thuringian city string track ( ) . Both of these connect points of tourist interest : the former along the Saale valley from Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria to the Elbe river near Magdeburg , while the latter follows the medieval Via Regia closely and runs from Eisenach via Erfurt , Weimar and Jena to Altenburg via Gera . Trams and buses . The Jena tramway network was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification . It connects the major districts with the city centre ; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes . Nevertheless , there are some old single-track segments interfering the services . Furthermore , there is an extensive network of buses , run ( like the trams ) by the Jenah organization , a pun on Jena and the German lit . public transport . Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region . Education and research . After reunification , the educational system was realigned . The University of Jena , established in 1558 , was largely extended . Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university . Another college is the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena , a University of Applied Sciences founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications . There are also nearly 5,000 students . Further there are six Gymnasiums , five state-owned and one Christian ( ecumenical ) . One of the state-owned is a Sportgymnasium , an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football . Another state-owned Gymnasium ( the Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena ) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum . The various research institutes based in Jena include : - The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D . program . - The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History - The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry - The Institute of Photonic Technology - The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering ( IOF ) - The Leibniz Institute for Age Research , a research center with a Ph.D program - INNOVENT - a private research center - The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis - The Jena Center for Bioinformatics Quality of life . In 2013 , according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft , Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany . According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos , Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany . It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions . Politics . Mayor and city council . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Peter Röhlinger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , who served from 1990 to 2006 . In 2006 he was succeeded by Albrecht Schröter of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by Thomas Nitzsche of the FDP , who has since served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018 , with a runoff held on 29 April , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 44,736 ! 99.5 ! 39,481 ! 99.3 ! Invalid votes ! 210 ! 0.5 ! 294 ! 0.7 ! Total ! 44,946 ! 100.0 ! 39,775 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 85,401 ! 52.6 ! 85,220 ! 46.7 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 52,540 ! Invalid votes ! 1,121 ! Total ! 53,661 ! 100.0 ! 46 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 84,990 ! 63.1 ! 11.6 Twin towns – sister cities . Jena is twinned with : - Aubervilliers , France ( 1999 ) - Beit Jala , Palestine ( 2011 ) - Berkeley , United States ( 1989 ) - Erlangen , Germany ( 1987 ) - Lugoj , Romania ( 1983 ) - Porto , Portugal ( 1984 ) - San Marcos , Nicaragua ( 1996 ) - Vladimir , Russia ( 2008 ) Notable people , and alumni of the university . - Ernst Abbe ( 1840–1905 ) , physicist , social reformer , partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott - Andreas Bauer Kanabas , classical bass - Johannes R . Becher ( 1891–1958 ) , poet and politician - Hans Berger , discoverer of human EEG - Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , naturalist , doctor , comparative anatomist and physiologist - Walter von Boetticher ( 1853–1945 ) , historian and physician studied medicine at Jena - Johann Gottfried Eichhorn , orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment - Robert Enke ( 1977–2009 ) , footballer ( goalkeeper ) - Walter Eucken ( 1891–1950 ) , founder of neoliberal economic theory - Rudolf Eucken ( 1846–1926 ) , philosopher and winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature - Johann Gottlieb Fichte , philosopher and early German nationalist - Gottlob Frege ( 1848–1925 ) , mathematician , logician , and philosopher - Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , inventor of the kindergarten - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749–1832 ) , poet/writer - Klara Griefahn ( 1897–1945 ) , physician - Otto Günsche ( 1917–2003 ) , commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War - Ernst Haeckel ( 1834–1919 ) , evolutionary biologist/zoologist - G . W . F . Hegel ( 1770–1831 ) , philosopher - Friedrich Hölderlin ( 1770–1843 ) , poet - Albert Woldemar Hollander ( 1796–1868 ) , educator and pedagog . - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646–1716 ) , polymath and philosopher - Martin Luther ( 1483–1546 ) , professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and seminal figure in the Reformation . - August Eduard Martin ( 1847-1933 ) , obstetrician and gynecologist - Karl Marx ( 1818–1883 ) , philosopher/economist - Tilo Medek ( 1940–2006 ) , composer - Philipp Melanchthon , theologian - Johann Karl August Musäus , author - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( 1844–1900 ) , philosopher - Novalis ( 1772–1801 ) , poet - Max Reger , composer , pianist , professor and conductor - Friedrich Schelling , philosopher - Friedrich Schiller , poet/writer - Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling - Wilhelm Schlegel , philosopher - Sahra Wagenknecht ( born 1969 ) , German politician - Bernd Schneider ( born 1973 ) , footballer - Otto Schott , inventor of fireproof glass , founder of the Schott glass works - Reinhard Johannes Sorge , poet , dramatist , and Roman Catholic convert - Johann Gustav Stickel , orientalist - Kurt Tucholsky , writer - Carl Zeiss ( 1816–1888 ) , founder of the Zeiss company
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Jena Jena ( ; ) is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of about 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies . Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel . The citys economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance . Furthermore , Jena is also a service hub for the surrounding regions . Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia , within the wide valley of the Saale river . Due to its rocky landscape , varied substrate and mixed forests , Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town . Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . History . Middle Ages . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east . Owing to its function as a river crossing , Jena was conveniently located . Nevertheless , there were also some more important Saale crossings like the nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south , so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages . The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document . The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley . In the 13th century , the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley : Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jenas constituent communities today – to the south on the east bank . Around 1230 , Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between todays Fürstengraben , Löbdergraben , Teichgraben and Leutragraben . The city got a marketplace , main church , town hall , council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a fully fledged town . In this time , the citys economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley . The two monasteries of the Dominicans ( 1286 ) and the Cistercians ( 1301 ) rounded out Jenas medieval appearance . As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century , the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331 . Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries . Moreover , the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously . Early modern period . The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523 . Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine . In the following years , the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 ( Carmelite ) and 1548 ( Dominican ) . An important step in Jenas history was the foundation of the university in 1558 . Ernestine Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous founded it , because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century , so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city . The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books ( and the populations ability to read ) in the Lutheran doctrine , and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called Seven Wonders of Jena was composed by students of the university at this time , supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city . Beginning in the 16th century , the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions . Initially , Jena remained a part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ) . In 1692 , after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ) , the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and , in 1741 , of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809 . From 1809 to 1918 , Jena was part of the Duchy ( from 1815 Grand Duchy ) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871 was also part of the German Empire . 19th century . Around 1790 , the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of idealist philosophy ( with professors like Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ) and of the early Romanticism ( with poets like Novalis , the brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ) . In 1794 , the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship . Consequently , the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as particularly liberal and open-minded was enhanced . On 14 October 1806 , Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen . Resistance against the French occupation was strong , especially among the students . Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813 . Two years later , the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city . During the later 19th century , the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at the university . The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871 . The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the ( relatively late ) connection to the railway . The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874 ) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway ( opened 1876 ) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in the west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east . Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe ( with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ) . Since that time , production of optical items , precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jenas economy ; Jena glass is even named after the city . Zeiss , Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general . When Zeiss died in 1889 , his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the companys profits for social benefits like research projects at universities etc . This model became an example for other German companies ( e.g . the Robert Bosch Stiftung ) . In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena . 20th century . Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena . The former academic town became a working-class city ; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west . In 1901 , the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building ( established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castles site ) . After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920 , Jena was one of the three biggest cities ( together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922 . The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period , conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus ( communists and social democrats ) and the right-wing Nazi milieus . On the one hand , the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence , but on the other hand , it consolidated the Nazi ideology , for example with a professorship of social anthropology ( which sought to scientifically legitimize the racial policy of Nazi Germany ) . Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena , many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government . This weakened the academic milieu , because many academics were Jews ( especially in medicine ) . During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city , and a subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945 , towards the end of World War II , Jena was heavily bombed by the American and British Allies . 709 people were killed , 2,000 injured and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed , but in parts restored after the end of the war . No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage , except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter . Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945 . Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany . In 1949 , it became part of the new German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) . The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the Soviet Union . On the other hand , the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950 , Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today . In 1953 , Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy . The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning . During the 1960s , another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion . Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s , because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem . New districts established in the north ( near Rautal ) and in the south ( around Winzerla and Lobeda ) . The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena , fed by academic and clerical circles . In autumn 1989 , the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved . After 1990 , Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s , but finally it managed the transition to the market economy and today , it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany . Furthermore , the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded . Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena . The citys far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground ( NSU ) terror group . However the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot . Geography and demographics . Topography . Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river , between the Harz mountains in the north , the Thuringian Forest/Thuringian Highland in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , in the southeast . The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valleys edges . The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation , whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m . On the eastern side those are ( from north to south ) : the Gleisberg near Kunitz , the Jenzig near Wogau , the Hausberg near Wenigenjena , the Kernberge near Wöllnitz , the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf . On the western side , there are the Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre , the Tatzend west of the city centre , the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain , the Holzberg near Winzerla , the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua . The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between . Due to its jagged surface , the municipal territory isnt very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century . At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines . Ecology . 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area . One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town . Ophrys apifera even grows at a few locations within the town . Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers . Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale , within the town . Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night , from the mountains , to raid bins . Climate . Jena has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) or an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system . Summers are warm and sometimes humid ; winters are relatively cold . The citys topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter ( quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer . Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year . Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February , but snow cover does not usually remain for long . During the Middle Ages , Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes . Nowadays , the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated down Saale river . Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley , wind speeds tend to be very low ; predominant direction is SW . Administrative division . Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna and Golmsdorf in the north , Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda and Bucha in the south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen and Saaleplatte in the west . The city itself is divided in 30 districts . The inner-city districts are Zentrum , Nord , West , Süd , Wenigenjena ( east of Saale , incorporated in 1909 ) and Kernberge , other big districts are Lobeda ( incorporated in 1946 ) and Winzerla ( incorporated in 1922 ) in the south with large housing complexes . The residual districts are from a more rural constitution : Demographics . Over the centuries , Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants . The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870 . Then , a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900 , 50,000 in 1920 , 73,000 in 1940 , 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980 . The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000 . The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population , which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012 . The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p . a , whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency . Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena . It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s , but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders . The birth surplus was 62 in 2012 , or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants ( Thuringian average : -4.5 ; national average : -2.4 ) . The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 ( Thuringian average : -0.8 ; national average : +4.6 ) . The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia , Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland , Russia , Ukraine , Hungary , Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . Like many other eastern German cities , Jena has a small foreign-born population : circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Differing from the national average , the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years , the economic situation of the city has improved : the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013 . Due to the official policy of atheism in the former GDR , most of the population is non-religious . 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Culture , sights and cityscape . Museums . Jena has a great variety of museums : - The Optical Museum Jena at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments like glasses , microscopes , cameras and telescopes . - The Phyletisches Museum at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils . - The Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art . - The Botanischer Garten ( botanic garden ) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany ( established in 1794 ) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world . - The Romantikerhaus at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of Jena romantics in German literature . - Schillers Gartenhaus at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of Friedrich Schiller and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena . - The Goethe-Gedenkstätte at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jena ( only in summer ) . - The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus at Berggasse is the former house of biologist Ernst Haeckel and hosts an exhibition about his life . - The Schott Glasmuseum at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of Otto Schott and the history of his glass factory , the Schott AG . - The Museum 1806 at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt during the Napoleonic wars . - The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections . While the collections of antiques and minerals are public , the oriental coins are only accessed for research . Cityscape . The historic city centre is located inside the former wall ( which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north , Löbdergraben in the east , Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west ) . There are only a few historic buildings in this area ( e.g . at Oberlauengasse ) , due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades . The Eichplatz , a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre , has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process . The walls defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates . In these areas , some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse , in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse . The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena , with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley , to the west along Mühltal and on the Saales east side in former Wenigenjena . Compared with the city centre , later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas . During the interwar period , the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less , so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences . Todays Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region , and urban planning is still a challenge . A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square , town hall , and castle in the former town of Lobeda , which is a district since 1946 , located approximately to the south of Jenas centre . Sights and architectural heritage . Churches . - The main church , St . Michaels , is one of the biggest Gothic monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557 . It has a bronze slab of Martin Luthers tomb . - The St . Johns Church was the church of the extinct village Leutra west of Jena and later used as the citys cemetery chapel . Since 1811 , the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena . - The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a Baroque evangelical church today . - The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and todays quarter Wenigenjena . Friedrich Schiller married here in 1790 . - The St . Peters Church is the former city church of Jenas southern district Lobeda . The Gothic church was built around 1480 . - The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen ( dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers ) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s . - The St . Marys Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style , built in the 15th century . Other sights . - The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( Anatomieturm and Roter Turm ) , the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz . - The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany . It has an astronomical clock featuring the Snatching Hans ( Schnapphans ) . - The planetarium opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world , with technology developed by Carl Zeiss . - The University Main Building stands at the former castles place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style ( Theodor Fischer/Bruno Taut ) . - The Abbeanum is a university building by Ernst Neufert in Bauhaus style , built in 1930 . - The Jen Tower is the citys highest skyscraper , built between 1969 and 1972 , with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant . - The Haus Auerbach is the former house of physicist Felix Auerbach , built by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in Bauhaus style in 1924 . Near is the Haus Zuckerkandl , another mansion built by Gropius in 1929 . - The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965 , including Germanys first high-rise building , the Bau 15 from 1915 . - The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous ( built in 1858 ) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called Hanfried . - The monument to Ernst Abbe is a building of early-modern architecture by Henry van de Velde ( 1910 ) . - The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg , founders of Jena . - Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth is an important nature reserve to the southwest . Theatre and music . Jena has its own theatre and orchestra , the Jenaer Philharmonie . Sports . Jena is home to professional football club , FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times , the FDGB Cup four times , and reacehd the final of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In womens football , FF USV Jena is a member of the 2 . Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs home stadium is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also , the citys basketball team , Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season . In addition , since 2000 , the university of Jena has a rugby team . Since 2012 , the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2 . Rugby-Bundesliga . Current mens javelin throw world record ( 98.48 ) by Jan Železný was achieved in Jena . Economy and infrastructure . Agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture plays a small role in Jena , only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming ( compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ) . Furthermore , the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle . The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt , Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest . Wine-growing was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800 , but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless , the commercial production of wine hasnt yet resumed . Industry is a great tradition in Jena , reaching back to the mid-19th century . In 2012 , there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro . The most important branches are precision machinery , pharmaceuticals , optics , biotechnology and software engineering . Notable companies in Jena are the traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies like Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany . With companies such as Intershop Communications , Salesforce.com ( after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies , Jena is a hub for E-commerce in Germany . Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena . The city is among Germanys 50 fastest growing regions , with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies , a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure . Jena was awarded the title Stadt der Wissenschaft ( city of science ) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association , in 2008 . Jena is also a hub of public and private services , specially in education , research and business services . Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringias solely university hospital . Furthermore , Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres . Together with the photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking . Transport . By rail . Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point . What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the citys difficult topography and on the other hand by the history , because the two main lines were built by two different private companies . The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen ( via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz ( via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar , Jena and Gera . The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz , the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx . south of the city centre . When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017 , the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network . As compensation , there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north , and to Nuremberg in the south . By road . The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at Hermsdorf junction are the Bundesautobahn 4 ( Frankfurt–Dresden ) and the Bundesautobahn 9 ( Berlin–Munich ) , which were both built during the 1930s . The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district . Therefore , it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution . Furthermore , there are two Bundesstraßen crossing in Jena : the Bundesstraße 7 is a connection to Weimar in the west and Gera in the east and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection along Saale valley to Naumburg in the north and Rudolstadt in the south . Furthermore , there are some roads to Apolda via Isserstedt , Blankenhain via Ammerbach and Stadtroda via Lobeda . Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas . By aviation . The next local airports to Jena are the Erfurt–Weimar Airport , approx . to the west and the Leipzig/Halle Airport , approx . to the northeast , which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions . The next major airports are Frankfurt Airport , the upcoming Berlin Brandenburg Airport and Munich Airport . By bike . Despite the hilly terrain in some parts , Jena is a cycling city , due to the many students . Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built . There are bike lanes along some main streets , though , in comparison to other cities in Germany , there are deficits . For bicycle touring there is the Saale track ( ) and the Thuringian city string track ( ) . Both of these connect points of tourist interest : the former along the Saale valley from Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria to the Elbe river near Magdeburg , while the latter follows the medieval Via Regia closely and runs from Eisenach via Erfurt , Weimar and Jena to Altenburg via Gera . Trams and buses . The Jena tramway network was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification . It connects the major districts with the city centre ; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes . Nevertheless , there are some old single-track segments interfering the services . Furthermore , there is an extensive network of buses , run ( like the trams ) by the Jenah organization , a pun on Jena and the German lit . public transport . Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region . Education and research . After reunification , the educational system was realigned . The University of Jena , established in 1558 , was largely extended . Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university . Another college is the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena , a University of Applied Sciences founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications . There are also nearly 5,000 students . Further there are six Gymnasiums , five state-owned and one Christian ( ecumenical ) . One of the state-owned is a Sportgymnasium , an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football . Another state-owned Gymnasium ( the Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena ) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum . The various research institutes based in Jena include : - The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D . program . - The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History - The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry - The Institute of Photonic Technology - The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering ( IOF ) - The Leibniz Institute for Age Research , a research center with a Ph.D program - INNOVENT - a private research center - The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis - The Jena Center for Bioinformatics Quality of life . In 2013 , according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft , Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany . According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos , Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany . It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions . Politics . Mayor and city council . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Peter Röhlinger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , who served from 1990 to 2006 . In 2006 he was succeeded by Albrecht Schröter of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by Thomas Nitzsche of the FDP , who has since served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018 , with a runoff held on 29 April , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 44,736 ! 99.5 ! 39,481 ! 99.3 ! Invalid votes ! 210 ! 0.5 ! 294 ! 0.7 ! Total ! 44,946 ! 100.0 ! 39,775 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 85,401 ! 52.6 ! 85,220 ! 46.7 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 52,540 ! Invalid votes ! 1,121 ! Total ! 53,661 ! 100.0 ! 46 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 84,990 ! 63.1 ! 11.6 Twin towns – sister cities . Jena is twinned with : - Aubervilliers , France ( 1999 ) - Beit Jala , Palestine ( 2011 ) - Berkeley , United States ( 1989 ) - Erlangen , Germany ( 1987 ) - Lugoj , Romania ( 1983 ) - Porto , Portugal ( 1984 ) - San Marcos , Nicaragua ( 1996 ) - Vladimir , Russia ( 2008 ) Notable people , and alumni of the university . - Ernst Abbe ( 1840–1905 ) , physicist , social reformer , partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott - Andreas Bauer Kanabas , classical bass - Johannes R . Becher ( 1891–1958 ) , poet and politician - Hans Berger , discoverer of human EEG - Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , naturalist , doctor , comparative anatomist and physiologist - Walter von Boetticher ( 1853–1945 ) , historian and physician studied medicine at Jena - Johann Gottfried Eichhorn , orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment - Robert Enke ( 1977–2009 ) , footballer ( goalkeeper ) - Walter Eucken ( 1891–1950 ) , founder of neoliberal economic theory - Rudolf Eucken ( 1846–1926 ) , philosopher and winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature - Johann Gottlieb Fichte , philosopher and early German nationalist - Gottlob Frege ( 1848–1925 ) , mathematician , logician , and philosopher - Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , inventor of the kindergarten - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749–1832 ) , poet/writer - Klara Griefahn ( 1897–1945 ) , physician - Otto Günsche ( 1917–2003 ) , commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War - Ernst Haeckel ( 1834–1919 ) , evolutionary biologist/zoologist - G . W . F . Hegel ( 1770–1831 ) , philosopher - Friedrich Hölderlin ( 1770–1843 ) , poet - Albert Woldemar Hollander ( 1796–1868 ) , educator and pedagog . - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646–1716 ) , polymath and philosopher - Martin Luther ( 1483–1546 ) , professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and seminal figure in the Reformation . - August Eduard Martin ( 1847-1933 ) , obstetrician and gynecologist - Karl Marx ( 1818–1883 ) , philosopher/economist - Tilo Medek ( 1940–2006 ) , composer - Philipp Melanchthon , theologian - Johann Karl August Musäus , author - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( 1844–1900 ) , philosopher - Novalis ( 1772–1801 ) , poet - Max Reger , composer , pianist , professor and conductor - Friedrich Schelling , philosopher - Friedrich Schiller , poet/writer - Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling - Wilhelm Schlegel , philosopher - Sahra Wagenknecht ( born 1969 ) , German politician - Bernd Schneider ( born 1973 ) , footballer - Otto Schott , inventor of fireproof glass , founder of the Schott glass works - Reinhard Johannes Sorge , poet , dramatist , and Roman Catholic convert - Johann Gustav Stickel , orientalist - Kurt Tucholsky , writer - Carl Zeiss ( 1816–1888 ) , founder of the Zeiss company
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Jena Jena ( ; ) is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia . Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar , it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants , while the city itself has a population of about 110,000 . Jena is a centre of education and research ; the Friedrich Schiller University was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students . Furthermore , there are many institutes of the leading German research societies . Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century , when industry developed . For most of the 20th century , Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies like Carl Zeiss , Schott and Jenoptik ( since 1990 ) . As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany , it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre , like the Jen Tower . These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory . Between 1790 and 1850 , Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism . Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller , Alexander von Humboldt , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Novalis and August Wilhelm Schlegel . The citys economy is based on the high-technology industry and research . The optical and precision industry is the leading branch to date , while software engineering , other digital businesses and biotechnology are of growing importance . Furthermore , Jena is also a service hub for the surrounding regions . Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia , within the wide valley of the Saale river . Due to its rocky landscape , varied substrate and mixed forests , Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town . Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU . History . Middle Ages . Until the High Middle Ages , the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east . Owing to its function as a river crossing , Jena was conveniently located . Nevertheless , there were also some more important Saale crossings like the nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south , so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages . The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document . The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda , roughly south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley . In the 13th century , the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley : Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jenas constituent communities today – to the south on the east bank . Around 1230 , Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between todays Fürstengraben , Löbdergraben , Teichgraben and Leutragraben . The city got a marketplace , main church , town hall , council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a fully fledged town . In this time , the citys economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley . The two monasteries of the Dominicans ( 1286 ) and the Cistercians ( 1301 ) rounded out Jenas medieval appearance . As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century , the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331 . Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries . Moreover , the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar , and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously . Early modern period . The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523 . Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine . In the following years , the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 ( Carmelite ) and 1548 ( Dominican ) . An important step in Jenas history was the foundation of the university in 1558 . Ernestine Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous founded it , because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War . During the Little Ice Age , wine-growing declined in the 17th century , so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city . The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books ( and the populations ability to read ) in the Lutheran doctrine , and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig . The list of the so-called Seven Wonders of Jena was composed by students of the university at this time , supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city . Beginning in the 16th century , the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions . Initially , Jena remained a part of Saxe-Weimar , but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy ( Saxe-Jena ) . In 1692 , after two dukes ( Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm ) , the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and , in 1741 , of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar , to which it belonged until 1809 . From 1809 to 1918 , Jena was part of the Duchy ( from 1815 Grand Duchy ) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach , which from 1871 was also part of the German Empire . 19th century . Around 1790 , the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of idealist philosophy ( with professors like Johann Gottlieb Fichte , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ) and of the early Romanticism ( with poets like Novalis , the brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel , and Ludwig Tieck ) . In 1794 , the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship . Consequently , the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as particularly liberal and open-minded was enhanced . On 14 October 1806 , Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt , near the district of Vierzehnheiligen . Resistance against the French occupation was strong , especially among the students . Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813 . Two years later , the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city . During the later 19th century , the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at the university . The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871 . The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the ( relatively late ) connection to the railway . The Saal Railway ( Saalbahn , opened in 1874 ) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway ( opened 1876 ) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in the west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east . Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe ( with their Carl Zeiss AG ) as well as Otto Schott ( Schott AG ) . Since that time , production of optical items , precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jenas economy ; Jena glass is even named after the city . Zeiss , Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general . When Zeiss died in 1889 , his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung , which uses great amounts of the companys profits for social benefits like research projects at universities etc . This model became an example for other German companies ( e.g . the Robert Bosch Stiftung ) . In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena . 20th century . Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena . The former academic town became a working-class city ; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II . The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west . In 1901 , the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building ( established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castles site ) . After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920 , Jena was one of the three biggest cities ( together with Weimar and Gera , while Erfurt remained part of Prussia ) and became an independent city in 1922 . The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during Weimar times . During the Nazi period , conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus ( communists and social democrats ) and the right-wing Nazi milieus . On the one hand , the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence , but on the other hand , it consolidated the Nazi ideology , for example with a professorship of social anthropology ( which sought to scientifically legitimize the racial policy of Nazi Germany ) . Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena , many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government . This weakened the academic milieu , because many academics were Jews ( especially in medicine ) . During World War II , the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city , and a subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland . In 1945 , towards the end of World War II , Jena was heavily bombed by the American and British Allies . 709 people were killed , 2,000 injured and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed , but in parts restored after the end of the war . No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage , except Nordhausen , whose destruction was utter . Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945 . Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany . In 1949 , it became part of the new German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) . The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the Soviet Union . On the other hand , the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950 , Jenapharm , which is part of Bayer today . In 1953 , Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy . The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks . The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning . During the 1960s , another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower . The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion . Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s , because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem . New districts established in the north ( near Rautal ) and in the south ( around Winzerla and Lobeda ) . The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena , fed by academic and clerical circles . In autumn 1989 , the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved . After 1990 , Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia . Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s , but finally it managed the transition to the market economy and today , it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany . Furthermore , the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded . Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena . The citys far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground ( NSU ) terror group . However the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot . Geography and demographics . Topography . Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river , between the Harz mountains in the north , the Thuringian Forest/Thuringian Highland in the southwest and the Ore Mountains , in the southeast . The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valleys edges . The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation , whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m . On the eastern side those are ( from north to south ) : the Gleisberg near Kunitz , the Jenzig near Wogau , the Hausberg near Wenigenjena , the Kernberge near Wöllnitz , the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf . On the western side , there are the Jägersberg near Zwätzen , the Windknollen north of the city centre , the Tatzend west of the city centre , the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain , the Holzberg near Winzerla , the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua . The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate ( Muschelkalk ) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between . Due to its jagged surface , the municipal territory isnt very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century . At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines . Ecology . 32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area . One of the best places to see them is Leutratal , to the south of the town . Ophrys apifera even grows at a few locations within the town . Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers . Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven , sand lizard and wood ants . Heron , beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale , within the town . Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night , from the mountains , to raid bins . Climate . Jena has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) or an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification system . Summers are warm and sometimes humid ; winters are relatively cold . The citys topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter ( quite cold nights under ) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer . Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year . Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February , but snow cover does not usually remain for long . During the Middle Ages , Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes . Nowadays , the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated down Saale river . Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley , wind speeds tend to be very low ; predominant direction is SW . Administrative division . Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten , Neuengönna and Golmsdorf in the north , Jenalöbnitz , Großlöbichau and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf , Zöllnitz , Sulza , Rothenstein , Milda and Bucha in the south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen , Großschwabhausen and Saaleplatte in the west . The city itself is divided in 30 districts . The inner-city districts are Zentrum , Nord , West , Süd , Wenigenjena ( east of Saale , incorporated in 1909 ) and Kernberge , other big districts are Lobeda ( incorporated in 1946 ) and Winzerla ( incorporated in 1922 ) in the south with large housing complexes . The residual districts are from a more rural constitution : Demographics . Over the centuries , Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants . The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870 . Then , a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900 , 50,000 in 1920 , 73,000 in 1940 , 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980 . The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000 . The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population , which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012 . The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p . a , whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency . Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena . It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s , but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders . The birth surplus was 62 in 2012 , or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants ( Thuringian average : -4.5 ; national average : -2.4 ) . The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 ( Thuringian average : -0.8 ; national average : +4.6 ) . The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia , Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries like Poland , Russia , Ukraine , Hungary , Serbia , Romania and Bulgaria . Like many other eastern German cities , Jena has a small foreign-born population : circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Differing from the national average , the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians , Chinese and Ukrainians . During recent years , the economic situation of the city has improved : the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013 . Due to the official policy of atheism in the former GDR , most of the population is non-religious . 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics ( according to 2011 EU census ) . Culture , sights and cityscape . Museums . Jena has a great variety of museums : - The Optical Museum Jena at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments like glasses , microscopes , cameras and telescopes . - The Phyletisches Museum at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils . - The Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art . - The Botanischer Garten ( botanic garden ) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany ( established in 1794 ) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world . - The Romantikerhaus at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of Jena romantics in German literature . - Schillers Gartenhaus at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of Friedrich Schiller and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena . - The Goethe-Gedenkstätte at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jena ( only in summer ) . - The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus at Berggasse is the former house of biologist Ernst Haeckel and hosts an exhibition about his life . - The Schott Glasmuseum at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of Otto Schott and the history of his glass factory , the Schott AG . - The Museum 1806 at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt during the Napoleonic wars . - The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections . While the collections of antiques and minerals are public , the oriental coins are only accessed for research . Cityscape . The historic city centre is located inside the former wall ( which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north , Löbdergraben in the east , Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west ) . There are only a few historic buildings in this area ( e.g . at Oberlauengasse ) , due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades . The Eichplatz , a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre , has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process . The walls defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates . In these areas , some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse , in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse . The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena , with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley , to the west along Mühltal and on the Saales east side in former Wenigenjena . Compared with the city centre , later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas . During the interwar period , the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less , so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences . Todays Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region , and urban planning is still a challenge . A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square , town hall , and castle in the former town of Lobeda , which is a district since 1946 , located approximately to the south of Jenas centre . Sights and architectural heritage . Churches . - The main church , St . Michaels , is one of the biggest Gothic monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557 . It has a bronze slab of Martin Luthers tomb . - The St . Johns Church was the church of the extinct village Leutra west of Jena and later used as the citys cemetery chapel . Since 1811 , the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena . - The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a Baroque evangelical church today . - The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and todays quarter Wenigenjena . Friedrich Schiller married here in 1790 . - The St . Peters Church is the former city church of Jenas southern district Lobeda . The Gothic church was built around 1480 . - The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen ( dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers ) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s . - The St . Marys Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style , built in the 15th century . Other sights . - The medieval city wall is preserved in parts ( Anatomieturm and Roter Turm ) , the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz . - The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany . It has an astronomical clock featuring the Snatching Hans ( Schnapphans ) . - The planetarium opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world , with technology developed by Carl Zeiss . - The University Main Building stands at the former castles place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style ( Theodor Fischer/Bruno Taut ) . - The Abbeanum is a university building by Ernst Neufert in Bauhaus style , built in 1930 . - The Jen Tower is the citys highest skyscraper , built between 1969 and 1972 , with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant . - The Haus Auerbach is the former house of physicist Felix Auerbach , built by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in Bauhaus style in 1924 . Near is the Haus Zuckerkandl , another mansion built by Gropius in 1929 . - The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965 , including Germanys first high-rise building , the Bau 15 from 1915 . - The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous ( built in 1858 ) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called Hanfried . - The monument to Ernst Abbe is a building of early-modern architecture by Henry van de Velde ( 1910 ) . - The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg , founders of Jena . - Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth is an important nature reserve to the southwest . Theatre and music . Jena has its own theatre and orchestra , the Jenaer Philharmonie . Sports . Jena is home to professional football club , FC Carl Zeiss Jena . The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times , the FDGB Cup four times , and reacehd the final of the UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost . In womens football , FF USV Jena is a member of the 2 . Frauen-Bundesliga . Both clubs home stadium is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld . Also , the citys basketball team , Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season . In addition , since 2000 , the university of Jena has a rugby team . Since 2012 , the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2 . Rugby-Bundesliga . Current mens javelin throw world record ( 98.48 ) by Jan Železný was achieved in Jena . Economy and infrastructure . Agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture plays a small role in Jena , only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming ( compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar ) . Furthermore , the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle . The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt , Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest . Wine-growing was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800 , but is now possible again due to global warming . Nevertheless , the commercial production of wine hasnt yet resumed . Industry is a great tradition in Jena , reaching back to the mid-19th century . In 2012 , there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro . The most important branches are precision machinery , pharmaceuticals , optics , biotechnology and software engineering . Notable companies in Jena are the traditional Carl Zeiss AG , Schott AG , Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies like Intershop Communications , Analytik Jena and Carl Zeiss Meditec . Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany . With companies such as Intershop Communications , Salesforce.com ( after the acquisition of Demandware ) and ePages as well as several web agencies , Jena is a hub for E-commerce in Germany . Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET . Jena-Optronik , a subsidiary of the Airbus Group , develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena . The city is among Germanys 50 fastest growing regions , with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies , a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure . Jena was awarded the title Stadt der Wissenschaft ( city of science ) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft , a German science association , in 2008 . Jena is also a hub of public and private services , specially in education , research and business services . Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringias solely university hospital . Furthermore , Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres . Together with the photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking . Transport . By rail . Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point . What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the citys difficult topography and on the other hand by the history , because the two main lines were built by two different private companies . The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen , Saalbahnhof , Paradies and Göschwitz . The connection in west–east direction is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen ( via Erfurt and Weimar ) and Zwickau , Glauchau , Altenburg or Greiz ( via Gera ) and local trains between Weimar , Jena and Gera . The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz , the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke . The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station , approx . south of the city centre . When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017 , the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network . As compensation , there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north , and to Nuremberg in the south . By road . The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at Hermsdorf junction are the Bundesautobahn 4 ( Frankfurt–Dresden ) and the Bundesautobahn 9 ( Berlin–Munich ) , which were both built during the 1930s . The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district . Therefore , it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution . Furthermore , there are two Bundesstraßen crossing in Jena : the Bundesstraße 7 is a connection to Weimar in the west and Gera in the east and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection along Saale valley to Naumburg in the north and Rudolstadt in the south . Furthermore , there are some roads to Apolda via Isserstedt , Blankenhain via Ammerbach and Stadtroda via Lobeda . Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas . By aviation . The next local airports to Jena are the Erfurt–Weimar Airport , approx . to the west and the Leipzig/Halle Airport , approx . to the northeast , which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions . The next major airports are Frankfurt Airport , the upcoming Berlin Brandenburg Airport and Munich Airport . By bike . Despite the hilly terrain in some parts , Jena is a cycling city , due to the many students . Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built . There are bike lanes along some main streets , though , in comparison to other cities in Germany , there are deficits . For bicycle touring there is the Saale track ( ) and the Thuringian city string track ( ) . Both of these connect points of tourist interest : the former along the Saale valley from Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria to the Elbe river near Magdeburg , while the latter follows the medieval Via Regia closely and runs from Eisenach via Erfurt , Weimar and Jena to Altenburg via Gera . Trams and buses . The Jena tramway network was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification . It connects the major districts with the city centre ; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes . Nevertheless , there are some old single-track segments interfering the services . Furthermore , there is an extensive network of buses , run ( like the trams ) by the Jenah organization , a pun on Jena and the German lit . public transport . Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region . Education and research . After reunification , the educational system was realigned . The University of Jena , established in 1558 , was largely extended . Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university . Another college is the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena , a University of Applied Sciences founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications . There are also nearly 5,000 students . Further there are six Gymnasiums , five state-owned and one Christian ( ecumenical ) . One of the state-owned is a Sportgymnasium , an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football . Another state-owned Gymnasium ( the Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena ) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum . The various research institutes based in Jena include : - The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D . program . - The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History - The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry - The Institute of Photonic Technology - The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering ( IOF ) - The Leibniz Institute for Age Research , a research center with a Ph.D program - INNOVENT - a private research center - The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses - Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis - The Jena Center for Bioinformatics Quality of life . In 2013 , according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft , Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany . According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos , Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany . It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions . Politics . Mayor and city council . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Peter Röhlinger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) , who served from 1990 to 2006 . In 2006 he was succeeded by Albrecht Schröter of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by Thomas Nitzsche of the FDP , who has since served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018 , with a runoff held on 29 April , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 44,736 ! 99.5 ! 39,481 ! 99.3 ! Invalid votes ! 210 ! 0.5 ! 294 ! 0.7 ! Total ! 44,946 ! 100.0 ! 39,775 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 85,401 ! 52.6 ! 85,220 ! 46.7 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 52,540 ! Invalid votes ! 1,121 ! Total ! 53,661 ! 100.0 ! 46 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 84,990 ! 63.1 ! 11.6 Twin towns – sister cities . Jena is twinned with : - Aubervilliers , France ( 1999 ) - Beit Jala , Palestine ( 2011 ) - Berkeley , United States ( 1989 ) - Erlangen , Germany ( 1987 ) - Lugoj , Romania ( 1983 ) - Porto , Portugal ( 1984 ) - San Marcos , Nicaragua ( 1996 ) - Vladimir , Russia ( 2008 ) Notable people , and alumni of the university . - Ernst Abbe ( 1840–1905 ) , physicist , social reformer , partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott - Andreas Bauer Kanabas , classical bass - Johannes R . Becher ( 1891–1958 ) , poet and politician - Hans Berger , discoverer of human EEG - Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach , naturalist , doctor , comparative anatomist and physiologist - Walter von Boetticher ( 1853–1945 ) , historian and physician studied medicine at Jena - Johann Gottfried Eichhorn , orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment - Robert Enke ( 1977–2009 ) , footballer ( goalkeeper ) - Walter Eucken ( 1891–1950 ) , founder of neoliberal economic theory - Rudolf Eucken ( 1846–1926 ) , philosopher and winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature - Johann Gottlieb Fichte , philosopher and early German nationalist - Gottlob Frege ( 1848–1925 ) , mathematician , logician , and philosopher - Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel , inventor of the kindergarten - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749–1832 ) , poet/writer - Klara Griefahn ( 1897–1945 ) , physician - Otto Günsche ( 1917–2003 ) , commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War - Ernst Haeckel ( 1834–1919 ) , evolutionary biologist/zoologist - G . W . F . Hegel ( 1770–1831 ) , philosopher - Friedrich Hölderlin ( 1770–1843 ) , poet - Albert Woldemar Hollander ( 1796–1868 ) , educator and pedagog . - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ( 1646–1716 ) , polymath and philosopher - Martin Luther ( 1483–1546 ) , professor of theology , priest , author , composer , Augustinian monk , and seminal figure in the Reformation . - August Eduard Martin ( 1847-1933 ) , obstetrician and gynecologist - Karl Marx ( 1818–1883 ) , philosopher/economist - Tilo Medek ( 1940–2006 ) , composer - Philipp Melanchthon , theologian - Johann Karl August Musäus , author - Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( 1844–1900 ) , philosopher - Novalis ( 1772–1801 ) , poet - Max Reger , composer , pianist , professor and conductor - Friedrich Schelling , philosopher - Friedrich Schiller , poet/writer - Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling - Wilhelm Schlegel , philosopher - Sahra Wagenknecht ( born 1969 ) , German politician - Bernd Schneider ( born 1973 ) , footballer - Otto Schott , inventor of fireproof glass , founder of the Schott glass works - Reinhard Johannes Sorge , poet , dramatist , and Roman Catholic convert - Johann Gustav Stickel , orientalist - Kurt Tucholsky , writer - Carl Zeiss ( 1816–1888 ) , founder of the Zeiss company
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"Cunard Line"
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Who owned RMS Scythia from 1920 to 1934?
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/wiki/RMS_Scythia#P127#0
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RMS Scythia RMS Scythia was a Cunard ocean liner . She sailed on her maiden voyage in 1921 , and became a troop and supply ship during the Second World War . Scythia was the longest serving Cunard liner until 4 September 2005 , when her record was surpassed by . History . After heavy losses during the First World War , Cunard Line embarked on an ambitious building programme . It decided to build intermediate , ships rather than the large liners it had previously employed . Scythia was the first ship in this new fleet , and building began in 1919 . Scythia was built for the services between Liverpool and Queenstown in the British Isles to New York and Boston , in the United States . A luxury liner designed to appeal to American tourists , in the mid-1920s , she began sailing from New York to the Mediterranean . Scythia was requisitioned at the end of 1939 , left Liverpool on 24 September 1940 with 48 children bound for Boston , sponsored by readers of the Boston Evening Transcript newspaper , part of a wider British evacuation programme under the Childrens Overseas Reception Board . She became a troop ship on 1 November 1940 , and sailed from Liverpool to the Middle East carrying the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards . She then saw service carrying evacuees from Liverpool to New York . In 1942 , Scythia took part in the Allied invasion of French North Africa . On 23 November she was struck by an aerial torpedo . Her crew managed to get her to harbour at Algiers , and she suffered only five casualties out of a complement of 4,300 men . Scythia was salvaged and taken to New York for repair in January 1943 , and afterwards ferried American troops to Europe . At the end of the war she took many US troops back from Europe , many of them accompanied by their new brides , before sailing to India to bring home UK troops from the war in the East . She was also a war bride ship taking Canadian war brides and their children from Liverpool to Pier 21 in Halifax in the early part of 1946 . One of her last missions as a troop ship was to bring the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards home to Liverpool , on 11 March 1948 . Later in 1948 , Scythia was handed to the International Refugee Organisation to take refugees from Europe to Canada . In 1950 she became a passenger ship again , sailing from Britain to Canada and later to New York . Again in 1957 the Scythia was used to transport Hungarian refugees to Canada ( departed Southampton England 19 Jan 1957 ) , landing in Halifax , Nova Scotia at Pier 21 ( Canadas equivalent to Ellis Island in New York ) . Her final route was around the North Sea . In 1958 , after 37 years of service , Scythia was delivered to the shipbreakers at Inverkeithing by her final Master , Geoffrey Thrippleton Marr . External links . - Cunard.com Cunard Heritage Scythia II 1921–1958
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"Childrens Overseas Reception Board"
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Who owned RMS Scythia from 1934 to 1949?
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/wiki/RMS_Scythia#P127#1
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RMS Scythia RMS Scythia was a Cunard ocean liner . She sailed on her maiden voyage in 1921 , and became a troop and supply ship during the Second World War . Scythia was the longest serving Cunard liner until 4 September 2005 , when her record was surpassed by . History . After heavy losses during the First World War , Cunard Line embarked on an ambitious building programme . It decided to build intermediate , ships rather than the large liners it had previously employed . Scythia was the first ship in this new fleet , and building began in 1919 . Scythia was built for the services between Liverpool and Queenstown in the British Isles to New York and Boston , in the United States . A luxury liner designed to appeal to American tourists , in the mid-1920s , she began sailing from New York to the Mediterranean . Scythia was requisitioned at the end of 1939 , left Liverpool on 24 September 1940 with 48 children bound for Boston , sponsored by readers of the Boston Evening Transcript newspaper , part of a wider British evacuation programme under the Childrens Overseas Reception Board . She became a troop ship on 1 November 1940 , and sailed from Liverpool to the Middle East carrying the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards . She then saw service carrying evacuees from Liverpool to New York . In 1942 , Scythia took part in the Allied invasion of French North Africa . On 23 November she was struck by an aerial torpedo . Her crew managed to get her to harbour at Algiers , and she suffered only five casualties out of a complement of 4,300 men . Scythia was salvaged and taken to New York for repair in January 1943 , and afterwards ferried American troops to Europe . At the end of the war she took many US troops back from Europe , many of them accompanied by their new brides , before sailing to India to bring home UK troops from the war in the East . She was also a war bride ship taking Canadian war brides and their children from Liverpool to Pier 21 in Halifax in the early part of 1946 . One of her last missions as a troop ship was to bring the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards home to Liverpool , on 11 March 1948 . Later in 1948 , Scythia was handed to the International Refugee Organisation to take refugees from Europe to Canada . In 1950 she became a passenger ship again , sailing from Britain to Canada and later to New York . Again in 1957 the Scythia was used to transport Hungarian refugees to Canada ( departed Southampton England 19 Jan 1957 ) , landing in Halifax , Nova Scotia at Pier 21 ( Canadas equivalent to Ellis Island in New York ) . Her final route was around the North Sea . In 1958 , after 37 years of service , Scythia was delivered to the shipbreakers at Inverkeithing by her final Master , Geoffrey Thrippleton Marr . External links . - Cunard.com Cunard Heritage Scythia II 1921–1958
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"International Refugee Organisation"
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Who owned RMS Scythia from 1949 to 1958?
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/wiki/RMS_Scythia#P127#2
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RMS Scythia RMS Scythia was a Cunard ocean liner . She sailed on her maiden voyage in 1921 , and became a troop and supply ship during the Second World War . Scythia was the longest serving Cunard liner until 4 September 2005 , when her record was surpassed by . History . After heavy losses during the First World War , Cunard Line embarked on an ambitious building programme . It decided to build intermediate , ships rather than the large liners it had previously employed . Scythia was the first ship in this new fleet , and building began in 1919 . Scythia was built for the services between Liverpool and Queenstown in the British Isles to New York and Boston , in the United States . A luxury liner designed to appeal to American tourists , in the mid-1920s , she began sailing from New York to the Mediterranean . Scythia was requisitioned at the end of 1939 , left Liverpool on 24 September 1940 with 48 children bound for Boston , sponsored by readers of the Boston Evening Transcript newspaper , part of a wider British evacuation programme under the Childrens Overseas Reception Board . She became a troop ship on 1 November 1940 , and sailed from Liverpool to the Middle East carrying the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards . She then saw service carrying evacuees from Liverpool to New York . In 1942 , Scythia took part in the Allied invasion of French North Africa . On 23 November she was struck by an aerial torpedo . Her crew managed to get her to harbour at Algiers , and she suffered only five casualties out of a complement of 4,300 men . Scythia was salvaged and taken to New York for repair in January 1943 , and afterwards ferried American troops to Europe . At the end of the war she took many US troops back from Europe , many of them accompanied by their new brides , before sailing to India to bring home UK troops from the war in the East . She was also a war bride ship taking Canadian war brides and their children from Liverpool to Pier 21 in Halifax in the early part of 1946 . One of her last missions as a troop ship was to bring the 1st Kings Dragoon Guards home to Liverpool , on 11 March 1948 . Later in 1948 , Scythia was handed to the International Refugee Organisation to take refugees from Europe to Canada . In 1950 she became a passenger ship again , sailing from Britain to Canada and later to New York . Again in 1957 the Scythia was used to transport Hungarian refugees to Canada ( departed Southampton England 19 Jan 1957 ) , landing in Halifax , Nova Scotia at Pier 21 ( Canadas equivalent to Ellis Island in New York ) . Her final route was around the North Sea . In 1958 , after 37 years of service , Scythia was delivered to the shipbreakers at Inverkeithing by her final Master , Geoffrey Thrippleton Marr . External links . - Cunard.com Cunard Heritage Scythia II 1921–1958
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"BASK"
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Milan Biševac played for which team from 2001 to 2003?
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/wiki/Milan_Biševac#P54#0
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Milan Biševac Milan Biševac ( ; born 31 August 1983 ) is a Serbian former footballer who plays as centre-back for FC Swift Hesperange . In international competition , he has represented the Serbia national team . Club career . Early career . Biševac started his football career when he was at BASK in 2001 . Biševac had been at OFK Beograd , but the club let him go because it was not impressed with his talent . At BASK , he established himself in the starting XI , scoring five goals in 52 appearance . In 2003 , he left BASK for FK Bežanija , where he scored once in 15 appearance . After half a season at Bežanija , he joined FK Železnik after their coach was impressed by his play and decided to sign him . At Železnik , Biševac helped the club to a third place finish in the league . Red Star Belgrade . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Serbian Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of €500,000 . He made his European debut when he came on as a late substitute in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Young Boys in the first leg . In the second leg , Red Star Belgrade advanced to the next round , winning 3–0 , where Biševac played the full 90 minutes . With Red Stars elimination from the UEFA Champions League , he also made his UEFA Cup debut in a first-round loss against Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg . At Red Star , he won his place in the first team in defence and scored once in 24 appearances . The club , however , was unable to win the title , losing to rivals Partizan , though in the following season , the team won the title . In the UEFA Cup campaign , Biševac played all the clubs matches . He continued to be in the first team for the club until he left Serbia for France . Lens . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Lens ; he remained , however , at Red Star until January due to remaining issues in Serbia . After his move , he joined up his Serbian national teammate Nenad Kovačević . On 3 February 2007 , Biševac played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes . In the second half of the season , Biševac played only a handful of matches after suffering from a back injury . The following season , Biševac established himself in the first team . On 21 January 2008 , he scored his first goal in his French career in a 3–0 win over his future club Lyon . In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse , he also set up a goal for striker Loïc Rémy . During the season , the club would play in European games , where Biševac featured regularly . Lens , however , were relegated at the end of the season . Valenciennes . On 4 July 2008 , Biševac signed a four-year contract with Valenciennes for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of €3 million . On his move , he was seen a replacement for central defenders Éric Chelle and Abdeslam Ouaddou . In the opening game of the domestic season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . In his first season , he went on to make 37 appearances , where his one absence was due to a suspension after picking up a fifth league yellow card . The following season , Biševac was named captain of the team , replacing Rafael Schmitz , who was his partner in central defence partnership during the season . On 26 September 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 3–2 win over Marseille . In a match against Montpellier on 7 November 2009 , Biševac suffered an injury on his foot , forcing him to miss two weeks of action . Several weeks later , he made his return in a 3–1 win over Monaco on 4 December 2009 . On 10 April 2010 , he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Monaco . During the summer transfer window , Biševac was linked a move away from Valenciennes , with the likes of Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , Paris Saint-Germain and other European clubs all tracking him ; no offers were ever made . The next season , he maintained his captaincy and his first team place as he stayed for another season at Valenciennes . On 29 January 2011 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Lyon , scoring from the penalty spot and his second came in a 3–0 win over Brest . On 9 April 2011 , Biševac received a red card after receiving second booking offence in a 1–1 draw against Nancy . At the end of the season , the club finished 12th place in the league . Paris Saint-Germain . In the summer transfer window , Paris Saint-Germain renewed their interests in signing Biševac . On 25 July 2011 , he signed a three-year contract with PSG for an undisclosed fee . On his move , he spoke out about feeling under pressure and said , I got to know this at Red Star Belgrade , where fans could enter the dressing room to demand us to win . Im not afraid of pressure . I prefer for there to be pressure , I am more focused and I perform better . On the opening game of the season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 loss against Lorient , playing 90 minutes . He soon became a regular player in the team , playing the first four games to start the season . After the arrival of centre back Diego Lugano , however , he lost his first team status . Incoming manager Carlo Ancelotti then shifted Biševac from central defence to right back , finding himself competing with natural right backs Christophe Jallet and Ceará . The arrival of Alex from Chelsea sent Biševac further down the pecking order at centre back . On 28 January 2012 , Biševac opened his goalscoring account for PSG , netting the only goal in a 0–1 victory away to Brest . In the same month , he was awarded UNFP Player of the Month due to his impressive performances . He went on to make more appearances for the club , reverting to his nature centre back position towards the end of the season . At the start of the following season , PSG signed centre back Thiago Silva from Milan , leading to speculation that Biševac would leave the club , with Lyon confirming their interest in signing him . After rumours of the bid spread , PSG initially agreed only to sell him if Lyon agreed to send right back Anthony Réveillère in the opposite direction . PSG were motivated to sell him in order to free up one of the four prohibited non-EU spots after the club signed Brazilian winger Lucas from São Paulo . Just days after Biševac joined Lyon , league rivals Marseille stated their intent to sign him , but owner Margarita Louis-Dreyfus refused , stating the club didnt have enough money . Lyon . In the summer of 2012 , Biševac joined Lyon for a transfer fee of €2.75 million plus bonuses on a four-year contract . He made his debut coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Troyes . He then played the full 90 minutes in the next game in a 1–1 draw against Evian . Since then , Biševac has formed a central defence partnership with Bakary Koné in the starting XI . Lazio . On 6 January 2016 , Biševac was signed by Serie A club S.S . Lazio on a free transfer . Metz . On 24 August 2016 , Biševac returned to France , agreeing to a two-year contract with Metz . F91 Dudelange . On 31 July 2018 , Biševac moved to Luxembourgish club F91 Dudelange . Swift Hesperange . Ahead of the 2019/20 season , Biševac joined FC Swift Hesperange . International career . Biševac won a silver medal with the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Subsequently , he played for the Serbian and Montenegrin 2004 Olympic football team which exited in the first round , finishing fourth in Group C behind gold-medal winners Argentina , Australia and Tunisia . Biševac made his senior team debut for Serbia in a friendly against Czech Republic , 16 August 2006 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - First League of Serbia and Montenegro : 2005–06 - Serbia and Montenegro Cup : 2005–06 International . Serbia and Montenegro U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2004 Individual . - Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2012 External links . - Profile , stats and pictures of Milan Bisevac
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Milan Biševac played for which team from 2004 to 2006?
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Milan Biševac Milan Biševac ( ; born 31 August 1983 ) is a Serbian former footballer who plays as centre-back for FC Swift Hesperange . In international competition , he has represented the Serbia national team . Club career . Early career . Biševac started his football career when he was at BASK in 2001 . Biševac had been at OFK Beograd , but the club let him go because it was not impressed with his talent . At BASK , he established himself in the starting XI , scoring five goals in 52 appearance . In 2003 , he left BASK for FK Bežanija , where he scored once in 15 appearance . After half a season at Bežanija , he joined FK Železnik after their coach was impressed by his play and decided to sign him . At Železnik , Biševac helped the club to a third place finish in the league . Red Star Belgrade . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Serbian Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of €500,000 . He made his European debut when he came on as a late substitute in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Young Boys in the first leg . In the second leg , Red Star Belgrade advanced to the next round , winning 3–0 , where Biševac played the full 90 minutes . With Red Stars elimination from the UEFA Champions League , he also made his UEFA Cup debut in a first-round loss against Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg . At Red Star , he won his place in the first team in defence and scored once in 24 appearances . The club , however , was unable to win the title , losing to rivals Partizan , though in the following season , the team won the title . In the UEFA Cup campaign , Biševac played all the clubs matches . He continued to be in the first team for the club until he left Serbia for France . Lens . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Lens ; he remained , however , at Red Star until January due to remaining issues in Serbia . After his move , he joined up his Serbian national teammate Nenad Kovačević . On 3 February 2007 , Biševac played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes . In the second half of the season , Biševac played only a handful of matches after suffering from a back injury . The following season , Biševac established himself in the first team . On 21 January 2008 , he scored his first goal in his French career in a 3–0 win over his future club Lyon . In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse , he also set up a goal for striker Loïc Rémy . During the season , the club would play in European games , where Biševac featured regularly . Lens , however , were relegated at the end of the season . Valenciennes . On 4 July 2008 , Biševac signed a four-year contract with Valenciennes for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of €3 million . On his move , he was seen a replacement for central defenders Éric Chelle and Abdeslam Ouaddou . In the opening game of the domestic season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . In his first season , he went on to make 37 appearances , where his one absence was due to a suspension after picking up a fifth league yellow card . The following season , Biševac was named captain of the team , replacing Rafael Schmitz , who was his partner in central defence partnership during the season . On 26 September 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 3–2 win over Marseille . In a match against Montpellier on 7 November 2009 , Biševac suffered an injury on his foot , forcing him to miss two weeks of action . Several weeks later , he made his return in a 3–1 win over Monaco on 4 December 2009 . On 10 April 2010 , he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Monaco . During the summer transfer window , Biševac was linked a move away from Valenciennes , with the likes of Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , Paris Saint-Germain and other European clubs all tracking him ; no offers were ever made . The next season , he maintained his captaincy and his first team place as he stayed for another season at Valenciennes . On 29 January 2011 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Lyon , scoring from the penalty spot and his second came in a 3–0 win over Brest . On 9 April 2011 , Biševac received a red card after receiving second booking offence in a 1–1 draw against Nancy . At the end of the season , the club finished 12th place in the league . Paris Saint-Germain . In the summer transfer window , Paris Saint-Germain renewed their interests in signing Biševac . On 25 July 2011 , he signed a three-year contract with PSG for an undisclosed fee . On his move , he spoke out about feeling under pressure and said , I got to know this at Red Star Belgrade , where fans could enter the dressing room to demand us to win . Im not afraid of pressure . I prefer for there to be pressure , I am more focused and I perform better . On the opening game of the season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 loss against Lorient , playing 90 minutes . He soon became a regular player in the team , playing the first four games to start the season . After the arrival of centre back Diego Lugano , however , he lost his first team status . Incoming manager Carlo Ancelotti then shifted Biševac from central defence to right back , finding himself competing with natural right backs Christophe Jallet and Ceará . The arrival of Alex from Chelsea sent Biševac further down the pecking order at centre back . On 28 January 2012 , Biševac opened his goalscoring account for PSG , netting the only goal in a 0–1 victory away to Brest . In the same month , he was awarded UNFP Player of the Month due to his impressive performances . He went on to make more appearances for the club , reverting to his nature centre back position towards the end of the season . At the start of the following season , PSG signed centre back Thiago Silva from Milan , leading to speculation that Biševac would leave the club , with Lyon confirming their interest in signing him . After rumours of the bid spread , PSG initially agreed only to sell him if Lyon agreed to send right back Anthony Réveillère in the opposite direction . PSG were motivated to sell him in order to free up one of the four prohibited non-EU spots after the club signed Brazilian winger Lucas from São Paulo . Just days after Biševac joined Lyon , league rivals Marseille stated their intent to sign him , but owner Margarita Louis-Dreyfus refused , stating the club didnt have enough money . Lyon . In the summer of 2012 , Biševac joined Lyon for a transfer fee of €2.75 million plus bonuses on a four-year contract . He made his debut coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Troyes . He then played the full 90 minutes in the next game in a 1–1 draw against Evian . Since then , Biševac has formed a central defence partnership with Bakary Koné in the starting XI . Lazio . On 6 January 2016 , Biševac was signed by Serie A club S.S . Lazio on a free transfer . Metz . On 24 August 2016 , Biševac returned to France , agreeing to a two-year contract with Metz . F91 Dudelange . On 31 July 2018 , Biševac moved to Luxembourgish club F91 Dudelange . Swift Hesperange . Ahead of the 2019/20 season , Biševac joined FC Swift Hesperange . International career . Biševac won a silver medal with the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Subsequently , he played for the Serbian and Montenegrin 2004 Olympic football team which exited in the first round , finishing fourth in Group C behind gold-medal winners Argentina , Australia and Tunisia . Biševac made his senior team debut for Serbia in a friendly against Czech Republic , 16 August 2006 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - First League of Serbia and Montenegro : 2005–06 - Serbia and Montenegro Cup : 2005–06 International . Serbia and Montenegro U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2004 Individual . - Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2012 External links . - Profile , stats and pictures of Milan Bisevac
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