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[
"Lens"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Milan Biševac belong to from 2006 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Milan_Biševac#P54#2
|
Milan Biševac Milan Biševac ( ; born 31 August 1983 ) is a Serbian former footballer who plays as centre-back for FC Swift Hesperange . In international competition , he has represented the Serbia national team . Club career . Early career . Biševac started his football career when he was at BASK in 2001 . Biševac had been at OFK Beograd , but the club let him go because it was not impressed with his talent . At BASK , he established himself in the starting XI , scoring five goals in 52 appearance . In 2003 , he left BASK for FK Bežanija , where he scored once in 15 appearance . After half a season at Bežanija , he joined FK Železnik after their coach was impressed by his play and decided to sign him . At Železnik , Biševac helped the club to a third place finish in the league . Red Star Belgrade . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Serbian Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of €500,000 . He made his European debut when he came on as a late substitute in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Young Boys in the first leg . In the second leg , Red Star Belgrade advanced to the next round , winning 3–0 , where Biševac played the full 90 minutes . With Red Stars elimination from the UEFA Champions League , he also made his UEFA Cup debut in a first-round loss against Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg . At Red Star , he won his place in the first team in defence and scored once in 24 appearances . The club , however , was unable to win the title , losing to rivals Partizan , though in the following season , the team won the title . In the UEFA Cup campaign , Biševac played all the clubs matches . He continued to be in the first team for the club until he left Serbia for France . Lens . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Lens ; he remained , however , at Red Star until January due to remaining issues in Serbia . After his move , he joined up his Serbian national teammate Nenad Kovačević . On 3 February 2007 , Biševac played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes . In the second half of the season , Biševac played only a handful of matches after suffering from a back injury . The following season , Biševac established himself in the first team . On 21 January 2008 , he scored his first goal in his French career in a 3–0 win over his future club Lyon . In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse , he also set up a goal for striker Loïc Rémy . During the season , the club would play in European games , where Biševac featured regularly . Lens , however , were relegated at the end of the season . Valenciennes . On 4 July 2008 , Biševac signed a four-year contract with Valenciennes for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of €3 million . On his move , he was seen a replacement for central defenders Éric Chelle and Abdeslam Ouaddou . In the opening game of the domestic season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . In his first season , he went on to make 37 appearances , where his one absence was due to a suspension after picking up a fifth league yellow card . The following season , Biševac was named captain of the team , replacing Rafael Schmitz , who was his partner in central defence partnership during the season . On 26 September 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 3–2 win over Marseille . In a match against Montpellier on 7 November 2009 , Biševac suffered an injury on his foot , forcing him to miss two weeks of action . Several weeks later , he made his return in a 3–1 win over Monaco on 4 December 2009 . On 10 April 2010 , he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Monaco . During the summer transfer window , Biševac was linked a move away from Valenciennes , with the likes of Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , Paris Saint-Germain and other European clubs all tracking him ; no offers were ever made . The next season , he maintained his captaincy and his first team place as he stayed for another season at Valenciennes . On 29 January 2011 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Lyon , scoring from the penalty spot and his second came in a 3–0 win over Brest . On 9 April 2011 , Biševac received a red card after receiving second booking offence in a 1–1 draw against Nancy . At the end of the season , the club finished 12th place in the league . Paris Saint-Germain . In the summer transfer window , Paris Saint-Germain renewed their interests in signing Biševac . On 25 July 2011 , he signed a three-year contract with PSG for an undisclosed fee . On his move , he spoke out about feeling under pressure and said , I got to know this at Red Star Belgrade , where fans could enter the dressing room to demand us to win . Im not afraid of pressure . I prefer for there to be pressure , I am more focused and I perform better . On the opening game of the season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 loss against Lorient , playing 90 minutes . He soon became a regular player in the team , playing the first four games to start the season . After the arrival of centre back Diego Lugano , however , he lost his first team status . Incoming manager Carlo Ancelotti then shifted Biševac from central defence to right back , finding himself competing with natural right backs Christophe Jallet and Ceará . The arrival of Alex from Chelsea sent Biševac further down the pecking order at centre back . On 28 January 2012 , Biševac opened his goalscoring account for PSG , netting the only goal in a 0–1 victory away to Brest . In the same month , he was awarded UNFP Player of the Month due to his impressive performances . He went on to make more appearances for the club , reverting to his nature centre back position towards the end of the season . At the start of the following season , PSG signed centre back Thiago Silva from Milan , leading to speculation that Biševac would leave the club , with Lyon confirming their interest in signing him . After rumours of the bid spread , PSG initially agreed only to sell him if Lyon agreed to send right back Anthony Réveillère in the opposite direction . PSG were motivated to sell him in order to free up one of the four prohibited non-EU spots after the club signed Brazilian winger Lucas from São Paulo . Just days after Biševac joined Lyon , league rivals Marseille stated their intent to sign him , but owner Margarita Louis-Dreyfus refused , stating the club didnt have enough money . Lyon . In the summer of 2012 , Biševac joined Lyon for a transfer fee of €2.75 million plus bonuses on a four-year contract . He made his debut coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Troyes . He then played the full 90 minutes in the next game in a 1–1 draw against Evian . Since then , Biševac has formed a central defence partnership with Bakary Koné in the starting XI . Lazio . On 6 January 2016 , Biševac was signed by Serie A club S.S . Lazio on a free transfer . Metz . On 24 August 2016 , Biševac returned to France , agreeing to a two-year contract with Metz . F91 Dudelange . On 31 July 2018 , Biševac moved to Luxembourgish club F91 Dudelange . Swift Hesperange . Ahead of the 2019/20 season , Biševac joined FC Swift Hesperange . International career . Biševac won a silver medal with the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Subsequently , he played for the Serbian and Montenegrin 2004 Olympic football team which exited in the first round , finishing fourth in Group C behind gold-medal winners Argentina , Australia and Tunisia . Biševac made his senior team debut for Serbia in a friendly against Czech Republic , 16 August 2006 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - First League of Serbia and Montenegro : 2005–06 - Serbia and Montenegro Cup : 2005–06 International . Serbia and Montenegro U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2004 Individual . - Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2012 External links . - Profile , stats and pictures of Milan Bisevac
|
[
"Valenciennes"
] |
easy
|
Milan Biševac played for which team from 2008 to 2011?
|
/wiki/Milan_Biševac#P54#3
|
Milan Biševac Milan Biševac ( ; born 31 August 1983 ) is a Serbian former footballer who plays as centre-back for FC Swift Hesperange . In international competition , he has represented the Serbia national team . Club career . Early career . Biševac started his football career when he was at BASK in 2001 . Biševac had been at OFK Beograd , but the club let him go because it was not impressed with his talent . At BASK , he established himself in the starting XI , scoring five goals in 52 appearance . In 2003 , he left BASK for FK Bežanija , where he scored once in 15 appearance . After half a season at Bežanija , he joined FK Železnik after their coach was impressed by his play and decided to sign him . At Železnik , Biševac helped the club to a third place finish in the league . Red Star Belgrade . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Serbian Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of €500,000 . He made his European debut when he came on as a late substitute in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Young Boys in the first leg . In the second leg , Red Star Belgrade advanced to the next round , winning 3–0 , where Biševac played the full 90 minutes . With Red Stars elimination from the UEFA Champions League , he also made his UEFA Cup debut in a first-round loss against Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg . At Red Star , he won his place in the first team in defence and scored once in 24 appearances . The club , however , was unable to win the title , losing to rivals Partizan , though in the following season , the team won the title . In the UEFA Cup campaign , Biševac played all the clubs matches . He continued to be in the first team for the club until he left Serbia for France . Lens . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Lens ; he remained , however , at Red Star until January due to remaining issues in Serbia . After his move , he joined up his Serbian national teammate Nenad Kovačević . On 3 February 2007 , Biševac played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes . In the second half of the season , Biševac played only a handful of matches after suffering from a back injury . The following season , Biševac established himself in the first team . On 21 January 2008 , he scored his first goal in his French career in a 3–0 win over his future club Lyon . In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse , he also set up a goal for striker Loïc Rémy . During the season , the club would play in European games , where Biševac featured regularly . Lens , however , were relegated at the end of the season . Valenciennes . On 4 July 2008 , Biševac signed a four-year contract with Valenciennes for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of €3 million . On his move , he was seen a replacement for central defenders Éric Chelle and Abdeslam Ouaddou . In the opening game of the domestic season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . In his first season , he went on to make 37 appearances , where his one absence was due to a suspension after picking up a fifth league yellow card . The following season , Biševac was named captain of the team , replacing Rafael Schmitz , who was his partner in central defence partnership during the season . On 26 September 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 3–2 win over Marseille . In a match against Montpellier on 7 November 2009 , Biševac suffered an injury on his foot , forcing him to miss two weeks of action . Several weeks later , he made his return in a 3–1 win over Monaco on 4 December 2009 . On 10 April 2010 , he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Monaco . During the summer transfer window , Biševac was linked a move away from Valenciennes , with the likes of Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , Paris Saint-Germain and other European clubs all tracking him ; no offers were ever made . The next season , he maintained his captaincy and his first team place as he stayed for another season at Valenciennes . On 29 January 2011 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Lyon , scoring from the penalty spot and his second came in a 3–0 win over Brest . On 9 April 2011 , Biševac received a red card after receiving second booking offence in a 1–1 draw against Nancy . At the end of the season , the club finished 12th place in the league . Paris Saint-Germain . In the summer transfer window , Paris Saint-Germain renewed their interests in signing Biševac . On 25 July 2011 , he signed a three-year contract with PSG for an undisclosed fee . On his move , he spoke out about feeling under pressure and said , I got to know this at Red Star Belgrade , where fans could enter the dressing room to demand us to win . Im not afraid of pressure . I prefer for there to be pressure , I am more focused and I perform better . On the opening game of the season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 loss against Lorient , playing 90 minutes . He soon became a regular player in the team , playing the first four games to start the season . After the arrival of centre back Diego Lugano , however , he lost his first team status . Incoming manager Carlo Ancelotti then shifted Biševac from central defence to right back , finding himself competing with natural right backs Christophe Jallet and Ceará . The arrival of Alex from Chelsea sent Biševac further down the pecking order at centre back . On 28 January 2012 , Biševac opened his goalscoring account for PSG , netting the only goal in a 0–1 victory away to Brest . In the same month , he was awarded UNFP Player of the Month due to his impressive performances . He went on to make more appearances for the club , reverting to his nature centre back position towards the end of the season . At the start of the following season , PSG signed centre back Thiago Silva from Milan , leading to speculation that Biševac would leave the club , with Lyon confirming their interest in signing him . After rumours of the bid spread , PSG initially agreed only to sell him if Lyon agreed to send right back Anthony Réveillère in the opposite direction . PSG were motivated to sell him in order to free up one of the four prohibited non-EU spots after the club signed Brazilian winger Lucas from São Paulo . Just days after Biševac joined Lyon , league rivals Marseille stated their intent to sign him , but owner Margarita Louis-Dreyfus refused , stating the club didnt have enough money . Lyon . In the summer of 2012 , Biševac joined Lyon for a transfer fee of €2.75 million plus bonuses on a four-year contract . He made his debut coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Troyes . He then played the full 90 minutes in the next game in a 1–1 draw against Evian . Since then , Biševac has formed a central defence partnership with Bakary Koné in the starting XI . Lazio . On 6 January 2016 , Biševac was signed by Serie A club S.S . Lazio on a free transfer . Metz . On 24 August 2016 , Biševac returned to France , agreeing to a two-year contract with Metz . F91 Dudelange . On 31 July 2018 , Biševac moved to Luxembourgish club F91 Dudelange . Swift Hesperange . Ahead of the 2019/20 season , Biševac joined FC Swift Hesperange . International career . Biševac won a silver medal with the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Subsequently , he played for the Serbian and Montenegrin 2004 Olympic football team which exited in the first round , finishing fourth in Group C behind gold-medal winners Argentina , Australia and Tunisia . Biševac made his senior team debut for Serbia in a friendly against Czech Republic , 16 August 2006 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - First League of Serbia and Montenegro : 2005–06 - Serbia and Montenegro Cup : 2005–06 International . Serbia and Montenegro U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2004 Individual . - Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2012 External links . - Profile , stats and pictures of Milan Bisevac
|
[
"Paris Saint-Germain"
] |
easy
|
Milan Biševac played for which team from 2011 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Milan_Biševac#P54#4
|
Milan Biševac Milan Biševac ( ; born 31 August 1983 ) is a Serbian former footballer who plays as centre-back for FC Swift Hesperange . In international competition , he has represented the Serbia national team . Club career . Early career . Biševac started his football career when he was at BASK in 2001 . Biševac had been at OFK Beograd , but the club let him go because it was not impressed with his talent . At BASK , he established himself in the starting XI , scoring five goals in 52 appearance . In 2003 , he left BASK for FK Bežanija , where he scored once in 15 appearance . After half a season at Bežanija , he joined FK Železnik after their coach was impressed by his play and decided to sign him . At Železnik , Biševac helped the club to a third place finish in the league . Red Star Belgrade . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Serbian Red Star Belgrade for a reported fee of €500,000 . He made his European debut when he came on as a late substitute in a 2–2 draw against Swiss side Young Boys in the first leg . In the second leg , Red Star Belgrade advanced to the next round , winning 3–0 , where Biševac played the full 90 minutes . With Red Stars elimination from the UEFA Champions League , he also made his UEFA Cup debut in a first-round loss against Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg . At Red Star , he won his place in the first team in defence and scored once in 24 appearances . The club , however , was unable to win the title , losing to rivals Partizan , though in the following season , the team won the title . In the UEFA Cup campaign , Biševac played all the clubs matches . He continued to be in the first team for the club until he left Serbia for France . Lens . In the summer transfer window , Biševac joined Lens ; he remained , however , at Red Star until January due to remaining issues in Serbia . After his move , he joined up his Serbian national teammate Nenad Kovačević . On 3 February 2007 , Biševac played his first Ligue 1 match for Lens against Valenciennes . In the second half of the season , Biševac played only a handful of matches after suffering from a back injury . The following season , Biševac established himself in the first team . On 21 January 2008 , he scored his first goal in his French career in a 3–0 win over his future club Lyon . In a 1–1 draw against Toulouse , he also set up a goal for striker Loïc Rémy . During the season , the club would play in European games , where Biševac featured regularly . Lens , however , were relegated at the end of the season . Valenciennes . On 4 July 2008 , Biševac signed a four-year contract with Valenciennes for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of €3 million . On his move , he was seen a replacement for central defenders Éric Chelle and Abdeslam Ouaddou . In the opening game of the domestic season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . In his first season , he went on to make 37 appearances , where his one absence was due to a suspension after picking up a fifth league yellow card . The following season , Biševac was named captain of the team , replacing Rafael Schmitz , who was his partner in central defence partnership during the season . On 26 September 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 3–2 win over Marseille . In a match against Montpellier on 7 November 2009 , Biševac suffered an injury on his foot , forcing him to miss two weeks of action . Several weeks later , he made his return in a 3–1 win over Monaco on 4 December 2009 . On 10 April 2010 , he scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 loss against Monaco . During the summer transfer window , Biševac was linked a move away from Valenciennes , with the likes of Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe , Paris Saint-Germain and other European clubs all tracking him ; no offers were ever made . The next season , he maintained his captaincy and his first team place as he stayed for another season at Valenciennes . On 29 January 2011 , he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Lyon , scoring from the penalty spot and his second came in a 3–0 win over Brest . On 9 April 2011 , Biševac received a red card after receiving second booking offence in a 1–1 draw against Nancy . At the end of the season , the club finished 12th place in the league . Paris Saint-Germain . In the summer transfer window , Paris Saint-Germain renewed their interests in signing Biševac . On 25 July 2011 , he signed a three-year contract with PSG for an undisclosed fee . On his move , he spoke out about feeling under pressure and said , I got to know this at Red Star Belgrade , where fans could enter the dressing room to demand us to win . Im not afraid of pressure . I prefer for there to be pressure , I am more focused and I perform better . On the opening game of the season , Biševac made his debut in a 1–0 loss against Lorient , playing 90 minutes . He soon became a regular player in the team , playing the first four games to start the season . After the arrival of centre back Diego Lugano , however , he lost his first team status . Incoming manager Carlo Ancelotti then shifted Biševac from central defence to right back , finding himself competing with natural right backs Christophe Jallet and Ceará . The arrival of Alex from Chelsea sent Biševac further down the pecking order at centre back . On 28 January 2012 , Biševac opened his goalscoring account for PSG , netting the only goal in a 0–1 victory away to Brest . In the same month , he was awarded UNFP Player of the Month due to his impressive performances . He went on to make more appearances for the club , reverting to his nature centre back position towards the end of the season . At the start of the following season , PSG signed centre back Thiago Silva from Milan , leading to speculation that Biševac would leave the club , with Lyon confirming their interest in signing him . After rumours of the bid spread , PSG initially agreed only to sell him if Lyon agreed to send right back Anthony Réveillère in the opposite direction . PSG were motivated to sell him in order to free up one of the four prohibited non-EU spots after the club signed Brazilian winger Lucas from São Paulo . Just days after Biševac joined Lyon , league rivals Marseille stated their intent to sign him , but owner Margarita Louis-Dreyfus refused , stating the club didnt have enough money . Lyon . In the summer of 2012 , Biševac joined Lyon for a transfer fee of €2.75 million plus bonuses on a four-year contract . He made his debut coming on as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Troyes . He then played the full 90 minutes in the next game in a 1–1 draw against Evian . Since then , Biševac has formed a central defence partnership with Bakary Koné in the starting XI . Lazio . On 6 January 2016 , Biševac was signed by Serie A club S.S . Lazio on a free transfer . Metz . On 24 August 2016 , Biševac returned to France , agreeing to a two-year contract with Metz . F91 Dudelange . On 31 July 2018 , Biševac moved to Luxembourgish club F91 Dudelange . Swift Hesperange . Ahead of the 2019/20 season , Biševac joined FC Swift Hesperange . International career . Biševac won a silver medal with the Serbia and Montenegro national under-21 football team at the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . Subsequently , he played for the Serbian and Montenegrin 2004 Olympic football team which exited in the first round , finishing fourth in Group C behind gold-medal winners Argentina , Australia and Tunisia . Biševac made his senior team debut for Serbia in a friendly against Czech Republic , 16 August 2006 . Honours . Club . Red Star Belgrade - First League of Serbia and Montenegro : 2005–06 - Serbia and Montenegro Cup : 2005–06 International . Serbia and Montenegro U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2004 Individual . - Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2012 External links . - Profile , stats and pictures of Milan Bisevac
|
[
"Grocery Manufacturers of America"
] |
easy
|
Who did Tom Wheeler work for from 1969 to 1976?
|
/wiki/Tom_Wheeler#P108#0
|
Tom Wheeler Thomas Edgar Wheeler ( born April 5 , 1946 ) is an American businessman and politician . He was the 31st Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and a member of the Democratic Party . He was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S . Senate in November 2013 . Prior to working at the FCC , Wheeler worked as a venture capitalist and lobbyist for the cable and wireless industry , whom the FCC is now responsible for regulating , and holding positions including President of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association ( NCTA ) and CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ( CTIA ) . Following custom for an FCC chairman , Wheeler resigned his seat when the new administration of Donald Trump began on January 20 , 2017 , and was succeeded by Ajit Pai . Career . Wheeler was born on April 5 , 1946 in Redlands , California . He attended Ohio State University . From 1969 to 1976 , Wheeler led the trade group Grocery Manufacturers of America . He then went on to work at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association from 1976 to 1984 , becoming president of the trade group in 1979 . For a year until its closure , Wheeler was president of NABU Network , before spending a number of years creating or running several different technology startups . In 1992 , he became the CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association , a post he held until 2004 . From 2005 Wheeler was a technology entrepreneur and executive at Core Capital Partners . Originally considered a frontrunner for the position , Wheeler was confirmed as the new Federal Communications Commission chief in November 2013 following a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Despite a letter written by several prominent former Obama administration officials endorsing Wheeler for the position , many people expressed concern over the consideration of Wheeler for the position due to his history of lobbying for industry . In recognition of his work in promoting the wireless industry , Wheeler was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2009 , as a result of his work in promoting the growth and prosperity of the cable television industry and its stakeholders , was inducted into the Cable Television Hall of Fame . He is the only person who is a member of both halls of fame . Cablevision magazine named Wheeler one of the 20 most influential individuals in its history during cables 20th anniversary in 1995 . During Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign , Wheeler spent six weeks in Iowa aiding his campaign efforts and went on to raise over US$500,000 for Obamas campaigns . Net neutrality . In late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider announcing rules that would violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for companies to pay ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) to provide faster lanes for delivering their content to Internet users . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies—including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook—signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a grave threat to the Internet . As of May 15 , 2014 , the Internet fast lane rules passed with a 3–2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . In November 2014 , President Obama gave a speech endorsing the classification of ISPs as utilities under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Wheeler stated in January 2015 that the FCC was going to propose rules that say no blocking , no throttling , no paid prioritization at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas . On January 31 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported the FCC will present the notion of applying ( with some caveats ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Wheeler , ensure US net neutrality . The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . Wheeler commented , This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations . Critics said that Wheeler was unduly influenced by Obama in changing his stance on net neutrality . In addition , journalists and advocates have expressed concern regarding the potential for inappropriate involvement by the White House over rule making at the FCC , which is supposed to be an independent agency . During a House Oversight Committee hearing in March 2015 , Republicans disclosed that Wheeler had secretly met with top aides at the White House nine times while the new rules were being formulated . Wheeler responded that the new rules had not been discussed during the meetings . This prompted the committee chairman to state , You meet with the White House multiple times .. . and were supposed to believe that one of the most important things the FCC has ever done , that this doesnt come up ? Bibliography . - Wheeler , Tom , Take Command! : Leadership Lessons from the Civil War . New York : Currency Doubleday , 2000 . - Wheeler , Tom , Mr . Lincolns T-Mails : The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War . New York : Collins , 2006 .
|
[
"National Cable & Telecommunications Association"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Tom Wheeler work for from 1976 to 1984?
|
/wiki/Tom_Wheeler#P108#1
|
Tom Wheeler Thomas Edgar Wheeler ( born April 5 , 1946 ) is an American businessman and politician . He was the 31st Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and a member of the Democratic Party . He was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S . Senate in November 2013 . Prior to working at the FCC , Wheeler worked as a venture capitalist and lobbyist for the cable and wireless industry , whom the FCC is now responsible for regulating , and holding positions including President of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association ( NCTA ) and CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ( CTIA ) . Following custom for an FCC chairman , Wheeler resigned his seat when the new administration of Donald Trump began on January 20 , 2017 , and was succeeded by Ajit Pai . Career . Wheeler was born on April 5 , 1946 in Redlands , California . He attended Ohio State University . From 1969 to 1976 , Wheeler led the trade group Grocery Manufacturers of America . He then went on to work at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association from 1976 to 1984 , becoming president of the trade group in 1979 . For a year until its closure , Wheeler was president of NABU Network , before spending a number of years creating or running several different technology startups . In 1992 , he became the CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association , a post he held until 2004 . From 2005 Wheeler was a technology entrepreneur and executive at Core Capital Partners . Originally considered a frontrunner for the position , Wheeler was confirmed as the new Federal Communications Commission chief in November 2013 following a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Despite a letter written by several prominent former Obama administration officials endorsing Wheeler for the position , many people expressed concern over the consideration of Wheeler for the position due to his history of lobbying for industry . In recognition of his work in promoting the wireless industry , Wheeler was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2009 , as a result of his work in promoting the growth and prosperity of the cable television industry and its stakeholders , was inducted into the Cable Television Hall of Fame . He is the only person who is a member of both halls of fame . Cablevision magazine named Wheeler one of the 20 most influential individuals in its history during cables 20th anniversary in 1995 . During Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign , Wheeler spent six weeks in Iowa aiding his campaign efforts and went on to raise over US$500,000 for Obamas campaigns . Net neutrality . In late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider announcing rules that would violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for companies to pay ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) to provide faster lanes for delivering their content to Internet users . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies—including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook—signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a grave threat to the Internet . As of May 15 , 2014 , the Internet fast lane rules passed with a 3–2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . In November 2014 , President Obama gave a speech endorsing the classification of ISPs as utilities under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Wheeler stated in January 2015 that the FCC was going to propose rules that say no blocking , no throttling , no paid prioritization at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas . On January 31 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported the FCC will present the notion of applying ( with some caveats ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Wheeler , ensure US net neutrality . The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . Wheeler commented , This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations . Critics said that Wheeler was unduly influenced by Obama in changing his stance on net neutrality . In addition , journalists and advocates have expressed concern regarding the potential for inappropriate involvement by the White House over rule making at the FCC , which is supposed to be an independent agency . During a House Oversight Committee hearing in March 2015 , Republicans disclosed that Wheeler had secretly met with top aides at the White House nine times while the new rules were being formulated . Wheeler responded that the new rules had not been discussed during the meetings . This prompted the committee chairman to state , You meet with the White House multiple times .. . and were supposed to believe that one of the most important things the FCC has ever done , that this doesnt come up ? Bibliography . - Wheeler , Tom , Take Command! : Leadership Lessons from the Civil War . New York : Currency Doubleday , 2000 . - Wheeler , Tom , Mr . Lincolns T-Mails : The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War . New York : Collins , 2006 .
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[
""
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easy
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What was the name of the employer Tom Wheeler work for from 1984 to 1985?
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/wiki/Tom_Wheeler#P108#2
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Tom Wheeler Thomas Edgar Wheeler ( born April 5 , 1946 ) is an American businessman and politician . He was the 31st Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and a member of the Democratic Party . He was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S . Senate in November 2013 . Prior to working at the FCC , Wheeler worked as a venture capitalist and lobbyist for the cable and wireless industry , whom the FCC is now responsible for regulating , and holding positions including President of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association ( NCTA ) and CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ( CTIA ) . Following custom for an FCC chairman , Wheeler resigned his seat when the new administration of Donald Trump began on January 20 , 2017 , and was succeeded by Ajit Pai . Career . Wheeler was born on April 5 , 1946 in Redlands , California . He attended Ohio State University . From 1969 to 1976 , Wheeler led the trade group Grocery Manufacturers of America . He then went on to work at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association from 1976 to 1984 , becoming president of the trade group in 1979 . For a year until its closure , Wheeler was president of NABU Network , before spending a number of years creating or running several different technology startups . In 1992 , he became the CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association , a post he held until 2004 . From 2005 Wheeler was a technology entrepreneur and executive at Core Capital Partners . Originally considered a frontrunner for the position , Wheeler was confirmed as the new Federal Communications Commission chief in November 2013 following a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Despite a letter written by several prominent former Obama administration officials endorsing Wheeler for the position , many people expressed concern over the consideration of Wheeler for the position due to his history of lobbying for industry . In recognition of his work in promoting the wireless industry , Wheeler was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2009 , as a result of his work in promoting the growth and prosperity of the cable television industry and its stakeholders , was inducted into the Cable Television Hall of Fame . He is the only person who is a member of both halls of fame . Cablevision magazine named Wheeler one of the 20 most influential individuals in its history during cables 20th anniversary in 1995 . During Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign , Wheeler spent six weeks in Iowa aiding his campaign efforts and went on to raise over US$500,000 for Obamas campaigns . Net neutrality . In late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider announcing rules that would violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for companies to pay ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) to provide faster lanes for delivering their content to Internet users . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies—including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook—signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a grave threat to the Internet . As of May 15 , 2014 , the Internet fast lane rules passed with a 3–2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . In November 2014 , President Obama gave a speech endorsing the classification of ISPs as utilities under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Wheeler stated in January 2015 that the FCC was going to propose rules that say no blocking , no throttling , no paid prioritization at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas . On January 31 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported the FCC will present the notion of applying ( with some caveats ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Wheeler , ensure US net neutrality . The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . Wheeler commented , This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations . Critics said that Wheeler was unduly influenced by Obama in changing his stance on net neutrality . In addition , journalists and advocates have expressed concern regarding the potential for inappropriate involvement by the White House over rule making at the FCC , which is supposed to be an independent agency . During a House Oversight Committee hearing in March 2015 , Republicans disclosed that Wheeler had secretly met with top aides at the White House nine times while the new rules were being formulated . Wheeler responded that the new rules had not been discussed during the meetings . This prompted the committee chairman to state , You meet with the White House multiple times .. . and were supposed to believe that one of the most important things the FCC has ever done , that this doesnt come up ? Bibliography . - Wheeler , Tom , Take Command! : Leadership Lessons from the Civil War . New York : Currency Doubleday , 2000 . - Wheeler , Tom , Mr . Lincolns T-Mails : The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War . New York : Collins , 2006 .
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[
"Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ,"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Tom Wheeler work for from 1992 to 2004?
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/wiki/Tom_Wheeler#P108#3
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Tom Wheeler Thomas Edgar Wheeler ( born April 5 , 1946 ) is an American businessman and politician . He was the 31st Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and a member of the Democratic Party . He was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S . Senate in November 2013 . Prior to working at the FCC , Wheeler worked as a venture capitalist and lobbyist for the cable and wireless industry , whom the FCC is now responsible for regulating , and holding positions including President of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association ( NCTA ) and CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ( CTIA ) . Following custom for an FCC chairman , Wheeler resigned his seat when the new administration of Donald Trump began on January 20 , 2017 , and was succeeded by Ajit Pai . Career . Wheeler was born on April 5 , 1946 in Redlands , California . He attended Ohio State University . From 1969 to 1976 , Wheeler led the trade group Grocery Manufacturers of America . He then went on to work at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association from 1976 to 1984 , becoming president of the trade group in 1979 . For a year until its closure , Wheeler was president of NABU Network , before spending a number of years creating or running several different technology startups . In 1992 , he became the CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association , a post he held until 2004 . From 2005 Wheeler was a technology entrepreneur and executive at Core Capital Partners . Originally considered a frontrunner for the position , Wheeler was confirmed as the new Federal Communications Commission chief in November 2013 following a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Despite a letter written by several prominent former Obama administration officials endorsing Wheeler for the position , many people expressed concern over the consideration of Wheeler for the position due to his history of lobbying for industry . In recognition of his work in promoting the wireless industry , Wheeler was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2009 , as a result of his work in promoting the growth and prosperity of the cable television industry and its stakeholders , was inducted into the Cable Television Hall of Fame . He is the only person who is a member of both halls of fame . Cablevision magazine named Wheeler one of the 20 most influential individuals in its history during cables 20th anniversary in 1995 . During Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign , Wheeler spent six weeks in Iowa aiding his campaign efforts and went on to raise over US$500,000 for Obamas campaigns . Net neutrality . In late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider announcing rules that would violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for companies to pay ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) to provide faster lanes for delivering their content to Internet users . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies—including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook—signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a grave threat to the Internet . As of May 15 , 2014 , the Internet fast lane rules passed with a 3–2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . In November 2014 , President Obama gave a speech endorsing the classification of ISPs as utilities under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Wheeler stated in January 2015 that the FCC was going to propose rules that say no blocking , no throttling , no paid prioritization at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas . On January 31 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported the FCC will present the notion of applying ( with some caveats ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Wheeler , ensure US net neutrality . The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . Wheeler commented , This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations . Critics said that Wheeler was unduly influenced by Obama in changing his stance on net neutrality . In addition , journalists and advocates have expressed concern regarding the potential for inappropriate involvement by the White House over rule making at the FCC , which is supposed to be an independent agency . During a House Oversight Committee hearing in March 2015 , Republicans disclosed that Wheeler had secretly met with top aides at the White House nine times while the new rules were being formulated . Wheeler responded that the new rules had not been discussed during the meetings . This prompted the committee chairman to state , You meet with the White House multiple times .. . and were supposed to believe that one of the most important things the FCC has ever done , that this doesnt come up ? Bibliography . - Wheeler , Tom , Take Command! : Leadership Lessons from the Civil War . New York : Currency Doubleday , 2000 . - Wheeler , Tom , Mr . Lincolns T-Mails : The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War . New York : Collins , 2006 .
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"FCC commissioners"
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easy
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Which employer did Tom Wheeler work for from 2013 to 2017?
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/wiki/Tom_Wheeler#P108#4
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Tom Wheeler Thomas Edgar Wheeler ( born April 5 , 1946 ) is an American businessman and politician . He was the 31st Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission and a member of the Democratic Party . He was appointed by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U.S . Senate in November 2013 . Prior to working at the FCC , Wheeler worked as a venture capitalist and lobbyist for the cable and wireless industry , whom the FCC is now responsible for regulating , and holding positions including President of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association ( NCTA ) and CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association ( CTIA ) . Following custom for an FCC chairman , Wheeler resigned his seat when the new administration of Donald Trump began on January 20 , 2017 , and was succeeded by Ajit Pai . Career . Wheeler was born on April 5 , 1946 in Redlands , California . He attended Ohio State University . From 1969 to 1976 , Wheeler led the trade group Grocery Manufacturers of America . He then went on to work at the National Cable & Telecommunications Association from 1976 to 1984 , becoming president of the trade group in 1979 . For a year until its closure , Wheeler was president of NABU Network , before spending a number of years creating or running several different technology startups . In 1992 , he became the CEO of the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association , a post he held until 2004 . From 2005 Wheeler was a technology entrepreneur and executive at Core Capital Partners . Originally considered a frontrunner for the position , Wheeler was confirmed as the new Federal Communications Commission chief in November 2013 following a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . Despite a letter written by several prominent former Obama administration officials endorsing Wheeler for the position , many people expressed concern over the consideration of Wheeler for the position due to his history of lobbying for industry . In recognition of his work in promoting the wireless industry , Wheeler was inducted into the Wireless Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2009 , as a result of his work in promoting the growth and prosperity of the cable television industry and its stakeholders , was inducted into the Cable Television Hall of Fame . He is the only person who is a member of both halls of fame . Cablevision magazine named Wheeler one of the 20 most influential individuals in its history during cables 20th anniversary in 1995 . During Barack Obamas 2008 presidential campaign , Wheeler spent six weeks in Iowa aiding his campaign efforts and went on to raise over US$500,000 for Obamas campaigns . Net neutrality . In late April 2014 , the contours of a document leaked that indicated that the FCC under Wheeler would consider announcing rules that would violate net neutrality principles by making it easier for companies to pay ISPs ( including cable companies and wireless ISPs ) to provide faster lanes for delivering their content to Internet users . These plans received substantial backlash from activists , the mainstream press , and some other FCC commissioners . In May 2014 , over 100 Internet companies—including Google , Microsoft , eBay , and Facebook—signed a letter to Wheeler voicing their disagreement with his plans , saying they represented a grave threat to the Internet . As of May 15 , 2014 , the Internet fast lane rules passed with a 3–2 vote . They were then open to public discussion that ended July 2014 . In November 2014 , President Obama gave a speech endorsing the classification of ISPs as utilities under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . Wheeler stated in January 2015 that the FCC was going to propose rules that say no blocking , no throttling , no paid prioritization at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas . On January 31 , 2015 , the Associated Press reported the FCC will present the notion of applying ( with some caveats ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the Internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Wheeler , ensure US net neutrality . The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times . On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . Wheeler commented , This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations . Critics said that Wheeler was unduly influenced by Obama in changing his stance on net neutrality . In addition , journalists and advocates have expressed concern regarding the potential for inappropriate involvement by the White House over rule making at the FCC , which is supposed to be an independent agency . During a House Oversight Committee hearing in March 2015 , Republicans disclosed that Wheeler had secretly met with top aides at the White House nine times while the new rules were being formulated . Wheeler responded that the new rules had not been discussed during the meetings . This prompted the committee chairman to state , You meet with the White House multiple times .. . and were supposed to believe that one of the most important things the FCC has ever done , that this doesnt come up ? Bibliography . - Wheeler , Tom , Take Command! : Leadership Lessons from the Civil War . New York : Currency Doubleday , 2000 . - Wheeler , Tom , Mr . Lincolns T-Mails : The Untold Story of How Abraham Lincoln Used the Telegraph to Win the Civil War . New York : Collins , 2006 .
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"member of Crew 28"
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easy
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What military rank did Werner Hartenstein have from Apr 1928 to Oct 1928?
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/wiki/Werner_Hartenstein#P410#0
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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[
"Seekadett"
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easy
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What was the military rank of Werner Hartenstein from Oct 1928 to Dec 1929?
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/wiki/Werner_Hartenstein#P410#1
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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[
"Fähnrich zur See"
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What was the military rank of Werner Hartenstein from 1930 to Mar 1932?
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/wiki/Werner_Hartenstein#P410#2
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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What was the military rank of Werner Hartenstein from Apr 1932 to Sep 1932?
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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What military rank did Werner Hartenstein have from Oct 1932 to Aug 1934?
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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What was the military rank of Werner Hartenstein from Sep 1934 to May 1937?
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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What was the military rank of Werner Hartenstein from Jun 1937 to May 1942?
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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Werner Hartenstein Werner Hartenstein ( 27 February 1908 – 8 March 1943 ) was a German naval officer during World War II who commanded the U-boat . He was a recipient of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross , the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . Hartenstein was credited with sinking 20 ships totaling , and with damaging three ships and a destroyer . Born in Plauen , Hartenstein joined the Reichsmarine ( navy of the Weimar Republic ) in 1928 . After a period of training on surface vessels and service on various torpedo boats during the Spanish Civil War and the first year of World War II , he transferred to the U-boat service in 1941 . In September 1942 , Hartenstein torpedoed and sank the , then attempted to rescue the survivors . He was forced to abort the rescue when his U-boat came under attack by a B-24 Liberator bomber of the United States Army Air Forces . The event became known as the Laconia incident and resulted in the Laconia Order , an order from the Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote to the entire German U-boat force that forbade rescuing the survivors of sunken ships . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a US PBY Catalina aircraft on 8 March 1943 . Early life and pre-war service . Hartenstein was born in Plauen in the Vogtland of the Kingdom of Saxony , then a federated state of the German Empire , on 27 February 1908 . He was the second child of William Karl Adolf Hartenstein , an export merchant , and Selma Emma Hartenstein , née Schlingensiepen . Hartenstein had one older sister , Thea Irena , and a younger sister , Charlotte . He celebrated his confirmation in 1923 and graduated from a humanities-oriented secondary school in Plauen with his diploma ( Abitur ) in 1926 . After graduation in 1926 he applied for a naval officer cadetship but was rejected at first , and instead studied two semesters of jurisprudence . He matriculated at the University of Freiburg ( Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ) in Freiburg im Breisgau on 29 April 1927 . Aged 20 , Hartenstein re-applied for the cadetship , was accepted and began his naval career with the Reichsmarine on 1 April 1928 as a member of Crew 28 ( the incoming class of 1928 ) . He underwent basic military training in the 2nd department of the standing ship division of the Baltic Sea in Stralsund ( 1 April 1928 – 30 June 1928 ) . Hartenstein was then transferred to the training ship Niobe ( 1 July 1928 – 15 October 1928 ) , attaining the rank of Seekadett ( midshipman ) on 11 October 1928 . Following a 14-month stay on board the cruiser Emden ( 16 October 1928 – 3 January 1930 ) he advanced in rank to Fähnrich zur See ( officer cadet ) on 1 January 1930 . Emden at the time was under the command of Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière , a U-boat commander during World War I . Hartenstein then underwent a number of officer training courses at the Naval Academy at Mürwik , including navigational training cruises on the survey vessel Meteor , before transferring to the light cruiser Köln ( 1 October 1931 – 23 September 1934 ) . His stay on Köln was occasionally interrupted to attend further training courses at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel-Wik . During this assignment on 30 January 1933 , the Nazi Party , under the leadership of Adolf Hitler , came to power in Germany , and began to rearm the navy . In 1935 , the Reichsmarine was renamed the Kriegsmarine . Hartenstein served as first watch officer on the torpedo boat from 30 September 1936 to 13 November 1938 . He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant ( captain lieutenant ) on 1 June 1937 . Hartenstein participated in several patrols in 1937 and 1938 on board Greif in Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War . For these services he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze ( ) on 6 June 1939 . World War II . At the outbreak of World War II , Hartenstein continued to serve on torpedo boats . In this position , he completed 65 patrols in the North Sea , Norwegian waters , the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel in the first one and a half years of the war . Hartenstein took command of torpedo boat on 20 November 1938 . In October 1939 Hartenstein transferred and switched command of torpedo boat with Kapitänleutnant Franz Kohlauf who took over command of Seeadler . On 30 March 1941 , command of Jaguar was given to Kapitänleutnant Friedrich-Karl Paul and Hartenstein transferred to the U-boat force , and on 4 September 1941 was given command of U-156 , a Type IXC U-boat . For his service on torpedo boats , Hartenstein was awarded the German Cross in Gold ( ) on 2 February 1942 . Karl Dönitz personally pinned the award on Harteinsteins leather jacket on 17 March 1942 . U-156 was first assigned to the 4th U-boat Flotilla at Stettin as a training boat , then was transferred to the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , France , on 31 December 1941 . First patrol . Hartensteins first patrol ( 24 December 1941 – 10 January 1942 ) was an uneventful transfer patrol taking U-156 from Kiel to Lorient . U-156 , together with and , transited through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal , passing Brunsbüttel where they joined up with a pathfinder and . The convoy received aerial protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aircraft and split up once they reached Cuxhaven . Passing south of the Shetland Islands , bypassing the Hebrides , U-156 slowly approached Rockall , where two weather buoys ( , or WFB ) were released : WFB 33 on 7 January 1942 at , and WFB 32 on 8 January 1942 at 02:44 at in the Porcupine Bank . U-156 received a radio message on the evening of 8 January ordering Hartenstein to proceed at high speed to Lorient , where it arrived on 10 January 1942 . Second patrol . On his second patrol ( 19 January 1942 – 17 March 1942 ) Hartenstein commanded a wolfpack of U-boats ( Gruppe Neuland—Group New Land ) during the Attack on Aruba in February 1942 , attacking an oil refinery . U-156 along with under the command of Günther Müller-Stöckheim and under the command of Jürgen von Rosenstiel departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder in the early morning of 19 January 1942 . Hartensteins orders were to conduct a simultaneous surprise attack of the Gruppe Neuland against the shipping traffic off Aruba and Curaçao . Besides U-156 , U-67 and U-502 , Gruppe Neuland also included the submarines under the command of Nicolai Clausen and under the command of Albrecht Achilles . On 16 February , after observing the area for a few days , U-156 came around to the refineries . There in front of her target were two Lago Company flat-bottom steamers , and , both British-owned oilers . At 01:31 , U-156 surfaced in San Nicolaas Harbour some offshore and attacked the two British tankers at anchor . Hartenstein fired one torpedo from his bow tubes at Pedernales . The torpedo attack was successful and Pedernales was hit amidships . Loaded with crude oil , the steamer immediately burst into flames , killing eight of her 26 crewmen and wounding her captain Herbert McCall . Oranjestad then began to lift anchor and steam away but she was too late and was hit by a second torpedo fired from U-156 . She too burst into flames and sunk an hour later in about of water . Fifteen of her 22 crewmen were killed . At 03:13 , U-156 attacked the Texaco-owned tanker SS Arkansas which was berthed at Eagle Beach next to the Arend/Eagle Refinery . Just one of the torpedoes struck Arkansas and partially sank her but the damage was moderate and caused no casualties . Commander Hartenstein then steamed further around Aruba and directed his men to take to the deck guns and prepare for a naval bombardment of the large oil tank of the Lago Oil and Transport Company The crew of the 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun forgot to remove the tampion from the barrel , so when Hartenstein ordered them to fire , the gun blew up . Gunnery Officer Dietrich von dem Borne was wounded badly , one foot having been severed . His comrade and trigger man Heinrich Büssinger was badly wounded as well and died several hours after the attack . Hartenstein ordered the 3.7 cm flak gun to continue the attack , causing only superficial damage . Third patrol . On Hartensteins third patrol ( 22 April 1942 – 7 July 1942 ) , U-156 sank 12 ships and damaged a further two , including the on 25 May 1942 . This achievement earned Hartenstein a reference on 6 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht , a propaganda bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , the OKW . The mention was entered in the orders and decorations section of a soldiers Service Record Book . U-156 along with U-502 again departed from Lorient under the protection of a pathfinder on 22 April 1942 destined for the Caribbean Sea . Prior to the departure Dietrich von dem Borne , who had been severely wounded on the second patrol , was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See of the Reserve Gert Mannesmann . Chief engineer Wilhelm Polchau reported to Hartenstein on 6 May that the diesel compressor had malfunctioned . Hartenstein radioed under the command of Robert-Richard Zapp to assist . On 10 May U-156 and U-66 rendezvoused and exchanged of fuel oil for the necessary spare parts , and the fuel compressor was repaired . U-156 sighted the first steamer in the early afternoon on 12 May , the first of twelve ships—eleven merchantmen and one warship—attacked on this patrol , ten of which were sunk . U-156 , positioned near Fort-de-France , was ordered to observe the traffic to and from Martinique . At roughly offshore , the hydrophones detected a ship . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position firing two torpedoes . One torpedo struck the bow of the Blakeley after a 25-second run-time . Hartenstein observed that the bow was completely blown away , but its engines kept running . The waters around Martinique were extremely shallow and Hartenstein decided not to pursue the destroyer . On 1 June 1942 , Hartenstein was promoted to Korvettenkapitän ( corvette captain ) . The first watch officer , Paul Just , left U-156 after returning from the third patrol . Just was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Leopold Schumacher as new first watch officer . Just later became commander of , and . Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 received a heros welcome by the residents of Plauen on 20 July 1942 . The people lined the streets as the whole crew marched from the railway station to the City Hall for the official welcome reception . Fourth patrol and Laconia incident . On U-156s fourth patrol ( 20 August 1942 – 16 November 1942 ) , Hartenstein sank and then organised the rescue of the survivors of RMS Laconia , resulting in the Laconia incident and Laconia Order . U-156 together with under the command of Karl-Friedrich Merten departed from Lorient on 20 August 1942 heading for the Bay of Biscay . Hartenstein received the order to operate against Convoy SL-119 on 25 August . After a two-day pursuit , U-156 found a straggler , the SS Clan Macwhirter , west of Casablanca . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position to avoid detection under the bright moonlight . Clan Macwhirter was hit by two torpedoes and sank , killing nine members of the crew and two gunners ; 79 sailors survived the sinking . Two later sightings on 2 and 6 September did not lead to favourable attack positions . On 12 September 1942 U-156 was patrolling off the coast of West Africa midway between Liberia and Ascension Island roughly south of Cape Palmas . At 11:37 the aft port lookout sighted a smoke stack at 230 degrees . Hartenstein followed the target , which was zigzagging at , until the general direction of the large ocean liner became evident . U-156 was running at into a favourable attack position , and Hartenstein ordered the attack at 21:07 . He slowed speed at 22:00 and ordered surfaced deflection shots from torpedo tubes I and III . After three minutes and six seconds the first torpedo detonated , then the second . He had hoped to capture the ships senior officers , but to his surprise , Hartenstein saw over two thousand people struggling in the water . Hartenstein immediately began rescue operations . Laconia sank at 23:23 . At 01:25 on 13 September 1942 Hartenstein radioed the Befehlshaber der U-Boote ( BdU—commander of U-boats ) requesting guidance and confirmation on how to proceed . The BdU responded at 03:45 ordering Wolf pack Eisbär , consisting of under the command of Harro Schacht , under the command of Erich Würdemann and under the command of Georg von Wilamowitz-Moellendorf , to assist Hartenstein immediately . At 06:00 Hartenstein ordered that the following message be sent on the 25m wavelength : If any ship will assist the ship-wrecked Laconia crew , I will not attack providing I am not being attacked by ship or air forces . I picked up 193 men . 4°53 South/11°26 West – German submarine The message was repeated twice on the international 600m wavelength . The BdU later changed the order slightly and U-506 , U-507 and the Italian submarine Capellini were dispatched . In parallel U-156 was assisting and supplying the survivors in the numerous lifeboats that kept arriving or were picked up . U-506 arrived at 11:32 on 14 September 1942 , followed by U-507 in the afternoon of 15 September . Heading to a rendezvous with Vichy French ships under Red Cross banners , the U-boats were attacked by a U.S . Army B-24 Liberator bomber ( 343d Bomb Squadron ; Lieutenant James D . Harden ) at 12:32 on 16 September 1942 . The attack ordered by Captain Robert C . Richardson III , which killed a number of people in the lifeboats and damaged U-156 , forced Hartenstein to abandon the rescue operations . A majority of survivors were later rescued by British merchant ships and two Vichy French warships , the cruiser Gloire and the sloop Annamite , out of Dakar , Africa . This event later became known as the Laconia incident and led BdU Admiral Karl Dönitz to issue the Laconia order to his U-boat commanders that stated in part No attempt of any kind must be made at rescuing members of ships sunk .. . At the end of the war , the Laconia Order was unsuccessfully used against Admiral Dönitz in his war crime trial . The prosecution failed when Fleet Admiral Nimitz testified that in the war with Japan the United States Navy had followed the same general policy as was set forth in the German admirals directive . U-156 received a radio message on 17 September 1942 indicating that Werner Hartenstein had become the 63rd member of the U-boat service and the 125th of the Kriegsmarine to be awarded Germanys highest military honour , the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross ( ) . Hartenstein issued a bottle of beer to each member of the crew and held a speech honouring the achievements of everyone on board , and telling them that he would wear the decoration in their name . On 19 September 1942 , U-156 was roughly south of Freetown and the crew was still repairing minor damage , when the lookout spotted a ship at 04:30 . The target was the British ship Quebec City , en route from Cape Town to Freetown . Hartenstein attacked from a submerged position and hit Quebec City with one torpedo fired from tube VI . Hartenstein surfaced and approached the lifeboats and asked the survivors for the ships name . Quebec City did not sink easily and U-156 fired 58 rounds from the 37 mm ( 1.46 in ) flak gun and seven further shots from the 10.5 cm gun before Hartenstein ordered a cease fire . After a direct hit in the ships stern ammunition magazine and an explosion , Quebec City slowly sank . According to William Clark , a member of Quebec Citys crew , Hartenstein made sure that the survivors had enough water and provisions and that Captain William Thomas had the exact coordinates . This account of that attack and the impression that the humanitarian actions of Hartenstein made is documented in the book by David Cledlyn Jones , The Enemy We Killed , My Friend . Jones himself disagrees , stating that Hartenstein was concerned about the survivors well-being but did not inquire about provisions , nor did he offer additional food or water . Hartenstein did express that it would have been his wish to tow them at least some distance to the African coast , but explained that he was not able to do so as he recently had been attacked while attempting to aid survivors . Fifth patrol and death . During his fifth patrol ( 16 January 1943 – 8 March 1943 ) , on 8 March 1943 , Hartenstein and the entire crew of U-156 were killed in action by depth charges from a U.S . PBY Catalina aircraft ( VP-53/P-1 ; Lieutenant E . Dryden ) , east of Barbados . The Catalina dropped four Mark 44 Torpex water-bombs at 13:15 from an altitude of to which straddled U-156 . Two bombs were observed to hit the water to starboard and just aft of U-156 , lifting it and breaking it in two , followed by an explosion . At least eleven survivors were seen swimming in the water . The Americans dropped two rubber rafts and rations , and five men were seen to reach one of the rafts . The USS Barney was dispatched from Trinidad to rescue the survivors . The search was abandoned on 12 March 1943 . Korvettenkapitän Ernst Kals , chief of the 2nd U-boat Flotilla at Lorient , sent a letter to Hartensteins parents on 23 April 1943 indicating that their son had been posted as missing in action as of 12 March 1943 . U.S . officials announced the destruction of the U-boat on 10 May 1943 . Ten months after his death a service of remembrance was held in Plauen on 15 January 1944 . The service was attended by his parents , his sisters and other members of the family , the mayor of Plauen , Eugen Wörner , senior officials and councillors . The local press reported that His parents have accepted that their loving son will not return home but is resting in peace with his Lord . Werner Hartenstein was portrayed by German actor Ken Duken in the 2011 TV mini-series The Sinking of the Laconia . Summary of career . Ships attacked . As commander of Werner Hartenstein is credited with the sinking of 20 ships ( including the motor boat Letitia Porter on board Koenjit ) for a total of , further damaging three ships of and damaging one warship , , of . Awards . - Spanish Cross in Bronze ( 6 June 1939 ) - The Return of Memel Commemorative Medal ( 26 October 1939 ) - Iron Cross ( 1939 ) - 2nd Class ( 16 November 1939 ) - 1st Class ( 27 April 1940 ) - The Return of Sudetenland Commemorative Medal of 1 October 1938 ( 6 November 1940 ) - Destroyer War Badge ( 24 December 1940 ) - German Cross in Gold on 2 February 1942 as Kapitänleutnant on torpedo boat Jaguar/6 . Torbedoboots-Flottille - U-boat War Badge ( 1939 ) ( 17 March 1942 ) - Knights Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 September 1942 as Korvettenkapitän and commander of U-156
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[
"University of New Hampshire"
] |
easy
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Which school did Carol Shea-Porter go to from 1970 to 1971?
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/wiki/Carol_Shea-Porter#P69#0
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Carol Shea-Porter Carol Shea-Porter ( born December 2 , 1952 ) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who is the former member of the United States House of Representatives for . She held the seat from 2007 to 2011 , 2013 to 2015 , and 2017 to 2019 . Shea-Porter was first elected in 2006 , defeating Republican incumbent Jeb Bradley . She beat Bradley again in 2008 but was defeated in 2010 by former Manchester Mayor Frank Guinta and left Congress in January 2011 . In 2012 , Shea-Porter reclaimed her seat as she beat Guinta in a rematch . She faced Guinta for a third time in the 2014 election and lost for the second time . On July 2 , 2015 , she announced she would again run for her old seat . She defeated Guinta for the second time , facing him for the fourth election in a row . On October 6 , 2017 , Shea-Porter announced that she would not run for re-election in 2018 . Fellow Democrat Chris Pappas was elected on November 6 to succeed Shea-Porter in the 116th United States Congress . Early life , education and career . Shea-Porter was born in New York City and grew up in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire , attending local public schools , and graduating from the University of New Hampshire . She earned a bachelors degree in social services and a masters degree in public administration . Prior to becoming involved in politics , she and her family lived in Colorado , Louisiana , and Maryland , during which time she was a social worker and community college instructor . After returning to New Hampshire , she worked for the Wesley Clark presidential campaign and was a volunteer for John Kerry’s presidential run . She is married to Gene Porter , a former U.S . Army officer , with whom she has two grown children . Political campaigns . 2006 . In 2006 , Shea-Porter was a liberal community activist who had never held public office . Shea-Porter , who had won some fame for being escorted from a George W . Bush rally wearing a T-shirt that read Turn Your Back On Bush , ran on a strong anti-Iraq War message . In addition to opposition to the Iraq war , Shea-Porter campaigned on a platform of increasing the minimum wage and universal healthcare . In the five-way Democratic primary , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee put its weight behind state legislator Jim Craig . Shea-Porter won the September 12 , 2006 , primary with 54% of the vote . Craig finished second with 34% of the vote . On November 7 , 2006 , Shea-Porter narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Jeb Bradley in the 2006 midterm elections to become the first woman elected to Congress from New Hampshire . Shea-Porter received 100,899 votes ( 51% ) to Bradleys 94,869 votes ( 49% ) . She received no financial support from either the Democratic National Committee or the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and was outspent by her opponent three to one . 2008 . Shea-Porter was re-elected to a second term in November 2008 , defeating Bradley for the second time , winning by 52% to 46% margin . The Concord Monitor in 2008 changed its endorsement , which had gone to Bradley in 2006 , to support Shea-Porter , citing her positions in favor of increased minimum wage , ending the Bush tax cuts , and veterans issues . During her 2008 re-election campaign , she reversed course and requested financial support from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee . The Committee enrolled Congresswoman Shea-Porter in their Frontline program which helps vulnerable incumbents with fundraising and campaign infrastructure . 2010 . Shea-Porter was defeated by her Republican opponent , former Manchester Mayor Frank Guinta , who won by a 54% to 42% margin , larger than Shea-Porter has won to date . 2012 . Shea-Porter launched a 2012 campaign for her old House seat in New Hampshires 1st District . She received the endorsement of Democracy for America , and was selected as one of their Dean Dozen . In the general election she narrowly won the seat back from Frank Guinta , who had won in the 2010 election . 2014 . Shea-Porter ran for re-election . She was once again a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees Frontline Program , which is designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents heading into the 2014 election . Shea-Porter made Roll Calls Ten Most Vulnerable list for the third quarter . According to Roll Call , New Hampshire is a swing state and could be susceptible to national political trends . The Rothenberg Political Report considered the election a “Toss-up.” Mayday PAC , a super PAC seeking to reduce the role of money in politics , announced its endorsement of Shea-Porter because of her support of campaign finance reform . She was also being supported in her election campaign by EMILYs List , a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women . Shea-Porter lost to Guinta again by a margin of 52% to 48% . 2016 . Shea-Porter ran again for U.S . Congress in 2016 and was elected on November 8 . She ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . She faced incumbent Republican Frank Guinta and independent candidate Shawn OConnor in the general election , defeating them both with 44.2% of the vote to return to Congress . Shea-Porter has lost to Guinta twice and beat him twice . In January 2017 , Shea-Porter announced she would not attend the inauguration of Donald J . Trump according to WMUR-TV and multiple other sources . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Previous - Committee on Education and Labor ( 2007–2011 ; 2017–2019 ) - Committee on Armed Services ( 2007–2011 ; 2013–2015 ; 2017–2019 ) - Subcommittee on Military Personnel - Subcommittee on Readiness - Committee on Natural Resources ( 2007–2011 ; 2013–2015 ) - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife , Oceans and Insular Affairs - Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation She was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus , the Congressional Arts Caucus , and the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . Tenure . In 2010 , Shea-Porter was a lead co-sponsor of a bill aimed to help protect troops in Iraq and Afghanistan from the disposal of toxic waste in open air burn pits . Also in 2010 , she co-sponsored legislation to establish a national commission to study urological war injuries . After the 2012 Benghazi attack , Shea-Porter said the U.S . should continue a relationship to achieve democracy in Libya . Shea-Porter supports decreasing U.S . reliance on foreign energy sources and agrees with a number of the objectives of financier and oil magnate T . Boone Pickens on these matters including continuance of emissions trading measures , a system already in effect for her constituency in the form of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative . Shea-Porter opposes the Keystone XL pipeline and believes that the United States needs a policy that moves away from oil as a primary energy source . She voted for the American Clean Energy and Security Act , which proposed a cap and trade system under which the government would allocate carbon permits and credits to companies . She has advocated for the creation of a federal institute dedicated to reducing dependence on foreign oil . Shea-Porter voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( often better known as Obamacare ) , saying We’ll continue to work on that , but this is a good bill.” She led an effort to pass the Affordable Care Act and stated her support for closing the donut hole in Medicare reimbursements for senior citizens . In June 2013 , Shea-Porter voted against the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act , which would ban abortions that take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization . Shea-Porter voted against the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 , which would have “docked pay for members of Congress if they didn’t make progress on passing a budget.” She also opposed a vote to freeze federal employee pay . In August 2014 Shea-Porter voted against an immigration bill that would increase funding for border protection and more administrative support . Shea-Porter voted for the auto industry bailout and the Cash for Clunkers bill . Shea-Porter was named a vice-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention . Town hall disruptions . Following the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , many members of Congress held town hall meetings throughout their districts in an effort to explain and , in some cases , defend their votes . Shea-Porter , like several of her colleagues , found herself on the defensive at two such events held in Portsmouth and Bedford . She took about a dozen questions at each , the majority of which “were in opposition to Shea-Porters health care vote.” Electoral history .
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[
""
] |
easy
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Carol Shea-Porter went to which school from 1971 to 1979?
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/wiki/Carol_Shea-Porter#P69#1
|
Carol Shea-Porter Carol Shea-Porter ( born December 2 , 1952 ) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who is the former member of the United States House of Representatives for . She held the seat from 2007 to 2011 , 2013 to 2015 , and 2017 to 2019 . Shea-Porter was first elected in 2006 , defeating Republican incumbent Jeb Bradley . She beat Bradley again in 2008 but was defeated in 2010 by former Manchester Mayor Frank Guinta and left Congress in January 2011 . In 2012 , Shea-Porter reclaimed her seat as she beat Guinta in a rematch . She faced Guinta for a third time in the 2014 election and lost for the second time . On July 2 , 2015 , she announced she would again run for her old seat . She defeated Guinta for the second time , facing him for the fourth election in a row . On October 6 , 2017 , Shea-Porter announced that she would not run for re-election in 2018 . Fellow Democrat Chris Pappas was elected on November 6 to succeed Shea-Porter in the 116th United States Congress . Early life , education and career . Shea-Porter was born in New York City and grew up in the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire , attending local public schools , and graduating from the University of New Hampshire . She earned a bachelors degree in social services and a masters degree in public administration . Prior to becoming involved in politics , she and her family lived in Colorado , Louisiana , and Maryland , during which time she was a social worker and community college instructor . After returning to New Hampshire , she worked for the Wesley Clark presidential campaign and was a volunteer for John Kerry’s presidential run . She is married to Gene Porter , a former U.S . Army officer , with whom she has two grown children . Political campaigns . 2006 . In 2006 , Shea-Porter was a liberal community activist who had never held public office . Shea-Porter , who had won some fame for being escorted from a George W . Bush rally wearing a T-shirt that read Turn Your Back On Bush , ran on a strong anti-Iraq War message . In addition to opposition to the Iraq war , Shea-Porter campaigned on a platform of increasing the minimum wage and universal healthcare . In the five-way Democratic primary , the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee put its weight behind state legislator Jim Craig . Shea-Porter won the September 12 , 2006 , primary with 54% of the vote . Craig finished second with 34% of the vote . On November 7 , 2006 , Shea-Porter narrowly defeated incumbent Republican Jeb Bradley in the 2006 midterm elections to become the first woman elected to Congress from New Hampshire . Shea-Porter received 100,899 votes ( 51% ) to Bradleys 94,869 votes ( 49% ) . She received no financial support from either the Democratic National Committee or the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and was outspent by her opponent three to one . 2008 . Shea-Porter was re-elected to a second term in November 2008 , defeating Bradley for the second time , winning by 52% to 46% margin . The Concord Monitor in 2008 changed its endorsement , which had gone to Bradley in 2006 , to support Shea-Porter , citing her positions in favor of increased minimum wage , ending the Bush tax cuts , and veterans issues . During her 2008 re-election campaign , she reversed course and requested financial support from the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee . The Committee enrolled Congresswoman Shea-Porter in their Frontline program which helps vulnerable incumbents with fundraising and campaign infrastructure . 2010 . Shea-Porter was defeated by her Republican opponent , former Manchester Mayor Frank Guinta , who won by a 54% to 42% margin , larger than Shea-Porter has won to date . 2012 . Shea-Porter launched a 2012 campaign for her old House seat in New Hampshires 1st District . She received the endorsement of Democracy for America , and was selected as one of their Dean Dozen . In the general election she narrowly won the seat back from Frank Guinta , who had won in the 2010 election . 2014 . Shea-Porter ran for re-election . She was once again a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committees Frontline Program , which is designed to help protect vulnerable Democratic incumbents heading into the 2014 election . Shea-Porter made Roll Calls Ten Most Vulnerable list for the third quarter . According to Roll Call , New Hampshire is a swing state and could be susceptible to national political trends . The Rothenberg Political Report considered the election a “Toss-up.” Mayday PAC , a super PAC seeking to reduce the role of money in politics , announced its endorsement of Shea-Porter because of her support of campaign finance reform . She was also being supported in her election campaign by EMILYs List , a political action committee that seeks to elect pro-choice Democratic women . Shea-Porter lost to Guinta again by a margin of 52% to 48% . 2016 . Shea-Porter ran again for U.S . Congress in 2016 and was elected on November 8 . She ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . She faced incumbent Republican Frank Guinta and independent candidate Shawn OConnor in the general election , defeating them both with 44.2% of the vote to return to Congress . Shea-Porter has lost to Guinta twice and beat him twice . In January 2017 , Shea-Porter announced she would not attend the inauguration of Donald J . Trump according to WMUR-TV and multiple other sources . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Previous - Committee on Education and Labor ( 2007–2011 ; 2017–2019 ) - Committee on Armed Services ( 2007–2011 ; 2013–2015 ; 2017–2019 ) - Subcommittee on Military Personnel - Subcommittee on Readiness - Committee on Natural Resources ( 2007–2011 ; 2013–2015 ) - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Wildlife , Oceans and Insular Affairs - Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation She was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus , the Congressional Arts Caucus , and the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus . Tenure . In 2010 , Shea-Porter was a lead co-sponsor of a bill aimed to help protect troops in Iraq and Afghanistan from the disposal of toxic waste in open air burn pits . Also in 2010 , she co-sponsored legislation to establish a national commission to study urological war injuries . After the 2012 Benghazi attack , Shea-Porter said the U.S . should continue a relationship to achieve democracy in Libya . Shea-Porter supports decreasing U.S . reliance on foreign energy sources and agrees with a number of the objectives of financier and oil magnate T . Boone Pickens on these matters including continuance of emissions trading measures , a system already in effect for her constituency in the form of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative . Shea-Porter opposes the Keystone XL pipeline and believes that the United States needs a policy that moves away from oil as a primary energy source . She voted for the American Clean Energy and Security Act , which proposed a cap and trade system under which the government would allocate carbon permits and credits to companies . She has advocated for the creation of a federal institute dedicated to reducing dependence on foreign oil . Shea-Porter voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( often better known as Obamacare ) , saying We’ll continue to work on that , but this is a good bill.” She led an effort to pass the Affordable Care Act and stated her support for closing the donut hole in Medicare reimbursements for senior citizens . In June 2013 , Shea-Porter voted against the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act , which would ban abortions that take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization . Shea-Porter voted against the No Budget , No Pay Act of 2013 , which would have “docked pay for members of Congress if they didn’t make progress on passing a budget.” She also opposed a vote to freeze federal employee pay . In August 2014 Shea-Porter voted against an immigration bill that would increase funding for border protection and more administrative support . Shea-Porter voted for the auto industry bailout and the Cash for Clunkers bill . Shea-Porter was named a vice-chair of the 2020 Democratic National Convention . Town hall disruptions . Following the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , many members of Congress held town hall meetings throughout their districts in an effort to explain and , in some cases , defend their votes . Shea-Porter , like several of her colleagues , found herself on the defensive at two such events held in Portsmouth and Bedford . She took about a dozen questions at each , the majority of which “were in opposition to Shea-Porters health care vote.” Electoral history .
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[
"Bolsheviks"
] |
easy
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Which party was Mikhail Kalinin a member of from 1916 to 1918?
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/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin#P102#0
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Mikhail Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ( ; 3 June 1946 ) , known familiarly by Soviet citizens as Kalinych , was an Old Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician . He served as head of state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946 . From 1926 , he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Born to a peasant family , Kalinin worked as a metal worker in Saint Petersburg and took part in the 1905 Russian Revolution as an early member of the Bolsheviks . During and after the October Revolution , he served as mayor of Petrograd ( St . Petersburg ) . After the revolution , Kalinin became the head of the new Soviet state , as well as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Politburo . Kalinin remained the titular head of state of the Soviet Union after the rise of Joseph Stalin , but held little real power or influence . He retired in 1946 and died in the same year . The former East-Prussian city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad after him . The city of Tver was also known as Kalinin until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Early life . Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born on 19th November 1875 to a peasant family of ethnic Russian origin in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa ( ) , Tver Governorate , Russia . He was the elder brother of Fedor Kalinin . Kalinin finished his education at a local school in 1889 and worked for a time on a farm . He moved to Saint Petersburg , where he found employment as a metal worker in 1895 . He also worked as a butler and then as a railway worker at Tbilisi depot , where he met Sergei Alliluyev , the father of Stalins second wife . In 1906 , he married the ethnic Estonian Ekaterina Lorberg ( ( , 1882–1960 ) . Early political career . Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) in 1898 , the year of its foundation . He came to know Stalin through the Alliluyev family . During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , Kalinin worked for the Bolshevik party and on the staff of the Central Union of Metal Workers . He later became active on behalf of the RSDLP in Tiflis , Georgia ( now Tbilisi ) , Reval , Estonia ( now Tallinn ) , and Moscow . In April 1906 he served as a delegate at the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . Kalinin was an early and devoted adherent of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP , headed by Vladimir Lenin . He was a delegate to the 1912 Bolshevik Party Conference held in Prague , where he was elected an alternate member of the governing Central Committee and sent to work inside Russia . He did not become a full member because he was suspected of being an Okhrana agent ( the real agent was Roman Malinovsky , a full member ) . Kalinin was arrested for his political activities in 1916 and freed during the February Revolution of 1917 , which overthrew the tsarist state . Russian Revolutions . Kalinin joined the Petrograd Bolshevik committee and assisted in the organization of the party daily Pravda , now legalized by the new regime . In April 1917 Kalinin , like many other Bolsheviks , advocated conditional support for the Provisional Government in cooperation with the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP , a position at odds with that of Lenin . He continued to oppose an armed uprising to overthrow the government of Alexander Kerensky throughout that summer . In the elections held for the Petrograd City Duma in autumn 1917 , Kalinin was chosen as mayor of the city , which he administered during and after the Bolshevik Revolution of 7 November . In 1919 , Kalinin was elected a member of the governing Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party as well as a candidate member of the Politburo . He was promoted to full membership on the Politburo in January 1926 , a position which he retained until his death in 1946 . When Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov died in March 1919 ( from influenza , a beating or poisoning ; sources differ ) , Kalinin replaced him as President of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , the titular head of state of Soviet Russia . The name of this position was changed to Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in 1922 and to Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1938 . Kalinin continued to hold the post without interruption until his retirement at the end of World War II . In 1920 , Kalinin attended the Second World Congress of the Communist International in Moscow as part of the Russian delegation . He was seated on the presidium rostrum and took an active part in the debates . Soviet Union . Kalinin was a factional ally of Stalin during the bitter struggle for power after the death of Lenin in 1924 . He delivered a report on Lenin and the Comintern to the Fifth World Congress in 1924 . Kalinin was one of the comparatively few members of Stalins inner circle springing from peasant origins . The lowly social origins were widely publicised in the official press , which habitually referred to Kalinin as the All-Union headman ( Всесоюзный староста ) , a term hearkening to the village commune , in conjunction with his role as titular head of state . In practical terms , by the 1930s , Kalinins role as a decision-maker in the Soviet government was nominal . Although he was a member of the Politburo , the de facto executive branch of the Soviet Union , and nominally held the second-highest state post in the Soviet Union , Kalinin held little power or influence . His role was mostly limited to receiving diplomatic letters from abroad . Recalling him , future Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said , I dont know what practical work Kalinin carried out under Lenin . But under Stalin he was the nominal signatory of all decrees , while in reality he rarely took part in government business . Sometimes he was made a member of a commission , but people didnt take his opinion into account very much . It was embarrassing for us to see this ; one simply felt sorry for Mikhail Ivanovich . On 5 March 1940 , six members of the Politburo—Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov , Lazar Kaganovich , Kliment Voroshilov , Anastas Mikoyan , and Mikhail Kalinin—signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish nationalists and counterrevolutionaries kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus , part of the Katyn massacre . Kalinin was unable to protect even his own wife , Ekaterina Kalinina , who was critical of Stalins policies and was arrested on 25 October 1938 on charges of being a Trotskyist . Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( 1938–46 ) , she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison and on 22 April 1939 , she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a labour camp . She was released shortly before her husbands death in 1946 . Death and legacy . Kalinin retired in 1946 and died of cancer on 3 June of that same year in Moscow . Kalinin was honoured with a major state funeral and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Three large cities ( Tver , Korolyov and Königsberg ) were named or renamed in his honour ; only the last of those , Kaliningrad , has retained the name after the fall of the Soviet Union . Kalinin coal mine was excavated in 1961 and named after M . I . Kalinin . Kalinin Square and Kalinin Street which were named after Kalinin are located in Minsk , Belarus . The Kalinin avenue in Dnipro , Ukraine was renamed into Prospekt Serhiy Nigoyan in January 2015 .
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[
"Russian Communist Party"
] |
easy
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Which party was Mikhail Kalinin a member of from 1918 to 1946?
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/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin#P102#1
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Mikhail Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ( ; 3 June 1946 ) , known familiarly by Soviet citizens as Kalinych , was an Old Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician . He served as head of state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946 . From 1926 , he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Born to a peasant family , Kalinin worked as a metal worker in Saint Petersburg and took part in the 1905 Russian Revolution as an early member of the Bolsheviks . During and after the October Revolution , he served as mayor of Petrograd ( St . Petersburg ) . After the revolution , Kalinin became the head of the new Soviet state , as well as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Politburo . Kalinin remained the titular head of state of the Soviet Union after the rise of Joseph Stalin , but held little real power or influence . He retired in 1946 and died in the same year . The former East-Prussian city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad after him . The city of Tver was also known as Kalinin until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Early life . Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born on 19th November 1875 to a peasant family of ethnic Russian origin in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa ( ) , Tver Governorate , Russia . He was the elder brother of Fedor Kalinin . Kalinin finished his education at a local school in 1889 and worked for a time on a farm . He moved to Saint Petersburg , where he found employment as a metal worker in 1895 . He also worked as a butler and then as a railway worker at Tbilisi depot , where he met Sergei Alliluyev , the father of Stalins second wife . In 1906 , he married the ethnic Estonian Ekaterina Lorberg ( ( , 1882–1960 ) . Early political career . Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) in 1898 , the year of its foundation . He came to know Stalin through the Alliluyev family . During the Russian Revolution of 1905 , Kalinin worked for the Bolshevik party and on the staff of the Central Union of Metal Workers . He later became active on behalf of the RSDLP in Tiflis , Georgia ( now Tbilisi ) , Reval , Estonia ( now Tallinn ) , and Moscow . In April 1906 he served as a delegate at the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . Kalinin was an early and devoted adherent of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP , headed by Vladimir Lenin . He was a delegate to the 1912 Bolshevik Party Conference held in Prague , where he was elected an alternate member of the governing Central Committee and sent to work inside Russia . He did not become a full member because he was suspected of being an Okhrana agent ( the real agent was Roman Malinovsky , a full member ) . Kalinin was arrested for his political activities in 1916 and freed during the February Revolution of 1917 , which overthrew the tsarist state . Russian Revolutions . Kalinin joined the Petrograd Bolshevik committee and assisted in the organization of the party daily Pravda , now legalized by the new regime . In April 1917 Kalinin , like many other Bolsheviks , advocated conditional support for the Provisional Government in cooperation with the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP , a position at odds with that of Lenin . He continued to oppose an armed uprising to overthrow the government of Alexander Kerensky throughout that summer . In the elections held for the Petrograd City Duma in autumn 1917 , Kalinin was chosen as mayor of the city , which he administered during and after the Bolshevik Revolution of 7 November . In 1919 , Kalinin was elected a member of the governing Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party as well as a candidate member of the Politburo . He was promoted to full membership on the Politburo in January 1926 , a position which he retained until his death in 1946 . When Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov died in March 1919 ( from influenza , a beating or poisoning ; sources differ ) , Kalinin replaced him as President of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee , the titular head of state of Soviet Russia . The name of this position was changed to Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in 1922 and to Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1938 . Kalinin continued to hold the post without interruption until his retirement at the end of World War II . In 1920 , Kalinin attended the Second World Congress of the Communist International in Moscow as part of the Russian delegation . He was seated on the presidium rostrum and took an active part in the debates . Soviet Union . Kalinin was a factional ally of Stalin during the bitter struggle for power after the death of Lenin in 1924 . He delivered a report on Lenin and the Comintern to the Fifth World Congress in 1924 . Kalinin was one of the comparatively few members of Stalins inner circle springing from peasant origins . The lowly social origins were widely publicised in the official press , which habitually referred to Kalinin as the All-Union headman ( Всесоюзный староста ) , a term hearkening to the village commune , in conjunction with his role as titular head of state . In practical terms , by the 1930s , Kalinins role as a decision-maker in the Soviet government was nominal . Although he was a member of the Politburo , the de facto executive branch of the Soviet Union , and nominally held the second-highest state post in the Soviet Union , Kalinin held little power or influence . His role was mostly limited to receiving diplomatic letters from abroad . Recalling him , future Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said , I dont know what practical work Kalinin carried out under Lenin . But under Stalin he was the nominal signatory of all decrees , while in reality he rarely took part in government business . Sometimes he was made a member of a commission , but people didnt take his opinion into account very much . It was embarrassing for us to see this ; one simply felt sorry for Mikhail Ivanovich . On 5 March 1940 , six members of the Politburo—Stalin , Vyacheslav Molotov , Lazar Kaganovich , Kliment Voroshilov , Anastas Mikoyan , and Mikhail Kalinin—signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish nationalists and counterrevolutionaries kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus , part of the Katyn massacre . Kalinin was unable to protect even his own wife , Ekaterina Kalinina , who was critical of Stalins policies and was arrested on 25 October 1938 on charges of being a Trotskyist . Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( 1938–46 ) , she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison and on 22 April 1939 , she was sentenced to fifteen years of imprisonment in a labour camp . She was released shortly before her husbands death in 1946 . Death and legacy . Kalinin retired in 1946 and died of cancer on 3 June of that same year in Moscow . Kalinin was honoured with a major state funeral and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Three large cities ( Tver , Korolyov and Königsberg ) were named or renamed in his honour ; only the last of those , Kaliningrad , has retained the name after the fall of the Soviet Union . Kalinin coal mine was excavated in 1961 and named after M . I . Kalinin . Kalinin Square and Kalinin Street which were named after Kalinin are located in Minsk , Belarus . The Kalinin avenue in Dnipro , Ukraine was renamed into Prospekt Serhiy Nigoyan in January 2015 .
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[
"Falkirk"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player David Weir (Scottish footballer) belong to from 1992 to 1996?
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/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)#P54#0
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David Weir ( Scottish footballer ) David Gillespie Weir ( born 10 May 1970 ) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player . Born in Falkirk , Weir played as a defender , and began his professional career with his home-town club , Falkirk , after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States . After four seasons with the Bairns , Weir then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup . He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club , becoming club captain under two different managers . Weir then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009 . Weir called time on his playing career in May 2012 . Weir won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad . He retired from international football in 2002 , when Berti Vogts was the manager , but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004 . Weir became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010 . He finished his international career with 69 caps , which makes him Scotlands seventh-most capped player . Weir had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013 . He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford , Rangers and Nottingham Forest . Playing career . Club . Evansville Purple Aces . Weir was scouted by the University of Evansville . He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991 . Weir excelled in this position , scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year . This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990 . Weir is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points . Falkirk . Upon returning from the United States Weir trained with Celtic ; however , he did not sign a professional contract . In 1992 , he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals . He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division . Weir also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December , playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 June 1996 , Weir moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian . He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later . Weir netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock . His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996 . Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell . Weir won his second career honour , the 1998 Scottish Cup , by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park . He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000 . Weir played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals . Everton . Weir joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won , 5–0 , coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes . Weirs first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998 , however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough . At the end of the 2001–02 season , Weir was voted Evertons Player of the Year by planetfootballs readers , with Weir the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes . In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003 , Weir received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off . He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club , playing regularly for eight years , making 269 appearances ( scoring 10 goals in the process ) , playing in European competition , becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and David Moyes – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees . During the 2005–06 season , his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round . After being eliminated in the Champions League , Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again , this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup . Rangers . On 16 January 2007 , Weir signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early . He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith . He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007 . His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract . After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007 , he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family . His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract , which was due to expire at the end of that season . Weir signed a one-year extension to his deal , keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008 . He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier , on 31 July 2007 . Weir was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple . Despite being in his late 30s , he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence . Weir won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008 , as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory . On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal . He was appointed Rangers captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty . Weir won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties . In March 2010 , Weir won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season . On 7 May 2010 it was announced Weir had also won the Scottish Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year Award , the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday . Soon afterwards , Weir agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties . He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010 , aged 40 years 211 days . Weir captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point . On 26 May 2011 , it was announced that Weir was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C . Hall of Fame . He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club . On 17 July 2011 , Weir signed a new one-year deal with Rangers . Following Walter Smiths retirement as manager , Ally McCoist succeeded him . Under McCoist , Weir did not play in the League , and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis . Weir made his last appearance in the Champions League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF . Weir played for 29 minutes , before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz . On 17 January 2012 , he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England . The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks , however he moved into coaching instead . International . Weir earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997 . He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001 . Weir temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts . He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004 . Weir became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap . This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006 , in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win . He captained Scotland four times . On 24 August 2010 , Weir was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010 . Weir became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010 , aged 40 years and 116 days , breaking Jim Leightons previous record of 40 years and 78 days . Coaching and management . Everton coach . In February 2012 , Weir returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the clubs academy and reserve teams . He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return . When manager David Moyes left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013 , Weir was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton , but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez . Sheffield United manager . In June 2013 , Weir signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United . Despite winning his first competitive game in charge , a 2–1 victory over Notts County , United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches , leading to growing pressure from the clubs fans for Weir to be sacked . After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United , eliminating them from the Football League Trophy , Weir was sacked on 11 October 2013 . Assistant to Mark Warburton . Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan , Weir was appointed as Mark Warburtons assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013 . After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship , Weir signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club . On 17 February 2015 , it was announced that Weir , Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season . On 15 June 2015 , Weir returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton . Weir and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016 . In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that Weir , Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions , effective immediately . This was denied in a joint statement by all three men , but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end . Weir then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest , but they were sacked on 31 December 2017 . Brighton & Hove Albion . As of April 2019 , Weir was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs . Personal life . As of 2011 , Weir and his wife Fiona had four children : Lucas , Jensen , Kenzie and Ruben . Jensen is also a footballer who plays as a midfielder ; born in Warrington , he has played for both Scotland and England at under-17 level . Honours . Falkirk - Scottish Challenge Cup : 1993–94 Heart of Midlothian - Scottish Cup : 1997–98 Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Scottish Cup : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Scottish League Cup : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Scotland - Kirin Cup : 2006 Individual - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : February 2010
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[
"Heart of Midlothian"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player David Weir (Scottish footballer) belong to from 1996 to 1997?
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/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)#P54#1
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David Weir ( Scottish footballer ) David Gillespie Weir ( born 10 May 1970 ) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player . Born in Falkirk , Weir played as a defender , and began his professional career with his home-town club , Falkirk , after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States . After four seasons with the Bairns , Weir then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup . He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club , becoming club captain under two different managers . Weir then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009 . Weir called time on his playing career in May 2012 . Weir won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad . He retired from international football in 2002 , when Berti Vogts was the manager , but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004 . Weir became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010 . He finished his international career with 69 caps , which makes him Scotlands seventh-most capped player . Weir had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013 . He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford , Rangers and Nottingham Forest . Playing career . Club . Evansville Purple Aces . Weir was scouted by the University of Evansville . He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991 . Weir excelled in this position , scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year . This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990 . Weir is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points . Falkirk . Upon returning from the United States Weir trained with Celtic ; however , he did not sign a professional contract . In 1992 , he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals . He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division . Weir also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December , playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 June 1996 , Weir moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian . He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later . Weir netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock . His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996 . Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell . Weir won his second career honour , the 1998 Scottish Cup , by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park . He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000 . Weir played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals . Everton . Weir joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won , 5–0 , coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes . Weirs first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998 , however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough . At the end of the 2001–02 season , Weir was voted Evertons Player of the Year by planetfootballs readers , with Weir the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes . In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003 , Weir received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off . He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club , playing regularly for eight years , making 269 appearances ( scoring 10 goals in the process ) , playing in European competition , becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and David Moyes – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees . During the 2005–06 season , his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round . After being eliminated in the Champions League , Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again , this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup . Rangers . On 16 January 2007 , Weir signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early . He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith . He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007 . His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract . After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007 , he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family . His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract , which was due to expire at the end of that season . Weir signed a one-year extension to his deal , keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008 . He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier , on 31 July 2007 . Weir was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple . Despite being in his late 30s , he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence . Weir won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008 , as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory . On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal . He was appointed Rangers captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty . Weir won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties . In March 2010 , Weir won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season . On 7 May 2010 it was announced Weir had also won the Scottish Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year Award , the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday . Soon afterwards , Weir agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties . He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010 , aged 40 years 211 days . Weir captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point . On 26 May 2011 , it was announced that Weir was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C . Hall of Fame . He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club . On 17 July 2011 , Weir signed a new one-year deal with Rangers . Following Walter Smiths retirement as manager , Ally McCoist succeeded him . Under McCoist , Weir did not play in the League , and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis . Weir made his last appearance in the Champions League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF . Weir played for 29 minutes , before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz . On 17 January 2012 , he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England . The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks , however he moved into coaching instead . International . Weir earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997 . He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001 . Weir temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts . He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004 . Weir became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap . This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006 , in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win . He captained Scotland four times . On 24 August 2010 , Weir was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010 . Weir became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010 , aged 40 years and 116 days , breaking Jim Leightons previous record of 40 years and 78 days . Coaching and management . Everton coach . In February 2012 , Weir returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the clubs academy and reserve teams . He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return . When manager David Moyes left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013 , Weir was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton , but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez . Sheffield United manager . In June 2013 , Weir signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United . Despite winning his first competitive game in charge , a 2–1 victory over Notts County , United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches , leading to growing pressure from the clubs fans for Weir to be sacked . After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United , eliminating them from the Football League Trophy , Weir was sacked on 11 October 2013 . Assistant to Mark Warburton . Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan , Weir was appointed as Mark Warburtons assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013 . After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship , Weir signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club . On 17 February 2015 , it was announced that Weir , Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season . On 15 June 2015 , Weir returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton . Weir and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016 . In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that Weir , Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions , effective immediately . This was denied in a joint statement by all three men , but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end . Weir then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest , but they were sacked on 31 December 2017 . Brighton & Hove Albion . As of April 2019 , Weir was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs . Personal life . As of 2011 , Weir and his wife Fiona had four children : Lucas , Jensen , Kenzie and Ruben . Jensen is also a footballer who plays as a midfielder ; born in Warrington , he has played for both Scotland and England at under-17 level . Honours . Falkirk - Scottish Challenge Cup : 1993–94 Heart of Midlothian - Scottish Cup : 1997–98 Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Scottish Cup : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Scottish League Cup : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Scotland - Kirin Cup : 2006 Individual - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : February 2010
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did the player David Weir (Scottish footballer) belong to from 1997 to 1999?
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/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)#P54#2
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David Weir ( Scottish footballer ) David Gillespie Weir ( born 10 May 1970 ) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player . Born in Falkirk , Weir played as a defender , and began his professional career with his home-town club , Falkirk , after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States . After four seasons with the Bairns , Weir then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup . He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club , becoming club captain under two different managers . Weir then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009 . Weir called time on his playing career in May 2012 . Weir won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad . He retired from international football in 2002 , when Berti Vogts was the manager , but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004 . Weir became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010 . He finished his international career with 69 caps , which makes him Scotlands seventh-most capped player . Weir had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013 . He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford , Rangers and Nottingham Forest . Playing career . Club . Evansville Purple Aces . Weir was scouted by the University of Evansville . He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991 . Weir excelled in this position , scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year . This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990 . Weir is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points . Falkirk . Upon returning from the United States Weir trained with Celtic ; however , he did not sign a professional contract . In 1992 , he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals . He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division . Weir also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December , playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 June 1996 , Weir moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian . He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later . Weir netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock . His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996 . Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell . Weir won his second career honour , the 1998 Scottish Cup , by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park . He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000 . Weir played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals . Everton . Weir joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won , 5–0 , coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes . Weirs first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998 , however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough . At the end of the 2001–02 season , Weir was voted Evertons Player of the Year by planetfootballs readers , with Weir the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes . In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003 , Weir received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off . He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club , playing regularly for eight years , making 269 appearances ( scoring 10 goals in the process ) , playing in European competition , becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and David Moyes – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees . During the 2005–06 season , his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round . After being eliminated in the Champions League , Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again , this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup . Rangers . On 16 January 2007 , Weir signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early . He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith . He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007 . His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract . After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007 , he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family . His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract , which was due to expire at the end of that season . Weir signed a one-year extension to his deal , keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008 . He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier , on 31 July 2007 . Weir was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple . Despite being in his late 30s , he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence . Weir won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008 , as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory . On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal . He was appointed Rangers captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty . Weir won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties . In March 2010 , Weir won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season . On 7 May 2010 it was announced Weir had also won the Scottish Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year Award , the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday . Soon afterwards , Weir agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties . He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010 , aged 40 years 211 days . Weir captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point . On 26 May 2011 , it was announced that Weir was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C . Hall of Fame . He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club . On 17 July 2011 , Weir signed a new one-year deal with Rangers . Following Walter Smiths retirement as manager , Ally McCoist succeeded him . Under McCoist , Weir did not play in the League , and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis . Weir made his last appearance in the Champions League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF . Weir played for 29 minutes , before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz . On 17 January 2012 , he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England . The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks , however he moved into coaching instead . International . Weir earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997 . He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001 . Weir temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts . He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004 . Weir became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap . This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006 , in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win . He captained Scotland four times . On 24 August 2010 , Weir was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010 . Weir became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010 , aged 40 years and 116 days , breaking Jim Leightons previous record of 40 years and 78 days . Coaching and management . Everton coach . In February 2012 , Weir returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the clubs academy and reserve teams . He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return . When manager David Moyes left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013 , Weir was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton , but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez . Sheffield United manager . In June 2013 , Weir signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United . Despite winning his first competitive game in charge , a 2–1 victory over Notts County , United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches , leading to growing pressure from the clubs fans for Weir to be sacked . After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United , eliminating them from the Football League Trophy , Weir was sacked on 11 October 2013 . Assistant to Mark Warburton . Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan , Weir was appointed as Mark Warburtons assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013 . After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship , Weir signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club . On 17 February 2015 , it was announced that Weir , Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season . On 15 June 2015 , Weir returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton . Weir and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016 . In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that Weir , Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions , effective immediately . This was denied in a joint statement by all three men , but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end . Weir then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest , but they were sacked on 31 December 2017 . Brighton & Hove Albion . As of April 2019 , Weir was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs . Personal life . As of 2011 , Weir and his wife Fiona had four children : Lucas , Jensen , Kenzie and Ruben . Jensen is also a footballer who plays as a midfielder ; born in Warrington , he has played for both Scotland and England at under-17 level . Honours . Falkirk - Scottish Challenge Cup : 1993–94 Heart of Midlothian - Scottish Cup : 1997–98 Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Scottish Cup : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Scottish League Cup : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Scotland - Kirin Cup : 2006 Individual - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : February 2010
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[
"Everton"
] |
easy
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David Weir (Scottish footballer) played for which team from 1999 to 2007?
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/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)#P54#3
|
David Weir ( Scottish footballer ) David Gillespie Weir ( born 10 May 1970 ) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player . Born in Falkirk , Weir played as a defender , and began his professional career with his home-town club , Falkirk , after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States . After four seasons with the Bairns , Weir then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup . He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club , becoming club captain under two different managers . Weir then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009 . Weir called time on his playing career in May 2012 . Weir won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad . He retired from international football in 2002 , when Berti Vogts was the manager , but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004 . Weir became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010 . He finished his international career with 69 caps , which makes him Scotlands seventh-most capped player . Weir had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013 . He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford , Rangers and Nottingham Forest . Playing career . Club . Evansville Purple Aces . Weir was scouted by the University of Evansville . He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991 . Weir excelled in this position , scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year . This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990 . Weir is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points . Falkirk . Upon returning from the United States Weir trained with Celtic ; however , he did not sign a professional contract . In 1992 , he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals . He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division . Weir also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December , playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 June 1996 , Weir moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian . He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later . Weir netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock . His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996 . Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell . Weir won his second career honour , the 1998 Scottish Cup , by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park . He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000 . Weir played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals . Everton . Weir joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won , 5–0 , coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes . Weirs first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998 , however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough . At the end of the 2001–02 season , Weir was voted Evertons Player of the Year by planetfootballs readers , with Weir the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes . In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003 , Weir received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off . He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club , playing regularly for eight years , making 269 appearances ( scoring 10 goals in the process ) , playing in European competition , becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and David Moyes – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees . During the 2005–06 season , his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round . After being eliminated in the Champions League , Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again , this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup . Rangers . On 16 January 2007 , Weir signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early . He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith . He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007 . His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract . After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007 , he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family . His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract , which was due to expire at the end of that season . Weir signed a one-year extension to his deal , keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008 . He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier , on 31 July 2007 . Weir was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple . Despite being in his late 30s , he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence . Weir won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008 , as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory . On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal . He was appointed Rangers captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty . Weir won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties . In March 2010 , Weir won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season . On 7 May 2010 it was announced Weir had also won the Scottish Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year Award , the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday . Soon afterwards , Weir agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties . He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010 , aged 40 years 211 days . Weir captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point . On 26 May 2011 , it was announced that Weir was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C . Hall of Fame . He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club . On 17 July 2011 , Weir signed a new one-year deal with Rangers . Following Walter Smiths retirement as manager , Ally McCoist succeeded him . Under McCoist , Weir did not play in the League , and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis . Weir made his last appearance in the Champions League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF . Weir played for 29 minutes , before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz . On 17 January 2012 , he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England . The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks , however he moved into coaching instead . International . Weir earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997 . He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001 . Weir temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts . He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004 . Weir became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap . This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006 , in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win . He captained Scotland four times . On 24 August 2010 , Weir was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010 . Weir became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010 , aged 40 years and 116 days , breaking Jim Leightons previous record of 40 years and 78 days . Coaching and management . Everton coach . In February 2012 , Weir returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the clubs academy and reserve teams . He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return . When manager David Moyes left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013 , Weir was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton , but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez . Sheffield United manager . In June 2013 , Weir signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United . Despite winning his first competitive game in charge , a 2–1 victory over Notts County , United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches , leading to growing pressure from the clubs fans for Weir to be sacked . After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United , eliminating them from the Football League Trophy , Weir was sacked on 11 October 2013 . Assistant to Mark Warburton . Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan , Weir was appointed as Mark Warburtons assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013 . After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship , Weir signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club . On 17 February 2015 , it was announced that Weir , Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season . On 15 June 2015 , Weir returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton . Weir and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016 . In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that Weir , Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions , effective immediately . This was denied in a joint statement by all three men , but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end . Weir then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest , but they were sacked on 31 December 2017 . Brighton & Hove Albion . As of April 2019 , Weir was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs . Personal life . As of 2011 , Weir and his wife Fiona had four children : Lucas , Jensen , Kenzie and Ruben . Jensen is also a footballer who plays as a midfielder ; born in Warrington , he has played for both Scotland and England at under-17 level . Honours . Falkirk - Scottish Challenge Cup : 1993–94 Heart of Midlothian - Scottish Cup : 1997–98 Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Scottish Cup : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Scottish League Cup : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Scotland - Kirin Cup : 2006 Individual - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : February 2010
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[
"Rangers"
] |
easy
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David Weir (Scottish footballer) played for which team from 2007 to 2010?
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/wiki/David_Weir_(Scottish_footballer)#P54#4
|
David Weir ( Scottish footballer ) David Gillespie Weir ( born 10 May 1970 ) is a Scottish football coach and former professional player . Born in Falkirk , Weir played as a defender , and began his professional career with his home-town club , Falkirk , after having attended the University of Evansville in the United States . After four seasons with the Bairns , Weir then moved on to Heart of Midlothian where he won the 1998 Scottish Cup . He joined Everton in 1999 and spent seven years with the club , becoming club captain under two different managers . Weir then moved to Rangers in 2007 and became club captain after Barry Ferguson was stripped of the role in April 2009 . Weir called time on his playing career in May 2012 . Weir won his first cap for the Scotland national football team in 1997 and was selected for their 1998 FIFA World Cup squad . He retired from international football in 2002 , when Berti Vogts was the manager , but returned when Walter Smith took charge in 2004 . Weir became the oldest Scotland player when he played in UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches in 2010 . He finished his international career with 69 caps , which makes him Scotlands seventh-most capped player . Weir had a brief spell as manager of Sheffield United in 2013 . He has since assisted Mark Warburton at Brentford , Rangers and Nottingham Forest . Playing career . Club . Evansville Purple Aces . Weir was scouted by the University of Evansville . He moved to the United States on a scholarship from 1988 to 1991 . Weir excelled in this position , scoring 28 goals in 27 matches during his senior year . This form led to him being named an NCAA All-American and Midwest Collegiate Conference Player of the Year in 1990 . Weir is tied for the school record with 50 career goals and ranks second in school history with 129 career points . Falkirk . Upon returning from the United States Weir trained with Celtic ; however , he did not sign a professional contract . In 1992 , he joined then Scottish First Division side Falkirk and went on to make 134 appearances for the club and score eight goals . He was part of the side which won promotion to the Scottish Premier Division . Weir also won the 1993 Scottish Challenge Cup on 12 December , playing in the side that defeated St Mirren 3–0 at Fir Park in Motherwell . Heart of Midlothian . On 30 June 1996 , Weir moved to Premier Division side Heart of Midlothian . He made his debut for the club in a League Cup match against Stenhousemuir on 14 August 1996 and scored his first goal three days later . Weir netted Hearts second goal in a 3–2 win over Kilmarnock . His first sending off was in an infamous game against Rangers at Ibrox on 14 September 1996 . Rangers won the match 3–0 but Hearts had four players ordered off in a twenty-minute spell . Weir won his second career honour , the 1998 Scottish Cup , by beating Rangers 2–1 in the final at Celtic Park . He left Tynecastle midway through the following season when he was purchased by Everton for £250,000 . Weir played 116 games in all for Hearts and scored twelve goals . Everton . Weir joined Everton on 16 February 1999 and made his debut in a league match against Middlesbrough the next day as Everton won , 5–0 , coming on as a substitute for John Oster after 73 minutes . Weirs first goal for Everton was a last-minute equaliser against Leeds United in a 4–4 draw in October 1998 , however the following week he picked up his first red card for Everton in another game against Middlesbrough . At the end of the 2001–02 season , Weir was voted Evertons Player of the Year by planetfootballs readers , with Weir the only player to reach four figures in terms of votes . In the Merseyside derby match on 19 April 2003 , Weir received a red card as Everton lost 2–1 and played with 9 men after Gary Naysmith was also sent off . He had a very successful time with the Merseyside club , playing regularly for eight years , making 269 appearances ( scoring 10 goals in the process ) , playing in European competition , becoming club captain under two different managers – Walter Smith and David Moyes – and winning the bulk of his Scotland caps on the strength of his performances for the Toffees . During the 2005–06 season , his side played in UEFA Champions League but lost 4–2 on aggregate to Spanish side Villarreal CF in the third qualifying round . After being eliminated in the Champions League , Everton played in the UEFA Cup but lost again , this time to Romanian side Dinamo București 5–2 on aggregate in the first round of UEFA Cup . Rangers . On 16 January 2007 , Weir signed for Rangers on an initial six-month deal after Everton released him from his contract early . He teamed up again with former manager Walter Smith . He made his Rangers debut against Dunfermline Athletic on 21 January 2007 . His performances for the Glasgow club were enough to secure a one-year contract . After his man-of-the-match performance against St Mirren on 8 April 2007 , he revealed that he may remain at Rangers for the 2007–08 season after discussing the issue with his family . His agent met with Rangers on 19 April to discuss a possible extension to his contract , which was due to expire at the end of that season . Weir signed a one-year extension to his deal , keeping him at Rangers until the summer of 2008 . He scored his first Rangers goal against FK Zeta in a UEFA Champions League qualifier , on 31 July 2007 . Weir was highly praised for his endurance during the 2007–08 season as Rangers chased The Quadruple . Despite being in his late 30s , he managed sixty appearances that season and produced some outstanding performances alongside Carlos Cuéllar in the centre of defence . Weir won his third and fourth trophies of his career in 2008 , as Rangers claimed Scottish Cup and League Cup glory . On 3 July he signed a further one-year contract extension to his deal . He was appointed Rangers captain on 3 April 2009 after Barry Ferguson had been stripped the role following an incident whilst on international duty . Weir won the League and Cup double in season 2008–09 with Rangers and signed a further one-year contract extension which saw playing into his forties . In March 2010 , Weir won the Player of the month award for February and followed this up with the Clydesdale Bank Premier League Player of the Year award for the 2009–10 season . On 7 May 2010 it was announced Weir had also won the Scottish Football Writers Association Footballer of the Year Award , the oldest player ever to receive this accolade – just three days before his 40th birthday . Soon afterwards , Weir agreed another one-year contract which saw him play on into his forties . He became the third oldest player ever to compete in the UEFA Champions League on 14 September 2010 in Rangers 0–0 away draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford and he became the joint oldest outfield player in Champions League history when he played against Bursaspor in December 2010 , aged 40 years 211 days . Weir captured his third league title with Rangers as captain on the week of his 41st birthday when Rangers defeated Kilmarnock 5–1 on the last day of the season beating Celtic to the title by a single point . On 26 May 2011 , it was announced that Weir was to be inducted into the Rangers F.C . Hall of Fame . He has become the first ever player to be inducted into the Hall of Fame whilst under contract at the club . On 17 July 2011 , Weir signed a new one-year deal with Rangers . Following Walter Smiths retirement as manager , Ally McCoist succeeded him . Under McCoist , Weir did not play in the League , and he was replaced as captain by Steven Davis . Weir made his last appearance in the Champions League Third qualifying round 1st leg against Swedish side Malmö FF . Weir played for 29 minutes , before being replaced by Juan Manuel Ortiz . On 17 January 2012 , he announced that he would be leaving Rangers in order to continue his career at an unnamed club in England . The club he was close to signing for was Sheffield United and he trained with the Blades for several weeks , however he moved into coaching instead . International . Weir earned his first cap for Scotland in a 1–0 defeat to Wales on 27 May 1997 . He scored his one and only goal for Scotland in a World Cup qualifier against Latvia at Hampden Park on 6 October 2001 . Weir temporarily retired from international football in 2002 after his performance in a UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying match against the Faroe Islands was criticised by manager Berti Vogts . He returned to international football when Walter Smith was appointed Scotland manager in December 2004 . Weir became a member of the Scotland national football team roll of honour when he won his 50th Scotland cap . This milestone came in a match against Lithuania on 6 September 2006 , in which he captained his country to a 2–1 win . He captained Scotland four times . On 24 August 2010 , Weir was recalled to the Scotland squad at the age of 40 for the Euro 2012 qualifying matches against Lithuania and Liechtenstein in September 2010 . Weir became the oldest ever Scottish football international when he played against Lithuania on 3 September 2010 , aged 40 years and 116 days , breaking Jim Leightons previous record of 40 years and 78 days . Coaching and management . Everton coach . In February 2012 , Weir returned to Everton in a coaching capacity with the clubs academy and reserve teams . He made his reserve-team debut for the club against Liverpool on the day of his return . When manager David Moyes left the club to replace Sir Alex Ferguson at Manchester United in May 2013 , Weir was interviewed by Bill Kenwright for the vacant role at Everton , but the job instead went to Roberto Martínez . Sheffield United manager . In June 2013 , Weir signed a three-year deal to manage League One side Sheffield United . Despite winning his first competitive game in charge , a 2–1 victory over Notts County , United struggled under his management and failed to win any of their following twelve matches , leading to growing pressure from the clubs fans for Weir to be sacked . After United were beaten at home by League Two side Hartlepool United , eliminating them from the Football League Trophy , Weir was sacked on 11 October 2013 . Assistant to Mark Warburton . Following the departure of caretaker Alan Kernaghan , Weir was appointed as Mark Warburtons assistant manager at League One side Brentford on 16 December 2013 . After a successful season which saw Brentford promoted to the Championship , Weir signed a new one-year rolling contract to remain with the Griffin Park club . On 17 February 2015 , it was announced that Weir , Warburton and Sporting Director Frank McParland would leave Brentford at the end of the 2014–15 season . On 15 June 2015 , Weir returned to Rangers on a three-year deal to assist Warburton . Weir and Warburton extended their contracts with Rangers by a further year in July 2016 . In February 2017 Rangers released an official statement claiming that Weir , Warburton and head of recruitment Frank McParland had resigned their positions , effective immediately . This was denied in a joint statement by all three men , but their tenure at the club had nonetheless come to an end . Weir then assisted Warburton at Nottingham Forest , but they were sacked on 31 December 2017 . Brighton & Hove Albion . As of April 2019 , Weir was working for Brighton & Hove Albion in a role where he manages young players who are loaned out to foreign clubs . Personal life . As of 2011 , Weir and his wife Fiona had four children : Lucas , Jensen , Kenzie and Ruben . Jensen is also a footballer who plays as a midfielder ; born in Warrington , he has played for both Scotland and England at under-17 level . Honours . Falkirk - Scottish Challenge Cup : 1993–94 Heart of Midlothian - Scottish Cup : 1997–98 Rangers - Scottish Premier League : 2008–09 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 - Scottish Cup : 2007–08 , 2008–09 - Scottish League Cup : 2007–08 , 2009–10 , 2010–11 Scotland - Kirin Cup : 2006 Individual - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Year : 2010 - Scottish Premier League Player of the Month : February 2010
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[
"Deputy Director of the Thermal Physics Institute in the newly convened Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR"
] |
easy
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Which employer did Samson Kutateladze work for from 1959 to 1962?
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/wiki/Samson_Kutateladze#P108#0
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Samson Kutateladze Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ( ; – 20 March 1986 ) was a Soviet heat physicist and hydrodynamist . Biography . Early life . Kutateladzes parents divorced when he was four , and he was raised by his mother , Aleksandra Vladimirovna , an obstetric nurse . His father , Semen Samsonovich , had been a nobleman ; he was before the Great October Revolution a student at Petrograd University and then an army officer . He was arrested in 1937 and died in a camp near Novosibirsk . Following the divorce , Kutateladze and his mother lived for a few years in Georgia , returning in 1922 to Petrograd . Maturity . Hoping to supplement the familys low income , Kutateladze left school to find work on completing the eighth grade at Leningrads Secondary School 193 . His first job was as a fitter apprentice at the Chimgaz plant ; shortly afterwards he entered a technical school associated with the Leningrad Regional Heat Engineering Institute , now known as the Polzunov Boiler and Turbine Institute . Kutateladze started his research without higher education and worked in the institute until 1958 , rising to the position of full professor and head of a major department . His career was interrupted only by the Great Patriotic War , when Kutateladze served as a marine on the Northern Front . He was wounded in the first days of the Nazi offensive on Murmansk , and carried an unextractable German bullet in his right leg until his death . In 1958 Kutateladze left his position at the Physical-Technical Department of the Polzunov Institute in 1958 to become Deputy Director of the Thermal Physics Institute in the newly convened Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . He was a major designer of the Institute of Thermal Physics and its Director from 1964 up to death . In 1994 the institute was renamed , in honor of him , as the Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics . Kutateladzes son , Semen Samsonovich Kutateladze , is a distinguished Russian mathematician . Scientific heritage . Samson Kutateladze is renowned for his hydrodynamic theory of the burnout crisis of film boiling and for his theory of relative limit laws of wall turbulence . He propounded the latter in Siberia , together with his student , who went on to become a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Awards and honors . - Max Jakob Memorial Award ( 1969 ) - Polzunov Award of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( 1976 ) - Elected as a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( 1979 ) - USSR State Prize ( 1983 ) - Received the title Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1984 ) - Russian Federation State Prize ( 1988 ) Major publications . - S.S . Kutateladze . Fundamentals of Heat Transfer under State Transformations of Matter , Mashgiz Publishers , 1939 . - S.S . Kutateladze and R.V . Tsukerman , Overview of the Development of the Theory of Heat in the Works of Russian Scientists in the 18th and 19th Centuries , State Energy Publishers , 1949 . - S.S . Kutateladze and R.V . Tsukerman , Overview of the Research of Russian Scientists and Engineers in the Area of Boiler Technology , State Energy Publishers , 1951 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling , United States Atomic Commission , 1952 . - S.S . Kutateladze et al. , Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer Media , Consultans Bureau Inc . and Chapman & Hall , 1959 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Fundamentals of Heat Transfer , Academic Press and Arnold , 1963 . - S.S . Kutateladze and V.M . Borishanskii , A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat Transfer , Pergamon Press , 1966 . - S.S . Kutateladze and A.I . Leontiev , Turbulent Boundary Layers in Compressible Gases , Academic Press and Arnold , 1964 ( translated and exquisitely commented by D.B . Spalding ) . - S.S , Kutateladze , Near-Wall Turbulence , Nauka Publishers , 1973 . - S.S . Kutateladze and M.A . Styrikovich , Hydrodynamics of Gas-Liquid Systems , Energy Publishers , 1976 . - S.S . Kutateladze and V.E . Nakoryakov , Heat and Mass Transfer and Waves in Gas-Liquid Systems , Nauka Publishers , 1984 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Similarity Analysis and Physical Models , Nauka Publishers , 1986 . - S.S . Kutateladze and A.I . Leontiev , Heat Transfer , Mass Transfer , and Friction in Turbulent Boundary Layers , Hemisphere Publishing Corporation , 1989 . External links . - S.S . Kutateladze—Winner of the Max Jacob International Award , Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 20 , no . 5 ( 1971 ) , 693—694 - Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ( on his 60th birthday ) , Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics27 , no . 3 ( 1974 ) , 1160—1162 - N.N . Suntsov , S.S . Kutateladze in the A.N . Krylov Naval Academy of Ship Building and Armaments , International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 27 ( 2000 ) , 517—518 - International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research , 2000 , 27 , no . 5-6 ( Special Issue Devoted to Academician Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ) . - A.I . Leontiev , The Unforgettable Samson Semenovich Kutateladze , Thermophysics and Aeromechanics , 2007 , 14 , no . 1 , 13-20 . - The Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics - Biobibliographic Data - The Siberian Heat Physicist
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[
"major designer of the Institute of Thermal Physics and its Director"
] |
easy
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Who did Samson Kutateladze work for from 1962 to 1986?
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/wiki/Samson_Kutateladze#P108#1
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Samson Kutateladze Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ( ; – 20 March 1986 ) was a Soviet heat physicist and hydrodynamist . Biography . Early life . Kutateladzes parents divorced when he was four , and he was raised by his mother , Aleksandra Vladimirovna , an obstetric nurse . His father , Semen Samsonovich , had been a nobleman ; he was before the Great October Revolution a student at Petrograd University and then an army officer . He was arrested in 1937 and died in a camp near Novosibirsk . Following the divorce , Kutateladze and his mother lived for a few years in Georgia , returning in 1922 to Petrograd . Maturity . Hoping to supplement the familys low income , Kutateladze left school to find work on completing the eighth grade at Leningrads Secondary School 193 . His first job was as a fitter apprentice at the Chimgaz plant ; shortly afterwards he entered a technical school associated with the Leningrad Regional Heat Engineering Institute , now known as the Polzunov Boiler and Turbine Institute . Kutateladze started his research without higher education and worked in the institute until 1958 , rising to the position of full professor and head of a major department . His career was interrupted only by the Great Patriotic War , when Kutateladze served as a marine on the Northern Front . He was wounded in the first days of the Nazi offensive on Murmansk , and carried an unextractable German bullet in his right leg until his death . In 1958 Kutateladze left his position at the Physical-Technical Department of the Polzunov Institute in 1958 to become Deputy Director of the Thermal Physics Institute in the newly convened Siberian Division of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR . He was a major designer of the Institute of Thermal Physics and its Director from 1964 up to death . In 1994 the institute was renamed , in honor of him , as the Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics . Kutateladzes son , Semen Samsonovich Kutateladze , is a distinguished Russian mathematician . Scientific heritage . Samson Kutateladze is renowned for his hydrodynamic theory of the burnout crisis of film boiling and for his theory of relative limit laws of wall turbulence . He propounded the latter in Siberia , together with his student , who went on to become a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences . Awards and honors . - Max Jakob Memorial Award ( 1969 ) - Polzunov Award of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( 1976 ) - Elected as a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( 1979 ) - USSR State Prize ( 1983 ) - Received the title Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1984 ) - Russian Federation State Prize ( 1988 ) Major publications . - S.S . Kutateladze . Fundamentals of Heat Transfer under State Transformations of Matter , Mashgiz Publishers , 1939 . - S.S . Kutateladze and R.V . Tsukerman , Overview of the Development of the Theory of Heat in the Works of Russian Scientists in the 18th and 19th Centuries , State Energy Publishers , 1949 . - S.S . Kutateladze and R.V . Tsukerman , Overview of the Research of Russian Scientists and Engineers in the Area of Boiler Technology , State Energy Publishers , 1951 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling , United States Atomic Commission , 1952 . - S.S . Kutateladze et al. , Liquid-Metal Heat Transfer Media , Consultans Bureau Inc . and Chapman & Hall , 1959 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Fundamentals of Heat Transfer , Academic Press and Arnold , 1963 . - S.S . Kutateladze and V.M . Borishanskii , A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat Transfer , Pergamon Press , 1966 . - S.S . Kutateladze and A.I . Leontiev , Turbulent Boundary Layers in Compressible Gases , Academic Press and Arnold , 1964 ( translated and exquisitely commented by D.B . Spalding ) . - S.S , Kutateladze , Near-Wall Turbulence , Nauka Publishers , 1973 . - S.S . Kutateladze and M.A . Styrikovich , Hydrodynamics of Gas-Liquid Systems , Energy Publishers , 1976 . - S.S . Kutateladze and V.E . Nakoryakov , Heat and Mass Transfer and Waves in Gas-Liquid Systems , Nauka Publishers , 1984 . - S.S . Kutateladze , Similarity Analysis and Physical Models , Nauka Publishers , 1986 . - S.S . Kutateladze and A.I . Leontiev , Heat Transfer , Mass Transfer , and Friction in Turbulent Boundary Layers , Hemisphere Publishing Corporation , 1989 . External links . - S.S . Kutateladze—Winner of the Max Jacob International Award , Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 20 , no . 5 ( 1971 ) , 693—694 - Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ( on his 60th birthday ) , Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics27 , no . 3 ( 1974 ) , 1160—1162 - N.N . Suntsov , S.S . Kutateladze in the A.N . Krylov Naval Academy of Ship Building and Armaments , International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 27 ( 2000 ) , 517—518 - International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research , 2000 , 27 , no . 5-6 ( Special Issue Devoted to Academician Samson Semenovich Kutateladze ) . - A.I . Leontiev , The Unforgettable Samson Semenovich Kutateladze , Thermophysics and Aeromechanics , 2007 , 14 , no . 1 , 13-20 . - The Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics - Biobibliographic Data - The Siberian Heat Physicist
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[
"Cesena"
] |
easy
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Which team did Massimo Ambrosini play for from 1994 to 1995?
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/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#0
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Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
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[
"Cesena",
"Vicenza"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Massimo Ambrosini belong to from 1995 to 1997?
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/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#1
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Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
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easy
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Which team did the player Massimo Ambrosini belong to from 1997 to 1998?
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/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#2
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Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Milan"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Massimo Ambrosini belong to from 1998 to 1999?
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/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#3
|
Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Italian squad"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Massimo Ambrosini play for from 1999 to 2000?
|
/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#4
|
Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Italy"
] |
easy
|
Massimo Ambrosini played for which team in 2000?
|
/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#5
|
Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Milan",
"Italy"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Massimo Ambrosini belong to from 2000 to 2008?
|
/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#6
|
Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Fiorentina"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Massimo Ambrosini play for from 2013 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Massimo_Ambrosini#P54#7
|
Massimo Ambrosini Massimo Ambrosini ( ; born 29 May 1977 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who mainly played as a defensive midfielder . At club level , he is mostly known for his successful time at Italian team AC Milan , where he spent eighteen years of his career , winning several titles , and captained the side from 2009 to 2013 following the retirement of Paolo Maldini . Ambrosini retired from professional football in 2014 , after a season with Fiorentina . At international level , he represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics , and in two UEFA European Championships , winning a runners-up medal at UEFA Euro 2000 . He currently works as a pundit and football commentator for Sky Sport Italia . Club career . Milan . Ambrosini began his career with Cesena and graduated to their first team at the age of 17 during the 1994–95 season . Milan coach Fabio Capello then won the race to sign him the following year , and despite facing tough competition to break into the all-star Milan side , Ambrosini was given a handful of games as the team romped to the Serie A championship . Used in the 1996–97 season only sporadically , Ambrosini was sent on loan to Vicenza , where he was given a spot in the teams starting line-up almost immediately , and helped his team avoid relegation at the end of the season . He also reached the semi-final of UEFA Cup Winners Cup with Vicenza . Recalled to the San Siro , Ambrosini at last made a first-team place his own as Milan won back the Serie A championship in 1999 . A regular the following term , he then saw his chances limited by a troublesome knee injury before returning to full fitness to help Milan win the Coppa Italia ( scoring in a 4–1 win in the first leg of the final over Roma ) and the UEFA Champions League during the 2002–03 season , where he replaced Rui Costa in the 87th minute of the final against Juventus , held at Old Trafford . In 2003–04 , although unable to establish himself as a first-team starter due to a series of niggling injuries and a loss of form , Ambrosini made 20 Serie A appearances – predominantly as a substitute – and scored one goal as Milan captured their 17th Serie A championship . In March 2005 , he renewed his contract to June 2008 . In 2004–05 , he struggled to break into Milan first team , making only made 22 Serie A appearances and scoring one goal . It is his late goal , however , that took Milan to the UEFA Champions League final . With Milan losing 2–0 , a scoreline which would have sent the match to extra time as Milan defeated PSV with the same score in the San Siro , Ambrosini scored a header in second half injury time to bring the score to 2–1 and give Milan the 3–2 aggregate lead . PSV immediately responded with a goal of their own to tie the aggregate score at 3–3 , but Milan advanced to the final on the away goals rule . Ambrosini , however , missed the final in Istanbul with yet another injury as Milan were defeated on penalties by Liverpool . In 2005–06 , he again suffered a series of injuries which limited him to just 13 Serie A appearances and one goal , thus making him out of contention for the Italian squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany . Unlike the previous seasons , 2006–07 became Ambrosinis late breakthrough as he had fully recovered from his recurring injuries . Although not an immediate starter at the beginning , following a series of stunning performances , he eventually made his way into the teams starting 11 , prompting Carlo Ancelotti to change his preferred formation from 4–3–1–2 to 4–3–2–1 ( alternatively , 4–4–1–1 ) , in which he would play a left-sided defensive midfielder , in a role similar to that of Gennaro Gattuso responsible for winning back possession and passing the ball to either a deep-lying playmaker Andrea Pirlo or other attacking players . He scored two decisive goals in Serie A against Sampdoria and Atalanta , both with his head . He was also a key member to Milans victory over Bayern Munich and Manchester United in the UEFA Champions League , balancing the game for Milan through his vision and leadership skills ; his long pass from his teams half of the pitch to an unmarked striker Alberto Gilardino helped ensure Milans eventual 3–0 victory as Gilardino scored a goal that drastically reduced Manchester Uniteds chances of a comeback . This game also prompted Ambrosini to change his mind about leaving Milan due to lack of playing time and extend his contract until June 2010 . Later that month , Ambrosini started in the final of the 2006–07 Champions League and played a strong game in Milans eventual 2–1 win over Liverpool . He was also the last player to touch the ball seconds before the final whistle . In Paolo Maldinis absence , Ambrosini was once again the stand-in captain for the European Super Cup Final against UEFA Cup winners Sevilla FC , which Milan won 3–1 . Ambrosini was Milan captain in the absence of Paolo Maldini throughout the 2007–08 campaign . In this campaign , Ambrosini scored four goals . He scored decisive goals against Palermo and Empoli , and played very well in the home leg of the Milan derby against Internazionale on 4 May 2008 , setting up the second goal for teammate Kaká and putting in an excellent performance throughout the game , which Milan won 2–1 . However , Milan had failed to earn 3 points in each single game leading up to a 4–1 win against Udinese on the final day of the season , thus finishing only in fifth place and qualifying for 2008–09 UEFA Cup instead of the desired Champions League . During the 2008–09 campaign , Ambrosini was once again a regular fixture in the Milan starting lineup , making 26 appearances in the teams Serie A campaign . During a pre-season friendly tournament against Juventus , Ambrosini was named Man of the Match as he netted twice to secure a Milan victory . His second goal was a superb effort into the roof of the net , past a bewildered Alex Manninger . This season was also memorable for him as he had managed a season total of eight goals ( one in the UEFA Cup ) , more than he has scored in any season in his career with Milan . The goals included a brilliant header off David Beckhams free kick against Lazio , and a well-placed goal in a 5–1 win over Torino . Ambrosini also scored his first double in a competitive fixture in a 3–2 loss to Roma during Paolo Maldinis final home game , and received a standing ovation from the home crowd despite being sent off by the referee for a second yellow card . On 6 July 2009 , as the Milan team reunited for pre-season training , Ambrosini was officially named club captain , inheriting the armband from Paolo Maldini . On 8 September 2009 , he added one more year to his contract , extending his stay with the team at least until 2011 . He won the Serie A title in 2010–11 season with three games in hand , edging out city rivals Internazionale . On 19 May 2011 , he signed a new , one-year contract . After a disappointing second-place finish in the 2011–12 season and the departure of fellow team greats Filippo Inzaghi , Alessandro Nesta , Gennaro Gattuso , and Clarence Seedorf , Ambrosini was reported to be considering his future with the club , but Adriano Galliani was able to convince Massimo to sign yet another one-year deal and continue on to be the captain for Milan for the 2012–13 season . After a very rough start with several notable defeats , Milan eventually finished the season in the third place behind the defending champions Juventus and runners-up Napoli , securing a spot in the next seasons Champions League qualification play-off . On 11 June 2013 A.C . Milan CEO Adriano Galliani confirmed that the club had decided not to extend Ambrosinis expiring contract , thus ending his eighteen-year stay at Milan . Fiorentina . On 4 July 2013 Fiorentina confirmed on their official website that they had won the race to sign Ambrosini on a one-year deal , beating West Ham United who were also looking to sign him . He made 30 appearances for Fiorentina in his first season with La Viola , helping the club to fourth place in Serie A . Massimo Ambrosini would announce on 21 May 2014 that he would be leaving Fiorentina after one season . International career . Ambrosini made his senior international debut on 28 April 1999 against Croatia , under manager Dino Zoff , and was part of the Italian squad at UEFA Euro 2000 , which ended with an appearance as a substitute in the final loss to reigning World champions France following David Trezeguets golden goal ; he also represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics under Marco Tardelli later that year , where Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual finalists Spain . Ambrosini was unavailable for selection for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals under Giovanni Trapattoni due to injury , and then failed to break into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2004 finals . Under subsequent manager Marcello Lippi , he was also excluded from the national side and was not called up for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which Italy went on to win . On 16 August 2006 , Ambrosini earned his 23rd cap for Italy after almost two years of absence from the squad in a 2–0 friendly home defeat to Croatia ; for this match , he was given the captains armband by coach Roberto Donadoni in the absence of regular contenders for the armband . He was then called up by the national sides manager to Italys squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland , appearing in all four of his nations matches throughout the tournament , as Italy were eliminated in the quarter-finals of the tournament by eventual champions Spain , following a penalty shootout . After Donadonis dismissal , however , Lippi was put back in charge , and Ambrosini was no longer called up for Italy , despite putting in battling displays for Milan . In total he made 35 appearances for Italy . Style of play . A physically strong , tenacious , energetic , and hardworking box-to-box , central , or defensive midfielder , with a wide range of skills , Ambrosini was well regarded for his ability in the air , and was capable of being a goal-threat , in particular from set-pieces , due to his height , elevation , ability to make attacking runs into the area , and his heading accuracy , as well as his powerful striking ability from distance , which even led manager Carlo Ancelotti to deploy him as a centre forward on occasion . Throughout his career , he stood out for his leadership , as well as his stamina , versatility , tactical intelligence , and aggressive tackling . Although Ambrosini primarily served as a ball winner , he was also known for his ability to start attacking plays after winning back possession , courtesy of his vision and passing range , despite his lack of notable technical skills . Despite his ability as a midfielder , he often struggled with injuries throughout his career . Personal life . Massimo Ambrosini is married to an Italian woman , Paola Ambrosini . Ambrosini has two children with his wife , his son Federico Ambrosini was born on 11 May 2009 , and his daughter Angelica Ambrosini was born on 21 November 2011 . Honours . Club . Milan - Serie A : 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 2003–04 , 2010–11 - Coppa Italia : 2002–03 - Supercoppa Italiana : 2004 , 2011 - UEFA Champions League : 2002–03 , 2006–07 - UEFA Super Cup : 2003 , 2007 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2007 International . Italy - UEFA European Championship runner-up : 2000 Individual . - A.C . Milan Hall of Fame External links . - FootballDatabase.com provides Ambrosinis profile and stats - FIFA Profile - UEFA Profile - AIC Profile - FIGC Profile
|
[
"Kelantan FA"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Wan Rohaimi belong to from 1997 to 1998?
|
/wiki/Wan_Rohaimi#P54#0
|
Wan Rohaimi Early life . Wan Rohaimi bin Wan Ismail ( born 19 May 1976 in Kelantan ) is an experienced Malaysian footballer who is currently a coach for a club . Born and studied in Kelantan during childhood , was the second older brother of the seven siblings . Went to Maktab Sultan Ismail , a cluster school in Kelantan for his secondary school . Started representing the school football teams until his youth career with Kelantan FA begins . Football career . Known as a multi-position player as he played for Defender , Central midfielder and Striker during his career . Started his career as a professional football player in 1996 representing Kelantan FA President Cup squad . Was promoted in the senior team after winning the President Cup title in that year . He then shows many improvements with the senior team until being offered to Pahang FA in 1999 . Making his name as one of the top scorers in the league and his first debut with Malaysia national football team friendly match with Arsenal in the same year . He represented many other teams in Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) such as Kelantan FA , Johor FC , Terengganu FA , Selangor FA and Selangor Public Bank FC . Also a former player of Malaysia national football team from 1999 to 2006 . Participated in many national competitions including FIFA World Cup qualifier and Tiger Cup . Coaching career . Started his coaching career with his own academy , WR Soccer Kids based in Kota Bharu , Kelantan . Appointed as Tumpat FA head coach in the middle of FAM League 2013 . He then joined the National Football Development Programme of Malaysia ( NFDP ) coaching staff in 2014 until 2018 . Also a Former u-13 and u-15 Malaysia national team coach participating several national tour under the programme including Iber Cup Estoril , Portugal and Costa Del Sol , Spain where they won the first title in 2015 . Was a national u-16 coaching staff under Lim Teong Kim that participated AFC U-16 Championship in Kuala Lumpur 2017 . In 2019 , he was appointed as Perlis FA Youth Cup ( u-19 ) head coach before the club closed due to financial problems , etc . Currently in Penang FA as President’s Cup ( u-21 ) head coach . His coaching journey in 2020 with Penang FA youth team went well as they had 3 wons and 1 drew out of 4 matches in the President Cup . The great journey then need to be stop as the league was being cancelled due to pandemic COVID-19 . Finishing the league in the third positions sharing the same 10 points with the first and second positions team which are Terengganu FC III and Perak III respectively . In March 2021 , he was appointed as the head coach for PDRM FC in the Malaysia Premier League after 5 matches played . Coaching Philosophy . Has come out with more new football DNA that followed the modern football pattern . Called his own tactical as tic-tac . His favourite coach is Pep Guardiola and Jose Mourinho . In 2019 , WR Notebook has been introduced for the coaches to take note and make some plans about football . He introduces his next book WR Session Plan which gives some example on the football training plan and its description . Followed with Coaching Process as the third book that explains the coach especially in the country on a process to be a good coach . He then introduces a forth book Teknik Asas Bolasepak that was creates especially for the football players and also the coaches to understand the basic knowledge about football for the begineers . Books . - WR Notebook ( a book for coaches/players to make a note or designing the tactical ) - WR Session Plan ( tactical planning complete with 4 training components for a training sessions ) - WR Coaching Process ( a better look on how to be a good coaches ) - WR Teknik Asas Bolasepak ( explains a basic technic for football especially for the begineers ) Honours . Youth career . - 1996 - President Cup gold title with Kelantan FA u-21 Senior career . - 1999 - Premier League first title with Pahang FA - 2001 - Malaysia Cup winner with Terengganu FA - 2002 - Charity Shield silver medal with Pahang FA - 2003 - Charity Shield gold medal with Penang FA - 2006 - Charity Shield silver medal with Selangor FA - 2011 - Malaysia Super League gold medal , Charity Shield gold medal , Malaysia FA Cup silver medal with Kelantan FA Coaching career . - 2015 - Iber Cup Costa Del Sol , Spain gold medal with NFDP Malaysia u-13 - 2016 - KPM League first place with Sekolah Sukan Bukit Jalil ( SSBJ ) u-14 International Achievements . Player . - AFC Cup : 2006 ( Selangor FA ) , 2008/2010 ( Johor Darul Tazim FC ) - Tiger Cup : 2004 ( Malaysia national football team ) - World Cup qualifier : 2006 ( Malaysia national football team ) Coach . - Iber Cup : Costa Del Sol , Spain ( 2015 ) , Estoril , Portugal ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - ASEAN Tour : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - AFC Regional Festival of Football : Brunei , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14 - AFC Cup : Malaysia , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-16 - AFF Cup : Thailand , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-15 - CP-Meiji Cup : Thailand , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14
|
[
"Pahang FA"
] |
easy
|
Wan Rohaimi played for which team from 1999 to 2000?
|
/wiki/Wan_Rohaimi#P54#1
|
Wan Rohaimi Early life . Wan Rohaimi bin Wan Ismail ( born 19 May 1976 in Kelantan ) is an experienced Malaysian footballer who is currently a coach for a club . Born and studied in Kelantan during childhood , was the second older brother of the seven siblings . Went to Maktab Sultan Ismail , a cluster school in Kelantan for his secondary school . Started representing the school football teams until his youth career with Kelantan FA begins . Football career . Known as a multi-position player as he played for Defender , Central midfielder and Striker during his career . Started his career as a professional football player in 1996 representing Kelantan FA President Cup squad . Was promoted in the senior team after winning the President Cup title in that year . He then shows many improvements with the senior team until being offered to Pahang FA in 1999 . Making his name as one of the top scorers in the league and his first debut with Malaysia national football team friendly match with Arsenal in the same year . He represented many other teams in Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) such as Kelantan FA , Johor FC , Terengganu FA , Selangor FA and Selangor Public Bank FC . Also a former player of Malaysia national football team from 1999 to 2006 . Participated in many national competitions including FIFA World Cup qualifier and Tiger Cup . Coaching career . Started his coaching career with his own academy , WR Soccer Kids based in Kota Bharu , Kelantan . Appointed as Tumpat FA head coach in the middle of FAM League 2013 . He then joined the National Football Development Programme of Malaysia ( NFDP ) coaching staff in 2014 until 2018 . Also a Former u-13 and u-15 Malaysia national team coach participating several national tour under the programme including Iber Cup Estoril , Portugal and Costa Del Sol , Spain where they won the first title in 2015 . Was a national u-16 coaching staff under Lim Teong Kim that participated AFC U-16 Championship in Kuala Lumpur 2017 . In 2019 , he was appointed as Perlis FA Youth Cup ( u-19 ) head coach before the club closed due to financial problems , etc . Currently in Penang FA as President’s Cup ( u-21 ) head coach . His coaching journey in 2020 with Penang FA youth team went well as they had 3 wons and 1 drew out of 4 matches in the President Cup . The great journey then need to be stop as the league was being cancelled due to pandemic COVID-19 . Finishing the league in the third positions sharing the same 10 points with the first and second positions team which are Terengganu FC III and Perak III respectively . In March 2021 , he was appointed as the head coach for PDRM FC in the Malaysia Premier League after 5 matches played . Coaching Philosophy . Has come out with more new football DNA that followed the modern football pattern . Called his own tactical as tic-tac . His favourite coach is Pep Guardiola and Jose Mourinho . In 2019 , WR Notebook has been introduced for the coaches to take note and make some plans about football . He introduces his next book WR Session Plan which gives some example on the football training plan and its description . Followed with Coaching Process as the third book that explains the coach especially in the country on a process to be a good coach . He then introduces a forth book Teknik Asas Bolasepak that was creates especially for the football players and also the coaches to understand the basic knowledge about football for the begineers . Books . - WR Notebook ( a book for coaches/players to make a note or designing the tactical ) - WR Session Plan ( tactical planning complete with 4 training components for a training sessions ) - WR Coaching Process ( a better look on how to be a good coaches ) - WR Teknik Asas Bolasepak ( explains a basic technic for football especially for the begineers ) Honours . Youth career . - 1996 - President Cup gold title with Kelantan FA u-21 Senior career . - 1999 - Premier League first title with Pahang FA - 2001 - Malaysia Cup winner with Terengganu FA - 2002 - Charity Shield silver medal with Pahang FA - 2003 - Charity Shield gold medal with Penang FA - 2006 - Charity Shield silver medal with Selangor FA - 2011 - Malaysia Super League gold medal , Charity Shield gold medal , Malaysia FA Cup silver medal with Kelantan FA Coaching career . - 2015 - Iber Cup Costa Del Sol , Spain gold medal with NFDP Malaysia u-13 - 2016 - KPM League first place with Sekolah Sukan Bukit Jalil ( SSBJ ) u-14 International Achievements . Player . - AFC Cup : 2006 ( Selangor FA ) , 2008/2010 ( Johor Darul Tazim FC ) - Tiger Cup : 2004 ( Malaysia national football team ) - World Cup qualifier : 2006 ( Malaysia national football team ) Coach . - Iber Cup : Costa Del Sol , Spain ( 2015 ) , Estoril , Portugal ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - ASEAN Tour : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - AFC Regional Festival of Football : Brunei , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14 - AFC Cup : Malaysia , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-16 - AFF Cup : Thailand , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-15 - CP-Meiji Cup : Thailand , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Wan Rohaimi belong to from 2000 to 2001?
|
/wiki/Wan_Rohaimi#P54#2
|
Wan Rohaimi Early life . Wan Rohaimi bin Wan Ismail ( born 19 May 1976 in Kelantan ) is an experienced Malaysian footballer who is currently a coach for a club . Born and studied in Kelantan during childhood , was the second older brother of the seven siblings . Went to Maktab Sultan Ismail , a cluster school in Kelantan for his secondary school . Started representing the school football teams until his youth career with Kelantan FA begins . Football career . Known as a multi-position player as he played for Defender , Central midfielder and Striker during his career . Started his career as a professional football player in 1996 representing Kelantan FA President Cup squad . Was promoted in the senior team after winning the President Cup title in that year . He then shows many improvements with the senior team until being offered to Pahang FA in 1999 . Making his name as one of the top scorers in the league and his first debut with Malaysia national football team friendly match with Arsenal in the same year . He represented many other teams in Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) such as Kelantan FA , Johor FC , Terengganu FA , Selangor FA and Selangor Public Bank FC . Also a former player of Malaysia national football team from 1999 to 2006 . Participated in many national competitions including FIFA World Cup qualifier and Tiger Cup . Coaching career . Started his coaching career with his own academy , WR Soccer Kids based in Kota Bharu , Kelantan . Appointed as Tumpat FA head coach in the middle of FAM League 2013 . He then joined the National Football Development Programme of Malaysia ( NFDP ) coaching staff in 2014 until 2018 . Also a Former u-13 and u-15 Malaysia national team coach participating several national tour under the programme including Iber Cup Estoril , Portugal and Costa Del Sol , Spain where they won the first title in 2015 . Was a national u-16 coaching staff under Lim Teong Kim that participated AFC U-16 Championship in Kuala Lumpur 2017 . In 2019 , he was appointed as Perlis FA Youth Cup ( u-19 ) head coach before the club closed due to financial problems , etc . Currently in Penang FA as President’s Cup ( u-21 ) head coach . His coaching journey in 2020 with Penang FA youth team went well as they had 3 wons and 1 drew out of 4 matches in the President Cup . The great journey then need to be stop as the league was being cancelled due to pandemic COVID-19 . Finishing the league in the third positions sharing the same 10 points with the first and second positions team which are Terengganu FC III and Perak III respectively . In March 2021 , he was appointed as the head coach for PDRM FC in the Malaysia Premier League after 5 matches played . Coaching Philosophy . Has come out with more new football DNA that followed the modern football pattern . Called his own tactical as tic-tac . His favourite coach is Pep Guardiola and Jose Mourinho . In 2019 , WR Notebook has been introduced for the coaches to take note and make some plans about football . He introduces his next book WR Session Plan which gives some example on the football training plan and its description . Followed with Coaching Process as the third book that explains the coach especially in the country on a process to be a good coach . He then introduces a forth book Teknik Asas Bolasepak that was creates especially for the football players and also the coaches to understand the basic knowledge about football for the begineers . Books . - WR Notebook ( a book for coaches/players to make a note or designing the tactical ) - WR Session Plan ( tactical planning complete with 4 training components for a training sessions ) - WR Coaching Process ( a better look on how to be a good coaches ) - WR Teknik Asas Bolasepak ( explains a basic technic for football especially for the begineers ) Honours . Youth career . - 1996 - President Cup gold title with Kelantan FA u-21 Senior career . - 1999 - Premier League first title with Pahang FA - 2001 - Malaysia Cup winner with Terengganu FA - 2002 - Charity Shield silver medal with Pahang FA - 2003 - Charity Shield gold medal with Penang FA - 2006 - Charity Shield silver medal with Selangor FA - 2011 - Malaysia Super League gold medal , Charity Shield gold medal , Malaysia FA Cup silver medal with Kelantan FA Coaching career . - 2015 - Iber Cup Costa Del Sol , Spain gold medal with NFDP Malaysia u-13 - 2016 - KPM League first place with Sekolah Sukan Bukit Jalil ( SSBJ ) u-14 International Achievements . Player . - AFC Cup : 2006 ( Selangor FA ) , 2008/2010 ( Johor Darul Tazim FC ) - Tiger Cup : 2004 ( Malaysia national football team ) - World Cup qualifier : 2006 ( Malaysia national football team ) Coach . - Iber Cup : Costa Del Sol , Spain ( 2015 ) , Estoril , Portugal ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - ASEAN Tour : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - AFC Regional Festival of Football : Brunei , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14 - AFC Cup : Malaysia , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-16 - AFF Cup : Thailand , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-15 - CP-Meiji Cup : Thailand , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14
|
[
"Malaysia national football team"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Wan Rohaimi play for from 2001 to 2006?
|
/wiki/Wan_Rohaimi#P54#3
|
Wan Rohaimi Early life . Wan Rohaimi bin Wan Ismail ( born 19 May 1976 in Kelantan ) is an experienced Malaysian footballer who is currently a coach for a club . Born and studied in Kelantan during childhood , was the second older brother of the seven siblings . Went to Maktab Sultan Ismail , a cluster school in Kelantan for his secondary school . Started representing the school football teams until his youth career with Kelantan FA begins . Football career . Known as a multi-position player as he played for Defender , Central midfielder and Striker during his career . Started his career as a professional football player in 1996 representing Kelantan FA President Cup squad . Was promoted in the senior team after winning the President Cup title in that year . He then shows many improvements with the senior team until being offered to Pahang FA in 1999 . Making his name as one of the top scorers in the league and his first debut with Malaysia national football team friendly match with Arsenal in the same year . He represented many other teams in Malaysian Football League ( MFL ) such as Kelantan FA , Johor FC , Terengganu FA , Selangor FA and Selangor Public Bank FC . Also a former player of Malaysia national football team from 1999 to 2006 . Participated in many national competitions including FIFA World Cup qualifier and Tiger Cup . Coaching career . Started his coaching career with his own academy , WR Soccer Kids based in Kota Bharu , Kelantan . Appointed as Tumpat FA head coach in the middle of FAM League 2013 . He then joined the National Football Development Programme of Malaysia ( NFDP ) coaching staff in 2014 until 2018 . Also a Former u-13 and u-15 Malaysia national team coach participating several national tour under the programme including Iber Cup Estoril , Portugal and Costa Del Sol , Spain where they won the first title in 2015 . Was a national u-16 coaching staff under Lim Teong Kim that participated AFC U-16 Championship in Kuala Lumpur 2017 . In 2019 , he was appointed as Perlis FA Youth Cup ( u-19 ) head coach before the club closed due to financial problems , etc . Currently in Penang FA as President’s Cup ( u-21 ) head coach . His coaching journey in 2020 with Penang FA youth team went well as they had 3 wons and 1 drew out of 4 matches in the President Cup . The great journey then need to be stop as the league was being cancelled due to pandemic COVID-19 . Finishing the league in the third positions sharing the same 10 points with the first and second positions team which are Terengganu FC III and Perak III respectively . In March 2021 , he was appointed as the head coach for PDRM FC in the Malaysia Premier League after 5 matches played . Coaching Philosophy . Has come out with more new football DNA that followed the modern football pattern . Called his own tactical as tic-tac . His favourite coach is Pep Guardiola and Jose Mourinho . In 2019 , WR Notebook has been introduced for the coaches to take note and make some plans about football . He introduces his next book WR Session Plan which gives some example on the football training plan and its description . Followed with Coaching Process as the third book that explains the coach especially in the country on a process to be a good coach . He then introduces a forth book Teknik Asas Bolasepak that was creates especially for the football players and also the coaches to understand the basic knowledge about football for the begineers . Books . - WR Notebook ( a book for coaches/players to make a note or designing the tactical ) - WR Session Plan ( tactical planning complete with 4 training components for a training sessions ) - WR Coaching Process ( a better look on how to be a good coaches ) - WR Teknik Asas Bolasepak ( explains a basic technic for football especially for the begineers ) Honours . Youth career . - 1996 - President Cup gold title with Kelantan FA u-21 Senior career . - 1999 - Premier League first title with Pahang FA - 2001 - Malaysia Cup winner with Terengganu FA - 2002 - Charity Shield silver medal with Pahang FA - 2003 - Charity Shield gold medal with Penang FA - 2006 - Charity Shield silver medal with Selangor FA - 2011 - Malaysia Super League gold medal , Charity Shield gold medal , Malaysia FA Cup silver medal with Kelantan FA Coaching career . - 2015 - Iber Cup Costa Del Sol , Spain gold medal with NFDP Malaysia u-13 - 2016 - KPM League first place with Sekolah Sukan Bukit Jalil ( SSBJ ) u-14 International Achievements . Player . - AFC Cup : 2006 ( Selangor FA ) , 2008/2010 ( Johor Darul Tazim FC ) - Tiger Cup : 2004 ( Malaysia national football team ) - World Cup qualifier : 2006 ( Malaysia national football team ) Coach . - Iber Cup : Costa Del Sol , Spain ( 2015 ) , Estoril , Portugal ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - ASEAN Tour : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam ( 2015 ) Malaysia national football team u-13 - AFC Regional Festival of Football : Brunei , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14 - AFC Cup : Malaysia , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-16 - AFF Cup : Thailand , ( 2017 ) Malaysia national football team u-15 - CP-Meiji Cup : Thailand , ( 2016 ) Malaysia national football team u-14
|
[
"Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly"
] |
easy
|
What position did Peter Coleman take from Feb 1968 to Oct 1978?
|
/wiki/Peter_Coleman#P39#0
|
Peter Coleman William Peter Coleman ( 15 December 1928 – 31 March 2019 ) was an Australian writer and politician . A widely published journalist for over 60 years , he was editor of The Bulletin ( 1964–1967 ) and of Quadrant for 20 years , and published 16 books on political , biographical and cultural subjects . While still working as an editor and journalist he had a short but distinguished political career as a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1968–1978 for the Liberal Party , serving both as a Minister in the State Cabinet and in the final year as Leader of the New South Wales Opposition . From 1981–1987 he was the member for Wentworth in the Australian House of Representatives . Early life . Coleman was born in Melbourne , the son of Stanley Charles Coleman , an advertising agent , and Norma Victoria Tiernan . Moving to Sydney , he was educated at North Sydney Boys High School and at the University of Sydney under philosophers John Anderson and John Passmore . Fellow students included the philosophers David Armstrong and David Stove . Coleman then travelled to the United Kingdom to study political philosophy at the London School of Economics under Michael Oakeshott , completing a thesis on the French philosopher Georges Sorel . He graduated as Master of Science ( Economics ) in 1952 . On 5 April 1952 he married the writer and librarian , Verna Scott . Together they had two daughters , Tanya , who became a lawyer and later wife of Deputy Liberal Leader Peter Costello , Ursula , a childrens writer , and a son William , who is an economist . After teaching English for a year in the Sudan , Coleman returned to Australia to undertake a career as a journalist . In 1958 he became associate editor of The Observer , a fortnightly magazine founded in 1958 and published by Australian Consolidated Press . Other staff members included the editor Donald Horne and financial editor Michael Baume . In 1961 it was absorbed by the legendary but ailing political and literary magazine The Bulletin and Coleman subsequently became editor of The Bulletin between 1964 and 1967 . In these years he published his first books Australian Civilization , a symposium which brought together writers and critics ranging from Manning Clark and Max Harris to James McAuley and Vincent Buckley ; Obscenity Blasphemy Sedition , a study of the first 100 years of censorship in Australia ; the anthology The Bulletin Book ; and Cartoons of Australian History , with cartoonist Les Tanner . When Coleman resigned from The Bulletin in 1967 he became editor of Quadrant magazine , a position he held for twenty years . Political life . In 1968 Coleman was elected the Liberal member for Fuller , a marginal seat taking in North Ryde , Gladesville and Hunters Hill , in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , defeating the Labor Member Frank Downing . Originally serving on the backbench , Coleman gained experience through his appointment as a member of the Australian Council for the Arts from 1968 to 1973 , a councillor of the National Institute of Dramatic Art from 1970 to 1985 , and as Chairman of the Interim Council of the National Film and Television School from 1971 to 1973 . In 1974 , Coleman became the Chairman of the Select Committee into Appointment of Judges to the High Court , which examined different judicial appointment methods prior to the 1977 Federal Referendum . Coleman was then further promoted in June 1975 as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier Tom Lewis , in which capacity he served only five months until his promotion to Cabinet . He was made a Minister of the Crown in October 1975 as the Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Revenue . When Sir Eric Willis became Premier , Coleman was appointed to the revived office of Chief Secretary from January 1976 . He served in Cabinet until the defeat of the Willis government in the May 1976 election , at which he retained his seat on a slightly increased margin of 52% . In opposition under Eric Willis , Coleman served as the Shadow Minister for Justice and Services . On 15 December 1977 four party MPs declared that they would oppose Willis in a leadership ballot the next day . On 16 December 1977 , Willis resigned and Coleman was elected as the leader by the party . At the 1978 election , Coleman and the Coalition campaigned on a platform based around the spectre of Whitlamism and attempted to undermine the strong central leadership of Wran . This failed to resonate with voters , and the election , which was later termed the Wranslide , saw a massive defeat for the Opposition Coalition . Coleman himself lost his seat of Fuller to Hunters Hill Municipal Council Alderman , Rodney Cavalier , a result that had been anticipated by some . In September 1979 , Coleman was appointed as Administrator of Norfolk Island . Following the resignation of Robert Ellicott , he gained Liberal Party pre-selection for the federal seat of Wentworth and was elected in a by-election in April 1981 . He retired from parliament before the 1987 election and resumed his literary career . Post-politics . On leaving politics , Coleman resumed his career as a full-time writer , publishing widely both journalism and books , including a major history of the intellectuals and the Cold War , The Liberal Conspiracy . The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe and biographical works on the Australian poet James McAuley , comic artist Barry Humphries , film director Bruce Beresford and economist Heinz Arndt . He also published a selection of poetry , a cookbook and a collection of his Quadrant essays , The Last Intellectuals . In 2008 Coleman assisted his son-in-law , Peter Costello , in writing and editing his account of his career : The Costello Memoirs : The Age of Prosperity . During this period he also recorded interviews , held by the National Library of Australia as part of the oral history project , with leading Australian figures in journalism , arts , law , economics , philosophy and politics , including Hugh Atkinson , Garfield Barwick , Bruce Beresford , Jim Carlton , Madge Eddy , Charles Higham , Kenneth Jacobs , Eugene Kamenka , Michael Kirby , Kenneth Minogue , Barry Oakley , Desmond OGrady , Clyde Packer , John Passmore , Peter Porter , Adrian Rawlins and Amy Witting . He was a regular contributor to the Australian edition of The Spectator with a weekly column entitled Australian Notes and also contributed to The Australian and ABC programs . Coleman died on 31 March 2019 . Honours . In 2001 Coleman was awarded the Centenary Medal . In 2008 he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Letters ( honoris causa ) at the University of Sydney for services to Australian intellectual life . On 8 June 2015 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia ( AO ) for distinguished service to the print media industry as a noted editor , journalist , biographer and author , to the Parliaments of Australia and New South Wales , and to the community . Bibliography . Books . - Republished ( 2015 ) Connor Court Publishing Ballarat - Republished ( 2000 ) by Duffy & Snellgrove , Sydney - Republished ( 1973 ) Republished ( 1978 ) enlarged edition - Republished ( 2006 ) Connor Court Publishing - Preface - Chapter One A bit of Stick - Books edited - Introduction Essays , interviews , chapters , lectures . - An Interview with Peter Coleman Frank Devine , Quadrant May 2006 - ‘A Political Formation or No Roads to Damascus ( Cheshire 1963 ) in Australian Politics . A Third Reader edited by Henry Mayer and Helen Nelson . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - Conservative without a Cause ? Andrew Norton Talks with Peter Coleman . Policy Autumn 1995 . - ‘From Fellow Travelling to Political Correctness Political Correctness in South Africa edited by Rainer Erkens and John Kane-Berman . South African Institute of Race Relations , 2000 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - ‘Leaves from the Diary of a Madman in Confessions and Memoirs edited by Michael Wilding and David Myers . Central Queensland University Press , 2006 . - ‘Political Cartoonists , Political Correctness , Political Journalists - The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics edited by Brian Galligan and Winsome Roberts , Oxford University Press , 2007 . - Preface to Cricket versus Republicanism and other Essays ( 1995 ) Quakers Hill Press , 1995 . - Preface and The Santamaria Story The Bulletin Book . A Selection from the 1960s Angus and Robertson , 1963 . - The Patron State Bert Kelly Lecture , 1995 . - The Phoney Debate from Australia and the Monarchy : A Symposium , edited by Geoffrey Dutton , Sun Books , Melbourne , 1966 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Usual Suspects . Quadrant at 50 Martin Krygier . The Monthly December 2006 . Critical studies and reviews of Colemans work . - Review of Double take . External links . - Peter Coleman on Radical Students . The Old Left at Sydney University Alan Barcan . Melbourne University Press - What is Political Correctness Peter Coleman - The Devil and James McAuley review by Peter Coleman , Weekend Australian 17 July 1999 - James McCauleys 20 Quadrants paper by Peter Coleman , Sydney University 2002 . - James McCauley : A Poet in Politics Peter Coleman 1992 . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - All That Swagger – Robert Mannes Virtuous Trajectory Peter Coleman , Quadrant 2005 . - Leaves from the Diary of a Madman Peter Coleman 2006 . - The Bulletin , the Editor and The Cherry Orchard , Peter Coleman . Voices , Quarterly Journal of the National Library of Australia , Volume V11 , Number 1 , Autumn 1997 , Pages 88–95 .
|
[
"Administrator of Norfolk Island"
] |
easy
|
Peter Coleman took which position from Sep 1979 to Mar 1981?
|
/wiki/Peter_Coleman#P39#1
|
Peter Coleman William Peter Coleman ( 15 December 1928 – 31 March 2019 ) was an Australian writer and politician . A widely published journalist for over 60 years , he was editor of The Bulletin ( 1964–1967 ) and of Quadrant for 20 years , and published 16 books on political , biographical and cultural subjects . While still working as an editor and journalist he had a short but distinguished political career as a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1968–1978 for the Liberal Party , serving both as a Minister in the State Cabinet and in the final year as Leader of the New South Wales Opposition . From 1981–1987 he was the member for Wentworth in the Australian House of Representatives . Early life . Coleman was born in Melbourne , the son of Stanley Charles Coleman , an advertising agent , and Norma Victoria Tiernan . Moving to Sydney , he was educated at North Sydney Boys High School and at the University of Sydney under philosophers John Anderson and John Passmore . Fellow students included the philosophers David Armstrong and David Stove . Coleman then travelled to the United Kingdom to study political philosophy at the London School of Economics under Michael Oakeshott , completing a thesis on the French philosopher Georges Sorel . He graduated as Master of Science ( Economics ) in 1952 . On 5 April 1952 he married the writer and librarian , Verna Scott . Together they had two daughters , Tanya , who became a lawyer and later wife of Deputy Liberal Leader Peter Costello , Ursula , a childrens writer , and a son William , who is an economist . After teaching English for a year in the Sudan , Coleman returned to Australia to undertake a career as a journalist . In 1958 he became associate editor of The Observer , a fortnightly magazine founded in 1958 and published by Australian Consolidated Press . Other staff members included the editor Donald Horne and financial editor Michael Baume . In 1961 it was absorbed by the legendary but ailing political and literary magazine The Bulletin and Coleman subsequently became editor of The Bulletin between 1964 and 1967 . In these years he published his first books Australian Civilization , a symposium which brought together writers and critics ranging from Manning Clark and Max Harris to James McAuley and Vincent Buckley ; Obscenity Blasphemy Sedition , a study of the first 100 years of censorship in Australia ; the anthology The Bulletin Book ; and Cartoons of Australian History , with cartoonist Les Tanner . When Coleman resigned from The Bulletin in 1967 he became editor of Quadrant magazine , a position he held for twenty years . Political life . In 1968 Coleman was elected the Liberal member for Fuller , a marginal seat taking in North Ryde , Gladesville and Hunters Hill , in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , defeating the Labor Member Frank Downing . Originally serving on the backbench , Coleman gained experience through his appointment as a member of the Australian Council for the Arts from 1968 to 1973 , a councillor of the National Institute of Dramatic Art from 1970 to 1985 , and as Chairman of the Interim Council of the National Film and Television School from 1971 to 1973 . In 1974 , Coleman became the Chairman of the Select Committee into Appointment of Judges to the High Court , which examined different judicial appointment methods prior to the 1977 Federal Referendum . Coleman was then further promoted in June 1975 as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier Tom Lewis , in which capacity he served only five months until his promotion to Cabinet . He was made a Minister of the Crown in October 1975 as the Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Revenue . When Sir Eric Willis became Premier , Coleman was appointed to the revived office of Chief Secretary from January 1976 . He served in Cabinet until the defeat of the Willis government in the May 1976 election , at which he retained his seat on a slightly increased margin of 52% . In opposition under Eric Willis , Coleman served as the Shadow Minister for Justice and Services . On 15 December 1977 four party MPs declared that they would oppose Willis in a leadership ballot the next day . On 16 December 1977 , Willis resigned and Coleman was elected as the leader by the party . At the 1978 election , Coleman and the Coalition campaigned on a platform based around the spectre of Whitlamism and attempted to undermine the strong central leadership of Wran . This failed to resonate with voters , and the election , which was later termed the Wranslide , saw a massive defeat for the Opposition Coalition . Coleman himself lost his seat of Fuller to Hunters Hill Municipal Council Alderman , Rodney Cavalier , a result that had been anticipated by some . In September 1979 , Coleman was appointed as Administrator of Norfolk Island . Following the resignation of Robert Ellicott , he gained Liberal Party pre-selection for the federal seat of Wentworth and was elected in a by-election in April 1981 . He retired from parliament before the 1987 election and resumed his literary career . Post-politics . On leaving politics , Coleman resumed his career as a full-time writer , publishing widely both journalism and books , including a major history of the intellectuals and the Cold War , The Liberal Conspiracy . The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe and biographical works on the Australian poet James McAuley , comic artist Barry Humphries , film director Bruce Beresford and economist Heinz Arndt . He also published a selection of poetry , a cookbook and a collection of his Quadrant essays , The Last Intellectuals . In 2008 Coleman assisted his son-in-law , Peter Costello , in writing and editing his account of his career : The Costello Memoirs : The Age of Prosperity . During this period he also recorded interviews , held by the National Library of Australia as part of the oral history project , with leading Australian figures in journalism , arts , law , economics , philosophy and politics , including Hugh Atkinson , Garfield Barwick , Bruce Beresford , Jim Carlton , Madge Eddy , Charles Higham , Kenneth Jacobs , Eugene Kamenka , Michael Kirby , Kenneth Minogue , Barry Oakley , Desmond OGrady , Clyde Packer , John Passmore , Peter Porter , Adrian Rawlins and Amy Witting . He was a regular contributor to the Australian edition of The Spectator with a weekly column entitled Australian Notes and also contributed to The Australian and ABC programs . Coleman died on 31 March 2019 . Honours . In 2001 Coleman was awarded the Centenary Medal . In 2008 he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Letters ( honoris causa ) at the University of Sydney for services to Australian intellectual life . On 8 June 2015 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia ( AO ) for distinguished service to the print media industry as a noted editor , journalist , biographer and author , to the Parliaments of Australia and New South Wales , and to the community . Bibliography . Books . - Republished ( 2015 ) Connor Court Publishing Ballarat - Republished ( 2000 ) by Duffy & Snellgrove , Sydney - Republished ( 1973 ) Republished ( 1978 ) enlarged edition - Republished ( 2006 ) Connor Court Publishing - Preface - Chapter One A bit of Stick - Books edited - Introduction Essays , interviews , chapters , lectures . - An Interview with Peter Coleman Frank Devine , Quadrant May 2006 - ‘A Political Formation or No Roads to Damascus ( Cheshire 1963 ) in Australian Politics . A Third Reader edited by Henry Mayer and Helen Nelson . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - Conservative without a Cause ? Andrew Norton Talks with Peter Coleman . Policy Autumn 1995 . - ‘From Fellow Travelling to Political Correctness Political Correctness in South Africa edited by Rainer Erkens and John Kane-Berman . South African Institute of Race Relations , 2000 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - ‘Leaves from the Diary of a Madman in Confessions and Memoirs edited by Michael Wilding and David Myers . Central Queensland University Press , 2006 . - ‘Political Cartoonists , Political Correctness , Political Journalists - The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics edited by Brian Galligan and Winsome Roberts , Oxford University Press , 2007 . - Preface to Cricket versus Republicanism and other Essays ( 1995 ) Quakers Hill Press , 1995 . - Preface and The Santamaria Story The Bulletin Book . A Selection from the 1960s Angus and Robertson , 1963 . - The Patron State Bert Kelly Lecture , 1995 . - The Phoney Debate from Australia and the Monarchy : A Symposium , edited by Geoffrey Dutton , Sun Books , Melbourne , 1966 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Usual Suspects . Quadrant at 50 Martin Krygier . The Monthly December 2006 . Critical studies and reviews of Colemans work . - Review of Double take . External links . - Peter Coleman on Radical Students . The Old Left at Sydney University Alan Barcan . Melbourne University Press - What is Political Correctness Peter Coleman - The Devil and James McAuley review by Peter Coleman , Weekend Australian 17 July 1999 - James McCauleys 20 Quadrants paper by Peter Coleman , Sydney University 2002 . - James McCauley : A Poet in Politics Peter Coleman 1992 . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - All That Swagger – Robert Mannes Virtuous Trajectory Peter Coleman , Quadrant 2005 . - Leaves from the Diary of a Madman Peter Coleman 2006 . - The Bulletin , the Editor and The Cherry Orchard , Peter Coleman . Voices , Quarterly Journal of the National Library of Australia , Volume V11 , Number 1 , Autumn 1997 , Pages 88–95 .
|
[
"member for Wentworth in the Australian House of Representatives"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Peter Coleman from Apr 1981 to Jun 1987?
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/wiki/Peter_Coleman#P39#2
|
Peter Coleman William Peter Coleman ( 15 December 1928 – 31 March 2019 ) was an Australian writer and politician . A widely published journalist for over 60 years , he was editor of The Bulletin ( 1964–1967 ) and of Quadrant for 20 years , and published 16 books on political , biographical and cultural subjects . While still working as an editor and journalist he had a short but distinguished political career as a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1968–1978 for the Liberal Party , serving both as a Minister in the State Cabinet and in the final year as Leader of the New South Wales Opposition . From 1981–1987 he was the member for Wentworth in the Australian House of Representatives . Early life . Coleman was born in Melbourne , the son of Stanley Charles Coleman , an advertising agent , and Norma Victoria Tiernan . Moving to Sydney , he was educated at North Sydney Boys High School and at the University of Sydney under philosophers John Anderson and John Passmore . Fellow students included the philosophers David Armstrong and David Stove . Coleman then travelled to the United Kingdom to study political philosophy at the London School of Economics under Michael Oakeshott , completing a thesis on the French philosopher Georges Sorel . He graduated as Master of Science ( Economics ) in 1952 . On 5 April 1952 he married the writer and librarian , Verna Scott . Together they had two daughters , Tanya , who became a lawyer and later wife of Deputy Liberal Leader Peter Costello , Ursula , a childrens writer , and a son William , who is an economist . After teaching English for a year in the Sudan , Coleman returned to Australia to undertake a career as a journalist . In 1958 he became associate editor of The Observer , a fortnightly magazine founded in 1958 and published by Australian Consolidated Press . Other staff members included the editor Donald Horne and financial editor Michael Baume . In 1961 it was absorbed by the legendary but ailing political and literary magazine The Bulletin and Coleman subsequently became editor of The Bulletin between 1964 and 1967 . In these years he published his first books Australian Civilization , a symposium which brought together writers and critics ranging from Manning Clark and Max Harris to James McAuley and Vincent Buckley ; Obscenity Blasphemy Sedition , a study of the first 100 years of censorship in Australia ; the anthology The Bulletin Book ; and Cartoons of Australian History , with cartoonist Les Tanner . When Coleman resigned from The Bulletin in 1967 he became editor of Quadrant magazine , a position he held for twenty years . Political life . In 1968 Coleman was elected the Liberal member for Fuller , a marginal seat taking in North Ryde , Gladesville and Hunters Hill , in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , defeating the Labor Member Frank Downing . Originally serving on the backbench , Coleman gained experience through his appointment as a member of the Australian Council for the Arts from 1968 to 1973 , a councillor of the National Institute of Dramatic Art from 1970 to 1985 , and as Chairman of the Interim Council of the National Film and Television School from 1971 to 1973 . In 1974 , Coleman became the Chairman of the Select Committee into Appointment of Judges to the High Court , which examined different judicial appointment methods prior to the 1977 Federal Referendum . Coleman was then further promoted in June 1975 as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Premier Tom Lewis , in which capacity he served only five months until his promotion to Cabinet . He was made a Minister of the Crown in October 1975 as the Assistant Treasurer and Minister for Revenue . When Sir Eric Willis became Premier , Coleman was appointed to the revived office of Chief Secretary from January 1976 . He served in Cabinet until the defeat of the Willis government in the May 1976 election , at which he retained his seat on a slightly increased margin of 52% . In opposition under Eric Willis , Coleman served as the Shadow Minister for Justice and Services . On 15 December 1977 four party MPs declared that they would oppose Willis in a leadership ballot the next day . On 16 December 1977 , Willis resigned and Coleman was elected as the leader by the party . At the 1978 election , Coleman and the Coalition campaigned on a platform based around the spectre of Whitlamism and attempted to undermine the strong central leadership of Wran . This failed to resonate with voters , and the election , which was later termed the Wranslide , saw a massive defeat for the Opposition Coalition . Coleman himself lost his seat of Fuller to Hunters Hill Municipal Council Alderman , Rodney Cavalier , a result that had been anticipated by some . In September 1979 , Coleman was appointed as Administrator of Norfolk Island . Following the resignation of Robert Ellicott , he gained Liberal Party pre-selection for the federal seat of Wentworth and was elected in a by-election in April 1981 . He retired from parliament before the 1987 election and resumed his literary career . Post-politics . On leaving politics , Coleman resumed his career as a full-time writer , publishing widely both journalism and books , including a major history of the intellectuals and the Cold War , The Liberal Conspiracy . The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe and biographical works on the Australian poet James McAuley , comic artist Barry Humphries , film director Bruce Beresford and economist Heinz Arndt . He also published a selection of poetry , a cookbook and a collection of his Quadrant essays , The Last Intellectuals . In 2008 Coleman assisted his son-in-law , Peter Costello , in writing and editing his account of his career : The Costello Memoirs : The Age of Prosperity . During this period he also recorded interviews , held by the National Library of Australia as part of the oral history project , with leading Australian figures in journalism , arts , law , economics , philosophy and politics , including Hugh Atkinson , Garfield Barwick , Bruce Beresford , Jim Carlton , Madge Eddy , Charles Higham , Kenneth Jacobs , Eugene Kamenka , Michael Kirby , Kenneth Minogue , Barry Oakley , Desmond OGrady , Clyde Packer , John Passmore , Peter Porter , Adrian Rawlins and Amy Witting . He was a regular contributor to the Australian edition of The Spectator with a weekly column entitled Australian Notes and also contributed to The Australian and ABC programs . Coleman died on 31 March 2019 . Honours . In 2001 Coleman was awarded the Centenary Medal . In 2008 he was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Letters ( honoris causa ) at the University of Sydney for services to Australian intellectual life . On 8 June 2015 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia ( AO ) for distinguished service to the print media industry as a noted editor , journalist , biographer and author , to the Parliaments of Australia and New South Wales , and to the community . Bibliography . Books . - Republished ( 2015 ) Connor Court Publishing Ballarat - Republished ( 2000 ) by Duffy & Snellgrove , Sydney - Republished ( 1973 ) Republished ( 1978 ) enlarged edition - Republished ( 2006 ) Connor Court Publishing - Preface - Chapter One A bit of Stick - Books edited - Introduction Essays , interviews , chapters , lectures . - An Interview with Peter Coleman Frank Devine , Quadrant May 2006 - ‘A Political Formation or No Roads to Damascus ( Cheshire 1963 ) in Australian Politics . A Third Reader edited by Henry Mayer and Helen Nelson . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - Conservative without a Cause ? Andrew Norton Talks with Peter Coleman . Policy Autumn 1995 . - ‘From Fellow Travelling to Political Correctness Political Correctness in South Africa edited by Rainer Erkens and John Kane-Berman . South African Institute of Race Relations , 2000 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - ‘Leaves from the Diary of a Madman in Confessions and Memoirs edited by Michael Wilding and David Myers . Central Queensland University Press , 2006 . - ‘Political Cartoonists , Political Correctness , Political Journalists - The Oxford Companion to Australian Politics edited by Brian Galligan and Winsome Roberts , Oxford University Press , 2007 . - Preface to Cricket versus Republicanism and other Essays ( 1995 ) Quakers Hill Press , 1995 . - Preface and The Santamaria Story The Bulletin Book . A Selection from the 1960s Angus and Robertson , 1963 . - The Patron State Bert Kelly Lecture , 1995 . - The Phoney Debate from Australia and the Monarchy : A Symposium , edited by Geoffrey Dutton , Sun Books , Melbourne , 1966 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Usual Suspects . Quadrant at 50 Martin Krygier . The Monthly December 2006 . Critical studies and reviews of Colemans work . - Review of Double take . External links . - Peter Coleman on Radical Students . The Old Left at Sydney University Alan Barcan . Melbourne University Press - What is Political Correctness Peter Coleman - The Devil and James McAuley review by Peter Coleman , Weekend Australian 17 July 1999 - James McCauleys 20 Quadrants paper by Peter Coleman , Sydney University 2002 . - James McCauley : A Poet in Politics Peter Coleman 1992 . - Ballade of Lost Phrases : James McAuley from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - I Thought of Archimedes from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - How I wrote The Liberal Conspiracy from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - The Sad and Noble Music of Michael Oakeshott from The Last Intellectuals : Essays on Writers and Politics , Quadrant Books , 2010 . - All That Swagger – Robert Mannes Virtuous Trajectory Peter Coleman , Quadrant 2005 . - Leaves from the Diary of a Madman Peter Coleman 2006 . - The Bulletin , the Editor and The Cherry Orchard , Peter Coleman . Voices , Quarterly Journal of the National Library of Australia , Volume V11 , Number 1 , Autumn 1997 , Pages 88–95 .
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[
"Ming dynasty"
] |
easy
|
Which country did Shuntian Prefecture belong to from 1403 to Dec 1643?
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/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture#P17#0
|
Shuntian Prefecture Shuntian Prefecture was an administrative region of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties , equivalent to Beijing Municipality in todays Peoples Republic of China . However , the area of the prefecture jurisdiction was different . The term Shuntian fu also referred to the yamen ( office ) of the prefectures local government . Evolution . During the Yuan dynasty , the imperial capital circuit known as Dadu circuit ( 大都路 ; Dadulu ) was under control of the Central Secretariat ( Zhongshu Sheng ) . During the eighth month of the first year of reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the new Ming dynasty , this was renamed to Beiping prefecture , and in the tenth month it was attached to Shandong province . In the first lunar month in the first year of the reign of the Yongle Emperor , the capital was renamed Beijing and the prefecture as Shuntian . Shuntian prefecture went through many changes during the Qing dynasty , and it was only in 1743 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor that its borders and administrative divisions were settled . Then , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions ( 路廳 , luting ) and twenty four sub-prefectures ( 州 , zhou ) counties ( 縣 , xian ) . It was also placed under an imperial magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) . In 1910 with the demise of the Qing dynasty , Shuntian prefecture was slowly abolished on 4 October 1914 which became Capital Area ( 京兆地方 ; Jīngzhào Dìfāng ) later became Beiping Special City on 20 June 1928 . The remains of the Shuntian yamen can be found in todays Dongcheng District in Beijing at Donggong street ( 東公街 ) . Jurisdiction . During the Ming era , Shuntian had 5 sub-prefectures ( 州 ) and 22 counties ( 縣 ) . In 1490 , Shuntian had 100,518 households and a population of 669,033 . In 1578 , Shuntian had 101,134 households and a population of 706,861 . After 1743 , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions . - The west subdivision ( 西路廳 , Xi Luting ) had its seat near the Lugou bridge ( 盧溝橋 ) , and it ruled Zhuozhou sub-prefectures ( 涿州 ) , Daxing ( 大興 ) , Wanping ( 宛平 ) , Liangxiang ( 良鄉 ) , and Fangshan ( 房山 ) counties . - The east subdivision ( 東路廳 , Dong Luting ) had its seat at Zhangjiawan ( 張家灣 ) , and it ruled over Tongzhou ( 通州 ) and Jizhou ( 薊州 ) sub-prefectures , and Sanhe ( 三河 ) , Wuqing ( 武清 ) , Baodi ( 寶坻 ) , Ninghe ( 寧河 ) 、and Xianghe ( 香河 ) counties . - The south subdivision ( 南路廳 , Nan Luting ) had its seat at Huangcun ( 黃村 ) , and it ruled over Bazhou sub-prefecture ( 霸州 ) , Baoding ( 保定 ) , Wenan ( 文安 ) , Dacheng ( 大城 ) , Gu-an ( 固安 ) , Yongqing ( 永清 ) , and Dong-an ( 東安 ) . - The north subdivision ( 北路廳 , Bei Luting ) had its seat at Gonghua city ( 鞏華城 ) in Shahe suburb ( 沙河鎮 ) , and it ruled over Changpingzhou sub-prefecture ( 昌平州 ) , and Shunyi ( 順義 ) , Huairou ( 懷柔 ) , Miyun ( 密雲 ) , and Pinggu ( 平谷 ) counties . Administrative Level . As Shuntian was the administrative district containing the capital Beijing , the Shuntian prefecture magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) was particularly renowned . This magistrate was an Qing official of the third rank ( 正三品 , zhengsanpin ) , which was two to three ranks higher than magistrates of other prefectures . In fact , some of the Shuntian magistrates were shilang ( 侍郎 ) rank imperial ministers . While the yamen of third-rank Qing officials used copper seals , the yamen of Shuntian prefecture used silver seals . Even though the sub-prefectures and counties of Shuntian formally belonged to the Zhili viceroyalty , the Shuntian magistrate did not have a subordinate relationship with the Viceroy of Zhili . The areas of the Shuntian prefecture outside the Beijing city wall were under the dual administration of the Zhili viceroy and Shuntian magistrate yamens . In contrast , the Zhili viceroy had no authority within the Beijing city wall . Administration of Beijing . During the early Qing dynasty , an interesting facet of Beijing city administration was that Han and Manchu had separate residence and administration . The Manchu Bannermen all lived in the Three-Battalions Barracks ( 三大營 , sandaying ) or so-called inner city located in Xijiao ( 西郊 ) . The Han Chinese and other ethnic groups lived in the outer city . As the outer city consisted of five towns and ten lanes ( 五城十坊 , wuchengshifang ) , it gave rise to an old Chinese saying inside eight banners , outside five towns ( 內八旗外五城 , neibaqiwaiwucheng ) . While Shuntian magistrate had jurisdiction over the Han and other ethnic population in the outer city , the jurisdiction of the Bannermen fell under the military office of the Nine Gates Infantry Commander ( 九門提督 , jiumen tidu ) .
|
[
"Qing dynasty"
] |
easy
|
Which country did Shuntian Prefecture belong to from 1644 to Feb 1912?
|
/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture#P17#1
|
Shuntian Prefecture Shuntian Prefecture was an administrative region of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties , equivalent to Beijing Municipality in todays Peoples Republic of China . However , the area of the prefecture jurisdiction was different . The term Shuntian fu also referred to the yamen ( office ) of the prefectures local government . Evolution . During the Yuan dynasty , the imperial capital circuit known as Dadu circuit ( 大都路 ; Dadulu ) was under control of the Central Secretariat ( Zhongshu Sheng ) . During the eighth month of the first year of reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the new Ming dynasty , this was renamed to Beiping prefecture , and in the tenth month it was attached to Shandong province . In the first lunar month in the first year of the reign of the Yongle Emperor , the capital was renamed Beijing and the prefecture as Shuntian . Shuntian prefecture went through many changes during the Qing dynasty , and it was only in 1743 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor that its borders and administrative divisions were settled . Then , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions ( 路廳 , luting ) and twenty four sub-prefectures ( 州 , zhou ) counties ( 縣 , xian ) . It was also placed under an imperial magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) . In 1910 with the demise of the Qing dynasty , Shuntian prefecture was slowly abolished on 4 October 1914 which became Capital Area ( 京兆地方 ; Jīngzhào Dìfāng ) later became Beiping Special City on 20 June 1928 . The remains of the Shuntian yamen can be found in todays Dongcheng District in Beijing at Donggong street ( 東公街 ) . Jurisdiction . During the Ming era , Shuntian had 5 sub-prefectures ( 州 ) and 22 counties ( 縣 ) . In 1490 , Shuntian had 100,518 households and a population of 669,033 . In 1578 , Shuntian had 101,134 households and a population of 706,861 . After 1743 , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions . - The west subdivision ( 西路廳 , Xi Luting ) had its seat near the Lugou bridge ( 盧溝橋 ) , and it ruled Zhuozhou sub-prefectures ( 涿州 ) , Daxing ( 大興 ) , Wanping ( 宛平 ) , Liangxiang ( 良鄉 ) , and Fangshan ( 房山 ) counties . - The east subdivision ( 東路廳 , Dong Luting ) had its seat at Zhangjiawan ( 張家灣 ) , and it ruled over Tongzhou ( 通州 ) and Jizhou ( 薊州 ) sub-prefectures , and Sanhe ( 三河 ) , Wuqing ( 武清 ) , Baodi ( 寶坻 ) , Ninghe ( 寧河 ) 、and Xianghe ( 香河 ) counties . - The south subdivision ( 南路廳 , Nan Luting ) had its seat at Huangcun ( 黃村 ) , and it ruled over Bazhou sub-prefecture ( 霸州 ) , Baoding ( 保定 ) , Wenan ( 文安 ) , Dacheng ( 大城 ) , Gu-an ( 固安 ) , Yongqing ( 永清 ) , and Dong-an ( 東安 ) . - The north subdivision ( 北路廳 , Bei Luting ) had its seat at Gonghua city ( 鞏華城 ) in Shahe suburb ( 沙河鎮 ) , and it ruled over Changpingzhou sub-prefecture ( 昌平州 ) , and Shunyi ( 順義 ) , Huairou ( 懷柔 ) , Miyun ( 密雲 ) , and Pinggu ( 平谷 ) counties . Administrative Level . As Shuntian was the administrative district containing the capital Beijing , the Shuntian prefecture magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) was particularly renowned . This magistrate was an Qing official of the third rank ( 正三品 , zhengsanpin ) , which was two to three ranks higher than magistrates of other prefectures . In fact , some of the Shuntian magistrates were shilang ( 侍郎 ) rank imperial ministers . While the yamen of third-rank Qing officials used copper seals , the yamen of Shuntian prefecture used silver seals . Even though the sub-prefectures and counties of Shuntian formally belonged to the Zhili viceroyalty , the Shuntian magistrate did not have a subordinate relationship with the Viceroy of Zhili . The areas of the Shuntian prefecture outside the Beijing city wall were under the dual administration of the Zhili viceroy and Shuntian magistrate yamens . In contrast , the Zhili viceroy had no authority within the Beijing city wall . Administration of Beijing . During the early Qing dynasty , an interesting facet of Beijing city administration was that Han and Manchu had separate residence and administration . The Manchu Bannermen all lived in the Three-Battalions Barracks ( 三大營 , sandaying ) or so-called inner city located in Xijiao ( 西郊 ) . The Han Chinese and other ethnic groups lived in the outer city . As the outer city consisted of five towns and ten lanes ( 五城十坊 , wuchengshifang ) , it gave rise to an old Chinese saying inside eight banners , outside five towns ( 內八旗外五城 , neibaqiwaiwucheng ) . While Shuntian magistrate had jurisdiction over the Han and other ethnic population in the outer city , the jurisdiction of the Bannermen fell under the military office of the Nine Gates Infantry Commander ( 九門提督 , jiumen tidu ) .
|
[
"Qing dynasty"
] |
easy
|
Which country did Shuntian Prefecture belong to from Feb 1912 to Feb 1913?
|
/wiki/Shuntian_Prefecture#P17#2
|
Shuntian Prefecture Shuntian Prefecture was an administrative region of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties , equivalent to Beijing Municipality in todays Peoples Republic of China . However , the area of the prefecture jurisdiction was different . The term Shuntian fu also referred to the yamen ( office ) of the prefectures local government . Evolution . During the Yuan dynasty , the imperial capital circuit known as Dadu circuit ( 大都路 ; Dadulu ) was under control of the Central Secretariat ( Zhongshu Sheng ) . During the eighth month of the first year of reign of the Hongwu Emperor of the new Ming dynasty , this was renamed to Beiping prefecture , and in the tenth month it was attached to Shandong province . In the first lunar month in the first year of the reign of the Yongle Emperor , the capital was renamed Beijing and the prefecture as Shuntian . Shuntian prefecture went through many changes during the Qing dynasty , and it was only in 1743 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor that its borders and administrative divisions were settled . Then , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions ( 路廳 , luting ) and twenty four sub-prefectures ( 州 , zhou ) counties ( 縣 , xian ) . It was also placed under an imperial magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) . In 1910 with the demise of the Qing dynasty , Shuntian prefecture was slowly abolished on 4 October 1914 which became Capital Area ( 京兆地方 ; Jīngzhào Dìfāng ) later became Beiping Special City on 20 June 1928 . The remains of the Shuntian yamen can be found in todays Dongcheng District in Beijing at Donggong street ( 東公街 ) . Jurisdiction . During the Ming era , Shuntian had 5 sub-prefectures ( 州 ) and 22 counties ( 縣 ) . In 1490 , Shuntian had 100,518 households and a population of 669,033 . In 1578 , Shuntian had 101,134 households and a population of 706,861 . After 1743 , Shuntian prefecture was divided into four sub-divisions . - The west subdivision ( 西路廳 , Xi Luting ) had its seat near the Lugou bridge ( 盧溝橋 ) , and it ruled Zhuozhou sub-prefectures ( 涿州 ) , Daxing ( 大興 ) , Wanping ( 宛平 ) , Liangxiang ( 良鄉 ) , and Fangshan ( 房山 ) counties . - The east subdivision ( 東路廳 , Dong Luting ) had its seat at Zhangjiawan ( 張家灣 ) , and it ruled over Tongzhou ( 通州 ) and Jizhou ( 薊州 ) sub-prefectures , and Sanhe ( 三河 ) , Wuqing ( 武清 ) , Baodi ( 寶坻 ) , Ninghe ( 寧河 ) 、and Xianghe ( 香河 ) counties . - The south subdivision ( 南路廳 , Nan Luting ) had its seat at Huangcun ( 黃村 ) , and it ruled over Bazhou sub-prefecture ( 霸州 ) , Baoding ( 保定 ) , Wenan ( 文安 ) , Dacheng ( 大城 ) , Gu-an ( 固安 ) , Yongqing ( 永清 ) , and Dong-an ( 東安 ) . - The north subdivision ( 北路廳 , Bei Luting ) had its seat at Gonghua city ( 鞏華城 ) in Shahe suburb ( 沙河鎮 ) , and it ruled over Changpingzhou sub-prefecture ( 昌平州 ) , and Shunyi ( 順義 ) , Huairou ( 懷柔 ) , Miyun ( 密雲 ) , and Pinggu ( 平谷 ) counties . Administrative Level . As Shuntian was the administrative district containing the capital Beijing , the Shuntian prefecture magistrate ( 府尹 , fuyin ) was particularly renowned . This magistrate was an Qing official of the third rank ( 正三品 , zhengsanpin ) , which was two to three ranks higher than magistrates of other prefectures . In fact , some of the Shuntian magistrates were shilang ( 侍郎 ) rank imperial ministers . While the yamen of third-rank Qing officials used copper seals , the yamen of Shuntian prefecture used silver seals . Even though the sub-prefectures and counties of Shuntian formally belonged to the Zhili viceroyalty , the Shuntian magistrate did not have a subordinate relationship with the Viceroy of Zhili . The areas of the Shuntian prefecture outside the Beijing city wall were under the dual administration of the Zhili viceroy and Shuntian magistrate yamens . In contrast , the Zhili viceroy had no authority within the Beijing city wall . Administration of Beijing . During the early Qing dynasty , an interesting facet of Beijing city administration was that Han and Manchu had separate residence and administration . The Manchu Bannermen all lived in the Three-Battalions Barracks ( 三大營 , sandaying ) or so-called inner city located in Xijiao ( 西郊 ) . The Han Chinese and other ethnic groups lived in the outer city . As the outer city consisted of five towns and ten lanes ( 五城十坊 , wuchengshifang ) , it gave rise to an old Chinese saying inside eight banners , outside five towns ( 內八旗外五城 , neibaqiwaiwucheng ) . While Shuntian magistrate had jurisdiction over the Han and other ethnic population in the outer city , the jurisdiction of the Bannermen fell under the military office of the Nine Gates Infantry Commander ( 九門提督 , jiumen tidu ) .
|
[
"Grenoble"
] |
easy
|
Olivier Giroud played for which team from 2005 to 2007?
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/wiki/Olivier_Giroud#P54#0
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Olivier Giroud Olivier Jonathan Giroud ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Chelsea and the France national team . Highly regarded for his work-rate , strength , shot power and consistent goal-scoring ability , he is often considered one of the most underrated strikers in the world . Giroud began his senior club career playing for hometown club Grenoble , before he signed with Tours in 2008 , aged 21 . He was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year in 2010 after finishing as the leagues top goalscorer . He was subsequently the subject of a then-club record association football transfer when he moved to Montpellier in a transfer worth €2 million , winning the clubs first Ligue 1 title and finishing as league top goalscorer in 2012 . He then joined Arsenal , where he won three FA Cups to help end Arsenals nine-year trophy drought , and is the clubs eighteenth-highest all-time goalscorer . Giroud signed for crosstown rivals Chelsea in 2018 in a transfer worth £18 million ( €20.7 million ) , winning the FA Cup , the UEFA Champions League , and the UEFA Europa League , finishing as top goalscorer in the latter in 2019 . Giroud made his senior international debut for France in 2011 at age 24 , and has since earned over 100 caps , including appearing in four major tournaments . He is his countrys second-highest all-time goalscorer , receiving the Bronze Boot as joint second-highest goalscorer as France finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2016 . He later won the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Early career . Giroud was born in Chambéry , France in the Rhône-Alpes region , and was raised in the nearby village of Froges , close to Grenoble . Giroud is of Italian descent through both of his grandmothers . Giroud began his football career playing for his hometown club , Olympique Club de Froges . He spent six years training at the club before joining professional club Grenoble at the age of 13 . Club career . Grenoble . Giroud spent five years developing in Grenobles youth academy before signing his first professional contract at the age of 21 . He later admitted that signing his first contract was an important part in his development as a player , stating It took me signing my first professional contract to become aware of my abilities . If you [ a club ] trusted me , it was because I must have had some qualities . Ahead of the 2005–06 season , he was promoted to the clubs reserve team , which was playing in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Giroud quickly became an important player in the team scoring 15 goals in 15 matches . His performances over seven months with the reserve team resulted in the player being called up to the senior team in March 2006 by manager Thierry Goudet . Giroud made his professional debut on 27 March appearing as a late-match substitute in a 1–1 draw with Gueugnon in Ligue 2 . He remained a part of the senior team for the rest of the campaign making five more substitute appearances . Giroud was promoted to the senior team permanently for the 2006–07 season by new manager Payton Pouliquen and Nicola Malgeri and was assigned the number 22 shirt . After appearing as a substitute in the teams first league match of the campaign , he made his first professional start in a 2–1 defeat away to Niort playing the entire match . On 26 February 2007 , Giroud scored his first professional goal netting the injury time winner against Le Havre . He described the goal as a fantastic memory . I could not dream better for a first pro goal . A month later , Giroud made his third start of the campaign against Gueugnon . In the match , which ended 0–0 , Giroud incurred his first professional red card . He finished the campaign with 18 total appearances and two goals as Grenoble finished in fifth place . Loan to Istres . In an attempt to earn some playing time , Giroud spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Istres in the Championnat National , the third level of football in France . Under the tutelage of manager Frédéric Arpinon , he continued his development as a striker and , in his second match with the club , scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over Laval . Two weeks later , Giroud scored goals in back-to-back matches against Vannes and Créteil . He scored his first double of the season in a 2–0 win against Arles-Avignon . A fortnight later , Giroud converted two goals again , this time in a 3–2 win over Pau . After going through the months of November and December without scoring a league goal , Giroud returned to form in January scoring goals in a 3–2 defeat to Vannes and a 2–0 win over Beauvais . He finished the campaign by scoring goals in April league fixtures against Paris and Martigues , which brought his total goal tally with Istres to 14 . Of the 14 goals , Giroud only scored four at the Stade Parsemain , Istres home stadium . After a successful loan stint , Giroud returned to Grenoble with hopes of receiving some significant playing time as the club was now playing in Ligue 1 . However , club manager Mehmed Baždarević , who was hired while Giroud was on his loan stint at Istres , deemed the player surplus to requirements and , subsequently , listed him for transfer . According to reports , Baždarević had declared that Giroud did not have the level to play among the elite . In 2011 , Giroud reevaluated his departure from Grenoble stating I am neither resentful nor vengeful . I am just disappointed with what happened to Grenoble when there was great potential . Tours . On 28 May 2008 , it was reported that Giroud had agreed to a three-year deal with Ligue 2 club Tours . The striker was lured to the club by sporting director Max Marty who had previously served as the chief executive officer of Grenoble , Girouds former club . Giroud was also fond of Tours manager Daniel Sanchez stating Its always a plus to have a former striker as a coach . His advice to me really helped a lot . With him , I progressed in my positioning and also in front of goal . Giroud was given the number 12 shirt and , due to injury , made his club debut on 3 September 2008 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne in the Coupe de la Ligue . He made his league debut a week later playing the entire match in a 1–0 win over Nîmes . A month later , Giroud scored his first goal for the club converting the opener in a league match against Lens . In the second half , he scored another goal to cap a 3–1 win . Two weeks later , Giroud scored his third goal for the club in a victory over Ajaccio . In the Coupe de France , Giroud scored five goals in two matches . In the eighth round of the competition , he scored the teams only goal in a 1–0 win over semi-professional club Pacy Vallée-dEure . In the ensuing round against Réunionais club Jeanne dArc , Giroud scored four goals in a 7–1 win . Tours would later be eliminated in the next round by Lorient . After his four-goal display against Jeanne dArc , Giroud followed up the performance by scoring goals in back-to-back league matches against Montpellier and Metz . After a double against Nîmes on 20 February 2009 , the striker suffered an injury , which forced him to miss three league matches . After making two substitute appearances on his return , in his first start since the injury on 3 April against Angers , Giroud scored the teams opening goal in a 3–1 win . Giroud later re-aggravated the previous injury in training , which led to him missing the entire month of April as Tours were contesting a promotion battle with several clubs . Despite losing Giroud , the club went unbeaten in the four league matches he missed . On his return against Boulogne on 8 May , Giroud scored his final goal of the season in a victory . In Tours final three league matches of the campaign , the club failed to achieve a win , which resulted in the club failing to earn promotion to Ligue 1 . Giroud finished the season with 27 total appearances and 14 goals . In the 2009–10 season , Giroud was promoted to the lead striker role following the departure of Tenema NDiaye to Nantes . The promotion immediately paid off as Giroud scored two goals in the teams opening match of the season ; a 2–1 win over Le Havre in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 18 August 2009 , he scored his first league goal against the same opposition in another win . Following another league goal in a win over Guingamp , on 18 September , Giroud scored all four of Tours goals in a 4–2 win over Arles-Avignon . It was his second career four-goal match at the professional level and his third overall having had one at amateur level while playing with the Grenoble reserve team . In the teams next 15 matches in all competitions , Giroud remained on form scoring ten goals . During that span , the striker scored in consecutive matches on three occasions . Giroud finished the fall campaign with 16 goals , 13 of which came in league play . On 26 January 2010 , it was reported that Ligue 1 club Montpellier had signed Giroud from Tours on a three and a half-year deal . The transfer fee was priced at €2 million and it was also announced that Montpellier would loan Giroud back to Tours until the end of the 2009–10 season . The striker admitted the move to Montpellier would benefit him the most stating I feel that here ( Montpellier ) , the coach and staff will be able to help me make real progress . The environment is ideal , the training center is good , the group is healthy , and theres a beautiful stadium with an audience that responds to this . Following the transfer , Giroud went three weeks without scoring a goal before converting one on 19 February 2010 in a win over Arles-Avignon . Two weeks later , he scored the teams only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Nantes . On 19 March , Giroud scored two goals in a shutout win against Châteauroux . A week later , he scored in another shutout victory over Strasbourg . After the goal against Strasbourg , Giroud went seven matches without scoring before netting on the final matchday of the season against Nîmes . He finished the season with 42 appearances and 24 goals . Giroud scored 21 in the league and was named the leagues top goalscorer . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Ligue 2 Player of the Year . Giroud was also named to the leagues Team of the Year . Montpellier . Giroud officially joined Montpellier on 1 July 2010 . He simultaneously made his club and European debut on 29 July in the first leg of Montpelliers UEFA Europa League third qualifying round with Hungarian club Győri ETO . In the match , Giroud scored his first goal for the club in the first half . Montpellier won the match courtesy of Girouds goal , but were defeated on aggregate after losing on penalties in the second leg . Giroud made his league debut in the teams first match of the campaign ; a 1–0 win over Bordeaux . On 28 August , he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 away win against Valenciennes . On 25 September , Giroud scored two goals in a home victory over Arles-Avignon . The double brought his career goal tally to nine against the Bouches-du-Rhône-based club . A week later , he scored Montpelliers lone goal in a 3–1 loss to Lille . In November 2010 , Giroud scored game-winning goals in consecutive weeks against Toulouse and Nice . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Montpellier surprisingly reached the final of the competition . In the semi-finals against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud played the entire match , which went into extra time . In the 117th minute , he scored the match-winning goal to send Montpellier to its first major final since the 1993–94 season when the club reached the final of the Coupe de France . In the 2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final , Montpellier faced Marseille and were defeated 1–0 courtesy of a goal by Taye Taiwo . Giroud played the entire match . Following his goal against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud went scoreless for nearly two months before converting both club goals against the same opposition in a 2–2 draw at the Parc des Princes . Towards the end of the league season , Giroud scored goals against title contenders Marseille and Lyon . However , Montpellier lost both matches . After finishing the season as the clubs top scorer , on 31 May 2011 , Giroud signed a contract extension with Montpellier until 2014 . Giroud began the 2011–12 campaign on form scoring in the teams first two league matches of the season against Auxerre and the defending champions Lille . Montpellier won both matches . After scoring a double in a 2–2 draw with Brest , French newspaper Le Parisien affectionately dubbed him le buteur de charme ( the charm striker ) . The nickname paid tribute to his goalscoring ability , as well as personality and looks and was , subsequently , used by several other media outlets in France to describe the player . In the teams next 18 matches in all competitions , Giroud lived up to the nickname by scoring 13 goals . The impressive output consisted of hat-tricks against Dijon and Sochaux , match-winning goals against Nancy , Lyon , and Nice , and a goal each in the Coupe de la Ligue and Coupe de France . As a result of Girouds performance and the team as a whole , Montpellier topped the league table in November 2011 . In January 2012 , Giroud was linked with a transfer to several clubs . Montpelliers owner Louis Nicollin responded to the rumours on French radio station RTL and surprised many by deeming one club not big enough for Giroud , while also declaring that the striker would cost at least €50 or €60 million . At the start of the second half of the campaign , Giroud scored in back-to-back league matches against Lyon and Nice . Two weeks later against Ajaccio , he assisted on Montpelliers second goal and scored the teams final goal in a 3–0 win . On 24 March 2012 , Giroud scored in the 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . The victory placed Montpellier at the top of the table and the club remained there for the rest of the campaign capturing its first league title in club history after beating Auxerre 2–1 on the final day of the season . Giroud finished the season with a league-leading 21 goals and 9 assists . Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê , he was named the leagues top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play . Arsenal . 2012–13 : Debut season . On 26 June 2012 , Arsenal won the race to sign Giroud on a long-term contract for a fee believed to be around £9.6 million ( €12.4 million ) . He was given the number 12 shirt . He made his debut on 18 August as a substitute for fellow debutant Lukas Podolski in a goalless home draw against Sunderland in the Premier League and scored his first goal for Arsenal on 26 September , in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup . His first Premier League goal came on 6 October , with the equaliser in a 3–1 win against West Ham United , in which he also assisted a Theo Walcott goal . On 30 October , he helped Arsenal to a historic comeback in a League Cup tie against Reading , as Arsenal were 4–0 down before coming back to win the game 7–5 after extra-time , with Giroud scoring Arsenals second goal . Giroud scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for Arsenal in a 2–2 draw at Schalke 04 on 6 November and four days later he scored twice in a 3–3 draw at home to Fulham . Girouds form earned him a place in the Premier League team of the week . On 17 November , Giroud scored the third goal in Arsenals 5–2 derby win over Tottenham . Four days later , Giroud assisted both Jack Wilsheres and Lukas Podolskis goals in Arsenals 2–0 victory over former club Montpellier , which allowed Arsenal to qualify for the knockout stages of the tournament . The Arsenal fans have warmed to Giroud as he has started to pick up form after a shaky start ; a run of goals in consecutive games has led to a chant mimicking The Beatles Hey Jude of Na na na , Na na naaaa , Na na naaaa , Giroud echoing around the Emirates Stadium . On 29 December 2012 , Giroud scored a brace and hit the crossbar after coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 80th minute , as Arsenal beat Newcastle United 7–3 at the Emirates Stadium . On 23 January , Giroud scored a brace as Arsenal beat West Ham 5–1 , and did the same in a Man of the Match performance against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup three days later . On 30 January , Giroud scored as Arsenal fought back to earn a 2–2 draw , from 2–0 down at home to Liverpool . Giroud scored a header from a Wilshere free kick , and provided an assist for Theo Walcott . For January , Giroud was awarded with the Arsenal Fans Player of the Month Award . On 13 April 2013 , Giroud played a big part of Arsenals 3–1 win against Norwich City at home , winning a penalty that led to the equalizer in the 85th minute . He then sent Arsenal ahead himself two minutes later and set up for Lukas Podolski . This victory sent Arsenal to third in the table , climbing past London-rivals Chelsea and Tottenham . He received his first red card for Arsenal against Fulham , which meant he would miss three of Arsenals last four games of the season . He had his appeal rejected by the Football Association . Giroud finished the season with 17 goals and 11 assists in 47 appearances . 2013–15 : Ending the trophy drought . Giroud scored in the opening game of the Premier League season against Aston Villa , a 3–1 loss for Arsenal . His scored the only goal in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 September . On 26 October , Giroud scored the second goal in a 2–0 win at Crystal Palace , keeping Arsenal at the top of the Premier League , and almost a month later scored a double against Southampton , following a mistake from the Saints goalkeeper Artur Boruc , and then he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win . Girouds last goal of 2013 , and Arsenals last of the year , came against Newcastle United . His flicked header from Theo Walcotts free kick gave Arsenal a narrow 1–0 win and placed them at the top of the table going into 2014 . He then scored on his return to the first team against Aston Villa after an ankle injury , a match that ended 2–1 in Arsenals favour . On 8 March 2014 , Giroud scored twice against Everton in the FA Cup quarter-final , helping Arsenal to a 4–1 win . On 12 April , Giroud scored one of the penalties in the shootout against Wigan Athletic to send Arsenal to the final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . On 17 May , Giroud started in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and assisted Aaron Ramseys cup-winning goal . Giroud started the season by scoring the third goal in Arsenal 3–0 win against Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield , a 25-yard shot which dipped over goalkeeper Willy Caballero , thus winning Girouds second title for Arsenal . Despite only coming on as a half-time substitute , he was named Man of the match . Shortly after scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton on 22 August , he broke his left tibia and was ruled out for four months . On 30 September 2014 , his 28th birthday , Giroud signed a new contract at Arsenal , keeping him at the club until 2018 and increasing his weekly wage to £80,000 . Giroud returned to action quicker than expected , replacing Aaron Ramsey for the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 home defeat against Manchester United on 22 November and scoring Arsenals consolation goal in added time . Later , he scored twice in a 4–1 home victory against Newcastle United on 13 December . Thirteen days later , he was sent off in Arsenals 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers for a headbutt on Nedum Onuoha after being pushed by the QPR defender . He later returned from his three-game suspension to feature in a 3–0 victory at home against Stoke City on 11 January . On 18 January , he scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City , giving the gunners their first victory at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2010 . Giroud carried on his Premier League form by opening the scoring and by setting up Mesut Özil for the second goal of the match as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 . On 15 February , he netted two goals in the space of three minutes as Arsenal defeated Middlesbrough 2–0 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup . His first goal concluded a move in which every Arsenal player touched the ball without Middlesbrough taking possession . On 25 February , Giroud was substituted 60 minutes into Arsenals 3–1 Champions League round of 16 loss to AS Monaco after missing several good chances for his club . Four days later , on 1 March , he scored Arsenals opening goal in a 2–0 Premier League defeat of Everton . Giroud kept up his fine form by netting one goals each against Queens Park Rangers , West Ham United and two against Newcastle United in the Premier League while also scoring against Monaco in the Champions League . Giroud was announced as the Premier League Player of the Month for March . On 4 April , Giroud scored the fourth goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool . On 30 May , Giroud scored Arsenals fourth goal after appearing as a substitute in the teams 4–0 2015 FA Cup Final victory over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium . 2015–18 : Premier League runner-up , third FA Cup . Giroud scored Arsenals first goal of the season , a sideways scissor kick from an Özil assist at Crystal Palace in a 2–1 loss . On 20 October 2015 , he came off the bench to score the first goal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 9 December , he scored his first competitive Arsenal hat-trick in a 3–0 away victory at Olympiacos helping the Gunners , who needed a two-goal win , make the last-16 of the Champions League . Giroud scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa four days later , becoming only the seventh Arsenal player to reach 50 Premier League goals for the club . On 8 March , Giroud ended a 12-match scoreless run , with a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in a FA Cup replay . On 8 May 2016 , Giroud scored in a 2–2 against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium to end a run of 15 Premier League matches without a goal . He also assisted the teams second goal , scored by Alexis Sánchez . A week later , in the teams final match of the season , Giroud scored a hat-trick against Aston Villa to end 2015–16 with 16 goals in the Premier League and 24 in all competitions . Giroud made only three appearances in Arsenals first nine matches of the 2016–17 Premier League , all of them coming on as a substitute . On 29 October 2016 , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute in the 69th minute on matchday 10 of the Premier League , Giroud scored two goals with his first two touches in Arsenals 4–1 away win against Sunderland . On 19 November , Giroud scored an 89th-minute equalising goal after appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 26 December , he scored in a 1–0 home defeat of West Bromwich Albion on his first Premier League start of the season . On 1 January 2017 , Giroud scored with a backheeled scorpion kick volley in a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace , a goal described by Arsène Wenger as the greatest he had seen at the Emirates Stadium . The goal later earned him the FIFA Puskás Award for the goal of the year . On 12 January 2017 , Giroud , alongside teammates Francis Coquelin and Laurent Koscielny signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal . During the 2017 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley , Giroud came on in the 78th minute with the score 1–1 , and a minute later he delivered an assist for Aaron Ramsey to score the winning goal which saw Arsenal lift the Cup for a record-breaking thirteenth time . On 28 September 2017 , during Arsenals Europa League group game away to BATE Borisov , Giroud scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–2 victory . Chelsea . On 31 January 2018 , Giroud signed an 18-month contract with Chelsea for an undisclosed fee . 2018–20 : Fourth FA Cup , UEFA Europa League win . He made his debut five days later in a Premier League away game at Watford , where he came on in the 64th minute replacing Pedro . However , the result was a 4–1 loss . On 12 February , Giroud started his first game for the club in which he provided an assist for Eden Hazard in a 3–0 home win against West Bromwich Albion . He scored his first goal in the FA Cup fifth round against Hull City in the 4–0 home win . On 14 April , Giroud came off the bench to score twice as Chelsea recovered from a 2–0 deficit to beat Southampton 3–2 at St Marys Stadium . It was his first time scoring in the Premier League with his new club . On 8 November , Giroud registered his first goal of the season away to BATE Borisov in matchday four of the Europa League group stage . It was the only goal of the match , sending Chelsea through to the knockout stages of the tournament . In his next outing , he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 away loss to Tottenham Hotspur on 24 November . Giroud then made it four goals in three games , bagging a brace at home to PAOK in matchday five of the Europa League . Chelsea won the match 4–0 . On his 500th career appearance , Giroud scored a free kick to equalise and preserve Chelseas unbeaten Europa League group stage campaign . The match against Vidi at MOL Aréna Sóstó finished 2–2 . Giroud scored his first Chelsea hat trick on 14 March in a 5–0 ( 8–0 aggregate ) win over Dynamo Kyiv in the second leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie at NSC Olimpiyskiy . The following month , he became the first Chelsea player to score 10 goals in a single European campaign when he scored in a 4–3 semi-final second-leg win over Slavia Prague . In May 2019 , he signed a new contract with Chelsea through the 2019–20 season . On 29 May , he scored in Chelseas 4–1 win over his former club Arsenal in the Europa League final ; during the match , he also set-up Hazards second goal . With 11 goals in the competition , he set a new record for most goals by a French player in a single European season , breaking the previous record held jointly by Nestor Combin ( achieved during the 1963–64 European Cup Winners Cup ) and Just Fontaine ( achieved during the 1958–59 European Cup ) . On 14 August 2019 , Giroud scored his first goal of the season against Liverpool in the UEFA Super Cup . Liverpool went on to win the match on penalties ( 5–4 ) after a 2–2 scoreline . His first Premier League goal came on 22 February 2020 against Tottenham in a 2–1 home win . On 20 May 2020 , Giroud signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea . On 19 July 2020 , he scored a goal and helped Chelsea to reach their 14th FA Cup final after beating Manchester United 3–1 in the semi-final . Giroud finished the league season with a goal in Chelseas 2–0 win over Wolves on 26 July , a result which secured Chelsea a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League . The goal was also his fifth goal in six matches and sixth overall since the restart of football following the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 : UEFA Champions League victory . On 23 September 2020 , Giroud made his first appearance in 2020–21 season from the bench and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup , which ended in a 6–0 win at home . He scored the winning goal for Chelsea in stoppage time against Rennes in the Champions League on 24 November ; the victory secured Chelseas progression to the knockout phase of the competition . On 2 December , Giroud became the oldest player in Champions League history to score a hat-trick when he scored all four goals in a 4–0 win at Sevilla . He also became the oldest player to achieve the feat in the European Cup since Real Madrids Ferenc Puskás in September 1965 ( 38y 173d vs . Feyenoord ) . On 5 December , Giroud marked his first league start of the season with his fifth goal against Leeds United and landed himself in the Premier Leagues record books after continuing his remarkable goalscoring form . He became the oldest player to ever score in six successive Premier League starts at the age of 34 years and 63 days . He also became the first Chelsea player to score in six consecutive Premier League starts for the club since Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in October 2001 . On 8 December , Giroud marked his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 1–1 home draw against Krasnodar in the Champions League final group stage match . On 15 February 2021 , Giroud became the 17th player in Premier League history to make 100 substitute appearances when he replaced an injured Tammy Abraham in the first half of Chelseas match against Newcastle ; Giroud would go on to open the scoring in an eventual 2–0 win . On 23 February , he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 . Giroud was an unused substitute as Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the 2021 UEFA Champions League Final on 29 May . International career . Prior to representing the senior national team , Giroud did not earn any caps with the national youth teams . In 2001 , he was called up to the under-16 team alongside the likes of Yoann Gourcuff , Yohan Cabaye , and Sylvain Marveaux by coach Pierre Mankowski to participate in a training camp held at the Clairefontaine academy . After the camp , Giroud was not called up for the duration of the 2001–02 under-16 campaign . On 3 November 2011 , in an effort to reward Giroud for his performances domestically with Montpellier , national team coach Laurent Blanc named the striker in the squad to play in friendly matches against the United States and Belgium on 11 and 15 November 2011 , respectively . Giroud described the call up as a childhood dream come true , while also stating it is immensely satisfying and a privilege to represent the national team . He made his international debut in the match against the United States appearing as a substitute . France won the match 1–0 . Against Belgium , Giroud earned another cap appearing as a substitute as the match ended 0–0 . On 29 February 2012 , Giroud scored his first career international goal in a 2–1 friendly victory over Germany . Three months later , he was named to the squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2012 . Two days prior to the announcement of the final squad , Giroud assisted on two goals in Frances 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland . On 16 October 2012 , Giroud equalised for France in its 1–1 draw against Spain in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute , he scored a headed goal from a Franck Ribéry cross in the fourth minute of injury time . Due to his goal against Spain and good form with Arsenal , Giroud , along with Arsenal teammate Laurent Koscielny , received a call for Frances tie against Italy on 14 November . In the match , Giroud had a few chances , but then was substituted with five other players in the second half as France came back from behind to win the match 2–1 . Giroud scored twice and was named man of the match in a 6–0 win over Australia on 11 October 2013 in an international friendly . On 13 May 2014 , Giroud was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After appearing as a second-half substitute in Frances opening match against Honduras , Giroud was named in the starting line-up for the teams second group fixture against Switzerland . He scored the opening goal of the match in the 17th minute to record his first FIFA World Cup goal and the 100th at the tournament in the French national teams history , as Les Bleus ran out 5–2 winners to qualify for the knockout stage . In the opening match of Euro 2016 on 10 June 2016 , France defeated Romania 2–1 . Giroud earned his 50th France cap by being in the starting line-up of that match and played every minute of it ; he scored the opening goal by heading Dimitri Payets cross into the goal in the 57th minute . He scored a brace in a 5–2 win against Iceland in the Quarter-finals . Following Frances defeat to Portugal in the final of the tournament , Giroud finished the competition as the joint second-highest scorer , with 3 goals and 2 assists , and was awarded the Bronze Boot . In a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg in March 2017 , which France won 3–1 , Giroud scored twice , taking his total to 23 and moving him into his countrys top ten goalscorers of all time . On 2 June 2017 , Giroud scored a hat-trick at Roazhon Park for France in a friendly against Paraguay which finished 5–0 to the hosts . In that game , he also become the first player to score a hat-trick for Les Bleus in 17 years . On 17 May 2018 , he was called up to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 May 2018 , Giroud scored his 31st international goal for France during a home game against Ireland , equalling Zinedine Zidanes record , and becoming the fourth highest goal scorer of all time for the country . Girouds inclusion in the team as a big man towering over opposing defenders was designed to create more freedom for Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappé to generate offensive chances . Giroud played in all seven matches , and though he failed to register a shot on net on 13 shots , his physical presence and link-up play was credited with Griezmann and Mbappé each scoring four goals . On 30 June 2018 , Giroud set up Mbappés second goal in a 4–3 win over Argentina . In the final of the tournament on 15 July , France defeated Croatia 4–2 to win their second FIFA World Cup title . In March 2019 , Giroud scored goals in two UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Moldova and Iceland , taking his tally to 35 for France . In doing so , he surpassed David Trezeguet to become the nations third-highest goalscorer of all-time , behind only Thierry Henry and Michel Platini . On 8 September 2020 , Giroud scored his 40th goal for the French national team , in a 4–2 UEFA Nations League victory against Croatia . On 7 October 2020 , Giroud played his 100th match for France , where he also scored twice in a 7–1 win against Ukraine , giving him 42 goals in his international career to surpass Platinis total and rank second for France . Style of play . Giroud is capable of playing in several offensive positions , but usually plays as a striker or as a centre-forward ; he has also occasionally been used as a second striker , or even as a false 9 . A hard-working striker , he is known in particular for his reliable goal scoring rate , size , physical strength , heading accuracy , powerful shot , ability to hold up the ball with his back to goal , and link-up play , or create space for his teammates with his movement off the ball . He is also associated with making runs to the front post that outwit defenders . Due to his playing style and penchant for scoring goals after coming off the bench , he has been described as a target man , and as a super sub in the media . Outside football . Personal life . Giroud has an older brother , Romain , who was also a footballer , having played at the Auxerre academy and having represented France at under-15 and under-17 level , however he dropped a potential professional career to study and become a nutritionist . Giroud has been married to Jennifer since 2011 . Their daughter Jade was born on 18 June 2013 . Giroud is a Roman Catholic and has a tattoo on his right arm from Psalm 23 in Latin : Dominus regit me et nihil mihi deerit ( The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want ) . He describes himself as a very believing person [ ... ] I dont cross myself before my games but I do a little prayer . In February 2014 , Giroud reportedly cheated on his wife with model Celia Kay . After the incident , he issued an apology to his wife but later insisted that he had not committed adultery . Arsène Wenger , Girouds manager at Arsenal at the time , did not comment on the matter , saying he wanted to respect his privacy . Media . In 2014 , he became the face of Hugo Bosss Boss Bottled mens fragrance . In February 2015 Giroud was voted the Hottest Premier League Player . In an interview with GQ , he cited David Beckham as an inspiration for the way he looks , saying that Beckhams style is iconic . Giroud has been sponsored by Puma since 2009 . He together with Antoine Griezmann starred in an advert for the brand of which was released in August 2016 . Often using elaborate moves in his goal celebrations , Girouds ‘Glamour slide’ goal celebration is included in EA Sports FIFA 16 . On 13 November 2018 , confirmed on Twitter that Giroud had landed a role in the French-dubbed version of ( known as Spiderman : New Generation in France ) as the voice of the Green Goblin . He was joined by Presnel Kimpembe , who took on the role of Scorpion . Career statistics . Club . <ref Giroud } } </ref></ref> Honours . Montpellier - Ligue 1 : 2011–12 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Chelsea - FA Cup : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2019–20 , 2020–21 - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - UEFA Champions League : 2020–21 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 France - FIFA World Cup : 2018 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2011–12 - Premier League Player of the Month : March 2015 - UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year : 2009–10 - Ligue 2 UNFP Player of the Month : September 2009 , November 2009 - UEFA European Championship Bronze Boot : 2016 - FIFA Puskás Award : 2017 - UEFA Europa League top scorer : 2018–19 ( 11 goals ) - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour : 2018
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Olivier Giroud Olivier Jonathan Giroud ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Chelsea and the France national team . Highly regarded for his work-rate , strength , shot power and consistent goal-scoring ability , he is often considered one of the most underrated strikers in the world . Giroud began his senior club career playing for hometown club Grenoble , before he signed with Tours in 2008 , aged 21 . He was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year in 2010 after finishing as the leagues top goalscorer . He was subsequently the subject of a then-club record association football transfer when he moved to Montpellier in a transfer worth €2 million , winning the clubs first Ligue 1 title and finishing as league top goalscorer in 2012 . He then joined Arsenal , where he won three FA Cups to help end Arsenals nine-year trophy drought , and is the clubs eighteenth-highest all-time goalscorer . Giroud signed for crosstown rivals Chelsea in 2018 in a transfer worth £18 million ( €20.7 million ) , winning the FA Cup , the UEFA Champions League , and the UEFA Europa League , finishing as top goalscorer in the latter in 2019 . Giroud made his senior international debut for France in 2011 at age 24 , and has since earned over 100 caps , including appearing in four major tournaments . He is his countrys second-highest all-time goalscorer , receiving the Bronze Boot as joint second-highest goalscorer as France finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2016 . He later won the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Early career . Giroud was born in Chambéry , France in the Rhône-Alpes region , and was raised in the nearby village of Froges , close to Grenoble . Giroud is of Italian descent through both of his grandmothers . Giroud began his football career playing for his hometown club , Olympique Club de Froges . He spent six years training at the club before joining professional club Grenoble at the age of 13 . Club career . Grenoble . Giroud spent five years developing in Grenobles youth academy before signing his first professional contract at the age of 21 . He later admitted that signing his first contract was an important part in his development as a player , stating It took me signing my first professional contract to become aware of my abilities . If you [ a club ] trusted me , it was because I must have had some qualities . Ahead of the 2005–06 season , he was promoted to the clubs reserve team , which was playing in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Giroud quickly became an important player in the team scoring 15 goals in 15 matches . His performances over seven months with the reserve team resulted in the player being called up to the senior team in March 2006 by manager Thierry Goudet . Giroud made his professional debut on 27 March appearing as a late-match substitute in a 1–1 draw with Gueugnon in Ligue 2 . He remained a part of the senior team for the rest of the campaign making five more substitute appearances . Giroud was promoted to the senior team permanently for the 2006–07 season by new manager Payton Pouliquen and Nicola Malgeri and was assigned the number 22 shirt . After appearing as a substitute in the teams first league match of the campaign , he made his first professional start in a 2–1 defeat away to Niort playing the entire match . On 26 February 2007 , Giroud scored his first professional goal netting the injury time winner against Le Havre . He described the goal as a fantastic memory . I could not dream better for a first pro goal . A month later , Giroud made his third start of the campaign against Gueugnon . In the match , which ended 0–0 , Giroud incurred his first professional red card . He finished the campaign with 18 total appearances and two goals as Grenoble finished in fifth place . Loan to Istres . In an attempt to earn some playing time , Giroud spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Istres in the Championnat National , the third level of football in France . Under the tutelage of manager Frédéric Arpinon , he continued his development as a striker and , in his second match with the club , scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over Laval . Two weeks later , Giroud scored goals in back-to-back matches against Vannes and Créteil . He scored his first double of the season in a 2–0 win against Arles-Avignon . A fortnight later , Giroud converted two goals again , this time in a 3–2 win over Pau . After going through the months of November and December without scoring a league goal , Giroud returned to form in January scoring goals in a 3–2 defeat to Vannes and a 2–0 win over Beauvais . He finished the campaign by scoring goals in April league fixtures against Paris and Martigues , which brought his total goal tally with Istres to 14 . Of the 14 goals , Giroud only scored four at the Stade Parsemain , Istres home stadium . After a successful loan stint , Giroud returned to Grenoble with hopes of receiving some significant playing time as the club was now playing in Ligue 1 . However , club manager Mehmed Baždarević , who was hired while Giroud was on his loan stint at Istres , deemed the player surplus to requirements and , subsequently , listed him for transfer . According to reports , Baždarević had declared that Giroud did not have the level to play among the elite . In 2011 , Giroud reevaluated his departure from Grenoble stating I am neither resentful nor vengeful . I am just disappointed with what happened to Grenoble when there was great potential . Tours . On 28 May 2008 , it was reported that Giroud had agreed to a three-year deal with Ligue 2 club Tours . The striker was lured to the club by sporting director Max Marty who had previously served as the chief executive officer of Grenoble , Girouds former club . Giroud was also fond of Tours manager Daniel Sanchez stating Its always a plus to have a former striker as a coach . His advice to me really helped a lot . With him , I progressed in my positioning and also in front of goal . Giroud was given the number 12 shirt and , due to injury , made his club debut on 3 September 2008 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne in the Coupe de la Ligue . He made his league debut a week later playing the entire match in a 1–0 win over Nîmes . A month later , Giroud scored his first goal for the club converting the opener in a league match against Lens . In the second half , he scored another goal to cap a 3–1 win . Two weeks later , Giroud scored his third goal for the club in a victory over Ajaccio . In the Coupe de France , Giroud scored five goals in two matches . In the eighth round of the competition , he scored the teams only goal in a 1–0 win over semi-professional club Pacy Vallée-dEure . In the ensuing round against Réunionais club Jeanne dArc , Giroud scored four goals in a 7–1 win . Tours would later be eliminated in the next round by Lorient . After his four-goal display against Jeanne dArc , Giroud followed up the performance by scoring goals in back-to-back league matches against Montpellier and Metz . After a double against Nîmes on 20 February 2009 , the striker suffered an injury , which forced him to miss three league matches . After making two substitute appearances on his return , in his first start since the injury on 3 April against Angers , Giroud scored the teams opening goal in a 3–1 win . Giroud later re-aggravated the previous injury in training , which led to him missing the entire month of April as Tours were contesting a promotion battle with several clubs . Despite losing Giroud , the club went unbeaten in the four league matches he missed . On his return against Boulogne on 8 May , Giroud scored his final goal of the season in a victory . In Tours final three league matches of the campaign , the club failed to achieve a win , which resulted in the club failing to earn promotion to Ligue 1 . Giroud finished the season with 27 total appearances and 14 goals . In the 2009–10 season , Giroud was promoted to the lead striker role following the departure of Tenema NDiaye to Nantes . The promotion immediately paid off as Giroud scored two goals in the teams opening match of the season ; a 2–1 win over Le Havre in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 18 August 2009 , he scored his first league goal against the same opposition in another win . Following another league goal in a win over Guingamp , on 18 September , Giroud scored all four of Tours goals in a 4–2 win over Arles-Avignon . It was his second career four-goal match at the professional level and his third overall having had one at amateur level while playing with the Grenoble reserve team . In the teams next 15 matches in all competitions , Giroud remained on form scoring ten goals . During that span , the striker scored in consecutive matches on three occasions . Giroud finished the fall campaign with 16 goals , 13 of which came in league play . On 26 January 2010 , it was reported that Ligue 1 club Montpellier had signed Giroud from Tours on a three and a half-year deal . The transfer fee was priced at €2 million and it was also announced that Montpellier would loan Giroud back to Tours until the end of the 2009–10 season . The striker admitted the move to Montpellier would benefit him the most stating I feel that here ( Montpellier ) , the coach and staff will be able to help me make real progress . The environment is ideal , the training center is good , the group is healthy , and theres a beautiful stadium with an audience that responds to this . Following the transfer , Giroud went three weeks without scoring a goal before converting one on 19 February 2010 in a win over Arles-Avignon . Two weeks later , he scored the teams only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Nantes . On 19 March , Giroud scored two goals in a shutout win against Châteauroux . A week later , he scored in another shutout victory over Strasbourg . After the goal against Strasbourg , Giroud went seven matches without scoring before netting on the final matchday of the season against Nîmes . He finished the season with 42 appearances and 24 goals . Giroud scored 21 in the league and was named the leagues top goalscorer . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Ligue 2 Player of the Year . Giroud was also named to the leagues Team of the Year . Montpellier . Giroud officially joined Montpellier on 1 July 2010 . He simultaneously made his club and European debut on 29 July in the first leg of Montpelliers UEFA Europa League third qualifying round with Hungarian club Győri ETO . In the match , Giroud scored his first goal for the club in the first half . Montpellier won the match courtesy of Girouds goal , but were defeated on aggregate after losing on penalties in the second leg . Giroud made his league debut in the teams first match of the campaign ; a 1–0 win over Bordeaux . On 28 August , he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 away win against Valenciennes . On 25 September , Giroud scored two goals in a home victory over Arles-Avignon . The double brought his career goal tally to nine against the Bouches-du-Rhône-based club . A week later , he scored Montpelliers lone goal in a 3–1 loss to Lille . In November 2010 , Giroud scored game-winning goals in consecutive weeks against Toulouse and Nice . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Montpellier surprisingly reached the final of the competition . In the semi-finals against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud played the entire match , which went into extra time . In the 117th minute , he scored the match-winning goal to send Montpellier to its first major final since the 1993–94 season when the club reached the final of the Coupe de France . In the 2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final , Montpellier faced Marseille and were defeated 1–0 courtesy of a goal by Taye Taiwo . Giroud played the entire match . Following his goal against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud went scoreless for nearly two months before converting both club goals against the same opposition in a 2–2 draw at the Parc des Princes . Towards the end of the league season , Giroud scored goals against title contenders Marseille and Lyon . However , Montpellier lost both matches . After finishing the season as the clubs top scorer , on 31 May 2011 , Giroud signed a contract extension with Montpellier until 2014 . Giroud began the 2011–12 campaign on form scoring in the teams first two league matches of the season against Auxerre and the defending champions Lille . Montpellier won both matches . After scoring a double in a 2–2 draw with Brest , French newspaper Le Parisien affectionately dubbed him le buteur de charme ( the charm striker ) . The nickname paid tribute to his goalscoring ability , as well as personality and looks and was , subsequently , used by several other media outlets in France to describe the player . In the teams next 18 matches in all competitions , Giroud lived up to the nickname by scoring 13 goals . The impressive output consisted of hat-tricks against Dijon and Sochaux , match-winning goals against Nancy , Lyon , and Nice , and a goal each in the Coupe de la Ligue and Coupe de France . As a result of Girouds performance and the team as a whole , Montpellier topped the league table in November 2011 . In January 2012 , Giroud was linked with a transfer to several clubs . Montpelliers owner Louis Nicollin responded to the rumours on French radio station RTL and surprised many by deeming one club not big enough for Giroud , while also declaring that the striker would cost at least €50 or €60 million . At the start of the second half of the campaign , Giroud scored in back-to-back league matches against Lyon and Nice . Two weeks later against Ajaccio , he assisted on Montpelliers second goal and scored the teams final goal in a 3–0 win . On 24 March 2012 , Giroud scored in the 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . The victory placed Montpellier at the top of the table and the club remained there for the rest of the campaign capturing its first league title in club history after beating Auxerre 2–1 on the final day of the season . Giroud finished the season with a league-leading 21 goals and 9 assists . Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê , he was named the leagues top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play . Arsenal . 2012–13 : Debut season . On 26 June 2012 , Arsenal won the race to sign Giroud on a long-term contract for a fee believed to be around £9.6 million ( €12.4 million ) . He was given the number 12 shirt . He made his debut on 18 August as a substitute for fellow debutant Lukas Podolski in a goalless home draw against Sunderland in the Premier League and scored his first goal for Arsenal on 26 September , in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup . His first Premier League goal came on 6 October , with the equaliser in a 3–1 win against West Ham United , in which he also assisted a Theo Walcott goal . On 30 October , he helped Arsenal to a historic comeback in a League Cup tie against Reading , as Arsenal were 4–0 down before coming back to win the game 7–5 after extra-time , with Giroud scoring Arsenals second goal . Giroud scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for Arsenal in a 2–2 draw at Schalke 04 on 6 November and four days later he scored twice in a 3–3 draw at home to Fulham . Girouds form earned him a place in the Premier League team of the week . On 17 November , Giroud scored the third goal in Arsenals 5–2 derby win over Tottenham . Four days later , Giroud assisted both Jack Wilsheres and Lukas Podolskis goals in Arsenals 2–0 victory over former club Montpellier , which allowed Arsenal to qualify for the knockout stages of the tournament . The Arsenal fans have warmed to Giroud as he has started to pick up form after a shaky start ; a run of goals in consecutive games has led to a chant mimicking The Beatles Hey Jude of Na na na , Na na naaaa , Na na naaaa , Giroud echoing around the Emirates Stadium . On 29 December 2012 , Giroud scored a brace and hit the crossbar after coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 80th minute , as Arsenal beat Newcastle United 7–3 at the Emirates Stadium . On 23 January , Giroud scored a brace as Arsenal beat West Ham 5–1 , and did the same in a Man of the Match performance against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup three days later . On 30 January , Giroud scored as Arsenal fought back to earn a 2–2 draw , from 2–0 down at home to Liverpool . Giroud scored a header from a Wilshere free kick , and provided an assist for Theo Walcott . For January , Giroud was awarded with the Arsenal Fans Player of the Month Award . On 13 April 2013 , Giroud played a big part of Arsenals 3–1 win against Norwich City at home , winning a penalty that led to the equalizer in the 85th minute . He then sent Arsenal ahead himself two minutes later and set up for Lukas Podolski . This victory sent Arsenal to third in the table , climbing past London-rivals Chelsea and Tottenham . He received his first red card for Arsenal against Fulham , which meant he would miss three of Arsenals last four games of the season . He had his appeal rejected by the Football Association . Giroud finished the season with 17 goals and 11 assists in 47 appearances . 2013–15 : Ending the trophy drought . Giroud scored in the opening game of the Premier League season against Aston Villa , a 3–1 loss for Arsenal . His scored the only goal in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 September . On 26 October , Giroud scored the second goal in a 2–0 win at Crystal Palace , keeping Arsenal at the top of the Premier League , and almost a month later scored a double against Southampton , following a mistake from the Saints goalkeeper Artur Boruc , and then he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win . Girouds last goal of 2013 , and Arsenals last of the year , came against Newcastle United . His flicked header from Theo Walcotts free kick gave Arsenal a narrow 1–0 win and placed them at the top of the table going into 2014 . He then scored on his return to the first team against Aston Villa after an ankle injury , a match that ended 2–1 in Arsenals favour . On 8 March 2014 , Giroud scored twice against Everton in the FA Cup quarter-final , helping Arsenal to a 4–1 win . On 12 April , Giroud scored one of the penalties in the shootout against Wigan Athletic to send Arsenal to the final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . On 17 May , Giroud started in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and assisted Aaron Ramseys cup-winning goal . Giroud started the season by scoring the third goal in Arsenal 3–0 win against Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield , a 25-yard shot which dipped over goalkeeper Willy Caballero , thus winning Girouds second title for Arsenal . Despite only coming on as a half-time substitute , he was named Man of the match . Shortly after scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton on 22 August , he broke his left tibia and was ruled out for four months . On 30 September 2014 , his 28th birthday , Giroud signed a new contract at Arsenal , keeping him at the club until 2018 and increasing his weekly wage to £80,000 . Giroud returned to action quicker than expected , replacing Aaron Ramsey for the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 home defeat against Manchester United on 22 November and scoring Arsenals consolation goal in added time . Later , he scored twice in a 4–1 home victory against Newcastle United on 13 December . Thirteen days later , he was sent off in Arsenals 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers for a headbutt on Nedum Onuoha after being pushed by the QPR defender . He later returned from his three-game suspension to feature in a 3–0 victory at home against Stoke City on 11 January . On 18 January , he scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City , giving the gunners their first victory at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2010 . Giroud carried on his Premier League form by opening the scoring and by setting up Mesut Özil for the second goal of the match as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 . On 15 February , he netted two goals in the space of three minutes as Arsenal defeated Middlesbrough 2–0 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup . His first goal concluded a move in which every Arsenal player touched the ball without Middlesbrough taking possession . On 25 February , Giroud was substituted 60 minutes into Arsenals 3–1 Champions League round of 16 loss to AS Monaco after missing several good chances for his club . Four days later , on 1 March , he scored Arsenals opening goal in a 2–0 Premier League defeat of Everton . Giroud kept up his fine form by netting one goals each against Queens Park Rangers , West Ham United and two against Newcastle United in the Premier League while also scoring against Monaco in the Champions League . Giroud was announced as the Premier League Player of the Month for March . On 4 April , Giroud scored the fourth goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool . On 30 May , Giroud scored Arsenals fourth goal after appearing as a substitute in the teams 4–0 2015 FA Cup Final victory over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium . 2015–18 : Premier League runner-up , third FA Cup . Giroud scored Arsenals first goal of the season , a sideways scissor kick from an Özil assist at Crystal Palace in a 2–1 loss . On 20 October 2015 , he came off the bench to score the first goal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 9 December , he scored his first competitive Arsenal hat-trick in a 3–0 away victory at Olympiacos helping the Gunners , who needed a two-goal win , make the last-16 of the Champions League . Giroud scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa four days later , becoming only the seventh Arsenal player to reach 50 Premier League goals for the club . On 8 March , Giroud ended a 12-match scoreless run , with a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in a FA Cup replay . On 8 May 2016 , Giroud scored in a 2–2 against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium to end a run of 15 Premier League matches without a goal . He also assisted the teams second goal , scored by Alexis Sánchez . A week later , in the teams final match of the season , Giroud scored a hat-trick against Aston Villa to end 2015–16 with 16 goals in the Premier League and 24 in all competitions . Giroud made only three appearances in Arsenals first nine matches of the 2016–17 Premier League , all of them coming on as a substitute . On 29 October 2016 , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute in the 69th minute on matchday 10 of the Premier League , Giroud scored two goals with his first two touches in Arsenals 4–1 away win against Sunderland . On 19 November , Giroud scored an 89th-minute equalising goal after appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 26 December , he scored in a 1–0 home defeat of West Bromwich Albion on his first Premier League start of the season . On 1 January 2017 , Giroud scored with a backheeled scorpion kick volley in a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace , a goal described by Arsène Wenger as the greatest he had seen at the Emirates Stadium . The goal later earned him the FIFA Puskás Award for the goal of the year . On 12 January 2017 , Giroud , alongside teammates Francis Coquelin and Laurent Koscielny signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal . During the 2017 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley , Giroud came on in the 78th minute with the score 1–1 , and a minute later he delivered an assist for Aaron Ramsey to score the winning goal which saw Arsenal lift the Cup for a record-breaking thirteenth time . On 28 September 2017 , during Arsenals Europa League group game away to BATE Borisov , Giroud scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–2 victory . Chelsea . On 31 January 2018 , Giroud signed an 18-month contract with Chelsea for an undisclosed fee . 2018–20 : Fourth FA Cup , UEFA Europa League win . He made his debut five days later in a Premier League away game at Watford , where he came on in the 64th minute replacing Pedro . However , the result was a 4–1 loss . On 12 February , Giroud started his first game for the club in which he provided an assist for Eden Hazard in a 3–0 home win against West Bromwich Albion . He scored his first goal in the FA Cup fifth round against Hull City in the 4–0 home win . On 14 April , Giroud came off the bench to score twice as Chelsea recovered from a 2–0 deficit to beat Southampton 3–2 at St Marys Stadium . It was his first time scoring in the Premier League with his new club . On 8 November , Giroud registered his first goal of the season away to BATE Borisov in matchday four of the Europa League group stage . It was the only goal of the match , sending Chelsea through to the knockout stages of the tournament . In his next outing , he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 away loss to Tottenham Hotspur on 24 November . Giroud then made it four goals in three games , bagging a brace at home to PAOK in matchday five of the Europa League . Chelsea won the match 4–0 . On his 500th career appearance , Giroud scored a free kick to equalise and preserve Chelseas unbeaten Europa League group stage campaign . The match against Vidi at MOL Aréna Sóstó finished 2–2 . Giroud scored his first Chelsea hat trick on 14 March in a 5–0 ( 8–0 aggregate ) win over Dynamo Kyiv in the second leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie at NSC Olimpiyskiy . The following month , he became the first Chelsea player to score 10 goals in a single European campaign when he scored in a 4–3 semi-final second-leg win over Slavia Prague . In May 2019 , he signed a new contract with Chelsea through the 2019–20 season . On 29 May , he scored in Chelseas 4–1 win over his former club Arsenal in the Europa League final ; during the match , he also set-up Hazards second goal . With 11 goals in the competition , he set a new record for most goals by a French player in a single European season , breaking the previous record held jointly by Nestor Combin ( achieved during the 1963–64 European Cup Winners Cup ) and Just Fontaine ( achieved during the 1958–59 European Cup ) . On 14 August 2019 , Giroud scored his first goal of the season against Liverpool in the UEFA Super Cup . Liverpool went on to win the match on penalties ( 5–4 ) after a 2–2 scoreline . His first Premier League goal came on 22 February 2020 against Tottenham in a 2–1 home win . On 20 May 2020 , Giroud signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea . On 19 July 2020 , he scored a goal and helped Chelsea to reach their 14th FA Cup final after beating Manchester United 3–1 in the semi-final . Giroud finished the league season with a goal in Chelseas 2–0 win over Wolves on 26 July , a result which secured Chelsea a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League . The goal was also his fifth goal in six matches and sixth overall since the restart of football following the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 : UEFA Champions League victory . On 23 September 2020 , Giroud made his first appearance in 2020–21 season from the bench and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup , which ended in a 6–0 win at home . He scored the winning goal for Chelsea in stoppage time against Rennes in the Champions League on 24 November ; the victory secured Chelseas progression to the knockout phase of the competition . On 2 December , Giroud became the oldest player in Champions League history to score a hat-trick when he scored all four goals in a 4–0 win at Sevilla . He also became the oldest player to achieve the feat in the European Cup since Real Madrids Ferenc Puskás in September 1965 ( 38y 173d vs . Feyenoord ) . On 5 December , Giroud marked his first league start of the season with his fifth goal against Leeds United and landed himself in the Premier Leagues record books after continuing his remarkable goalscoring form . He became the oldest player to ever score in six successive Premier League starts at the age of 34 years and 63 days . He also became the first Chelsea player to score in six consecutive Premier League starts for the club since Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in October 2001 . On 8 December , Giroud marked his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 1–1 home draw against Krasnodar in the Champions League final group stage match . On 15 February 2021 , Giroud became the 17th player in Premier League history to make 100 substitute appearances when he replaced an injured Tammy Abraham in the first half of Chelseas match against Newcastle ; Giroud would go on to open the scoring in an eventual 2–0 win . On 23 February , he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 . Giroud was an unused substitute as Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the 2021 UEFA Champions League Final on 29 May . International career . Prior to representing the senior national team , Giroud did not earn any caps with the national youth teams . In 2001 , he was called up to the under-16 team alongside the likes of Yoann Gourcuff , Yohan Cabaye , and Sylvain Marveaux by coach Pierre Mankowski to participate in a training camp held at the Clairefontaine academy . After the camp , Giroud was not called up for the duration of the 2001–02 under-16 campaign . On 3 November 2011 , in an effort to reward Giroud for his performances domestically with Montpellier , national team coach Laurent Blanc named the striker in the squad to play in friendly matches against the United States and Belgium on 11 and 15 November 2011 , respectively . Giroud described the call up as a childhood dream come true , while also stating it is immensely satisfying and a privilege to represent the national team . He made his international debut in the match against the United States appearing as a substitute . France won the match 1–0 . Against Belgium , Giroud earned another cap appearing as a substitute as the match ended 0–0 . On 29 February 2012 , Giroud scored his first career international goal in a 2–1 friendly victory over Germany . Three months later , he was named to the squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2012 . Two days prior to the announcement of the final squad , Giroud assisted on two goals in Frances 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland . On 16 October 2012 , Giroud equalised for France in its 1–1 draw against Spain in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute , he scored a headed goal from a Franck Ribéry cross in the fourth minute of injury time . Due to his goal against Spain and good form with Arsenal , Giroud , along with Arsenal teammate Laurent Koscielny , received a call for Frances tie against Italy on 14 November . In the match , Giroud had a few chances , but then was substituted with five other players in the second half as France came back from behind to win the match 2–1 . Giroud scored twice and was named man of the match in a 6–0 win over Australia on 11 October 2013 in an international friendly . On 13 May 2014 , Giroud was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After appearing as a second-half substitute in Frances opening match against Honduras , Giroud was named in the starting line-up for the teams second group fixture against Switzerland . He scored the opening goal of the match in the 17th minute to record his first FIFA World Cup goal and the 100th at the tournament in the French national teams history , as Les Bleus ran out 5–2 winners to qualify for the knockout stage . In the opening match of Euro 2016 on 10 June 2016 , France defeated Romania 2–1 . Giroud earned his 50th France cap by being in the starting line-up of that match and played every minute of it ; he scored the opening goal by heading Dimitri Payets cross into the goal in the 57th minute . He scored a brace in a 5–2 win against Iceland in the Quarter-finals . Following Frances defeat to Portugal in the final of the tournament , Giroud finished the competition as the joint second-highest scorer , with 3 goals and 2 assists , and was awarded the Bronze Boot . In a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg in March 2017 , which France won 3–1 , Giroud scored twice , taking his total to 23 and moving him into his countrys top ten goalscorers of all time . On 2 June 2017 , Giroud scored a hat-trick at Roazhon Park for France in a friendly against Paraguay which finished 5–0 to the hosts . In that game , he also become the first player to score a hat-trick for Les Bleus in 17 years . On 17 May 2018 , he was called up to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 May 2018 , Giroud scored his 31st international goal for France during a home game against Ireland , equalling Zinedine Zidanes record , and becoming the fourth highest goal scorer of all time for the country . Girouds inclusion in the team as a big man towering over opposing defenders was designed to create more freedom for Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappé to generate offensive chances . Giroud played in all seven matches , and though he failed to register a shot on net on 13 shots , his physical presence and link-up play was credited with Griezmann and Mbappé each scoring four goals . On 30 June 2018 , Giroud set up Mbappés second goal in a 4–3 win over Argentina . In the final of the tournament on 15 July , France defeated Croatia 4–2 to win their second FIFA World Cup title . In March 2019 , Giroud scored goals in two UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Moldova and Iceland , taking his tally to 35 for France . In doing so , he surpassed David Trezeguet to become the nations third-highest goalscorer of all-time , behind only Thierry Henry and Michel Platini . On 8 September 2020 , Giroud scored his 40th goal for the French national team , in a 4–2 UEFA Nations League victory against Croatia . On 7 October 2020 , Giroud played his 100th match for France , where he also scored twice in a 7–1 win against Ukraine , giving him 42 goals in his international career to surpass Platinis total and rank second for France . Style of play . Giroud is capable of playing in several offensive positions , but usually plays as a striker or as a centre-forward ; he has also occasionally been used as a second striker , or even as a false 9 . A hard-working striker , he is known in particular for his reliable goal scoring rate , size , physical strength , heading accuracy , powerful shot , ability to hold up the ball with his back to goal , and link-up play , or create space for his teammates with his movement off the ball . He is also associated with making runs to the front post that outwit defenders . Due to his playing style and penchant for scoring goals after coming off the bench , he has been described as a target man , and as a super sub in the media . Outside football . Personal life . Giroud has an older brother , Romain , who was also a footballer , having played at the Auxerre academy and having represented France at under-15 and under-17 level , however he dropped a potential professional career to study and become a nutritionist . Giroud has been married to Jennifer since 2011 . Their daughter Jade was born on 18 June 2013 . Giroud is a Roman Catholic and has a tattoo on his right arm from Psalm 23 in Latin : Dominus regit me et nihil mihi deerit ( The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want ) . He describes himself as a very believing person [ ... ] I dont cross myself before my games but I do a little prayer . In February 2014 , Giroud reportedly cheated on his wife with model Celia Kay . After the incident , he issued an apology to his wife but later insisted that he had not committed adultery . Arsène Wenger , Girouds manager at Arsenal at the time , did not comment on the matter , saying he wanted to respect his privacy . Media . In 2014 , he became the face of Hugo Bosss Boss Bottled mens fragrance . In February 2015 Giroud was voted the Hottest Premier League Player . In an interview with GQ , he cited David Beckham as an inspiration for the way he looks , saying that Beckhams style is iconic . Giroud has been sponsored by Puma since 2009 . He together with Antoine Griezmann starred in an advert for the brand of which was released in August 2016 . Often using elaborate moves in his goal celebrations , Girouds ‘Glamour slide’ goal celebration is included in EA Sports FIFA 16 . On 13 November 2018 , confirmed on Twitter that Giroud had landed a role in the French-dubbed version of ( known as Spiderman : New Generation in France ) as the voice of the Green Goblin . He was joined by Presnel Kimpembe , who took on the role of Scorpion . Career statistics . Club . <ref Giroud } } </ref></ref> Honours . Montpellier - Ligue 1 : 2011–12 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Chelsea - FA Cup : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2019–20 , 2020–21 - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - UEFA Champions League : 2020–21 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 France - FIFA World Cup : 2018 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2011–12 - Premier League Player of the Month : March 2015 - UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year : 2009–10 - Ligue 2 UNFP Player of the Month : September 2009 , November 2009 - UEFA European Championship Bronze Boot : 2016 - FIFA Puskás Award : 2017 - UEFA Europa League top scorer : 2018–19 ( 11 goals ) - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour : 2018
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Olivier Giroud Olivier Jonathan Giroud ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Chelsea and the France national team . Highly regarded for his work-rate , strength , shot power and consistent goal-scoring ability , he is often considered one of the most underrated strikers in the world . Giroud began his senior club career playing for hometown club Grenoble , before he signed with Tours in 2008 , aged 21 . He was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year in 2010 after finishing as the leagues top goalscorer . He was subsequently the subject of a then-club record association football transfer when he moved to Montpellier in a transfer worth €2 million , winning the clubs first Ligue 1 title and finishing as league top goalscorer in 2012 . He then joined Arsenal , where he won three FA Cups to help end Arsenals nine-year trophy drought , and is the clubs eighteenth-highest all-time goalscorer . Giroud signed for crosstown rivals Chelsea in 2018 in a transfer worth £18 million ( €20.7 million ) , winning the FA Cup , the UEFA Champions League , and the UEFA Europa League , finishing as top goalscorer in the latter in 2019 . Giroud made his senior international debut for France in 2011 at age 24 , and has since earned over 100 caps , including appearing in four major tournaments . He is his countrys second-highest all-time goalscorer , receiving the Bronze Boot as joint second-highest goalscorer as France finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2016 . He later won the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Early career . Giroud was born in Chambéry , France in the Rhône-Alpes region , and was raised in the nearby village of Froges , close to Grenoble . Giroud is of Italian descent through both of his grandmothers . Giroud began his football career playing for his hometown club , Olympique Club de Froges . He spent six years training at the club before joining professional club Grenoble at the age of 13 . Club career . Grenoble . Giroud spent five years developing in Grenobles youth academy before signing his first professional contract at the age of 21 . He later admitted that signing his first contract was an important part in his development as a player , stating It took me signing my first professional contract to become aware of my abilities . If you [ a club ] trusted me , it was because I must have had some qualities . Ahead of the 2005–06 season , he was promoted to the clubs reserve team , which was playing in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Giroud quickly became an important player in the team scoring 15 goals in 15 matches . His performances over seven months with the reserve team resulted in the player being called up to the senior team in March 2006 by manager Thierry Goudet . Giroud made his professional debut on 27 March appearing as a late-match substitute in a 1–1 draw with Gueugnon in Ligue 2 . He remained a part of the senior team for the rest of the campaign making five more substitute appearances . Giroud was promoted to the senior team permanently for the 2006–07 season by new manager Payton Pouliquen and Nicola Malgeri and was assigned the number 22 shirt . After appearing as a substitute in the teams first league match of the campaign , he made his first professional start in a 2–1 defeat away to Niort playing the entire match . On 26 February 2007 , Giroud scored his first professional goal netting the injury time winner against Le Havre . He described the goal as a fantastic memory . I could not dream better for a first pro goal . A month later , Giroud made his third start of the campaign against Gueugnon . In the match , which ended 0–0 , Giroud incurred his first professional red card . He finished the campaign with 18 total appearances and two goals as Grenoble finished in fifth place . Loan to Istres . In an attempt to earn some playing time , Giroud spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Istres in the Championnat National , the third level of football in France . Under the tutelage of manager Frédéric Arpinon , he continued his development as a striker and , in his second match with the club , scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over Laval . Two weeks later , Giroud scored goals in back-to-back matches against Vannes and Créteil . He scored his first double of the season in a 2–0 win against Arles-Avignon . A fortnight later , Giroud converted two goals again , this time in a 3–2 win over Pau . After going through the months of November and December without scoring a league goal , Giroud returned to form in January scoring goals in a 3–2 defeat to Vannes and a 2–0 win over Beauvais . He finished the campaign by scoring goals in April league fixtures against Paris and Martigues , which brought his total goal tally with Istres to 14 . Of the 14 goals , Giroud only scored four at the Stade Parsemain , Istres home stadium . After a successful loan stint , Giroud returned to Grenoble with hopes of receiving some significant playing time as the club was now playing in Ligue 1 . However , club manager Mehmed Baždarević , who was hired while Giroud was on his loan stint at Istres , deemed the player surplus to requirements and , subsequently , listed him for transfer . According to reports , Baždarević had declared that Giroud did not have the level to play among the elite . In 2011 , Giroud reevaluated his departure from Grenoble stating I am neither resentful nor vengeful . I am just disappointed with what happened to Grenoble when there was great potential . Tours . On 28 May 2008 , it was reported that Giroud had agreed to a three-year deal with Ligue 2 club Tours . The striker was lured to the club by sporting director Max Marty who had previously served as the chief executive officer of Grenoble , Girouds former club . Giroud was also fond of Tours manager Daniel Sanchez stating Its always a plus to have a former striker as a coach . His advice to me really helped a lot . With him , I progressed in my positioning and also in front of goal . Giroud was given the number 12 shirt and , due to injury , made his club debut on 3 September 2008 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne in the Coupe de la Ligue . He made his league debut a week later playing the entire match in a 1–0 win over Nîmes . A month later , Giroud scored his first goal for the club converting the opener in a league match against Lens . In the second half , he scored another goal to cap a 3–1 win . Two weeks later , Giroud scored his third goal for the club in a victory over Ajaccio . In the Coupe de France , Giroud scored five goals in two matches . In the eighth round of the competition , he scored the teams only goal in a 1–0 win over semi-professional club Pacy Vallée-dEure . In the ensuing round against Réunionais club Jeanne dArc , Giroud scored four goals in a 7–1 win . Tours would later be eliminated in the next round by Lorient . After his four-goal display against Jeanne dArc , Giroud followed up the performance by scoring goals in back-to-back league matches against Montpellier and Metz . After a double against Nîmes on 20 February 2009 , the striker suffered an injury , which forced him to miss three league matches . After making two substitute appearances on his return , in his first start since the injury on 3 April against Angers , Giroud scored the teams opening goal in a 3–1 win . Giroud later re-aggravated the previous injury in training , which led to him missing the entire month of April as Tours were contesting a promotion battle with several clubs . Despite losing Giroud , the club went unbeaten in the four league matches he missed . On his return against Boulogne on 8 May , Giroud scored his final goal of the season in a victory . In Tours final three league matches of the campaign , the club failed to achieve a win , which resulted in the club failing to earn promotion to Ligue 1 . Giroud finished the season with 27 total appearances and 14 goals . In the 2009–10 season , Giroud was promoted to the lead striker role following the departure of Tenema NDiaye to Nantes . The promotion immediately paid off as Giroud scored two goals in the teams opening match of the season ; a 2–1 win over Le Havre in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 18 August 2009 , he scored his first league goal against the same opposition in another win . Following another league goal in a win over Guingamp , on 18 September , Giroud scored all four of Tours goals in a 4–2 win over Arles-Avignon . It was his second career four-goal match at the professional level and his third overall having had one at amateur level while playing with the Grenoble reserve team . In the teams next 15 matches in all competitions , Giroud remained on form scoring ten goals . During that span , the striker scored in consecutive matches on three occasions . Giroud finished the fall campaign with 16 goals , 13 of which came in league play . On 26 January 2010 , it was reported that Ligue 1 club Montpellier had signed Giroud from Tours on a three and a half-year deal . The transfer fee was priced at €2 million and it was also announced that Montpellier would loan Giroud back to Tours until the end of the 2009–10 season . The striker admitted the move to Montpellier would benefit him the most stating I feel that here ( Montpellier ) , the coach and staff will be able to help me make real progress . The environment is ideal , the training center is good , the group is healthy , and theres a beautiful stadium with an audience that responds to this . Following the transfer , Giroud went three weeks without scoring a goal before converting one on 19 February 2010 in a win over Arles-Avignon . Two weeks later , he scored the teams only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Nantes . On 19 March , Giroud scored two goals in a shutout win against Châteauroux . A week later , he scored in another shutout victory over Strasbourg . After the goal against Strasbourg , Giroud went seven matches without scoring before netting on the final matchday of the season against Nîmes . He finished the season with 42 appearances and 24 goals . Giroud scored 21 in the league and was named the leagues top goalscorer . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Ligue 2 Player of the Year . Giroud was also named to the leagues Team of the Year . Montpellier . Giroud officially joined Montpellier on 1 July 2010 . He simultaneously made his club and European debut on 29 July in the first leg of Montpelliers UEFA Europa League third qualifying round with Hungarian club Győri ETO . In the match , Giroud scored his first goal for the club in the first half . Montpellier won the match courtesy of Girouds goal , but were defeated on aggregate after losing on penalties in the second leg . Giroud made his league debut in the teams first match of the campaign ; a 1–0 win over Bordeaux . On 28 August , he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 away win against Valenciennes . On 25 September , Giroud scored two goals in a home victory over Arles-Avignon . The double brought his career goal tally to nine against the Bouches-du-Rhône-based club . A week later , he scored Montpelliers lone goal in a 3–1 loss to Lille . In November 2010 , Giroud scored game-winning goals in consecutive weeks against Toulouse and Nice . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Montpellier surprisingly reached the final of the competition . In the semi-finals against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud played the entire match , which went into extra time . In the 117th minute , he scored the match-winning goal to send Montpellier to its first major final since the 1993–94 season when the club reached the final of the Coupe de France . In the 2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final , Montpellier faced Marseille and were defeated 1–0 courtesy of a goal by Taye Taiwo . Giroud played the entire match . Following his goal against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud went scoreless for nearly two months before converting both club goals against the same opposition in a 2–2 draw at the Parc des Princes . Towards the end of the league season , Giroud scored goals against title contenders Marseille and Lyon . However , Montpellier lost both matches . After finishing the season as the clubs top scorer , on 31 May 2011 , Giroud signed a contract extension with Montpellier until 2014 . Giroud began the 2011–12 campaign on form scoring in the teams first two league matches of the season against Auxerre and the defending champions Lille . Montpellier won both matches . After scoring a double in a 2–2 draw with Brest , French newspaper Le Parisien affectionately dubbed him le buteur de charme ( the charm striker ) . The nickname paid tribute to his goalscoring ability , as well as personality and looks and was , subsequently , used by several other media outlets in France to describe the player . In the teams next 18 matches in all competitions , Giroud lived up to the nickname by scoring 13 goals . The impressive output consisted of hat-tricks against Dijon and Sochaux , match-winning goals against Nancy , Lyon , and Nice , and a goal each in the Coupe de la Ligue and Coupe de France . As a result of Girouds performance and the team as a whole , Montpellier topped the league table in November 2011 . In January 2012 , Giroud was linked with a transfer to several clubs . Montpelliers owner Louis Nicollin responded to the rumours on French radio station RTL and surprised many by deeming one club not big enough for Giroud , while also declaring that the striker would cost at least €50 or €60 million . At the start of the second half of the campaign , Giroud scored in back-to-back league matches against Lyon and Nice . Two weeks later against Ajaccio , he assisted on Montpelliers second goal and scored the teams final goal in a 3–0 win . On 24 March 2012 , Giroud scored in the 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . The victory placed Montpellier at the top of the table and the club remained there for the rest of the campaign capturing its first league title in club history after beating Auxerre 2–1 on the final day of the season . Giroud finished the season with a league-leading 21 goals and 9 assists . Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê , he was named the leagues top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play . Arsenal . 2012–13 : Debut season . On 26 June 2012 , Arsenal won the race to sign Giroud on a long-term contract for a fee believed to be around £9.6 million ( €12.4 million ) . He was given the number 12 shirt . He made his debut on 18 August as a substitute for fellow debutant Lukas Podolski in a goalless home draw against Sunderland in the Premier League and scored his first goal for Arsenal on 26 September , in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup . His first Premier League goal came on 6 October , with the equaliser in a 3–1 win against West Ham United , in which he also assisted a Theo Walcott goal . On 30 October , he helped Arsenal to a historic comeback in a League Cup tie against Reading , as Arsenal were 4–0 down before coming back to win the game 7–5 after extra-time , with Giroud scoring Arsenals second goal . Giroud scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for Arsenal in a 2–2 draw at Schalke 04 on 6 November and four days later he scored twice in a 3–3 draw at home to Fulham . Girouds form earned him a place in the Premier League team of the week . On 17 November , Giroud scored the third goal in Arsenals 5–2 derby win over Tottenham . Four days later , Giroud assisted both Jack Wilsheres and Lukas Podolskis goals in Arsenals 2–0 victory over former club Montpellier , which allowed Arsenal to qualify for the knockout stages of the tournament . The Arsenal fans have warmed to Giroud as he has started to pick up form after a shaky start ; a run of goals in consecutive games has led to a chant mimicking The Beatles Hey Jude of Na na na , Na na naaaa , Na na naaaa , Giroud echoing around the Emirates Stadium . On 29 December 2012 , Giroud scored a brace and hit the crossbar after coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 80th minute , as Arsenal beat Newcastle United 7–3 at the Emirates Stadium . On 23 January , Giroud scored a brace as Arsenal beat West Ham 5–1 , and did the same in a Man of the Match performance against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup three days later . On 30 January , Giroud scored as Arsenal fought back to earn a 2–2 draw , from 2–0 down at home to Liverpool . Giroud scored a header from a Wilshere free kick , and provided an assist for Theo Walcott . For January , Giroud was awarded with the Arsenal Fans Player of the Month Award . On 13 April 2013 , Giroud played a big part of Arsenals 3–1 win against Norwich City at home , winning a penalty that led to the equalizer in the 85th minute . He then sent Arsenal ahead himself two minutes later and set up for Lukas Podolski . This victory sent Arsenal to third in the table , climbing past London-rivals Chelsea and Tottenham . He received his first red card for Arsenal against Fulham , which meant he would miss three of Arsenals last four games of the season . He had his appeal rejected by the Football Association . Giroud finished the season with 17 goals and 11 assists in 47 appearances . 2013–15 : Ending the trophy drought . Giroud scored in the opening game of the Premier League season against Aston Villa , a 3–1 loss for Arsenal . His scored the only goal in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 September . On 26 October , Giroud scored the second goal in a 2–0 win at Crystal Palace , keeping Arsenal at the top of the Premier League , and almost a month later scored a double against Southampton , following a mistake from the Saints goalkeeper Artur Boruc , and then he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win . Girouds last goal of 2013 , and Arsenals last of the year , came against Newcastle United . His flicked header from Theo Walcotts free kick gave Arsenal a narrow 1–0 win and placed them at the top of the table going into 2014 . He then scored on his return to the first team against Aston Villa after an ankle injury , a match that ended 2–1 in Arsenals favour . On 8 March 2014 , Giroud scored twice against Everton in the FA Cup quarter-final , helping Arsenal to a 4–1 win . On 12 April , Giroud scored one of the penalties in the shootout against Wigan Athletic to send Arsenal to the final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . On 17 May , Giroud started in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and assisted Aaron Ramseys cup-winning goal . Giroud started the season by scoring the third goal in Arsenal 3–0 win against Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield , a 25-yard shot which dipped over goalkeeper Willy Caballero , thus winning Girouds second title for Arsenal . Despite only coming on as a half-time substitute , he was named Man of the match . Shortly after scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton on 22 August , he broke his left tibia and was ruled out for four months . On 30 September 2014 , his 28th birthday , Giroud signed a new contract at Arsenal , keeping him at the club until 2018 and increasing his weekly wage to £80,000 . Giroud returned to action quicker than expected , replacing Aaron Ramsey for the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 home defeat against Manchester United on 22 November and scoring Arsenals consolation goal in added time . Later , he scored twice in a 4–1 home victory against Newcastle United on 13 December . Thirteen days later , he was sent off in Arsenals 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers for a headbutt on Nedum Onuoha after being pushed by the QPR defender . He later returned from his three-game suspension to feature in a 3–0 victory at home against Stoke City on 11 January . On 18 January , he scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City , giving the gunners their first victory at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2010 . Giroud carried on his Premier League form by opening the scoring and by setting up Mesut Özil for the second goal of the match as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 . On 15 February , he netted two goals in the space of three minutes as Arsenal defeated Middlesbrough 2–0 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup . His first goal concluded a move in which every Arsenal player touched the ball without Middlesbrough taking possession . On 25 February , Giroud was substituted 60 minutes into Arsenals 3–1 Champions League round of 16 loss to AS Monaco after missing several good chances for his club . Four days later , on 1 March , he scored Arsenals opening goal in a 2–0 Premier League defeat of Everton . Giroud kept up his fine form by netting one goals each against Queens Park Rangers , West Ham United and two against Newcastle United in the Premier League while also scoring against Monaco in the Champions League . Giroud was announced as the Premier League Player of the Month for March . On 4 April , Giroud scored the fourth goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool . On 30 May , Giroud scored Arsenals fourth goal after appearing as a substitute in the teams 4–0 2015 FA Cup Final victory over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium . 2015–18 : Premier League runner-up , third FA Cup . Giroud scored Arsenals first goal of the season , a sideways scissor kick from an Özil assist at Crystal Palace in a 2–1 loss . On 20 October 2015 , he came off the bench to score the first goal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 9 December , he scored his first competitive Arsenal hat-trick in a 3–0 away victory at Olympiacos helping the Gunners , who needed a two-goal win , make the last-16 of the Champions League . Giroud scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa four days later , becoming only the seventh Arsenal player to reach 50 Premier League goals for the club . On 8 March , Giroud ended a 12-match scoreless run , with a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in a FA Cup replay . On 8 May 2016 , Giroud scored in a 2–2 against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium to end a run of 15 Premier League matches without a goal . He also assisted the teams second goal , scored by Alexis Sánchez . A week later , in the teams final match of the season , Giroud scored a hat-trick against Aston Villa to end 2015–16 with 16 goals in the Premier League and 24 in all competitions . Giroud made only three appearances in Arsenals first nine matches of the 2016–17 Premier League , all of them coming on as a substitute . On 29 October 2016 , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute in the 69th minute on matchday 10 of the Premier League , Giroud scored two goals with his first two touches in Arsenals 4–1 away win against Sunderland . On 19 November , Giroud scored an 89th-minute equalising goal after appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 26 December , he scored in a 1–0 home defeat of West Bromwich Albion on his first Premier League start of the season . On 1 January 2017 , Giroud scored with a backheeled scorpion kick volley in a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace , a goal described by Arsène Wenger as the greatest he had seen at the Emirates Stadium . The goal later earned him the FIFA Puskás Award for the goal of the year . On 12 January 2017 , Giroud , alongside teammates Francis Coquelin and Laurent Koscielny signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal . During the 2017 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley , Giroud came on in the 78th minute with the score 1–1 , and a minute later he delivered an assist for Aaron Ramsey to score the winning goal which saw Arsenal lift the Cup for a record-breaking thirteenth time . On 28 September 2017 , during Arsenals Europa League group game away to BATE Borisov , Giroud scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–2 victory . Chelsea . On 31 January 2018 , Giroud signed an 18-month contract with Chelsea for an undisclosed fee . 2018–20 : Fourth FA Cup , UEFA Europa League win . He made his debut five days later in a Premier League away game at Watford , where he came on in the 64th minute replacing Pedro . However , the result was a 4–1 loss . On 12 February , Giroud started his first game for the club in which he provided an assist for Eden Hazard in a 3–0 home win against West Bromwich Albion . He scored his first goal in the FA Cup fifth round against Hull City in the 4–0 home win . On 14 April , Giroud came off the bench to score twice as Chelsea recovered from a 2–0 deficit to beat Southampton 3–2 at St Marys Stadium . It was his first time scoring in the Premier League with his new club . On 8 November , Giroud registered his first goal of the season away to BATE Borisov in matchday four of the Europa League group stage . It was the only goal of the match , sending Chelsea through to the knockout stages of the tournament . In his next outing , he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 away loss to Tottenham Hotspur on 24 November . Giroud then made it four goals in three games , bagging a brace at home to PAOK in matchday five of the Europa League . Chelsea won the match 4–0 . On his 500th career appearance , Giroud scored a free kick to equalise and preserve Chelseas unbeaten Europa League group stage campaign . The match against Vidi at MOL Aréna Sóstó finished 2–2 . Giroud scored his first Chelsea hat trick on 14 March in a 5–0 ( 8–0 aggregate ) win over Dynamo Kyiv in the second leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie at NSC Olimpiyskiy . The following month , he became the first Chelsea player to score 10 goals in a single European campaign when he scored in a 4–3 semi-final second-leg win over Slavia Prague . In May 2019 , he signed a new contract with Chelsea through the 2019–20 season . On 29 May , he scored in Chelseas 4–1 win over his former club Arsenal in the Europa League final ; during the match , he also set-up Hazards second goal . With 11 goals in the competition , he set a new record for most goals by a French player in a single European season , breaking the previous record held jointly by Nestor Combin ( achieved during the 1963–64 European Cup Winners Cup ) and Just Fontaine ( achieved during the 1958–59 European Cup ) . On 14 August 2019 , Giroud scored his first goal of the season against Liverpool in the UEFA Super Cup . Liverpool went on to win the match on penalties ( 5–4 ) after a 2–2 scoreline . His first Premier League goal came on 22 February 2020 against Tottenham in a 2–1 home win . On 20 May 2020 , Giroud signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea . On 19 July 2020 , he scored a goal and helped Chelsea to reach their 14th FA Cup final after beating Manchester United 3–1 in the semi-final . Giroud finished the league season with a goal in Chelseas 2–0 win over Wolves on 26 July , a result which secured Chelsea a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League . The goal was also his fifth goal in six matches and sixth overall since the restart of football following the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 : UEFA Champions League victory . On 23 September 2020 , Giroud made his first appearance in 2020–21 season from the bench and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup , which ended in a 6–0 win at home . He scored the winning goal for Chelsea in stoppage time against Rennes in the Champions League on 24 November ; the victory secured Chelseas progression to the knockout phase of the competition . On 2 December , Giroud became the oldest player in Champions League history to score a hat-trick when he scored all four goals in a 4–0 win at Sevilla . He also became the oldest player to achieve the feat in the European Cup since Real Madrids Ferenc Puskás in September 1965 ( 38y 173d vs . Feyenoord ) . On 5 December , Giroud marked his first league start of the season with his fifth goal against Leeds United and landed himself in the Premier Leagues record books after continuing his remarkable goalscoring form . He became the oldest player to ever score in six successive Premier League starts at the age of 34 years and 63 days . He also became the first Chelsea player to score in six consecutive Premier League starts for the club since Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in October 2001 . On 8 December , Giroud marked his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 1–1 home draw against Krasnodar in the Champions League final group stage match . On 15 February 2021 , Giroud became the 17th player in Premier League history to make 100 substitute appearances when he replaced an injured Tammy Abraham in the first half of Chelseas match against Newcastle ; Giroud would go on to open the scoring in an eventual 2–0 win . On 23 February , he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 . Giroud was an unused substitute as Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the 2021 UEFA Champions League Final on 29 May . International career . Prior to representing the senior national team , Giroud did not earn any caps with the national youth teams . In 2001 , he was called up to the under-16 team alongside the likes of Yoann Gourcuff , Yohan Cabaye , and Sylvain Marveaux by coach Pierre Mankowski to participate in a training camp held at the Clairefontaine academy . After the camp , Giroud was not called up for the duration of the 2001–02 under-16 campaign . On 3 November 2011 , in an effort to reward Giroud for his performances domestically with Montpellier , national team coach Laurent Blanc named the striker in the squad to play in friendly matches against the United States and Belgium on 11 and 15 November 2011 , respectively . Giroud described the call up as a childhood dream come true , while also stating it is immensely satisfying and a privilege to represent the national team . He made his international debut in the match against the United States appearing as a substitute . France won the match 1–0 . Against Belgium , Giroud earned another cap appearing as a substitute as the match ended 0–0 . On 29 February 2012 , Giroud scored his first career international goal in a 2–1 friendly victory over Germany . Three months later , he was named to the squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2012 . Two days prior to the announcement of the final squad , Giroud assisted on two goals in Frances 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland . On 16 October 2012 , Giroud equalised for France in its 1–1 draw against Spain in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute , he scored a headed goal from a Franck Ribéry cross in the fourth minute of injury time . Due to his goal against Spain and good form with Arsenal , Giroud , along with Arsenal teammate Laurent Koscielny , received a call for Frances tie against Italy on 14 November . In the match , Giroud had a few chances , but then was substituted with five other players in the second half as France came back from behind to win the match 2–1 . Giroud scored twice and was named man of the match in a 6–0 win over Australia on 11 October 2013 in an international friendly . On 13 May 2014 , Giroud was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After appearing as a second-half substitute in Frances opening match against Honduras , Giroud was named in the starting line-up for the teams second group fixture against Switzerland . He scored the opening goal of the match in the 17th minute to record his first FIFA World Cup goal and the 100th at the tournament in the French national teams history , as Les Bleus ran out 5–2 winners to qualify for the knockout stage . In the opening match of Euro 2016 on 10 June 2016 , France defeated Romania 2–1 . Giroud earned his 50th France cap by being in the starting line-up of that match and played every minute of it ; he scored the opening goal by heading Dimitri Payets cross into the goal in the 57th minute . He scored a brace in a 5–2 win against Iceland in the Quarter-finals . Following Frances defeat to Portugal in the final of the tournament , Giroud finished the competition as the joint second-highest scorer , with 3 goals and 2 assists , and was awarded the Bronze Boot . In a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg in March 2017 , which France won 3–1 , Giroud scored twice , taking his total to 23 and moving him into his countrys top ten goalscorers of all time . On 2 June 2017 , Giroud scored a hat-trick at Roazhon Park for France in a friendly against Paraguay which finished 5–0 to the hosts . In that game , he also become the first player to score a hat-trick for Les Bleus in 17 years . On 17 May 2018 , he was called up to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 May 2018 , Giroud scored his 31st international goal for France during a home game against Ireland , equalling Zinedine Zidanes record , and becoming the fourth highest goal scorer of all time for the country . Girouds inclusion in the team as a big man towering over opposing defenders was designed to create more freedom for Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappé to generate offensive chances . Giroud played in all seven matches , and though he failed to register a shot on net on 13 shots , his physical presence and link-up play was credited with Griezmann and Mbappé each scoring four goals . On 30 June 2018 , Giroud set up Mbappés second goal in a 4–3 win over Argentina . In the final of the tournament on 15 July , France defeated Croatia 4–2 to win their second FIFA World Cup title . In March 2019 , Giroud scored goals in two UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Moldova and Iceland , taking his tally to 35 for France . In doing so , he surpassed David Trezeguet to become the nations third-highest goalscorer of all-time , behind only Thierry Henry and Michel Platini . On 8 September 2020 , Giroud scored his 40th goal for the French national team , in a 4–2 UEFA Nations League victory against Croatia . On 7 October 2020 , Giroud played his 100th match for France , where he also scored twice in a 7–1 win against Ukraine , giving him 42 goals in his international career to surpass Platinis total and rank second for France . Style of play . Giroud is capable of playing in several offensive positions , but usually plays as a striker or as a centre-forward ; he has also occasionally been used as a second striker , or even as a false 9 . A hard-working striker , he is known in particular for his reliable goal scoring rate , size , physical strength , heading accuracy , powerful shot , ability to hold up the ball with his back to goal , and link-up play , or create space for his teammates with his movement off the ball . He is also associated with making runs to the front post that outwit defenders . Due to his playing style and penchant for scoring goals after coming off the bench , he has been described as a target man , and as a super sub in the media . Outside football . Personal life . Giroud has an older brother , Romain , who was also a footballer , having played at the Auxerre academy and having represented France at under-15 and under-17 level , however he dropped a potential professional career to study and become a nutritionist . Giroud has been married to Jennifer since 2011 . Their daughter Jade was born on 18 June 2013 . Giroud is a Roman Catholic and has a tattoo on his right arm from Psalm 23 in Latin : Dominus regit me et nihil mihi deerit ( The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want ) . He describes himself as a very believing person [ ... ] I dont cross myself before my games but I do a little prayer . In February 2014 , Giroud reportedly cheated on his wife with model Celia Kay . After the incident , he issued an apology to his wife but later insisted that he had not committed adultery . Arsène Wenger , Girouds manager at Arsenal at the time , did not comment on the matter , saying he wanted to respect his privacy . Media . In 2014 , he became the face of Hugo Bosss Boss Bottled mens fragrance . In February 2015 Giroud was voted the Hottest Premier League Player . In an interview with GQ , he cited David Beckham as an inspiration for the way he looks , saying that Beckhams style is iconic . Giroud has been sponsored by Puma since 2009 . He together with Antoine Griezmann starred in an advert for the brand of which was released in August 2016 . Often using elaborate moves in his goal celebrations , Girouds ‘Glamour slide’ goal celebration is included in EA Sports FIFA 16 . On 13 November 2018 , confirmed on Twitter that Giroud had landed a role in the French-dubbed version of ( known as Spiderman : New Generation in France ) as the voice of the Green Goblin . He was joined by Presnel Kimpembe , who took on the role of Scorpion . Career statistics . Club . <ref Giroud } } </ref></ref> Honours . Montpellier - Ligue 1 : 2011–12 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Chelsea - FA Cup : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2019–20 , 2020–21 - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - UEFA Champions League : 2020–21 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 France - FIFA World Cup : 2018 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2011–12 - Premier League Player of the Month : March 2015 - UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year : 2009–10 - Ligue 2 UNFP Player of the Month : September 2009 , November 2009 - UEFA European Championship Bronze Boot : 2016 - FIFA Puskás Award : 2017 - UEFA Europa League top scorer : 2018–19 ( 11 goals ) - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour : 2018
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Olivier Giroud Olivier Jonathan Giroud ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Chelsea and the France national team . Highly regarded for his work-rate , strength , shot power and consistent goal-scoring ability , he is often considered one of the most underrated strikers in the world . Giroud began his senior club career playing for hometown club Grenoble , before he signed with Tours in 2008 , aged 21 . He was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year in 2010 after finishing as the leagues top goalscorer . He was subsequently the subject of a then-club record association football transfer when he moved to Montpellier in a transfer worth €2 million , winning the clubs first Ligue 1 title and finishing as league top goalscorer in 2012 . He then joined Arsenal , where he won three FA Cups to help end Arsenals nine-year trophy drought , and is the clubs eighteenth-highest all-time goalscorer . Giroud signed for crosstown rivals Chelsea in 2018 in a transfer worth £18 million ( €20.7 million ) , winning the FA Cup , the UEFA Champions League , and the UEFA Europa League , finishing as top goalscorer in the latter in 2019 . Giroud made his senior international debut for France in 2011 at age 24 , and has since earned over 100 caps , including appearing in four major tournaments . He is his countrys second-highest all-time goalscorer , receiving the Bronze Boot as joint second-highest goalscorer as France finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2016 . He later won the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Early career . Giroud was born in Chambéry , France in the Rhône-Alpes region , and was raised in the nearby village of Froges , close to Grenoble . Giroud is of Italian descent through both of his grandmothers . Giroud began his football career playing for his hometown club , Olympique Club de Froges . He spent six years training at the club before joining professional club Grenoble at the age of 13 . Club career . Grenoble . Giroud spent five years developing in Grenobles youth academy before signing his first professional contract at the age of 21 . He later admitted that signing his first contract was an important part in his development as a player , stating It took me signing my first professional contract to become aware of my abilities . If you [ a club ] trusted me , it was because I must have had some qualities . Ahead of the 2005–06 season , he was promoted to the clubs reserve team , which was playing in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Giroud quickly became an important player in the team scoring 15 goals in 15 matches . His performances over seven months with the reserve team resulted in the player being called up to the senior team in March 2006 by manager Thierry Goudet . Giroud made his professional debut on 27 March appearing as a late-match substitute in a 1–1 draw with Gueugnon in Ligue 2 . He remained a part of the senior team for the rest of the campaign making five more substitute appearances . Giroud was promoted to the senior team permanently for the 2006–07 season by new manager Payton Pouliquen and Nicola Malgeri and was assigned the number 22 shirt . After appearing as a substitute in the teams first league match of the campaign , he made his first professional start in a 2–1 defeat away to Niort playing the entire match . On 26 February 2007 , Giroud scored his first professional goal netting the injury time winner against Le Havre . He described the goal as a fantastic memory . I could not dream better for a first pro goal . A month later , Giroud made his third start of the campaign against Gueugnon . In the match , which ended 0–0 , Giroud incurred his first professional red card . He finished the campaign with 18 total appearances and two goals as Grenoble finished in fifth place . Loan to Istres . In an attempt to earn some playing time , Giroud spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Istres in the Championnat National , the third level of football in France . Under the tutelage of manager Frédéric Arpinon , he continued his development as a striker and , in his second match with the club , scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over Laval . Two weeks later , Giroud scored goals in back-to-back matches against Vannes and Créteil . He scored his first double of the season in a 2–0 win against Arles-Avignon . A fortnight later , Giroud converted two goals again , this time in a 3–2 win over Pau . After going through the months of November and December without scoring a league goal , Giroud returned to form in January scoring goals in a 3–2 defeat to Vannes and a 2–0 win over Beauvais . He finished the campaign by scoring goals in April league fixtures against Paris and Martigues , which brought his total goal tally with Istres to 14 . Of the 14 goals , Giroud only scored four at the Stade Parsemain , Istres home stadium . After a successful loan stint , Giroud returned to Grenoble with hopes of receiving some significant playing time as the club was now playing in Ligue 1 . However , club manager Mehmed Baždarević , who was hired while Giroud was on his loan stint at Istres , deemed the player surplus to requirements and , subsequently , listed him for transfer . According to reports , Baždarević had declared that Giroud did not have the level to play among the elite . In 2011 , Giroud reevaluated his departure from Grenoble stating I am neither resentful nor vengeful . I am just disappointed with what happened to Grenoble when there was great potential . Tours . On 28 May 2008 , it was reported that Giroud had agreed to a three-year deal with Ligue 2 club Tours . The striker was lured to the club by sporting director Max Marty who had previously served as the chief executive officer of Grenoble , Girouds former club . Giroud was also fond of Tours manager Daniel Sanchez stating Its always a plus to have a former striker as a coach . His advice to me really helped a lot . With him , I progressed in my positioning and also in front of goal . Giroud was given the number 12 shirt and , due to injury , made his club debut on 3 September 2008 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne in the Coupe de la Ligue . He made his league debut a week later playing the entire match in a 1–0 win over Nîmes . A month later , Giroud scored his first goal for the club converting the opener in a league match against Lens . In the second half , he scored another goal to cap a 3–1 win . Two weeks later , Giroud scored his third goal for the club in a victory over Ajaccio . In the Coupe de France , Giroud scored five goals in two matches . In the eighth round of the competition , he scored the teams only goal in a 1–0 win over semi-professional club Pacy Vallée-dEure . In the ensuing round against Réunionais club Jeanne dArc , Giroud scored four goals in a 7–1 win . Tours would later be eliminated in the next round by Lorient . After his four-goal display against Jeanne dArc , Giroud followed up the performance by scoring goals in back-to-back league matches against Montpellier and Metz . After a double against Nîmes on 20 February 2009 , the striker suffered an injury , which forced him to miss three league matches . After making two substitute appearances on his return , in his first start since the injury on 3 April against Angers , Giroud scored the teams opening goal in a 3–1 win . Giroud later re-aggravated the previous injury in training , which led to him missing the entire month of April as Tours were contesting a promotion battle with several clubs . Despite losing Giroud , the club went unbeaten in the four league matches he missed . On his return against Boulogne on 8 May , Giroud scored his final goal of the season in a victory . In Tours final three league matches of the campaign , the club failed to achieve a win , which resulted in the club failing to earn promotion to Ligue 1 . Giroud finished the season with 27 total appearances and 14 goals . In the 2009–10 season , Giroud was promoted to the lead striker role following the departure of Tenema NDiaye to Nantes . The promotion immediately paid off as Giroud scored two goals in the teams opening match of the season ; a 2–1 win over Le Havre in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 18 August 2009 , he scored his first league goal against the same opposition in another win . Following another league goal in a win over Guingamp , on 18 September , Giroud scored all four of Tours goals in a 4–2 win over Arles-Avignon . It was his second career four-goal match at the professional level and his third overall having had one at amateur level while playing with the Grenoble reserve team . In the teams next 15 matches in all competitions , Giroud remained on form scoring ten goals . During that span , the striker scored in consecutive matches on three occasions . Giroud finished the fall campaign with 16 goals , 13 of which came in league play . On 26 January 2010 , it was reported that Ligue 1 club Montpellier had signed Giroud from Tours on a three and a half-year deal . The transfer fee was priced at €2 million and it was also announced that Montpellier would loan Giroud back to Tours until the end of the 2009–10 season . The striker admitted the move to Montpellier would benefit him the most stating I feel that here ( Montpellier ) , the coach and staff will be able to help me make real progress . The environment is ideal , the training center is good , the group is healthy , and theres a beautiful stadium with an audience that responds to this . Following the transfer , Giroud went three weeks without scoring a goal before converting one on 19 February 2010 in a win over Arles-Avignon . Two weeks later , he scored the teams only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Nantes . On 19 March , Giroud scored two goals in a shutout win against Châteauroux . A week later , he scored in another shutout victory over Strasbourg . After the goal against Strasbourg , Giroud went seven matches without scoring before netting on the final matchday of the season against Nîmes . He finished the season with 42 appearances and 24 goals . Giroud scored 21 in the league and was named the leagues top goalscorer . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Ligue 2 Player of the Year . Giroud was also named to the leagues Team of the Year . Montpellier . Giroud officially joined Montpellier on 1 July 2010 . He simultaneously made his club and European debut on 29 July in the first leg of Montpelliers UEFA Europa League third qualifying round with Hungarian club Győri ETO . In the match , Giroud scored his first goal for the club in the first half . Montpellier won the match courtesy of Girouds goal , but were defeated on aggregate after losing on penalties in the second leg . Giroud made his league debut in the teams first match of the campaign ; a 1–0 win over Bordeaux . On 28 August , he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 away win against Valenciennes . On 25 September , Giroud scored two goals in a home victory over Arles-Avignon . The double brought his career goal tally to nine against the Bouches-du-Rhône-based club . A week later , he scored Montpelliers lone goal in a 3–1 loss to Lille . In November 2010 , Giroud scored game-winning goals in consecutive weeks against Toulouse and Nice . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Montpellier surprisingly reached the final of the competition . In the semi-finals against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud played the entire match , which went into extra time . In the 117th minute , he scored the match-winning goal to send Montpellier to its first major final since the 1993–94 season when the club reached the final of the Coupe de France . In the 2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final , Montpellier faced Marseille and were defeated 1–0 courtesy of a goal by Taye Taiwo . Giroud played the entire match . Following his goal against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud went scoreless for nearly two months before converting both club goals against the same opposition in a 2–2 draw at the Parc des Princes . Towards the end of the league season , Giroud scored goals against title contenders Marseille and Lyon . However , Montpellier lost both matches . After finishing the season as the clubs top scorer , on 31 May 2011 , Giroud signed a contract extension with Montpellier until 2014 . Giroud began the 2011–12 campaign on form scoring in the teams first two league matches of the season against Auxerre and the defending champions Lille . Montpellier won both matches . After scoring a double in a 2–2 draw with Brest , French newspaper Le Parisien affectionately dubbed him le buteur de charme ( the charm striker ) . The nickname paid tribute to his goalscoring ability , as well as personality and looks and was , subsequently , used by several other media outlets in France to describe the player . In the teams next 18 matches in all competitions , Giroud lived up to the nickname by scoring 13 goals . The impressive output consisted of hat-tricks against Dijon and Sochaux , match-winning goals against Nancy , Lyon , and Nice , and a goal each in the Coupe de la Ligue and Coupe de France . As a result of Girouds performance and the team as a whole , Montpellier topped the league table in November 2011 . In January 2012 , Giroud was linked with a transfer to several clubs . Montpelliers owner Louis Nicollin responded to the rumours on French radio station RTL and surprised many by deeming one club not big enough for Giroud , while also declaring that the striker would cost at least €50 or €60 million . At the start of the second half of the campaign , Giroud scored in back-to-back league matches against Lyon and Nice . Two weeks later against Ajaccio , he assisted on Montpelliers second goal and scored the teams final goal in a 3–0 win . On 24 March 2012 , Giroud scored in the 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . The victory placed Montpellier at the top of the table and the club remained there for the rest of the campaign capturing its first league title in club history after beating Auxerre 2–1 on the final day of the season . Giroud finished the season with a league-leading 21 goals and 9 assists . Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê , he was named the leagues top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play . Arsenal . 2012–13 : Debut season . On 26 June 2012 , Arsenal won the race to sign Giroud on a long-term contract for a fee believed to be around £9.6 million ( €12.4 million ) . He was given the number 12 shirt . He made his debut on 18 August as a substitute for fellow debutant Lukas Podolski in a goalless home draw against Sunderland in the Premier League and scored his first goal for Arsenal on 26 September , in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup . His first Premier League goal came on 6 October , with the equaliser in a 3–1 win against West Ham United , in which he also assisted a Theo Walcott goal . On 30 October , he helped Arsenal to a historic comeback in a League Cup tie against Reading , as Arsenal were 4–0 down before coming back to win the game 7–5 after extra-time , with Giroud scoring Arsenals second goal . Giroud scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for Arsenal in a 2–2 draw at Schalke 04 on 6 November and four days later he scored twice in a 3–3 draw at home to Fulham . Girouds form earned him a place in the Premier League team of the week . On 17 November , Giroud scored the third goal in Arsenals 5–2 derby win over Tottenham . Four days later , Giroud assisted both Jack Wilsheres and Lukas Podolskis goals in Arsenals 2–0 victory over former club Montpellier , which allowed Arsenal to qualify for the knockout stages of the tournament . The Arsenal fans have warmed to Giroud as he has started to pick up form after a shaky start ; a run of goals in consecutive games has led to a chant mimicking The Beatles Hey Jude of Na na na , Na na naaaa , Na na naaaa , Giroud echoing around the Emirates Stadium . On 29 December 2012 , Giroud scored a brace and hit the crossbar after coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 80th minute , as Arsenal beat Newcastle United 7–3 at the Emirates Stadium . On 23 January , Giroud scored a brace as Arsenal beat West Ham 5–1 , and did the same in a Man of the Match performance against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup three days later . On 30 January , Giroud scored as Arsenal fought back to earn a 2–2 draw , from 2–0 down at home to Liverpool . Giroud scored a header from a Wilshere free kick , and provided an assist for Theo Walcott . For January , Giroud was awarded with the Arsenal Fans Player of the Month Award . On 13 April 2013 , Giroud played a big part of Arsenals 3–1 win against Norwich City at home , winning a penalty that led to the equalizer in the 85th minute . He then sent Arsenal ahead himself two minutes later and set up for Lukas Podolski . This victory sent Arsenal to third in the table , climbing past London-rivals Chelsea and Tottenham . He received his first red card for Arsenal against Fulham , which meant he would miss three of Arsenals last four games of the season . He had his appeal rejected by the Football Association . Giroud finished the season with 17 goals and 11 assists in 47 appearances . 2013–15 : Ending the trophy drought . Giroud scored in the opening game of the Premier League season against Aston Villa , a 3–1 loss for Arsenal . His scored the only goal in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 September . On 26 October , Giroud scored the second goal in a 2–0 win at Crystal Palace , keeping Arsenal at the top of the Premier League , and almost a month later scored a double against Southampton , following a mistake from the Saints goalkeeper Artur Boruc , and then he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win . Girouds last goal of 2013 , and Arsenals last of the year , came against Newcastle United . His flicked header from Theo Walcotts free kick gave Arsenal a narrow 1–0 win and placed them at the top of the table going into 2014 . He then scored on his return to the first team against Aston Villa after an ankle injury , a match that ended 2–1 in Arsenals favour . On 8 March 2014 , Giroud scored twice against Everton in the FA Cup quarter-final , helping Arsenal to a 4–1 win . On 12 April , Giroud scored one of the penalties in the shootout against Wigan Athletic to send Arsenal to the final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . On 17 May , Giroud started in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and assisted Aaron Ramseys cup-winning goal . Giroud started the season by scoring the third goal in Arsenal 3–0 win against Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield , a 25-yard shot which dipped over goalkeeper Willy Caballero , thus winning Girouds second title for Arsenal . Despite only coming on as a half-time substitute , he was named Man of the match . Shortly after scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton on 22 August , he broke his left tibia and was ruled out for four months . On 30 September 2014 , his 28th birthday , Giroud signed a new contract at Arsenal , keeping him at the club until 2018 and increasing his weekly wage to £80,000 . Giroud returned to action quicker than expected , replacing Aaron Ramsey for the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 home defeat against Manchester United on 22 November and scoring Arsenals consolation goal in added time . Later , he scored twice in a 4–1 home victory against Newcastle United on 13 December . Thirteen days later , he was sent off in Arsenals 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers for a headbutt on Nedum Onuoha after being pushed by the QPR defender . He later returned from his three-game suspension to feature in a 3–0 victory at home against Stoke City on 11 January . On 18 January , he scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City , giving the gunners their first victory at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2010 . Giroud carried on his Premier League form by opening the scoring and by setting up Mesut Özil for the second goal of the match as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 . On 15 February , he netted two goals in the space of three minutes as Arsenal defeated Middlesbrough 2–0 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup . His first goal concluded a move in which every Arsenal player touched the ball without Middlesbrough taking possession . On 25 February , Giroud was substituted 60 minutes into Arsenals 3–1 Champions League round of 16 loss to AS Monaco after missing several good chances for his club . Four days later , on 1 March , he scored Arsenals opening goal in a 2–0 Premier League defeat of Everton . Giroud kept up his fine form by netting one goals each against Queens Park Rangers , West Ham United and two against Newcastle United in the Premier League while also scoring against Monaco in the Champions League . Giroud was announced as the Premier League Player of the Month for March . On 4 April , Giroud scored the fourth goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool . On 30 May , Giroud scored Arsenals fourth goal after appearing as a substitute in the teams 4–0 2015 FA Cup Final victory over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium . 2015–18 : Premier League runner-up , third FA Cup . Giroud scored Arsenals first goal of the season , a sideways scissor kick from an Özil assist at Crystal Palace in a 2–1 loss . On 20 October 2015 , he came off the bench to score the first goal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 9 December , he scored his first competitive Arsenal hat-trick in a 3–0 away victory at Olympiacos helping the Gunners , who needed a two-goal win , make the last-16 of the Champions League . Giroud scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa four days later , becoming only the seventh Arsenal player to reach 50 Premier League goals for the club . On 8 March , Giroud ended a 12-match scoreless run , with a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in a FA Cup replay . On 8 May 2016 , Giroud scored in a 2–2 against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium to end a run of 15 Premier League matches without a goal . He also assisted the teams second goal , scored by Alexis Sánchez . A week later , in the teams final match of the season , Giroud scored a hat-trick against Aston Villa to end 2015–16 with 16 goals in the Premier League and 24 in all competitions . Giroud made only three appearances in Arsenals first nine matches of the 2016–17 Premier League , all of them coming on as a substitute . On 29 October 2016 , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute in the 69th minute on matchday 10 of the Premier League , Giroud scored two goals with his first two touches in Arsenals 4–1 away win against Sunderland . On 19 November , Giroud scored an 89th-minute equalising goal after appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 26 December , he scored in a 1–0 home defeat of West Bromwich Albion on his first Premier League start of the season . On 1 January 2017 , Giroud scored with a backheeled scorpion kick volley in a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace , a goal described by Arsène Wenger as the greatest he had seen at the Emirates Stadium . The goal later earned him the FIFA Puskás Award for the goal of the year . On 12 January 2017 , Giroud , alongside teammates Francis Coquelin and Laurent Koscielny signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal . During the 2017 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley , Giroud came on in the 78th minute with the score 1–1 , and a minute later he delivered an assist for Aaron Ramsey to score the winning goal which saw Arsenal lift the Cup for a record-breaking thirteenth time . On 28 September 2017 , during Arsenals Europa League group game away to BATE Borisov , Giroud scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–2 victory . Chelsea . On 31 January 2018 , Giroud signed an 18-month contract with Chelsea for an undisclosed fee . 2018–20 : Fourth FA Cup , UEFA Europa League win . He made his debut five days later in a Premier League away game at Watford , where he came on in the 64th minute replacing Pedro . However , the result was a 4–1 loss . On 12 February , Giroud started his first game for the club in which he provided an assist for Eden Hazard in a 3–0 home win against West Bromwich Albion . He scored his first goal in the FA Cup fifth round against Hull City in the 4–0 home win . On 14 April , Giroud came off the bench to score twice as Chelsea recovered from a 2–0 deficit to beat Southampton 3–2 at St Marys Stadium . It was his first time scoring in the Premier League with his new club . On 8 November , Giroud registered his first goal of the season away to BATE Borisov in matchday four of the Europa League group stage . It was the only goal of the match , sending Chelsea through to the knockout stages of the tournament . In his next outing , he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 away loss to Tottenham Hotspur on 24 November . Giroud then made it four goals in three games , bagging a brace at home to PAOK in matchday five of the Europa League . Chelsea won the match 4–0 . On his 500th career appearance , Giroud scored a free kick to equalise and preserve Chelseas unbeaten Europa League group stage campaign . The match against Vidi at MOL Aréna Sóstó finished 2–2 . Giroud scored his first Chelsea hat trick on 14 March in a 5–0 ( 8–0 aggregate ) win over Dynamo Kyiv in the second leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie at NSC Olimpiyskiy . The following month , he became the first Chelsea player to score 10 goals in a single European campaign when he scored in a 4–3 semi-final second-leg win over Slavia Prague . In May 2019 , he signed a new contract with Chelsea through the 2019–20 season . On 29 May , he scored in Chelseas 4–1 win over his former club Arsenal in the Europa League final ; during the match , he also set-up Hazards second goal . With 11 goals in the competition , he set a new record for most goals by a French player in a single European season , breaking the previous record held jointly by Nestor Combin ( achieved during the 1963–64 European Cup Winners Cup ) and Just Fontaine ( achieved during the 1958–59 European Cup ) . On 14 August 2019 , Giroud scored his first goal of the season against Liverpool in the UEFA Super Cup . Liverpool went on to win the match on penalties ( 5–4 ) after a 2–2 scoreline . His first Premier League goal came on 22 February 2020 against Tottenham in a 2–1 home win . On 20 May 2020 , Giroud signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea . On 19 July 2020 , he scored a goal and helped Chelsea to reach their 14th FA Cup final after beating Manchester United 3–1 in the semi-final . Giroud finished the league season with a goal in Chelseas 2–0 win over Wolves on 26 July , a result which secured Chelsea a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League . The goal was also his fifth goal in six matches and sixth overall since the restart of football following the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 : UEFA Champions League victory . On 23 September 2020 , Giroud made his first appearance in 2020–21 season from the bench and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup , which ended in a 6–0 win at home . He scored the winning goal for Chelsea in stoppage time against Rennes in the Champions League on 24 November ; the victory secured Chelseas progression to the knockout phase of the competition . On 2 December , Giroud became the oldest player in Champions League history to score a hat-trick when he scored all four goals in a 4–0 win at Sevilla . He also became the oldest player to achieve the feat in the European Cup since Real Madrids Ferenc Puskás in September 1965 ( 38y 173d vs . Feyenoord ) . On 5 December , Giroud marked his first league start of the season with his fifth goal against Leeds United and landed himself in the Premier Leagues record books after continuing his remarkable goalscoring form . He became the oldest player to ever score in six successive Premier League starts at the age of 34 years and 63 days . He also became the first Chelsea player to score in six consecutive Premier League starts for the club since Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in October 2001 . On 8 December , Giroud marked his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 1–1 home draw against Krasnodar in the Champions League final group stage match . On 15 February 2021 , Giroud became the 17th player in Premier League history to make 100 substitute appearances when he replaced an injured Tammy Abraham in the first half of Chelseas match against Newcastle ; Giroud would go on to open the scoring in an eventual 2–0 win . On 23 February , he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 . Giroud was an unused substitute as Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the 2021 UEFA Champions League Final on 29 May . International career . Prior to representing the senior national team , Giroud did not earn any caps with the national youth teams . In 2001 , he was called up to the under-16 team alongside the likes of Yoann Gourcuff , Yohan Cabaye , and Sylvain Marveaux by coach Pierre Mankowski to participate in a training camp held at the Clairefontaine academy . After the camp , Giroud was not called up for the duration of the 2001–02 under-16 campaign . On 3 November 2011 , in an effort to reward Giroud for his performances domestically with Montpellier , national team coach Laurent Blanc named the striker in the squad to play in friendly matches against the United States and Belgium on 11 and 15 November 2011 , respectively . Giroud described the call up as a childhood dream come true , while also stating it is immensely satisfying and a privilege to represent the national team . He made his international debut in the match against the United States appearing as a substitute . France won the match 1–0 . Against Belgium , Giroud earned another cap appearing as a substitute as the match ended 0–0 . On 29 February 2012 , Giroud scored his first career international goal in a 2–1 friendly victory over Germany . Three months later , he was named to the squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2012 . Two days prior to the announcement of the final squad , Giroud assisted on two goals in Frances 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland . On 16 October 2012 , Giroud equalised for France in its 1–1 draw against Spain in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute , he scored a headed goal from a Franck Ribéry cross in the fourth minute of injury time . Due to his goal against Spain and good form with Arsenal , Giroud , along with Arsenal teammate Laurent Koscielny , received a call for Frances tie against Italy on 14 November . In the match , Giroud had a few chances , but then was substituted with five other players in the second half as France came back from behind to win the match 2–1 . Giroud scored twice and was named man of the match in a 6–0 win over Australia on 11 October 2013 in an international friendly . On 13 May 2014 , Giroud was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After appearing as a second-half substitute in Frances opening match against Honduras , Giroud was named in the starting line-up for the teams second group fixture against Switzerland . He scored the opening goal of the match in the 17th minute to record his first FIFA World Cup goal and the 100th at the tournament in the French national teams history , as Les Bleus ran out 5–2 winners to qualify for the knockout stage . In the opening match of Euro 2016 on 10 June 2016 , France defeated Romania 2–1 . Giroud earned his 50th France cap by being in the starting line-up of that match and played every minute of it ; he scored the opening goal by heading Dimitri Payets cross into the goal in the 57th minute . He scored a brace in a 5–2 win against Iceland in the Quarter-finals . Following Frances defeat to Portugal in the final of the tournament , Giroud finished the competition as the joint second-highest scorer , with 3 goals and 2 assists , and was awarded the Bronze Boot . In a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg in March 2017 , which France won 3–1 , Giroud scored twice , taking his total to 23 and moving him into his countrys top ten goalscorers of all time . On 2 June 2017 , Giroud scored a hat-trick at Roazhon Park for France in a friendly against Paraguay which finished 5–0 to the hosts . In that game , he also become the first player to score a hat-trick for Les Bleus in 17 years . On 17 May 2018 , he was called up to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 May 2018 , Giroud scored his 31st international goal for France during a home game against Ireland , equalling Zinedine Zidanes record , and becoming the fourth highest goal scorer of all time for the country . Girouds inclusion in the team as a big man towering over opposing defenders was designed to create more freedom for Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappé to generate offensive chances . Giroud played in all seven matches , and though he failed to register a shot on net on 13 shots , his physical presence and link-up play was credited with Griezmann and Mbappé each scoring four goals . On 30 June 2018 , Giroud set up Mbappés second goal in a 4–3 win over Argentina . In the final of the tournament on 15 July , France defeated Croatia 4–2 to win their second FIFA World Cup title . In March 2019 , Giroud scored goals in two UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Moldova and Iceland , taking his tally to 35 for France . In doing so , he surpassed David Trezeguet to become the nations third-highest goalscorer of all-time , behind only Thierry Henry and Michel Platini . On 8 September 2020 , Giroud scored his 40th goal for the French national team , in a 4–2 UEFA Nations League victory against Croatia . On 7 October 2020 , Giroud played his 100th match for France , where he also scored twice in a 7–1 win against Ukraine , giving him 42 goals in his international career to surpass Platinis total and rank second for France . Style of play . Giroud is capable of playing in several offensive positions , but usually plays as a striker or as a centre-forward ; he has also occasionally been used as a second striker , or even as a false 9 . A hard-working striker , he is known in particular for his reliable goal scoring rate , size , physical strength , heading accuracy , powerful shot , ability to hold up the ball with his back to goal , and link-up play , or create space for his teammates with his movement off the ball . He is also associated with making runs to the front post that outwit defenders . Due to his playing style and penchant for scoring goals after coming off the bench , he has been described as a target man , and as a super sub in the media . Outside football . Personal life . Giroud has an older brother , Romain , who was also a footballer , having played at the Auxerre academy and having represented France at under-15 and under-17 level , however he dropped a potential professional career to study and become a nutritionist . Giroud has been married to Jennifer since 2011 . Their daughter Jade was born on 18 June 2013 . Giroud is a Roman Catholic and has a tattoo on his right arm from Psalm 23 in Latin : Dominus regit me et nihil mihi deerit ( The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want ) . He describes himself as a very believing person [ ... ] I dont cross myself before my games but I do a little prayer . In February 2014 , Giroud reportedly cheated on his wife with model Celia Kay . After the incident , he issued an apology to his wife but later insisted that he had not committed adultery . Arsène Wenger , Girouds manager at Arsenal at the time , did not comment on the matter , saying he wanted to respect his privacy . Media . In 2014 , he became the face of Hugo Bosss Boss Bottled mens fragrance . In February 2015 Giroud was voted the Hottest Premier League Player . In an interview with GQ , he cited David Beckham as an inspiration for the way he looks , saying that Beckhams style is iconic . Giroud has been sponsored by Puma since 2009 . He together with Antoine Griezmann starred in an advert for the brand of which was released in August 2016 . Often using elaborate moves in his goal celebrations , Girouds ‘Glamour slide’ goal celebration is included in EA Sports FIFA 16 . On 13 November 2018 , confirmed on Twitter that Giroud had landed a role in the French-dubbed version of ( known as Spiderman : New Generation in France ) as the voice of the Green Goblin . He was joined by Presnel Kimpembe , who took on the role of Scorpion . Career statistics . Club . <ref Giroud } } </ref></ref> Honours . Montpellier - Ligue 1 : 2011–12 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Chelsea - FA Cup : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2019–20 , 2020–21 - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - UEFA Champions League : 2020–21 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 France - FIFA World Cup : 2018 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2011–12 - Premier League Player of the Month : March 2015 - UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year : 2009–10 - Ligue 2 UNFP Player of the Month : September 2009 , November 2009 - UEFA European Championship Bronze Boot : 2016 - FIFA Puskás Award : 2017 - UEFA Europa League top scorer : 2018–19 ( 11 goals ) - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour : 2018
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Olivier Giroud Olivier Jonathan Giroud ( born 30 September 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Chelsea and the France national team . Highly regarded for his work-rate , strength , shot power and consistent goal-scoring ability , he is often considered one of the most underrated strikers in the world . Giroud began his senior club career playing for hometown club Grenoble , before he signed with Tours in 2008 , aged 21 . He was named Ligue 2 Player of the Year in 2010 after finishing as the leagues top goalscorer . He was subsequently the subject of a then-club record association football transfer when he moved to Montpellier in a transfer worth €2 million , winning the clubs first Ligue 1 title and finishing as league top goalscorer in 2012 . He then joined Arsenal , where he won three FA Cups to help end Arsenals nine-year trophy drought , and is the clubs eighteenth-highest all-time goalscorer . Giroud signed for crosstown rivals Chelsea in 2018 in a transfer worth £18 million ( €20.7 million ) , winning the FA Cup , the UEFA Champions League , and the UEFA Europa League , finishing as top goalscorer in the latter in 2019 . Giroud made his senior international debut for France in 2011 at age 24 , and has since earned over 100 caps , including appearing in four major tournaments . He is his countrys second-highest all-time goalscorer , receiving the Bronze Boot as joint second-highest goalscorer as France finished runner-up at UEFA Euro 2016 . He later won the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Early career . Giroud was born in Chambéry , France in the Rhône-Alpes region , and was raised in the nearby village of Froges , close to Grenoble . Giroud is of Italian descent through both of his grandmothers . Giroud began his football career playing for his hometown club , Olympique Club de Froges . He spent six years training at the club before joining professional club Grenoble at the age of 13 . Club career . Grenoble . Giroud spent five years developing in Grenobles youth academy before signing his first professional contract at the age of 21 . He later admitted that signing his first contract was an important part in his development as a player , stating It took me signing my first professional contract to become aware of my abilities . If you [ a club ] trusted me , it was because I must have had some qualities . Ahead of the 2005–06 season , he was promoted to the clubs reserve team , which was playing in the Championnat de France amateur 2 , the fifth level of French football . Giroud quickly became an important player in the team scoring 15 goals in 15 matches . His performances over seven months with the reserve team resulted in the player being called up to the senior team in March 2006 by manager Thierry Goudet . Giroud made his professional debut on 27 March appearing as a late-match substitute in a 1–1 draw with Gueugnon in Ligue 2 . He remained a part of the senior team for the rest of the campaign making five more substitute appearances . Giroud was promoted to the senior team permanently for the 2006–07 season by new manager Payton Pouliquen and Nicola Malgeri and was assigned the number 22 shirt . After appearing as a substitute in the teams first league match of the campaign , he made his first professional start in a 2–1 defeat away to Niort playing the entire match . On 26 February 2007 , Giroud scored his first professional goal netting the injury time winner against Le Havre . He described the goal as a fantastic memory . I could not dream better for a first pro goal . A month later , Giroud made his third start of the campaign against Gueugnon . In the match , which ended 0–0 , Giroud incurred his first professional red card . He finished the campaign with 18 total appearances and two goals as Grenoble finished in fifth place . Loan to Istres . In an attempt to earn some playing time , Giroud spent the 2007–08 season on loan at Istres in the Championnat National , the third level of football in France . Under the tutelage of manager Frédéric Arpinon , he continued his development as a striker and , in his second match with the club , scored his first goal in a 2–1 win over Laval . Two weeks later , Giroud scored goals in back-to-back matches against Vannes and Créteil . He scored his first double of the season in a 2–0 win against Arles-Avignon . A fortnight later , Giroud converted two goals again , this time in a 3–2 win over Pau . After going through the months of November and December without scoring a league goal , Giroud returned to form in January scoring goals in a 3–2 defeat to Vannes and a 2–0 win over Beauvais . He finished the campaign by scoring goals in April league fixtures against Paris and Martigues , which brought his total goal tally with Istres to 14 . Of the 14 goals , Giroud only scored four at the Stade Parsemain , Istres home stadium . After a successful loan stint , Giroud returned to Grenoble with hopes of receiving some significant playing time as the club was now playing in Ligue 1 . However , club manager Mehmed Baždarević , who was hired while Giroud was on his loan stint at Istres , deemed the player surplus to requirements and , subsequently , listed him for transfer . According to reports , Baždarević had declared that Giroud did not have the level to play among the elite . In 2011 , Giroud reevaluated his departure from Grenoble stating I am neither resentful nor vengeful . I am just disappointed with what happened to Grenoble when there was great potential . Tours . On 28 May 2008 , it was reported that Giroud had agreed to a three-year deal with Ligue 2 club Tours . The striker was lured to the club by sporting director Max Marty who had previously served as the chief executive officer of Grenoble , Girouds former club . Giroud was also fond of Tours manager Daniel Sanchez stating Its always a plus to have a former striker as a coach . His advice to me really helped a lot . With him , I progressed in my positioning and also in front of goal . Giroud was given the number 12 shirt and , due to injury , made his club debut on 3 September 2008 in a 2–1 defeat to Boulogne in the Coupe de la Ligue . He made his league debut a week later playing the entire match in a 1–0 win over Nîmes . A month later , Giroud scored his first goal for the club converting the opener in a league match against Lens . In the second half , he scored another goal to cap a 3–1 win . Two weeks later , Giroud scored his third goal for the club in a victory over Ajaccio . In the Coupe de France , Giroud scored five goals in two matches . In the eighth round of the competition , he scored the teams only goal in a 1–0 win over semi-professional club Pacy Vallée-dEure . In the ensuing round against Réunionais club Jeanne dArc , Giroud scored four goals in a 7–1 win . Tours would later be eliminated in the next round by Lorient . After his four-goal display against Jeanne dArc , Giroud followed up the performance by scoring goals in back-to-back league matches against Montpellier and Metz . After a double against Nîmes on 20 February 2009 , the striker suffered an injury , which forced him to miss three league matches . After making two substitute appearances on his return , in his first start since the injury on 3 April against Angers , Giroud scored the teams opening goal in a 3–1 win . Giroud later re-aggravated the previous injury in training , which led to him missing the entire month of April as Tours were contesting a promotion battle with several clubs . Despite losing Giroud , the club went unbeaten in the four league matches he missed . On his return against Boulogne on 8 May , Giroud scored his final goal of the season in a victory . In Tours final three league matches of the campaign , the club failed to achieve a win , which resulted in the club failing to earn promotion to Ligue 1 . Giroud finished the season with 27 total appearances and 14 goals . In the 2009–10 season , Giroud was promoted to the lead striker role following the departure of Tenema NDiaye to Nantes . The promotion immediately paid off as Giroud scored two goals in the teams opening match of the season ; a 2–1 win over Le Havre in the Coupe de la Ligue . On 18 August 2009 , he scored his first league goal against the same opposition in another win . Following another league goal in a win over Guingamp , on 18 September , Giroud scored all four of Tours goals in a 4–2 win over Arles-Avignon . It was his second career four-goal match at the professional level and his third overall having had one at amateur level while playing with the Grenoble reserve team . In the teams next 15 matches in all competitions , Giroud remained on form scoring ten goals . During that span , the striker scored in consecutive matches on three occasions . Giroud finished the fall campaign with 16 goals , 13 of which came in league play . On 26 January 2010 , it was reported that Ligue 1 club Montpellier had signed Giroud from Tours on a three and a half-year deal . The transfer fee was priced at €2 million and it was also announced that Montpellier would loan Giroud back to Tours until the end of the 2009–10 season . The striker admitted the move to Montpellier would benefit him the most stating I feel that here ( Montpellier ) , the coach and staff will be able to help me make real progress . The environment is ideal , the training center is good , the group is healthy , and theres a beautiful stadium with an audience that responds to this . Following the transfer , Giroud went three weeks without scoring a goal before converting one on 19 February 2010 in a win over Arles-Avignon . Two weeks later , he scored the teams only goal in a 2–1 defeat to Nantes . On 19 March , Giroud scored two goals in a shutout win against Châteauroux . A week later , he scored in another shutout victory over Strasbourg . After the goal against Strasbourg , Giroud went seven matches without scoring before netting on the final matchday of the season against Nîmes . He finished the season with 42 appearances and 24 goals . Giroud scored 21 in the league and was named the leagues top goalscorer . After the season , he was named the National Union of Professional Footballers ( UNFP ) Ligue 2 Player of the Year . Giroud was also named to the leagues Team of the Year . Montpellier . Giroud officially joined Montpellier on 1 July 2010 . He simultaneously made his club and European debut on 29 July in the first leg of Montpelliers UEFA Europa League third qualifying round with Hungarian club Győri ETO . In the match , Giroud scored his first goal for the club in the first half . Montpellier won the match courtesy of Girouds goal , but were defeated on aggregate after losing on penalties in the second leg . Giroud made his league debut in the teams first match of the campaign ; a 1–0 win over Bordeaux . On 28 August , he scored his first league goal in a 1–0 away win against Valenciennes . On 25 September , Giroud scored two goals in a home victory over Arles-Avignon . The double brought his career goal tally to nine against the Bouches-du-Rhône-based club . A week later , he scored Montpelliers lone goal in a 3–1 loss to Lille . In November 2010 , Giroud scored game-winning goals in consecutive weeks against Toulouse and Nice . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Montpellier surprisingly reached the final of the competition . In the semi-finals against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud played the entire match , which went into extra time . In the 117th minute , he scored the match-winning goal to send Montpellier to its first major final since the 1993–94 season when the club reached the final of the Coupe de France . In the 2011 Coupe de la Ligue Final , Montpellier faced Marseille and were defeated 1–0 courtesy of a goal by Taye Taiwo . Giroud played the entire match . Following his goal against Paris Saint-Germain , Giroud went scoreless for nearly two months before converting both club goals against the same opposition in a 2–2 draw at the Parc des Princes . Towards the end of the league season , Giroud scored goals against title contenders Marseille and Lyon . However , Montpellier lost both matches . After finishing the season as the clubs top scorer , on 31 May 2011 , Giroud signed a contract extension with Montpellier until 2014 . Giroud began the 2011–12 campaign on form scoring in the teams first two league matches of the season against Auxerre and the defending champions Lille . Montpellier won both matches . After scoring a double in a 2–2 draw with Brest , French newspaper Le Parisien affectionately dubbed him le buteur de charme ( the charm striker ) . The nickname paid tribute to his goalscoring ability , as well as personality and looks and was , subsequently , used by several other media outlets in France to describe the player . In the teams next 18 matches in all competitions , Giroud lived up to the nickname by scoring 13 goals . The impressive output consisted of hat-tricks against Dijon and Sochaux , match-winning goals against Nancy , Lyon , and Nice , and a goal each in the Coupe de la Ligue and Coupe de France . As a result of Girouds performance and the team as a whole , Montpellier topped the league table in November 2011 . In January 2012 , Giroud was linked with a transfer to several clubs . Montpelliers owner Louis Nicollin responded to the rumours on French radio station RTL and surprised many by deeming one club not big enough for Giroud , while also declaring that the striker would cost at least €50 or €60 million . At the start of the second half of the campaign , Giroud scored in back-to-back league matches against Lyon and Nice . Two weeks later against Ajaccio , he assisted on Montpelliers second goal and scored the teams final goal in a 3–0 win . On 24 March 2012 , Giroud scored in the 1–0 win over Saint-Étienne . The victory placed Montpellier at the top of the table and the club remained there for the rest of the campaign capturing its first league title in club history after beating Auxerre 2–1 on the final day of the season . Giroud finished the season with a league-leading 21 goals and 9 assists . Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê , he was named the leagues top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play . Arsenal . 2012–13 : Debut season . On 26 June 2012 , Arsenal won the race to sign Giroud on a long-term contract for a fee believed to be around £9.6 million ( €12.4 million ) . He was given the number 12 shirt . He made his debut on 18 August as a substitute for fellow debutant Lukas Podolski in a goalless home draw against Sunderland in the Premier League and scored his first goal for Arsenal on 26 September , in a 6–1 win against Coventry City in the League Cup . His first Premier League goal came on 6 October , with the equaliser in a 3–1 win against West Ham United , in which he also assisted a Theo Walcott goal . On 30 October , he helped Arsenal to a historic comeback in a League Cup tie against Reading , as Arsenal were 4–0 down before coming back to win the game 7–5 after extra-time , with Giroud scoring Arsenals second goal . Giroud scored his first UEFA Champions League goal for Arsenal in a 2–2 draw at Schalke 04 on 6 November and four days later he scored twice in a 3–3 draw at home to Fulham . Girouds form earned him a place in the Premier League team of the week . On 17 November , Giroud scored the third goal in Arsenals 5–2 derby win over Tottenham . Four days later , Giroud assisted both Jack Wilsheres and Lukas Podolskis goals in Arsenals 2–0 victory over former club Montpellier , which allowed Arsenal to qualify for the knockout stages of the tournament . The Arsenal fans have warmed to Giroud as he has started to pick up form after a shaky start ; a run of goals in consecutive games has led to a chant mimicking The Beatles Hey Jude of Na na na , Na na naaaa , Na na naaaa , Giroud echoing around the Emirates Stadium . On 29 December 2012 , Giroud scored a brace and hit the crossbar after coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 80th minute , as Arsenal beat Newcastle United 7–3 at the Emirates Stadium . On 23 January , Giroud scored a brace as Arsenal beat West Ham 5–1 , and did the same in a Man of the Match performance against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fourth round of the FA Cup three days later . On 30 January , Giroud scored as Arsenal fought back to earn a 2–2 draw , from 2–0 down at home to Liverpool . Giroud scored a header from a Wilshere free kick , and provided an assist for Theo Walcott . For January , Giroud was awarded with the Arsenal Fans Player of the Month Award . On 13 April 2013 , Giroud played a big part of Arsenals 3–1 win against Norwich City at home , winning a penalty that led to the equalizer in the 85th minute . He then sent Arsenal ahead himself two minutes later and set up for Lukas Podolski . This victory sent Arsenal to third in the table , climbing past London-rivals Chelsea and Tottenham . He received his first red card for Arsenal against Fulham , which meant he would miss three of Arsenals last four games of the season . He had his appeal rejected by the Football Association . Giroud finished the season with 17 goals and 11 assists in 47 appearances . 2013–15 : Ending the trophy drought . Giroud scored in the opening game of the Premier League season against Aston Villa , a 3–1 loss for Arsenal . His scored the only goal in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur on 1 September . On 26 October , Giroud scored the second goal in a 2–0 win at Crystal Palace , keeping Arsenal at the top of the Premier League , and almost a month later scored a double against Southampton , following a mistake from the Saints goalkeeper Artur Boruc , and then he converted a penalty in a 2–0 win . Girouds last goal of 2013 , and Arsenals last of the year , came against Newcastle United . His flicked header from Theo Walcotts free kick gave Arsenal a narrow 1–0 win and placed them at the top of the table going into 2014 . He then scored on his return to the first team against Aston Villa after an ankle injury , a match that ended 2–1 in Arsenals favour . On 8 March 2014 , Giroud scored twice against Everton in the FA Cup quarter-final , helping Arsenal to a 4–1 win . On 12 April , Giroud scored one of the penalties in the shootout against Wigan Athletic to send Arsenal to the final of the FA Cup at Wembley Stadium . On 17 May , Giroud started in the 2014 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Hull City 3–2 at Wembley Stadium and assisted Aaron Ramseys cup-winning goal . Giroud started the season by scoring the third goal in Arsenal 3–0 win against Manchester City in the 2014 FA Community Shield , a 25-yard shot which dipped over goalkeeper Willy Caballero , thus winning Girouds second title for Arsenal . Despite only coming on as a half-time substitute , he was named Man of the match . Shortly after scoring the equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Everton on 22 August , he broke his left tibia and was ruled out for four months . On 30 September 2014 , his 28th birthday , Giroud signed a new contract at Arsenal , keeping him at the club until 2018 and increasing his weekly wage to £80,000 . Giroud returned to action quicker than expected , replacing Aaron Ramsey for the last 13 minutes of a 1–2 home defeat against Manchester United on 22 November and scoring Arsenals consolation goal in added time . Later , he scored twice in a 4–1 home victory against Newcastle United on 13 December . Thirteen days later , he was sent off in Arsenals 2–1 win over Queens Park Rangers for a headbutt on Nedum Onuoha after being pushed by the QPR defender . He later returned from his three-game suspension to feature in a 3–0 victory at home against Stoke City on 11 January . On 18 January , he scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Manchester City , giving the gunners their first victory at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2010 . Giroud carried on his Premier League form by opening the scoring and by setting up Mesut Özil for the second goal of the match as Arsenal beat Aston Villa 5–0 . On 15 February , he netted two goals in the space of three minutes as Arsenal defeated Middlesbrough 2–0 to reach the quarter-finals of the FA Cup . His first goal concluded a move in which every Arsenal player touched the ball without Middlesbrough taking possession . On 25 February , Giroud was substituted 60 minutes into Arsenals 3–1 Champions League round of 16 loss to AS Monaco after missing several good chances for his club . Four days later , on 1 March , he scored Arsenals opening goal in a 2–0 Premier League defeat of Everton . Giroud kept up his fine form by netting one goals each against Queens Park Rangers , West Ham United and two against Newcastle United in the Premier League while also scoring against Monaco in the Champions League . Giroud was announced as the Premier League Player of the Month for March . On 4 April , Giroud scored the fourth goal for his team in a 4–1 win over Liverpool . On 30 May , Giroud scored Arsenals fourth goal after appearing as a substitute in the teams 4–0 2015 FA Cup Final victory over Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium . 2015–18 : Premier League runner-up , third FA Cup . Giroud scored Arsenals first goal of the season , a sideways scissor kick from an Özil assist at Crystal Palace in a 2–1 loss . On 20 October 2015 , he came off the bench to score the first goal in a 2–0 win against Bayern Munich in the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League group stage . On 9 December , he scored his first competitive Arsenal hat-trick in a 3–0 away victory at Olympiacos helping the Gunners , who needed a two-goal win , make the last-16 of the Champions League . Giroud scored the first goal in a 2–0 victory over Aston Villa four days later , becoming only the seventh Arsenal player to reach 50 Premier League goals for the club . On 8 March , Giroud ended a 12-match scoreless run , with a brace in a 4–0 away victory over Hull City in a FA Cup replay . On 8 May 2016 , Giroud scored in a 2–2 against Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium to end a run of 15 Premier League matches without a goal . He also assisted the teams second goal , scored by Alexis Sánchez . A week later , in the teams final match of the season , Giroud scored a hat-trick against Aston Villa to end 2015–16 with 16 goals in the Premier League and 24 in all competitions . Giroud made only three appearances in Arsenals first nine matches of the 2016–17 Premier League , all of them coming on as a substitute . On 29 October 2016 , after coming onto the pitch as a substitute in the 69th minute on matchday 10 of the Premier League , Giroud scored two goals with his first two touches in Arsenals 4–1 away win against Sunderland . On 19 November , Giroud scored an 89th-minute equalising goal after appearing as a substitute in a 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford . On 26 December , he scored in a 1–0 home defeat of West Bromwich Albion on his first Premier League start of the season . On 1 January 2017 , Giroud scored with a backheeled scorpion kick volley in a 2–0 win against Crystal Palace , a goal described by Arsène Wenger as the greatest he had seen at the Emirates Stadium . The goal later earned him the FIFA Puskás Award for the goal of the year . On 12 January 2017 , Giroud , alongside teammates Francis Coquelin and Laurent Koscielny signed a new long-term contract with Arsenal . During the 2017 FA Cup Final against Chelsea at Wembley , Giroud came on in the 78th minute with the score 1–1 , and a minute later he delivered an assist for Aaron Ramsey to score the winning goal which saw Arsenal lift the Cup for a record-breaking thirteenth time . On 28 September 2017 , during Arsenals Europa League group game away to BATE Borisov , Giroud scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–2 victory . Chelsea . On 31 January 2018 , Giroud signed an 18-month contract with Chelsea for an undisclosed fee . 2018–20 : Fourth FA Cup , UEFA Europa League win . He made his debut five days later in a Premier League away game at Watford , where he came on in the 64th minute replacing Pedro . However , the result was a 4–1 loss . On 12 February , Giroud started his first game for the club in which he provided an assist for Eden Hazard in a 3–0 home win against West Bromwich Albion . He scored his first goal in the FA Cup fifth round against Hull City in the 4–0 home win . On 14 April , Giroud came off the bench to score twice as Chelsea recovered from a 2–0 deficit to beat Southampton 3–2 at St Marys Stadium . It was his first time scoring in the Premier League with his new club . On 8 November , Giroud registered his first goal of the season away to BATE Borisov in matchday four of the Europa League group stage . It was the only goal of the match , sending Chelsea through to the knockout stages of the tournament . In his next outing , he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 away loss to Tottenham Hotspur on 24 November . Giroud then made it four goals in three games , bagging a brace at home to PAOK in matchday five of the Europa League . Chelsea won the match 4–0 . On his 500th career appearance , Giroud scored a free kick to equalise and preserve Chelseas unbeaten Europa League group stage campaign . The match against Vidi at MOL Aréna Sóstó finished 2–2 . Giroud scored his first Chelsea hat trick on 14 March in a 5–0 ( 8–0 aggregate ) win over Dynamo Kyiv in the second leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie at NSC Olimpiyskiy . The following month , he became the first Chelsea player to score 10 goals in a single European campaign when he scored in a 4–3 semi-final second-leg win over Slavia Prague . In May 2019 , he signed a new contract with Chelsea through the 2019–20 season . On 29 May , he scored in Chelseas 4–1 win over his former club Arsenal in the Europa League final ; during the match , he also set-up Hazards second goal . With 11 goals in the competition , he set a new record for most goals by a French player in a single European season , breaking the previous record held jointly by Nestor Combin ( achieved during the 1963–64 European Cup Winners Cup ) and Just Fontaine ( achieved during the 1958–59 European Cup ) . On 14 August 2019 , Giroud scored his first goal of the season against Liverpool in the UEFA Super Cup . Liverpool went on to win the match on penalties ( 5–4 ) after a 2–2 scoreline . His first Premier League goal came on 22 February 2020 against Tottenham in a 2–1 home win . On 20 May 2020 , Giroud signed a new one-year contract with Chelsea . On 19 July 2020 , he scored a goal and helped Chelsea to reach their 14th FA Cup final after beating Manchester United 3–1 in the semi-final . Giroud finished the league season with a goal in Chelseas 2–0 win over Wolves on 26 July , a result which secured Chelsea a place in the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League . The goal was also his fifth goal in six matches and sixth overall since the restart of football following the COVID-19 pandemic . 2020–21 : UEFA Champions League victory . On 23 September 2020 , Giroud made his first appearance in 2020–21 season from the bench and scored his first goal of the season against Barnsley in the third round of the EFL Cup , which ended in a 6–0 win at home . He scored the winning goal for Chelsea in stoppage time against Rennes in the Champions League on 24 November ; the victory secured Chelseas progression to the knockout phase of the competition . On 2 December , Giroud became the oldest player in Champions League history to score a hat-trick when he scored all four goals in a 4–0 win at Sevilla . He also became the oldest player to achieve the feat in the European Cup since Real Madrids Ferenc Puskás in September 1965 ( 38y 173d vs . Feyenoord ) . On 5 December , Giroud marked his first league start of the season with his fifth goal against Leeds United and landed himself in the Premier Leagues record books after continuing his remarkable goalscoring form . He became the oldest player to ever score in six successive Premier League starts at the age of 34 years and 63 days . He also became the first Chelsea player to score in six consecutive Premier League starts for the club since Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in October 2001 . On 8 December , Giroud marked his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a 1–1 home draw against Krasnodar in the Champions League final group stage match . On 15 February 2021 , Giroud became the 17th player in Premier League history to make 100 substitute appearances when he replaced an injured Tammy Abraham in the first half of Chelseas match against Newcastle ; Giroud would go on to open the scoring in an eventual 2–0 win . On 23 February , he scored the only goal in a 1–0 win over Atlético Madrid in the Champions League round of 16 . Giroud was an unused substitute as Chelsea defeated Manchester City 1–0 in the 2021 UEFA Champions League Final on 29 May . International career . Prior to representing the senior national team , Giroud did not earn any caps with the national youth teams . In 2001 , he was called up to the under-16 team alongside the likes of Yoann Gourcuff , Yohan Cabaye , and Sylvain Marveaux by coach Pierre Mankowski to participate in a training camp held at the Clairefontaine academy . After the camp , Giroud was not called up for the duration of the 2001–02 under-16 campaign . On 3 November 2011 , in an effort to reward Giroud for his performances domestically with Montpellier , national team coach Laurent Blanc named the striker in the squad to play in friendly matches against the United States and Belgium on 11 and 15 November 2011 , respectively . Giroud described the call up as a childhood dream come true , while also stating it is immensely satisfying and a privilege to represent the national team . He made his international debut in the match against the United States appearing as a substitute . France won the match 1–0 . Against Belgium , Giroud earned another cap appearing as a substitute as the match ended 0–0 . On 29 February 2012 , Giroud scored his first career international goal in a 2–1 friendly victory over Germany . Three months later , he was named to the squad to participate in UEFA Euro 2012 . Two days prior to the announcement of the final squad , Giroud assisted on two goals in Frances 3–2 friendly comeback win over Iceland . On 16 October 2012 , Giroud equalised for France in its 1–1 draw against Spain in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier . Coming on as a substitute in the 88th minute , he scored a headed goal from a Franck Ribéry cross in the fourth minute of injury time . Due to his goal against Spain and good form with Arsenal , Giroud , along with Arsenal teammate Laurent Koscielny , received a call for Frances tie against Italy on 14 November . In the match , Giroud had a few chances , but then was substituted with five other players in the second half as France came back from behind to win the match 2–1 . Giroud scored twice and was named man of the match in a 6–0 win over Australia on 11 October 2013 in an international friendly . On 13 May 2014 , Giroud was named in Didier Deschamps squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . After appearing as a second-half substitute in Frances opening match against Honduras , Giroud was named in the starting line-up for the teams second group fixture against Switzerland . He scored the opening goal of the match in the 17th minute to record his first FIFA World Cup goal and the 100th at the tournament in the French national teams history , as Les Bleus ran out 5–2 winners to qualify for the knockout stage . In the opening match of Euro 2016 on 10 June 2016 , France defeated Romania 2–1 . Giroud earned his 50th France cap by being in the starting line-up of that match and played every minute of it ; he scored the opening goal by heading Dimitri Payets cross into the goal in the 57th minute . He scored a brace in a 5–2 win against Iceland in the Quarter-finals . Following Frances defeat to Portugal in the final of the tournament , Giroud finished the competition as the joint second-highest scorer , with 3 goals and 2 assists , and was awarded the Bronze Boot . In a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg in March 2017 , which France won 3–1 , Giroud scored twice , taking his total to 23 and moving him into his countrys top ten goalscorers of all time . On 2 June 2017 , Giroud scored a hat-trick at Roazhon Park for France in a friendly against Paraguay which finished 5–0 to the hosts . In that game , he also become the first player to score a hat-trick for Les Bleus in 17 years . On 17 May 2018 , he was called up to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia . On 28 May 2018 , Giroud scored his 31st international goal for France during a home game against Ireland , equalling Zinedine Zidanes record , and becoming the fourth highest goal scorer of all time for the country . Girouds inclusion in the team as a big man towering over opposing defenders was designed to create more freedom for Antoine Griezmann and Kylian Mbappé to generate offensive chances . Giroud played in all seven matches , and though he failed to register a shot on net on 13 shots , his physical presence and link-up play was credited with Griezmann and Mbappé each scoring four goals . On 30 June 2018 , Giroud set up Mbappés second goal in a 4–3 win over Argentina . In the final of the tournament on 15 July , France defeated Croatia 4–2 to win their second FIFA World Cup title . In March 2019 , Giroud scored goals in two UEFA Euro 2020 qualifiers against Moldova and Iceland , taking his tally to 35 for France . In doing so , he surpassed David Trezeguet to become the nations third-highest goalscorer of all-time , behind only Thierry Henry and Michel Platini . On 8 September 2020 , Giroud scored his 40th goal for the French national team , in a 4–2 UEFA Nations League victory against Croatia . On 7 October 2020 , Giroud played his 100th match for France , where he also scored twice in a 7–1 win against Ukraine , giving him 42 goals in his international career to surpass Platinis total and rank second for France . Style of play . Giroud is capable of playing in several offensive positions , but usually plays as a striker or as a centre-forward ; he has also occasionally been used as a second striker , or even as a false 9 . A hard-working striker , he is known in particular for his reliable goal scoring rate , size , physical strength , heading accuracy , powerful shot , ability to hold up the ball with his back to goal , and link-up play , or create space for his teammates with his movement off the ball . He is also associated with making runs to the front post that outwit defenders . Due to his playing style and penchant for scoring goals after coming off the bench , he has been described as a target man , and as a super sub in the media . Outside football . Personal life . Giroud has an older brother , Romain , who was also a footballer , having played at the Auxerre academy and having represented France at under-15 and under-17 level , however he dropped a potential professional career to study and become a nutritionist . Giroud has been married to Jennifer since 2011 . Their daughter Jade was born on 18 June 2013 . Giroud is a Roman Catholic and has a tattoo on his right arm from Psalm 23 in Latin : Dominus regit me et nihil mihi deerit ( The Lord is my shepherd ; I shall not want ) . He describes himself as a very believing person [ ... ] I dont cross myself before my games but I do a little prayer . In February 2014 , Giroud reportedly cheated on his wife with model Celia Kay . After the incident , he issued an apology to his wife but later insisted that he had not committed adultery . Arsène Wenger , Girouds manager at Arsenal at the time , did not comment on the matter , saying he wanted to respect his privacy . Media . In 2014 , he became the face of Hugo Bosss Boss Bottled mens fragrance . In February 2015 Giroud was voted the Hottest Premier League Player . In an interview with GQ , he cited David Beckham as an inspiration for the way he looks , saying that Beckhams style is iconic . Giroud has been sponsored by Puma since 2009 . He together with Antoine Griezmann starred in an advert for the brand of which was released in August 2016 . Often using elaborate moves in his goal celebrations , Girouds ‘Glamour slide’ goal celebration is included in EA Sports FIFA 16 . On 13 November 2018 , confirmed on Twitter that Giroud had landed a role in the French-dubbed version of ( known as Spiderman : New Generation in France ) as the voice of the Green Goblin . He was joined by Presnel Kimpembe , who took on the role of Scorpion . Career statistics . Club . <ref Giroud } } </ref></ref> Honours . Montpellier - Ligue 1 : 2011–12 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2013–14 , 2014–15 , 2016–17 - FA Community Shield : 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Chelsea - FA Cup : 2017–18 ; runner-up : 2019–20 , 2020–21 - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - UEFA Champions League : 2020–21 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 France - FIFA World Cup : 2018 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year : 2011–12 - Premier League Player of the Month : March 2015 - UNFP Ligue 2 Player of the Year : 2009–10 - UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year : 2009–10 - Ligue 2 UNFP Player of the Month : September 2009 , November 2009 - UEFA European Championship Bronze Boot : 2016 - FIFA Puskás Award : 2017 - UEFA Europa League top scorer : 2018–19 ( 11 goals ) - UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season : 2018–19 Orders - Knight of the Legion of Honour : 2018
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"Chaponda Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation"
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What position did George Chaponda take from May 2014 to Apr 2016?
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George Chaponda George T . Chaponda ( born 1 November 1942 ) is a Malawian career diplomat and politician who served as Malawis Minister of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development from 2016 to 2017 . He is a founding member of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) and is a DPP Member of Parliament from Mulanje district in southern Malawi . Early life . Born in Chonde Village , Mulanje District , Chaponda studied at the University of Delhi from 1963 to 1968 where he received degrees in history and political science . He studied law at the University of Zambia from 1976 to 1979 and at Yale University from 1980 to 1984 . He was admitted to the bar in 1980 . Career . He has held a number of senior positions in Zambia , including chief executive of a parastal organisation . From 1984 to 2002 , he worked mostly as a senior lawyer for the Office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Somalia , Kenya , Thailand , Bangladesh , Switzerland , Austria , Poland and Ethiopia . From 2003-2004 he was Chairman of the University Council of the University of Malawi . In 2004 Chaponda entered Malawian politics and was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Mulanje South West constituency . In June 2004 , he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of the newly elected President Bingu wa Mutharika . He served in that position until 2005 , when he was appointed Minister of Local Government and Rural Development . After the elections in May 2009 , President Peter Mutharika appointed him Minister of Education , but moved him to lead the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs in 2010 . The entire cabinet was dismissed on 19 August 2011 . In September 2011 , President Peter Mutharika re-appointed him to cabinet as Minister of Education , Science and Technology . He served in that post until April 2012 , when the president died suddenly of a heart attack . Mutharikas successor , Joyce Banda , appointed Chaponda Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on 22 June 2014 . On 7 April 2016 , President Peter Mutharika moved Chaponda to the Ministry of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development . Mutharika then appointed him Leader of the House of Assembly in May 2016 . After a brief suspension in early 2017 , Chaponda was re-instated in February but only held the post for a week before he was succeeded by his deputy Kondwani Nankhumwa in an interim capacity , pending the results of Chapondas ongoing corruption investigation . He is rumoured to have been groomed to succeed President Peter Mutharika , who could leave office as early as 2019 after the expected tripartite elections . Air Fouling Legislation . In February 2011 , Chaponda said that a clause in the Local Courts bill making it a misdemeanor to vitiate the atmosphere would criminalize flatulence to promote decency . He told the private Capital Radios popular Straight Talk programme , Would you be happy to see people farting anyhow ? The story was quickly picked up by the foreign press . The Solicitor General Anthony Kamanga contradicted him , saying the bill referred only to air pollution . Later , Chaponda retracted his remarks , saying he had not read the proposed bill before commenting . Personal life . Chaponda is a Christian , is married and has children. . During a parliamentary debate in the Malawi parliament in 2016 , he was involved in an altercation with a Member of Parliament from the opposition Peoples Party ( PP ) , Harry Mlekanjala Mkandawire . Mkandawire is said to have said Chaponda is one of seven ministers alleged to be in an audit report for the plunder of government funds in Malawi , popularly known as Cashgate . His son , comedian Daliso Chaponda , appeared on Britains Got Talent in 2017 , claiming Amanda Holdens Golden Buzzer . He ended up finishing in third place .
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"Ministry of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development ."
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Which position did George Chaponda hold in Apr 2016?
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George Chaponda George T . Chaponda ( born 1 November 1942 ) is a Malawian career diplomat and politician who served as Malawis Minister of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development from 2016 to 2017 . He is a founding member of the ruling Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) and is a DPP Member of Parliament from Mulanje district in southern Malawi . Early life . Born in Chonde Village , Mulanje District , Chaponda studied at the University of Delhi from 1963 to 1968 where he received degrees in history and political science . He studied law at the University of Zambia from 1976 to 1979 and at Yale University from 1980 to 1984 . He was admitted to the bar in 1980 . Career . He has held a number of senior positions in Zambia , including chief executive of a parastal organisation . From 1984 to 2002 , he worked mostly as a senior lawyer for the Office for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Somalia , Kenya , Thailand , Bangladesh , Switzerland , Austria , Poland and Ethiopia . From 2003-2004 he was Chairman of the University Council of the University of Malawi . In 2004 Chaponda entered Malawian politics and was elected as a Member of Parliament for the Mulanje South West constituency . In June 2004 , he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of the newly elected President Bingu wa Mutharika . He served in that position until 2005 , when he was appointed Minister of Local Government and Rural Development . After the elections in May 2009 , President Peter Mutharika appointed him Minister of Education , but moved him to lead the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs in 2010 . The entire cabinet was dismissed on 19 August 2011 . In September 2011 , President Peter Mutharika re-appointed him to cabinet as Minister of Education , Science and Technology . He served in that post until April 2012 , when the president died suddenly of a heart attack . Mutharikas successor , Joyce Banda , appointed Chaponda Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation on 22 June 2014 . On 7 April 2016 , President Peter Mutharika moved Chaponda to the Ministry of Agriculture , Irrigation and Water Development . Mutharika then appointed him Leader of the House of Assembly in May 2016 . After a brief suspension in early 2017 , Chaponda was re-instated in February but only held the post for a week before he was succeeded by his deputy Kondwani Nankhumwa in an interim capacity , pending the results of Chapondas ongoing corruption investigation . He is rumoured to have been groomed to succeed President Peter Mutharika , who could leave office as early as 2019 after the expected tripartite elections . Air Fouling Legislation . In February 2011 , Chaponda said that a clause in the Local Courts bill making it a misdemeanor to vitiate the atmosphere would criminalize flatulence to promote decency . He told the private Capital Radios popular Straight Talk programme , Would you be happy to see people farting anyhow ? The story was quickly picked up by the foreign press . The Solicitor General Anthony Kamanga contradicted him , saying the bill referred only to air pollution . Later , Chaponda retracted his remarks , saying he had not read the proposed bill before commenting . Personal life . Chaponda is a Christian , is married and has children. . During a parliamentary debate in the Malawi parliament in 2016 , he was involved in an altercation with a Member of Parliament from the opposition Peoples Party ( PP ) , Harry Mlekanjala Mkandawire . Mkandawire is said to have said Chaponda is one of seven ministers alleged to be in an audit report for the plunder of government funds in Malawi , popularly known as Cashgate . His son , comedian Daliso Chaponda , appeared on Britains Got Talent in 2017 , claiming Amanda Holdens Golden Buzzer . He ended up finishing in third place .
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Who did Steven Salaita work for from 2003 to 2006?
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Steven Salaita Steven Salaita ( born 1975 ) is a scholar , author and public speaker . He became the center of a controversy when the University of Illinois did not hire him as a professor of American Indian Studies following objections to a series of tweets critical of Israel and Zionism that were accused of antisemitism . Early life and education . Salaita was born in Bluefield , West Virginia on September 15 , 1975 , to Hispanic and Arab immigrant parents . His mother was born and raised in Nicaragua by Palestinian parents who originated in Beit Jala . He describes his own ethnic background as both Jordanian and Palestinian . Salaitas father was from Madaba , Jordan . His maternal grandmother lost her home in Ayn Karim outside of Jerusalem in 1948 . Salaita received his B.A . in political science from Radford University in 1997 and his M.A . in English from Radford in 1999 . He completed his Ph.D . at the University of Oklahoma in Native American studies with a literature emphasis . Career . Following completion of his Ph.D. , Salaita became an assistant professor of English at University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he taught American and ethnic American literature until 2006 . He was then hired as associate professor of English at Virginia Tech , and received tenure three years later . In addition to teaching English courses , Salaita wrote about themes of immigration , indigenous peoples , dislocation , race , ethnicity and multi-culturalism . Michael Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times refers to him as a respected scholar in American Indian studies and Israeli-Arab relations . Salaita won a 2007 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award for writing the book Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where It Comes from and What it Means for Politics Today . The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights recognized Salaitas book as one that extends our understanding of the root causes of bigotry and the range of options we as humans have in constructing alternative ways to share power . Miriam Cooke , professor at Duke University , described the book as a sobering analysis of anti-Arab racism , from neo-conservative to liberal , rooted in Americas settler colonial past and seeping into every corner of our lives . Steven Salaita takes the reader into the crisis of Arab-American communities in the wake of September 11 . Written with passion , this lucid account of the dangers of American imperialism paints a dark picture of the agenda of the Bush administration not only in the Arab world but also for people of color at home . Sinan Antoon , assistant professor at New York University , reviewed Salaitas book , The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan , published in 2006 . He found the authors comparative approach to Palestinian and Native American writers and the influence of politics on their production refreshing . He found the strongest chapter to be the one devoted to Salaitas personal experience of spending the summer of 2002 in the Shatila refugee camp , where he introduced Native American studies to the residents and developed perspectives on how alternative narratives can broaden the consciousness of decolonial advocates . Antoon notes that Salaita limited his scope to prose and limited Palestinian literature to English translations . In 2014 , Salaita received an appointment to begin a professorship in American Indian Studies at the University of Illinois . Just days before he was to start the role , he got notified that the University had cancelled the offer , as detailed in the section University of Illinois hiring controversy below . In July 2015 , Salaita announced he had accepted the Edward W . Said Chair of American Studies at the American University of Beirut , and would begin his assignment in the fall of 2015 . The university did not renew his position due to some inconsistencies in his hiring . The university stated it was due to procedural irregularities . In 2017 , Salaita announced that he is leaving academia because no institution would hire him for full-time work . As of February 2019 , he is a school bus driver in suburban Washington , D.C . Controversies . Virginia Tech Support our Troops controversy . While teaching at Virginia Tech in 2013 Salaita became the center of controversy after writing an article in which he explained his refusal to endorse the Support our Troops slogan . Salaita stated that In recent years Ive grown fatigued of appeals on behalf of the troops , which intensify in proportion to the belligerence or potential unpopularity of the imperial adventure du jour . He criticized what he called unthinking patriotism . Reactions to his article were varied . Some people wanted him fired , criticizing the university , and some wanted him deported or killed . A university spokesman , Lawrence G . Hincker , Associate Vice President for University Relations , said that the university supported Salaitas freedom of speech , but added : While our assistant professor may have a megaphone on salon.com , his opinions not only do not reflect institutional position , we are confident they do not remotely reflect the collective opinion of the greater university community . Almost 40 Virginia Tech professors signed a letter protesting Hinckers comments in a letter to the student newspaper , the Collegiate Times . Faculty members criticized the universitys statement as wholly unsatisfactory and placing in doubt its commitment to academic freedom . Commenting on Salaitas views and the surrounding controversy , Greg Scholtz , of the American Association of University Professors , noted that [ u ] pholding academic freedom can be a difficult and even embarrassing , but the most reputable institutions give the most latitude . University of Illinois hiring controversy . In October 2013 , Salaita was offered tenure in the American Indian studies program at University of Illinois which he accepted and he was scheduled to begin in August 2014 . In July 2014 , the two-month-long Gaza war broke out in which Israel killed over 2,000 Palestinians and Hamas 73 Israelis . Salaita posted hundreds of tweets criticizing Israel and its actions in Gaza . Some of the tweets angered pro-Israel students , faculty , and others who accused Salaita of antisemitism . Donors threatened to stop donating to the university unless it rescinded Salaitas job offer . University Chancellor Phyllis Wise told Salaita that he wouldnt get the job so he sued the university . During the legal proceedings , the university was forced to release hundreds of email relating to his case which revealed both that Wise had come under immense pressure to rescind Salaitas offer from wealthy donors , and that she had tried to destroy evidence . She therefore resigned from her position as Chancellor . The university settled with Salaita for $875,000 in November 2015 . Salaita wrote about his experience in his book Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine , in which he tackled the controversy from the perspective of decolonizing academic scholarship . He has supported an academic boycott of Israel and is a member of the organization US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel ( USACBI ) . Books . - Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where it Comes From and What it Means for Politics ( 2006 ) – Winner of 2007 Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights Outstanding Book Award . - The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan ( 2006 ) - Arab American Literary Fictions Cultures and Politics ( 2007 ) - The Uncultured Wars ( 2008 ) - Modern Arab American Fiction : A Readers Guide ( 2011 ) - Israels Dead Soul ( 2011 ) - Uncivil Rites ( 2015 ) - Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine ( 2016 ) External links . - I Am No anti-Semite Says Steven Salaita , Lecturer-cum Celeb Who Was Fired for Tweeting , December 5 , 2014 . Neta Alexander . Haaretz - The holy land in transit : colonialism and the quest for Canaan , PhD dissertation , 2003 . Steven Salaita , University of Oklahoma .
|
[
"Virginia Tech"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Steven Salaita work for from 2006 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Steven_Salaita#P108#1
|
Steven Salaita Steven Salaita ( born 1975 ) is a scholar , author and public speaker . He became the center of a controversy when the University of Illinois did not hire him as a professor of American Indian Studies following objections to a series of tweets critical of Israel and Zionism that were accused of antisemitism . Early life and education . Salaita was born in Bluefield , West Virginia on September 15 , 1975 , to Hispanic and Arab immigrant parents . His mother was born and raised in Nicaragua by Palestinian parents who originated in Beit Jala . He describes his own ethnic background as both Jordanian and Palestinian . Salaitas father was from Madaba , Jordan . His maternal grandmother lost her home in Ayn Karim outside of Jerusalem in 1948 . Salaita received his B.A . in political science from Radford University in 1997 and his M.A . in English from Radford in 1999 . He completed his Ph.D . at the University of Oklahoma in Native American studies with a literature emphasis . Career . Following completion of his Ph.D. , Salaita became an assistant professor of English at University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he taught American and ethnic American literature until 2006 . He was then hired as associate professor of English at Virginia Tech , and received tenure three years later . In addition to teaching English courses , Salaita wrote about themes of immigration , indigenous peoples , dislocation , race , ethnicity and multi-culturalism . Michael Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times refers to him as a respected scholar in American Indian studies and Israeli-Arab relations . Salaita won a 2007 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award for writing the book Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where It Comes from and What it Means for Politics Today . The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights recognized Salaitas book as one that extends our understanding of the root causes of bigotry and the range of options we as humans have in constructing alternative ways to share power . Miriam Cooke , professor at Duke University , described the book as a sobering analysis of anti-Arab racism , from neo-conservative to liberal , rooted in Americas settler colonial past and seeping into every corner of our lives . Steven Salaita takes the reader into the crisis of Arab-American communities in the wake of September 11 . Written with passion , this lucid account of the dangers of American imperialism paints a dark picture of the agenda of the Bush administration not only in the Arab world but also for people of color at home . Sinan Antoon , assistant professor at New York University , reviewed Salaitas book , The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan , published in 2006 . He found the authors comparative approach to Palestinian and Native American writers and the influence of politics on their production refreshing . He found the strongest chapter to be the one devoted to Salaitas personal experience of spending the summer of 2002 in the Shatila refugee camp , where he introduced Native American studies to the residents and developed perspectives on how alternative narratives can broaden the consciousness of decolonial advocates . Antoon notes that Salaita limited his scope to prose and limited Palestinian literature to English translations . In 2014 , Salaita received an appointment to begin a professorship in American Indian Studies at the University of Illinois . Just days before he was to start the role , he got notified that the University had cancelled the offer , as detailed in the section University of Illinois hiring controversy below . In July 2015 , Salaita announced he had accepted the Edward W . Said Chair of American Studies at the American University of Beirut , and would begin his assignment in the fall of 2015 . The university did not renew his position due to some inconsistencies in his hiring . The university stated it was due to procedural irregularities . In 2017 , Salaita announced that he is leaving academia because no institution would hire him for full-time work . As of February 2019 , he is a school bus driver in suburban Washington , D.C . Controversies . Virginia Tech Support our Troops controversy . While teaching at Virginia Tech in 2013 Salaita became the center of controversy after writing an article in which he explained his refusal to endorse the Support our Troops slogan . Salaita stated that In recent years Ive grown fatigued of appeals on behalf of the troops , which intensify in proportion to the belligerence or potential unpopularity of the imperial adventure du jour . He criticized what he called unthinking patriotism . Reactions to his article were varied . Some people wanted him fired , criticizing the university , and some wanted him deported or killed . A university spokesman , Lawrence G . Hincker , Associate Vice President for University Relations , said that the university supported Salaitas freedom of speech , but added : While our assistant professor may have a megaphone on salon.com , his opinions not only do not reflect institutional position , we are confident they do not remotely reflect the collective opinion of the greater university community . Almost 40 Virginia Tech professors signed a letter protesting Hinckers comments in a letter to the student newspaper , the Collegiate Times . Faculty members criticized the universitys statement as wholly unsatisfactory and placing in doubt its commitment to academic freedom . Commenting on Salaitas views and the surrounding controversy , Greg Scholtz , of the American Association of University Professors , noted that [ u ] pholding academic freedom can be a difficult and even embarrassing , but the most reputable institutions give the most latitude . University of Illinois hiring controversy . In October 2013 , Salaita was offered tenure in the American Indian studies program at University of Illinois which he accepted and he was scheduled to begin in August 2014 . In July 2014 , the two-month-long Gaza war broke out in which Israel killed over 2,000 Palestinians and Hamas 73 Israelis . Salaita posted hundreds of tweets criticizing Israel and its actions in Gaza . Some of the tweets angered pro-Israel students , faculty , and others who accused Salaita of antisemitism . Donors threatened to stop donating to the university unless it rescinded Salaitas job offer . University Chancellor Phyllis Wise told Salaita that he wouldnt get the job so he sued the university . During the legal proceedings , the university was forced to release hundreds of email relating to his case which revealed both that Wise had come under immense pressure to rescind Salaitas offer from wealthy donors , and that she had tried to destroy evidence . She therefore resigned from her position as Chancellor . The university settled with Salaita for $875,000 in November 2015 . Salaita wrote about his experience in his book Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine , in which he tackled the controversy from the perspective of decolonizing academic scholarship . He has supported an academic boycott of Israel and is a member of the organization US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel ( USACBI ) . Books . - Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where it Comes From and What it Means for Politics ( 2006 ) – Winner of 2007 Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights Outstanding Book Award . - The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan ( 2006 ) - Arab American Literary Fictions Cultures and Politics ( 2007 ) - The Uncultured Wars ( 2008 ) - Modern Arab American Fiction : A Readers Guide ( 2011 ) - Israels Dead Soul ( 2011 ) - Uncivil Rites ( 2015 ) - Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine ( 2016 ) External links . - I Am No anti-Semite Says Steven Salaita , Lecturer-cum Celeb Who Was Fired for Tweeting , December 5 , 2014 . Neta Alexander . Haaretz - The holy land in transit : colonialism and the quest for Canaan , PhD dissertation , 2003 . Steven Salaita , University of Oklahoma .
|
[
"American University of Beirut"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Steven Salaita work for from 2015 to 2017?
|
/wiki/Steven_Salaita#P108#2
|
Steven Salaita Steven Salaita ( born 1975 ) is a scholar , author and public speaker . He became the center of a controversy when the University of Illinois did not hire him as a professor of American Indian Studies following objections to a series of tweets critical of Israel and Zionism that were accused of antisemitism . Early life and education . Salaita was born in Bluefield , West Virginia on September 15 , 1975 , to Hispanic and Arab immigrant parents . His mother was born and raised in Nicaragua by Palestinian parents who originated in Beit Jala . He describes his own ethnic background as both Jordanian and Palestinian . Salaitas father was from Madaba , Jordan . His maternal grandmother lost her home in Ayn Karim outside of Jerusalem in 1948 . Salaita received his B.A . in political science from Radford University in 1997 and his M.A . in English from Radford in 1999 . He completed his Ph.D . at the University of Oklahoma in Native American studies with a literature emphasis . Career . Following completion of his Ph.D. , Salaita became an assistant professor of English at University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , where he taught American and ethnic American literature until 2006 . He was then hired as associate professor of English at Virginia Tech , and received tenure three years later . In addition to teaching English courses , Salaita wrote about themes of immigration , indigenous peoples , dislocation , race , ethnicity and multi-culturalism . Michael Hiltzik of the Los Angeles Times refers to him as a respected scholar in American Indian studies and Israeli-Arab relations . Salaita won a 2007 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award for writing the book Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where It Comes from and What it Means for Politics Today . The Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights recognized Salaitas book as one that extends our understanding of the root causes of bigotry and the range of options we as humans have in constructing alternative ways to share power . Miriam Cooke , professor at Duke University , described the book as a sobering analysis of anti-Arab racism , from neo-conservative to liberal , rooted in Americas settler colonial past and seeping into every corner of our lives . Steven Salaita takes the reader into the crisis of Arab-American communities in the wake of September 11 . Written with passion , this lucid account of the dangers of American imperialism paints a dark picture of the agenda of the Bush administration not only in the Arab world but also for people of color at home . Sinan Antoon , assistant professor at New York University , reviewed Salaitas book , The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan , published in 2006 . He found the authors comparative approach to Palestinian and Native American writers and the influence of politics on their production refreshing . He found the strongest chapter to be the one devoted to Salaitas personal experience of spending the summer of 2002 in the Shatila refugee camp , where he introduced Native American studies to the residents and developed perspectives on how alternative narratives can broaden the consciousness of decolonial advocates . Antoon notes that Salaita limited his scope to prose and limited Palestinian literature to English translations . In 2014 , Salaita received an appointment to begin a professorship in American Indian Studies at the University of Illinois . Just days before he was to start the role , he got notified that the University had cancelled the offer , as detailed in the section University of Illinois hiring controversy below . In July 2015 , Salaita announced he had accepted the Edward W . Said Chair of American Studies at the American University of Beirut , and would begin his assignment in the fall of 2015 . The university did not renew his position due to some inconsistencies in his hiring . The university stated it was due to procedural irregularities . In 2017 , Salaita announced that he is leaving academia because no institution would hire him for full-time work . As of February 2019 , he is a school bus driver in suburban Washington , D.C . Controversies . Virginia Tech Support our Troops controversy . While teaching at Virginia Tech in 2013 Salaita became the center of controversy after writing an article in which he explained his refusal to endorse the Support our Troops slogan . Salaita stated that In recent years Ive grown fatigued of appeals on behalf of the troops , which intensify in proportion to the belligerence or potential unpopularity of the imperial adventure du jour . He criticized what he called unthinking patriotism . Reactions to his article were varied . Some people wanted him fired , criticizing the university , and some wanted him deported or killed . A university spokesman , Lawrence G . Hincker , Associate Vice President for University Relations , said that the university supported Salaitas freedom of speech , but added : While our assistant professor may have a megaphone on salon.com , his opinions not only do not reflect institutional position , we are confident they do not remotely reflect the collective opinion of the greater university community . Almost 40 Virginia Tech professors signed a letter protesting Hinckers comments in a letter to the student newspaper , the Collegiate Times . Faculty members criticized the universitys statement as wholly unsatisfactory and placing in doubt its commitment to academic freedom . Commenting on Salaitas views and the surrounding controversy , Greg Scholtz , of the American Association of University Professors , noted that [ u ] pholding academic freedom can be a difficult and even embarrassing , but the most reputable institutions give the most latitude . University of Illinois hiring controversy . In October 2013 , Salaita was offered tenure in the American Indian studies program at University of Illinois which he accepted and he was scheduled to begin in August 2014 . In July 2014 , the two-month-long Gaza war broke out in which Israel killed over 2,000 Palestinians and Hamas 73 Israelis . Salaita posted hundreds of tweets criticizing Israel and its actions in Gaza . Some of the tweets angered pro-Israel students , faculty , and others who accused Salaita of antisemitism . Donors threatened to stop donating to the university unless it rescinded Salaitas job offer . University Chancellor Phyllis Wise told Salaita that he wouldnt get the job so he sued the university . During the legal proceedings , the university was forced to release hundreds of email relating to his case which revealed both that Wise had come under immense pressure to rescind Salaitas offer from wealthy donors , and that she had tried to destroy evidence . She therefore resigned from her position as Chancellor . The university settled with Salaita for $875,000 in November 2015 . Salaita wrote about his experience in his book Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine , in which he tackled the controversy from the perspective of decolonizing academic scholarship . He has supported an academic boycott of Israel and is a member of the organization US Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel ( USACBI ) . Books . - Anti-Arab Racism in the USA : Where it Comes From and What it Means for Politics ( 2006 ) – Winner of 2007 Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights Outstanding Book Award . - The Holy Land in Transit : Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan ( 2006 ) - Arab American Literary Fictions Cultures and Politics ( 2007 ) - The Uncultured Wars ( 2008 ) - Modern Arab American Fiction : A Readers Guide ( 2011 ) - Israels Dead Soul ( 2011 ) - Uncivil Rites ( 2015 ) - Inter/Nationalism : Decolonizing Native America and Palestine ( 2016 ) External links . - I Am No anti-Semite Says Steven Salaita , Lecturer-cum Celeb Who Was Fired for Tweeting , December 5 , 2014 . Neta Alexander . Haaretz - The holy land in transit : colonialism and the quest for Canaan , PhD dissertation , 2003 . Steven Salaita , University of Oklahoma .
|
[
"Dukla Prague"
] |
easy
|
Antonín Kinský played for which team from 1994 to 1995?
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/wiki/Antonín_Kinský#P54#0
|
Antonín Kinský Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier Leagues best goalkeeper in the 2007 season . Kinský played for his country on five occasions . He was part of the Czech Republic squad at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , although he played at neither tournament . Club career . Early career . Kinský played for a number of clubs in his early career , including Dukla Prague , after which he moved to Bohemians 1905 . He later spent time on loan at Motorlet Prague and EMĚ Mělník . Kinský won promotion with FC Dukla to the Gambrinus Liga , where he played for one season . Liberec . Kinský joined FC Slovan Liberec in 1998 , reaching the final of the 1998–99 Czech Cup in his first season . In the summer of 1999 Kinský broke his thumb , resultantly not playing for the autumn half of the 1999–2000 season and subsequently sharing goalkeeping duties with Zbyněk Hauzr in the spring . Liberec finished the season by winning the 1999–2000 Czech Cup . In July 2000 , Kinský was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis , receiving treatment at the military hospital in Prague and resultantly being unable to play in the autumn part of the 2000–01 season . The following season , he recorded consecutive clean sheets at the beginning of the campaign . Liberec went on to reach the quarter finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and won the 2001–02 Gambrinus liga . During a UEFA Cup match in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in October 2002 , Kinský was targeted by bottles thrown onto the pitch from the crowd as the home team was defeated 1–0 in the match and 4–2 on aggregate . Three policemen were injured in the incident . He played in goal in a 4–0 league defeat against Viktoria Žižkov in October 2002 , a game he described as probably the worst match in my life . November 2002 was more successful for Kinský as he saved two penalties in a UEFA Cup penalty shootout , after the second round tie against Ipswich Town had ended level after extra time . Resultantly Liberec qualified for the third round of the competition , although Kinský missed both matches against Panathinaikos due to injury . Kinskýs contract at Liberec was due to expire in the summer of 2004 and he failed to agree a contract extension with the club during the 2003–04 season . He left having made a total of 137 appearances in the top division of Czech football . Russia . Kinský joined Russian side Saturn Ramenskoye in January 2004 , initially signing a three-year contract . Kinský joined the team on 6 January in Turkey at their training camp ahead of the 2004 Russian Premier League . He started the first six matches of the 2004 season as a substitute , before becoming the clubs first-choice goalkeeper . In 2005 , he was vice captain for the team , captaining the side in the absence of captain Viktor Onopko . Following the 2006 World Cup , Kinský signed a contract extension to stay at the club for another three years . He was named the best goalkeeper of the Russian Football Premier League in 2007 . He kept his 100th top division clean sheet in a match against Tomsk in September 2008 , becoming the 17th Czech goalkeeper to reach this figure . In October 2008 , Kinský was offered the chance to move to Chelsea to be the backup goalkeeper for Petr Čech , an offer which he rejected . In November 2010 Kinský played his 200th competitive match for the club . Before the last game of the 2010 season , he was presented with a football shirt with the number 201 on it , intended to represent the number of games he had played for the club . However , due to injury Kinský was unable to take part in the match , so 200 was his actual number of competitive appearances . He left Saturn upon the expiry of his contract in December 2010 . International career . Kinský played for the under-17 team of Czechoslovakia in 1992 , making two appearances . He went on to make three appearances for the Czech Republic national under-21 football team in 1997 . Kinský was called up to the Czech Republic national team by coach Karel Brückner before their participation in two friendly matches in Cyprus in February 2002 . He was one of three uncapped goalkeepers named in the squad , the others being Petr Čech and Martin Vaniak . He made his debut in Cyprus on 13 February , playing the second half of the game against the host country in a 4–3 win . Kinský was named in the Czech Republic squad for two major tournaments , UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , but didnt play in either competition . He played in a total of five matches for his national team between 2002 and 2004 . He also made one appearance for the A2 team of his country in 2006 , playing the second half of a match against Turkey B on 1 March . Post-playing career . Kinský became a goalkeeping coach for the youth team of FC Tempo Prague after finishing his playing career , stating his desire to work as a goalkeeping coach in professional football in the future , but not as a head coach . Personal life . Kinský studied Russian at school . He and his wife , Martina , have two children , Tonda and Andrea , who both take part in sports . His son played youth football for FC Tempo Prague in 2012 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Club . Slovan Liberec - Gambrinus Liga : 2001–02 - Czech Cup : 1999–2000 Country . Czech Republic - UEFA European Championship semi-finalist : 2004
|
[
""
] |
easy
|
Which team did Antonín Kinský play for from 1995 to 1998?
|
/wiki/Antonín_Kinský#P54#1
|
Antonín Kinský Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier Leagues best goalkeeper in the 2007 season . Kinský played for his country on five occasions . He was part of the Czech Republic squad at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , although he played at neither tournament . Club career . Early career . Kinský played for a number of clubs in his early career , including Dukla Prague , after which he moved to Bohemians 1905 . He later spent time on loan at Motorlet Prague and EMĚ Mělník . Kinský won promotion with FC Dukla to the Gambrinus Liga , where he played for one season . Liberec . Kinský joined FC Slovan Liberec in 1998 , reaching the final of the 1998–99 Czech Cup in his first season . In the summer of 1999 Kinský broke his thumb , resultantly not playing for the autumn half of the 1999–2000 season and subsequently sharing goalkeeping duties with Zbyněk Hauzr in the spring . Liberec finished the season by winning the 1999–2000 Czech Cup . In July 2000 , Kinský was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis , receiving treatment at the military hospital in Prague and resultantly being unable to play in the autumn part of the 2000–01 season . The following season , he recorded consecutive clean sheets at the beginning of the campaign . Liberec went on to reach the quarter finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and won the 2001–02 Gambrinus liga . During a UEFA Cup match in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in October 2002 , Kinský was targeted by bottles thrown onto the pitch from the crowd as the home team was defeated 1–0 in the match and 4–2 on aggregate . Three policemen were injured in the incident . He played in goal in a 4–0 league defeat against Viktoria Žižkov in October 2002 , a game he described as probably the worst match in my life . November 2002 was more successful for Kinský as he saved two penalties in a UEFA Cup penalty shootout , after the second round tie against Ipswich Town had ended level after extra time . Resultantly Liberec qualified for the third round of the competition , although Kinský missed both matches against Panathinaikos due to injury . Kinskýs contract at Liberec was due to expire in the summer of 2004 and he failed to agree a contract extension with the club during the 2003–04 season . He left having made a total of 137 appearances in the top division of Czech football . Russia . Kinský joined Russian side Saturn Ramenskoye in January 2004 , initially signing a three-year contract . Kinský joined the team on 6 January in Turkey at their training camp ahead of the 2004 Russian Premier League . He started the first six matches of the 2004 season as a substitute , before becoming the clubs first-choice goalkeeper . In 2005 , he was vice captain for the team , captaining the side in the absence of captain Viktor Onopko . Following the 2006 World Cup , Kinský signed a contract extension to stay at the club for another three years . He was named the best goalkeeper of the Russian Football Premier League in 2007 . He kept his 100th top division clean sheet in a match against Tomsk in September 2008 , becoming the 17th Czech goalkeeper to reach this figure . In October 2008 , Kinský was offered the chance to move to Chelsea to be the backup goalkeeper for Petr Čech , an offer which he rejected . In November 2010 Kinský played his 200th competitive match for the club . Before the last game of the 2010 season , he was presented with a football shirt with the number 201 on it , intended to represent the number of games he had played for the club . However , due to injury Kinský was unable to take part in the match , so 200 was his actual number of competitive appearances . He left Saturn upon the expiry of his contract in December 2010 . International career . Kinský played for the under-17 team of Czechoslovakia in 1992 , making two appearances . He went on to make three appearances for the Czech Republic national under-21 football team in 1997 . Kinský was called up to the Czech Republic national team by coach Karel Brückner before their participation in two friendly matches in Cyprus in February 2002 . He was one of three uncapped goalkeepers named in the squad , the others being Petr Čech and Martin Vaniak . He made his debut in Cyprus on 13 February , playing the second half of the game against the host country in a 4–3 win . Kinský was named in the Czech Republic squad for two major tournaments , UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , but didnt play in either competition . He played in a total of five matches for his national team between 2002 and 2004 . He also made one appearance for the A2 team of his country in 2006 , playing the second half of a match against Turkey B on 1 March . Post-playing career . Kinský became a goalkeeping coach for the youth team of FC Tempo Prague after finishing his playing career , stating his desire to work as a goalkeeping coach in professional football in the future , but not as a head coach . Personal life . Kinský studied Russian at school . He and his wife , Martina , have two children , Tonda and Andrea , who both take part in sports . His son played youth football for FC Tempo Prague in 2012 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Club . Slovan Liberec - Gambrinus Liga : 2001–02 - Czech Cup : 1999–2000 Country . Czech Republic - UEFA European Championship semi-finalist : 2004
|
[
"FC Slovan Liberec"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Antonín Kinský play for from 1998 to 2002?
|
/wiki/Antonín_Kinský#P54#2
|
Antonín Kinský Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier Leagues best goalkeeper in the 2007 season . Kinský played for his country on five occasions . He was part of the Czech Republic squad at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , although he played at neither tournament . Club career . Early career . Kinský played for a number of clubs in his early career , including Dukla Prague , after which he moved to Bohemians 1905 . He later spent time on loan at Motorlet Prague and EMĚ Mělník . Kinský won promotion with FC Dukla to the Gambrinus Liga , where he played for one season . Liberec . Kinský joined FC Slovan Liberec in 1998 , reaching the final of the 1998–99 Czech Cup in his first season . In the summer of 1999 Kinský broke his thumb , resultantly not playing for the autumn half of the 1999–2000 season and subsequently sharing goalkeeping duties with Zbyněk Hauzr in the spring . Liberec finished the season by winning the 1999–2000 Czech Cup . In July 2000 , Kinský was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis , receiving treatment at the military hospital in Prague and resultantly being unable to play in the autumn part of the 2000–01 season . The following season , he recorded consecutive clean sheets at the beginning of the campaign . Liberec went on to reach the quarter finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and won the 2001–02 Gambrinus liga . During a UEFA Cup match in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in October 2002 , Kinský was targeted by bottles thrown onto the pitch from the crowd as the home team was defeated 1–0 in the match and 4–2 on aggregate . Three policemen were injured in the incident . He played in goal in a 4–0 league defeat against Viktoria Žižkov in October 2002 , a game he described as probably the worst match in my life . November 2002 was more successful for Kinský as he saved two penalties in a UEFA Cup penalty shootout , after the second round tie against Ipswich Town had ended level after extra time . Resultantly Liberec qualified for the third round of the competition , although Kinský missed both matches against Panathinaikos due to injury . Kinskýs contract at Liberec was due to expire in the summer of 2004 and he failed to agree a contract extension with the club during the 2003–04 season . He left having made a total of 137 appearances in the top division of Czech football . Russia . Kinský joined Russian side Saturn Ramenskoye in January 2004 , initially signing a three-year contract . Kinský joined the team on 6 January in Turkey at their training camp ahead of the 2004 Russian Premier League . He started the first six matches of the 2004 season as a substitute , before becoming the clubs first-choice goalkeeper . In 2005 , he was vice captain for the team , captaining the side in the absence of captain Viktor Onopko . Following the 2006 World Cup , Kinský signed a contract extension to stay at the club for another three years . He was named the best goalkeeper of the Russian Football Premier League in 2007 . He kept his 100th top division clean sheet in a match against Tomsk in September 2008 , becoming the 17th Czech goalkeeper to reach this figure . In October 2008 , Kinský was offered the chance to move to Chelsea to be the backup goalkeeper for Petr Čech , an offer which he rejected . In November 2010 Kinský played his 200th competitive match for the club . Before the last game of the 2010 season , he was presented with a football shirt with the number 201 on it , intended to represent the number of games he had played for the club . However , due to injury Kinský was unable to take part in the match , so 200 was his actual number of competitive appearances . He left Saturn upon the expiry of his contract in December 2010 . International career . Kinský played for the under-17 team of Czechoslovakia in 1992 , making two appearances . He went on to make three appearances for the Czech Republic national under-21 football team in 1997 . Kinský was called up to the Czech Republic national team by coach Karel Brückner before their participation in two friendly matches in Cyprus in February 2002 . He was one of three uncapped goalkeepers named in the squad , the others being Petr Čech and Martin Vaniak . He made his debut in Cyprus on 13 February , playing the second half of the game against the host country in a 4–3 win . Kinský was named in the Czech Republic squad for two major tournaments , UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , but didnt play in either competition . He played in a total of five matches for his national team between 2002 and 2004 . He also made one appearance for the A2 team of his country in 2006 , playing the second half of a match against Turkey B on 1 March . Post-playing career . Kinský became a goalkeeping coach for the youth team of FC Tempo Prague after finishing his playing career , stating his desire to work as a goalkeeping coach in professional football in the future , but not as a head coach . Personal life . Kinský studied Russian at school . He and his wife , Martina , have two children , Tonda and Andrea , who both take part in sports . His son played youth football for FC Tempo Prague in 2012 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Club . Slovan Liberec - Gambrinus Liga : 2001–02 - Czech Cup : 1999–2000 Country . Czech Republic - UEFA European Championship semi-finalist : 2004
|
[
"Czech Republic national team"
] |
easy
|
Antonín Kinský played for which team from 2002 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Antonín_Kinský#P54#3
|
Antonín Kinský Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier Leagues best goalkeeper in the 2007 season . Kinský played for his country on five occasions . He was part of the Czech Republic squad at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , although he played at neither tournament . Club career . Early career . Kinský played for a number of clubs in his early career , including Dukla Prague , after which he moved to Bohemians 1905 . He later spent time on loan at Motorlet Prague and EMĚ Mělník . Kinský won promotion with FC Dukla to the Gambrinus Liga , where he played for one season . Liberec . Kinský joined FC Slovan Liberec in 1998 , reaching the final of the 1998–99 Czech Cup in his first season . In the summer of 1999 Kinský broke his thumb , resultantly not playing for the autumn half of the 1999–2000 season and subsequently sharing goalkeeping duties with Zbyněk Hauzr in the spring . Liberec finished the season by winning the 1999–2000 Czech Cup . In July 2000 , Kinský was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis , receiving treatment at the military hospital in Prague and resultantly being unable to play in the autumn part of the 2000–01 season . The following season , he recorded consecutive clean sheets at the beginning of the campaign . Liberec went on to reach the quarter finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and won the 2001–02 Gambrinus liga . During a UEFA Cup match in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in October 2002 , Kinský was targeted by bottles thrown onto the pitch from the crowd as the home team was defeated 1–0 in the match and 4–2 on aggregate . Three policemen were injured in the incident . He played in goal in a 4–0 league defeat against Viktoria Žižkov in October 2002 , a game he described as probably the worst match in my life . November 2002 was more successful for Kinský as he saved two penalties in a UEFA Cup penalty shootout , after the second round tie against Ipswich Town had ended level after extra time . Resultantly Liberec qualified for the third round of the competition , although Kinský missed both matches against Panathinaikos due to injury . Kinskýs contract at Liberec was due to expire in the summer of 2004 and he failed to agree a contract extension with the club during the 2003–04 season . He left having made a total of 137 appearances in the top division of Czech football . Russia . Kinský joined Russian side Saturn Ramenskoye in January 2004 , initially signing a three-year contract . Kinský joined the team on 6 January in Turkey at their training camp ahead of the 2004 Russian Premier League . He started the first six matches of the 2004 season as a substitute , before becoming the clubs first-choice goalkeeper . In 2005 , he was vice captain for the team , captaining the side in the absence of captain Viktor Onopko . Following the 2006 World Cup , Kinský signed a contract extension to stay at the club for another three years . He was named the best goalkeeper of the Russian Football Premier League in 2007 . He kept his 100th top division clean sheet in a match against Tomsk in September 2008 , becoming the 17th Czech goalkeeper to reach this figure . In October 2008 , Kinský was offered the chance to move to Chelsea to be the backup goalkeeper for Petr Čech , an offer which he rejected . In November 2010 Kinský played his 200th competitive match for the club . Before the last game of the 2010 season , he was presented with a football shirt with the number 201 on it , intended to represent the number of games he had played for the club . However , due to injury Kinský was unable to take part in the match , so 200 was his actual number of competitive appearances . He left Saturn upon the expiry of his contract in December 2010 . International career . Kinský played for the under-17 team of Czechoslovakia in 1992 , making two appearances . He went on to make three appearances for the Czech Republic national under-21 football team in 1997 . Kinský was called up to the Czech Republic national team by coach Karel Brückner before their participation in two friendly matches in Cyprus in February 2002 . He was one of three uncapped goalkeepers named in the squad , the others being Petr Čech and Martin Vaniak . He made his debut in Cyprus on 13 February , playing the second half of the game against the host country in a 4–3 win . Kinský was named in the Czech Republic squad for two major tournaments , UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , but didnt play in either competition . He played in a total of five matches for his national team between 2002 and 2004 . He also made one appearance for the A2 team of his country in 2006 , playing the second half of a match against Turkey B on 1 March . Post-playing career . Kinský became a goalkeeping coach for the youth team of FC Tempo Prague after finishing his playing career , stating his desire to work as a goalkeeping coach in professional football in the future , but not as a head coach . Personal life . Kinský studied Russian at school . He and his wife , Martina , have two children , Tonda and Andrea , who both take part in sports . His son played youth football for FC Tempo Prague in 2012 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Club . Slovan Liberec - Gambrinus Liga : 2001–02 - Czech Cup : 1999–2000 Country . Czech Republic - UEFA European Championship semi-finalist : 2004
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[
"Saturn Ramenskoye"
] |
easy
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Antonín Kinský played for which team from 2004 to 2010?
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/wiki/Antonín_Kinský#P54#4
|
Antonín Kinský Antonín Kinský ( born 31 May 1975 ) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper . He played club football in the Czech Republic for nine seasons , winning the national league in 2002 with FC Slovan Liberec . He subsequently moved to Russia , where he played for Saturn Ramenskoye . During his seven years in Russia , he played 200 competitive games and was recognised as the Russian Premier Leagues best goalkeeper in the 2007 season . Kinský played for his country on five occasions . He was part of the Czech Republic squad at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , although he played at neither tournament . Club career . Early career . Kinský played for a number of clubs in his early career , including Dukla Prague , after which he moved to Bohemians 1905 . He later spent time on loan at Motorlet Prague and EMĚ Mělník . Kinský won promotion with FC Dukla to the Gambrinus Liga , where he played for one season . Liberec . Kinský joined FC Slovan Liberec in 1998 , reaching the final of the 1998–99 Czech Cup in his first season . In the summer of 1999 Kinský broke his thumb , resultantly not playing for the autumn half of the 1999–2000 season and subsequently sharing goalkeeping duties with Zbyněk Hauzr in the spring . Liberec finished the season by winning the 1999–2000 Czech Cup . In July 2000 , Kinský was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis , receiving treatment at the military hospital in Prague and resultantly being unable to play in the autumn part of the 2000–01 season . The following season , he recorded consecutive clean sheets at the beginning of the campaign . Liberec went on to reach the quarter finals of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup and won the 2001–02 Gambrinus liga . During a UEFA Cup match in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi in October 2002 , Kinský was targeted by bottles thrown onto the pitch from the crowd as the home team was defeated 1–0 in the match and 4–2 on aggregate . Three policemen were injured in the incident . He played in goal in a 4–0 league defeat against Viktoria Žižkov in October 2002 , a game he described as probably the worst match in my life . November 2002 was more successful for Kinský as he saved two penalties in a UEFA Cup penalty shootout , after the second round tie against Ipswich Town had ended level after extra time . Resultantly Liberec qualified for the third round of the competition , although Kinský missed both matches against Panathinaikos due to injury . Kinskýs contract at Liberec was due to expire in the summer of 2004 and he failed to agree a contract extension with the club during the 2003–04 season . He left having made a total of 137 appearances in the top division of Czech football . Russia . Kinský joined Russian side Saturn Ramenskoye in January 2004 , initially signing a three-year contract . Kinský joined the team on 6 January in Turkey at their training camp ahead of the 2004 Russian Premier League . He started the first six matches of the 2004 season as a substitute , before becoming the clubs first-choice goalkeeper . In 2005 , he was vice captain for the team , captaining the side in the absence of captain Viktor Onopko . Following the 2006 World Cup , Kinský signed a contract extension to stay at the club for another three years . He was named the best goalkeeper of the Russian Football Premier League in 2007 . He kept his 100th top division clean sheet in a match against Tomsk in September 2008 , becoming the 17th Czech goalkeeper to reach this figure . In October 2008 , Kinský was offered the chance to move to Chelsea to be the backup goalkeeper for Petr Čech , an offer which he rejected . In November 2010 Kinský played his 200th competitive match for the club . Before the last game of the 2010 season , he was presented with a football shirt with the number 201 on it , intended to represent the number of games he had played for the club . However , due to injury Kinský was unable to take part in the match , so 200 was his actual number of competitive appearances . He left Saturn upon the expiry of his contract in December 2010 . International career . Kinský played for the under-17 team of Czechoslovakia in 1992 , making two appearances . He went on to make three appearances for the Czech Republic national under-21 football team in 1997 . Kinský was called up to the Czech Republic national team by coach Karel Brückner before their participation in two friendly matches in Cyprus in February 2002 . He was one of three uncapped goalkeepers named in the squad , the others being Petr Čech and Martin Vaniak . He made his debut in Cyprus on 13 February , playing the second half of the game against the host country in a 4–3 win . Kinský was named in the Czech Republic squad for two major tournaments , UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup , but didnt play in either competition . He played in a total of five matches for his national team between 2002 and 2004 . He also made one appearance for the A2 team of his country in 2006 , playing the second half of a match against Turkey B on 1 March . Post-playing career . Kinský became a goalkeeping coach for the youth team of FC Tempo Prague after finishing his playing career , stating his desire to work as a goalkeeping coach in professional football in the future , but not as a head coach . Personal life . Kinský studied Russian at school . He and his wife , Martina , have two children , Tonda and Andrea , who both take part in sports . His son played youth football for FC Tempo Prague in 2012 . Career statistics . Club . Source : International . Source : Honours . Club . Slovan Liberec - Gambrinus Liga : 2001–02 - Czech Cup : 1999–2000 Country . Czech Republic - UEFA European Championship semi-finalist : 2004
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which country did Mir, Belarus belong to from 1589 to 1795?
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/wiki/Mir,_Belarus#P17#0
|
Mir , Belarus Mir ( ; ; both meaning world and peace ; but the name most likely originates from the name of the river the settlement is situated on ) is a town in the Karelichy District ( Карэліцкі раён ) of Grodno Region , Belarus on the banks of Miranka River , about 85 kilometers southwest of the national capital , Minsk . History . Mir village was founded sometime prior to 1345 . It is home to a late medieval castle , which made the town the target of many attacks over the centuries . The town belonged to the Illinič family ( Korczak coat of arms ) first and then to the Radziwiłł family . It was destroyed by the Swedish forces in 1655 ( Deluge ) and again by the Swedes during the Great Northern War in 1706 . In 1792 , the Lithuanian division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army under Józef Judycki was routed by the invading Imperial Russian army corps under Boris Mellin ( see Battle of Mir ) . During the Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812 , Russian Imperial cavalry , artillery and cossack regiments ambushed and defeated the Duchy of Warsaw 3 uhlan divisions ( Battle of Mir ( 1812 ) ) . The retreating Russians , withdrawing east , abandoned the town and destroyed the castle with gunpowder . During the Middle Ages it was first located in the Principality of Polotsk , after the Battle on the river Nemiga in the Principality of Minsk , then was taken over by Kievan Rus but after the Mongol Invasion the Rus rule diminished and since 1242 Mir belonged to the expanding and dynamic Duchy of Lithuania . In 1569 , along with the rest of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Mir became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1795 , Mir was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Third Partition of Poland . From 1921 until 1939 , Mir was part of the Second Polish Republic . On 17 September 1939 , the town was occupied by the Red Army and , on 14 November 1939 , incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . From 28 June 1941 until 7 July 1944 , Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . After the end of German occupation , it remained within the Byelorussian SSR until 1991 , when it became part of the independent Republic of Belarus . Mir was the site of two very famous horse fairs associated with Saint Nikolaus feast days , first held on May 9 and the second fair on December 6 each year . Both fairs lasted four weeks each and were very popular and well known throughout the country until 1939 . Roma practically dominated the fairs as horse traders , and numerous Roma community thrived in the town until 1939 . The fairs collapsed in 1941 , when Nazi Germany invaded the Belorussian Soviet Republic and murdered the Roma people of Mir . Mirs claim to fame in Jewish Diaspora history is that it was the original home of the Mir yeshiva which operated there intermittently from 1815 until the fall of Poland in 1939 , when the invading communist Soviet Red Army and security forces pressured the school to close and relocate to then still free Lithuania . ( Current incarnations of the yeshiva are located in Brooklyn , New York , Jerusalem and Modiin Illit. ) Today , Mir has little industry and is no longer an internationally renowned center of Jewish learning or Roma horse trade . Home to about 2,500 people , virtually none of whom are descended from the once thriving Jewish and Roma communities , its primary attraction is the Mir Castle as well as memorials erected by the Soviet government and various Jewish groups over the past half century . On the eve of World War II , some 2,400 Jews lived in Mir , about half of the towns population . All of them , except about 50 escapees , were murdered by the Germans in 1941 . One of the escapees , Elia Miranski , reported in an interview given in 2013 that entire neighborhoods had been destroyed by the Germans and the town today is significantly smaller than it was ; outlines of the former neighborhood streets can be seen on Google Earth to the northeast of the castle along the river . Notable residents . - Zalman Shazar ( 1889–1974 ) , Israeli author , poet , and third President of Israel from 1963 to 1973
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[
"Russian Empire"
] |
easy
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Which country did Mir, Belarus belong to from 1795 to 1918?
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/wiki/Mir,_Belarus#P17#1
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Mir , Belarus Mir ( ; ; both meaning world and peace ; but the name most likely originates from the name of the river the settlement is situated on ) is a town in the Karelichy District ( Карэліцкі раён ) of Grodno Region , Belarus on the banks of Miranka River , about 85 kilometers southwest of the national capital , Minsk . History . Mir village was founded sometime prior to 1345 . It is home to a late medieval castle , which made the town the target of many attacks over the centuries . The town belonged to the Illinič family ( Korczak coat of arms ) first and then to the Radziwiłł family . It was destroyed by the Swedish forces in 1655 ( Deluge ) and again by the Swedes during the Great Northern War in 1706 . In 1792 , the Lithuanian division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army under Józef Judycki was routed by the invading Imperial Russian army corps under Boris Mellin ( see Battle of Mir ) . During the Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812 , Russian Imperial cavalry , artillery and cossack regiments ambushed and defeated the Duchy of Warsaw 3 uhlan divisions ( Battle of Mir ( 1812 ) ) . The retreating Russians , withdrawing east , abandoned the town and destroyed the castle with gunpowder . During the Middle Ages it was first located in the Principality of Polotsk , after the Battle on the river Nemiga in the Principality of Minsk , then was taken over by Kievan Rus but after the Mongol Invasion the Rus rule diminished and since 1242 Mir belonged to the expanding and dynamic Duchy of Lithuania . In 1569 , along with the rest of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Mir became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1795 , Mir was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Third Partition of Poland . From 1921 until 1939 , Mir was part of the Second Polish Republic . On 17 September 1939 , the town was occupied by the Red Army and , on 14 November 1939 , incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . From 28 June 1941 until 7 July 1944 , Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . After the end of German occupation , it remained within the Byelorussian SSR until 1991 , when it became part of the independent Republic of Belarus . Mir was the site of two very famous horse fairs associated with Saint Nikolaus feast days , first held on May 9 and the second fair on December 6 each year . Both fairs lasted four weeks each and were very popular and well known throughout the country until 1939 . Roma practically dominated the fairs as horse traders , and numerous Roma community thrived in the town until 1939 . The fairs collapsed in 1941 , when Nazi Germany invaded the Belorussian Soviet Republic and murdered the Roma people of Mir . Mirs claim to fame in Jewish Diaspora history is that it was the original home of the Mir yeshiva which operated there intermittently from 1815 until the fall of Poland in 1939 , when the invading communist Soviet Red Army and security forces pressured the school to close and relocate to then still free Lithuania . ( Current incarnations of the yeshiva are located in Brooklyn , New York , Jerusalem and Modiin Illit. ) Today , Mir has little industry and is no longer an internationally renowned center of Jewish learning or Roma horse trade . Home to about 2,500 people , virtually none of whom are descended from the once thriving Jewish and Roma communities , its primary attraction is the Mir Castle as well as memorials erected by the Soviet government and various Jewish groups over the past half century . On the eve of World War II , some 2,400 Jews lived in Mir , about half of the towns population . All of them , except about 50 escapees , were murdered by the Germans in 1941 . One of the escapees , Elia Miranski , reported in an interview given in 2013 that entire neighborhoods had been destroyed by the Germans and the town today is significantly smaller than it was ; outlines of the former neighborhood streets can be seen on Google Earth to the northeast of the castle along the river . Notable residents . - Zalman Shazar ( 1889–1974 ) , Israeli author , poet , and third President of Israel from 1963 to 1973
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which country did Mir, Belarus belong to from 1918 to 1919?
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/wiki/Mir,_Belarus#P17#2
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Mir , Belarus Mir ( ; ; both meaning world and peace ; but the name most likely originates from the name of the river the settlement is situated on ) is a town in the Karelichy District ( Карэліцкі раён ) of Grodno Region , Belarus on the banks of Miranka River , about 85 kilometers southwest of the national capital , Minsk . History . Mir village was founded sometime prior to 1345 . It is home to a late medieval castle , which made the town the target of many attacks over the centuries . The town belonged to the Illinič family ( Korczak coat of arms ) first and then to the Radziwiłł family . It was destroyed by the Swedish forces in 1655 ( Deluge ) and again by the Swedes during the Great Northern War in 1706 . In 1792 , the Lithuanian division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army under Józef Judycki was routed by the invading Imperial Russian army corps under Boris Mellin ( see Battle of Mir ) . During the Napoleonic invasion of Russia in 1812 , Russian Imperial cavalry , artillery and cossack regiments ambushed and defeated the Duchy of Warsaw 3 uhlan divisions ( Battle of Mir ( 1812 ) ) . The retreating Russians , withdrawing east , abandoned the town and destroyed the castle with gunpowder . During the Middle Ages it was first located in the Principality of Polotsk , after the Battle on the river Nemiga in the Principality of Minsk , then was taken over by Kievan Rus but after the Mongol Invasion the Rus rule diminished and since 1242 Mir belonged to the expanding and dynamic Duchy of Lithuania . In 1569 , along with the rest of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Mir became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1795 , Mir was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Third Partition of Poland . From 1921 until 1939 , Mir was part of the Second Polish Republic . On 17 September 1939 , the town was occupied by the Red Army and , on 14 November 1939 , incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR . From 28 June 1941 until 7 July 1944 , Mir was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of the Generalbezirk Weißruthenien of Reichskommissariat Ostland . After the end of German occupation , it remained within the Byelorussian SSR until 1991 , when it became part of the independent Republic of Belarus . Mir was the site of two very famous horse fairs associated with Saint Nikolaus feast days , first held on May 9 and the second fair on December 6 each year . Both fairs lasted four weeks each and were very popular and well known throughout the country until 1939 . Roma practically dominated the fairs as horse traders , and numerous Roma community thrived in the town until 1939 . The fairs collapsed in 1941 , when Nazi Germany invaded the Belorussian Soviet Republic and murdered the Roma people of Mir . Mirs claim to fame in Jewish Diaspora history is that it was the original home of the Mir yeshiva which operated there intermittently from 1815 until the fall of Poland in 1939 , when the invading communist Soviet Red Army and security forces pressured the school to close and relocate to then still free Lithuania . ( Current incarnations of the yeshiva are located in Brooklyn , New York , Jerusalem and Modiin Illit. ) Today , Mir has little industry and is no longer an internationally renowned center of Jewish learning or Roma horse trade . Home to about 2,500 people , virtually none of whom are descended from the once thriving Jewish and Roma communities , its primary attraction is the Mir Castle as well as memorials erected by the Soviet government and various Jewish groups over the past half century . On the eve of World War II , some 2,400 Jews lived in Mir , about half of the towns population . All of them , except about 50 escapees , were murdered by the Germans in 1941 . One of the escapees , Elia Miranski , reported in an interview given in 2013 that entire neighborhoods had been destroyed by the Germans and the town today is significantly smaller than it was ; outlines of the former neighborhood streets can be seen on Google Earth to the northeast of the castle along the river . Notable residents . - Zalman Shazar ( 1889–1974 ) , Israeli author , poet , and third President of Israel from 1963 to 1973
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[
"Underground Electric Railways Company of London"
] |
easy
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Who did Stanley Heaps work for from 1903 to 1940?
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/wiki/Stanley_Heaps#P108#0
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Stanley Heaps Stanley A . Heaps ( 1880–1962 ) was an English architect responsible for the design of a number of stations on the London Underground system as well as the design of train depots and bus and trolleybus garages for London Transport . Works . In 1903 Heaps became assistant to Leslie Green the architect for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) and aided him in the design of the station buildings for the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway ( now part of the Bakerloo line ) , the Charing Cross , Euston & Hampstead Railway ( CCE&HR , now part of the Northern line ) and the Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway ( part of the Piccadilly line ) ; all distinctive with their striking red glazed terra cotta façades and semi-circular windows at first floor . Following the early death of Green in 1908 , Heaps became the UERLs architect and produced designs for a number of new stations on the Bakerloo and Northern lines during the 1910s and early 1920s . Heaps first independent station designs were for the four new stations on the Bakerloo line extension from Edgware Road tube station opened in 1913 and 1915 . Although not the first London Underground stations to be provided with escalators ; Paddington , Warwick Avenue , Maida Vale and Kilburn Park were the first stations to be designed specifically for their use rather than use lifts as had the original Bakerloo line stations opened less than ten years earlier . The station buildings designed for Maida Vale and Kilburn Park ( Warwick Avenue is accessed by a subway and has no surface building and Paddington had only a small subway entrance ) were based on the earlier Leslie Green design , using the same terra cotta tiling . Greens stations had been two-storey structures ; the lift plant housed in part of the first floor level behind the characteristic semi-circular arched windows . By using escalators , Heaps stations did not require a second floor to accommodate plant and they were designed as more modest single-storey buildings featuring tall windows each with a broad , tiled transom separating the curved top section to reflect Greens design . In 1915 Heaps also designed a new frontage for the Central lines station at Wood Lane ( closed in 1947 and now demolished ) . This featured mosaic tiled Underground roundels over the entrances similar to those installed at Maida Vale station . After World War I , Heaps designed the stations for the 1923-4 extension of the CCE&HR from Golders Green to Edgware . Unlike the Bakerloo line stations which had been built in well-developed central London , the five new stations for the CCE&HR were constructed in open countryside and the buildings were given a suburban style more in keeping with the new housing developments that were expected to grow around them . The buildings were built of brick with tiled pitched roofs . Four of the stations ( Brent , Colindale , Hendon Central and Edgware ) were given stone colonnaded frontages somewhat reminiscent of cricket pavilions . The fifth station , Burnt Oak ( Watling ) , opened with a temporary building that was replaced in 1925 by a permanent building that was built without a colonnade . Hendon Central station was quickly surrounded by and incorporated into a larger block of shops and apartments so that the simple elegant building can no longer be easily discerned . Colindale station was destroyed by a bomb in 1940 but was not fully replaced , in a new design , until 1962 . After the Edgware extension stations , Frank Pick the UERLs Assistant Managing Director , wanted a more modern style for the set of new stations on the extension of the City and South London Railway to Morden . Pick commissioned the designs of these from Charles Holden , who provided the designs for the majority of new Underground stations built in the 1930s . Heaps concentrated on the design of less noteworthy but nonetheless important depot buildings for trains and buses although he designed new stations at Osterley , Boston Manor and St . Johns Wood . Heaps remained Chief Architect for the UERL and its successor London Transport into the 1940s . He worked throughout that period with the Undergrounds consultant architect , Charles Holden , on a number of stations including Hounslow West and Ealing Common . During the Second War World Heaps served as Director of Construction at the Ministry of Aircraft Production . External links . - - Stanley A Heaps , 1943
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[
""
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easy
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Stanley Heaps was an employee for whom from 1940 to 1945?
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/wiki/Stanley_Heaps#P108#1
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Stanley Heaps Stanley A . Heaps ( 1880–1962 ) was an English architect responsible for the design of a number of stations on the London Underground system as well as the design of train depots and bus and trolleybus garages for London Transport . Works . In 1903 Heaps became assistant to Leslie Green the architect for the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) and aided him in the design of the station buildings for the Baker Street & Waterloo Railway ( now part of the Bakerloo line ) , the Charing Cross , Euston & Hampstead Railway ( CCE&HR , now part of the Northern line ) and the Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway ( part of the Piccadilly line ) ; all distinctive with their striking red glazed terra cotta façades and semi-circular windows at first floor . Following the early death of Green in 1908 , Heaps became the UERLs architect and produced designs for a number of new stations on the Bakerloo and Northern lines during the 1910s and early 1920s . Heaps first independent station designs were for the four new stations on the Bakerloo line extension from Edgware Road tube station opened in 1913 and 1915 . Although not the first London Underground stations to be provided with escalators ; Paddington , Warwick Avenue , Maida Vale and Kilburn Park were the first stations to be designed specifically for their use rather than use lifts as had the original Bakerloo line stations opened less than ten years earlier . The station buildings designed for Maida Vale and Kilburn Park ( Warwick Avenue is accessed by a subway and has no surface building and Paddington had only a small subway entrance ) were based on the earlier Leslie Green design , using the same terra cotta tiling . Greens stations had been two-storey structures ; the lift plant housed in part of the first floor level behind the characteristic semi-circular arched windows . By using escalators , Heaps stations did not require a second floor to accommodate plant and they were designed as more modest single-storey buildings featuring tall windows each with a broad , tiled transom separating the curved top section to reflect Greens design . In 1915 Heaps also designed a new frontage for the Central lines station at Wood Lane ( closed in 1947 and now demolished ) . This featured mosaic tiled Underground roundels over the entrances similar to those installed at Maida Vale station . After World War I , Heaps designed the stations for the 1923-4 extension of the CCE&HR from Golders Green to Edgware . Unlike the Bakerloo line stations which had been built in well-developed central London , the five new stations for the CCE&HR were constructed in open countryside and the buildings were given a suburban style more in keeping with the new housing developments that were expected to grow around them . The buildings were built of brick with tiled pitched roofs . Four of the stations ( Brent , Colindale , Hendon Central and Edgware ) were given stone colonnaded frontages somewhat reminiscent of cricket pavilions . The fifth station , Burnt Oak ( Watling ) , opened with a temporary building that was replaced in 1925 by a permanent building that was built without a colonnade . Hendon Central station was quickly surrounded by and incorporated into a larger block of shops and apartments so that the simple elegant building can no longer be easily discerned . Colindale station was destroyed by a bomb in 1940 but was not fully replaced , in a new design , until 1962 . After the Edgware extension stations , Frank Pick the UERLs Assistant Managing Director , wanted a more modern style for the set of new stations on the extension of the City and South London Railway to Morden . Pick commissioned the designs of these from Charles Holden , who provided the designs for the majority of new Underground stations built in the 1930s . Heaps concentrated on the design of less noteworthy but nonetheless important depot buildings for trains and buses although he designed new stations at Osterley , Boston Manor and St . Johns Wood . Heaps remained Chief Architect for the UERL and its successor London Transport into the 1940s . He worked throughout that period with the Undergrounds consultant architect , Charles Holden , on a number of stations including Hounslow West and Ealing Common . During the Second War World Heaps served as Director of Construction at the Ministry of Aircraft Production . External links . - - Stanley A Heaps , 1943
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What position did Denis Healey take from Oct 1964 to Jun 1970?
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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What position did Denis Healey take from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974?
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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Which position did Denis Healey hold from May 1979 to Nov 1980?
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/wiki/Denis_Healey#P39#3
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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What was the position of Denis Healey from Nov 1980 to May 1983?
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/wiki/Denis_Healey#P39#4
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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Denis Healey Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 30 August 1917 – 3 October 2015 ) was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1974 to 1979 and as Secretary of State for Defence from 1964 to 1970 ; he remains the longest-serving Defence Secretary to date . He was a Member of Parliament from 1952 to 1992 , and was Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 1980 to 1983 . To the public at large , Healey became well known for his bushy eyebrows , his avuncular manner and his creative turns of phrase . Healey attended the University of Oxford and served as a Major in the Second World War . He was later an agent for the Information Research Department , a secret branch of the Foreign Office dedicated to spreading anti-communism propaganda during the beginning of the Cold War . Healey was first elected to Parliament in a by-election in 1952 for the seat of Leeds South East . He moved to the seat of Leeds East at the 1955 election , which he represented until his retirement at the 1992 election . After Labours victory at the 1964 election , he was appointed to the Cabinet by Prime Minister Harold Wilson as Defence Secretary ; he held this role until Labours defeat at the 1970 election , making him the longest-serving Secretary of State for Defence to date . When Labour returned to power after the 1974 election , Wilson appointed Healey Chancellor of the Exchequer . He stood for the leadership of the Labour Party in the election to replace Wilson in March 1976 , but lost to James Callaghan ; Callaghan retained Healey as Chancellor in his new government . During his time as Chancellor , Healey notably sought out an international loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) for the British economy , which imposed external conditions on public spending . Healey stood a second time for the leadership of the Labour Party in November 1980 , but narrowly lost to Michael Foot . Foot immediately chose Healey as his Deputy Leader , but after the Labour Party agreed a series of changes to the rules governing leadership elections , Tony Benn launched a challenge to Healey for the role ; the election was bitterly contested throughout most of 1981 , and Healey was able to beat the challenge by less than 1% . Standing down as Deputy Leader after Labours landslide defeat at the 1983 election , Healey remained in the Shadow Cabinet until 1987 , and entered the House of Lords soon after his retirement from Parliament in 1992 . Healey died in 2015 at the age of 98 , having become the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords , and the last surviving member of Harold Wilsons first government formed in 1964 . Early life . Denis Winston Healey was born in Mottingham , Kent , but moved with his family to Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire at the age of five . His parents were Winifred Mary ( née Powell ; 1889–1988 ) and William Healey ( 1886–1977 ) . His middle name honoured Winston Churchill . Healey had one brother , Terence Blair Healey ( 1920–1998 ) , known as Terry . His father was an engineering mechanic who worked his way up from humble origins , studying at night school and eventually becoming head of a trade school . His paternal grandfather was a tailor from Enniskillen in Northern Ireland . Healeys family often spent the summer in Scotland during his youth . Education . Healey received early education at Bradford Grammar School . In 1936 he won an exhibition scholarship to Balliol College , Oxford , to read Greats . He there became involved in Labour politics , although he was not active in the Oxford Union Society . Also while at Oxford , Healey joined the Communist Party in 1937 during the Great Purge , but left in 1940 after the Fall of France . At Oxford , Healey met future Prime Minister Edward Heath ( then known as Teddy ) , whom he succeeded as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room , and who became a lifelong friend and political rival . Healey achieved a double first degree , awarded in 1940 . He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College , Oxford in 1940 . Second World War . After graduation , Healey served in the Second World War as a gunner in the Royal Artillery before being commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941 . Serving with the Royal Engineers , he saw action in the North African campaign , the Allied invasion of Sicily ( 1943 ) and the Italian campaign ( 1943–1945 ) and was the military landing officer ( beach master ) for the British assault brigade at Anzio in 1944 . Healey became an MBE in 1945 . He left the service with the rank of Major . He declined an offer to remain in the army , with the rank of Lieutenant colonel , as part of the team researching the history of the Italian campaign under Colonel David Hunt . He also decided against taking up a senior scholarship at Balliol , which would have led to an academic career . Political career . Early career . Healey joined the Labour Party . Still in uniform , he gave a strongly left-wing speech to the Labour Party conference in 1945 , declaring , the upper classes in every country are selfish , depraved , dissolute and decadent shortly before the general election in which he narrowly failed to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley , doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes . He became secretary of the international department of the Labour Party , becoming a foreign policy adviser to Labour leaders and establishing contacts with socialists across Europe . He was a strong opponent of the Communist Party at home and the Soviet Union internationally . From 1948 to 1960 he was a councillor for the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1958 until 1961 . He was a member of the Fabian Society executive from 1954 until 1961 . Healey used his position as the Labour Partys International Secretary to promote the Korean War on behalf of British state propagandists , used British intelligence agencies to attack Marxist leaders within UK trade unions , and to exploit his position in government to publish his books through IRD propaganda fronts . Healey was one of the leading players in the Königswinter conference that was organised by Lilo Milchsack that was credited with helping to heal the bad memories after the end of the Second World War . Healey met Hans von Herwarth , the ex soldier Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin and future German President Richard von Weizsäcker and other leading German decision makers . The conference also included other leading British decisionmakers like Richard Crossman and the journalist Robin Day . Member of Parliament . Healey was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Leeds South East at a by-election in February 1952 , with a majority of 7,000 votes . Following constituency boundary changes , he was elected for Leeds East at the 1955 general election , holding that seat until he retired as an MP in 1992 . He was a moderate on the right during the series of splits in the Labour Party in the 1950s . He was a supporter and friend of Hugh Gaitskell . He persuaded Gaitskell to temper his initial support for British military action in 1956 when the Suez Canal was seized by the Nasser regime in Egypt , resulting in the Suez Crisis . When Gaitskell died in 1963 , he was horrified at the idea of Gaitskells volatile deputy , George Brown , leading Labour , saying He was like immortal Jemima ; when he was good he was very good but when he was bad he was horrid . He voted for James Callaghan in the first ballot and Harold Wilson in the second . Healey thought Wilson would unite the Labour Party and lead it to victory in the next general election . He didnt think Brown was capable of doing either . He was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Defence after the creation of the position in 1964 . Defence Secretary . Following Labours victory in the 1964 general election , Healey served as Secretary of State for Defence under Prime Minister Harold Wilson . He was responsible for 450,000 uniformed servicemen and women , and for 406,000 civil servants stationed around the globe . He was best known for his economising , liquidating most of Britains military role outside of Europe , and cancelling expensive projects . The cause was not a fiscal crisis but rather a decision to shift money and priorities to the domestic budget and maintain a commitment to NATO . He cut defence expenditure , scrapping the carrier HMS Centaur and the reconstructed HMS Victorious in 1967 , cancelling the proposed CVA-01 fleet-carrier replacement and , just before Labours defeat in 1970 , downgrading HMS Hermes to a commando carrier . He cancelled the fifth planned Polaris submarine . He also cancelled the production of the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 and HS 681 aircraft and , more controversially , both the production of the BAC TSR-2 and subsequent purchase of the F-111 in lieu . Of the scrapped Royal Navy carriers , Healey commented that to most ordinary seamen they were just floating slums and too vulnerable . He continued postwar Conservative governments reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear deterrence for the Navy , RAF and West Germany and supported the sale of advanced arms abroad , including to regimes such as those in Iran , Libya , Chile and apartheid South Africa , to which he supplied nuclear-capable Buccaneer S.2 strike bombers and approved a repeat order . This brought him into serious conflict with Wilson , who had , initially , also supported the policy . Healey later said he had made the wrong decision on selling arms to South Africa . In January 1968 , a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound , Wilson and Healey announced that the two large British fleet carriers HMS Ark Royal and HMS Eagle would be scrapped in 1972 . They also announced that British troops would be withdrawn in 1971 from major military bases in South East Asia , East of Aden , primarily in Malaysia and Singapore as well as the Persian Gulf and the Maldives . The next Prime Minister Edward Heath sought to reverse this policy , and the forces were not fully withdrawn until 1976 . Healey also authorised the ethnic cleansing of the Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago and authorised the building of the United States military base at Diego Garcia . Following Labours defeat in the 1970 general election , he became Shadow Defence Secretary . Chancellor of the Exchequer . Healey was appointed Shadow Chancellor in April 1972 after Roy Jenkins resigned in a row over the European Economic Community ( Common Market ) . At the Labour Party conference on 1 October 1973 , he said , I warn you that there are going to be howls of anguish from those rich enough to pay over 75% on their last slice of earnings . In a speech in Lincoln on 18 February 1974 , Healey went further , promising he would squeeze property speculators until the pips squeak . He alleged that Lord Carrington , the Conservative Secretary of State for Energy , had made £10m profit from selling agricultural land at prices 30 to 60 times as high as it would command as farming land . When accused by colleagues including Eric Heffer of putting Labours chances of winning the next election in jeopardy through his tax proposals , Healey said the party and the country must face the consequences of Labours policy of the redistribution of income and wealth ; That is what our policy is , the party must face the realities of it . Healey became Chancellor of the Exchequer in March 1974 after Labour returned to power as a minority government . His tenure is sometimes divided into Healey Mark I and Healey Mark II . The divide is marked by his decision , taken with Prime Minister James Callaghan , to seek an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) loan and submit the British economy to IMF supervision . The loan was negotiated and agreed in November and December 1976 , and announced in Parliament on 15 December 1976 . Within some parts of the Labour Party the transition from Healey Mark I ( which had seen a proposal for a wealth tax ) to Healey Mark II ( associated with government-specified wage control ) was regarded as a betrayal . Healeys policy of increasing benefits for the poor meant those earning over £4,000 per year would be taxed more heavily . His first budget saw increases in food subsidies , pensions and other benefits . When Harold Wilson stood down as Leader of the Labour Party in 1976 Healey stood in the contest to elect the new leader . On the first ballot he came only fifth out of six candidates . However , he also contested the second round , coming third of the three candidates but increasing his vote somewhat . Deputy Leader of the Labour Party . Labour lost the general election to the Conservatives , led by Margaret Thatcher in May 1979 , following the Winter of Discontent during which Britain had faced a large number of strikes . On 12 June 1979 Healey was appointed a Companion of Honour . Healey won the most votes in the 1979 Shadow Cabinet elections which followed and The Glasgow Herald suggested that this showed that he was the strongest contender to succeed Callaghan as Party Leader . When Callaghan stood down as Labour leader in November 1980 , Healey was the favourite to win the Labour Party leadership election , decided by Labour MPs . In September an opinion poll had found that when asked who would make the best Prime Minister if Healey were Labour leader , 45% chose Healey over 39% for Thatcher . However , he lost to Michael Foot . He seems to have taken the support of the right of the party for granted ; in one notable incident , Healey was reputed to have told the right-wing Manifesto Group they must vote for him as they had nowhere else to go . When Mike Thomas , the MP for Newcastle East defected to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) , he said he had been tempted to send Healey a telegram saying he had found somewhere else to go . Four Labour MPs who defected to the SDP in early 1981 later said they voted for Foot in order to give the Labour Party an unelectable left-wing leader , thus helping their newly established party . Healey was returned unopposed as deputy leader to Foot , but the next year was challenged by Tony Benn under the new election system , one in which individual members and trades unions voted alongside sitting members of parliament . The contest was seen as a battle for the soul of the Labour Party , and long debate over the summer of 1981 ended on 27 September with Healey winning by 50.4% to Benns 49.6% . The narrowness of Healeys majority can be attributed to the Transport and General Workers Union ( TGWU ) delegation to the Labour Party conference . Ignoring its members , who had shown two-to-one majority support for Healey , it cast the unions block vote ( the largest in the union section ) for Benn . A significant factor in Benns narrow loss , however , was the abstention of 20 MPs from the left-wing Tribune Group , which split as a result . Healey attracted just enough support from other unions , constituency parties and Labour MPs to win . Healey was Shadow Foreign Secretary during most of the 1980s , a job he coveted . He believed Foot was initially too willing to support military action after the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina in April 1982 . He accused Thatcher of glorying in slaughter , and had to withdraw the remark ( he later claimed he had meant to say conflict ) . Healey was retained in the shadow cabinet by Neil Kinnock , who succeeded Foot after the disastrous 1983 general election , when the Conservatives bolstered their majority and Labour suffered their worst general election result in decades . Healey had declined to run as leader to succeed Foot as well as standing down as deputy leader . Retirement . His views on nuclear weapons conflicted with the unilateral nuclear disarmament policy of the Labour Party . After the 1987 general election , he retired from the Shadow Cabinet , and in 1992 stood down after 40 years as a Leeds MP . In that year he received a life peerage as Baron Healey , of Riddlesden in the County of West Yorkshire . Healey was regarded by some – especially in the Labour Party – as the best Prime Minister we never had . He was a founding member of the Bilderberg Group . He was interviewed on his role as a co-founder of the Bilderberg Group by Jon Ronson for the book . During an interview with Nick Clarke on BBC Radio 4 , Healey was the first Labour politician to publicly declare his wish for the Labour leadership to pass to Tony Blair in 1994 , following the death of John Smith . Healey later became critical of Blair . He publicly opposed Blairs decision to use military force in Kosovo , Afghanistan and Iraq . In the spring of 2004 , and again in 2005 , he publicly called on Blair to stand down in favour of Gordon Brown . In July 2006 he argued , Nuclear weapons are infinitely less important in our foreign policy than they were in the days of the Cold War , and , I dont think we need nuclear weapons any longer . In March 2013 during an interview with the New Statesman , Healey said that if there was a referendum on British membership of the EU , he would vote to leave . In May , he further said : I wouldnt object strongly to leaving the EU . The advantages of being members of the union are not obvious . The disadvantages are very obvious . I can see the case for leaving – the case for leaving is stronger than for staying in . Following the death of Alan Campbell , Baron Campbell of Alloway , in June 2013 , Healey became the oldest sitting member of the House of Lords . Following the death of John Freeman on 20 December 2014 , Healey became the surviving former MP with the earliest date of first election , and the second-oldest surviving former MP , after Ronald Atkins . Public image . Healeys notably bushy eyebrows and piercing wit earned him a favourable reputation with the public . When the media were not present , his humour was equally caustic but more risqué . The popular impressionist Mike Yarwood coined the catchphrase Silly Billy , and incorporated it into his shows as a supposed Healey-ism . Healey had never said it until that point , but he adopted it and used it frequently . Healeys direct speech made enemies . At a meeting of the PLP I accused Ian Mikardo of being out of his tiny Chinese mind – a phrase of the comedienne Hermione Gingold , with which I thought everyone was familiar . On the contrary , when it leaked to the press , the Chinese Embassy took it as an insult to the Peoples Republic . The controversy may have contributed to a poor performance when he fought for the Labour leadership following Harold Wilsons resignation . His long-serving deputy at the Treasury , Joel Barnett , in response to a remark by a third party that Denis Healey would sell his own grandmother , quipped , No , he would get me to do it for him . On 14 June 1978 , Healey likened being attacked by the mild-mannered Sir Geoffrey Howe in the House of Commons to being savaged by a dead sheep . Nevertheless , Howe appeared and paid warm tribute when Healey was featured on This Is Your Life in 1989 . The two remained friends for many years , and Howe died only six days after Healey . Personal life and death . Healey married Edna May Edmunds on 21 December 1945 , the two having met at Oxford University before the war . The couple had three children , one of whom is the broadcaster , writer and record producer Tim Healey . Edna Healey died on 21 July 2010 , aged 92 . They were married for almost 65 years and lived in Alfriston , East Sussex . In 1987 , Edna underwent an operation at a private hospital – this event drawing media attention as being seemingly at odds with Healeys pro-NHS beliefs . Challenged on the apparent inconsistency by the presenter Anne Diamond on TV-am , Healey became critical and ended the interview . He then jabbed journalist Adam Boulton . Healey was an amateur photographer for many years , also enjoying music and painting and reading crime fiction . He sometimes played popular piano pieces at public events . In a May 2012 interview for The Daily Telegraph , Healey reported that he was swimming 20 lengths a day in his outdoor pool . Healey was interviewed in 2012 as part of The History of Parliaments oral history project . After a short illness Healey died in his sleep at his home in Alfriston , Sussex , on 3 October 2015 , at the age of 98 . He was buried along with his wife in the graveyard of St Andrews Church , Alfriston . In 2017 , his personal archives were deposited at the Bodleian Library . Honours . In 2004 , Healey became the recipient of the first Veterans Badge . Legacy . Healey is credited with popularising in the UK a proverb which became known as Healeys First law of holes . This is a minor adaptation of a saying apparently originated by Will Rogers . In popular culture . Film , television and theatre . Healey is the only Chancellor to have appeared on BBC Ones Morecambe and Wise Show . In 1986 he appeared in series one of Saturday Live . He was portrayed by David Fleeshman in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteiss The Falklands Play . He appeared on The Dame Edna Experience in the song and dance number Style alongside actor Roger Moore . Healey was satirised in the ITV series Spitting Image , his caricature mainly focusing on his famous eyebrows , with the real Healey appearing in the twelfth episode of the programmes first series in 1984 briefly noting the show was late covering that years European elections . The iconic eyebrows were similarly parodied in the 1977 serial The Sun Makers from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , in which the antagonist known as the Collector is distinguished by having similarly bushy eyebrows to Healey . In 1994 , Healey appeared in a TV advertisement for Visa Debit cards . This was banned by the Independent Television Commission as it contained a reference to a scandal , subsequently revealed to be a fabrication , involving Norman Lamonts personal life . Healey had appeared in an advert for Sainsburys in the previous year . Music . During Led Zeppelins 1975 and 1977 concert tours , Robert Plant facetiously dedicated the song In My Time of Dying to Healey for the tax exile issues the band was facing . During Yess recording of what was to become the album Tormato ( 1978 ) , there was an outtake called Money , on which the Yes keyboardist at the time , Rick Wakeman , provides a satirical voice-over parodying Healey . Bibliography . Healeys publications include : Healeys Eye ( photography , 1980 ) , The Time of My Life ( his autobiography , 1989 ) , When Shrimps Learn to Whistle ( 1990 ) , My Secret Planet ( an anthology , 1992 ) , Denis Healeys Yorkshire Dales ( 1995 ) and Healeys World ( 2002 ) . Further reading . - Black , Lawrence . The Bitterest Enemies of Communism : Labour Revisionists , Atlanticism and the Cold War . Contemporary British History 15.3 ( 2001 ) : 26–62 . Healey was a bitter enemy . - Callaghan , John . The Labour Party and foreign policy : a history ( Routledge , 2007 ) . - Dell , Edmund . The Chancellors : A History of the Chancellors of the Exchequer , 1945-90 ( HarperCollins , 1997 ) pp . 400–48 , covers his term as Chancellor . - Dell , Edmund . A hard pounding : politics and economic crisis , 1974-1976 ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . - Heppell , Tim , and Andrew Crines . How Michael Foot won the Labour Party leadership . The Political Quarterly 82.1 ( 2011 ) : 81–94 . - Insall , Tony . Haakon Lie , Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 ( Unipub , Oslo , 2010 ) . - Pearce , Edward . Denis Healey in Kevin Jefferys , ed . Labour Forces : From Ernie Bevin to Gordon Brown ( 2002 ) pp . 135–54 . - Radice , Giles . The Tortoise and the Hares : Attlee , Bevin , Cripps , Dalton , Morrison ( Politicos Publishing , 2008 ) . - Reed , Bruce , and Geoffrey Lee Williams . Denis Healey and the policies of power ( Sidgwick & Jackson , 1971 ) . Primary sources . - Healey , Denis . The time of my life ( London : Michael Joseph , 1989 ) , autobiography - Pearce , Edward , and Denis Healey . Denis Healey : a life in our times ( Little , Brown , 2002 ) . External links . - Births England and Wales 1837–1983 - Interview about nuclear strategy in Europe for the WGBH-TV series , War and Peace in the Nuclear Age , 1986 - The old bruiser who remained the boy next door , William Keegan , The Observer , 3 December 2006 , interview and retrospective - Denis Healey at 90 , Elinor Goodman , BBC News , 30 March 2007 - Denis Winston Healey , Baron Healey ( 1917– ) , Politician : Sitter in 11 portraits ( National Portrait Gallery ) - Denis Healeys appearance on This Is Your Life - Interview as part of the History of Parliament oral history project
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[
"Highland Railway"
] |
easy
|
What operated Highland Railway Clan Class from 1919 to Dec 1922?
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/wiki/Highland_Railway_Clan_Class#P137#0
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Highland Railway Clan Class The Highland Railways Clan Class was a class of passenger 4-6-0 steam locomotives designed by Christopher Cumming . The design is derived from that of the slightly earlier Clan Goods although the similarity is more visual than real . The first four were built in 1919 , and the remaining four in 1921 . Dimensions . They had cylinders outside with outside Walschaerts valve gear , driving wheels and a boiler pressured to . Weight was for the locomotive and for the tender . Piston valve diameter is given as ( quite large for the period ) , but they had the conventional short lap , short travel valves . Bearing in mind that they probably spent a large part of their time slogging uphill or coasting down this was probably not too important . Total evaporative heating surface is given as , plus for the Robinson type superheater , and grate area as . Oil firing . Early in 1921 Clan Stewart was used for experiments with oil firing . This seems to have been successful , but was not applied to any other locomotives . Just when Clan Stewart reverted to coal operation does not seem to be recorded . Transfer to LMS . The locomotives passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) in 1923 . The LMS classified them 4P . Transfer to BR . Two survived into British Railways ( BR ) hands in 1948 , but only Clan Mackinnon received its BR number . Some of the Clan names were later reapplied to the BR Standard Class 6 .
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[
"British Railways"
] |
easy
|
What operated Highland Railway Clan Class from 1948 to 1950?
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/wiki/Highland_Railway_Clan_Class#P137#1
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Highland Railway Clan Class The Highland Railways Clan Class was a class of passenger 4-6-0 steam locomotives designed by Christopher Cumming . The design is derived from that of the slightly earlier Clan Goods although the similarity is more visual than real . The first four were built in 1919 , and the remaining four in 1921 . Dimensions . They had cylinders outside with outside Walschaerts valve gear , driving wheels and a boiler pressured to . Weight was for the locomotive and for the tender . Piston valve diameter is given as ( quite large for the period ) , but they had the conventional short lap , short travel valves . Bearing in mind that they probably spent a large part of their time slogging uphill or coasting down this was probably not too important . Total evaporative heating surface is given as , plus for the Robinson type superheater , and grate area as . Oil firing . Early in 1921 Clan Stewart was used for experiments with oil firing . This seems to have been successful , but was not applied to any other locomotives . Just when Clan Stewart reverted to coal operation does not seem to be recorded . Transfer to LMS . The locomotives passed to the London , Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) in 1923 . The LMS classified them 4P . Transfer to BR . Two survived into British Railways ( BR ) hands in 1948 , but only Clan Mackinnon received its BR number . Some of the Clan names were later reapplied to the BR Standard Class 6 .
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the country of registry for MS Mega Smeralda from 1985 to 1994?
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/wiki/MS_Mega_Smeralda#P8047#0
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MS Mega Smeralda MS Mega Smeralda is a cruiseferry owned by Medinvest and operated by Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries . She was built in 1985 by Wärtsilä at the Helsinki New Shipyard in Helsinki , Finland for Johnson Line as MS Svea for use in Silja Line traffic . Between 1992 and 1994 she sailed for Silja Line as MS Silja Karneval , and between 1994 and 2008 for Color Line as MS Color Festival . History . Silja Line service . MS Svea and her sister MS Wellamo were modeled after Silja Lines highly successful Helsinki–Stockholm service ferries MS Finlandia and MS Silvia Regina . The main difference to the older pair of ships was outer appearance of the new sisters : where Finlandia and her sister had had a very box-like exterior , the new sisters for the Turku–Stockholm route had more attractive rounded looks . In 1989 there were plans to rebuild Svea with rails on the cardeck so that she could also carry railroad carriages on board , but these were shelved . Until 1990 her funnel displayed the colours of Johnson Line , but at that time Silja Lines owners Johnson Line and Effoa merged into one company , EffJohn , and Silja Lines seal logo was moved from the ships hulls into their funnels . In 1992 Svea and her sister underwent a large-scale reconstruction at Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven , Germany where most of the ships interiors were rebuilt , a new skybar added on deck 9 , a new more blue-dominated colour scheme replaced the traditional Silja stripes and the ship was renamed Silja Karneval in accordance with Siljas new name policy . In fact the funds used to rebuild Svea and Wellamo were originally meant for rebuilding of the GTS Finnjet , but her planned rebuilding would have been too expensive and EffJohn opted to spend what money they had on Svea and Wellamo instead . Color Line service . Silja Karnevals service on Silja proved to be short . In early 1994 EffJohn decided to sell her sister Silja Festival to Norway-based Color Line . However , when time came to deliver the ship to Color Line , EffJohn for some reason decided to sell them Silja Karneval instead ( the two ships being structurally identical ) . Problematically for Color Line , they had already printed material advertising their new ship as the Color Festival . As result Silja Karneval became M/S Color Festival , not Color Karneval as would have been logical . After reconstruction at Cityvarvet , Gothenburg , Color Festival was initially placed on the Oslo–Hirtshals route . In 2002 she damaged one of her rudders in Hirsthals and had to be docked in Hamburg because of it . In April 2006 she started operating on the Oslo–Fredrikshavn route in direct competition with her old Silja Line fleetmate MS Stena Saga . On 21 November 2007 Color Line sold Color Festival to Corsica Ferries for €49 million ( 400 million Norwegian krone ) , in preparation for the delivery of the new Color Superspeed vessels in mid-2008 . Corsica Sardinia Ferries service . The Color Festival was delivered to Corsica Sardinia Ferries in early January 2008 , subsequently renamed Mega Smeralda and re-flagged in Italy with Genoa as her homeport . Reportedly she will be placed on Civitavecchia – Golfo Aranci or Livorno – Golfo Aranci service . In 2011 , the ferry operates between Tolone , Ajaccio , Bastia , Nice , etc.. . 2013 Tour de France . In June 2013 , the Tour de France visited Corsica for the first time . To accommodate the Tour entourage , the organisers chartered the Mega Smeralda to house members of the organisation , media and others who worked on the Tour and to host press conferences , although the riders stayed in hotels in Porto-Vecchio . External links . - Corsica Ferries ( Company website ) - M/S Svea ( 1985 ) at Fakta om Fartyg
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the country of registry for MS Mega Smeralda from 2008 to 2009?
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/wiki/MS_Mega_Smeralda#P8047#1
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MS Mega Smeralda MS Mega Smeralda is a cruiseferry owned by Medinvest and operated by Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries . She was built in 1985 by Wärtsilä at the Helsinki New Shipyard in Helsinki , Finland for Johnson Line as MS Svea for use in Silja Line traffic . Between 1992 and 1994 she sailed for Silja Line as MS Silja Karneval , and between 1994 and 2008 for Color Line as MS Color Festival . History . Silja Line service . MS Svea and her sister MS Wellamo were modeled after Silja Lines highly successful Helsinki–Stockholm service ferries MS Finlandia and MS Silvia Regina . The main difference to the older pair of ships was outer appearance of the new sisters : where Finlandia and her sister had had a very box-like exterior , the new sisters for the Turku–Stockholm route had more attractive rounded looks . In 1989 there were plans to rebuild Svea with rails on the cardeck so that she could also carry railroad carriages on board , but these were shelved . Until 1990 her funnel displayed the colours of Johnson Line , but at that time Silja Lines owners Johnson Line and Effoa merged into one company , EffJohn , and Silja Lines seal logo was moved from the ships hulls into their funnels . In 1992 Svea and her sister underwent a large-scale reconstruction at Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven , Germany where most of the ships interiors were rebuilt , a new skybar added on deck 9 , a new more blue-dominated colour scheme replaced the traditional Silja stripes and the ship was renamed Silja Karneval in accordance with Siljas new name policy . In fact the funds used to rebuild Svea and Wellamo were originally meant for rebuilding of the GTS Finnjet , but her planned rebuilding would have been too expensive and EffJohn opted to spend what money they had on Svea and Wellamo instead . Color Line service . Silja Karnevals service on Silja proved to be short . In early 1994 EffJohn decided to sell her sister Silja Festival to Norway-based Color Line . However , when time came to deliver the ship to Color Line , EffJohn for some reason decided to sell them Silja Karneval instead ( the two ships being structurally identical ) . Problematically for Color Line , they had already printed material advertising their new ship as the Color Festival . As result Silja Karneval became M/S Color Festival , not Color Karneval as would have been logical . After reconstruction at Cityvarvet , Gothenburg , Color Festival was initially placed on the Oslo–Hirtshals route . In 2002 she damaged one of her rudders in Hirsthals and had to be docked in Hamburg because of it . In April 2006 she started operating on the Oslo–Fredrikshavn route in direct competition with her old Silja Line fleetmate MS Stena Saga . On 21 November 2007 Color Line sold Color Festival to Corsica Ferries for €49 million ( 400 million Norwegian krone ) , in preparation for the delivery of the new Color Superspeed vessels in mid-2008 . Corsica Sardinia Ferries service . The Color Festival was delivered to Corsica Sardinia Ferries in early January 2008 , subsequently renamed Mega Smeralda and re-flagged in Italy with Genoa as her homeport . Reportedly she will be placed on Civitavecchia – Golfo Aranci or Livorno – Golfo Aranci service . In 2011 , the ferry operates between Tolone , Ajaccio , Bastia , Nice , etc.. . 2013 Tour de France . In June 2013 , the Tour de France visited Corsica for the first time . To accommodate the Tour entourage , the organisers chartered the Mega Smeralda to house members of the organisation , media and others who worked on the Tour and to host press conferences , although the riders stayed in hotels in Porto-Vecchio . External links . - Corsica Ferries ( Company website ) - M/S Svea ( 1985 ) at Fakta om Fartyg
|
[
"Lewis and Clark High School"
] |
easy
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Eloise Giblett went to which school from 1937 to 1938?
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/wiki/Eloise_Giblett#P69#0
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Eloise Giblett Eloise Elo R . Giblett ( January 17 , 1921 – September 16 , 2009 ) was a pioneering genetic scientist and hematologist who discovered the first recognized immunodeficiency disease , adenosine deaminase deficiency . Giblett was a Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle and Executive Director of the Puget Sound Blood Center in Seattle . The author of over 200 research papers , she also wrote an esteemed textbook on genetic markers , Genetic Markers in Human Blood , published in 1969 . She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 . Gibletts numerous accomplishments include discovering the first immunodeficiency disease : adenosine deaminase deficiency . She identified and characterized numerous blood group antigens ( including the ‘Elo’ antigen , named after her ) . Her work paved the way for safe red blood cell transfusions . She also applied her understanding of red blood cell protein polymorphisms to genetic linkage analyses , was senior author on the paper that demonstrated the feasibility of unrelated marrow transplantation for leukemia , and was an early supporter of bone marrow donation . Early Childhood . Giblett was born in Tacoma , Washington in 1921 . Her family moved to Spokane , Washington for her fathers job as an insurance salesman . Giblett received her early education in Spokane and was trained in singing , dancing and the violin . Her Mother , Rose , held a secret desire that Giblett would become the next Shirley Temple of the era . Education . Giblett graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1938 . She was only 16 when she earned a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland , California . After two years , she transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle where she earned a degree in bacteriology ( now microbiology ) in 1942 . From 1944 to 1946 , she served in the Navy WAVES . Through this program , she worked as a technician at the clinical laboratory of the U.S . Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . In 1947 , she returned to the University of Washington to earn her Master of Science in microbiology . Her masters thesis focused on physiology of fungi in the genus Microsporum . After completing her masters degree , Giblett attended the University of Washington Medical School . One of five women in her year , she graduated first in her class in 1951 . From 1951 to 1953 , Giblett served as an intern , then resident in Internal Medicine , at King County Hospital ( now Harborview Hospital ) . Early career . In 1953 , Giblett was awarded a two year fellowship for post-doctoral research in hematology . During this time , Giblett worked under Clement Finch , a renowned hematologist interested in iron metabolism . Giblett primarily assisted with his research on erythrokinetics , the dynamic study of the production and destruction of red blood cells . In her first year working for Finch , Giblett published five papers , including a highly-cited paper describing red blood cell lifetime and hemolysis . Giblett also worked with geneticist Arno Motulsky studying erythrokinetics in splenomegaly , kicking off a decades-long collaboration . After completing her fellowship , Giblett traveled to London to train under Patrick Mollison at the Medical Research Council’s Blood Transfusion Research Unit . In this research unit , Giblett gained the laboratory experience necessary to co-direct Puget Sound Blood Center ( then King County Blood Bank ) , a position she assumed upon her return to Seattle in 1955 . Giblett remained at the Blood Center as Associate Director until her promotion to Executive Director in 1979 . She retired in 1987 . Scientific Discoveries . Giblett focused the majority of her career on academic research . In 1955 , she was appointed Clinical Associate in Medicine at the University of Washington . Gibletts lab focused on studying blood groups , with particular attention to genetic markers in human blood . She identified several blood group antigens . Her research assisted in refuting the standard practice at the time of segregating blood donations based on the race of the donor . In 1958 , Giblett began research studying polymorphisms of the human plasma proteins haptoglobin and transferrin using starch gel electrophoresis . As a result of her studies on genetic variation , Giblett documented the first case of a mosaic individual conceived from dispermic fertilization of two eggs followed by cell fusion . Giblett actively collaborated with Arno Motulsky , a fellow professor at the University of Washington . Giblett analyzed blood samples from a population study Motulsky carried out in the Congo in 1960 . The resulting paper , published in 1966 , described many novel genetic variants . Decades later , scientists discovered that one of these samples contained first known case of HIV . The viral sequence from this sample is still used to date in studies of HIV . Starting in 1971 , Giblett began researching bone marrow transplants with E . Donnall Thomas . Bone marrow transplantations were a pioneering technique used to treat blood cancers . At the time , if the donor and acceptor were the same sex , doctors could not confirm the success of the graft . Giblett assisted in discovering genetic markers that could confirm graft success , regardless of donor sex , using polymorphic blood proteins . Giblett eventually expanded her research into the activity of polymorphic proteins in human plasma and blood cells , leading to her famous discovery of the first immunodeficiency disease . One polymorphic protein used as a routine a genetic marker for transplants was adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) located in red blood cells . In 1972 , Giblett received samples from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease ( SCID ) . The patient was a candidate for bone marrow transplantation from her mother ; analysis of blood samples surprisingly revealed that the child exhibited no ADA activity . Giblett soon discovered a second case where ADA deficiency underlaid immune dysfunction , leading her to conclude that the two may be related . Giblett named this disease adenosine deaminase immunodeficiency , and it was recognized as the first official immunodeficiency disease . The discovery of ADA deficiency lead to a breakthrough in understanding immunodeficiency . Based on the function of ADA in purine metabolism , Giblett hypothesized that mutations in other proteins involved in purine metabolism or related pyrimidine metabolism might underlie additional forms of immune dysfunction . Her hypothesis was confirmed in 1975 upon analysis of an immunocompromised patient exhibiting normal ADA activity but defective purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( PNP ) activity . Within several years , ten more cases of immune deficiency linked to PNP mutations were described , leading to the classification of the disorder as purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency . Gibletts other notable discoveries include T cell immunodeficiency . Throughout her career , Giblett collaborated with some of the most notable and talented scientists of her era , including : Oliver Smithies , Alexander Bearn , James Neel , Curt Stern , Victor McKusick , Ernest Beutler , Stanley Gartler , Walter Bodmer , John Cairns , David Weatherall , Henry Kunkel , H . Hugh Fudenberg , and Newton Morton . AIDS Crisis . In 1978 , Giblett closed her research lab to direct the Puget Sound Blood Center . Soon after , in 1981 , HIV/AIDS was discovered . Infectious disease experts at the time realized that the disorder might be transmissible by blood , creating complications for blood transfusions . This discovery led to a crisis in blood banking . Giblett attempted to allay fears about the hazard of giving blood and closely followed the incidence of the disease in previously transfused patients . Before HIV could be detected in blood , Giblett developed a screening policy for blood donors at the center . Retirement . Giblett retired from the Puget Sound Blood Center in 1987 . She devoted her remaining years to playing the violin and contributing to various musical groups , playing in several string quartets . She was a co-founder of the Music Center of the Northwest , and contributed to them until she died . Honors . In 1967 , Giblett was promoted to full professor at the University of Washington . Giblett served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics in 1973 . She was a board member of the American Society of Hematology , the Western Association of Physicians and the New York Blood Center Research Advisory Committee . In 1980 , Giblett was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . The following year , she became a fellow of the National Association for the Advancement of Science . In 1987 , she was the first woman to receive the University of Washington Medical School Alumni Associations Distinguished Alumni Award . Upon her retirement , she was awarded emeritus status at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Puget Sound Blood Center . Legacy . In 1969 , Giblett published Genetic Markers in Human Blood , a reference book aimed to increase the accessibility of information about biochemical variation in blood . The book was described by H . E . Sutton as a remarkable achievement for a single individual . Giblett was a fan of science fiction literature . She is mentioned by name in Robert Heinleins novel The Number of the Beast . In 2010 , the Elo Giblett Endowed Professorship in Hematology was established at the University of Washington . This professorship was created by combining an amount of money left by Giblett to the university and an additional funding from Gibletts niece , Leslie Giblett . The first recipient of this professorship was John Harlan , MD . This professorship is intended to attract talented medical professionals in hematology and keep Gibletts legacy alive . Elo’s unpublished autobiography is property of her niece , Leslie .
|
[
"Mills College"
] |
easy
|
Where was Eloise Giblett educated from 1938 to 1940?
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/wiki/Eloise_Giblett#P69#1
|
Eloise Giblett Eloise Elo R . Giblett ( January 17 , 1921 – September 16 , 2009 ) was a pioneering genetic scientist and hematologist who discovered the first recognized immunodeficiency disease , adenosine deaminase deficiency . Giblett was a Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle and Executive Director of the Puget Sound Blood Center in Seattle . The author of over 200 research papers , she also wrote an esteemed textbook on genetic markers , Genetic Markers in Human Blood , published in 1969 . She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 . Gibletts numerous accomplishments include discovering the first immunodeficiency disease : adenosine deaminase deficiency . She identified and characterized numerous blood group antigens ( including the ‘Elo’ antigen , named after her ) . Her work paved the way for safe red blood cell transfusions . She also applied her understanding of red blood cell protein polymorphisms to genetic linkage analyses , was senior author on the paper that demonstrated the feasibility of unrelated marrow transplantation for leukemia , and was an early supporter of bone marrow donation . Early Childhood . Giblett was born in Tacoma , Washington in 1921 . Her family moved to Spokane , Washington for her fathers job as an insurance salesman . Giblett received her early education in Spokane and was trained in singing , dancing and the violin . Her Mother , Rose , held a secret desire that Giblett would become the next Shirley Temple of the era . Education . Giblett graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1938 . She was only 16 when she earned a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland , California . After two years , she transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle where she earned a degree in bacteriology ( now microbiology ) in 1942 . From 1944 to 1946 , she served in the Navy WAVES . Through this program , she worked as a technician at the clinical laboratory of the U.S . Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . In 1947 , she returned to the University of Washington to earn her Master of Science in microbiology . Her masters thesis focused on physiology of fungi in the genus Microsporum . After completing her masters degree , Giblett attended the University of Washington Medical School . One of five women in her year , she graduated first in her class in 1951 . From 1951 to 1953 , Giblett served as an intern , then resident in Internal Medicine , at King County Hospital ( now Harborview Hospital ) . Early career . In 1953 , Giblett was awarded a two year fellowship for post-doctoral research in hematology . During this time , Giblett worked under Clement Finch , a renowned hematologist interested in iron metabolism . Giblett primarily assisted with his research on erythrokinetics , the dynamic study of the production and destruction of red blood cells . In her first year working for Finch , Giblett published five papers , including a highly-cited paper describing red blood cell lifetime and hemolysis . Giblett also worked with geneticist Arno Motulsky studying erythrokinetics in splenomegaly , kicking off a decades-long collaboration . After completing her fellowship , Giblett traveled to London to train under Patrick Mollison at the Medical Research Council’s Blood Transfusion Research Unit . In this research unit , Giblett gained the laboratory experience necessary to co-direct Puget Sound Blood Center ( then King County Blood Bank ) , a position she assumed upon her return to Seattle in 1955 . Giblett remained at the Blood Center as Associate Director until her promotion to Executive Director in 1979 . She retired in 1987 . Scientific Discoveries . Giblett focused the majority of her career on academic research . In 1955 , she was appointed Clinical Associate in Medicine at the University of Washington . Gibletts lab focused on studying blood groups , with particular attention to genetic markers in human blood . She identified several blood group antigens . Her research assisted in refuting the standard practice at the time of segregating blood donations based on the race of the donor . In 1958 , Giblett began research studying polymorphisms of the human plasma proteins haptoglobin and transferrin using starch gel electrophoresis . As a result of her studies on genetic variation , Giblett documented the first case of a mosaic individual conceived from dispermic fertilization of two eggs followed by cell fusion . Giblett actively collaborated with Arno Motulsky , a fellow professor at the University of Washington . Giblett analyzed blood samples from a population study Motulsky carried out in the Congo in 1960 . The resulting paper , published in 1966 , described many novel genetic variants . Decades later , scientists discovered that one of these samples contained first known case of HIV . The viral sequence from this sample is still used to date in studies of HIV . Starting in 1971 , Giblett began researching bone marrow transplants with E . Donnall Thomas . Bone marrow transplantations were a pioneering technique used to treat blood cancers . At the time , if the donor and acceptor were the same sex , doctors could not confirm the success of the graft . Giblett assisted in discovering genetic markers that could confirm graft success , regardless of donor sex , using polymorphic blood proteins . Giblett eventually expanded her research into the activity of polymorphic proteins in human plasma and blood cells , leading to her famous discovery of the first immunodeficiency disease . One polymorphic protein used as a routine a genetic marker for transplants was adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) located in red blood cells . In 1972 , Giblett received samples from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease ( SCID ) . The patient was a candidate for bone marrow transplantation from her mother ; analysis of blood samples surprisingly revealed that the child exhibited no ADA activity . Giblett soon discovered a second case where ADA deficiency underlaid immune dysfunction , leading her to conclude that the two may be related . Giblett named this disease adenosine deaminase immunodeficiency , and it was recognized as the first official immunodeficiency disease . The discovery of ADA deficiency lead to a breakthrough in understanding immunodeficiency . Based on the function of ADA in purine metabolism , Giblett hypothesized that mutations in other proteins involved in purine metabolism or related pyrimidine metabolism might underlie additional forms of immune dysfunction . Her hypothesis was confirmed in 1975 upon analysis of an immunocompromised patient exhibiting normal ADA activity but defective purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( PNP ) activity . Within several years , ten more cases of immune deficiency linked to PNP mutations were described , leading to the classification of the disorder as purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency . Gibletts other notable discoveries include T cell immunodeficiency . Throughout her career , Giblett collaborated with some of the most notable and talented scientists of her era , including : Oliver Smithies , Alexander Bearn , James Neel , Curt Stern , Victor McKusick , Ernest Beutler , Stanley Gartler , Walter Bodmer , John Cairns , David Weatherall , Henry Kunkel , H . Hugh Fudenberg , and Newton Morton . AIDS Crisis . In 1978 , Giblett closed her research lab to direct the Puget Sound Blood Center . Soon after , in 1981 , HIV/AIDS was discovered . Infectious disease experts at the time realized that the disorder might be transmissible by blood , creating complications for blood transfusions . This discovery led to a crisis in blood banking . Giblett attempted to allay fears about the hazard of giving blood and closely followed the incidence of the disease in previously transfused patients . Before HIV could be detected in blood , Giblett developed a screening policy for blood donors at the center . Retirement . Giblett retired from the Puget Sound Blood Center in 1987 . She devoted her remaining years to playing the violin and contributing to various musical groups , playing in several string quartets . She was a co-founder of the Music Center of the Northwest , and contributed to them until she died . Honors . In 1967 , Giblett was promoted to full professor at the University of Washington . Giblett served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics in 1973 . She was a board member of the American Society of Hematology , the Western Association of Physicians and the New York Blood Center Research Advisory Committee . In 1980 , Giblett was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . The following year , she became a fellow of the National Association for the Advancement of Science . In 1987 , she was the first woman to receive the University of Washington Medical School Alumni Associations Distinguished Alumni Award . Upon her retirement , she was awarded emeritus status at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Puget Sound Blood Center . Legacy . In 1969 , Giblett published Genetic Markers in Human Blood , a reference book aimed to increase the accessibility of information about biochemical variation in blood . The book was described by H . E . Sutton as a remarkable achievement for a single individual . Giblett was a fan of science fiction literature . She is mentioned by name in Robert Heinleins novel The Number of the Beast . In 2010 , the Elo Giblett Endowed Professorship in Hematology was established at the University of Washington . This professorship was created by combining an amount of money left by Giblett to the university and an additional funding from Gibletts niece , Leslie Giblett . The first recipient of this professorship was John Harlan , MD . This professorship is intended to attract talented medical professionals in hematology and keep Gibletts legacy alive . Elo’s unpublished autobiography is property of her niece , Leslie .
|
[
"University of Washington"
] |
easy
|
Where was Eloise Giblett educated from 1940 to 1942?
|
/wiki/Eloise_Giblett#P69#2
|
Eloise Giblett Eloise Elo R . Giblett ( January 17 , 1921 – September 16 , 2009 ) was a pioneering genetic scientist and hematologist who discovered the first recognized immunodeficiency disease , adenosine deaminase deficiency . Giblett was a Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle and Executive Director of the Puget Sound Blood Center in Seattle . The author of over 200 research papers , she also wrote an esteemed textbook on genetic markers , Genetic Markers in Human Blood , published in 1969 . She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 . Gibletts numerous accomplishments include discovering the first immunodeficiency disease : adenosine deaminase deficiency . She identified and characterized numerous blood group antigens ( including the ‘Elo’ antigen , named after her ) . Her work paved the way for safe red blood cell transfusions . She also applied her understanding of red blood cell protein polymorphisms to genetic linkage analyses , was senior author on the paper that demonstrated the feasibility of unrelated marrow transplantation for leukemia , and was an early supporter of bone marrow donation . Early Childhood . Giblett was born in Tacoma , Washington in 1921 . Her family moved to Spokane , Washington for her fathers job as an insurance salesman . Giblett received her early education in Spokane and was trained in singing , dancing and the violin . Her Mother , Rose , held a secret desire that Giblett would become the next Shirley Temple of the era . Education . Giblett graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1938 . She was only 16 when she earned a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland , California . After two years , she transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle where she earned a degree in bacteriology ( now microbiology ) in 1942 . From 1944 to 1946 , she served in the Navy WAVES . Through this program , she worked as a technician at the clinical laboratory of the U.S . Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . In 1947 , she returned to the University of Washington to earn her Master of Science in microbiology . Her masters thesis focused on physiology of fungi in the genus Microsporum . After completing her masters degree , Giblett attended the University of Washington Medical School . One of five women in her year , she graduated first in her class in 1951 . From 1951 to 1953 , Giblett served as an intern , then resident in Internal Medicine , at King County Hospital ( now Harborview Hospital ) . Early career . In 1953 , Giblett was awarded a two year fellowship for post-doctoral research in hematology . During this time , Giblett worked under Clement Finch , a renowned hematologist interested in iron metabolism . Giblett primarily assisted with his research on erythrokinetics , the dynamic study of the production and destruction of red blood cells . In her first year working for Finch , Giblett published five papers , including a highly-cited paper describing red blood cell lifetime and hemolysis . Giblett also worked with geneticist Arno Motulsky studying erythrokinetics in splenomegaly , kicking off a decades-long collaboration . After completing her fellowship , Giblett traveled to London to train under Patrick Mollison at the Medical Research Council’s Blood Transfusion Research Unit . In this research unit , Giblett gained the laboratory experience necessary to co-direct Puget Sound Blood Center ( then King County Blood Bank ) , a position she assumed upon her return to Seattle in 1955 . Giblett remained at the Blood Center as Associate Director until her promotion to Executive Director in 1979 . She retired in 1987 . Scientific Discoveries . Giblett focused the majority of her career on academic research . In 1955 , she was appointed Clinical Associate in Medicine at the University of Washington . Gibletts lab focused on studying blood groups , with particular attention to genetic markers in human blood . She identified several blood group antigens . Her research assisted in refuting the standard practice at the time of segregating blood donations based on the race of the donor . In 1958 , Giblett began research studying polymorphisms of the human plasma proteins haptoglobin and transferrin using starch gel electrophoresis . As a result of her studies on genetic variation , Giblett documented the first case of a mosaic individual conceived from dispermic fertilization of two eggs followed by cell fusion . Giblett actively collaborated with Arno Motulsky , a fellow professor at the University of Washington . Giblett analyzed blood samples from a population study Motulsky carried out in the Congo in 1960 . The resulting paper , published in 1966 , described many novel genetic variants . Decades later , scientists discovered that one of these samples contained first known case of HIV . The viral sequence from this sample is still used to date in studies of HIV . Starting in 1971 , Giblett began researching bone marrow transplants with E . Donnall Thomas . Bone marrow transplantations were a pioneering technique used to treat blood cancers . At the time , if the donor and acceptor were the same sex , doctors could not confirm the success of the graft . Giblett assisted in discovering genetic markers that could confirm graft success , regardless of donor sex , using polymorphic blood proteins . Giblett eventually expanded her research into the activity of polymorphic proteins in human plasma and blood cells , leading to her famous discovery of the first immunodeficiency disease . One polymorphic protein used as a routine a genetic marker for transplants was adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) located in red blood cells . In 1972 , Giblett received samples from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease ( SCID ) . The patient was a candidate for bone marrow transplantation from her mother ; analysis of blood samples surprisingly revealed that the child exhibited no ADA activity . Giblett soon discovered a second case where ADA deficiency underlaid immune dysfunction , leading her to conclude that the two may be related . Giblett named this disease adenosine deaminase immunodeficiency , and it was recognized as the first official immunodeficiency disease . The discovery of ADA deficiency lead to a breakthrough in understanding immunodeficiency . Based on the function of ADA in purine metabolism , Giblett hypothesized that mutations in other proteins involved in purine metabolism or related pyrimidine metabolism might underlie additional forms of immune dysfunction . Her hypothesis was confirmed in 1975 upon analysis of an immunocompromised patient exhibiting normal ADA activity but defective purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( PNP ) activity . Within several years , ten more cases of immune deficiency linked to PNP mutations were described , leading to the classification of the disorder as purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency . Gibletts other notable discoveries include T cell immunodeficiency . Throughout her career , Giblett collaborated with some of the most notable and talented scientists of her era , including : Oliver Smithies , Alexander Bearn , James Neel , Curt Stern , Victor McKusick , Ernest Beutler , Stanley Gartler , Walter Bodmer , John Cairns , David Weatherall , Henry Kunkel , H . Hugh Fudenberg , and Newton Morton . AIDS Crisis . In 1978 , Giblett closed her research lab to direct the Puget Sound Blood Center . Soon after , in 1981 , HIV/AIDS was discovered . Infectious disease experts at the time realized that the disorder might be transmissible by blood , creating complications for blood transfusions . This discovery led to a crisis in blood banking . Giblett attempted to allay fears about the hazard of giving blood and closely followed the incidence of the disease in previously transfused patients . Before HIV could be detected in blood , Giblett developed a screening policy for blood donors at the center . Retirement . Giblett retired from the Puget Sound Blood Center in 1987 . She devoted her remaining years to playing the violin and contributing to various musical groups , playing in several string quartets . She was a co-founder of the Music Center of the Northwest , and contributed to them until she died . Honors . In 1967 , Giblett was promoted to full professor at the University of Washington . Giblett served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics in 1973 . She was a board member of the American Society of Hematology , the Western Association of Physicians and the New York Blood Center Research Advisory Committee . In 1980 , Giblett was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . The following year , she became a fellow of the National Association for the Advancement of Science . In 1987 , she was the first woman to receive the University of Washington Medical School Alumni Associations Distinguished Alumni Award . Upon her retirement , she was awarded emeritus status at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Puget Sound Blood Center . Legacy . In 1969 , Giblett published Genetic Markers in Human Blood , a reference book aimed to increase the accessibility of information about biochemical variation in blood . The book was described by H . E . Sutton as a remarkable achievement for a single individual . Giblett was a fan of science fiction literature . She is mentioned by name in Robert Heinleins novel The Number of the Beast . In 2010 , the Elo Giblett Endowed Professorship in Hematology was established at the University of Washington . This professorship was created by combining an amount of money left by Giblett to the university and an additional funding from Gibletts niece , Leslie Giblett . The first recipient of this professorship was John Harlan , MD . This professorship is intended to attract talented medical professionals in hematology and keep Gibletts legacy alive . Elo’s unpublished autobiography is property of her niece , Leslie .
|
[
"University of Washington Medical School"
] |
easy
|
Which school did Eloise Giblett go to from 1942 to 1951?
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/wiki/Eloise_Giblett#P69#3
|
Eloise Giblett Eloise Elo R . Giblett ( January 17 , 1921 – September 16 , 2009 ) was a pioneering genetic scientist and hematologist who discovered the first recognized immunodeficiency disease , adenosine deaminase deficiency . Giblett was a Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle and Executive Director of the Puget Sound Blood Center in Seattle . The author of over 200 research papers , she also wrote an esteemed textbook on genetic markers , Genetic Markers in Human Blood , published in 1969 . She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1980 . Gibletts numerous accomplishments include discovering the first immunodeficiency disease : adenosine deaminase deficiency . She identified and characterized numerous blood group antigens ( including the ‘Elo’ antigen , named after her ) . Her work paved the way for safe red blood cell transfusions . She also applied her understanding of red blood cell protein polymorphisms to genetic linkage analyses , was senior author on the paper that demonstrated the feasibility of unrelated marrow transplantation for leukemia , and was an early supporter of bone marrow donation . Early Childhood . Giblett was born in Tacoma , Washington in 1921 . Her family moved to Spokane , Washington for her fathers job as an insurance salesman . Giblett received her early education in Spokane and was trained in singing , dancing and the violin . Her Mother , Rose , held a secret desire that Giblett would become the next Shirley Temple of the era . Education . Giblett graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in 1938 . She was only 16 when she earned a scholarship to Mills College in Oakland , California . After two years , she transferred to the University of Washington in Seattle where she earned a degree in bacteriology ( now microbiology ) in 1942 . From 1944 to 1946 , she served in the Navy WAVES . Through this program , she worked as a technician at the clinical laboratory of the U.S . Naval Hospital in San Diego , California . In 1947 , she returned to the University of Washington to earn her Master of Science in microbiology . Her masters thesis focused on physiology of fungi in the genus Microsporum . After completing her masters degree , Giblett attended the University of Washington Medical School . One of five women in her year , she graduated first in her class in 1951 . From 1951 to 1953 , Giblett served as an intern , then resident in Internal Medicine , at King County Hospital ( now Harborview Hospital ) . Early career . In 1953 , Giblett was awarded a two year fellowship for post-doctoral research in hematology . During this time , Giblett worked under Clement Finch , a renowned hematologist interested in iron metabolism . Giblett primarily assisted with his research on erythrokinetics , the dynamic study of the production and destruction of red blood cells . In her first year working for Finch , Giblett published five papers , including a highly-cited paper describing red blood cell lifetime and hemolysis . Giblett also worked with geneticist Arno Motulsky studying erythrokinetics in splenomegaly , kicking off a decades-long collaboration . After completing her fellowship , Giblett traveled to London to train under Patrick Mollison at the Medical Research Council’s Blood Transfusion Research Unit . In this research unit , Giblett gained the laboratory experience necessary to co-direct Puget Sound Blood Center ( then King County Blood Bank ) , a position she assumed upon her return to Seattle in 1955 . Giblett remained at the Blood Center as Associate Director until her promotion to Executive Director in 1979 . She retired in 1987 . Scientific Discoveries . Giblett focused the majority of her career on academic research . In 1955 , she was appointed Clinical Associate in Medicine at the University of Washington . Gibletts lab focused on studying blood groups , with particular attention to genetic markers in human blood . She identified several blood group antigens . Her research assisted in refuting the standard practice at the time of segregating blood donations based on the race of the donor . In 1958 , Giblett began research studying polymorphisms of the human plasma proteins haptoglobin and transferrin using starch gel electrophoresis . As a result of her studies on genetic variation , Giblett documented the first case of a mosaic individual conceived from dispermic fertilization of two eggs followed by cell fusion . Giblett actively collaborated with Arno Motulsky , a fellow professor at the University of Washington . Giblett analyzed blood samples from a population study Motulsky carried out in the Congo in 1960 . The resulting paper , published in 1966 , described many novel genetic variants . Decades later , scientists discovered that one of these samples contained first known case of HIV . The viral sequence from this sample is still used to date in studies of HIV . Starting in 1971 , Giblett began researching bone marrow transplants with E . Donnall Thomas . Bone marrow transplantations were a pioneering technique used to treat blood cancers . At the time , if the donor and acceptor were the same sex , doctors could not confirm the success of the graft . Giblett assisted in discovering genetic markers that could confirm graft success , regardless of donor sex , using polymorphic blood proteins . Giblett eventually expanded her research into the activity of polymorphic proteins in human plasma and blood cells , leading to her famous discovery of the first immunodeficiency disease . One polymorphic protein used as a routine a genetic marker for transplants was adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) located in red blood cells . In 1972 , Giblett received samples from a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease ( SCID ) . The patient was a candidate for bone marrow transplantation from her mother ; analysis of blood samples surprisingly revealed that the child exhibited no ADA activity . Giblett soon discovered a second case where ADA deficiency underlaid immune dysfunction , leading her to conclude that the two may be related . Giblett named this disease adenosine deaminase immunodeficiency , and it was recognized as the first official immunodeficiency disease . The discovery of ADA deficiency lead to a breakthrough in understanding immunodeficiency . Based on the function of ADA in purine metabolism , Giblett hypothesized that mutations in other proteins involved in purine metabolism or related pyrimidine metabolism might underlie additional forms of immune dysfunction . Her hypothesis was confirmed in 1975 upon analysis of an immunocompromised patient exhibiting normal ADA activity but defective purine nucleoside phosphorylase ( PNP ) activity . Within several years , ten more cases of immune deficiency linked to PNP mutations were described , leading to the classification of the disorder as purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency . Gibletts other notable discoveries include T cell immunodeficiency . Throughout her career , Giblett collaborated with some of the most notable and talented scientists of her era , including : Oliver Smithies , Alexander Bearn , James Neel , Curt Stern , Victor McKusick , Ernest Beutler , Stanley Gartler , Walter Bodmer , John Cairns , David Weatherall , Henry Kunkel , H . Hugh Fudenberg , and Newton Morton . AIDS Crisis . In 1978 , Giblett closed her research lab to direct the Puget Sound Blood Center . Soon after , in 1981 , HIV/AIDS was discovered . Infectious disease experts at the time realized that the disorder might be transmissible by blood , creating complications for blood transfusions . This discovery led to a crisis in blood banking . Giblett attempted to allay fears about the hazard of giving blood and closely followed the incidence of the disease in previously transfused patients . Before HIV could be detected in blood , Giblett developed a screening policy for blood donors at the center . Retirement . Giblett retired from the Puget Sound Blood Center in 1987 . She devoted her remaining years to playing the violin and contributing to various musical groups , playing in several string quartets . She was a co-founder of the Music Center of the Northwest , and contributed to them until she died . Honors . In 1967 , Giblett was promoted to full professor at the University of Washington . Giblett served as president of the American Society of Human Genetics in 1973 . She was a board member of the American Society of Hematology , the Western Association of Physicians and the New York Blood Center Research Advisory Committee . In 1980 , Giblett was elected to the National Academy of Sciences . The following year , she became a fellow of the National Association for the Advancement of Science . In 1987 , she was the first woman to receive the University of Washington Medical School Alumni Associations Distinguished Alumni Award . Upon her retirement , she was awarded emeritus status at the University of Washington School of Medicine and Puget Sound Blood Center . Legacy . In 1969 , Giblett published Genetic Markers in Human Blood , a reference book aimed to increase the accessibility of information about biochemical variation in blood . The book was described by H . E . Sutton as a remarkable achievement for a single individual . Giblett was a fan of science fiction literature . She is mentioned by name in Robert Heinleins novel The Number of the Beast . In 2010 , the Elo Giblett Endowed Professorship in Hematology was established at the University of Washington . This professorship was created by combining an amount of money left by Giblett to the university and an additional funding from Gibletts niece , Leslie Giblett . The first recipient of this professorship was John Harlan , MD . This professorship is intended to attract talented medical professionals in hematology and keep Gibletts legacy alive . Elo’s unpublished autobiography is property of her niece , Leslie .
|
[
"Yeovil Town"
] |
easy
|
Adam Stansfield played for which team from 2001 to 2004?
|
/wiki/Adam_Stansfield#P54#0
|
Adam Stansfield Adam Stansfield ( 10 September 1978 – 10 August 2010 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a striker . He competed professionally for Yeovil Town , Hereford United and Exeter City , and won promotion from the Football Conference to The Football League with all three teams . Having played for three counties as a child , Stansfield began his career in non-league with Cullompton Rangers and Elmore , and had unsuccessful trials at league teams . At the age of 23 , he signed his first professional contract with Yeovil Town , after impressing their manager Gary Johnson in a match against them . In his first season , he helped them win the FA Trophy , scoring in the 2002 final . The following season , Yeovil won the Conference and promotion into The Football League , although Stansfield was ruled out with a broken leg in the first game . In 2004 , he transferred to Hereford United , where he won promotion to The Football League via the 2006 play-offs , and repeated the feat with Exeter City two years later . He also helped Exeter earn promotion into League One in 2009 . At international level , Stansfield played five matches and scored one goal for Englands national semi-professional team , winning the 2005 Four Nations Tournament . Stansfield was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2010 . He returned to training after surgery and chemotherapy , but died on 10 August that year . A foundation in his name was posthumously set up by his family to provide sporting opportunities and raise awareness of colorectal cancer . He has posthumously been featured on a Flybe airliner livery and a local currency banknote in Exeter . Early and personal life . Stansfield was born in Plymouth , Devon , as the third of four children , and supported Nottingham Forest . On 2 June 2001 he married Marie , with whom he had three sons . By the 2019–20 season , his son Jay was scoring regularly for Fulhams Under 18 team . Devon journalist Gary Andrews remembered Stansfield senior as a man who would spend time with his family after matches while speaking to fans and the press . He wrote that I had the pleasure of interviewing Adam on a regular basis...I say pleasure , because his answers were thoughtful and intelligent and he came across as a man who was delighted to be back home with his friends and family . Career . Early career . Stansfields first club was Evesham Colts under-10s . He played at county level for Worcestershire , Leicestershire and Devon . When his family settled back in Devon he joined Twyford Spartans , scoring 84 goals in 54 matches . He played in Tiverton Towns youth team as a left back before reverting to being a striker at his first senior club , non-League side Cullompton Rangers . He later moved to Elmore , where he attracted trials from Exeter City , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Torquay United , all of which were unsuccessful . His siblings joined the Royal Air Force and he thought of joining them , but continued searching for a breakthrough in professional football . Yeovil Town . In October 2001 , Stansfields performances for Elmore impressed Yeovil Town manager Gary Johnson to sign him . He made his debut in the Conference on 9 November , playing the entirety of a 3–0 loss away to Southport . His first goal came on 1 December , concluding a 3–1 victory at Northwich Victoria . His first season at Huish Park was a success , finishing as the top scorer with 16 goals , 8 of which came in the clubs victorious FA Trophy run . He scored twice in a fourth round replay at Doncaster Rovers , as Yeovil came from 0–3 down for an eventual 5–4 victory . In the final on 12 May he scored the second goal of a 2–0 win over Stevenage Borough at the Villa Park , Birmingham . On the first day of the following season , Stansfield was substituted through injury after 16 minutes of an eventual 2–2 home draw with Gravesend & Northfleet to be replaced by Abdoulai Demba . It was later confirmed to be a break of the tibia and fibula . He missed the remainder of the season , in which Yeovil won the Conference to be promoted to The Football League for the first time . He recovered to feature in the next campaign , making his league debut on 16 August 2003 . In that match , Yeovils first in The Football League , he came on as an 80th-minute substitute for Kirk Jackson in a 3–0 win against Carlisle United . His first of six goals in the Third Division season came on 6 September , opening a 2–0 home win over Swansea City . He was given a rare start in that match as first-choice forward Kevin Gall was away with Wales under-21 . Hereford United . On 14 June 2004 , Stansfield returned to the Conference with Hereford United , signed by Graham Turner to replace their previous seasons top scorer Steve Guinan , who had been sold to Cheltenham Town . He scored 20 goals across the season , including two on 25 March 2005 in a 6–0 win at Farnborough Town . In that match , he came on in the 77th minute for Daniel Carey-Bertram , who had also scored two . Hereford reached the promotion play-offs , where they lost in the semi-finals to Stevenage . In the following season they won promotion by the play-offs , with Stansfield starting in the final on 20 May 2006 at the Walkers Stadium in Leicester , a 3–2 extra-time victory over Halifax Town . Exeter City . On 12 June 2006 , with his contract expired , Stansfield decided to remain in the Conference , joining Exeter City . He told local radio that his aim was not to achieve promotion or reach a certain tally of goals , but to influence the clubs younger players . He scored nine times in 40 league games in his first season , including two in a 2–1 home win over relegated Southport on 28 April 2007 in order to seal a play-off place . Eleven days later , in the second leg of the play-off semi-final away to Oxford United , he scored a goal which took the match to extra time and eventually a penalty shootout which his side won . In the final on 20 May at Wembley Stadium , he came on as a 36th-minute substitute for goalscorer Lee Phillips in a 1–2 loss to Morecambe . On 26 April 2008 , Stansfield scored in Exeters 4–4 draw at Burton Albion which qualified them for that seasons play-offs . He started in the final , whereby the team returned to The Football League for the first time in five years with a 1–0 Wembley win over Cambridge United . He scored 10 goals in 37 league games as they won a second consecutive promotion into League One in the 2008–09 season . This included consecutive braces on 27 September and 4 October , in wins over Macclesfield Town ( 4–1 away ) and Gillingham ( 3–0 home ) . The following campaign , despite never having previously played at as high a level , he was a regular starter for Exeter in League One , scoring eight goals in a season curtailed by his cancer diagnosis . International career . Stansfield earned five caps and scored one goal for the England national semi-professional team . He featured in the 2002 edition of the Four Nations Tournament , and made his debut in Englands opening match , a 1–1 draw with Wales at York Street in Boston on 14 May . Stansfield was injured in the first half of the last match , a 2–0 win against Scotland at Rockingham Road in Kettering on 18 May , while Wales won the title . In 2005 , while back in the Conference with Hereford , he was again called up for the tournament by manager Paul Fairclough . Stansfield played in two matches as England won the tournament with three wins . Illness and death . Stansfield suffered from persistent abdominal pain in the early part of 2010 , and was admitted to hospital for tests at the end of March . On 8 April 2010 , Exeter City confirmed to the media that he had been diagnosed with a form of colorectal cancer . Manager Paul Tisdale told local news programme BBC Spotlight that theres little good on this subject...but if theres someone who can deal with it and meet it head on with real purpose , Adams the man . Later that month , Stansfield underwent surgery to remove part of his colon . Club vice-chairman Julian Tagg reported that the operation was successful , and that Stansfield appeared happy and was making jokes . He joined the Exeter squad for the first day of pre-season training in July , appearing weak from chemotherapy . His condition deteriorated rapidly and he died on 10 August in Exeter , with his death being announced shortly after Exeters loss to Ipswich Town in the League Cup . As a mark of respect , Dagenham & Redbridge postponed the game Exeter were due to play against them at Victoria Road four days after his death . Exeter retired his shirt number 9 for nine seasons . Stansfields body was taken from St James Park to his funeral service at Exeter Cathedral on 25 August , attended by over 1,000 mourners . A private family service was held later . Posthumous recognition . At his funeral , Stansfields widow Marie had an idea to set up the Adam Stansfield Foundation , which by the fourth anniversary of his death had raised over £150,000 . It works in offering children football in Devon , Somerset and Herefordshire , the three counties in which he played professionally , as well as increasing opportunities for the disabled to take part in the sport . The foundation also aims to increase awareness of bowel cancer . Stansfield continues to be remembered by fans of his former teams . On 9 August 2014 , as Exeter started the new season against Portsmouth , a giant flag resembling his club shirt was displayed by the crowd . Hereford F.C. , the phoenix club of Hereford United , gave a minutes applause to Stansfield in the 9th minute – his number for the Bulls – in the 2016 FA Vase Final . Exeter and Yeovil agreed that on their meeting at St James Park on 8 August 2015 , there would be a minutes applause in the seventh minute and ninth , for the numbers he wore at each club . Earlier the same day , there was also a match between the two clubs supporters in Topsham , Devon , to raise funds for his foundation . In March 2011 , Elmore named their new stand at Horsdon Park after Stansfield , ahead of a game against Hengrove Athletic . The match attracted over 100 fans , ahead of a usual average of 35 . From 2011 to 2015 , an aeroplane belonging to Flybe bore an image of Stansfield , with other aeroplanes belonging to the company featuring such former footballers as George Best and Kevin Keegan . In 2015 , Stansfield was featured on £5 Exeter Pound notes in the city . In recognition of his achievements at Exeter City , Stansfield was in 2017 inducted into the Exeter City Hall of Fame alongside Sidney Thomas , Graham Rees and Peter Hatch . In 2018 Exeter City named their new stand the Stagecoach Adam Stansfield Stand . Honours . Yeovil Town - FA Trophy : 2001–02 - Football Conference : 2002–03 Hereford United - Conference National play-offs : 2006 Exeter City - Conference National play-offs : 2008 England semi-professional - Four Nations Tournament : 2005 External links . - Adam Stansfield Foundation
|
[
"Hereford United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Adam Stansfield belong to from 2004 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Adam_Stansfield#P54#1
|
Adam Stansfield Adam Stansfield ( 10 September 1978 – 10 August 2010 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a striker . He competed professionally for Yeovil Town , Hereford United and Exeter City , and won promotion from the Football Conference to The Football League with all three teams . Having played for three counties as a child , Stansfield began his career in non-league with Cullompton Rangers and Elmore , and had unsuccessful trials at league teams . At the age of 23 , he signed his first professional contract with Yeovil Town , after impressing their manager Gary Johnson in a match against them . In his first season , he helped them win the FA Trophy , scoring in the 2002 final . The following season , Yeovil won the Conference and promotion into The Football League , although Stansfield was ruled out with a broken leg in the first game . In 2004 , he transferred to Hereford United , where he won promotion to The Football League via the 2006 play-offs , and repeated the feat with Exeter City two years later . He also helped Exeter earn promotion into League One in 2009 . At international level , Stansfield played five matches and scored one goal for Englands national semi-professional team , winning the 2005 Four Nations Tournament . Stansfield was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2010 . He returned to training after surgery and chemotherapy , but died on 10 August that year . A foundation in his name was posthumously set up by his family to provide sporting opportunities and raise awareness of colorectal cancer . He has posthumously been featured on a Flybe airliner livery and a local currency banknote in Exeter . Early and personal life . Stansfield was born in Plymouth , Devon , as the third of four children , and supported Nottingham Forest . On 2 June 2001 he married Marie , with whom he had three sons . By the 2019–20 season , his son Jay was scoring regularly for Fulhams Under 18 team . Devon journalist Gary Andrews remembered Stansfield senior as a man who would spend time with his family after matches while speaking to fans and the press . He wrote that I had the pleasure of interviewing Adam on a regular basis...I say pleasure , because his answers were thoughtful and intelligent and he came across as a man who was delighted to be back home with his friends and family . Career . Early career . Stansfields first club was Evesham Colts under-10s . He played at county level for Worcestershire , Leicestershire and Devon . When his family settled back in Devon he joined Twyford Spartans , scoring 84 goals in 54 matches . He played in Tiverton Towns youth team as a left back before reverting to being a striker at his first senior club , non-League side Cullompton Rangers . He later moved to Elmore , where he attracted trials from Exeter City , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Torquay United , all of which were unsuccessful . His siblings joined the Royal Air Force and he thought of joining them , but continued searching for a breakthrough in professional football . Yeovil Town . In October 2001 , Stansfields performances for Elmore impressed Yeovil Town manager Gary Johnson to sign him . He made his debut in the Conference on 9 November , playing the entirety of a 3–0 loss away to Southport . His first goal came on 1 December , concluding a 3–1 victory at Northwich Victoria . His first season at Huish Park was a success , finishing as the top scorer with 16 goals , 8 of which came in the clubs victorious FA Trophy run . He scored twice in a fourth round replay at Doncaster Rovers , as Yeovil came from 0–3 down for an eventual 5–4 victory . In the final on 12 May he scored the second goal of a 2–0 win over Stevenage Borough at the Villa Park , Birmingham . On the first day of the following season , Stansfield was substituted through injury after 16 minutes of an eventual 2–2 home draw with Gravesend & Northfleet to be replaced by Abdoulai Demba . It was later confirmed to be a break of the tibia and fibula . He missed the remainder of the season , in which Yeovil won the Conference to be promoted to The Football League for the first time . He recovered to feature in the next campaign , making his league debut on 16 August 2003 . In that match , Yeovils first in The Football League , he came on as an 80th-minute substitute for Kirk Jackson in a 3–0 win against Carlisle United . His first of six goals in the Third Division season came on 6 September , opening a 2–0 home win over Swansea City . He was given a rare start in that match as first-choice forward Kevin Gall was away with Wales under-21 . Hereford United . On 14 June 2004 , Stansfield returned to the Conference with Hereford United , signed by Graham Turner to replace their previous seasons top scorer Steve Guinan , who had been sold to Cheltenham Town . He scored 20 goals across the season , including two on 25 March 2005 in a 6–0 win at Farnborough Town . In that match , he came on in the 77th minute for Daniel Carey-Bertram , who had also scored two . Hereford reached the promotion play-offs , where they lost in the semi-finals to Stevenage . In the following season they won promotion by the play-offs , with Stansfield starting in the final on 20 May 2006 at the Walkers Stadium in Leicester , a 3–2 extra-time victory over Halifax Town . Exeter City . On 12 June 2006 , with his contract expired , Stansfield decided to remain in the Conference , joining Exeter City . He told local radio that his aim was not to achieve promotion or reach a certain tally of goals , but to influence the clubs younger players . He scored nine times in 40 league games in his first season , including two in a 2–1 home win over relegated Southport on 28 April 2007 in order to seal a play-off place . Eleven days later , in the second leg of the play-off semi-final away to Oxford United , he scored a goal which took the match to extra time and eventually a penalty shootout which his side won . In the final on 20 May at Wembley Stadium , he came on as a 36th-minute substitute for goalscorer Lee Phillips in a 1–2 loss to Morecambe . On 26 April 2008 , Stansfield scored in Exeters 4–4 draw at Burton Albion which qualified them for that seasons play-offs . He started in the final , whereby the team returned to The Football League for the first time in five years with a 1–0 Wembley win over Cambridge United . He scored 10 goals in 37 league games as they won a second consecutive promotion into League One in the 2008–09 season . This included consecutive braces on 27 September and 4 October , in wins over Macclesfield Town ( 4–1 away ) and Gillingham ( 3–0 home ) . The following campaign , despite never having previously played at as high a level , he was a regular starter for Exeter in League One , scoring eight goals in a season curtailed by his cancer diagnosis . International career . Stansfield earned five caps and scored one goal for the England national semi-professional team . He featured in the 2002 edition of the Four Nations Tournament , and made his debut in Englands opening match , a 1–1 draw with Wales at York Street in Boston on 14 May . Stansfield was injured in the first half of the last match , a 2–0 win against Scotland at Rockingham Road in Kettering on 18 May , while Wales won the title . In 2005 , while back in the Conference with Hereford , he was again called up for the tournament by manager Paul Fairclough . Stansfield played in two matches as England won the tournament with three wins . Illness and death . Stansfield suffered from persistent abdominal pain in the early part of 2010 , and was admitted to hospital for tests at the end of March . On 8 April 2010 , Exeter City confirmed to the media that he had been diagnosed with a form of colorectal cancer . Manager Paul Tisdale told local news programme BBC Spotlight that theres little good on this subject...but if theres someone who can deal with it and meet it head on with real purpose , Adams the man . Later that month , Stansfield underwent surgery to remove part of his colon . Club vice-chairman Julian Tagg reported that the operation was successful , and that Stansfield appeared happy and was making jokes . He joined the Exeter squad for the first day of pre-season training in July , appearing weak from chemotherapy . His condition deteriorated rapidly and he died on 10 August in Exeter , with his death being announced shortly after Exeters loss to Ipswich Town in the League Cup . As a mark of respect , Dagenham & Redbridge postponed the game Exeter were due to play against them at Victoria Road four days after his death . Exeter retired his shirt number 9 for nine seasons . Stansfields body was taken from St James Park to his funeral service at Exeter Cathedral on 25 August , attended by over 1,000 mourners . A private family service was held later . Posthumous recognition . At his funeral , Stansfields widow Marie had an idea to set up the Adam Stansfield Foundation , which by the fourth anniversary of his death had raised over £150,000 . It works in offering children football in Devon , Somerset and Herefordshire , the three counties in which he played professionally , as well as increasing opportunities for the disabled to take part in the sport . The foundation also aims to increase awareness of bowel cancer . Stansfield continues to be remembered by fans of his former teams . On 9 August 2014 , as Exeter started the new season against Portsmouth , a giant flag resembling his club shirt was displayed by the crowd . Hereford F.C. , the phoenix club of Hereford United , gave a minutes applause to Stansfield in the 9th minute – his number for the Bulls – in the 2016 FA Vase Final . Exeter and Yeovil agreed that on their meeting at St James Park on 8 August 2015 , there would be a minutes applause in the seventh minute and ninth , for the numbers he wore at each club . Earlier the same day , there was also a match between the two clubs supporters in Topsham , Devon , to raise funds for his foundation . In March 2011 , Elmore named their new stand at Horsdon Park after Stansfield , ahead of a game against Hengrove Athletic . The match attracted over 100 fans , ahead of a usual average of 35 . From 2011 to 2015 , an aeroplane belonging to Flybe bore an image of Stansfield , with other aeroplanes belonging to the company featuring such former footballers as George Best and Kevin Keegan . In 2015 , Stansfield was featured on £5 Exeter Pound notes in the city . In recognition of his achievements at Exeter City , Stansfield was in 2017 inducted into the Exeter City Hall of Fame alongside Sidney Thomas , Graham Rees and Peter Hatch . In 2018 Exeter City named their new stand the Stagecoach Adam Stansfield Stand . Honours . Yeovil Town - FA Trophy : 2001–02 - Football Conference : 2002–03 Hereford United - Conference National play-offs : 2006 Exeter City - Conference National play-offs : 2008 England semi-professional - Four Nations Tournament : 2005 External links . - Adam Stansfield Foundation
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[
"Exeter City Hall of Fame"
] |
easy
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Which team did Adam Stansfield play for from 2006 to 2010?
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/wiki/Adam_Stansfield#P54#2
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Adam Stansfield Adam Stansfield ( 10 September 1978 – 10 August 2010 ) was an English professional footballer who played as a striker . He competed professionally for Yeovil Town , Hereford United and Exeter City , and won promotion from the Football Conference to The Football League with all three teams . Having played for three counties as a child , Stansfield began his career in non-league with Cullompton Rangers and Elmore , and had unsuccessful trials at league teams . At the age of 23 , he signed his first professional contract with Yeovil Town , after impressing their manager Gary Johnson in a match against them . In his first season , he helped them win the FA Trophy , scoring in the 2002 final . The following season , Yeovil won the Conference and promotion into The Football League , although Stansfield was ruled out with a broken leg in the first game . In 2004 , he transferred to Hereford United , where he won promotion to The Football League via the 2006 play-offs , and repeated the feat with Exeter City two years later . He also helped Exeter earn promotion into League One in 2009 . At international level , Stansfield played five matches and scored one goal for Englands national semi-professional team , winning the 2005 Four Nations Tournament . Stansfield was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in April 2010 . He returned to training after surgery and chemotherapy , but died on 10 August that year . A foundation in his name was posthumously set up by his family to provide sporting opportunities and raise awareness of colorectal cancer . He has posthumously been featured on a Flybe airliner livery and a local currency banknote in Exeter . Early and personal life . Stansfield was born in Plymouth , Devon , as the third of four children , and supported Nottingham Forest . On 2 June 2001 he married Marie , with whom he had three sons . By the 2019–20 season , his son Jay was scoring regularly for Fulhams Under 18 team . Devon journalist Gary Andrews remembered Stansfield senior as a man who would spend time with his family after matches while speaking to fans and the press . He wrote that I had the pleasure of interviewing Adam on a regular basis...I say pleasure , because his answers were thoughtful and intelligent and he came across as a man who was delighted to be back home with his friends and family . Career . Early career . Stansfields first club was Evesham Colts under-10s . He played at county level for Worcestershire , Leicestershire and Devon . When his family settled back in Devon he joined Twyford Spartans , scoring 84 goals in 54 matches . He played in Tiverton Towns youth team as a left back before reverting to being a striker at his first senior club , non-League side Cullompton Rangers . He later moved to Elmore , where he attracted trials from Exeter City , Wolverhampton Wanderers and Torquay United , all of which were unsuccessful . His siblings joined the Royal Air Force and he thought of joining them , but continued searching for a breakthrough in professional football . Yeovil Town . In October 2001 , Stansfields performances for Elmore impressed Yeovil Town manager Gary Johnson to sign him . He made his debut in the Conference on 9 November , playing the entirety of a 3–0 loss away to Southport . His first goal came on 1 December , concluding a 3–1 victory at Northwich Victoria . His first season at Huish Park was a success , finishing as the top scorer with 16 goals , 8 of which came in the clubs victorious FA Trophy run . He scored twice in a fourth round replay at Doncaster Rovers , as Yeovil came from 0–3 down for an eventual 5–4 victory . In the final on 12 May he scored the second goal of a 2–0 win over Stevenage Borough at the Villa Park , Birmingham . On the first day of the following season , Stansfield was substituted through injury after 16 minutes of an eventual 2–2 home draw with Gravesend & Northfleet to be replaced by Abdoulai Demba . It was later confirmed to be a break of the tibia and fibula . He missed the remainder of the season , in which Yeovil won the Conference to be promoted to The Football League for the first time . He recovered to feature in the next campaign , making his league debut on 16 August 2003 . In that match , Yeovils first in The Football League , he came on as an 80th-minute substitute for Kirk Jackson in a 3–0 win against Carlisle United . His first of six goals in the Third Division season came on 6 September , opening a 2–0 home win over Swansea City . He was given a rare start in that match as first-choice forward Kevin Gall was away with Wales under-21 . Hereford United . On 14 June 2004 , Stansfield returned to the Conference with Hereford United , signed by Graham Turner to replace their previous seasons top scorer Steve Guinan , who had been sold to Cheltenham Town . He scored 20 goals across the season , including two on 25 March 2005 in a 6–0 win at Farnborough Town . In that match , he came on in the 77th minute for Daniel Carey-Bertram , who had also scored two . Hereford reached the promotion play-offs , where they lost in the semi-finals to Stevenage . In the following season they won promotion by the play-offs , with Stansfield starting in the final on 20 May 2006 at the Walkers Stadium in Leicester , a 3–2 extra-time victory over Halifax Town . Exeter City . On 12 June 2006 , with his contract expired , Stansfield decided to remain in the Conference , joining Exeter City . He told local radio that his aim was not to achieve promotion or reach a certain tally of goals , but to influence the clubs younger players . He scored nine times in 40 league games in his first season , including two in a 2–1 home win over relegated Southport on 28 April 2007 in order to seal a play-off place . Eleven days later , in the second leg of the play-off semi-final away to Oxford United , he scored a goal which took the match to extra time and eventually a penalty shootout which his side won . In the final on 20 May at Wembley Stadium , he came on as a 36th-minute substitute for goalscorer Lee Phillips in a 1–2 loss to Morecambe . On 26 April 2008 , Stansfield scored in Exeters 4–4 draw at Burton Albion which qualified them for that seasons play-offs . He started in the final , whereby the team returned to The Football League for the first time in five years with a 1–0 Wembley win over Cambridge United . He scored 10 goals in 37 league games as they won a second consecutive promotion into League One in the 2008–09 season . This included consecutive braces on 27 September and 4 October , in wins over Macclesfield Town ( 4–1 away ) and Gillingham ( 3–0 home ) . The following campaign , despite never having previously played at as high a level , he was a regular starter for Exeter in League One , scoring eight goals in a season curtailed by his cancer diagnosis . International career . Stansfield earned five caps and scored one goal for the England national semi-professional team . He featured in the 2002 edition of the Four Nations Tournament , and made his debut in Englands opening match , a 1–1 draw with Wales at York Street in Boston on 14 May . Stansfield was injured in the first half of the last match , a 2–0 win against Scotland at Rockingham Road in Kettering on 18 May , while Wales won the title . In 2005 , while back in the Conference with Hereford , he was again called up for the tournament by manager Paul Fairclough . Stansfield played in two matches as England won the tournament with three wins . Illness and death . Stansfield suffered from persistent abdominal pain in the early part of 2010 , and was admitted to hospital for tests at the end of March . On 8 April 2010 , Exeter City confirmed to the media that he had been diagnosed with a form of colorectal cancer . Manager Paul Tisdale told local news programme BBC Spotlight that theres little good on this subject...but if theres someone who can deal with it and meet it head on with real purpose , Adams the man . Later that month , Stansfield underwent surgery to remove part of his colon . Club vice-chairman Julian Tagg reported that the operation was successful , and that Stansfield appeared happy and was making jokes . He joined the Exeter squad for the first day of pre-season training in July , appearing weak from chemotherapy . His condition deteriorated rapidly and he died on 10 August in Exeter , with his death being announced shortly after Exeters loss to Ipswich Town in the League Cup . As a mark of respect , Dagenham & Redbridge postponed the game Exeter were due to play against them at Victoria Road four days after his death . Exeter retired his shirt number 9 for nine seasons . Stansfields body was taken from St James Park to his funeral service at Exeter Cathedral on 25 August , attended by over 1,000 mourners . A private family service was held later . Posthumous recognition . At his funeral , Stansfields widow Marie had an idea to set up the Adam Stansfield Foundation , which by the fourth anniversary of his death had raised over £150,000 . It works in offering children football in Devon , Somerset and Herefordshire , the three counties in which he played professionally , as well as increasing opportunities for the disabled to take part in the sport . The foundation also aims to increase awareness of bowel cancer . Stansfield continues to be remembered by fans of his former teams . On 9 August 2014 , as Exeter started the new season against Portsmouth , a giant flag resembling his club shirt was displayed by the crowd . Hereford F.C. , the phoenix club of Hereford United , gave a minutes applause to Stansfield in the 9th minute – his number for the Bulls – in the 2016 FA Vase Final . Exeter and Yeovil agreed that on their meeting at St James Park on 8 August 2015 , there would be a minutes applause in the seventh minute and ninth , for the numbers he wore at each club . Earlier the same day , there was also a match between the two clubs supporters in Topsham , Devon , to raise funds for his foundation . In March 2011 , Elmore named their new stand at Horsdon Park after Stansfield , ahead of a game against Hengrove Athletic . The match attracted over 100 fans , ahead of a usual average of 35 . From 2011 to 2015 , an aeroplane belonging to Flybe bore an image of Stansfield , with other aeroplanes belonging to the company featuring such former footballers as George Best and Kevin Keegan . In 2015 , Stansfield was featured on £5 Exeter Pound notes in the city . In recognition of his achievements at Exeter City , Stansfield was in 2017 inducted into the Exeter City Hall of Fame alongside Sidney Thomas , Graham Rees and Peter Hatch . In 2018 Exeter City named their new stand the Stagecoach Adam Stansfield Stand . Honours . Yeovil Town - FA Trophy : 2001–02 - Football Conference : 2002–03 Hereford United - Conference National play-offs : 2006 Exeter City - Conference National play-offs : 2008 England semi-professional - Four Nations Tournament : 2005 External links . - Adam Stansfield Foundation
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[
"University of Berlin"
] |
easy
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Which school did E. Morton Jellinek go to from 1908 to 1910?
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/wiki/E._Morton_Jellinek#P69#0
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E . Morton Jellinek Elvin Morton Bunky Jellinek ( 15 August 1890 – 22 October 1963 ) , E . Morton Jellinek , or most often , E . M . Jellinek , was a biostatistician , physiologist , and an alcoholism researcher , fluent in nine languages and able to communicate in four others . The son of Markus Erwin Marcel Jellinek ( 1858-1939 ) and Rose Jellinek ( 1867-1966 ) , née Jacobson ( a.k.a . the opera singer Marcella Lindh ) , he was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963 . Academic career . Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910 . He then studied philosophy , philology , anthropology , and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble . He was also enrolled , apparently concurrently , at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913 , and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages , linguistics and cultural history . During the 1920s , he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela , Honduras . In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A . and worked at the Worcester State Hospital , Worcester , Massachusetts , from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol . The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism . From 1941 to 1952 , he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University . In 1941 he was managing editor of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol ( now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ) . In 1950 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism , and made significant contributions to the work of the Alcoholism Sub-committee of the W.H.O.s Expert Committee on Mental Health . The Second Report of the Alcoholism Subcommittee , published in August 1952 , have reproduced in its 2nd Annex , the text of an important communication that Jellinek gave to the first European Seminar on Alcoholism in Copenhagen in October 1951 . In that conference , he exposed his work on the Phases of alcoholic addiction and he presented a detailed Chart ( page 30 ) exposing the progressive nature of alcoholism . That chart is considered as the 1st version of the future Jellineks Curve that some other people will eventually draw from his work . Upon his retirement from the W.H.O . in the late 1950s , he returned to the USA . In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta , and in 1962 , he moved to Stanford University in California , where he remained until his death . Works . Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards ( 2002 , p . 98 ) holds that , in his opinion , Jellineks The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence . Disease concept of alcoholism . In 1849 , the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss ( 1807–1890 ) was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion . Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic , relapsing disease . Jellinek coined the expression the disease concept of alcoholism , and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation . Jellinek’s initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann and R . Brinkley Smithers ( Falcone , 2003 ) . It was based on a narrow , selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire . Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek’s eminence would have been only too well aware of the unscientific status of the dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members . In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism , and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes : - Alpha alcoholism : the earliest stage of the disease , manifesting the purely psychological continual dependence on the effects of alcohol to relieve bodily or emotional pain . This is the problem drinker , whose drinking creates social and personal problems . Whilst there are significant social and personal problems , these people can stop if they really want to ; thus , argued Jellinek , they have not lost control , and as a consequence , do not have a disease . - Beta alcoholism : polyneuropathy , or cirrhosis of the liver from alcohol without physical or psychological dependence . These are the heavy drinkers that drink a lot , almost every day . They do not have physical addiction and do not suffer withdrawal symptoms . This group do not have a disease . - Gamma alcoholism : involving acquired tissue tolerance , physical dependence , and loss of control . This is the AA alcoholic , who is very much out of control , and does , by Jellineks classification , have a disease . - Delta alcoholism : as in Gamma alcoholism , but with inability to abstain , instead of loss of control . - Epsilon alcoholism : the most advanced stage of the disease , manifesting as dipsomania , or periodic alcoholism . The Jellinek curve is derived from this classification of Jellinek , and it was named out of respect for Jellinek’s work . Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this charts representations ; however it is still known as the Jellinek curve . Recognition of placebo effect . In post-war 1946 , various pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply for making medicines . A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy’s three constituent chemicals was running out . They asked Jellinek , then at Yale , to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug’s efficacy in any way . Jellinek set up a complex trial – with 199 subjects , divided randomly into four test groups – involving various permutations of the three drug constituents , with a placebo as a scientific control . Each group took a test remedy for two weeks at a time . The trial lasted eight weeks , by the end of which each group had taken each of the test drugs , albeit in a different sequence . Over the entire population of 199 subjects , 120 of the subjects ( ~60% ) responded to the placebo , and 79 did not . The trial also demonstrated that the chemical in question significantly contributed to the remedys efficacy . In the process of examining the data produced by his trial , Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not . He ( 1946 , p . 90 ) described the former group as being reactors to placebo , and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either placebo reactions or placebo responses . Jellinek Award . The Jellinek Memorial Award , or Jellinek Award , is an award presented annually by the Jellinek Memorial Fund in Jellineks honor . It is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to research on alcohol or alcoholism . Winners receive a cash prize of $5,000 USD , as well as a bust of Jellinek with a personalized inscription . Selected publications . - Haggard , H . W . & Jellinek , E . M. , Alcohol Explored , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. , ( Garden City ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . ( ed ) , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism , Yale University Press , ( New Haven ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . Clinical Tests on Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesic Drugs , Biometrics Bulletin , Vol.2 , No.5 , ( October 1946 ) , pp . 87–91 . - Jellinek , E . M. , Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics : Analysis of a Survey Conducted by the Official Organ of Alcoholics Anonymous , Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , Vol.7 , ( 1946 ) , pp . 1–88 . - Jellinek , E . M. , The Disease Concept of Alcoholism , Hillhouse , ( New Haven ) , 1960 .
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[
"Joseph Fourier University"
] |
easy
|
Which school did E. Morton Jellinek go to from 1910 to 1911?
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/wiki/E._Morton_Jellinek#P69#1
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E . Morton Jellinek Elvin Morton Bunky Jellinek ( 15 August 1890 – 22 October 1963 ) , E . Morton Jellinek , or most often , E . M . Jellinek , was a biostatistician , physiologist , and an alcoholism researcher , fluent in nine languages and able to communicate in four others . The son of Markus Erwin Marcel Jellinek ( 1858-1939 ) and Rose Jellinek ( 1867-1966 ) , née Jacobson ( a.k.a . the opera singer Marcella Lindh ) , he was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963 . Academic career . Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910 . He then studied philosophy , philology , anthropology , and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble . He was also enrolled , apparently concurrently , at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913 , and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages , linguistics and cultural history . During the 1920s , he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela , Honduras . In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A . and worked at the Worcester State Hospital , Worcester , Massachusetts , from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol . The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism . From 1941 to 1952 , he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University . In 1941 he was managing editor of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol ( now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ) . In 1950 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism , and made significant contributions to the work of the Alcoholism Sub-committee of the W.H.O.s Expert Committee on Mental Health . The Second Report of the Alcoholism Subcommittee , published in August 1952 , have reproduced in its 2nd Annex , the text of an important communication that Jellinek gave to the first European Seminar on Alcoholism in Copenhagen in October 1951 . In that conference , he exposed his work on the Phases of alcoholic addiction and he presented a detailed Chart ( page 30 ) exposing the progressive nature of alcoholism . That chart is considered as the 1st version of the future Jellineks Curve that some other people will eventually draw from his work . Upon his retirement from the W.H.O . in the late 1950s , he returned to the USA . In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta , and in 1962 , he moved to Stanford University in California , where he remained until his death . Works . Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards ( 2002 , p . 98 ) holds that , in his opinion , Jellineks The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence . Disease concept of alcoholism . In 1849 , the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss ( 1807–1890 ) was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion . Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic , relapsing disease . Jellinek coined the expression the disease concept of alcoholism , and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation . Jellinek’s initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann and R . Brinkley Smithers ( Falcone , 2003 ) . It was based on a narrow , selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire . Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek’s eminence would have been only too well aware of the unscientific status of the dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members . In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism , and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes : - Alpha alcoholism : the earliest stage of the disease , manifesting the purely psychological continual dependence on the effects of alcohol to relieve bodily or emotional pain . This is the problem drinker , whose drinking creates social and personal problems . Whilst there are significant social and personal problems , these people can stop if they really want to ; thus , argued Jellinek , they have not lost control , and as a consequence , do not have a disease . - Beta alcoholism : polyneuropathy , or cirrhosis of the liver from alcohol without physical or psychological dependence . These are the heavy drinkers that drink a lot , almost every day . They do not have physical addiction and do not suffer withdrawal symptoms . This group do not have a disease . - Gamma alcoholism : involving acquired tissue tolerance , physical dependence , and loss of control . This is the AA alcoholic , who is very much out of control , and does , by Jellineks classification , have a disease . - Delta alcoholism : as in Gamma alcoholism , but with inability to abstain , instead of loss of control . - Epsilon alcoholism : the most advanced stage of the disease , manifesting as dipsomania , or periodic alcoholism . The Jellinek curve is derived from this classification of Jellinek , and it was named out of respect for Jellinek’s work . Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this charts representations ; however it is still known as the Jellinek curve . Recognition of placebo effect . In post-war 1946 , various pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply for making medicines . A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy’s three constituent chemicals was running out . They asked Jellinek , then at Yale , to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug’s efficacy in any way . Jellinek set up a complex trial – with 199 subjects , divided randomly into four test groups – involving various permutations of the three drug constituents , with a placebo as a scientific control . Each group took a test remedy for two weeks at a time . The trial lasted eight weeks , by the end of which each group had taken each of the test drugs , albeit in a different sequence . Over the entire population of 199 subjects , 120 of the subjects ( ~60% ) responded to the placebo , and 79 did not . The trial also demonstrated that the chemical in question significantly contributed to the remedys efficacy . In the process of examining the data produced by his trial , Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not . He ( 1946 , p . 90 ) described the former group as being reactors to placebo , and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either placebo reactions or placebo responses . Jellinek Award . The Jellinek Memorial Award , or Jellinek Award , is an award presented annually by the Jellinek Memorial Fund in Jellineks honor . It is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to research on alcohol or alcoholism . Winners receive a cash prize of $5,000 USD , as well as a bust of Jellinek with a personalized inscription . Selected publications . - Haggard , H . W . & Jellinek , E . M. , Alcohol Explored , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. , ( Garden City ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . ( ed ) , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism , Yale University Press , ( New Haven ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . Clinical Tests on Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesic Drugs , Biometrics Bulletin , Vol.2 , No.5 , ( October 1946 ) , pp . 87–91 . - Jellinek , E . M. , Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics : Analysis of a Survey Conducted by the Official Organ of Alcoholics Anonymous , Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , Vol.7 , ( 1946 ) , pp . 1–88 . - Jellinek , E . M. , The Disease Concept of Alcoholism , Hillhouse , ( New Haven ) , 1960 .
|
[
"University of Leipzig"
] |
easy
|
Which school did E. Morton Jellinek go to from Nov 1911 to Dec 1914?
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/wiki/E._Morton_Jellinek#P69#2
|
E . Morton Jellinek Elvin Morton Bunky Jellinek ( 15 August 1890 – 22 October 1963 ) , E . Morton Jellinek , or most often , E . M . Jellinek , was a biostatistician , physiologist , and an alcoholism researcher , fluent in nine languages and able to communicate in four others . The son of Markus Erwin Marcel Jellinek ( 1858-1939 ) and Rose Jellinek ( 1867-1966 ) , née Jacobson ( a.k.a . the opera singer Marcella Lindh ) , he was born in New York City and died at the desk of his study at Stanford University on 22 October 1963 . Academic career . Jellinek studied biostatistics and physiology at the University of Berlin from 1908 to 1910 . He then studied philosophy , philology , anthropology , and theology for two years at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble . He was also enrolled , apparently concurrently , at the University of Leipzig from 25 November 1911 to 29 July 1913 , and from 22 November 1913 to 2 December 1914 for classes in languages , linguistics and cultural history . During the 1920s , he conducted research in Sierra Leone and at Tela , Honduras . In the 1930s he returned to the U.S.A . and worked at the Worcester State Hospital , Worcester , Massachusetts , from whence he was commissioned to conduct a study for the Research Council on Problems of Alcohol . The eventual outcome of his study was the 1942 book , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism . From 1941 to 1952 , he was Associate Professor of Applied Physiology at Yale University . In 1941 he was managing editor of the newly established Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol ( now the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ) . In 1950 he was engaged by the World Health Organization in Geneva as a consultant on alcoholism , and made significant contributions to the work of the Alcoholism Sub-committee of the W.H.O.s Expert Committee on Mental Health . The Second Report of the Alcoholism Subcommittee , published in August 1952 , have reproduced in its 2nd Annex , the text of an important communication that Jellinek gave to the first European Seminar on Alcoholism in Copenhagen in October 1951 . In that conference , he exposed his work on the Phases of alcoholic addiction and he presented a detailed Chart ( page 30 ) exposing the progressive nature of alcoholism . That chart is considered as the 1st version of the future Jellineks Curve that some other people will eventually draw from his work . Upon his retirement from the W.H.O . in the late 1950s , he returned to the USA . In 1958 he joined the Psychiatry Schools of both the University of Toronto and the University of Alberta , and in 1962 , he moved to Stanford University in California , where he remained until his death . Works . Addiction researcher Griffith Edwards ( 2002 , p . 98 ) holds that , in his opinion , Jellineks The Disease Concept of Alcoholism was a work of outstanding scholarship based on a careful consideration of the available evidence . Disease concept of alcoholism . In 1849 , the Swedish Physician Magnus Huss ( 1807–1890 ) was the first to systematically classify the damage that was attributable to alcohol ingestion . Huss coined the term alcoholism and used it to label what he considered to be a chronic , relapsing disease . Jellinek coined the expression the disease concept of alcoholism , and significantly accelerated the movement towards the medicalization of drunkenness and alcohol habituation . Jellinek’s initial 1946 study was funded by Marty Mann and R . Brinkley Smithers ( Falcone , 2003 ) . It was based on a narrow , selective study of a hand-picked group of members of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) who had returned a self-reporting questionnaire . Valverde opines that a biostatistician of Jellinek’s eminence would have been only too well aware of the unscientific status of the dubiously scientific data that had been collected by AA members . In his 1960 book he identified five different types of alcoholism , and defined them in terms of their abnormal physiological processes : - Alpha alcoholism : the earliest stage of the disease , manifesting the purely psychological continual dependence on the effects of alcohol to relieve bodily or emotional pain . This is the problem drinker , whose drinking creates social and personal problems . Whilst there are significant social and personal problems , these people can stop if they really want to ; thus , argued Jellinek , they have not lost control , and as a consequence , do not have a disease . - Beta alcoholism : polyneuropathy , or cirrhosis of the liver from alcohol without physical or psychological dependence . These are the heavy drinkers that drink a lot , almost every day . They do not have physical addiction and do not suffer withdrawal symptoms . This group do not have a disease . - Gamma alcoholism : involving acquired tissue tolerance , physical dependence , and loss of control . This is the AA alcoholic , who is very much out of control , and does , by Jellineks classification , have a disease . - Delta alcoholism : as in Gamma alcoholism , but with inability to abstain , instead of loss of control . - Epsilon alcoholism : the most advanced stage of the disease , manifesting as dipsomania , or periodic alcoholism . The Jellinek curve is derived from this classification of Jellinek , and it was named out of respect for Jellinek’s work . Jellinek later completely dissociated himself from this charts representations ; however it is still known as the Jellinek curve . Recognition of placebo effect . In post-war 1946 , various pharmaceutical chemicals were in short supply for making medicines . A headache remedy manufacturer found that supplies of one of its remedy’s three constituent chemicals was running out . They asked Jellinek , then at Yale , to test whether the absence of that particular chemical would affect the drug’s efficacy in any way . Jellinek set up a complex trial – with 199 subjects , divided randomly into four test groups – involving various permutations of the three drug constituents , with a placebo as a scientific control . Each group took a test remedy for two weeks at a time . The trial lasted eight weeks , by the end of which each group had taken each of the test drugs , albeit in a different sequence . Over the entire population of 199 subjects , 120 of the subjects ( ~60% ) responded to the placebo , and 79 did not . The trial also demonstrated that the chemical in question significantly contributed to the remedys efficacy . In the process of examining the data produced by his trial , Jellinek discovered that there was a significant difference in responses to the active chemicals between the 120 who had responded to the placebo and the 79 who did not . He ( 1946 , p . 90 ) described the former group as being reactors to placebo , and this seems to be the first time that anyone had spoken of either placebo reactions or placebo responses . Jellinek Award . The Jellinek Memorial Award , or Jellinek Award , is an award presented annually by the Jellinek Memorial Fund in Jellineks honor . It is given to a scientist who has made an outstanding contribution to research on alcohol or alcoholism . Winners receive a cash prize of $5,000 USD , as well as a bust of Jellinek with a personalized inscription . Selected publications . - Haggard , H . W . & Jellinek , E . M. , Alcohol Explored , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. , ( Garden City ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . ( ed ) , Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism , Yale University Press , ( New Haven ) , 1942 . - Jellinek , E . M . Clinical Tests on Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesic Drugs , Biometrics Bulletin , Vol.2 , No.5 , ( October 1946 ) , pp . 87–91 . - Jellinek , E . M. , Phases in the Drinking History of Alcoholics : Analysis of a Survey Conducted by the Official Organ of Alcoholics Anonymous , Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol , Vol.7 , ( 1946 ) , pp . 1–88 . - Jellinek , E . M. , The Disease Concept of Alcoholism , Hillhouse , ( New Haven ) , 1960 .
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[
"the London and South Western Railway network"
] |
easy
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What operated LSWR L12 class from 1904 to Dec 1922?
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/wiki/LSWR_L12_class#P137#0
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LSWR L12 class The London and South Western Railway L12 class was a class of 20 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for express passenger work by Dugald Drummond . They were introduced to the London and South Western Railway network in 1904 . Despite the class being an unremarkable continuation of the Drummond lineage , one member was involved in the infamous Salisbury rail crash in June 1906 . None of the class survived into preservation after their brief career in British Railways ownership . Background . In 1904 , the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent , Dugald Drummond , was tasked by his superiors to analyse the possibility of an updated version of his successful T9 class 4-4-0 . With open competition against the Great Western Railway in earning revenue from ocean-going traffic in the south-west of England at Plymouth , there was a need for a new design of powerful locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads at high speeds . This furthermore provided Drummond with the chance to take advantage of various advances in locomotive technology that had accumulated in the five years since the release of the T9 . Construction history . The last in an unbroken lineage of Drummond 4-4-0s stretching back to his unsuccessful C8 Class of 1898 , the L12 continued the tradition of solid construction and robust operation . Drummond took the decision to construct a further new class of 20 4-4-0s as part of the competition between the LSWR and GWR regarding boat trains to Plymouth harbour . Once again , the L12 followed the example of the Class S11 in incorporating the same frames as the T9 . The major design difference between this and the Class S11 was the fact that the driving wheels seen on the T9 were reinstated for fast running on the LSWR main line . The boiler was also similar to that of the T9s , capped off with a dome and stovepipe chimney , though the smokebox was of a smaller design in comparison due to the initial lack of superheating . The locomotive was fitted with cross-water tubes fitted into the firebox , as featured on the T9 Class . This was an attempt to increase the heat surface area of the water , which was achieved , though at a cost in boiler complexity . The new locomotive had a higher centre of gravity than the earlier T9 class , which would cause the locomotive to become unbalanced on curves at speed , and this would have fatal consequences later on . One major modification was made by Robert Urie , who exchanged the saturated steam boilers for the superheated variety , resulting in an enlarged smokebox when compared to that fitted on the S11 Class . At the same time , the addition of the superheater header and associated tubes meant that the overall weight was increased by from . Production of the class began at Nine Elms in 1904 , with all members of the class were fitted with the Drummond watercart eight-wheel tender for longer running on the LSWR network . Operational details . The class gained the nickname Bulldogs from their crews due to their butch appearance . The L12s were initially rostered to Nine Elms , Bournemouth and Salisbury , where they worked the LSWR system on express passenger trains . It was at Salisbury that the class gained an infamous reputation , as number 421 was involved in the Salisbury high speed derailment of 10 June 1906 , resulting in 28 fatalities . The express was heading to London Waterloo from Plymouth , and failed to round a curve at the eastern end of Salisbury station , and subsequently derailed . The resultant inquiry into the incident ended the ruthless competition between the LSWR and GWR for Plymouth boat traffic . The class was later also shedded at Exmouth Junction where they shared the Ocean Liner special expresses to and from Plymouth with the S11 class . Although the class was relatively well received by locomotive crews , there was no discernible improvement over the T9s it was supposed to develop from , and as such , led uneventful careers after the accident of 1906 . They began to be withdrawn soon after Nationalisation in 1948 , by which time the class were used for local freight working on rural lines . The last of the class was struck off in 1951 , ending its life on pick-up/set down goods trains on the Meon Valley Railway . None survived for preservation . Accidents and incidents . On 1 July 1906 , locomotive No . 421 was one of two locomotives hauling a boat train that was derailed at , Wiltshire due to excessive speed on a curve . Twenty-eight people were killed and eleven were injured . Livery and numbering . LSWR and Southern . Under the LSWR , the locomotives were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging , creating panels of green . This was further lined in white and black with LSWR in gilt on the tender tank sides . When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923 , the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsells darker version of the LSWR livery . The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with Southern on the water tank sides . The locomotives also featured black and white lining . However , despite Bulleids experimentation with Malachite Green livery on express passenger locomotive , the Maunsell livery was continued with the S11s , though the Southern lettering on the tender was changed to the Sunshine Yellow style . During the Second World War , members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black , and some of the class retained this livery to Nationalisation . Post-1948 ( nationalisation ) . Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern Wartime Black livery with British Railways on the tender , and an S prefix on the number , until superseded by the Standard BR 30xxx series . Latterly , the class was outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black livery , with red and white lining . The BR crest was placed on the tender tank sides . External links . - SEMG gallery
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[
"Southern Railway"
] |
easy
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What was the operator of LSWR L12 class from 1923 to Dec 1947?
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/wiki/LSWR_L12_class#P137#1
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LSWR L12 class The London and South Western Railway L12 class was a class of 20 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for express passenger work by Dugald Drummond . They were introduced to the London and South Western Railway network in 1904 . Despite the class being an unremarkable continuation of the Drummond lineage , one member was involved in the infamous Salisbury rail crash in June 1906 . None of the class survived into preservation after their brief career in British Railways ownership . Background . In 1904 , the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent , Dugald Drummond , was tasked by his superiors to analyse the possibility of an updated version of his successful T9 class 4-4-0 . With open competition against the Great Western Railway in earning revenue from ocean-going traffic in the south-west of England at Plymouth , there was a need for a new design of powerful locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads at high speeds . This furthermore provided Drummond with the chance to take advantage of various advances in locomotive technology that had accumulated in the five years since the release of the T9 . Construction history . The last in an unbroken lineage of Drummond 4-4-0s stretching back to his unsuccessful C8 Class of 1898 , the L12 continued the tradition of solid construction and robust operation . Drummond took the decision to construct a further new class of 20 4-4-0s as part of the competition between the LSWR and GWR regarding boat trains to Plymouth harbour . Once again , the L12 followed the example of the Class S11 in incorporating the same frames as the T9 . The major design difference between this and the Class S11 was the fact that the driving wheels seen on the T9 were reinstated for fast running on the LSWR main line . The boiler was also similar to that of the T9s , capped off with a dome and stovepipe chimney , though the smokebox was of a smaller design in comparison due to the initial lack of superheating . The locomotive was fitted with cross-water tubes fitted into the firebox , as featured on the T9 Class . This was an attempt to increase the heat surface area of the water , which was achieved , though at a cost in boiler complexity . The new locomotive had a higher centre of gravity than the earlier T9 class , which would cause the locomotive to become unbalanced on curves at speed , and this would have fatal consequences later on . One major modification was made by Robert Urie , who exchanged the saturated steam boilers for the superheated variety , resulting in an enlarged smokebox when compared to that fitted on the S11 Class . At the same time , the addition of the superheater header and associated tubes meant that the overall weight was increased by from . Production of the class began at Nine Elms in 1904 , with all members of the class were fitted with the Drummond watercart eight-wheel tender for longer running on the LSWR network . Operational details . The class gained the nickname Bulldogs from their crews due to their butch appearance . The L12s were initially rostered to Nine Elms , Bournemouth and Salisbury , where they worked the LSWR system on express passenger trains . It was at Salisbury that the class gained an infamous reputation , as number 421 was involved in the Salisbury high speed derailment of 10 June 1906 , resulting in 28 fatalities . The express was heading to London Waterloo from Plymouth , and failed to round a curve at the eastern end of Salisbury station , and subsequently derailed . The resultant inquiry into the incident ended the ruthless competition between the LSWR and GWR for Plymouth boat traffic . The class was later also shedded at Exmouth Junction where they shared the Ocean Liner special expresses to and from Plymouth with the S11 class . Although the class was relatively well received by locomotive crews , there was no discernible improvement over the T9s it was supposed to develop from , and as such , led uneventful careers after the accident of 1906 . They began to be withdrawn soon after Nationalisation in 1948 , by which time the class were used for local freight working on rural lines . The last of the class was struck off in 1951 , ending its life on pick-up/set down goods trains on the Meon Valley Railway . None survived for preservation . Accidents and incidents . On 1 July 1906 , locomotive No . 421 was one of two locomotives hauling a boat train that was derailed at , Wiltshire due to excessive speed on a curve . Twenty-eight people were killed and eleven were injured . Livery and numbering . LSWR and Southern . Under the LSWR , the locomotives were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging , creating panels of green . This was further lined in white and black with LSWR in gilt on the tender tank sides . When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923 , the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsells darker version of the LSWR livery . The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with Southern on the water tank sides . The locomotives also featured black and white lining . However , despite Bulleids experimentation with Malachite Green livery on express passenger locomotive , the Maunsell livery was continued with the S11s , though the Southern lettering on the tender was changed to the Sunshine Yellow style . During the Second World War , members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black , and some of the class retained this livery to Nationalisation . Post-1948 ( nationalisation ) . Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern Wartime Black livery with British Railways on the tender , and an S prefix on the number , until superseded by the Standard BR 30xxx series . Latterly , the class was outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black livery , with red and white lining . The BR crest was placed on the tender tank sides . External links . - SEMG gallery
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[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of LSWR L12 class from 1948 to 1955?
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/wiki/LSWR_L12_class#P137#2
|
LSWR L12 class The London and South Western Railway L12 class was a class of 20 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for express passenger work by Dugald Drummond . They were introduced to the London and South Western Railway network in 1904 . Despite the class being an unremarkable continuation of the Drummond lineage , one member was involved in the infamous Salisbury rail crash in June 1906 . None of the class survived into preservation after their brief career in British Railways ownership . Background . In 1904 , the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent , Dugald Drummond , was tasked by his superiors to analyse the possibility of an updated version of his successful T9 class 4-4-0 . With open competition against the Great Western Railway in earning revenue from ocean-going traffic in the south-west of England at Plymouth , there was a need for a new design of powerful locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads at high speeds . This furthermore provided Drummond with the chance to take advantage of various advances in locomotive technology that had accumulated in the five years since the release of the T9 . Construction history . The last in an unbroken lineage of Drummond 4-4-0s stretching back to his unsuccessful C8 Class of 1898 , the L12 continued the tradition of solid construction and robust operation . Drummond took the decision to construct a further new class of 20 4-4-0s as part of the competition between the LSWR and GWR regarding boat trains to Plymouth harbour . Once again , the L12 followed the example of the Class S11 in incorporating the same frames as the T9 . The major design difference between this and the Class S11 was the fact that the driving wheels seen on the T9 were reinstated for fast running on the LSWR main line . The boiler was also similar to that of the T9s , capped off with a dome and stovepipe chimney , though the smokebox was of a smaller design in comparison due to the initial lack of superheating . The locomotive was fitted with cross-water tubes fitted into the firebox , as featured on the T9 Class . This was an attempt to increase the heat surface area of the water , which was achieved , though at a cost in boiler complexity . The new locomotive had a higher centre of gravity than the earlier T9 class , which would cause the locomotive to become unbalanced on curves at speed , and this would have fatal consequences later on . One major modification was made by Robert Urie , who exchanged the saturated steam boilers for the superheated variety , resulting in an enlarged smokebox when compared to that fitted on the S11 Class . At the same time , the addition of the superheater header and associated tubes meant that the overall weight was increased by from . Production of the class began at Nine Elms in 1904 , with all members of the class were fitted with the Drummond watercart eight-wheel tender for longer running on the LSWR network . Operational details . The class gained the nickname Bulldogs from their crews due to their butch appearance . The L12s were initially rostered to Nine Elms , Bournemouth and Salisbury , where they worked the LSWR system on express passenger trains . It was at Salisbury that the class gained an infamous reputation , as number 421 was involved in the Salisbury high speed derailment of 10 June 1906 , resulting in 28 fatalities . The express was heading to London Waterloo from Plymouth , and failed to round a curve at the eastern end of Salisbury station , and subsequently derailed . The resultant inquiry into the incident ended the ruthless competition between the LSWR and GWR for Plymouth boat traffic . The class was later also shedded at Exmouth Junction where they shared the Ocean Liner special expresses to and from Plymouth with the S11 class . Although the class was relatively well received by locomotive crews , there was no discernible improvement over the T9s it was supposed to develop from , and as such , led uneventful careers after the accident of 1906 . They began to be withdrawn soon after Nationalisation in 1948 , by which time the class were used for local freight working on rural lines . The last of the class was struck off in 1951 , ending its life on pick-up/set down goods trains on the Meon Valley Railway . None survived for preservation . Accidents and incidents . On 1 July 1906 , locomotive No . 421 was one of two locomotives hauling a boat train that was derailed at , Wiltshire due to excessive speed on a curve . Twenty-eight people were killed and eleven were injured . Livery and numbering . LSWR and Southern . Under the LSWR , the locomotives were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging , creating panels of green . This was further lined in white and black with LSWR in gilt on the tender tank sides . When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923 , the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsells darker version of the LSWR livery . The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with Southern on the water tank sides . The locomotives also featured black and white lining . However , despite Bulleids experimentation with Malachite Green livery on express passenger locomotive , the Maunsell livery was continued with the S11s , though the Southern lettering on the tender was changed to the Sunshine Yellow style . During the Second World War , members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black , and some of the class retained this livery to Nationalisation . Post-1948 ( nationalisation ) . Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern Wartime Black livery with British Railways on the tender , and an S prefix on the number , until superseded by the Standard BR 30xxx series . Latterly , the class was outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black livery , with red and white lining . The BR crest was placed on the tender tank sides . External links . - SEMG gallery
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[
"Sterling Hayden"
] |
easy
|
Who was Madeleine Carroll 's spouse from 1942 to 1946?
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/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll#P26#0
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Madeleine Carroll Edith Madeleine Carroll ( 26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987 ) was an English actress , popular both in Britain and America in the 1930s and 1940s . At the peak of her success in 1938 , she was the worlds highest-paid actress . Carroll is remembered for her role in Alfred Hitchcocks The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) . She is also noted for largely abandoning her acting career after the death of her sister Marguerite in the London Blitz to devote herself to helping wounded servicemen and children displaced or maimed by the war . She was awarded both the Legion dHonneur and the Medal of Freedom for her work with the Red Cross . Early life . Carroll was born at 32 Herbert Street ( now number 44 ) in West Bromwich , Staffordshire , daughter of John Carroll , an Irish professor of languages from County Limerick , and Helene , his French wife . She graduated from the University of Birmingham , with a B.A . degree in languages . While at university she appeared in some productions for the Birmingham University Dramatic Society . She was a French mistress at a girls school in Hove for a year . Acting career . Early years . Carrolls father opposed her taking up acting , but with her mother’s support she quit teaching and traveled to London to look for stage work . She had won a beauty contest , and got a job in Seymour Hicks touring company , making her stage debut in 1927 in The Lash . The following year she made her screen debut in The Guns of Loos , and then starred alongside Miles Mander in The First Born , written by Alma Reville . Thence she met Revilles husband , Alfred Hitchcock . Film stardom . Carroll was the lead in her second film , What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) with Humberston Wright . She followed it with The First Born ( 1928 ) with Miles Mander , which really established her in films . Carroll went to France to make Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) . Back in Britain she starred in The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) and The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) , both shot in silent and sound versions . In 1930 , she starred in Atlantic , then co-starred with Brian Aherne in The W Plan ( 1930 ) . In France she was in Instinct ( 1930 ) . On stage , Carroll appeared in The Roof ( 1929 ) for Basil Dean , The Constant Nymph , Mr Pickwick ( opposite Charles Laughton ) and an adaptation of Beau Geste . The same year , Carroll starred in the controversial Young Woodley ( 1930 ) , followed by a farce , French Leave ( 1930 ) . She had a support role in an early adaptation of Escape ( 1930 ) and was the female lead in The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) and Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) . Carroll starred as a French aristocrat in Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) with Aherne , then did another with Mander , Fascination ( 1931 ) . She was in The Written Law ( 1931 ) , then signed a contract with Gaumont British for whom she made Sleeping Car ( 1932 ) with Ivor Novello . She had a big hit with I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) , which won her an award as best actress of the year . It was directed by Victor Saville . Carroll played the title role in the play Little Catherine . Abruptly , she announced plans to retire from films to devote herself to a private life with her husband , the first of four . Carroll went to Hollywood to appear in The World Moves On ( 1934 ) for Fox ; John Ford directed and Franchot Tone co starred . Back in England she was in The Dictator ( 1935 ) for Saville , playing Caroline Matilda of Great Britain . Hitchcock . Carroll attracted the attention of Alfred Hitchcock and in 1935 starred as one of the directors earliest prototypical cool , glib , intelligent blondes in The 39 Steps . Based on the espionage novel by John Buchan , the film became a sensation and with it so did Carroll . Cited by The New York Times for a performance that was charming and skillful , Carroll became very much in demand . Of Hitchcock heroines as exemplified by Carroll , film critic Roger Ebert wrote : The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again : They were blonde . They were icy and remote . They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism . They mesmerised the men , who often had physical or psychological handicaps . Sooner or later , every Hitchcock woman was humiliated . The director wanted to re-team Carroll with her 39 Steps co-star Robert Donat the following year in Secret Agent , a spy thriller based on a work by W . Somerset Maugham . However , Donats recurring health problems intervened , resulting in a Carroll–John Gielgud pairing . In between the films she made a short drama The Story of Papworth ( 1935 ) . Hollywood . Poised for international stardom , Carroll was the first British beauty to be offered a major American film contract . She accepted a lucrative deal with Paramount Pictures and was cast opposite George Brent in The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) . She followed this with The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) , and was borrowed by 20th Century Fox to play the female lead in Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) which made a star of Tyrone Power . She stayed at the studio to make On the Avenue ( 1937 ) , a musical with Dick Powell and Alice Faye . Carroll went to Columbia for Its All Yours ( 1937 ) then was cast by David O . Selznick as Ronald Colmans love interest in the 1937 box-office success The Prisoner of Zenda . Walter Wanger put her in Blockade ( 1938 ) with Henry Fonda , about the Spanish Civil War . Back at Paramount she made some comedies with Fred MacMurray , Cafe Society ( 1939 ) and Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) . Edward Small gave her top billing in My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) with Aherne . She starred in Safari ( 1940 ) then played against Cooper again in North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . Paramount put Carroll opposite MacMurray in Virginia ( 1941 ) and One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) . Virginia also starred Sterling Hayden who was reteamed with Carroll in Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) . Carroll was Bob Hopes love interest in My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) . Radio . On radio , Carroll was a participant in The Circle ( 1939 ) on NBC , discussing current events , literature and drama each week . In 1944 , she was the host of This Is the Story , an anthology series dramatising famous novels on the Mutual Broadcasting System . At the tail end of radios golden age , Carroll starred in the NBC soap opera The Affairs of Dr . Gentry ( 1957-59 ) . She also was one of a group of four stars who rotated in taking the lead in each weeks episode of The NBC Radio Theater ( 1959 ) . Return to Britain . Carroll returned to Britain after the war . She was in White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) . She went back to the US and was reunited with MacMurray for An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) . Her last film was The Fan ( 1949 ) . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Carroll was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6707 Hollywood Boulevard . A commemorative monument and plaques were unveiled in her birthplace , West Bromwich , to mark the centenary of her birth . Her story is one of rare courage and dedication when at the height of her success she gave up her acting career during World War II to work in the line of fire on troop trains for the Red Cross in Italy after her sister was killed by a German air raid – for which she was awarded the American Medal of Freedom . She was also awarded the Legion of Honour by France for her tireless work in fostering relations postwar amity between France and the United States . Personal life . Carroll married her first husband , Colonel Philip Reginald Astley , in 1931 ; they divorced in 1939 . He was an estate agent , big-game hunter and soldier . In 1941 , she starred opposite Sterling Hayden in Virginia . The following year they married , divorcing in 1946 . After her only sister , Marguerite , was killed in World War IIs London Blitz , Carroll made a radical shift from acting to working in field hospitals as a Red Cross nurse . Having become a naturalised US citizen in 1943 , she served at the American Army Air Forces 61st Station Hospital in Foggia , Italy , in 1944 , where wounded airmen flying out of areas air bases were hospitalised . She earned the rank of captain and received the Medal of Freedom for her nursing service . Carroll first visited Spains Costa Brava in 1934 . The following year she bought an estate in Calonge , where her seaside home , Castell Madeleine , was constructed . She was prevented from living there by World War II and , later , by the Spanish Civil War , and moved to Marbella in 1949 . The home was later demolished , leaving one tower intact , and a housing development named after it ( Urbanización Castell Madeleine ) . During the war , Carroll donated another property of hers , a château she owned outside Paris , to house more than one hundred and fifty orphans , arranging for groups of young people in California to knit clothing for them . In a RKO-Pathe News bulletin she was filmed at the château with children and staff wearing the donated clothes thanking those who contributed . She was awarded the Légion dHonneur for her efforts by France . Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower remarked in private that , of all the movie stars he met in Europe during the war , he was most impressed with Carroll and Herbert Marshall ( who worked with military amputees ) . After the war , Carroll stayed in Europe where she conducted a radio program fostering French-American friendship and helped in the rehabilitation of concentration camp victims , during which she met her future third husband , the French producer Henri Lavorel . In late 1946 , she went briefly to Switzerland to film a British film , White Cradle Inn ( aka High Fury ) . On her return to Paris , she and Lavorel formed a production company and made several two-reel documentaries to promote peace , one of which , Childrens Republic , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival . Carroll told the Christian Science Monitor that wars are started at the top but can be prevented at the bottom , if all men and women will rid themselves of distrust and suspicion of that which is foreign . Filmed in a small orphanage in the town of Sèvres , just southwest of Paris , it focused attention on the devastation of childrens lives in Europe caused by war . Widely shown in Canada , it became a prime source of funds for the manufacture of artificial limbs for wounded children . In 1947 , Carroll returned to the US together with Lavorel . Their intention was for her to resume her acting career , which would fund their production company , but they soon separated . Appearing in three more films until 1949 and debuting on Broadway in 1948 , Carroll then mostly retired from acting , although she did occasionally appear on television and radio until the mid-1960s . She married Andrew Heiskell , publisher of Life , in 1950 , and they had a daughter Anne Madeleine in 1951 . They divorced in 1965 . By then , Carroll had moved to Paris . She later moved to Spain , where she shared an estate with her mother and her daughter . Her mother died in 1975 and her daughter , having relocated to New York , died in 1983 . Death . Carroll died on 2 October 1987 , aged 81 , in Marbella , Spain , from pancreatic cancer and is buried in the cemetery of Sant Antoni de Calonge in Catalonia . Filmography . - The Guns of Loos ( 1928 ) as Diana Cheswick - What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) as Rhoda Pearson - The First Born ( 1928 ) as Lady Madeleine Boycott - Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) - The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) as Joan Easton - The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) as Grace Malherb - Atlantic ( 1929 ) as Monica - The W Plan ( 1930 ) as Rosa Hartmann - Instinct ( 1930 ) - Young Woodley ( 1930 ) as Laura Simmons - French Leave ( 1930 ) as Mlle . Juliette / Dorothy Glenister - Escape ( 1930 ) as Dora - The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) as Lady Teazle - Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) as Lady Molly Adair - Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) as Lucille de Choisigne - Fascination ( 1931 ) as Gwenda Farrell - The Written Law ( 1931 ) as Lady Margaret Rochester - Sleeping Car ( 1933 ) as Anne - I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) as Martha Cnockhaert - The World Moves On ( 1934 ) as Mrs . Warburton , 1825 / Mary Warburton Girard , 1914 - The Dictator ( 1935 ) as Queen Caroline Mathilde of Denmark - The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) as Pamela - The Story of Papworth , the Village of Hope ( 1935 , short ) as The Introducer - Secret Agent ( 1936 ) as Elsa Carrington - The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) as Hope Ames - The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) as Judy Perrie - Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) as Lady Elizabeth - On the Avenue ( 1937 ) as Mimi Caraway - Its All Yours ( 1937 ) as Linda Gray - The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) as Princess Flavia - Blockade ( 1938 ) as Norma - Cafe Society ( 1939 ) as Christopher West - Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) as Gail Allen - My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) as Livia Vaynol - Safari ( 1940 ) as Linda Stewart - Northwest Mounted Police ( 1940 ) as April Logan - Virginia ( 1941 ) as Charlotte Dunterry - One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Leonora Perrycoate - Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) as Carol Delbridge - My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) as Karen Bentley - White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) as Magda - An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) as Paula Doane - The Fan ( 1949 ) as Mrs . Erlynne External links . - Madeleine Carroll biography and filmography at Screenonline.org.uk - BBC : Bid to honour film star war nurse - Madeleine Carroll – Official Tribute Website - Photographs of Madeleine Carroll
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[
"Henri Lavorel"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Madeleine Carroll from 1946 to 1949?
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/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll#P26#1
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Madeleine Carroll Edith Madeleine Carroll ( 26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987 ) was an English actress , popular both in Britain and America in the 1930s and 1940s . At the peak of her success in 1938 , she was the worlds highest-paid actress . Carroll is remembered for her role in Alfred Hitchcocks The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) . She is also noted for largely abandoning her acting career after the death of her sister Marguerite in the London Blitz to devote herself to helping wounded servicemen and children displaced or maimed by the war . She was awarded both the Legion dHonneur and the Medal of Freedom for her work with the Red Cross . Early life . Carroll was born at 32 Herbert Street ( now number 44 ) in West Bromwich , Staffordshire , daughter of John Carroll , an Irish professor of languages from County Limerick , and Helene , his French wife . She graduated from the University of Birmingham , with a B.A . degree in languages . While at university she appeared in some productions for the Birmingham University Dramatic Society . She was a French mistress at a girls school in Hove for a year . Acting career . Early years . Carrolls father opposed her taking up acting , but with her mother’s support she quit teaching and traveled to London to look for stage work . She had won a beauty contest , and got a job in Seymour Hicks touring company , making her stage debut in 1927 in The Lash . The following year she made her screen debut in The Guns of Loos , and then starred alongside Miles Mander in The First Born , written by Alma Reville . Thence she met Revilles husband , Alfred Hitchcock . Film stardom . Carroll was the lead in her second film , What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) with Humberston Wright . She followed it with The First Born ( 1928 ) with Miles Mander , which really established her in films . Carroll went to France to make Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) . Back in Britain she starred in The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) and The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) , both shot in silent and sound versions . In 1930 , she starred in Atlantic , then co-starred with Brian Aherne in The W Plan ( 1930 ) . In France she was in Instinct ( 1930 ) . On stage , Carroll appeared in The Roof ( 1929 ) for Basil Dean , The Constant Nymph , Mr Pickwick ( opposite Charles Laughton ) and an adaptation of Beau Geste . The same year , Carroll starred in the controversial Young Woodley ( 1930 ) , followed by a farce , French Leave ( 1930 ) . She had a support role in an early adaptation of Escape ( 1930 ) and was the female lead in The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) and Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) . Carroll starred as a French aristocrat in Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) with Aherne , then did another with Mander , Fascination ( 1931 ) . She was in The Written Law ( 1931 ) , then signed a contract with Gaumont British for whom she made Sleeping Car ( 1932 ) with Ivor Novello . She had a big hit with I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) , which won her an award as best actress of the year . It was directed by Victor Saville . Carroll played the title role in the play Little Catherine . Abruptly , she announced plans to retire from films to devote herself to a private life with her husband , the first of four . Carroll went to Hollywood to appear in The World Moves On ( 1934 ) for Fox ; John Ford directed and Franchot Tone co starred . Back in England she was in The Dictator ( 1935 ) for Saville , playing Caroline Matilda of Great Britain . Hitchcock . Carroll attracted the attention of Alfred Hitchcock and in 1935 starred as one of the directors earliest prototypical cool , glib , intelligent blondes in The 39 Steps . Based on the espionage novel by John Buchan , the film became a sensation and with it so did Carroll . Cited by The New York Times for a performance that was charming and skillful , Carroll became very much in demand . Of Hitchcock heroines as exemplified by Carroll , film critic Roger Ebert wrote : The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again : They were blonde . They were icy and remote . They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism . They mesmerised the men , who often had physical or psychological handicaps . Sooner or later , every Hitchcock woman was humiliated . The director wanted to re-team Carroll with her 39 Steps co-star Robert Donat the following year in Secret Agent , a spy thriller based on a work by W . Somerset Maugham . However , Donats recurring health problems intervened , resulting in a Carroll–John Gielgud pairing . In between the films she made a short drama The Story of Papworth ( 1935 ) . Hollywood . Poised for international stardom , Carroll was the first British beauty to be offered a major American film contract . She accepted a lucrative deal with Paramount Pictures and was cast opposite George Brent in The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) . She followed this with The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) , and was borrowed by 20th Century Fox to play the female lead in Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) which made a star of Tyrone Power . She stayed at the studio to make On the Avenue ( 1937 ) , a musical with Dick Powell and Alice Faye . Carroll went to Columbia for Its All Yours ( 1937 ) then was cast by David O . Selznick as Ronald Colmans love interest in the 1937 box-office success The Prisoner of Zenda . Walter Wanger put her in Blockade ( 1938 ) with Henry Fonda , about the Spanish Civil War . Back at Paramount she made some comedies with Fred MacMurray , Cafe Society ( 1939 ) and Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) . Edward Small gave her top billing in My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) with Aherne . She starred in Safari ( 1940 ) then played against Cooper again in North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . Paramount put Carroll opposite MacMurray in Virginia ( 1941 ) and One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) . Virginia also starred Sterling Hayden who was reteamed with Carroll in Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) . Carroll was Bob Hopes love interest in My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) . Radio . On radio , Carroll was a participant in The Circle ( 1939 ) on NBC , discussing current events , literature and drama each week . In 1944 , she was the host of This Is the Story , an anthology series dramatising famous novels on the Mutual Broadcasting System . At the tail end of radios golden age , Carroll starred in the NBC soap opera The Affairs of Dr . Gentry ( 1957-59 ) . She also was one of a group of four stars who rotated in taking the lead in each weeks episode of The NBC Radio Theater ( 1959 ) . Return to Britain . Carroll returned to Britain after the war . She was in White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) . She went back to the US and was reunited with MacMurray for An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) . Her last film was The Fan ( 1949 ) . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Carroll was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6707 Hollywood Boulevard . A commemorative monument and plaques were unveiled in her birthplace , West Bromwich , to mark the centenary of her birth . Her story is one of rare courage and dedication when at the height of her success she gave up her acting career during World War II to work in the line of fire on troop trains for the Red Cross in Italy after her sister was killed by a German air raid – for which she was awarded the American Medal of Freedom . She was also awarded the Legion of Honour by France for her tireless work in fostering relations postwar amity between France and the United States . Personal life . Carroll married her first husband , Colonel Philip Reginald Astley , in 1931 ; they divorced in 1939 . He was an estate agent , big-game hunter and soldier . In 1941 , she starred opposite Sterling Hayden in Virginia . The following year they married , divorcing in 1946 . After her only sister , Marguerite , was killed in World War IIs London Blitz , Carroll made a radical shift from acting to working in field hospitals as a Red Cross nurse . Having become a naturalised US citizen in 1943 , she served at the American Army Air Forces 61st Station Hospital in Foggia , Italy , in 1944 , where wounded airmen flying out of areas air bases were hospitalised . She earned the rank of captain and received the Medal of Freedom for her nursing service . Carroll first visited Spains Costa Brava in 1934 . The following year she bought an estate in Calonge , where her seaside home , Castell Madeleine , was constructed . She was prevented from living there by World War II and , later , by the Spanish Civil War , and moved to Marbella in 1949 . The home was later demolished , leaving one tower intact , and a housing development named after it ( Urbanización Castell Madeleine ) . During the war , Carroll donated another property of hers , a château she owned outside Paris , to house more than one hundred and fifty orphans , arranging for groups of young people in California to knit clothing for them . In a RKO-Pathe News bulletin she was filmed at the château with children and staff wearing the donated clothes thanking those who contributed . She was awarded the Légion dHonneur for her efforts by France . Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower remarked in private that , of all the movie stars he met in Europe during the war , he was most impressed with Carroll and Herbert Marshall ( who worked with military amputees ) . After the war , Carroll stayed in Europe where she conducted a radio program fostering French-American friendship and helped in the rehabilitation of concentration camp victims , during which she met her future third husband , the French producer Henri Lavorel . In late 1946 , she went briefly to Switzerland to film a British film , White Cradle Inn ( aka High Fury ) . On her return to Paris , she and Lavorel formed a production company and made several two-reel documentaries to promote peace , one of which , Childrens Republic , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival . Carroll told the Christian Science Monitor that wars are started at the top but can be prevented at the bottom , if all men and women will rid themselves of distrust and suspicion of that which is foreign . Filmed in a small orphanage in the town of Sèvres , just southwest of Paris , it focused attention on the devastation of childrens lives in Europe caused by war . Widely shown in Canada , it became a prime source of funds for the manufacture of artificial limbs for wounded children . In 1947 , Carroll returned to the US together with Lavorel . Their intention was for her to resume her acting career , which would fund their production company , but they soon separated . Appearing in three more films until 1949 and debuting on Broadway in 1948 , Carroll then mostly retired from acting , although she did occasionally appear on television and radio until the mid-1960s . She married Andrew Heiskell , publisher of Life , in 1950 , and they had a daughter Anne Madeleine in 1951 . They divorced in 1965 . By then , Carroll had moved to Paris . She later moved to Spain , where she shared an estate with her mother and her daughter . Her mother died in 1975 and her daughter , having relocated to New York , died in 1983 . Death . Carroll died on 2 October 1987 , aged 81 , in Marbella , Spain , from pancreatic cancer and is buried in the cemetery of Sant Antoni de Calonge in Catalonia . Filmography . - The Guns of Loos ( 1928 ) as Diana Cheswick - What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) as Rhoda Pearson - The First Born ( 1928 ) as Lady Madeleine Boycott - Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) - The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) as Joan Easton - The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) as Grace Malherb - Atlantic ( 1929 ) as Monica - The W Plan ( 1930 ) as Rosa Hartmann - Instinct ( 1930 ) - Young Woodley ( 1930 ) as Laura Simmons - French Leave ( 1930 ) as Mlle . Juliette / Dorothy Glenister - Escape ( 1930 ) as Dora - The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) as Lady Teazle - Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) as Lady Molly Adair - Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) as Lucille de Choisigne - Fascination ( 1931 ) as Gwenda Farrell - The Written Law ( 1931 ) as Lady Margaret Rochester - Sleeping Car ( 1933 ) as Anne - I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) as Martha Cnockhaert - The World Moves On ( 1934 ) as Mrs . Warburton , 1825 / Mary Warburton Girard , 1914 - The Dictator ( 1935 ) as Queen Caroline Mathilde of Denmark - The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) as Pamela - The Story of Papworth , the Village of Hope ( 1935 , short ) as The Introducer - Secret Agent ( 1936 ) as Elsa Carrington - The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) as Hope Ames - The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) as Judy Perrie - Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) as Lady Elizabeth - On the Avenue ( 1937 ) as Mimi Caraway - Its All Yours ( 1937 ) as Linda Gray - The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) as Princess Flavia - Blockade ( 1938 ) as Norma - Cafe Society ( 1939 ) as Christopher West - Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) as Gail Allen - My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) as Livia Vaynol - Safari ( 1940 ) as Linda Stewart - Northwest Mounted Police ( 1940 ) as April Logan - Virginia ( 1941 ) as Charlotte Dunterry - One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Leonora Perrycoate - Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) as Carol Delbridge - My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) as Karen Bentley - White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) as Magda - An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) as Paula Doane - The Fan ( 1949 ) as Mrs . Erlynne External links . - Madeleine Carroll biography and filmography at Screenonline.org.uk - BBC : Bid to honour film star war nurse - Madeleine Carroll – Official Tribute Website - Photographs of Madeleine Carroll
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[
"Andrew Heiskell"
] |
easy
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Who was Madeleine Carroll 's spouse from 1950 to 1965?
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/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll#P26#2
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Madeleine Carroll Edith Madeleine Carroll ( 26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987 ) was an English actress , popular both in Britain and America in the 1930s and 1940s . At the peak of her success in 1938 , she was the worlds highest-paid actress . Carroll is remembered for her role in Alfred Hitchcocks The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) . She is also noted for largely abandoning her acting career after the death of her sister Marguerite in the London Blitz to devote herself to helping wounded servicemen and children displaced or maimed by the war . She was awarded both the Legion dHonneur and the Medal of Freedom for her work with the Red Cross . Early life . Carroll was born at 32 Herbert Street ( now number 44 ) in West Bromwich , Staffordshire , daughter of John Carroll , an Irish professor of languages from County Limerick , and Helene , his French wife . She graduated from the University of Birmingham , with a B.A . degree in languages . While at university she appeared in some productions for the Birmingham University Dramatic Society . She was a French mistress at a girls school in Hove for a year . Acting career . Early years . Carrolls father opposed her taking up acting , but with her mother’s support she quit teaching and traveled to London to look for stage work . She had won a beauty contest , and got a job in Seymour Hicks touring company , making her stage debut in 1927 in The Lash . The following year she made her screen debut in The Guns of Loos , and then starred alongside Miles Mander in The First Born , written by Alma Reville . Thence she met Revilles husband , Alfred Hitchcock . Film stardom . Carroll was the lead in her second film , What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) with Humberston Wright . She followed it with The First Born ( 1928 ) with Miles Mander , which really established her in films . Carroll went to France to make Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) . Back in Britain she starred in The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) and The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) , both shot in silent and sound versions . In 1930 , she starred in Atlantic , then co-starred with Brian Aherne in The W Plan ( 1930 ) . In France she was in Instinct ( 1930 ) . On stage , Carroll appeared in The Roof ( 1929 ) for Basil Dean , The Constant Nymph , Mr Pickwick ( opposite Charles Laughton ) and an adaptation of Beau Geste . The same year , Carroll starred in the controversial Young Woodley ( 1930 ) , followed by a farce , French Leave ( 1930 ) . She had a support role in an early adaptation of Escape ( 1930 ) and was the female lead in The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) and Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) . Carroll starred as a French aristocrat in Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) with Aherne , then did another with Mander , Fascination ( 1931 ) . She was in The Written Law ( 1931 ) , then signed a contract with Gaumont British for whom she made Sleeping Car ( 1932 ) with Ivor Novello . She had a big hit with I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) , which won her an award as best actress of the year . It was directed by Victor Saville . Carroll played the title role in the play Little Catherine . Abruptly , she announced plans to retire from films to devote herself to a private life with her husband , the first of four . Carroll went to Hollywood to appear in The World Moves On ( 1934 ) for Fox ; John Ford directed and Franchot Tone co starred . Back in England she was in The Dictator ( 1935 ) for Saville , playing Caroline Matilda of Great Britain . Hitchcock . Carroll attracted the attention of Alfred Hitchcock and in 1935 starred as one of the directors earliest prototypical cool , glib , intelligent blondes in The 39 Steps . Based on the espionage novel by John Buchan , the film became a sensation and with it so did Carroll . Cited by The New York Times for a performance that was charming and skillful , Carroll became very much in demand . Of Hitchcock heroines as exemplified by Carroll , film critic Roger Ebert wrote : The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again : They were blonde . They were icy and remote . They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism . They mesmerised the men , who often had physical or psychological handicaps . Sooner or later , every Hitchcock woman was humiliated . The director wanted to re-team Carroll with her 39 Steps co-star Robert Donat the following year in Secret Agent , a spy thriller based on a work by W . Somerset Maugham . However , Donats recurring health problems intervened , resulting in a Carroll–John Gielgud pairing . In between the films she made a short drama The Story of Papworth ( 1935 ) . Hollywood . Poised for international stardom , Carroll was the first British beauty to be offered a major American film contract . She accepted a lucrative deal with Paramount Pictures and was cast opposite George Brent in The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) . She followed this with The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) , and was borrowed by 20th Century Fox to play the female lead in Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) which made a star of Tyrone Power . She stayed at the studio to make On the Avenue ( 1937 ) , a musical with Dick Powell and Alice Faye . Carroll went to Columbia for Its All Yours ( 1937 ) then was cast by David O . Selznick as Ronald Colmans love interest in the 1937 box-office success The Prisoner of Zenda . Walter Wanger put her in Blockade ( 1938 ) with Henry Fonda , about the Spanish Civil War . Back at Paramount she made some comedies with Fred MacMurray , Cafe Society ( 1939 ) and Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) . Edward Small gave her top billing in My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) with Aherne . She starred in Safari ( 1940 ) then played against Cooper again in North West Mounted Police ( 1940 ) , directed by Cecil B . DeMille . Paramount put Carroll opposite MacMurray in Virginia ( 1941 ) and One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) . Virginia also starred Sterling Hayden who was reteamed with Carroll in Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) . Carroll was Bob Hopes love interest in My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) . Radio . On radio , Carroll was a participant in The Circle ( 1939 ) on NBC , discussing current events , literature and drama each week . In 1944 , she was the host of This Is the Story , an anthology series dramatising famous novels on the Mutual Broadcasting System . At the tail end of radios golden age , Carroll starred in the NBC soap opera The Affairs of Dr . Gentry ( 1957-59 ) . She also was one of a group of four stars who rotated in taking the lead in each weeks episode of The NBC Radio Theater ( 1959 ) . Return to Britain . Carroll returned to Britain after the war . She was in White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) . She went back to the US and was reunited with MacMurray for An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) . Her last film was The Fan ( 1949 ) . Legacy . For her contributions to the film industry , Carroll was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6707 Hollywood Boulevard . A commemorative monument and plaques were unveiled in her birthplace , West Bromwich , to mark the centenary of her birth . Her story is one of rare courage and dedication when at the height of her success she gave up her acting career during World War II to work in the line of fire on troop trains for the Red Cross in Italy after her sister was killed by a German air raid – for which she was awarded the American Medal of Freedom . She was also awarded the Legion of Honour by France for her tireless work in fostering relations postwar amity between France and the United States . Personal life . Carroll married her first husband , Colonel Philip Reginald Astley , in 1931 ; they divorced in 1939 . He was an estate agent , big-game hunter and soldier . In 1941 , she starred opposite Sterling Hayden in Virginia . The following year they married , divorcing in 1946 . After her only sister , Marguerite , was killed in World War IIs London Blitz , Carroll made a radical shift from acting to working in field hospitals as a Red Cross nurse . Having become a naturalised US citizen in 1943 , she served at the American Army Air Forces 61st Station Hospital in Foggia , Italy , in 1944 , where wounded airmen flying out of areas air bases were hospitalised . She earned the rank of captain and received the Medal of Freedom for her nursing service . Carroll first visited Spains Costa Brava in 1934 . The following year she bought an estate in Calonge , where her seaside home , Castell Madeleine , was constructed . She was prevented from living there by World War II and , later , by the Spanish Civil War , and moved to Marbella in 1949 . The home was later demolished , leaving one tower intact , and a housing development named after it ( Urbanización Castell Madeleine ) . During the war , Carroll donated another property of hers , a château she owned outside Paris , to house more than one hundred and fifty orphans , arranging for groups of young people in California to knit clothing for them . In a RKO-Pathe News bulletin she was filmed at the château with children and staff wearing the donated clothes thanking those who contributed . She was awarded the Légion dHonneur for her efforts by France . Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower remarked in private that , of all the movie stars he met in Europe during the war , he was most impressed with Carroll and Herbert Marshall ( who worked with military amputees ) . After the war , Carroll stayed in Europe where she conducted a radio program fostering French-American friendship and helped in the rehabilitation of concentration camp victims , during which she met her future third husband , the French producer Henri Lavorel . In late 1946 , she went briefly to Switzerland to film a British film , White Cradle Inn ( aka High Fury ) . On her return to Paris , she and Lavorel formed a production company and made several two-reel documentaries to promote peace , one of which , Childrens Republic , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival . Carroll told the Christian Science Monitor that wars are started at the top but can be prevented at the bottom , if all men and women will rid themselves of distrust and suspicion of that which is foreign . Filmed in a small orphanage in the town of Sèvres , just southwest of Paris , it focused attention on the devastation of childrens lives in Europe caused by war . Widely shown in Canada , it became a prime source of funds for the manufacture of artificial limbs for wounded children . In 1947 , Carroll returned to the US together with Lavorel . Their intention was for her to resume her acting career , which would fund their production company , but they soon separated . Appearing in three more films until 1949 and debuting on Broadway in 1948 , Carroll then mostly retired from acting , although she did occasionally appear on television and radio until the mid-1960s . She married Andrew Heiskell , publisher of Life , in 1950 , and they had a daughter Anne Madeleine in 1951 . They divorced in 1965 . By then , Carroll had moved to Paris . She later moved to Spain , where she shared an estate with her mother and her daughter . Her mother died in 1975 and her daughter , having relocated to New York , died in 1983 . Death . Carroll died on 2 October 1987 , aged 81 , in Marbella , Spain , from pancreatic cancer and is buried in the cemetery of Sant Antoni de Calonge in Catalonia . Filmography . - The Guns of Loos ( 1928 ) as Diana Cheswick - What Money Can Buy ( 1928 ) as Rhoda Pearson - The First Born ( 1928 ) as Lady Madeleine Boycott - Not So Stupid ( 1928 ) - The Crooked Billet ( 1929 ) as Joan Easton - The American Prisoner ( 1929 ) as Grace Malherb - Atlantic ( 1929 ) as Monica - The W Plan ( 1930 ) as Rosa Hartmann - Instinct ( 1930 ) - Young Woodley ( 1930 ) as Laura Simmons - French Leave ( 1930 ) as Mlle . Juliette / Dorothy Glenister - Escape ( 1930 ) as Dora - The School for Scandal ( 1930 ) as Lady Teazle - Kissing Cups Race ( 1930 ) as Lady Molly Adair - Madame Guillotine ( 1931 ) as Lucille de Choisigne - Fascination ( 1931 ) as Gwenda Farrell - The Written Law ( 1931 ) as Lady Margaret Rochester - Sleeping Car ( 1933 ) as Anne - I Was a Spy ( 1933 ) as Martha Cnockhaert - The World Moves On ( 1934 ) as Mrs . Warburton , 1825 / Mary Warburton Girard , 1914 - The Dictator ( 1935 ) as Queen Caroline Mathilde of Denmark - The 39 Steps ( 1935 ) as Pamela - The Story of Papworth , the Village of Hope ( 1935 , short ) as The Introducer - Secret Agent ( 1936 ) as Elsa Carrington - The Case Against Mrs . Ames ( 1936 ) as Hope Ames - The General Died at Dawn ( 1936 ) as Judy Perrie - Lloyds of London ( 1936 ) as Lady Elizabeth - On the Avenue ( 1937 ) as Mimi Caraway - Its All Yours ( 1937 ) as Linda Gray - The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) as Princess Flavia - Blockade ( 1938 ) as Norma - Cafe Society ( 1939 ) as Christopher West - Honeymoon in Bali ( 1939 ) as Gail Allen - My Son , My Son ! ( 1940 ) as Livia Vaynol - Safari ( 1940 ) as Linda Stewart - Northwest Mounted Police ( 1940 ) as April Logan - Virginia ( 1941 ) as Charlotte Dunterry - One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Leonora Perrycoate - Bahama Passage ( 1941 ) as Carol Delbridge - My Favorite Blonde ( 1942 ) as Karen Bentley - White Cradle Inn ( 1947 ) as Magda - An Innocent Affair ( 1948 ) as Paula Doane - The Fan ( 1949 ) as Mrs . Erlynne External links . - Madeleine Carroll biography and filmography at Screenonline.org.uk - BBC : Bid to honour film star war nurse - Madeleine Carroll – Official Tribute Website - Photographs of Madeleine Carroll
|
[
"United States Navy"
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of USS Stewart (DD-224) from 1919 to 1942?
|
/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)#P137#0
|
USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) was a destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was the second ship named for Rear Admiral Charles Stewart . Scuttled in a port , she was later raised by the Japanese and commissioned as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She came back under American control in 1945 after the occupation of Japan . Construction . Stewart was laid down on 9 September 1919 by William Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia ; launched on 4 March 1920 ; sponsored by Mrs . Margaretta Stewart Stevens , granddaughter of Rear Admiral Stewart ; and commissioned on 15 September 1920 , Lieutenant S . G . Lamb in command . Service history . United States Navy . Between the wars . After a year of coastal operations with a reserve division , Stewart joined Destroyer Squadron , Atlantic , on 12 October 1921 . She participated in fleet exercises in the Caribbean from 12 January to 22 April 1922 ; and , after repairs , departed Newport , Rhode Island , on 20 June and proceeded , via the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean , to the Philippines for service in the Asiatic Fleet . She was destined not to return to the US for 23 years . Arriving at Chefoo , China , on 26 August , Stewart entered the routine of the Asiatic Fleet , conducting training exercises from bases at Chefoo and Tsingtao in the summer and Manila in the winter and making calls at Chinese ports during the transit in each direction . Her routine was broken briefly between 6 and 21 September 1923 by a voyage to Yokosuka , Japan , to relieve victims of the Great Kantō earthquake which had heavily damaged that city and Tokyo on 30 and 31 August . From 25 May to 16 June , Stewart supported the flight of four Army aircraft around the world , operating first in Japan and then at Shanghai . Between 1924 and 1928 , there were outbreaks of anti-foreign disturbances at Shanghai and Canton . Stewart transported marines to Shanghai in January 1925 , and during the next years , spent periods augmenting the normal gunboat patrols on the Yangtze River and on the coast near Canton . She was at Shanghai on 24 March 1927 when Chinese Communist troops attacked foreigners at Nanking , and for the next three and a half months , the destroyer was stationed at Wuhu , Nanking , Shanghai , and Chenglin to protect American nationals and shipping along the Yangtze . She was also on the China coast when the Japanese launched an air and sea attack on Shanghai in late January 1932 , and protected Americans at Swatow and Amoy from 1 to 3 and 9 to 24 February and at Shanghai from 26 February to 23 May . After full-scale war between Japan and China broke out in 1937 Stewart was again often on station in Chinese ports , at Tsingtao and Shanghai from 15 August to 18 December 1937 , from 21 February to 21 March 1938 , and from 3 June to 4 September 1939 . On the latter date , after the outbreak of war in Europe , she was ordered south for patrol duties in the Philippines , which she continued until entering the Cavite Navy Yard for overhaul on 5 April 1940 . Upon leaving the yard on 1 June , Stewart acted as plane guard vessel for seaplanes flying between Guam and the Philippines and then made a final tour of Chinese Yellow Sea ports from 7 July to 23 September 1940 . During 1941 , she remained in the Philippines as the international situation worsened ; and , on 27 November , she was ordered , along with the other major surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet , to the Dutch East Indies . World War II . Stewart was at Tarakan Roads , Borneo , with other American and Dutch ships , when news of hostilities with Japan arrived on 8 December . During the final weeks of 1941 , she escorted naval auxiliaries from the Philippines to Port Darwin , Australia . On 9 January 1942 Stewart was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers and , with the other destroyers , , , and departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein . That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery , the 1st Battalion , 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java . On 30 January , Stewart joined Marblehead and sortied with her from Bunda Roads on 4 February to intercept Japanese forces at the south entrance to the Macassar Strait . However , Marblehead was badly damaged by air attacks during the day , and Stewart escorted her back to the base at Tjilatjap , Java . Stewart joined Admiral Karel Doormans striking force under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command on 14 February for an attack on Japanese forces advancing along the northern coast of Sumatra . During the approach , Stewart had to back her engines to avoid a Dutch destroyer ahead of her which had run aground on a reef in Stolze Strait , and , on the following day , 15 February , she survived numerous air attacks in the Bangka Strait . Although they damaged no Allied ships , the air attacks convinced Admiral Doorman that further advance without air cover would be foolhardy , and the Allied force retired . Stewart was detached on 16 February to fuel at Ratai Bay in Sumatra . Admiral Doormans forces were scattered when the Japanese landed on Bali on 19 February , and he threw his ships against the enemy in three groups on the night of 19 and 20 February in the Battle of Badung Strait . Stewart was lead ship in the second group and , in several brief but furious night engagements , came under extremely accurate fire from Japanese destroyers . Her boats were shot away , her torpedo racks and galley were hit , and a crippling shot hit the destroyer aft below her water line , opening her seams and flooding the steering engine room . However , the steering engine continued to operate under of water ; and the destroyer was able to maintain her station in column and return to Surabaya the next morning . Scuttling . Stewart , as the most severely damaged ship , was the first to enter the floating drydock at Surabaya on 22 February . However , she was inadequately supported in the dock , and as the dock rose , the ship fell off the keel blocks onto her side in of water , bending her propeller shafts and causing further hull damage . With the port under enemy air attack and in danger of falling to the enemy , the ship could not be repaired . Responsibility for the destruction of the ship was given to naval authorities ashore , and Stewarts last crew members left the embattled port on the afternoon of 22 February . Subsequently , demolition charges were set off within the ship , a Japanese bomb hit amidships further damaged her , and before the port was evacuated on 2 March , the drydock containing her was scuttled . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 25 March 1942 and was soon assigned to a new destroyer escort , . Imperial Japanese Navy . Later in the war , American pilots began reporting an American warship operating far within enemy waters . The ship had a Japanese trunked funnel but the lines of her four-piper hull were unmistakable . After almost a year under water , Stewart had been raised by the Japanese in February 1943 and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 20 September 1943 as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She was armed with two 3 inch guns and operated with the Japanese Southwest Area Fleet on escort duty . On 23 August 1944 , under command of Lieutenant Tomoyoshi Yoshima , she operated in consort with the anti-submarine vessel CD-22 , which sank with all hands , using depth charges , although PB-102 was not directly involved in this action . In November 1944 , PB-102 arrived at Kure for repairs . There her antiaircraft battery was augmented , and she was given a light tripod foremast . She then sailed for the Southwest Pacific , but the American reconquest of the Philippines blocked her way . On 28 April 1945 , still under control of the Southwest Area Fleet , she was bombed and damaged by United States Army aircraft at Mokpo , Korea . She was transferred on 30 April to the control of the Kure Navy District , and in August 1945 , was found by American occupation forces laid up in Hiro Bay near Kure . Return to United States Navy and final destruction . In an emotional ceremony on 29 October 1945 , the ship was recommissioned in the United States Navy at Kure . Although officially called simply DD-224 , she was nicknamed by her crew RAMP-224 , standing for Recovered Allied Military Personnel . On the trip home , her engines gave out near Guam , and she arrived at San Francisco , California in early March 1946 at the end of a towline . DD-224 was again struck from the Navy list on 17 April 1946 , decommissioned on 23 May 1946 , and sunk a day later off San Francisco as a target for aircraft . Five Navy F6F Hellcat fighters hit her with 18 rockets and thousands of rounds of 50 calibre ammunition but she refused to go down despite the damage . She was finally sunk by USS PC-799 which finished her off with twelve 40-mm and 17 three-inch shells fired from a range of 300 yards . Awards . - China Service Medal - American Defense Service Medal with FLEET clasp - Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars - World War II Victory Medal - Navy Occupation Medal with ASIA clasp - Philippine Defense Medal References . Im black . - ( JCAHR ) , National Archives of Japan - Reference code : C08030630400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030630500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030630600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030630700 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030630800 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08030630900 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 6 ) - Reference code : C08030631200 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030631300 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030631400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030631500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030631600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08011350100 , Patrol Special Service Craft No.102 delivery list - , History of Pacific War Vol.45 Truth histories of the Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels , Gakken ( Japan ) , May 2004 , - Monthly Ships of the World , Special issue Vol.45 , Escort Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy , , ( Japan ) , February 1996 - The Maru Special , Japanese Naval Vessels No.49 Japanese Subchasers and Patrol boats , Ushio Shobō ( Japan ) , March 1981 , Book code 68343-51
|
[
"Imperial Japanese Navy"
] |
easy
|
What operated USS Stewart (DD-224) from 1943 to 1945?
|
/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)#P137#1
|
USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) was a destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was the second ship named for Rear Admiral Charles Stewart . Scuttled in a port , she was later raised by the Japanese and commissioned as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She came back under American control in 1945 after the occupation of Japan . Construction . Stewart was laid down on 9 September 1919 by William Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia ; launched on 4 March 1920 ; sponsored by Mrs . Margaretta Stewart Stevens , granddaughter of Rear Admiral Stewart ; and commissioned on 15 September 1920 , Lieutenant S . G . Lamb in command . Service history . United States Navy . Between the wars . After a year of coastal operations with a reserve division , Stewart joined Destroyer Squadron , Atlantic , on 12 October 1921 . She participated in fleet exercises in the Caribbean from 12 January to 22 April 1922 ; and , after repairs , departed Newport , Rhode Island , on 20 June and proceeded , via the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean , to the Philippines for service in the Asiatic Fleet . She was destined not to return to the US for 23 years . Arriving at Chefoo , China , on 26 August , Stewart entered the routine of the Asiatic Fleet , conducting training exercises from bases at Chefoo and Tsingtao in the summer and Manila in the winter and making calls at Chinese ports during the transit in each direction . Her routine was broken briefly between 6 and 21 September 1923 by a voyage to Yokosuka , Japan , to relieve victims of the Great Kantō earthquake which had heavily damaged that city and Tokyo on 30 and 31 August . From 25 May to 16 June , Stewart supported the flight of four Army aircraft around the world , operating first in Japan and then at Shanghai . Between 1924 and 1928 , there were outbreaks of anti-foreign disturbances at Shanghai and Canton . Stewart transported marines to Shanghai in January 1925 , and during the next years , spent periods augmenting the normal gunboat patrols on the Yangtze River and on the coast near Canton . She was at Shanghai on 24 March 1927 when Chinese Communist troops attacked foreigners at Nanking , and for the next three and a half months , the destroyer was stationed at Wuhu , Nanking , Shanghai , and Chenglin to protect American nationals and shipping along the Yangtze . She was also on the China coast when the Japanese launched an air and sea attack on Shanghai in late January 1932 , and protected Americans at Swatow and Amoy from 1 to 3 and 9 to 24 February and at Shanghai from 26 February to 23 May . After full-scale war between Japan and China broke out in 1937 Stewart was again often on station in Chinese ports , at Tsingtao and Shanghai from 15 August to 18 December 1937 , from 21 February to 21 March 1938 , and from 3 June to 4 September 1939 . On the latter date , after the outbreak of war in Europe , she was ordered south for patrol duties in the Philippines , which she continued until entering the Cavite Navy Yard for overhaul on 5 April 1940 . Upon leaving the yard on 1 June , Stewart acted as plane guard vessel for seaplanes flying between Guam and the Philippines and then made a final tour of Chinese Yellow Sea ports from 7 July to 23 September 1940 . During 1941 , she remained in the Philippines as the international situation worsened ; and , on 27 November , she was ordered , along with the other major surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet , to the Dutch East Indies . World War II . Stewart was at Tarakan Roads , Borneo , with other American and Dutch ships , when news of hostilities with Japan arrived on 8 December . During the final weeks of 1941 , she escorted naval auxiliaries from the Philippines to Port Darwin , Australia . On 9 January 1942 Stewart was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers and , with the other destroyers , , , and departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein . That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery , the 1st Battalion , 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java . On 30 January , Stewart joined Marblehead and sortied with her from Bunda Roads on 4 February to intercept Japanese forces at the south entrance to the Macassar Strait . However , Marblehead was badly damaged by air attacks during the day , and Stewart escorted her back to the base at Tjilatjap , Java . Stewart joined Admiral Karel Doormans striking force under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command on 14 February for an attack on Japanese forces advancing along the northern coast of Sumatra . During the approach , Stewart had to back her engines to avoid a Dutch destroyer ahead of her which had run aground on a reef in Stolze Strait , and , on the following day , 15 February , she survived numerous air attacks in the Bangka Strait . Although they damaged no Allied ships , the air attacks convinced Admiral Doorman that further advance without air cover would be foolhardy , and the Allied force retired . Stewart was detached on 16 February to fuel at Ratai Bay in Sumatra . Admiral Doormans forces were scattered when the Japanese landed on Bali on 19 February , and he threw his ships against the enemy in three groups on the night of 19 and 20 February in the Battle of Badung Strait . Stewart was lead ship in the second group and , in several brief but furious night engagements , came under extremely accurate fire from Japanese destroyers . Her boats were shot away , her torpedo racks and galley were hit , and a crippling shot hit the destroyer aft below her water line , opening her seams and flooding the steering engine room . However , the steering engine continued to operate under of water ; and the destroyer was able to maintain her station in column and return to Surabaya the next morning . Scuttling . Stewart , as the most severely damaged ship , was the first to enter the floating drydock at Surabaya on 22 February . However , she was inadequately supported in the dock , and as the dock rose , the ship fell off the keel blocks onto her side in of water , bending her propeller shafts and causing further hull damage . With the port under enemy air attack and in danger of falling to the enemy , the ship could not be repaired . Responsibility for the destruction of the ship was given to naval authorities ashore , and Stewarts last crew members left the embattled port on the afternoon of 22 February . Subsequently , demolition charges were set off within the ship , a Japanese bomb hit amidships further damaged her , and before the port was evacuated on 2 March , the drydock containing her was scuttled . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 25 March 1942 and was soon assigned to a new destroyer escort , . Imperial Japanese Navy . Later in the war , American pilots began reporting an American warship operating far within enemy waters . The ship had a Japanese trunked funnel but the lines of her four-piper hull were unmistakable . After almost a year under water , Stewart had been raised by the Japanese in February 1943 and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 20 September 1943 as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She was armed with two 3 inch guns and operated with the Japanese Southwest Area Fleet on escort duty . On 23 August 1944 , under command of Lieutenant Tomoyoshi Yoshima , she operated in consort with the anti-submarine vessel CD-22 , which sank with all hands , using depth charges , although PB-102 was not directly involved in this action . In November 1944 , PB-102 arrived at Kure for repairs . There her antiaircraft battery was augmented , and she was given a light tripod foremast . She then sailed for the Southwest Pacific , but the American reconquest of the Philippines blocked her way . On 28 April 1945 , still under control of the Southwest Area Fleet , she was bombed and damaged by United States Army aircraft at Mokpo , Korea . She was transferred on 30 April to the control of the Kure Navy District , and in August 1945 , was found by American occupation forces laid up in Hiro Bay near Kure . Return to United States Navy and final destruction . In an emotional ceremony on 29 October 1945 , the ship was recommissioned in the United States Navy at Kure . Although officially called simply DD-224 , she was nicknamed by her crew RAMP-224 , standing for Recovered Allied Military Personnel . On the trip home , her engines gave out near Guam , and she arrived at San Francisco , California in early March 1946 at the end of a towline . DD-224 was again struck from the Navy list on 17 April 1946 , decommissioned on 23 May 1946 , and sunk a day later off San Francisco as a target for aircraft . Five Navy F6F Hellcat fighters hit her with 18 rockets and thousands of rounds of 50 calibre ammunition but she refused to go down despite the damage . She was finally sunk by USS PC-799 which finished her off with twelve 40-mm and 17 three-inch shells fired from a range of 300 yards . Awards . - China Service Medal - American Defense Service Medal with FLEET clasp - Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars - World War II Victory Medal - Navy Occupation Medal with ASIA clasp - Philippine Defense Medal References . Im black . - ( JCAHR ) , National Archives of Japan - Reference code : C08030630400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030630500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030630600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030630700 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030630800 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08030630900 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 6 ) - Reference code : C08030631200 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030631300 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030631400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030631500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030631600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08011350100 , Patrol Special Service Craft No.102 delivery list - , History of Pacific War Vol.45 Truth histories of the Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels , Gakken ( Japan ) , May 2004 , - Monthly Ships of the World , Special issue Vol.45 , Escort Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy , , ( Japan ) , February 1996 - The Maru Special , Japanese Naval Vessels No.49 Japanese Subchasers and Patrol boats , Ushio Shobō ( Japan ) , March 1981 , Book code 68343-51
|
[
"United States Navy"
] |
easy
|
What operated USS Stewart (DD-224) from 1945 to 1946?
|
/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)#P137#2
|
USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) USS Stewart ( DD-224 ) was a destroyer in the United States Navy during World War II . She was the second ship named for Rear Admiral Charles Stewart . Scuttled in a port , she was later raised by the Japanese and commissioned as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She came back under American control in 1945 after the occupation of Japan . Construction . Stewart was laid down on 9 September 1919 by William Cramp & Sons , Philadelphia ; launched on 4 March 1920 ; sponsored by Mrs . Margaretta Stewart Stevens , granddaughter of Rear Admiral Stewart ; and commissioned on 15 September 1920 , Lieutenant S . G . Lamb in command . Service history . United States Navy . Between the wars . After a year of coastal operations with a reserve division , Stewart joined Destroyer Squadron , Atlantic , on 12 October 1921 . She participated in fleet exercises in the Caribbean from 12 January to 22 April 1922 ; and , after repairs , departed Newport , Rhode Island , on 20 June and proceeded , via the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean , to the Philippines for service in the Asiatic Fleet . She was destined not to return to the US for 23 years . Arriving at Chefoo , China , on 26 August , Stewart entered the routine of the Asiatic Fleet , conducting training exercises from bases at Chefoo and Tsingtao in the summer and Manila in the winter and making calls at Chinese ports during the transit in each direction . Her routine was broken briefly between 6 and 21 September 1923 by a voyage to Yokosuka , Japan , to relieve victims of the Great Kantō earthquake which had heavily damaged that city and Tokyo on 30 and 31 August . From 25 May to 16 June , Stewart supported the flight of four Army aircraft around the world , operating first in Japan and then at Shanghai . Between 1924 and 1928 , there were outbreaks of anti-foreign disturbances at Shanghai and Canton . Stewart transported marines to Shanghai in January 1925 , and during the next years , spent periods augmenting the normal gunboat patrols on the Yangtze River and on the coast near Canton . She was at Shanghai on 24 March 1927 when Chinese Communist troops attacked foreigners at Nanking , and for the next three and a half months , the destroyer was stationed at Wuhu , Nanking , Shanghai , and Chenglin to protect American nationals and shipping along the Yangtze . She was also on the China coast when the Japanese launched an air and sea attack on Shanghai in late January 1932 , and protected Americans at Swatow and Amoy from 1 to 3 and 9 to 24 February and at Shanghai from 26 February to 23 May . After full-scale war between Japan and China broke out in 1937 Stewart was again often on station in Chinese ports , at Tsingtao and Shanghai from 15 August to 18 December 1937 , from 21 February to 21 March 1938 , and from 3 June to 4 September 1939 . On the latter date , after the outbreak of war in Europe , she was ordered south for patrol duties in the Philippines , which she continued until entering the Cavite Navy Yard for overhaul on 5 April 1940 . Upon leaving the yard on 1 June , Stewart acted as plane guard vessel for seaplanes flying between Guam and the Philippines and then made a final tour of Chinese Yellow Sea ports from 7 July to 23 September 1940 . During 1941 , she remained in the Philippines as the international situation worsened ; and , on 27 November , she was ordered , along with the other major surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet , to the Dutch East Indies . World War II . Stewart was at Tarakan Roads , Borneo , with other American and Dutch ships , when news of hostilities with Japan arrived on 8 December . During the final weeks of 1941 , she escorted naval auxiliaries from the Philippines to Port Darwin , Australia . On 9 January 1942 Stewart was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers and , with the other destroyers , , , and departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein . That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery , the 1st Battalion , 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java . On 30 January , Stewart joined Marblehead and sortied with her from Bunda Roads on 4 February to intercept Japanese forces at the south entrance to the Macassar Strait . However , Marblehead was badly damaged by air attacks during the day , and Stewart escorted her back to the base at Tjilatjap , Java . Stewart joined Admiral Karel Doormans striking force under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command on 14 February for an attack on Japanese forces advancing along the northern coast of Sumatra . During the approach , Stewart had to back her engines to avoid a Dutch destroyer ahead of her which had run aground on a reef in Stolze Strait , and , on the following day , 15 February , she survived numerous air attacks in the Bangka Strait . Although they damaged no Allied ships , the air attacks convinced Admiral Doorman that further advance without air cover would be foolhardy , and the Allied force retired . Stewart was detached on 16 February to fuel at Ratai Bay in Sumatra . Admiral Doormans forces were scattered when the Japanese landed on Bali on 19 February , and he threw his ships against the enemy in three groups on the night of 19 and 20 February in the Battle of Badung Strait . Stewart was lead ship in the second group and , in several brief but furious night engagements , came under extremely accurate fire from Japanese destroyers . Her boats were shot away , her torpedo racks and galley were hit , and a crippling shot hit the destroyer aft below her water line , opening her seams and flooding the steering engine room . However , the steering engine continued to operate under of water ; and the destroyer was able to maintain her station in column and return to Surabaya the next morning . Scuttling . Stewart , as the most severely damaged ship , was the first to enter the floating drydock at Surabaya on 22 February . However , she was inadequately supported in the dock , and as the dock rose , the ship fell off the keel blocks onto her side in of water , bending her propeller shafts and causing further hull damage . With the port under enemy air attack and in danger of falling to the enemy , the ship could not be repaired . Responsibility for the destruction of the ship was given to naval authorities ashore , and Stewarts last crew members left the embattled port on the afternoon of 22 February . Subsequently , demolition charges were set off within the ship , a Japanese bomb hit amidships further damaged her , and before the port was evacuated on 2 March , the drydock containing her was scuttled . Her name was struck from the Navy list on 25 March 1942 and was soon assigned to a new destroyer escort , . Imperial Japanese Navy . Later in the war , American pilots began reporting an American warship operating far within enemy waters . The ship had a Japanese trunked funnel but the lines of her four-piper hull were unmistakable . After almost a year under water , Stewart had been raised by the Japanese in February 1943 and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy on 20 September 1943 as Patrol Boat No . 102 . She was armed with two 3 inch guns and operated with the Japanese Southwest Area Fleet on escort duty . On 23 August 1944 , under command of Lieutenant Tomoyoshi Yoshima , she operated in consort with the anti-submarine vessel CD-22 , which sank with all hands , using depth charges , although PB-102 was not directly involved in this action . In November 1944 , PB-102 arrived at Kure for repairs . There her antiaircraft battery was augmented , and she was given a light tripod foremast . She then sailed for the Southwest Pacific , but the American reconquest of the Philippines blocked her way . On 28 April 1945 , still under control of the Southwest Area Fleet , she was bombed and damaged by United States Army aircraft at Mokpo , Korea . She was transferred on 30 April to the control of the Kure Navy District , and in August 1945 , was found by American occupation forces laid up in Hiro Bay near Kure . Return to United States Navy and final destruction . In an emotional ceremony on 29 October 1945 , the ship was recommissioned in the United States Navy at Kure . Although officially called simply DD-224 , she was nicknamed by her crew RAMP-224 , standing for Recovered Allied Military Personnel . On the trip home , her engines gave out near Guam , and she arrived at San Francisco , California in early March 1946 at the end of a towline . DD-224 was again struck from the Navy list on 17 April 1946 , decommissioned on 23 May 1946 , and sunk a day later off San Francisco as a target for aircraft . Five Navy F6F Hellcat fighters hit her with 18 rockets and thousands of rounds of 50 calibre ammunition but she refused to go down despite the damage . She was finally sunk by USS PC-799 which finished her off with twelve 40-mm and 17 three-inch shells fired from a range of 300 yards . Awards . - China Service Medal - American Defense Service Medal with FLEET clasp - Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars - World War II Victory Medal - Navy Occupation Medal with ASIA clasp - Philippine Defense Medal References . Im black . - ( JCAHR ) , National Archives of Japan - Reference code : C08030630400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030630500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030630600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030630700 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030630800 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08030630900 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21 , 1943 to May 31 , 1944 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 6 ) - Reference code : C08030631200 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 1 ) - Reference code : C08030631300 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 2 ) - Reference code : C08030631400 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 3 ) - Reference code : C08030631500 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 4 ) - Reference code : C08030631600 , Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1 , 1944 to June 30 , 1945 , Patrol Boat No . 102 ( 5 ) - Reference code : C08011350100 , Patrol Special Service Craft No.102 delivery list - , History of Pacific War Vol.45 Truth histories of the Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels , Gakken ( Japan ) , May 2004 , - Monthly Ships of the World , Special issue Vol.45 , Escort Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy , , ( Japan ) , February 1996 - The Maru Special , Japanese Naval Vessels No.49 Japanese Subchasers and Patrol boats , Ushio Shobō ( Japan ) , March 1981 , Book code 68343-51
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[
"London Midland and Scottish Railway"
] |
easy
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What was the manufacturer of LMS Ivatt Class 4 from 1947 to 1950?
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/wiki/LMS_Ivatt_Class_4#P176#0
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LMS Ivatt Class 4 The LMS Ivatt Class 4 2-6-0 is a class of steam locomotive primarily designed for medium freight work but also widely used on secondary passenger services . The London Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) built 162 of this type between 1947 and 1952 , but only three were built by the LMS before nationalisation in 1948 . Designed by H.G . Ivatt , they were classified 4F by the LMS and 4MT by BR . In BR days they were used extensively across the system , being prevalent on the London Midland region and to a lesser extent elsewhere , notably on the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway , an East Anglian line that had previously been joint owned by the LMS and LNER , where they became the dominant locomotive type . They were also used for a short period on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway , but were quickly transferred elsewhere , never to return , because of poor steaming on the lines long and steep gradients – this was before modifications were made to the design which improved steaming notably . Numbering . The first three engines were numbered 3000–3002 by the LMS , but became 43000–43002 when renumbered by BR – 40000 was added to the running number to indicate an ex-LMS locomotive . The remaining 159 , built by BR , continued the number sequence : 43003–43161 . Construction was divided between different locations , 75 were completed at Horwich Works , 50 at Doncaster Works and 37 at Darlington Works . The class was also sometimes called mucky ducks or doodlebugs or even flying pigs . Design . The design was noted for its American looks – the running-plates were positioned at a high level and a gap left ahead of the cylinders . Because of this many locomotive enthusiasts considered it to be the ugliest British locomotive produced , especially those locomotives outshopped with double chimneys ( the first 50 engines ) ; however , these gave poor performance and were quickly replaced with single chimneys . The locomotives also incorporated new mechanical features intended to reduce maintenance costs . The utilitarian appearance was a deliberate design decision as there are sketches which show the locomotive with conventional curved running plates . The BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0 was based on this design . Its looks were improved somewhat by the re-design of the outside foot-plating , to include a sloping plate to fill the gap ahead of the cylinders . Accidents and incidents . - On 15 November 1964 , locomotive No . 43072 was hauling a freight train which ran away and crashed at Adolphus Street Goods Yard , Bradford , Yorkshire . The locomotive was subsequently scrapped in situ . Withdrawal . The class were withdrawn between 1963 and 1968 . Preservation . Only one example survived into preservation , No 43106 , the final member of the class in service , which was based at Lostock Hall depot , near Preston . Its last operational turn was just before Easter in 1968 , but its last turn was interrupted by a derailment in Colne Goods Yard . Since 43106 had already been selected as the best of the remaining small group , a search party was despatched on Easter Tuesday to survey the damage . It was felt that damage was so minimal the prospective owners would investigate the ease of a repair . On its return to Lostock Hall , the locomotive was repaired by fitters from Carnforth , that repair exists to this day . However it derailed again at Lostock Hall when being prepared for a test run in late July . It was steamed for the final time by British Railways on 1 August 1968 and departed at about 15:30 with one member of its new owning consortium on board . This was only after lengthy discussions to get the locomotive moved in live steam before 4 August , the end of steam operation on BR . The journey was carefully routed to limit movement under the wires , via Frodsham , Chester and Shrewsbury . The journey through the West Midlands continued via Wolverhampton High Level towards Bescot and Pleck Junction , where after a movement around a triangular junction to ensure it arrived the right way round the light engine continued on to Stourbridge Junction where it was stabled overnight in the exchange sidings , now part of the extensive car park . On 2 August it continued on to its new life in preservation on the Severn Valley Railway appearing on the front page of the Shropshire Journal with three of its new owners giving it a much needed clean . It is affectionately known as the Flying Pig , although many railwaymen referred to the Ivatt 4s as Doodlebugs . Between 1975 and 1983 no 43106 saw use on the mainline hauling railtours . In 1975 it attended the Rail 150 celebrations in Shildon & in 1980 it took part in the Rocket 150 celebrations at Rainhill . On a small number of occasions between 1980 and 1983 the engine saw use on a limited number of railtours , on some occasions double heading with fellow SVR based engines including : 5000 , 7812 Erlestoke Manor & 80079 . A major overhaul of the locomotive was completed in 2009 and it is currently operational after having damage repaired that it received during a derailment at Hampton Loade soon after returning to service . It received further repairs to the boiler in 2013 which included a new boiler ticket . Models . A OO gauge model of 43106 is produced by Bachmann Branchline , who also produce many other models of the Class 4 , as well as the LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 and LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T .
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[
"Doncaster Works"
] |
easy
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What manufactured LMS Ivatt Class 4 from 1950 to 1951?
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/wiki/LMS_Ivatt_Class_4#P176#1
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LMS Ivatt Class 4 The LMS Ivatt Class 4 2-6-0 is a class of steam locomotive primarily designed for medium freight work but also widely used on secondary passenger services . The London Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS ) built 162 of this type between 1947 and 1952 , but only three were built by the LMS before nationalisation in 1948 . Designed by H.G . Ivatt , they were classified 4F by the LMS and 4MT by BR . In BR days they were used extensively across the system , being prevalent on the London Midland region and to a lesser extent elsewhere , notably on the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway , an East Anglian line that had previously been joint owned by the LMS and LNER , where they became the dominant locomotive type . They were also used for a short period on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway , but were quickly transferred elsewhere , never to return , because of poor steaming on the lines long and steep gradients – this was before modifications were made to the design which improved steaming notably . Numbering . The first three engines were numbered 3000–3002 by the LMS , but became 43000–43002 when renumbered by BR – 40000 was added to the running number to indicate an ex-LMS locomotive . The remaining 159 , built by BR , continued the number sequence : 43003–43161 . Construction was divided between different locations , 75 were completed at Horwich Works , 50 at Doncaster Works and 37 at Darlington Works . The class was also sometimes called mucky ducks or doodlebugs or even flying pigs . Design . The design was noted for its American looks – the running-plates were positioned at a high level and a gap left ahead of the cylinders . Because of this many locomotive enthusiasts considered it to be the ugliest British locomotive produced , especially those locomotives outshopped with double chimneys ( the first 50 engines ) ; however , these gave poor performance and were quickly replaced with single chimneys . The locomotives also incorporated new mechanical features intended to reduce maintenance costs . The utilitarian appearance was a deliberate design decision as there are sketches which show the locomotive with conventional curved running plates . The BR Standard Class 4 2-6-0 was based on this design . Its looks were improved somewhat by the re-design of the outside foot-plating , to include a sloping plate to fill the gap ahead of the cylinders . Accidents and incidents . - On 15 November 1964 , locomotive No . 43072 was hauling a freight train which ran away and crashed at Adolphus Street Goods Yard , Bradford , Yorkshire . The locomotive was subsequently scrapped in situ . Withdrawal . The class were withdrawn between 1963 and 1968 . Preservation . Only one example survived into preservation , No 43106 , the final member of the class in service , which was based at Lostock Hall depot , near Preston . Its last operational turn was just before Easter in 1968 , but its last turn was interrupted by a derailment in Colne Goods Yard . Since 43106 had already been selected as the best of the remaining small group , a search party was despatched on Easter Tuesday to survey the damage . It was felt that damage was so minimal the prospective owners would investigate the ease of a repair . On its return to Lostock Hall , the locomotive was repaired by fitters from Carnforth , that repair exists to this day . However it derailed again at Lostock Hall when being prepared for a test run in late July . It was steamed for the final time by British Railways on 1 August 1968 and departed at about 15:30 with one member of its new owning consortium on board . This was only after lengthy discussions to get the locomotive moved in live steam before 4 August , the end of steam operation on BR . The journey was carefully routed to limit movement under the wires , via Frodsham , Chester and Shrewsbury . The journey through the West Midlands continued via Wolverhampton High Level towards Bescot and Pleck Junction , where after a movement around a triangular junction to ensure it arrived the right way round the light engine continued on to Stourbridge Junction where it was stabled overnight in the exchange sidings , now part of the extensive car park . On 2 August it continued on to its new life in preservation on the Severn Valley Railway appearing on the front page of the Shropshire Journal with three of its new owners giving it a much needed clean . It is affectionately known as the Flying Pig , although many railwaymen referred to the Ivatt 4s as Doodlebugs . Between 1975 and 1983 no 43106 saw use on the mainline hauling railtours . In 1975 it attended the Rail 150 celebrations in Shildon & in 1980 it took part in the Rocket 150 celebrations at Rainhill . On a small number of occasions between 1980 and 1983 the engine saw use on a limited number of railtours , on some occasions double heading with fellow SVR based engines including : 5000 , 7812 Erlestoke Manor & 80079 . A major overhaul of the locomotive was completed in 2009 and it is currently operational after having damage repaired that it received during a derailment at Hampton Loade soon after returning to service . It received further repairs to the boiler in 2013 which included a new boiler ticket . Models . A OO gauge model of 43106 is produced by Bachmann Branchline , who also produce many other models of the Class 4 , as well as the LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0 and LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-2T .
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[
"Royal Society"
] |
easy
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What organization did Vladimir Arnold join in 1988?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold#P463#0
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Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Igorevich Arnold ( alternative spelling Arnold , , 12 June 1937 – 3 June 2010 ) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician . While he is best known for the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem regarding the stability of integrable systems , he made important contributions in several areas including dynamical systems theory , algebra , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory , including posing the ADE classification problem , since his first main result—the solution of Hilberts thirteenth problem in 1957 at the age of 19 . He co-founded two new branches of mathematics—KAM theory , and topological Galois theory ( this , with his student Askold Khovanskii ) . Arnold was also known as a popularizer of mathematics . Through his lectures , seminars , and as the author of several textbooks ( such as the famous Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics ) and popular mathematics books , he influenced many mathematicians and physicists . Many of his books were translated into English . His views on education were particularly opposed to those of Bourbaki . Biography . Vladimir Igorevich Arnold was born on 12 June 1937 in Odessa , Soviet Union . His father was Igor Vladimirovich Arnold ( 1900–1948 ) , a mathematician . His mother was Nina Alexandrovna Arnold ( 1909–1986 , née Isakovich ) , a Jewish art historian . When Arnold was thirteen , an uncle who was an engineer told him about calculus and how it could be used to understand some physical phenomena , this contributed to spark his interest for mathematics , and he started to study by himself the mathematical books his father had left to him , which included some works of Leonhard Euler and Charles Hermite . While a student of Andrey Kolmogorov at Moscow State University and still a teenager , Arnold showed in 1957 that any continuous function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of two-variable functions , thereby solving Hilberts thirteenth problem . This is the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem . After graduating from Moscow State University in 1959 , he worked there until 1986 ( a professor since 1965 ) , and then at Steklov Mathematical Institute . He became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union ( Russian Academy of Science since 1991 ) in 1990 . Arnold can be said to have initiated the theory of symplectic topology as a distinct discipline . The Arnold conjecture on the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and Lagrangian intersections were also a major motivation in the development of Floer homology . In 1999 he suffered a serious bike accident in Paris , resulting in traumatic brain injury , and though he regained consciousness after a few weeks , he had amnesia and for some time could not even recognize his own wife at the hospital , but he went on to make a good recovery . Arnold worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and at Paris Dauphine University up until his death . he was reported to have the highest citation index among Russian scientists , and h-index of 40 . To his students and colleagues Arnold was known also for his sense of humour . For example , once at his seminar in Moscow , at the beginning of the school year , when he usually was formulating new problems , he said : Death . Arnold died of acute pancreatitis on 3 June 2010 in Paris , nine days before his 73rd birthday . His students include Alexander Givental , Victor Goryunov , Sabir Gusein-Zade , Emil Horozov , Boris Khesin , Askold Khovanskii , Nikolay Nekhoroshev , Boris Shapiro , Alexander Varchenko , Victor Vassiliev and Vladimir Zakalyukin . He was buried on 15 June in Moscow , at the Novodevichy Monastery . In a telegram to Arnolds family , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated : Popular mathematical writings . Arnold is well known for his lucid writing style , combining mathematical rigour with physical intuition , and an easy conversational style of teaching and education . His writings present a fresh , often geometric approach to traditional mathematical topics like ordinary differential equations , and his many textbooks have proved influential in the development of new areas of mathematics . The standard criticism about Arnolds pedagogy is that his books are beautiful treatments of their subjects that are appreciated by experts , but too many details are omitted for students to learn the mathematics required to prove the statements that he so effortlessly justifies . His defense is that his books are meant to teach the subject to those who truly wish to understand it ( Chicone , 2007 ) . Arnold was an outspoken critic of the trend towards high levels of abstraction in mathematics during the middle of the last century . He had very strong opinions on how this approach—which was most popularly implemented by the Bourbaki school in France—initially had a negative impact on French mathematical education , and then later on that of other countries as well . Arnold was very interested in the history of mathematics . In an interview , he said he had learned much of what he knew about mathematics through the study of Felix Kleins book Development of Mathematics in the 19th Century —a book he often recommended to his students . He liked to study the classics , most notably the works of Huygens , Newton and Poincaré , and many times he reported to have found in their works ideas that had not been explored yet . Work . Arnold worked on dynamical systems theory , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory . Hilberts thirteenth problem . The problem is the following question : can every continuous function of three variables be expressed as a composition of finitely many continuous functions of two variables ? The affirmative answer to this general question was given in 1957 by Vladimir Arnold , then only nineteen years old and a student of Andrey Kolmogorov . Kolmogorov had shown in the previous year that any function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of three-variable functions . Arnold then expanded on this work to show that only two-variable functions were in fact required , thus answering the Hilberts question when posed for the class of continuous functions . Dynamical systems . Moser and Arnold expanded the ideas of Kolmogorov ( who was inspired by questions of Poincaré ) and gave rise to what is now known as Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem ( or KAM theory ) , which concerns the persistence of some quasi-periodic motions ( nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems ) when they are perturbed . KAM theory shows that , despite the perturbations , such systems can be stable over an infinite period of time , and specifies what the conditions for this are . Singularity theory . In 1965 , Arnold attended René Thoms seminar on catastrophe theory . He later said of it : I am deeply indebted to Thom , whose singularity seminar at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques , which I frequented throughout the year 1965 , profoundly changed my mathematical universe . After this event , singularity theory became one of the major interests of Arnold and his students . Among his most famous results in this area is his classification of simple singularities , contained in his paper Normal forms of functions near degenerate critical points , the Weyl groups of A,D,E and Lagrangian singularities . Fluid dynamics . In 1966 , Arnold published , in which he presented a common geometric interpretation for both the Eulers equations for rotating rigid bodies and the Eulers equations of fluid dynamics , this effectively linked topics previously thought to be unrelated , and enabled mathematical solutions to many questions related to fluid flows and their turbulence . Real algebraic geometry . In the year 1971 , Arnold published On the arrangement of ovals of real plane algebraic curves , involutions of four-dimensional smooth manifolds , and the arithmetic of integral quadratic forms , which gave new life to real algebraic geometry . In it , he made major advances in the direction of a solution to Gudkovs conjecture , by finding a connection between it and four-dimensional topology . The conjecture was to be later fully solved by V . A . Rokhlin building on Arnolds work . Symplectic geometry . The Arnold conjecture , linking the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and the topology of the subjacent manifolds , was the motivating source of many of the pioneer studies in symplectic topology . Topology . According to Victor Vassiliev , Arnold worked comparatively little on topology for topologys sake . And he was rather motivated by problems on other areas of mathematics where topology could be of use . His contributions include the invention of a topological form of the Abel–Ruffini theorem and the initial development of some of the consequent ideas , a work which resulted in the creation of the field of topological Galois theory in the 1960s . Theory of plane curves . Arnold revolutionized plane curves theory . Other . Arnold conjectured the existence of the gömböc . Honours and awards . - Lenin Prize ( 1965 , with Andrey Kolmogorov ) , for work on celestial mechanics . - Crafoord Prize ( 1982 , with Louis Nirenberg ) , for contributions to the theory of non-linear differential equations . - Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1987 ) - Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) of London in 1988 . - Lobachevsky Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 1992 ) - Harvey Prize ( 1994 ) , for basic contribution to the stability theory of dynamical systems , his pioneering work on singularity theory and seminal contributions to analysis and geometry . - Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics ( 2001 ) , for his fundamental contributions to our understanding of dynamics and of singularities of maps with profound consequences for mechanics , astrophysics , statistical mechanics , hydrodynamics and optics . - Wolf Prize in Mathematics ( 2001 ) , for his deep and influential work in a multitude of areas of mathematics , including dynamical systems , differential equations , and singularity theory . - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 2007 ) , for outstanding success in mathematics . - Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences ( 2008 , with Ludwig Faddeev ) , for their contributions to mathematical physics . The minor planet 10031 Vladarnolda was named after him in 1981 by Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina . The Arnold Mathematical Journal , published for the first time in 2015 , is named after him . He was a plenary speaker at both the 1974 and 1983 International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver and Warsaw , respectively . Fields Medal omission . Even though Arnold was nominated for the 1974 Fields Medal , which was then viewed as the highest honour a mathematician could receive , interference from the Soviet government led to it being withdrawn . Arnolds public opposition to the persecution of dissidents had led him into direct conflict with influential Soviet officials , and he suffered persecution himself , including not being allowed to leave the Soviet Union during most of the 1970s and 1980s . Selected bibliography . - 1966 : - 1978 : Ordinary Differential Equations , The MIT Press . - 1985 : - 1988 : - 1988 : - 1989 : - 1989 - 1989 : ( with A . Avez ) Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics , Addison-Wesley . - 1990 : Huygens and Barrow , Newton and Hooke : Pioneers in mathematical analysis and catastrophe theory from evolvents to quasicrystals , Eric J.F . Primrose translator , Birkhäuser Verlag ( 1990 ) . - 1991 : - 1995:Topological Invariants of Plane Curves and Caustics , American Mathematical Society ( 1994 ) - 1998 : On the teaching of mathematics ( Russian ) Uspekhi Mat . Nauk 53 ( 1998 ) , no . 1 ( 319 ) , 229–234 ; translation in Russian Math . Surveys 53 ( 1 ) : 229–236 . - 1999 : ( with Valentin Afraimovich ) Bifurcation Theory And Catastrophe Theory Springer - 2001 : Tsepniye Drobi ( Continued Fractions , in Russian ) , Moscow ( 2001 ) . - 2004 : Teoriya Katastrof ( Catastrophe Theory , in Russian ) , 4th ed . Moscow , Editorial-URSS ( 2004 ) , . - 2004 : - 2004 : - 2007 : Yesterday and Long Ago , Springer ( 2007 ) , . - 2013 : - 2014 : - 2015 : Experimental Mathematics . American Mathematical Society ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) . - 2015 : Lectures and Problems : A Gift to Young Mathematicians , American Math Society , ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) Collected works . - 2010 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; J . E . Marsden ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; V . M . Zakalyukin ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume I : Representations of Functions , Celestial Mechanics , and KAM Theory ( 1957–1965 ) . Springer - 2013 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume II : Hydrodynamics , Bifurcation Theory , and Algebraic Geometry ( 1965–1972 ) . Springer . - 2016 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume III : Singularity Theory 1972–1979 . Springer . - 2018 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume IV : Singularities in Symplectic and Contact Geometry 1980–1985 . Springer .
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[
""
] |
easy
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What organization did Vladimir Arnold join in 1983?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold#P463#1
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Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Igorevich Arnold ( alternative spelling Arnold , , 12 June 1937 – 3 June 2010 ) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician . While he is best known for the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem regarding the stability of integrable systems , he made important contributions in several areas including dynamical systems theory , algebra , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory , including posing the ADE classification problem , since his first main result—the solution of Hilberts thirteenth problem in 1957 at the age of 19 . He co-founded two new branches of mathematics—KAM theory , and topological Galois theory ( this , with his student Askold Khovanskii ) . Arnold was also known as a popularizer of mathematics . Through his lectures , seminars , and as the author of several textbooks ( such as the famous Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics ) and popular mathematics books , he influenced many mathematicians and physicists . Many of his books were translated into English . His views on education were particularly opposed to those of Bourbaki . Biography . Vladimir Igorevich Arnold was born on 12 June 1937 in Odessa , Soviet Union . His father was Igor Vladimirovich Arnold ( 1900–1948 ) , a mathematician . His mother was Nina Alexandrovna Arnold ( 1909–1986 , née Isakovich ) , a Jewish art historian . When Arnold was thirteen , an uncle who was an engineer told him about calculus and how it could be used to understand some physical phenomena , this contributed to spark his interest for mathematics , and he started to study by himself the mathematical books his father had left to him , which included some works of Leonhard Euler and Charles Hermite . While a student of Andrey Kolmogorov at Moscow State University and still a teenager , Arnold showed in 1957 that any continuous function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of two-variable functions , thereby solving Hilberts thirteenth problem . This is the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem . After graduating from Moscow State University in 1959 , he worked there until 1986 ( a professor since 1965 ) , and then at Steklov Mathematical Institute . He became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union ( Russian Academy of Science since 1991 ) in 1990 . Arnold can be said to have initiated the theory of symplectic topology as a distinct discipline . The Arnold conjecture on the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and Lagrangian intersections were also a major motivation in the development of Floer homology . In 1999 he suffered a serious bike accident in Paris , resulting in traumatic brain injury , and though he regained consciousness after a few weeks , he had amnesia and for some time could not even recognize his own wife at the hospital , but he went on to make a good recovery . Arnold worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and at Paris Dauphine University up until his death . he was reported to have the highest citation index among Russian scientists , and h-index of 40 . To his students and colleagues Arnold was known also for his sense of humour . For example , once at his seminar in Moscow , at the beginning of the school year , when he usually was formulating new problems , he said : Death . Arnold died of acute pancreatitis on 3 June 2010 in Paris , nine days before his 73rd birthday . His students include Alexander Givental , Victor Goryunov , Sabir Gusein-Zade , Emil Horozov , Boris Khesin , Askold Khovanskii , Nikolay Nekhoroshev , Boris Shapiro , Alexander Varchenko , Victor Vassiliev and Vladimir Zakalyukin . He was buried on 15 June in Moscow , at the Novodevichy Monastery . In a telegram to Arnolds family , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated : Popular mathematical writings . Arnold is well known for his lucid writing style , combining mathematical rigour with physical intuition , and an easy conversational style of teaching and education . His writings present a fresh , often geometric approach to traditional mathematical topics like ordinary differential equations , and his many textbooks have proved influential in the development of new areas of mathematics . The standard criticism about Arnolds pedagogy is that his books are beautiful treatments of their subjects that are appreciated by experts , but too many details are omitted for students to learn the mathematics required to prove the statements that he so effortlessly justifies . His defense is that his books are meant to teach the subject to those who truly wish to understand it ( Chicone , 2007 ) . Arnold was an outspoken critic of the trend towards high levels of abstraction in mathematics during the middle of the last century . He had very strong opinions on how this approach—which was most popularly implemented by the Bourbaki school in France—initially had a negative impact on French mathematical education , and then later on that of other countries as well . Arnold was very interested in the history of mathematics . In an interview , he said he had learned much of what he knew about mathematics through the study of Felix Kleins book Development of Mathematics in the 19th Century —a book he often recommended to his students . He liked to study the classics , most notably the works of Huygens , Newton and Poincaré , and many times he reported to have found in their works ideas that had not been explored yet . Work . Arnold worked on dynamical systems theory , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory . Hilberts thirteenth problem . The problem is the following question : can every continuous function of three variables be expressed as a composition of finitely many continuous functions of two variables ? The affirmative answer to this general question was given in 1957 by Vladimir Arnold , then only nineteen years old and a student of Andrey Kolmogorov . Kolmogorov had shown in the previous year that any function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of three-variable functions . Arnold then expanded on this work to show that only two-variable functions were in fact required , thus answering the Hilberts question when posed for the class of continuous functions . Dynamical systems . Moser and Arnold expanded the ideas of Kolmogorov ( who was inspired by questions of Poincaré ) and gave rise to what is now known as Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem ( or KAM theory ) , which concerns the persistence of some quasi-periodic motions ( nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems ) when they are perturbed . KAM theory shows that , despite the perturbations , such systems can be stable over an infinite period of time , and specifies what the conditions for this are . Singularity theory . In 1965 , Arnold attended René Thoms seminar on catastrophe theory . He later said of it : I am deeply indebted to Thom , whose singularity seminar at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques , which I frequented throughout the year 1965 , profoundly changed my mathematical universe . After this event , singularity theory became one of the major interests of Arnold and his students . Among his most famous results in this area is his classification of simple singularities , contained in his paper Normal forms of functions near degenerate critical points , the Weyl groups of A,D,E and Lagrangian singularities . Fluid dynamics . In 1966 , Arnold published , in which he presented a common geometric interpretation for both the Eulers equations for rotating rigid bodies and the Eulers equations of fluid dynamics , this effectively linked topics previously thought to be unrelated , and enabled mathematical solutions to many questions related to fluid flows and their turbulence . Real algebraic geometry . In the year 1971 , Arnold published On the arrangement of ovals of real plane algebraic curves , involutions of four-dimensional smooth manifolds , and the arithmetic of integral quadratic forms , which gave new life to real algebraic geometry . In it , he made major advances in the direction of a solution to Gudkovs conjecture , by finding a connection between it and four-dimensional topology . The conjecture was to be later fully solved by V . A . Rokhlin building on Arnolds work . Symplectic geometry . The Arnold conjecture , linking the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and the topology of the subjacent manifolds , was the motivating source of many of the pioneer studies in symplectic topology . Topology . According to Victor Vassiliev , Arnold worked comparatively little on topology for topologys sake . And he was rather motivated by problems on other areas of mathematics where topology could be of use . His contributions include the invention of a topological form of the Abel–Ruffini theorem and the initial development of some of the consequent ideas , a work which resulted in the creation of the field of topological Galois theory in the 1960s . Theory of plane curves . Arnold revolutionized plane curves theory . Other . Arnold conjectured the existence of the gömböc . Honours and awards . - Lenin Prize ( 1965 , with Andrey Kolmogorov ) , for work on celestial mechanics . - Crafoord Prize ( 1982 , with Louis Nirenberg ) , for contributions to the theory of non-linear differential equations . - Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1987 ) - Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) of London in 1988 . - Lobachevsky Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 1992 ) - Harvey Prize ( 1994 ) , for basic contribution to the stability theory of dynamical systems , his pioneering work on singularity theory and seminal contributions to analysis and geometry . - Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics ( 2001 ) , for his fundamental contributions to our understanding of dynamics and of singularities of maps with profound consequences for mechanics , astrophysics , statistical mechanics , hydrodynamics and optics . - Wolf Prize in Mathematics ( 2001 ) , for his deep and influential work in a multitude of areas of mathematics , including dynamical systems , differential equations , and singularity theory . - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 2007 ) , for outstanding success in mathematics . - Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences ( 2008 , with Ludwig Faddeev ) , for their contributions to mathematical physics . The minor planet 10031 Vladarnolda was named after him in 1981 by Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina . The Arnold Mathematical Journal , published for the first time in 2015 , is named after him . He was a plenary speaker at both the 1974 and 1983 International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver and Warsaw , respectively . Fields Medal omission . Even though Arnold was nominated for the 1974 Fields Medal , which was then viewed as the highest honour a mathematician could receive , interference from the Soviet government led to it being withdrawn . Arnolds public opposition to the persecution of dissidents had led him into direct conflict with influential Soviet officials , and he suffered persecution himself , including not being allowed to leave the Soviet Union during most of the 1970s and 1980s . Selected bibliography . - 1966 : - 1978 : Ordinary Differential Equations , The MIT Press . - 1985 : - 1988 : - 1988 : - 1989 : - 1989 - 1989 : ( with A . Avez ) Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics , Addison-Wesley . - 1990 : Huygens and Barrow , Newton and Hooke : Pioneers in mathematical analysis and catastrophe theory from evolvents to quasicrystals , Eric J.F . Primrose translator , Birkhäuser Verlag ( 1990 ) . - 1991 : - 1995:Topological Invariants of Plane Curves and Caustics , American Mathematical Society ( 1994 ) - 1998 : On the teaching of mathematics ( Russian ) Uspekhi Mat . Nauk 53 ( 1998 ) , no . 1 ( 319 ) , 229–234 ; translation in Russian Math . Surveys 53 ( 1 ) : 229–236 . - 1999 : ( with Valentin Afraimovich ) Bifurcation Theory And Catastrophe Theory Springer - 2001 : Tsepniye Drobi ( Continued Fractions , in Russian ) , Moscow ( 2001 ) . - 2004 : Teoriya Katastrof ( Catastrophe Theory , in Russian ) , 4th ed . Moscow , Editorial-URSS ( 2004 ) , . - 2004 : - 2004 : - 2007 : Yesterday and Long Ago , Springer ( 2007 ) , . - 2013 : - 2014 : - 2015 : Experimental Mathematics . American Mathematical Society ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) . - 2015 : Lectures and Problems : A Gift to Young Mathematicians , American Math Society , ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) Collected works . - 2010 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; J . E . Marsden ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; V . M . Zakalyukin ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume I : Representations of Functions , Celestial Mechanics , and KAM Theory ( 1957–1965 ) . Springer - 2013 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume II : Hydrodynamics , Bifurcation Theory , and Algebraic Geometry ( 1965–1972 ) . Springer . - 2016 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume III : Singularity Theory 1972–1979 . Springer . - 2018 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume IV : Singularities in Symplectic and Contact Geometry 1980–1985 . Springer .
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What organization did Vladimir Arnold join in 1990?
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/wiki/Vladimir_Arnold#P463#2
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Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Igorevich Arnold ( alternative spelling Arnold , , 12 June 1937 – 3 June 2010 ) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician . While he is best known for the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem regarding the stability of integrable systems , he made important contributions in several areas including dynamical systems theory , algebra , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory , including posing the ADE classification problem , since his first main result—the solution of Hilberts thirteenth problem in 1957 at the age of 19 . He co-founded two new branches of mathematics—KAM theory , and topological Galois theory ( this , with his student Askold Khovanskii ) . Arnold was also known as a popularizer of mathematics . Through his lectures , seminars , and as the author of several textbooks ( such as the famous Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics ) and popular mathematics books , he influenced many mathematicians and physicists . Many of his books were translated into English . His views on education were particularly opposed to those of Bourbaki . Biography . Vladimir Igorevich Arnold was born on 12 June 1937 in Odessa , Soviet Union . His father was Igor Vladimirovich Arnold ( 1900–1948 ) , a mathematician . His mother was Nina Alexandrovna Arnold ( 1909–1986 , née Isakovich ) , a Jewish art historian . When Arnold was thirteen , an uncle who was an engineer told him about calculus and how it could be used to understand some physical phenomena , this contributed to spark his interest for mathematics , and he started to study by himself the mathematical books his father had left to him , which included some works of Leonhard Euler and Charles Hermite . While a student of Andrey Kolmogorov at Moscow State University and still a teenager , Arnold showed in 1957 that any continuous function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of two-variable functions , thereby solving Hilberts thirteenth problem . This is the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem . After graduating from Moscow State University in 1959 , he worked there until 1986 ( a professor since 1965 ) , and then at Steklov Mathematical Institute . He became an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union ( Russian Academy of Science since 1991 ) in 1990 . Arnold can be said to have initiated the theory of symplectic topology as a distinct discipline . The Arnold conjecture on the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and Lagrangian intersections were also a major motivation in the development of Floer homology . In 1999 he suffered a serious bike accident in Paris , resulting in traumatic brain injury , and though he regained consciousness after a few weeks , he had amnesia and for some time could not even recognize his own wife at the hospital , but he went on to make a good recovery . Arnold worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and at Paris Dauphine University up until his death . he was reported to have the highest citation index among Russian scientists , and h-index of 40 . To his students and colleagues Arnold was known also for his sense of humour . For example , once at his seminar in Moscow , at the beginning of the school year , when he usually was formulating new problems , he said : Death . Arnold died of acute pancreatitis on 3 June 2010 in Paris , nine days before his 73rd birthday . His students include Alexander Givental , Victor Goryunov , Sabir Gusein-Zade , Emil Horozov , Boris Khesin , Askold Khovanskii , Nikolay Nekhoroshev , Boris Shapiro , Alexander Varchenko , Victor Vassiliev and Vladimir Zakalyukin . He was buried on 15 June in Moscow , at the Novodevichy Monastery . In a telegram to Arnolds family , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated : Popular mathematical writings . Arnold is well known for his lucid writing style , combining mathematical rigour with physical intuition , and an easy conversational style of teaching and education . His writings present a fresh , often geometric approach to traditional mathematical topics like ordinary differential equations , and his many textbooks have proved influential in the development of new areas of mathematics . The standard criticism about Arnolds pedagogy is that his books are beautiful treatments of their subjects that are appreciated by experts , but too many details are omitted for students to learn the mathematics required to prove the statements that he so effortlessly justifies . His defense is that his books are meant to teach the subject to those who truly wish to understand it ( Chicone , 2007 ) . Arnold was an outspoken critic of the trend towards high levels of abstraction in mathematics during the middle of the last century . He had very strong opinions on how this approach—which was most popularly implemented by the Bourbaki school in France—initially had a negative impact on French mathematical education , and then later on that of other countries as well . Arnold was very interested in the history of mathematics . In an interview , he said he had learned much of what he knew about mathematics through the study of Felix Kleins book Development of Mathematics in the 19th Century —a book he often recommended to his students . He liked to study the classics , most notably the works of Huygens , Newton and Poincaré , and many times he reported to have found in their works ideas that had not been explored yet . Work . Arnold worked on dynamical systems theory , catastrophe theory , topology , algebraic geometry , symplectic geometry , differential equations , classical mechanics , hydrodynamics and singularity theory . Hilberts thirteenth problem . The problem is the following question : can every continuous function of three variables be expressed as a composition of finitely many continuous functions of two variables ? The affirmative answer to this general question was given in 1957 by Vladimir Arnold , then only nineteen years old and a student of Andrey Kolmogorov . Kolmogorov had shown in the previous year that any function of several variables can be constructed with a finite number of three-variable functions . Arnold then expanded on this work to show that only two-variable functions were in fact required , thus answering the Hilberts question when posed for the class of continuous functions . Dynamical systems . Moser and Arnold expanded the ideas of Kolmogorov ( who was inspired by questions of Poincaré ) and gave rise to what is now known as Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem ( or KAM theory ) , which concerns the persistence of some quasi-periodic motions ( nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems ) when they are perturbed . KAM theory shows that , despite the perturbations , such systems can be stable over an infinite period of time , and specifies what the conditions for this are . Singularity theory . In 1965 , Arnold attended René Thoms seminar on catastrophe theory . He later said of it : I am deeply indebted to Thom , whose singularity seminar at the Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques , which I frequented throughout the year 1965 , profoundly changed my mathematical universe . After this event , singularity theory became one of the major interests of Arnold and his students . Among his most famous results in this area is his classification of simple singularities , contained in his paper Normal forms of functions near degenerate critical points , the Weyl groups of A,D,E and Lagrangian singularities . Fluid dynamics . In 1966 , Arnold published , in which he presented a common geometric interpretation for both the Eulers equations for rotating rigid bodies and the Eulers equations of fluid dynamics , this effectively linked topics previously thought to be unrelated , and enabled mathematical solutions to many questions related to fluid flows and their turbulence . Real algebraic geometry . In the year 1971 , Arnold published On the arrangement of ovals of real plane algebraic curves , involutions of four-dimensional smooth manifolds , and the arithmetic of integral quadratic forms , which gave new life to real algebraic geometry . In it , he made major advances in the direction of a solution to Gudkovs conjecture , by finding a connection between it and four-dimensional topology . The conjecture was to be later fully solved by V . A . Rokhlin building on Arnolds work . Symplectic geometry . The Arnold conjecture , linking the number of fixed points of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms and the topology of the subjacent manifolds , was the motivating source of many of the pioneer studies in symplectic topology . Topology . According to Victor Vassiliev , Arnold worked comparatively little on topology for topologys sake . And he was rather motivated by problems on other areas of mathematics where topology could be of use . His contributions include the invention of a topological form of the Abel–Ruffini theorem and the initial development of some of the consequent ideas , a work which resulted in the creation of the field of topological Galois theory in the 1960s . Theory of plane curves . Arnold revolutionized plane curves theory . Other . Arnold conjectured the existence of the gömböc . Honours and awards . - Lenin Prize ( 1965 , with Andrey Kolmogorov ) , for work on celestial mechanics . - Crafoord Prize ( 1982 , with Louis Nirenberg ) , for contributions to the theory of non-linear differential equations . - Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1987 ) - Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) of London in 1988 . - Lobachevsky Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 1992 ) - Harvey Prize ( 1994 ) , for basic contribution to the stability theory of dynamical systems , his pioneering work on singularity theory and seminal contributions to analysis and geometry . - Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics ( 2001 ) , for his fundamental contributions to our understanding of dynamics and of singularities of maps with profound consequences for mechanics , astrophysics , statistical mechanics , hydrodynamics and optics . - Wolf Prize in Mathematics ( 2001 ) , for his deep and influential work in a multitude of areas of mathematics , including dynamical systems , differential equations , and singularity theory . - State Prize of the Russian Federation ( 2007 ) , for outstanding success in mathematics . - Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences ( 2008 , with Ludwig Faddeev ) , for their contributions to mathematical physics . The minor planet 10031 Vladarnolda was named after him in 1981 by Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina . The Arnold Mathematical Journal , published for the first time in 2015 , is named after him . He was a plenary speaker at both the 1974 and 1983 International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver and Warsaw , respectively . Fields Medal omission . Even though Arnold was nominated for the 1974 Fields Medal , which was then viewed as the highest honour a mathematician could receive , interference from the Soviet government led to it being withdrawn . Arnolds public opposition to the persecution of dissidents had led him into direct conflict with influential Soviet officials , and he suffered persecution himself , including not being allowed to leave the Soviet Union during most of the 1970s and 1980s . Selected bibliography . - 1966 : - 1978 : Ordinary Differential Equations , The MIT Press . - 1985 : - 1988 : - 1988 : - 1989 : - 1989 - 1989 : ( with A . Avez ) Ergodic Problems of Classical Mechanics , Addison-Wesley . - 1990 : Huygens and Barrow , Newton and Hooke : Pioneers in mathematical analysis and catastrophe theory from evolvents to quasicrystals , Eric J.F . Primrose translator , Birkhäuser Verlag ( 1990 ) . - 1991 : - 1995:Topological Invariants of Plane Curves and Caustics , American Mathematical Society ( 1994 ) - 1998 : On the teaching of mathematics ( Russian ) Uspekhi Mat . Nauk 53 ( 1998 ) , no . 1 ( 319 ) , 229–234 ; translation in Russian Math . Surveys 53 ( 1 ) : 229–236 . - 1999 : ( with Valentin Afraimovich ) Bifurcation Theory And Catastrophe Theory Springer - 2001 : Tsepniye Drobi ( Continued Fractions , in Russian ) , Moscow ( 2001 ) . - 2004 : Teoriya Katastrof ( Catastrophe Theory , in Russian ) , 4th ed . Moscow , Editorial-URSS ( 2004 ) , . - 2004 : - 2004 : - 2007 : Yesterday and Long Ago , Springer ( 2007 ) , . - 2013 : - 2014 : - 2015 : Experimental Mathematics . American Mathematical Society ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) . - 2015 : Lectures and Problems : A Gift to Young Mathematicians , American Math Society , ( translated from Russian , 2015 ) Collected works . - 2010 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; J . E . Marsden ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; V . M . Zakalyukin ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume I : Representations of Functions , Celestial Mechanics , and KAM Theory ( 1957–1965 ) . Springer - 2013 : A . B . Givental ; B . A . Khesin ; A . N . Varchenko ; V . A . Vassilev ; O . Ya . Viro ; ( editors ) . Collected Works , Volume II : Hydrodynamics , Bifurcation Theory , and Algebraic Geometry ( 1965–1972 ) . Springer . - 2016 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume III : Singularity Theory 1972–1979 . Springer . - 2018 : Givental , A.B. , Khesin , B. , Sevryuk , M.B. , Vassiliev , V.A. , Viro , O.Y . ( Eds. ) . Collected Works , Volume IV : Singularities in Symplectic and Contact Geometry 1980–1985 . Springer .
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Which team did the player Joe Anyon belong to from 2004 to 2010?
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/wiki/Joe_Anyon#P54#0
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Joe Anyon Joseph Anyon ( born 29 December 1986 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . A youth player at Port Vale , he turned professional at the club in 2004 , and was loaned out to non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Harrogate Town to gain experience . He was the Vales first choice goalkeeper from his debut in December 2006 up until a clash that saw him break his leg in March 2009 – later in the year he was voted Player of the Year . He failed to regain his place following recovery from the injury and was released in the summer of 2010 , whereupon he signed with Lincoln City . Whilst at City he was loaned out to Morecambe . He was voted as Lincolns Player of the Season in 2011–12 . He joined Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 . He joined Macclesfield Town on an emergency loan in January 2013 . He left Shrewsbury in summer 2014 , and returned to the game with Crewe Alexandra in January 2015 before he signed with Scunthorpe United later in the month . He joined Chesterfield in May 2017 and spent two years as a back-up before joining Chorley in July 2019 . Playing career . Port Vale . Born in Lytham St Annes , Lancashire , Anyon grew up supporting Blackpool . He played in the Blackburn Rovers youth system before joining Port Vale . He joined Stafford Rangers on loan towards the end of the 2004–05 season , making five appearances . He rejoined Stafford on loan in August 2005 , again making five appearances . At the end of the season he was voted Youth Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . After winning a first team contract with Vale , Anyon spent time on loan at Harrogate Town , making two appearances in November . He rejoined Harrogate in February 2006 , making nine appearances before returning to Vale after breaking his jaw in April . He made his first team debut for the Vale in December 2006 , after first-choice goalkeeper Mark Goodlad ruptured his right achilles tendon against Bristol City in December 2006 and had to have reconstructive surgery . He then went on to play the rest of the 2006–07 season , with only 25 goals scored against him . Goodlad was forced to retire due to his injury and Anyon then established himself as the first choice keeper , and was voted Young Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . He was also rumoured to have had his progress tracked by both Liverpool and Birmingham City . In August 2007 the Daily Mirror reported that his club had rejected a £250,000 bid from Fulham . Following a 3–1 home defeat to Macclesfield Town in the FA Cup on 28 November 2008 , Anyon blasted his teammates , labelling their performance as a disgrace . He fractured his tibia after clashing with Drew Talbot in a 2–1 defeat at Chesterfield on 28 March 2009 , bringing a premature end to his season . Despite this , his performances that season earned him the 2009 Player of the Year Award , as well as the award for the best player away from home . The season began with a disagreement with then-manager Lee Sinnott , but Anyon was #1 under Glover and conceded sixty goals in his 39 appearances , giving Vale one of the better defensive records in the lower half of the League Two table . In May 2009 he signed a new one-year contract with the Vale . He returned to fitness to play a reserve game on 23 September 2009 . His next challenge was to displace teenager Chris Martin . He was transfer listed in late September , along with the entire Port Vale squad , after manager Micky Adams saw his team slip to a third consecutive defeat . He said he did not intend to move out on loan to aid in his comeback , despite admitting he had itchy feet over a return to first team action . In January 2010 he stated that he was willing to join another club on loan in order to get some games . However , he returned to the starting line up at Vale Park the next month , after young rival Martin was rested . He performed well over seven games , but made two costly errors that resulted in two goals and dropped points in the play-off hunt . Thus he was consigned to the bench until the seasons end , at which point he was told he would not be offered a new contract at the club . However , he was told that if he failed to find a new club then he may be offered a new contract at Vale Park on reduced pay . Lincoln City . In May 2010 he signed a two-year deal with Chris Suttons Lincoln City . Goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite said of him hes a very good keeper , hes still very young but with a lot of talent , a lot of potential and experience . He had only came to the clubs attention when Musselwhite spotted on television that he had been released by Port Vale . Anyon replaced the popular Rob Burch , who had signed with Notts County . He started well at his new club , putting in some match winning performances . He made a costly error during a heavy home defeat to Bury on 23 November , but four days later put in a heroic display against Hereford United to keep the club in the FA Cup . On 17 January he made another howler in a 2–1 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers . Lincoln bottom of the Football League , new manager Steve Tilson signed Trevor Carson on loan from Sunderland , who immediately took Anyons place in goal . In March 2011 , Anyon joined fellow League Two side Morecambe on an emergency loan , following an injury to Barry Roche , who was Sammy McIlroys regular custodian . He made a costly error in his first game for the club , gifting Bury a 1–0 win on 8 March . He recovered five days later to save a Gareth Evans penalty , and was praised for his overall performance in the 1–0 defeat to Bradford City at the Globe Arena . After two further appearances he returned to Sincil Bank , where he faced a new rival in Aston Villa loanee Elliot Parish . In May 2011 , the club was relegated out of the Football League , and Anyon was made available for a free transfer . The Imps had a poor season in 2011–12 , finishing just outside the relegation zone . Along with Josh Gowling , John Nutter and Alan Power , Anyon was one of the clubs rare permanent features throughout the campaign , keeping his first team place under both Steve Tilson and new boss David Holdsworth . He beat Gowling and Power to the Player of the Season award , and was also voted as the Away Player of the Season . During the season , he regularly issued an inspiring battle cry in the local press , talked up the biggest club in the Blue Square Bet Premier , and also attempted to bring unity between the clubs disgruntled supporters and embattled management . Holdsworth described Anyon as a big voice , and praised his impeccable attitude . On the pitch his performances were seen as a huge ray of light from the start of the season , and coach Neil Gardner told the Lincolnshire Echo that he believed Anyon could go on to play at Championship level . Shrewsbury Town . Anyon joined Graham Turners Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 , arriving at the New Meadow on the same day as rival goalkeeper Chris Weale . He made his debut for the Shrews on 9 October , in a League Trophy clash with Crewe Alexandra , but had to leave the pitch due to injury on 19 minutes . On 25 January 2013 , Anyon joined Macclesfield Town on a seven-day emergency loan after Lance Cronin broke a thumb in training . His debut came one day later at Moss Rose , in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic in the Fourth Round of the FA Cup ; Anyons first touch for the Silkmen was to get a hand to Jordi Gómezs penalty , which he was unable to save . Anyon finally made his league debut for Shrewsbury on 15 February 2014 in a local derby with his former club Port Vale , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw . He went on to make 11 league appearances in the 2013–14 season under new manager Michael Jackson , but could not prevent the club from being relegated out of League One , and was released at the end of his contract after new manager Micky Mellon finished evaluating his squad . Scunthorpe United . Anyon was in talks to join Cardiff City but the move was delayed whilst he underwent three operations to correct his Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome , and after he recovered the deal was cancelled because manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær was no longer with Cardiff . He instead joined League One side Crewe Alexandra on non-contract terms on 16 January 2015 . Ten days later he signed a contract with League One rivals Scunthorpe United to run until the end of the 2014–15 season . Manager Mark Robins found Anyon through goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite , and said that Anyon would be back-up for fellow new-signing Luke Daniels , with Sam Slocombe and James Severn both out injured with broken arms . He did not make a first team appearance but was still signed to a new two-year deal in May 2015 , whilst Slocombe and Severn were released . He made nine appearances in the 2015–16 season , and was praised for his professionalism by manager Graham Alexander . Luke Daniels broke his ribs at the end of March 2017 , leaving Anyon to fill his place for the rest of the 2016–17 season . He immediately won a place on the Football League team of the week following a man of the match performance in a 1–0 win over Burton Albion at Glanford Park on 9 April . The Iron went on to qualify for the play-offs , and Alexander praised Anyon for keeping a clean sheet in the semi-final first leg at The Den , however Millwall won the return leg 3–2 to eliminate Scunthorpe . He was released in May 2017 . Chesterfield . Anyon signed a two-year contract with newly relegated EFL League Two side Chesterfield in May 2017 . Manager Gary Caldwell said that he had been keen to sign Anyon due in part to his ability to play the ball out with his feet , which suited the style of football Caldwell hoped to instil in the Spireites . On 5 December he broke his arm during a 2–0 defeat at Fleetwood Town after a collision with Alex Reid ; this left manager Jack Lester having to search for an emergency goalkeeper to come in on loan . Chesterfield had been relegated out of the English Football League by the time Anyon had returned to fitness at the end of the 2017–18 season and he was made available for a free transfer by new manager Martin Allen in May 2018 . He remained at the Proact Stadium however , featuring just twice at the end of the 2018–19 season after new manager John Sheridan decided to repay him for his positive attitude in helping new goalkeeper Shwan Jalal in training , saying I dont care what other people think of him , I believe in him . Anyon was also chosen to carry the coffin of Gordon Banks at his funeral in March . Anyon was released by Chesterfield in May 2019 . Chorley . Anyon joined National League side Chorley in July 2019 . He made just four appearances for the Magpies in the 2019–20 season , which was permanently suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England , with Chorley bottom of the table . Honours . - Individual - Port Vale F.C . Player of the Year : 2009 - Lincoln City F.C . Player of the Season : 2011–12
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