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[
"Lincoln City"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Joe Anyon belong to from 2010 to 2012?
|
/wiki/Joe_Anyon#P54#1
|
Joe Anyon Joseph Anyon ( born 29 December 1986 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . A youth player at Port Vale , he turned professional at the club in 2004 , and was loaned out to non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Harrogate Town to gain experience . He was the Vales first choice goalkeeper from his debut in December 2006 up until a clash that saw him break his leg in March 2009 – later in the year he was voted Player of the Year . He failed to regain his place following recovery from the injury and was released in the summer of 2010 , whereupon he signed with Lincoln City . Whilst at City he was loaned out to Morecambe . He was voted as Lincolns Player of the Season in 2011–12 . He joined Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 . He joined Macclesfield Town on an emergency loan in January 2013 . He left Shrewsbury in summer 2014 , and returned to the game with Crewe Alexandra in January 2015 before he signed with Scunthorpe United later in the month . He joined Chesterfield in May 2017 and spent two years as a back-up before joining Chorley in July 2019 . Playing career . Port Vale . Born in Lytham St Annes , Lancashire , Anyon grew up supporting Blackpool . He played in the Blackburn Rovers youth system before joining Port Vale . He joined Stafford Rangers on loan towards the end of the 2004–05 season , making five appearances . He rejoined Stafford on loan in August 2005 , again making five appearances . At the end of the season he was voted Youth Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . After winning a first team contract with Vale , Anyon spent time on loan at Harrogate Town , making two appearances in November . He rejoined Harrogate in February 2006 , making nine appearances before returning to Vale after breaking his jaw in April . He made his first team debut for the Vale in December 2006 , after first-choice goalkeeper Mark Goodlad ruptured his right achilles tendon against Bristol City in December 2006 and had to have reconstructive surgery . He then went on to play the rest of the 2006–07 season , with only 25 goals scored against him . Goodlad was forced to retire due to his injury and Anyon then established himself as the first choice keeper , and was voted Young Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . He was also rumoured to have had his progress tracked by both Liverpool and Birmingham City . In August 2007 the Daily Mirror reported that his club had rejected a £250,000 bid from Fulham . Following a 3–1 home defeat to Macclesfield Town in the FA Cup on 28 November 2008 , Anyon blasted his teammates , labelling their performance as a disgrace . He fractured his tibia after clashing with Drew Talbot in a 2–1 defeat at Chesterfield on 28 March 2009 , bringing a premature end to his season . Despite this , his performances that season earned him the 2009 Player of the Year Award , as well as the award for the best player away from home . The season began with a disagreement with then-manager Lee Sinnott , but Anyon was #1 under Glover and conceded sixty goals in his 39 appearances , giving Vale one of the better defensive records in the lower half of the League Two table . In May 2009 he signed a new one-year contract with the Vale . He returned to fitness to play a reserve game on 23 September 2009 . His next challenge was to displace teenager Chris Martin . He was transfer listed in late September , along with the entire Port Vale squad , after manager Micky Adams saw his team slip to a third consecutive defeat . He said he did not intend to move out on loan to aid in his comeback , despite admitting he had itchy feet over a return to first team action . In January 2010 he stated that he was willing to join another club on loan in order to get some games . However , he returned to the starting line up at Vale Park the next month , after young rival Martin was rested . He performed well over seven games , but made two costly errors that resulted in two goals and dropped points in the play-off hunt . Thus he was consigned to the bench until the seasons end , at which point he was told he would not be offered a new contract at the club . However , he was told that if he failed to find a new club then he may be offered a new contract at Vale Park on reduced pay . Lincoln City . In May 2010 he signed a two-year deal with Chris Suttons Lincoln City . Goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite said of him hes a very good keeper , hes still very young but with a lot of talent , a lot of potential and experience . He had only came to the clubs attention when Musselwhite spotted on television that he had been released by Port Vale . Anyon replaced the popular Rob Burch , who had signed with Notts County . He started well at his new club , putting in some match winning performances . He made a costly error during a heavy home defeat to Bury on 23 November , but four days later put in a heroic display against Hereford United to keep the club in the FA Cup . On 17 January he made another howler in a 2–1 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers . Lincoln bottom of the Football League , new manager Steve Tilson signed Trevor Carson on loan from Sunderland , who immediately took Anyons place in goal . In March 2011 , Anyon joined fellow League Two side Morecambe on an emergency loan , following an injury to Barry Roche , who was Sammy McIlroys regular custodian . He made a costly error in his first game for the club , gifting Bury a 1–0 win on 8 March . He recovered five days later to save a Gareth Evans penalty , and was praised for his overall performance in the 1–0 defeat to Bradford City at the Globe Arena . After two further appearances he returned to Sincil Bank , where he faced a new rival in Aston Villa loanee Elliot Parish . In May 2011 , the club was relegated out of the Football League , and Anyon was made available for a free transfer . The Imps had a poor season in 2011–12 , finishing just outside the relegation zone . Along with Josh Gowling , John Nutter and Alan Power , Anyon was one of the clubs rare permanent features throughout the campaign , keeping his first team place under both Steve Tilson and new boss David Holdsworth . He beat Gowling and Power to the Player of the Season award , and was also voted as the Away Player of the Season . During the season , he regularly issued an inspiring battle cry in the local press , talked up the biggest club in the Blue Square Bet Premier , and also attempted to bring unity between the clubs disgruntled supporters and embattled management . Holdsworth described Anyon as a big voice , and praised his impeccable attitude . On the pitch his performances were seen as a huge ray of light from the start of the season , and coach Neil Gardner told the Lincolnshire Echo that he believed Anyon could go on to play at Championship level . Shrewsbury Town . Anyon joined Graham Turners Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 , arriving at the New Meadow on the same day as rival goalkeeper Chris Weale . He made his debut for the Shrews on 9 October , in a League Trophy clash with Crewe Alexandra , but had to leave the pitch due to injury on 19 minutes . On 25 January 2013 , Anyon joined Macclesfield Town on a seven-day emergency loan after Lance Cronin broke a thumb in training . His debut came one day later at Moss Rose , in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic in the Fourth Round of the FA Cup ; Anyons first touch for the Silkmen was to get a hand to Jordi Gómezs penalty , which he was unable to save . Anyon finally made his league debut for Shrewsbury on 15 February 2014 in a local derby with his former club Port Vale , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw . He went on to make 11 league appearances in the 2013–14 season under new manager Michael Jackson , but could not prevent the club from being relegated out of League One , and was released at the end of his contract after new manager Micky Mellon finished evaluating his squad . Scunthorpe United . Anyon was in talks to join Cardiff City but the move was delayed whilst he underwent three operations to correct his Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome , and after he recovered the deal was cancelled because manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær was no longer with Cardiff . He instead joined League One side Crewe Alexandra on non-contract terms on 16 January 2015 . Ten days later he signed a contract with League One rivals Scunthorpe United to run until the end of the 2014–15 season . Manager Mark Robins found Anyon through goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite , and said that Anyon would be back-up for fellow new-signing Luke Daniels , with Sam Slocombe and James Severn both out injured with broken arms . He did not make a first team appearance but was still signed to a new two-year deal in May 2015 , whilst Slocombe and Severn were released . He made nine appearances in the 2015–16 season , and was praised for his professionalism by manager Graham Alexander . Luke Daniels broke his ribs at the end of March 2017 , leaving Anyon to fill his place for the rest of the 2016–17 season . He immediately won a place on the Football League team of the week following a man of the match performance in a 1–0 win over Burton Albion at Glanford Park on 9 April . The Iron went on to qualify for the play-offs , and Alexander praised Anyon for keeping a clean sheet in the semi-final first leg at The Den , however Millwall won the return leg 3–2 to eliminate Scunthorpe . He was released in May 2017 . Chesterfield . Anyon signed a two-year contract with newly relegated EFL League Two side Chesterfield in May 2017 . Manager Gary Caldwell said that he had been keen to sign Anyon due in part to his ability to play the ball out with his feet , which suited the style of football Caldwell hoped to instil in the Spireites . On 5 December he broke his arm during a 2–0 defeat at Fleetwood Town after a collision with Alex Reid ; this left manager Jack Lester having to search for an emergency goalkeeper to come in on loan . Chesterfield had been relegated out of the English Football League by the time Anyon had returned to fitness at the end of the 2017–18 season and he was made available for a free transfer by new manager Martin Allen in May 2018 . He remained at the Proact Stadium however , featuring just twice at the end of the 2018–19 season after new manager John Sheridan decided to repay him for his positive attitude in helping new goalkeeper Shwan Jalal in training , saying I dont care what other people think of him , I believe in him . Anyon was also chosen to carry the coffin of Gordon Banks at his funeral in March . Anyon was released by Chesterfield in May 2019 . Chorley . Anyon joined National League side Chorley in July 2019 . He made just four appearances for the Magpies in the 2019–20 season , which was permanently suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England , with Chorley bottom of the table . Honours . - Individual - Port Vale F.C . Player of the Year : 2009 - Lincoln City F.C . Player of the Season : 2011–12
|
[
"Shrewsbury Town"
] |
easy
|
Joe Anyon played for which team from 2012 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Joe_Anyon#P54#2
|
Joe Anyon Joseph Anyon ( born 29 December 1986 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . A youth player at Port Vale , he turned professional at the club in 2004 , and was loaned out to non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Harrogate Town to gain experience . He was the Vales first choice goalkeeper from his debut in December 2006 up until a clash that saw him break his leg in March 2009 – later in the year he was voted Player of the Year . He failed to regain his place following recovery from the injury and was released in the summer of 2010 , whereupon he signed with Lincoln City . Whilst at City he was loaned out to Morecambe . He was voted as Lincolns Player of the Season in 2011–12 . He joined Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 . He joined Macclesfield Town on an emergency loan in January 2013 . He left Shrewsbury in summer 2014 , and returned to the game with Crewe Alexandra in January 2015 before he signed with Scunthorpe United later in the month . He joined Chesterfield in May 2017 and spent two years as a back-up before joining Chorley in July 2019 . Playing career . Port Vale . Born in Lytham St Annes , Lancashire , Anyon grew up supporting Blackpool . He played in the Blackburn Rovers youth system before joining Port Vale . He joined Stafford Rangers on loan towards the end of the 2004–05 season , making five appearances . He rejoined Stafford on loan in August 2005 , again making five appearances . At the end of the season he was voted Youth Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . After winning a first team contract with Vale , Anyon spent time on loan at Harrogate Town , making two appearances in November . He rejoined Harrogate in February 2006 , making nine appearances before returning to Vale after breaking his jaw in April . He made his first team debut for the Vale in December 2006 , after first-choice goalkeeper Mark Goodlad ruptured his right achilles tendon against Bristol City in December 2006 and had to have reconstructive surgery . He then went on to play the rest of the 2006–07 season , with only 25 goals scored against him . Goodlad was forced to retire due to his injury and Anyon then established himself as the first choice keeper , and was voted Young Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . He was also rumoured to have had his progress tracked by both Liverpool and Birmingham City . In August 2007 the Daily Mirror reported that his club had rejected a £250,000 bid from Fulham . Following a 3–1 home defeat to Macclesfield Town in the FA Cup on 28 November 2008 , Anyon blasted his teammates , labelling their performance as a disgrace . He fractured his tibia after clashing with Drew Talbot in a 2–1 defeat at Chesterfield on 28 March 2009 , bringing a premature end to his season . Despite this , his performances that season earned him the 2009 Player of the Year Award , as well as the award for the best player away from home . The season began with a disagreement with then-manager Lee Sinnott , but Anyon was #1 under Glover and conceded sixty goals in his 39 appearances , giving Vale one of the better defensive records in the lower half of the League Two table . In May 2009 he signed a new one-year contract with the Vale . He returned to fitness to play a reserve game on 23 September 2009 . His next challenge was to displace teenager Chris Martin . He was transfer listed in late September , along with the entire Port Vale squad , after manager Micky Adams saw his team slip to a third consecutive defeat . He said he did not intend to move out on loan to aid in his comeback , despite admitting he had itchy feet over a return to first team action . In January 2010 he stated that he was willing to join another club on loan in order to get some games . However , he returned to the starting line up at Vale Park the next month , after young rival Martin was rested . He performed well over seven games , but made two costly errors that resulted in two goals and dropped points in the play-off hunt . Thus he was consigned to the bench until the seasons end , at which point he was told he would not be offered a new contract at the club . However , he was told that if he failed to find a new club then he may be offered a new contract at Vale Park on reduced pay . Lincoln City . In May 2010 he signed a two-year deal with Chris Suttons Lincoln City . Goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite said of him hes a very good keeper , hes still very young but with a lot of talent , a lot of potential and experience . He had only came to the clubs attention when Musselwhite spotted on television that he had been released by Port Vale . Anyon replaced the popular Rob Burch , who had signed with Notts County . He started well at his new club , putting in some match winning performances . He made a costly error during a heavy home defeat to Bury on 23 November , but four days later put in a heroic display against Hereford United to keep the club in the FA Cup . On 17 January he made another howler in a 2–1 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers . Lincoln bottom of the Football League , new manager Steve Tilson signed Trevor Carson on loan from Sunderland , who immediately took Anyons place in goal . In March 2011 , Anyon joined fellow League Two side Morecambe on an emergency loan , following an injury to Barry Roche , who was Sammy McIlroys regular custodian . He made a costly error in his first game for the club , gifting Bury a 1–0 win on 8 March . He recovered five days later to save a Gareth Evans penalty , and was praised for his overall performance in the 1–0 defeat to Bradford City at the Globe Arena . After two further appearances he returned to Sincil Bank , where he faced a new rival in Aston Villa loanee Elliot Parish . In May 2011 , the club was relegated out of the Football League , and Anyon was made available for a free transfer . The Imps had a poor season in 2011–12 , finishing just outside the relegation zone . Along with Josh Gowling , John Nutter and Alan Power , Anyon was one of the clubs rare permanent features throughout the campaign , keeping his first team place under both Steve Tilson and new boss David Holdsworth . He beat Gowling and Power to the Player of the Season award , and was also voted as the Away Player of the Season . During the season , he regularly issued an inspiring battle cry in the local press , talked up the biggest club in the Blue Square Bet Premier , and also attempted to bring unity between the clubs disgruntled supporters and embattled management . Holdsworth described Anyon as a big voice , and praised his impeccable attitude . On the pitch his performances were seen as a huge ray of light from the start of the season , and coach Neil Gardner told the Lincolnshire Echo that he believed Anyon could go on to play at Championship level . Shrewsbury Town . Anyon joined Graham Turners Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 , arriving at the New Meadow on the same day as rival goalkeeper Chris Weale . He made his debut for the Shrews on 9 October , in a League Trophy clash with Crewe Alexandra , but had to leave the pitch due to injury on 19 minutes . On 25 January 2013 , Anyon joined Macclesfield Town on a seven-day emergency loan after Lance Cronin broke a thumb in training . His debut came one day later at Moss Rose , in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic in the Fourth Round of the FA Cup ; Anyons first touch for the Silkmen was to get a hand to Jordi Gómezs penalty , which he was unable to save . Anyon finally made his league debut for Shrewsbury on 15 February 2014 in a local derby with his former club Port Vale , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw . He went on to make 11 league appearances in the 2013–14 season under new manager Michael Jackson , but could not prevent the club from being relegated out of League One , and was released at the end of his contract after new manager Micky Mellon finished evaluating his squad . Scunthorpe United . Anyon was in talks to join Cardiff City but the move was delayed whilst he underwent three operations to correct his Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome , and after he recovered the deal was cancelled because manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær was no longer with Cardiff . He instead joined League One side Crewe Alexandra on non-contract terms on 16 January 2015 . Ten days later he signed a contract with League One rivals Scunthorpe United to run until the end of the 2014–15 season . Manager Mark Robins found Anyon through goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite , and said that Anyon would be back-up for fellow new-signing Luke Daniels , with Sam Slocombe and James Severn both out injured with broken arms . He did not make a first team appearance but was still signed to a new two-year deal in May 2015 , whilst Slocombe and Severn were released . He made nine appearances in the 2015–16 season , and was praised for his professionalism by manager Graham Alexander . Luke Daniels broke his ribs at the end of March 2017 , leaving Anyon to fill his place for the rest of the 2016–17 season . He immediately won a place on the Football League team of the week following a man of the match performance in a 1–0 win over Burton Albion at Glanford Park on 9 April . The Iron went on to qualify for the play-offs , and Alexander praised Anyon for keeping a clean sheet in the semi-final first leg at The Den , however Millwall won the return leg 3–2 to eliminate Scunthorpe . He was released in May 2017 . Chesterfield . Anyon signed a two-year contract with newly relegated EFL League Two side Chesterfield in May 2017 . Manager Gary Caldwell said that he had been keen to sign Anyon due in part to his ability to play the ball out with his feet , which suited the style of football Caldwell hoped to instil in the Spireites . On 5 December he broke his arm during a 2–0 defeat at Fleetwood Town after a collision with Alex Reid ; this left manager Jack Lester having to search for an emergency goalkeeper to come in on loan . Chesterfield had been relegated out of the English Football League by the time Anyon had returned to fitness at the end of the 2017–18 season and he was made available for a free transfer by new manager Martin Allen in May 2018 . He remained at the Proact Stadium however , featuring just twice at the end of the 2018–19 season after new manager John Sheridan decided to repay him for his positive attitude in helping new goalkeeper Shwan Jalal in training , saying I dont care what other people think of him , I believe in him . Anyon was also chosen to carry the coffin of Gordon Banks at his funeral in March . Anyon was released by Chesterfield in May 2019 . Chorley . Anyon joined National League side Chorley in July 2019 . He made just four appearances for the Magpies in the 2019–20 season , which was permanently suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England , with Chorley bottom of the table . Honours . - Individual - Port Vale F.C . Player of the Year : 2009 - Lincoln City F.C . Player of the Season : 2011–12
|
[
"Scunthorpe United"
] |
easy
|
Joe Anyon played for which team from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Joe_Anyon#P54#3
|
Joe Anyon Joseph Anyon ( born 29 December 1986 ) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper . A youth player at Port Vale , he turned professional at the club in 2004 , and was loaned out to non-league sides Stafford Rangers and Harrogate Town to gain experience . He was the Vales first choice goalkeeper from his debut in December 2006 up until a clash that saw him break his leg in March 2009 – later in the year he was voted Player of the Year . He failed to regain his place following recovery from the injury and was released in the summer of 2010 , whereupon he signed with Lincoln City . Whilst at City he was loaned out to Morecambe . He was voted as Lincolns Player of the Season in 2011–12 . He joined Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 . He joined Macclesfield Town on an emergency loan in January 2013 . He left Shrewsbury in summer 2014 , and returned to the game with Crewe Alexandra in January 2015 before he signed with Scunthorpe United later in the month . He joined Chesterfield in May 2017 and spent two years as a back-up before joining Chorley in July 2019 . Playing career . Port Vale . Born in Lytham St Annes , Lancashire , Anyon grew up supporting Blackpool . He played in the Blackburn Rovers youth system before joining Port Vale . He joined Stafford Rangers on loan towards the end of the 2004–05 season , making five appearances . He rejoined Stafford on loan in August 2005 , again making five appearances . At the end of the season he was voted Youth Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . After winning a first team contract with Vale , Anyon spent time on loan at Harrogate Town , making two appearances in November . He rejoined Harrogate in February 2006 , making nine appearances before returning to Vale after breaking his jaw in April . He made his first team debut for the Vale in December 2006 , after first-choice goalkeeper Mark Goodlad ruptured his right achilles tendon against Bristol City in December 2006 and had to have reconstructive surgery . He then went on to play the rest of the 2006–07 season , with only 25 goals scored against him . Goodlad was forced to retire due to his injury and Anyon then established himself as the first choice keeper , and was voted Young Player of the Year by the Port Vale management . He was also rumoured to have had his progress tracked by both Liverpool and Birmingham City . In August 2007 the Daily Mirror reported that his club had rejected a £250,000 bid from Fulham . Following a 3–1 home defeat to Macclesfield Town in the FA Cup on 28 November 2008 , Anyon blasted his teammates , labelling their performance as a disgrace . He fractured his tibia after clashing with Drew Talbot in a 2–1 defeat at Chesterfield on 28 March 2009 , bringing a premature end to his season . Despite this , his performances that season earned him the 2009 Player of the Year Award , as well as the award for the best player away from home . The season began with a disagreement with then-manager Lee Sinnott , but Anyon was #1 under Glover and conceded sixty goals in his 39 appearances , giving Vale one of the better defensive records in the lower half of the League Two table . In May 2009 he signed a new one-year contract with the Vale . He returned to fitness to play a reserve game on 23 September 2009 . His next challenge was to displace teenager Chris Martin . He was transfer listed in late September , along with the entire Port Vale squad , after manager Micky Adams saw his team slip to a third consecutive defeat . He said he did not intend to move out on loan to aid in his comeback , despite admitting he had itchy feet over a return to first team action . In January 2010 he stated that he was willing to join another club on loan in order to get some games . However , he returned to the starting line up at Vale Park the next month , after young rival Martin was rested . He performed well over seven games , but made two costly errors that resulted in two goals and dropped points in the play-off hunt . Thus he was consigned to the bench until the seasons end , at which point he was told he would not be offered a new contract at the club . However , he was told that if he failed to find a new club then he may be offered a new contract at Vale Park on reduced pay . Lincoln City . In May 2010 he signed a two-year deal with Chris Suttons Lincoln City . Goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite said of him hes a very good keeper , hes still very young but with a lot of talent , a lot of potential and experience . He had only came to the clubs attention when Musselwhite spotted on television that he had been released by Port Vale . Anyon replaced the popular Rob Burch , who had signed with Notts County . He started well at his new club , putting in some match winning performances . He made a costly error during a heavy home defeat to Bury on 23 November , but four days later put in a heroic display against Hereford United to keep the club in the FA Cup . On 17 January he made another howler in a 2–1 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers . Lincoln bottom of the Football League , new manager Steve Tilson signed Trevor Carson on loan from Sunderland , who immediately took Anyons place in goal . In March 2011 , Anyon joined fellow League Two side Morecambe on an emergency loan , following an injury to Barry Roche , who was Sammy McIlroys regular custodian . He made a costly error in his first game for the club , gifting Bury a 1–0 win on 8 March . He recovered five days later to save a Gareth Evans penalty , and was praised for his overall performance in the 1–0 defeat to Bradford City at the Globe Arena . After two further appearances he returned to Sincil Bank , where he faced a new rival in Aston Villa loanee Elliot Parish . In May 2011 , the club was relegated out of the Football League , and Anyon was made available for a free transfer . The Imps had a poor season in 2011–12 , finishing just outside the relegation zone . Along with Josh Gowling , John Nutter and Alan Power , Anyon was one of the clubs rare permanent features throughout the campaign , keeping his first team place under both Steve Tilson and new boss David Holdsworth . He beat Gowling and Power to the Player of the Season award , and was also voted as the Away Player of the Season . During the season , he regularly issued an inspiring battle cry in the local press , talked up the biggest club in the Blue Square Bet Premier , and also attempted to bring unity between the clubs disgruntled supporters and embattled management . Holdsworth described Anyon as a big voice , and praised his impeccable attitude . On the pitch his performances were seen as a huge ray of light from the start of the season , and coach Neil Gardner told the Lincolnshire Echo that he believed Anyon could go on to play at Championship level . Shrewsbury Town . Anyon joined Graham Turners Shrewsbury Town in July 2012 , arriving at the New Meadow on the same day as rival goalkeeper Chris Weale . He made his debut for the Shrews on 9 October , in a League Trophy clash with Crewe Alexandra , but had to leave the pitch due to injury on 19 minutes . On 25 January 2013 , Anyon joined Macclesfield Town on a seven-day emergency loan after Lance Cronin broke a thumb in training . His debut came one day later at Moss Rose , in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic in the Fourth Round of the FA Cup ; Anyons first touch for the Silkmen was to get a hand to Jordi Gómezs penalty , which he was unable to save . Anyon finally made his league debut for Shrewsbury on 15 February 2014 in a local derby with his former club Port Vale , keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw . He went on to make 11 league appearances in the 2013–14 season under new manager Michael Jackson , but could not prevent the club from being relegated out of League One , and was released at the end of his contract after new manager Micky Mellon finished evaluating his squad . Scunthorpe United . Anyon was in talks to join Cardiff City but the move was delayed whilst he underwent three operations to correct his Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome , and after he recovered the deal was cancelled because manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær was no longer with Cardiff . He instead joined League One side Crewe Alexandra on non-contract terms on 16 January 2015 . Ten days later he signed a contract with League One rivals Scunthorpe United to run until the end of the 2014–15 season . Manager Mark Robins found Anyon through goalkeeping coach Paul Musselwhite , and said that Anyon would be back-up for fellow new-signing Luke Daniels , with Sam Slocombe and James Severn both out injured with broken arms . He did not make a first team appearance but was still signed to a new two-year deal in May 2015 , whilst Slocombe and Severn were released . He made nine appearances in the 2015–16 season , and was praised for his professionalism by manager Graham Alexander . Luke Daniels broke his ribs at the end of March 2017 , leaving Anyon to fill his place for the rest of the 2016–17 season . He immediately won a place on the Football League team of the week following a man of the match performance in a 1–0 win over Burton Albion at Glanford Park on 9 April . The Iron went on to qualify for the play-offs , and Alexander praised Anyon for keeping a clean sheet in the semi-final first leg at The Den , however Millwall won the return leg 3–2 to eliminate Scunthorpe . He was released in May 2017 . Chesterfield . Anyon signed a two-year contract with newly relegated EFL League Two side Chesterfield in May 2017 . Manager Gary Caldwell said that he had been keen to sign Anyon due in part to his ability to play the ball out with his feet , which suited the style of football Caldwell hoped to instil in the Spireites . On 5 December he broke his arm during a 2–0 defeat at Fleetwood Town after a collision with Alex Reid ; this left manager Jack Lester having to search for an emergency goalkeeper to come in on loan . Chesterfield had been relegated out of the English Football League by the time Anyon had returned to fitness at the end of the 2017–18 season and he was made available for a free transfer by new manager Martin Allen in May 2018 . He remained at the Proact Stadium however , featuring just twice at the end of the 2018–19 season after new manager John Sheridan decided to repay him for his positive attitude in helping new goalkeeper Shwan Jalal in training , saying I dont care what other people think of him , I believe in him . Anyon was also chosen to carry the coffin of Gordon Banks at his funeral in March . Anyon was released by Chesterfield in May 2019 . Chorley . Anyon joined National League side Chorley in July 2019 . He made just four appearances for the Magpies in the 2019–20 season , which was permanently suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England , with Chorley bottom of the table . Honours . - Individual - Port Vale F.C . Player of the Year : 2009 - Lincoln City F.C . Player of the Season : 2011–12
|
[
"Division of Cowper"
] |
easy
|
What was the position of Earle Page from Dec 1919 to Feb 1923?
|
/wiki/Earle_Page#P39#0
|
Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page , ( 8 August 188020 December 1961 ) was an Australian surgeon and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia , holding office for 19 days after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1921 to 1939 , and was the most influential figure in its early years . Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales . He entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15 , and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21 . After completing his residency at Sydneys Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital . He soon became involved in local politics , and in 1915 purchased a part-share in The Daily Examiner , a local newspaper . He also briefly served as a military surgeon during World War I . Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the Northern Rivers region , especially those involving hydroelectricity . He also helped found a movement for New England statehood . In 1919 , Page was elected to federal parliament representing the Division of Cowper . He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural whip , and then replaced William McWilliams as party leader in 1921 . Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and when the Country Party gained the balance of power at the 1922 election , he demanded Hughes resignation as the price for a coalition with the Nationalist Party . He was subsequently made Treasurer under the new prime minister , Stanley Bruce , serving in that role from 1923 to 1929 . He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy , with Bruce concentrating on international issues . Page returned to cabinet after the 1934 election , when the Country Party entered a new coalition with Joseph Lyons United Australia Party ( UAP ) . He was appointed Minister for Commerce , and concentrated on agricultural issues . When Lyons died in office in April 1939 , Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet , withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition , but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months . The coalition was eventually reconstituted , and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and Arthur Fadden until the governments defeat in October 1941 . Pages last major role was as Minister for Health ( 1949–1956 ) in the post-war Menzies Government . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , and died a short time after losing his seat at the 1961 election . Page served in parliament for almost 42 years , the third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian of all time ; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party . He secured his partys independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP , and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation , agrarianism , and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day . The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for all subsequent coalition governments . Early life . Birth and family background . Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales , on 8 August 1880 . His first middle name , which he disliked , was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative , while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace . Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon ( Annie ) Cox . His younger brother Harold was the deputy administrator of the Territory of New Guinea and a Japanese prisoner of war . Pages parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children . His mother was born in Tasmania to an English father and a Scottish mother . His father , born in London , was a successful businessman and a member of the Grafton City Council , serving a single term as mayor in 1908 . The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm , which had its origins in a coachbuilding firm established in 1858 by Pages maternal grandfather , Edwin Cox . His other grandfather , James Page , arrived in Grafton in 1855 , serving as the towns first schoolmaster and first town clerk . Education . Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School , where he excelled academically . His family could not afford to send him to boarding school , as a result of financial difficulties caused by the banking crisis of 1893 . Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education . He won a bursary to attend Sydney Boys High School in 1895 , where he passed the university entrance exams , and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a liberal arts course at the University of Sydney . He was equal top in mathematics in his first year , and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for general proficiency in the arts , which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school . His role model was Grafton Smith , who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university . At Sydney Medical School , Pages lecturers included William Haswell ( biology ) , James Hill ( biology ) , Charles Martin ( physiology ) , Anderson Stuart ( physiology ) , and James Wilson ( anatomy ) . He graduated at the top of his class in 1901 , with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine ( M.B. ) and Master of Surgery ( Ch.M. ) . Medical career . Pages first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner . Due to a shortage of doctors , he was acting superintendent of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children for one month . In 1902 , he took up a position as a resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under Robert Scot Skirving . During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination . He also met his future wife , nurse Ethel Blunt . Page returned to his home town in 1903 , taking over a practice in South Grafton . He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital , Clarence House Hospital , which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region . Page was a keen adopter of new technologies . In 1904 , he bought what he claimed was the first Rover car in Australia , which was powered by kerosene . He upgraded to an Itala in 1908 , and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance . He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital , one of the first in Australia outside a major city . Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation , taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate . One operation that brought him particular fame was the removal of a patients diseased lung , a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously . Page became an inaugural Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons ( FRACS ) in 1927 , and in 1942 was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . In February 1916 , Page enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He served as chief medical officer aboard the troopship Ballarat , and was then stationed at an army hospital in Cairo for several months . He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916 , and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a casualty clearing station in France . Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917 . Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed , he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff . This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra , as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons . In 1928 , for instance , he performed an emergency appendectomy on Parker Moloney . Early political involvement . Pages medical career brought him considerable wealth , and he began investing in land . He bought several large farming properties in South-East Queensland , including in Nerang , Kandanga , and the Numinbah Valley ; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him . His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for hydroelectricity , which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910 . He believed that it could be applied to the Northern Rivers region , which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns . Page was elected to the South Grafton Municipal Council in 1913 , believing his position as an alderman would be useful in his lobbying efforts . However , his overtures to the state government were rebuffed . In 1915 , Page was one of the founders of the Northern New South Wales Separation League , which advocated the creation of a new state in the New England region . He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement , but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war . Later that year , he was part of a syndicate that bought The Daily Examiner , the local newspaper in Grafton . Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917 , on his way back from military service in France . He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918 , serving until 1920 , and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League . He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the Clarence River , and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads , railways , and ports , all of which served to raise his profile in the local district . Page was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1919 federal election , defeating the sitting Nationalist MP , John Thomson in the Division of Cowper . He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers and Settlers Association , and after the election joined the new Country Party , along with 10 other MPs from rural seats . Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career , and many such projects were built in New South Wales . However , the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place , only the smaller Nymboida Power Station . Decentralisation also remained a pet project , with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development . The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s , but re-emerged in the 1950s ; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967 , after Pages death , but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances . Bruce–Page Government . Government formation . Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921 , replacing William McWilliams . At the 1922 federal election the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national sinking fund , national insurance scheme covering sickness , unemployment , poverty and age , and conversion of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into a full central bank . The party emerged from the election with the balance of power in the House ; the Nationalist government of Billy Hughes lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support . It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists . However , the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes rural policy , and Pages animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him . Indeed , he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader . Bowing to the inevitable , Hughes resigned . Page then began negotiations with Hughes successor as leader of the Nationalists , Stanley Bruce . His terms were stiff ; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet , including the post of Treasurer and the second rank in the ministry for himself . These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system , and especially so for such a new party . Nonetheless , Bruce agreed rather than force another election . For all intents and purposes , Page was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Australia ( a title that did not officially exist until 1968 ) . Since then , the leader of the Country/National Party has been the second-ranking member in nearly every non-Labor government . Page served as acting prime minister on several occasions , and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of Federal Cabinet ever held in Canberra , at Yarralumla . Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927 . Treasurer . As Treasurer , Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce . Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish land tax , cut income tax , and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on . The government also established an investment fund for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and sponsored the first national housing program . The final years of Pages treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn . The budget went into deficit in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a temporary financial depression . He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies , as well as a high protectionist supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries . Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions . In 1924 , he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board , comprising a governor , the Treasury secretary , and representatives of industry . The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank , whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board . Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank , the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research . In March 1925 , cabinet decided to return Australia to the gold standard , which it had left during World War I . It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same , which disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision . In 1924 , Bruce and Page established the Loan Council to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments . It was given constitutional force with an amendment passed in 1928 . The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing tied grants , initially for road building . It also announced a royal commission into a national insurance scheme chaired by Senator John Millen . Page was one of the chief supporters of the National Insurance Bill 1928 , which would have provided sickness , old age , disability and maternity benefits , as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of child endowment . It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers . The government took the policy to the 1928 federal election but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929 . As Treasurer , Page continued his professional medical practice . On 22 October 1924 , he had to tell his best friend , Thomas Shorten Cole ( 1870–1957 ) , the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer , reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be the worst day of his life . Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra , in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP Parker Moloney . Opposition and Lyons Government . The Bruce-Page government was heavily defeated by Labor in 1929 ( with Bruce losing his own seat ) , and Page went into opposition . In 1931 , a group of dissident Labor MPs led by Joseph Lyons merged with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party under Lyons leadership . Lyons and the UAP won majority government at the 1931 election . Although Lyons was keen to form a coalition with the Country Party , talks broke down , and Lyons opted to govern alone—to date , the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any posts in a non-Labor government . In 1934 , however , the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing , forcing Lyons to take the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition . Page became Minister for Commerce . He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in the New Years Day Honours of 1938 . While nine Australian Prime Ministers were knighted ( and Bruce was elevated to the peerage ) , Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming Prime Minister . Prime Minister and aftermath . When Lyons died suddenly in 1939 , the Governor-General Lord Gowrie appointed Page as caretaker Prime Minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader Robert Menzies as its new leader , and hence Prime Minister . Page had been close to Lyons , but disliked Menzies , whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons . Page contacted Stanley Bruce ( now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK ) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Pages old seat , and then seek election as UAP leader . Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent . When Menzies was elected UAP leader , Page refused to serve under him , and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House , accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice ( for failing to enlist during World War I ) . His party soon rebelled , though , and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of Archie Cameron . World War II . In March 1940 , Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP . However , he resigned as party leader on 16 October , following the 1940 federal election . Page attempted to regain the partys leadership , but was deadlocked with John McEwen over multiple ballots . As a compromise , the party elected Arthur Fadden as acting leader ; he was confirmed in the position a few months later . Page replaced Cameron as Minister for Commerce in the reconstituted ministry . Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941 . A few weeks later , cabinet decided to send Page to London as resident minister , with the intention that he would be granted access to the British War Cabinet . While he was en route to England , the Fadden Government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government . The new prime minister John Curtin nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position , declining his offer to return to Australia . The attack on Pearl Harbor in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations , as the War in the Pacific became the primary concern of the Australian government . Page assisted in the creation of the Pacific War Council early the following year . He later recalled Winston Churchills frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtins decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia . He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men , but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the 7th Division to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia . He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister H . V . Evatt for his error . Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life . His tenure was not regarded as a success , and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy . Field Marshal Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had the mentality of a greengrocer . Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia . He had been made a Companion of Honour ( CH ) before his departure . He returned to Australia in August , travelling via the United States , and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction . Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and Chifley Governments on the opposition backbench . He served on the Advisory War Council and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942 , which included members of all major political parties . However , he was frustrated by the governments failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy , which he believed was due to him given his past work . Return to the ministry . Page was reappointed Minister for Health after the Coalition won the 1949 federal election , at the age of 69 . He was the chief architect of the National Health Act 1953 , which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners . He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession , which had strongly opposed the Chifley Governments attempt to introduce universal health care . Unlike in previous governments , Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development . Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952 , Page became the Father of the House of Representatives and Father of the Parliament . In 1954 , he became the first chancellor of the University of New England , which had become fully autonomous from the University of Sydney . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the December 1955 election . Upon Arthur Faddens retirement in 1958 , Page became the only former Prime Minister returned at that years election . Later life and death . By the 1961 election , Page was gravely ill , suffering from lung cancer . Although he was too sick to actively campaign , Page refused to even consider retiring from Parliament and soldiered on for his 17th general election . In one of the great upsets of Australian electoral history , he lost his seat to Labor challenger Frank McGuren , whom he had defeated soundly in 1958 . Page had gone into the election holding Cowper with what appeared to be an insurmountable 11-point majority , but McGuren managed to win the seat on a swing of 13% . Page had campaigned sporadically before going to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney for emergency surgery . He went comatose a few days before the election and never regained consciousness . He died on 20 December , 11 days after the election , without ever knowing that he had been defeated . Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years , making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career . Only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock have served in Parliament longer than Page . He was the last former Prime Minister to lose his seat until Tony Abbott lost his seat of Warringah in 2019 , though John Howard would lose his seat of Bennelong as a sitting Prime Minister in 2007 . Pages defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former Prime Ministers among its members , for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cooks resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australias High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Billy Hughes forced resignation as Prime Minister in 1923 . Personal life . Page married Ethel Blunt on 18 September 1906 . They had met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while he was undertaking his medical residency ; she was a senior nurse there . Page soon began courting her , and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton . She gave up nursing after their marriage , but was active in politics and community organisations . The couple had five children : Mary ( b . 1909 ) , Earle Jr . ( b . 1910 ) , Donald ( b . 1912 ) , Iven ( b . 1914 ) , and Douglas ( b . 1916 ) . Their grandchildren include Don Page , who was active in New South Wales state politics , and Geoff Page , a poet . Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son . Earle Jr. , a qualified veterinarian , was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933 , aged 22 . Ethel died in May 1958 , aged 82 , after a long illness . On 20 July 1959 at St Pauls Cathedral , London , Page married for a second time , wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas ( 32 years his junior ) . Stanley Bruce was his best man . The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husbands death , dying on 20 June 2011 ; her ashes were interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium . Honours . - Decorations - In 1929 , Page was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ( PC ) . - In 1938 , Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . - In 1942 , Page was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) . - In 1942 , Page was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . - In 1952 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Sydney . - In 1955 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of New England ( the first honorary degree awarded by the institution ) . - Namesakes - Division of Page – division of the federal House of Representatives ; established in 1984 , includes the city of Grafton - Page , Australian Capital Territory – suburb of Canberra - The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre , in the city of Grafton - Earle Page College – residential college of the University of New England ; opened in 1963 - Page Chest Pavilion – building at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital ; opened in 1957 , demolished in 2010 - Page Research Centre – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia ; established in 2003 Further reading . - Hughes , Colin A ( 1976 ) , Mr Prime Minister . Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , Ch.12 . - In their autobiographies Ann Moyal and Ulrich Ellis wrote of their experience of working with Page . - Moyal , Ann . Breakfast with Beaverbrook : memoirs of an independent woman ( Hale & Iremonger , 1995 ) - Ulrich Ellis A Pen in Politics ( Gininderra Press , 2007 ) . - Both had helped Page with his autobiography Truant Surgeon : The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life ( Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) .
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Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page , ( 8 August 188020 December 1961 ) was an Australian surgeon and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia , holding office for 19 days after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1921 to 1939 , and was the most influential figure in its early years . Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales . He entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15 , and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21 . After completing his residency at Sydneys Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital . He soon became involved in local politics , and in 1915 purchased a part-share in The Daily Examiner , a local newspaper . He also briefly served as a military surgeon during World War I . Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the Northern Rivers region , especially those involving hydroelectricity . He also helped found a movement for New England statehood . In 1919 , Page was elected to federal parliament representing the Division of Cowper . He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural whip , and then replaced William McWilliams as party leader in 1921 . Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and when the Country Party gained the balance of power at the 1922 election , he demanded Hughes resignation as the price for a coalition with the Nationalist Party . He was subsequently made Treasurer under the new prime minister , Stanley Bruce , serving in that role from 1923 to 1929 . He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy , with Bruce concentrating on international issues . Page returned to cabinet after the 1934 election , when the Country Party entered a new coalition with Joseph Lyons United Australia Party ( UAP ) . He was appointed Minister for Commerce , and concentrated on agricultural issues . When Lyons died in office in April 1939 , Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet , withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition , but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months . The coalition was eventually reconstituted , and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and Arthur Fadden until the governments defeat in October 1941 . Pages last major role was as Minister for Health ( 1949–1956 ) in the post-war Menzies Government . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , and died a short time after losing his seat at the 1961 election . Page served in parliament for almost 42 years , the third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian of all time ; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party . He secured his partys independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP , and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation , agrarianism , and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day . The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for all subsequent coalition governments . Early life . Birth and family background . Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales , on 8 August 1880 . His first middle name , which he disliked , was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative , while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace . Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon ( Annie ) Cox . His younger brother Harold was the deputy administrator of the Territory of New Guinea and a Japanese prisoner of war . Pages parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children . His mother was born in Tasmania to an English father and a Scottish mother . His father , born in London , was a successful businessman and a member of the Grafton City Council , serving a single term as mayor in 1908 . The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm , which had its origins in a coachbuilding firm established in 1858 by Pages maternal grandfather , Edwin Cox . His other grandfather , James Page , arrived in Grafton in 1855 , serving as the towns first schoolmaster and first town clerk . Education . Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School , where he excelled academically . His family could not afford to send him to boarding school , as a result of financial difficulties caused by the banking crisis of 1893 . Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education . He won a bursary to attend Sydney Boys High School in 1895 , where he passed the university entrance exams , and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a liberal arts course at the University of Sydney . He was equal top in mathematics in his first year , and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for general proficiency in the arts , which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school . His role model was Grafton Smith , who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university . At Sydney Medical School , Pages lecturers included William Haswell ( biology ) , James Hill ( biology ) , Charles Martin ( physiology ) , Anderson Stuart ( physiology ) , and James Wilson ( anatomy ) . He graduated at the top of his class in 1901 , with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine ( M.B. ) and Master of Surgery ( Ch.M. ) . Medical career . Pages first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner . Due to a shortage of doctors , he was acting superintendent of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children for one month . In 1902 , he took up a position as a resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under Robert Scot Skirving . During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination . He also met his future wife , nurse Ethel Blunt . Page returned to his home town in 1903 , taking over a practice in South Grafton . He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital , Clarence House Hospital , which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region . Page was a keen adopter of new technologies . In 1904 , he bought what he claimed was the first Rover car in Australia , which was powered by kerosene . He upgraded to an Itala in 1908 , and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance . He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital , one of the first in Australia outside a major city . Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation , taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate . One operation that brought him particular fame was the removal of a patients diseased lung , a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously . Page became an inaugural Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons ( FRACS ) in 1927 , and in 1942 was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . In February 1916 , Page enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He served as chief medical officer aboard the troopship Ballarat , and was then stationed at an army hospital in Cairo for several months . He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916 , and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a casualty clearing station in France . Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917 . Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed , he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff . This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra , as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons . In 1928 , for instance , he performed an emergency appendectomy on Parker Moloney . Early political involvement . Pages medical career brought him considerable wealth , and he began investing in land . He bought several large farming properties in South-East Queensland , including in Nerang , Kandanga , and the Numinbah Valley ; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him . His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for hydroelectricity , which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910 . He believed that it could be applied to the Northern Rivers region , which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns . Page was elected to the South Grafton Municipal Council in 1913 , believing his position as an alderman would be useful in his lobbying efforts . However , his overtures to the state government were rebuffed . In 1915 , Page was one of the founders of the Northern New South Wales Separation League , which advocated the creation of a new state in the New England region . He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement , but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war . Later that year , he was part of a syndicate that bought The Daily Examiner , the local newspaper in Grafton . Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917 , on his way back from military service in France . He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918 , serving until 1920 , and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League . He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the Clarence River , and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads , railways , and ports , all of which served to raise his profile in the local district . Page was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1919 federal election , defeating the sitting Nationalist MP , John Thomson in the Division of Cowper . He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers and Settlers Association , and after the election joined the new Country Party , along with 10 other MPs from rural seats . Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career , and many such projects were built in New South Wales . However , the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place , only the smaller Nymboida Power Station . Decentralisation also remained a pet project , with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development . The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s , but re-emerged in the 1950s ; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967 , after Pages death , but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances . Bruce–Page Government . Government formation . Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921 , replacing William McWilliams . At the 1922 federal election the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national sinking fund , national insurance scheme covering sickness , unemployment , poverty and age , and conversion of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into a full central bank . The party emerged from the election with the balance of power in the House ; the Nationalist government of Billy Hughes lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support . It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists . However , the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes rural policy , and Pages animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him . Indeed , he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader . Bowing to the inevitable , Hughes resigned . Page then began negotiations with Hughes successor as leader of the Nationalists , Stanley Bruce . His terms were stiff ; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet , including the post of Treasurer and the second rank in the ministry for himself . These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system , and especially so for such a new party . Nonetheless , Bruce agreed rather than force another election . For all intents and purposes , Page was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Australia ( a title that did not officially exist until 1968 ) . Since then , the leader of the Country/National Party has been the second-ranking member in nearly every non-Labor government . Page served as acting prime minister on several occasions , and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of Federal Cabinet ever held in Canberra , at Yarralumla . Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927 . Treasurer . As Treasurer , Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce . Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish land tax , cut income tax , and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on . The government also established an investment fund for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and sponsored the first national housing program . The final years of Pages treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn . The budget went into deficit in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a temporary financial depression . He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies , as well as a high protectionist supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries . Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions . In 1924 , he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board , comprising a governor , the Treasury secretary , and representatives of industry . The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank , whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board . Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank , the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research . In March 1925 , cabinet decided to return Australia to the gold standard , which it had left during World War I . It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same , which disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision . In 1924 , Bruce and Page established the Loan Council to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments . It was given constitutional force with an amendment passed in 1928 . The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing tied grants , initially for road building . It also announced a royal commission into a national insurance scheme chaired by Senator John Millen . Page was one of the chief supporters of the National Insurance Bill 1928 , which would have provided sickness , old age , disability and maternity benefits , as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of child endowment . It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers . The government took the policy to the 1928 federal election but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929 . As Treasurer , Page continued his professional medical practice . On 22 October 1924 , he had to tell his best friend , Thomas Shorten Cole ( 1870–1957 ) , the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer , reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be the worst day of his life . Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra , in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP Parker Moloney . Opposition and Lyons Government . The Bruce-Page government was heavily defeated by Labor in 1929 ( with Bruce losing his own seat ) , and Page went into opposition . In 1931 , a group of dissident Labor MPs led by Joseph Lyons merged with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party under Lyons leadership . Lyons and the UAP won majority government at the 1931 election . Although Lyons was keen to form a coalition with the Country Party , talks broke down , and Lyons opted to govern alone—to date , the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any posts in a non-Labor government . In 1934 , however , the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing , forcing Lyons to take the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition . Page became Minister for Commerce . He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in the New Years Day Honours of 1938 . While nine Australian Prime Ministers were knighted ( and Bruce was elevated to the peerage ) , Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming Prime Minister . Prime Minister and aftermath . When Lyons died suddenly in 1939 , the Governor-General Lord Gowrie appointed Page as caretaker Prime Minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader Robert Menzies as its new leader , and hence Prime Minister . Page had been close to Lyons , but disliked Menzies , whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons . Page contacted Stanley Bruce ( now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK ) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Pages old seat , and then seek election as UAP leader . Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent . When Menzies was elected UAP leader , Page refused to serve under him , and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House , accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice ( for failing to enlist during World War I ) . His party soon rebelled , though , and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of Archie Cameron . World War II . In March 1940 , Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP . However , he resigned as party leader on 16 October , following the 1940 federal election . Page attempted to regain the partys leadership , but was deadlocked with John McEwen over multiple ballots . As a compromise , the party elected Arthur Fadden as acting leader ; he was confirmed in the position a few months later . Page replaced Cameron as Minister for Commerce in the reconstituted ministry . Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941 . A few weeks later , cabinet decided to send Page to London as resident minister , with the intention that he would be granted access to the British War Cabinet . While he was en route to England , the Fadden Government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government . The new prime minister John Curtin nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position , declining his offer to return to Australia . The attack on Pearl Harbor in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations , as the War in the Pacific became the primary concern of the Australian government . Page assisted in the creation of the Pacific War Council early the following year . He later recalled Winston Churchills frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtins decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia . He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men , but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the 7th Division to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia . He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister H . V . Evatt for his error . Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life . His tenure was not regarded as a success , and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy . Field Marshal Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had the mentality of a greengrocer . Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia . He had been made a Companion of Honour ( CH ) before his departure . He returned to Australia in August , travelling via the United States , and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction . Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and Chifley Governments on the opposition backbench . He served on the Advisory War Council and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942 , which included members of all major political parties . However , he was frustrated by the governments failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy , which he believed was due to him given his past work . Return to the ministry . Page was reappointed Minister for Health after the Coalition won the 1949 federal election , at the age of 69 . He was the chief architect of the National Health Act 1953 , which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners . He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession , which had strongly opposed the Chifley Governments attempt to introduce universal health care . Unlike in previous governments , Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development . Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952 , Page became the Father of the House of Representatives and Father of the Parliament . In 1954 , he became the first chancellor of the University of New England , which had become fully autonomous from the University of Sydney . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the December 1955 election . Upon Arthur Faddens retirement in 1958 , Page became the only former Prime Minister returned at that years election . Later life and death . By the 1961 election , Page was gravely ill , suffering from lung cancer . Although he was too sick to actively campaign , Page refused to even consider retiring from Parliament and soldiered on for his 17th general election . In one of the great upsets of Australian electoral history , he lost his seat to Labor challenger Frank McGuren , whom he had defeated soundly in 1958 . Page had gone into the election holding Cowper with what appeared to be an insurmountable 11-point majority , but McGuren managed to win the seat on a swing of 13% . Page had campaigned sporadically before going to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney for emergency surgery . He went comatose a few days before the election and never regained consciousness . He died on 20 December , 11 days after the election , without ever knowing that he had been defeated . Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years , making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career . Only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock have served in Parliament longer than Page . He was the last former Prime Minister to lose his seat until Tony Abbott lost his seat of Warringah in 2019 , though John Howard would lose his seat of Bennelong as a sitting Prime Minister in 2007 . Pages defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former Prime Ministers among its members , for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cooks resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australias High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Billy Hughes forced resignation as Prime Minister in 1923 . Personal life . Page married Ethel Blunt on 18 September 1906 . They had met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while he was undertaking his medical residency ; she was a senior nurse there . Page soon began courting her , and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton . She gave up nursing after their marriage , but was active in politics and community organisations . The couple had five children : Mary ( b . 1909 ) , Earle Jr . ( b . 1910 ) , Donald ( b . 1912 ) , Iven ( b . 1914 ) , and Douglas ( b . 1916 ) . Their grandchildren include Don Page , who was active in New South Wales state politics , and Geoff Page , a poet . Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son . Earle Jr. , a qualified veterinarian , was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933 , aged 22 . Ethel died in May 1958 , aged 82 , after a long illness . On 20 July 1959 at St Pauls Cathedral , London , Page married for a second time , wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas ( 32 years his junior ) . Stanley Bruce was his best man . The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husbands death , dying on 20 June 2011 ; her ashes were interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium . Honours . - Decorations - In 1929 , Page was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ( PC ) . - In 1938 , Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . - In 1942 , Page was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) . - In 1942 , Page was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . - In 1952 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Sydney . - In 1955 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of New England ( the first honorary degree awarded by the institution ) . - Namesakes - Division of Page – division of the federal House of Representatives ; established in 1984 , includes the city of Grafton - Page , Australian Capital Territory – suburb of Canberra - The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre , in the city of Grafton - Earle Page College – residential college of the University of New England ; opened in 1963 - Page Chest Pavilion – building at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital ; opened in 1957 , demolished in 2010 - Page Research Centre – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia ; established in 2003 Further reading . - Hughes , Colin A ( 1976 ) , Mr Prime Minister . Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , Ch.12 . - In their autobiographies Ann Moyal and Ulrich Ellis wrote of their experience of working with Page . - Moyal , Ann . Breakfast with Beaverbrook : memoirs of an independent woman ( Hale & Iremonger , 1995 ) - Ulrich Ellis A Pen in Politics ( Gininderra Press , 2007 ) . - Both had helped Page with his autobiography Truant Surgeon : The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life ( Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) .
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Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page , ( 8 August 188020 December 1961 ) was an Australian surgeon and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia , holding office for 19 days after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1921 to 1939 , and was the most influential figure in its early years . Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales . He entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15 , and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21 . After completing his residency at Sydneys Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital . He soon became involved in local politics , and in 1915 purchased a part-share in The Daily Examiner , a local newspaper . He also briefly served as a military surgeon during World War I . Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the Northern Rivers region , especially those involving hydroelectricity . He also helped found a movement for New England statehood . In 1919 , Page was elected to federal parliament representing the Division of Cowper . He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural whip , and then replaced William McWilliams as party leader in 1921 . Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and when the Country Party gained the balance of power at the 1922 election , he demanded Hughes resignation as the price for a coalition with the Nationalist Party . He was subsequently made Treasurer under the new prime minister , Stanley Bruce , serving in that role from 1923 to 1929 . He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy , with Bruce concentrating on international issues . Page returned to cabinet after the 1934 election , when the Country Party entered a new coalition with Joseph Lyons United Australia Party ( UAP ) . He was appointed Minister for Commerce , and concentrated on agricultural issues . When Lyons died in office in April 1939 , Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet , withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition , but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months . The coalition was eventually reconstituted , and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and Arthur Fadden until the governments defeat in October 1941 . Pages last major role was as Minister for Health ( 1949–1956 ) in the post-war Menzies Government . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , and died a short time after losing his seat at the 1961 election . Page served in parliament for almost 42 years , the third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian of all time ; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party . He secured his partys independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP , and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation , agrarianism , and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day . The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for all subsequent coalition governments . Early life . Birth and family background . Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales , on 8 August 1880 . His first middle name , which he disliked , was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative , while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace . Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon ( Annie ) Cox . His younger brother Harold was the deputy administrator of the Territory of New Guinea and a Japanese prisoner of war . Pages parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children . His mother was born in Tasmania to an English father and a Scottish mother . His father , born in London , was a successful businessman and a member of the Grafton City Council , serving a single term as mayor in 1908 . The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm , which had its origins in a coachbuilding firm established in 1858 by Pages maternal grandfather , Edwin Cox . His other grandfather , James Page , arrived in Grafton in 1855 , serving as the towns first schoolmaster and first town clerk . Education . Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School , where he excelled academically . His family could not afford to send him to boarding school , as a result of financial difficulties caused by the banking crisis of 1893 . Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education . He won a bursary to attend Sydney Boys High School in 1895 , where he passed the university entrance exams , and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a liberal arts course at the University of Sydney . He was equal top in mathematics in his first year , and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for general proficiency in the arts , which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school . His role model was Grafton Smith , who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university . At Sydney Medical School , Pages lecturers included William Haswell ( biology ) , James Hill ( biology ) , Charles Martin ( physiology ) , Anderson Stuart ( physiology ) , and James Wilson ( anatomy ) . He graduated at the top of his class in 1901 , with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine ( M.B. ) and Master of Surgery ( Ch.M. ) . Medical career . Pages first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner . Due to a shortage of doctors , he was acting superintendent of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children for one month . In 1902 , he took up a position as a resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under Robert Scot Skirving . During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination . He also met his future wife , nurse Ethel Blunt . Page returned to his home town in 1903 , taking over a practice in South Grafton . He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital , Clarence House Hospital , which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region . Page was a keen adopter of new technologies . In 1904 , he bought what he claimed was the first Rover car in Australia , which was powered by kerosene . He upgraded to an Itala in 1908 , and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance . He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital , one of the first in Australia outside a major city . Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation , taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate . One operation that brought him particular fame was the removal of a patients diseased lung , a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously . Page became an inaugural Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons ( FRACS ) in 1927 , and in 1942 was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . In February 1916 , Page enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He served as chief medical officer aboard the troopship Ballarat , and was then stationed at an army hospital in Cairo for several months . He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916 , and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a casualty clearing station in France . Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917 . Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed , he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff . This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra , as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons . In 1928 , for instance , he performed an emergency appendectomy on Parker Moloney . Early political involvement . Pages medical career brought him considerable wealth , and he began investing in land . He bought several large farming properties in South-East Queensland , including in Nerang , Kandanga , and the Numinbah Valley ; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him . His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for hydroelectricity , which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910 . He believed that it could be applied to the Northern Rivers region , which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns . Page was elected to the South Grafton Municipal Council in 1913 , believing his position as an alderman would be useful in his lobbying efforts . However , his overtures to the state government were rebuffed . In 1915 , Page was one of the founders of the Northern New South Wales Separation League , which advocated the creation of a new state in the New England region . He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement , but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war . Later that year , he was part of a syndicate that bought The Daily Examiner , the local newspaper in Grafton . Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917 , on his way back from military service in France . He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918 , serving until 1920 , and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League . He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the Clarence River , and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads , railways , and ports , all of which served to raise his profile in the local district . Page was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1919 federal election , defeating the sitting Nationalist MP , John Thomson in the Division of Cowper . He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers and Settlers Association , and after the election joined the new Country Party , along with 10 other MPs from rural seats . Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career , and many such projects were built in New South Wales . However , the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place , only the smaller Nymboida Power Station . Decentralisation also remained a pet project , with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development . The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s , but re-emerged in the 1950s ; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967 , after Pages death , but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances . Bruce–Page Government . Government formation . Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921 , replacing William McWilliams . At the 1922 federal election the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national sinking fund , national insurance scheme covering sickness , unemployment , poverty and age , and conversion of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into a full central bank . The party emerged from the election with the balance of power in the House ; the Nationalist government of Billy Hughes lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support . It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists . However , the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes rural policy , and Pages animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him . Indeed , he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader . Bowing to the inevitable , Hughes resigned . Page then began negotiations with Hughes successor as leader of the Nationalists , Stanley Bruce . His terms were stiff ; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet , including the post of Treasurer and the second rank in the ministry for himself . These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system , and especially so for such a new party . Nonetheless , Bruce agreed rather than force another election . For all intents and purposes , Page was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Australia ( a title that did not officially exist until 1968 ) . Since then , the leader of the Country/National Party has been the second-ranking member in nearly every non-Labor government . Page served as acting prime minister on several occasions , and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of Federal Cabinet ever held in Canberra , at Yarralumla . Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927 . Treasurer . As Treasurer , Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce . Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish land tax , cut income tax , and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on . The government also established an investment fund for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and sponsored the first national housing program . The final years of Pages treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn . The budget went into deficit in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a temporary financial depression . He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies , as well as a high protectionist supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries . Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions . In 1924 , he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board , comprising a governor , the Treasury secretary , and representatives of industry . The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank , whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board . Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank , the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research . In March 1925 , cabinet decided to return Australia to the gold standard , which it had left during World War I . It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same , which disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision . In 1924 , Bruce and Page established the Loan Council to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments . It was given constitutional force with an amendment passed in 1928 . The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing tied grants , initially for road building . It also announced a royal commission into a national insurance scheme chaired by Senator John Millen . Page was one of the chief supporters of the National Insurance Bill 1928 , which would have provided sickness , old age , disability and maternity benefits , as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of child endowment . It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers . The government took the policy to the 1928 federal election but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929 . As Treasurer , Page continued his professional medical practice . On 22 October 1924 , he had to tell his best friend , Thomas Shorten Cole ( 1870–1957 ) , the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer , reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be the worst day of his life . Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra , in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP Parker Moloney . Opposition and Lyons Government . The Bruce-Page government was heavily defeated by Labor in 1929 ( with Bruce losing his own seat ) , and Page went into opposition . In 1931 , a group of dissident Labor MPs led by Joseph Lyons merged with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party under Lyons leadership . Lyons and the UAP won majority government at the 1931 election . Although Lyons was keen to form a coalition with the Country Party , talks broke down , and Lyons opted to govern alone—to date , the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any posts in a non-Labor government . In 1934 , however , the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing , forcing Lyons to take the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition . Page became Minister for Commerce . He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in the New Years Day Honours of 1938 . While nine Australian Prime Ministers were knighted ( and Bruce was elevated to the peerage ) , Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming Prime Minister . Prime Minister and aftermath . When Lyons died suddenly in 1939 , the Governor-General Lord Gowrie appointed Page as caretaker Prime Minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader Robert Menzies as its new leader , and hence Prime Minister . Page had been close to Lyons , but disliked Menzies , whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons . Page contacted Stanley Bruce ( now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK ) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Pages old seat , and then seek election as UAP leader . Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent . When Menzies was elected UAP leader , Page refused to serve under him , and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House , accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice ( for failing to enlist during World War I ) . His party soon rebelled , though , and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of Archie Cameron . World War II . In March 1940 , Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP . However , he resigned as party leader on 16 October , following the 1940 federal election . Page attempted to regain the partys leadership , but was deadlocked with John McEwen over multiple ballots . As a compromise , the party elected Arthur Fadden as acting leader ; he was confirmed in the position a few months later . Page replaced Cameron as Minister for Commerce in the reconstituted ministry . Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941 . A few weeks later , cabinet decided to send Page to London as resident minister , with the intention that he would be granted access to the British War Cabinet . While he was en route to England , the Fadden Government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government . The new prime minister John Curtin nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position , declining his offer to return to Australia . The attack on Pearl Harbor in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations , as the War in the Pacific became the primary concern of the Australian government . Page assisted in the creation of the Pacific War Council early the following year . He later recalled Winston Churchills frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtins decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia . He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men , but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the 7th Division to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia . He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister H . V . Evatt for his error . Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life . His tenure was not regarded as a success , and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy . Field Marshal Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had the mentality of a greengrocer . Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia . He had been made a Companion of Honour ( CH ) before his departure . He returned to Australia in August , travelling via the United States , and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction . Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and Chifley Governments on the opposition backbench . He served on the Advisory War Council and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942 , which included members of all major political parties . However , he was frustrated by the governments failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy , which he believed was due to him given his past work . Return to the ministry . Page was reappointed Minister for Health after the Coalition won the 1949 federal election , at the age of 69 . He was the chief architect of the National Health Act 1953 , which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners . He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession , which had strongly opposed the Chifley Governments attempt to introduce universal health care . Unlike in previous governments , Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development . Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952 , Page became the Father of the House of Representatives and Father of the Parliament . In 1954 , he became the first chancellor of the University of New England , which had become fully autonomous from the University of Sydney . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the December 1955 election . Upon Arthur Faddens retirement in 1958 , Page became the only former Prime Minister returned at that years election . Later life and death . By the 1961 election , Page was gravely ill , suffering from lung cancer . Although he was too sick to actively campaign , Page refused to even consider retiring from Parliament and soldiered on for his 17th general election . In one of the great upsets of Australian electoral history , he lost his seat to Labor challenger Frank McGuren , whom he had defeated soundly in 1958 . Page had gone into the election holding Cowper with what appeared to be an insurmountable 11-point majority , but McGuren managed to win the seat on a swing of 13% . Page had campaigned sporadically before going to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney for emergency surgery . He went comatose a few days before the election and never regained consciousness . He died on 20 December , 11 days after the election , without ever knowing that he had been defeated . Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years , making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career . Only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock have served in Parliament longer than Page . He was the last former Prime Minister to lose his seat until Tony Abbott lost his seat of Warringah in 2019 , though John Howard would lose his seat of Bennelong as a sitting Prime Minister in 2007 . Pages defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former Prime Ministers among its members , for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cooks resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australias High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Billy Hughes forced resignation as Prime Minister in 1923 . Personal life . Page married Ethel Blunt on 18 September 1906 . They had met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while he was undertaking his medical residency ; she was a senior nurse there . Page soon began courting her , and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton . She gave up nursing after their marriage , but was active in politics and community organisations . The couple had five children : Mary ( b . 1909 ) , Earle Jr . ( b . 1910 ) , Donald ( b . 1912 ) , Iven ( b . 1914 ) , and Douglas ( b . 1916 ) . Their grandchildren include Don Page , who was active in New South Wales state politics , and Geoff Page , a poet . Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son . Earle Jr. , a qualified veterinarian , was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933 , aged 22 . Ethel died in May 1958 , aged 82 , after a long illness . On 20 July 1959 at St Pauls Cathedral , London , Page married for a second time , wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas ( 32 years his junior ) . Stanley Bruce was his best man . The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husbands death , dying on 20 June 2011 ; her ashes were interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium . Honours . - Decorations - In 1929 , Page was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ( PC ) . - In 1938 , Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . - In 1942 , Page was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) . - In 1942 , Page was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . - In 1952 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Sydney . - In 1955 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of New England ( the first honorary degree awarded by the institution ) . - Namesakes - Division of Page – division of the federal House of Representatives ; established in 1984 , includes the city of Grafton - Page , Australian Capital Territory – suburb of Canberra - The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre , in the city of Grafton - Earle Page College – residential college of the University of New England ; opened in 1963 - Page Chest Pavilion – building at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital ; opened in 1957 , demolished in 2010 - Page Research Centre – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia ; established in 2003 Further reading . - Hughes , Colin A ( 1976 ) , Mr Prime Minister . Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , Ch.12 . - In their autobiographies Ann Moyal and Ulrich Ellis wrote of their experience of working with Page . - Moyal , Ann . Breakfast with Beaverbrook : memoirs of an independent woman ( Hale & Iremonger , 1995 ) - Ulrich Ellis A Pen in Politics ( Gininderra Press , 2007 ) . - Both had helped Page with his autobiography Truant Surgeon : The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life ( Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) .
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What was the position of Earle Page from Apr 1939 to Oct 1941?
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Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page , ( 8 August 188020 December 1961 ) was an Australian surgeon and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia , holding office for 19 days after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1921 to 1939 , and was the most influential figure in its early years . Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales . He entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15 , and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21 . After completing his residency at Sydneys Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital . He soon became involved in local politics , and in 1915 purchased a part-share in The Daily Examiner , a local newspaper . He also briefly served as a military surgeon during World War I . Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the Northern Rivers region , especially those involving hydroelectricity . He also helped found a movement for New England statehood . In 1919 , Page was elected to federal parliament representing the Division of Cowper . He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural whip , and then replaced William McWilliams as party leader in 1921 . Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and when the Country Party gained the balance of power at the 1922 election , he demanded Hughes resignation as the price for a coalition with the Nationalist Party . He was subsequently made Treasurer under the new prime minister , Stanley Bruce , serving in that role from 1923 to 1929 . He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy , with Bruce concentrating on international issues . Page returned to cabinet after the 1934 election , when the Country Party entered a new coalition with Joseph Lyons United Australia Party ( UAP ) . He was appointed Minister for Commerce , and concentrated on agricultural issues . When Lyons died in office in April 1939 , Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet , withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition , but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months . The coalition was eventually reconstituted , and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and Arthur Fadden until the governments defeat in October 1941 . Pages last major role was as Minister for Health ( 1949–1956 ) in the post-war Menzies Government . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , and died a short time after losing his seat at the 1961 election . Page served in parliament for almost 42 years , the third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian of all time ; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party . He secured his partys independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP , and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation , agrarianism , and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day . The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for all subsequent coalition governments . Early life . Birth and family background . Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales , on 8 August 1880 . His first middle name , which he disliked , was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative , while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace . Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon ( Annie ) Cox . His younger brother Harold was the deputy administrator of the Territory of New Guinea and a Japanese prisoner of war . Pages parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children . His mother was born in Tasmania to an English father and a Scottish mother . His father , born in London , was a successful businessman and a member of the Grafton City Council , serving a single term as mayor in 1908 . The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm , which had its origins in a coachbuilding firm established in 1858 by Pages maternal grandfather , Edwin Cox . His other grandfather , James Page , arrived in Grafton in 1855 , serving as the towns first schoolmaster and first town clerk . Education . Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School , where he excelled academically . His family could not afford to send him to boarding school , as a result of financial difficulties caused by the banking crisis of 1893 . Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education . He won a bursary to attend Sydney Boys High School in 1895 , where he passed the university entrance exams , and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a liberal arts course at the University of Sydney . He was equal top in mathematics in his first year , and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for general proficiency in the arts , which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school . His role model was Grafton Smith , who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university . At Sydney Medical School , Pages lecturers included William Haswell ( biology ) , James Hill ( biology ) , Charles Martin ( physiology ) , Anderson Stuart ( physiology ) , and James Wilson ( anatomy ) . He graduated at the top of his class in 1901 , with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine ( M.B. ) and Master of Surgery ( Ch.M. ) . Medical career . Pages first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner . Due to a shortage of doctors , he was acting superintendent of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children for one month . In 1902 , he took up a position as a resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under Robert Scot Skirving . During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination . He also met his future wife , nurse Ethel Blunt . Page returned to his home town in 1903 , taking over a practice in South Grafton . He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital , Clarence House Hospital , which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region . Page was a keen adopter of new technologies . In 1904 , he bought what he claimed was the first Rover car in Australia , which was powered by kerosene . He upgraded to an Itala in 1908 , and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance . He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital , one of the first in Australia outside a major city . Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation , taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate . One operation that brought him particular fame was the removal of a patients diseased lung , a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously . Page became an inaugural Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons ( FRACS ) in 1927 , and in 1942 was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . In February 1916 , Page enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He served as chief medical officer aboard the troopship Ballarat , and was then stationed at an army hospital in Cairo for several months . He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916 , and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a casualty clearing station in France . Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917 . Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed , he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff . This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra , as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons . In 1928 , for instance , he performed an emergency appendectomy on Parker Moloney . Early political involvement . Pages medical career brought him considerable wealth , and he began investing in land . He bought several large farming properties in South-East Queensland , including in Nerang , Kandanga , and the Numinbah Valley ; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him . His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for hydroelectricity , which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910 . He believed that it could be applied to the Northern Rivers region , which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns . Page was elected to the South Grafton Municipal Council in 1913 , believing his position as an alderman would be useful in his lobbying efforts . However , his overtures to the state government were rebuffed . In 1915 , Page was one of the founders of the Northern New South Wales Separation League , which advocated the creation of a new state in the New England region . He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement , but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war . Later that year , he was part of a syndicate that bought The Daily Examiner , the local newspaper in Grafton . Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917 , on his way back from military service in France . He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918 , serving until 1920 , and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League . He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the Clarence River , and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads , railways , and ports , all of which served to raise his profile in the local district . Page was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1919 federal election , defeating the sitting Nationalist MP , John Thomson in the Division of Cowper . He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers and Settlers Association , and after the election joined the new Country Party , along with 10 other MPs from rural seats . Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career , and many such projects were built in New South Wales . However , the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place , only the smaller Nymboida Power Station . Decentralisation also remained a pet project , with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development . The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s , but re-emerged in the 1950s ; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967 , after Pages death , but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances . Bruce–Page Government . Government formation . Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921 , replacing William McWilliams . At the 1922 federal election the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national sinking fund , national insurance scheme covering sickness , unemployment , poverty and age , and conversion of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into a full central bank . The party emerged from the election with the balance of power in the House ; the Nationalist government of Billy Hughes lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support . It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists . However , the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes rural policy , and Pages animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him . Indeed , he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader . Bowing to the inevitable , Hughes resigned . Page then began negotiations with Hughes successor as leader of the Nationalists , Stanley Bruce . His terms were stiff ; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet , including the post of Treasurer and the second rank in the ministry for himself . These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system , and especially so for such a new party . Nonetheless , Bruce agreed rather than force another election . For all intents and purposes , Page was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Australia ( a title that did not officially exist until 1968 ) . Since then , the leader of the Country/National Party has been the second-ranking member in nearly every non-Labor government . Page served as acting prime minister on several occasions , and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of Federal Cabinet ever held in Canberra , at Yarralumla . Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927 . Treasurer . As Treasurer , Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce . Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish land tax , cut income tax , and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on . The government also established an investment fund for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and sponsored the first national housing program . The final years of Pages treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn . The budget went into deficit in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a temporary financial depression . He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies , as well as a high protectionist supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries . Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions . In 1924 , he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board , comprising a governor , the Treasury secretary , and representatives of industry . The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank , whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board . Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank , the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research . In March 1925 , cabinet decided to return Australia to the gold standard , which it had left during World War I . It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same , which disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision . In 1924 , Bruce and Page established the Loan Council to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments . It was given constitutional force with an amendment passed in 1928 . The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing tied grants , initially for road building . It also announced a royal commission into a national insurance scheme chaired by Senator John Millen . Page was one of the chief supporters of the National Insurance Bill 1928 , which would have provided sickness , old age , disability and maternity benefits , as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of child endowment . It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers . The government took the policy to the 1928 federal election but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929 . As Treasurer , Page continued his professional medical practice . On 22 October 1924 , he had to tell his best friend , Thomas Shorten Cole ( 1870–1957 ) , the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer , reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be the worst day of his life . Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra , in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP Parker Moloney . Opposition and Lyons Government . The Bruce-Page government was heavily defeated by Labor in 1929 ( with Bruce losing his own seat ) , and Page went into opposition . In 1931 , a group of dissident Labor MPs led by Joseph Lyons merged with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party under Lyons leadership . Lyons and the UAP won majority government at the 1931 election . Although Lyons was keen to form a coalition with the Country Party , talks broke down , and Lyons opted to govern alone—to date , the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any posts in a non-Labor government . In 1934 , however , the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing , forcing Lyons to take the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition . Page became Minister for Commerce . He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in the New Years Day Honours of 1938 . While nine Australian Prime Ministers were knighted ( and Bruce was elevated to the peerage ) , Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming Prime Minister . Prime Minister and aftermath . When Lyons died suddenly in 1939 , the Governor-General Lord Gowrie appointed Page as caretaker Prime Minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader Robert Menzies as its new leader , and hence Prime Minister . Page had been close to Lyons , but disliked Menzies , whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons . Page contacted Stanley Bruce ( now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK ) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Pages old seat , and then seek election as UAP leader . Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent . When Menzies was elected UAP leader , Page refused to serve under him , and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House , accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice ( for failing to enlist during World War I ) . His party soon rebelled , though , and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of Archie Cameron . World War II . In March 1940 , Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP . However , he resigned as party leader on 16 October , following the 1940 federal election . Page attempted to regain the partys leadership , but was deadlocked with John McEwen over multiple ballots . As a compromise , the party elected Arthur Fadden as acting leader ; he was confirmed in the position a few months later . Page replaced Cameron as Minister for Commerce in the reconstituted ministry . Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941 . A few weeks later , cabinet decided to send Page to London as resident minister , with the intention that he would be granted access to the British War Cabinet . While he was en route to England , the Fadden Government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government . The new prime minister John Curtin nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position , declining his offer to return to Australia . The attack on Pearl Harbor in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations , as the War in the Pacific became the primary concern of the Australian government . Page assisted in the creation of the Pacific War Council early the following year . He later recalled Winston Churchills frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtins decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia . He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men , but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the 7th Division to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia . He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister H . V . Evatt for his error . Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life . His tenure was not regarded as a success , and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy . Field Marshal Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had the mentality of a greengrocer . Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia . He had been made a Companion of Honour ( CH ) before his departure . He returned to Australia in August , travelling via the United States , and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction . Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and Chifley Governments on the opposition backbench . He served on the Advisory War Council and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942 , which included members of all major political parties . However , he was frustrated by the governments failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy , which he believed was due to him given his past work . Return to the ministry . Page was reappointed Minister for Health after the Coalition won the 1949 federal election , at the age of 69 . He was the chief architect of the National Health Act 1953 , which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners . He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession , which had strongly opposed the Chifley Governments attempt to introduce universal health care . Unlike in previous governments , Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development . Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952 , Page became the Father of the House of Representatives and Father of the Parliament . In 1954 , he became the first chancellor of the University of New England , which had become fully autonomous from the University of Sydney . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the December 1955 election . Upon Arthur Faddens retirement in 1958 , Page became the only former Prime Minister returned at that years election . Later life and death . By the 1961 election , Page was gravely ill , suffering from lung cancer . Although he was too sick to actively campaign , Page refused to even consider retiring from Parliament and soldiered on for his 17th general election . In one of the great upsets of Australian electoral history , he lost his seat to Labor challenger Frank McGuren , whom he had defeated soundly in 1958 . Page had gone into the election holding Cowper with what appeared to be an insurmountable 11-point majority , but McGuren managed to win the seat on a swing of 13% . Page had campaigned sporadically before going to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney for emergency surgery . He went comatose a few days before the election and never regained consciousness . He died on 20 December , 11 days after the election , without ever knowing that he had been defeated . Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years , making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career . Only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock have served in Parliament longer than Page . He was the last former Prime Minister to lose his seat until Tony Abbott lost his seat of Warringah in 2019 , though John Howard would lose his seat of Bennelong as a sitting Prime Minister in 2007 . Pages defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former Prime Ministers among its members , for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cooks resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australias High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Billy Hughes forced resignation as Prime Minister in 1923 . Personal life . Page married Ethel Blunt on 18 September 1906 . They had met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while he was undertaking his medical residency ; she was a senior nurse there . Page soon began courting her , and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton . She gave up nursing after their marriage , but was active in politics and community organisations . The couple had five children : Mary ( b . 1909 ) , Earle Jr . ( b . 1910 ) , Donald ( b . 1912 ) , Iven ( b . 1914 ) , and Douglas ( b . 1916 ) . Their grandchildren include Don Page , who was active in New South Wales state politics , and Geoff Page , a poet . Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son . Earle Jr. , a qualified veterinarian , was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933 , aged 22 . Ethel died in May 1958 , aged 82 , after a long illness . On 20 July 1959 at St Pauls Cathedral , London , Page married for a second time , wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas ( 32 years his junior ) . Stanley Bruce was his best man . The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husbands death , dying on 20 June 2011 ; her ashes were interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium . Honours . - Decorations - In 1929 , Page was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ( PC ) . - In 1938 , Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . - In 1942 , Page was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) . - In 1942 , Page was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . - In 1952 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Sydney . - In 1955 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of New England ( the first honorary degree awarded by the institution ) . - Namesakes - Division of Page – division of the federal House of Representatives ; established in 1984 , includes the city of Grafton - Page , Australian Capital Territory – suburb of Canberra - The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre , in the city of Grafton - Earle Page College – residential college of the University of New England ; opened in 1963 - Page Chest Pavilion – building at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital ; opened in 1957 , demolished in 2010 - Page Research Centre – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia ; established in 2003 Further reading . - Hughes , Colin A ( 1976 ) , Mr Prime Minister . Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , Ch.12 . - In their autobiographies Ann Moyal and Ulrich Ellis wrote of their experience of working with Page . - Moyal , Ann . Breakfast with Beaverbrook : memoirs of an independent woman ( Hale & Iremonger , 1995 ) - Ulrich Ellis A Pen in Politics ( Gininderra Press , 2007 ) . - Both had helped Page with his autobiography Truant Surgeon : The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life ( Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) .
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Which position did Earle Page hold from Dec 1949 to 1956?
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Earle Page Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page , ( 8 August 188020 December 1961 ) was an Australian surgeon and politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Australia , holding office for 19 days after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939 . He was the leader of the Country Party from 1921 to 1939 , and was the most influential figure in its early years . Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales . He entered the University of Sydney at the age of 15 , and completed a degree in medicine at the age of 21 . After completing his residency at Sydneys Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , he moved back to Grafton and opened a private hospital . He soon became involved in local politics , and in 1915 purchased a part-share in The Daily Examiner , a local newspaper . He also briefly served as a military surgeon during World War I . Page gained prominence as an advocate of various development schemes for the Northern Rivers region , especially those involving hydroelectricity . He also helped found a movement for New England statehood . In 1919 , Page was elected to federal parliament representing the Division of Cowper . He joined the new Country Party the following year as its inaugural whip , and then replaced William McWilliams as party leader in 1921 . Page opposed the economic policies of Prime Minister Billy Hughes , and when the Country Party gained the balance of power at the 1922 election , he demanded Hughes resignation as the price for a coalition with the Nationalist Party . He was subsequently made Treasurer under the new prime minister , Stanley Bruce , serving in that role from 1923 to 1929 . He had a significant degree of influence on domestic policy , with Bruce concentrating on international issues . Page returned to cabinet after the 1934 election , when the Country Party entered a new coalition with Joseph Lyons United Australia Party ( UAP ) . He was appointed Minister for Commerce , and concentrated on agricultural issues . When Lyons died in office in April 1939 , Page was commissioned as his successor in a caretaker capacity while the UAP elected a new leader , Robert Menzies . Page subsequently denounced Menzies and refused to serve in his cabinet , withdrawing the Country Party from the coalition , but this proved unpopular and he resigned the party leadership after a few months . The coalition was eventually reconstituted , and Page served again as Minister for Commerce under Menzies and Arthur Fadden until the governments defeat in October 1941 . Pages last major role was as Minister for Health ( 1949–1956 ) in the post-war Menzies Government . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , and died a short time after losing his seat at the 1961 election . Page served in parliament for almost 42 years , the third longest-serving Australian parliamentarian of all time ; only Menzies lasted longer as the leader of a major Australian political party . He secured his partys independence by refusing overtures to merge with the Nationalists and the UAP , and the policies that he favoured – decentralisation , agrarianism , and government support of primary industry – have remained the basis of its platform up to the present day . The coalitions that he established and maintained with Bruce and Lyons have served as a model for all subsequent coalition governments . Early life . Birth and family background . Earle Christmas Grafton Page was born in Grafton , New South Wales , on 8 August 1880 . His first middle name , which he disliked , was given to him to carry on the surname of a childless relative , while his second middle name was in honour of his birthplace . Page was the fifth of eleven children born to Charles Page and Mary Johanna Haddon ( Annie ) Cox . His younger brother Harold was the deputy administrator of the Territory of New Guinea and a Japanese prisoner of war . Pages parents had both lived in Grafton since they were children . His mother was born in Tasmania to an English father and a Scottish mother . His father , born in London , was a successful businessman and a member of the Grafton City Council , serving a single term as mayor in 1908 . The family business was a hardware manufacturing firm , which had its origins in a coachbuilding firm established in 1858 by Pages maternal grandfather , Edwin Cox . His other grandfather , James Page , arrived in Grafton in 1855 , serving as the towns first schoolmaster and first town clerk . Education . Page began his schooling at Grafton Public School , where he excelled academically . His family could not afford to send him to boarding school , as a result of financial difficulties caused by the banking crisis of 1893 . Page consequently had to rely on scholarships to advance his education . He won a bursary to attend Sydney Boys High School in 1895 , where he passed the university entrance exams , and the following year – aged 15 – began studying a liberal arts course at the University of Sydney . He was equal top in mathematics in his first year , and was also awarded the lucrative Struth Exhibition for general proficiency in the arts , which allowed him to switch to medicine and covered his first four years of medical school . His role model was Grafton Smith , who had followed a similar path from Grafton Public School to university . At Sydney Medical School , Pages lecturers included William Haswell ( biology ) , James Hill ( biology ) , Charles Martin ( physiology ) , Anderson Stuart ( physiology ) , and James Wilson ( anatomy ) . He graduated at the top of his class in 1901 , with the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine ( M.B. ) and Master of Surgery ( Ch.M. ) . Medical career . Pages first professional posting came before he had even been registered as a medical practitioner . Due to a shortage of doctors , he was acting superintendent of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children for one month . In 1902 , he took up a position as a resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital , serving in a variety of roles including as house surgeon under Robert Scot Skirving . During that time he contracted a near-fatal infection from a postmortem examination . He also met his future wife , nurse Ethel Blunt . Page returned to his home town in 1903 , taking over a practice in South Grafton . He and two partners subsequently established a new private hospital , Clarence House Hospital , which opened in 1904 and served both Grafton and the surrounding region . Page was a keen adopter of new technologies . In 1904 , he bought what he claimed was the first Rover car in Australia , which was powered by kerosene . He upgraded to an Itala in 1908 , and had the chassis enlarged so it could be used as an ambulance . He also had an x-ray machine installed in his hospital , one of the first in Australia outside a major city . Page developed a reputation for surgical innovation , taking a number of patients from Sydney and even some from interstate . One operation that brought him particular fame was the removal of a patients diseased lung , a procedure that had only been invented a few years previously . Page became an inaugural Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons ( FRACS ) in 1927 , and in 1942 was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . In February 1916 , Page enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He served as chief medical officer aboard the troopship Ballarat , and was then stationed at an army hospital in Cairo for several months . He was transferred to a hospital in England in July 1916 , and concluded his service as a surgical specialist at a casualty clearing station in France . Page returned to Australia in March 1917 and was discharged from the military in July 1917 . Although his active involvement in medicine declined as his political career progressed , he was frequently called upon to treat his fellow MPs or parliamentary staff . This was particularly true after the federal government moved to Canberra , as the new capital had only a handful of qualified surgeons . In 1928 , for instance , he performed an emergency appendectomy on Parker Moloney . Early political involvement . Pages medical career brought him considerable wealth , and he began investing in land . He bought several large farming properties in South-East Queensland , including in Nerang , Kandanga , and the Numinbah Valley ; Pages Pinnacle in the Numinbah State Forest is named after him . His entry into public life came about as a result of his passion for hydroelectricity , which he first observed in New Zealand while attending a medical convention in 1910 . He believed that it could be applied to the Northern Rivers region , which was still mostly unelectrified outside of the major towns . Page was elected to the South Grafton Municipal Council in 1913 , believing his position as an alderman would be useful in his lobbying efforts . However , his overtures to the state government were rebuffed . In 1915 , Page was one of the founders of the Northern New South Wales Separation League , which advocated the creation of a new state in the New England region . He toured a number of towns to raise awareness of the new movement , but interest waned as a result of the ongoing war . Later that year , he was part of a syndicate that bought The Daily Examiner , the local newspaper in Grafton . Page visited a number of hydroelectric sites in North America in 1917 , on his way back from military service in France . He was elected mayor of South Grafton in 1918 , serving until 1920 , and also became the inaugural president of the North Coast Development League . He developed more concrete plans for a hydroelectric project on the Clarence River , and put forward various other development schemes relating to roads , railways , and ports , all of which served to raise his profile in the local district . Page was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1919 federal election , defeating the sitting Nationalist MP , John Thomson in the Division of Cowper . He stood as an independent with the endorsement of the Farmers and Settlers Association , and after the election joined the new Country Party , along with 10 other MPs from rural seats . Page continued to advocate for hydroelectricity throughout his political career , and many such projects were built in New South Wales . However , the specific scheme he favoured for the Clarence River was never put in place , only the smaller Nymboida Power Station . Decentralisation also remained a pet project , with Page frequently arguing for New South Wales and Queensland to be divided into smaller states to aid regional development . The movement for New England statehood waned in the 1920s , but re-emerged in the 1950s ; a legally binding referendum on the subject was finally held in 1967 , after Pages death , but was narrowly defeated in controversial circumstances . Bruce–Page Government . Government formation . Page was elected leader of the Country Party in 1921 , replacing William McWilliams . At the 1922 federal election the party campaigned on a platform which included the establishment of a national sinking fund , national insurance scheme covering sickness , unemployment , poverty and age , and conversion of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia into a full central bank . The party emerged from the election with the balance of power in the House ; the Nationalist government of Billy Hughes lost its majority and could not govern without Country Party support . It soon became apparent that the price for that support would be a full coalition with the Nationalists . However , the Country Party had been formed partly due to discontent with Hughes rural policy , and Pages animosity toward Hughes was such that he would not even consider supporting him . Indeed , he would not even begin talks with the Nationalists as long as Hughes remained leader . Bowing to the inevitable , Hughes resigned . Page then began negotiations with Hughes successor as leader of the Nationalists , Stanley Bruce . His terms were stiff ; he wanted his Country Party to have five seats in an 11-man cabinet , including the post of Treasurer and the second rank in the ministry for himself . These demands were unprecedented for a prospective junior coalition partner in a Westminster system , and especially so for such a new party . Nonetheless , Bruce agreed rather than force another election . For all intents and purposes , Page was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Australia ( a title that did not officially exist until 1968 ) . Since then , the leader of the Country/National Party has been the second-ranking member in nearly every non-Labor government . Page served as acting prime minister on several occasions , and in January 1924 chaired the first meeting of Federal Cabinet ever held in Canberra , at Yarralumla . Parliament did not move to Canberra until 1927 . Treasurer . As Treasurer , Page formed a close working relationship with Bruce . Due to favourable economic conditions the government was able to abolish land tax , cut income tax , and establishment the national sinking fund that Page had campaigned on . The government also established an investment fund for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and sponsored the first national housing program . The final years of Pages treasurership were marked by the beginnings of an economic downturn . The budget went into deficit in 1927 and his 1929 budget speech referred to a temporary financial depression . He was a strong believer in orthodox finance and conservative policies , as well as a high protectionist supporting tariff barriers to protect Australian rural industries . Page introduced a series of reforms to the Commonwealth Bank to enhance its central banking functions . In 1924 , he announced that the government would place the Commonwealth Bank under an independent board , comprising a governor , the Treasury secretary , and representatives of industry . The same bill placed banknotes under the direct control of the bank , whereas previously it had been under a nominally independent Note Issue Board . Later reforms saw the establishment of a Rural Credits Department within the bank , the profits of which were partly hypothecated to agricultural research . In March 1925 , cabinet decided to return Australia to the gold standard , which it had left during World War I . It delayed its announcement until the United Kingdom had decided it would do the same , which disguised what was arguably Australia’s first explicit macroeconomic policy decision . In 1924 , Bruce and Page established the Loan Council to coordinate public-sector borrowings between the state and federal governments . It was given constitutional force with an amendment passed in 1928 . The government abolished the previous system of per-capita grants to states that had been implemented in 1911 and began introducing tied grants , initially for road building . It also announced a royal commission into a national insurance scheme chaired by Senator John Millen . Page was one of the chief supporters of the National Insurance Bill 1928 , which would have provided sickness , old age , disability and maternity benefits , as well as payments to orphans and a limited form of child endowment . It was to be paid for by compulsory contributions from workers and co-contributions from employers . The government took the policy to the 1928 federal election but failed to pass the bill by the time of its defeat in 1929 . As Treasurer , Page continued his professional medical practice . On 22 October 1924 , he had to tell his best friend , Thomas Shorten Cole ( 1870–1957 ) , the news that his wife Mary Ann Crane had just died on the operating table from complications of intestinal or stomach cancer , reputed by their daughter Dorothy May Cole to be the worst day of his life . Due to a shortage of surgeons in Canberra , in 1928 Page performed an appendectomy on fellow MP Parker Moloney . Opposition and Lyons Government . The Bruce-Page government was heavily defeated by Labor in 1929 ( with Bruce losing his own seat ) , and Page went into opposition . In 1931 , a group of dissident Labor MPs led by Joseph Lyons merged with the Nationalists to form the United Australia Party under Lyons leadership . Lyons and the UAP won majority government at the 1931 election . Although Lyons was keen to form a coalition with the Country Party , talks broke down , and Lyons opted to govern alone—to date , the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any posts in a non-Labor government . In 1934 , however , the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing , forcing Lyons to take the Country Party back into his government in a full-fledged Coalition . Page became Minister for Commerce . He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) in the New Years Day Honours of 1938 . While nine Australian Prime Ministers were knighted ( and Bruce was elevated to the peerage ) , Page is the only one who was knighted before becoming Prime Minister . Prime Minister and aftermath . When Lyons died suddenly in 1939 , the Governor-General Lord Gowrie appointed Page as caretaker Prime Minister pending the UAP choosing a new leader . He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected former deputy leader Robert Menzies as its new leader , and hence Prime Minister . Page had been close to Lyons , but disliked Menzies , whom he charged publicly with having been disloyal to Lyons . Page contacted Stanley Bruce ( now in London as Australian High Commissioner to the UK ) and offered to resign his seat if Bruce would return to Australia to seek re-election to the parliament in a by-election for Pages old seat , and then seek election as UAP leader . Bruce said that he would only re-enter the parliament as an independent . When Menzies was elected UAP leader , Page refused to serve under him , and made an extraordinary personal attack on him in the House , accusing him not only of ministerial incompetence but of physical cowardice ( for failing to enlist during World War I ) . His party soon rebelled , though , and Page was deposed as Country Party leader in favour of Archie Cameron . World War II . In March 1940 , Archie Cameron led the Country Party back into coalition with the UAP . However , he resigned as party leader on 16 October , following the 1940 federal election . Page attempted to regain the partys leadership , but was deadlocked with John McEwen over multiple ballots . As a compromise , the party elected Arthur Fadden as acting leader ; he was confirmed in the position a few months later . Page replaced Cameron as Minister for Commerce in the reconstituted ministry . Fadden replaced Menzies as prime minister in August 1941 . A few weeks later , cabinet decided to send Page to London as resident minister , with the intention that he would be granted access to the British War Cabinet . While he was en route to England , the Fadden Government lost a confidence motion and was replaced by an ALP minority government . The new prime minister John Curtin nonetheless allowed Page to take up the position , declining his offer to return to Australia . The attack on Pearl Harbor in December changed the dynamic of Anglo-Australian relations , as the War in the Pacific became the primary concern of the Australian government . Page assisted in the creation of the Pacific War Council early the following year . He later recalled Winston Churchills frustration in war cabinet meetings with Curtins decision to withdraw troops from the Middle East and North Africa and return them to Australia . He credited himself with helping negate the tensions between the two men , but in February 1942 mistakenly advised Churchill that the Australian government was amenable to diverting the 7th Division to Burma rather than return it directly to Australia . He was heavily rebuked by Curtin and external affairs minister H . V . Evatt for his error . Page wrote to Curtin in April 1942 that since January he had been through the worst period of acute mental distress of my whole life . His tenure was not regarded as a success , and he was said to have suffered from a lack of experience in diplomacy . Field Marshal Alan Brooke , the Chief of the Imperial General Staff , recalled that in war cabinet meetings he had the mentality of a greengrocer . Page left London in June 1942 following a severe bout of pneumonia . He had been made a Companion of Honour ( CH ) before his departure . He returned to Australia in August , travelling via the United States , and quickly turned his attention to planning for post-war reconstruction . Page spent the remaining years of the Curtin and Chifley Governments on the opposition backbench . He served on the Advisory War Council and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in Canberra in late 1942 , which included members of all major political parties . However , he was frustrated by the governments failure to offer him any formal role in developing post-war policy , which he believed was due to him given his past work . Return to the ministry . Page was reappointed Minister for Health after the Coalition won the 1949 federal election , at the age of 69 . He was the chief architect of the National Health Act 1953 , which established a national public health scheme based on government subsidies of voluntary private insurance and free medical services for pensioners . He played a key role in securing the support of the medical profession , which had strongly opposed the Chifley Governments attempt to introduce universal health care . Unlike in previous governments , Page had little influence beyond his own policy area and was frustrated by the lack of interest in his ideas for national development . Upon the death of Billy Hughes in October 1952 , Page became the Father of the House of Representatives and Father of the Parliament . In 1954 , he became the first chancellor of the University of New England , which had become fully autonomous from the University of Sydney . He retired from cabinet at the age of 76 , moving to the backbench in January 1956 after the December 1955 election . Upon Arthur Faddens retirement in 1958 , Page became the only former Prime Minister returned at that years election . Later life and death . By the 1961 election , Page was gravely ill , suffering from lung cancer . Although he was too sick to actively campaign , Page refused to even consider retiring from Parliament and soldiered on for his 17th general election . In one of the great upsets of Australian electoral history , he lost his seat to Labor challenger Frank McGuren , whom he had defeated soundly in 1958 . Page had gone into the election holding Cowper with what appeared to be an insurmountable 11-point majority , but McGuren managed to win the seat on a swing of 13% . Page had campaigned sporadically before going to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney for emergency surgery . He went comatose a few days before the election and never regained consciousness . He died on 20 December , 11 days after the election , without ever knowing that he had been defeated . Page had represented Cowper for just four days short of 42 years , making him the longest-serving Australian federal parliamentarian who represented the same seat throughout his career . Only Billy Hughes and Philip Ruddock have served in Parliament longer than Page . He was the last former Prime Minister to lose his seat until Tony Abbott lost his seat of Warringah in 2019 , though John Howard would lose his seat of Bennelong as a sitting Prime Minister in 2007 . Pages defeat/death saw the Australian Federal Parliament having no former Prime Ministers among its members , for the first time since the period between Sir Joseph Cooks resignation from Parliament in 1921 to become Australias High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and Billy Hughes forced resignation as Prime Minister in 1923 . Personal life . Page married Ethel Blunt on 18 September 1906 . They had met at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital while he was undertaking his medical residency ; she was a senior nurse there . Page soon began courting her , and convinced her to become the matron of his new hospital in Grafton . She gave up nursing after their marriage , but was active in politics and community organisations . The couple had five children : Mary ( b . 1909 ) , Earle Jr . ( b . 1910 ) , Donald ( b . 1912 ) , Iven ( b . 1914 ) , and Douglas ( b . 1916 ) . Their grandchildren include Don Page , who was active in New South Wales state politics , and Geoff Page , a poet . Page was predeceased by his first wife and his oldest son . Earle Jr. , a qualified veterinarian , was killed by a lightning strike in January 1933 , aged 22 . Ethel died in May 1958 , aged 82 , after a long illness . On 20 July 1959 at St Pauls Cathedral , London , Page married for a second time , wedding his long-serving secretary Jean Thomas ( 32 years his junior ) . Stanley Bruce was his best man . The second Lady Page lived for almost 50 years after her husbands death , dying on 20 June 2011 ; her ashes were interred at Northern Suburbs Crematorium . Honours . - Decorations - In 1929 , Page was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ( PC ) . - In 1938 , Page was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George ( GCMG ) . - In 1942 , Page was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour ( CH ) . - In 1942 , Page was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ( FRCS ) . - In 1952 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Sydney . - In 1955 , Page was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of New England ( the first honorary degree awarded by the institution ) . - Namesakes - Division of Page – division of the federal House of Representatives ; established in 1984 , includes the city of Grafton - Page , Australian Capital Territory – suburb of Canberra - The Sir Earle Page Library and Education Centre , in the city of Grafton - Earle Page College – residential college of the University of New England ; opened in 1963 - Page Chest Pavilion – building at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital ; opened in 1957 , demolished in 2010 - Page Research Centre – think tank associated with the National Party of Australia ; established in 2003 Further reading . - Hughes , Colin A ( 1976 ) , Mr Prime Minister . Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972 , Oxford University Press , Melbourne , Victoria , Ch.12 . - In their autobiographies Ann Moyal and Ulrich Ellis wrote of their experience of working with Page . - Moyal , Ann . Breakfast with Beaverbrook : memoirs of an independent woman ( Hale & Iremonger , 1995 ) - Ulrich Ellis A Pen in Politics ( Gininderra Press , 2007 ) . - Both had helped Page with his autobiography Truant Surgeon : The Inside Story of Forty Years of Australian Political Life ( Angus & Robertson , 1963 ) .
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"Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 )"
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VP-22 was officially named what from Sep 1928 to 1931?
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/wiki/VP-22#P1448#0
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VP-22 VP-22 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 ) on 15 September 1928 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B ) on 21 January 1931 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-F ( VP-4F ) on 17 July 1933 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4 ( VP-4 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 22 ( VP-22 ) on 1 July 1939 and disestablished on 18 April 1942 , with the squadron assets merged with VP-101 . Operational history . - 15 September 1928 : VP-4D14 established at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with the D14 representing the 14th Naval District . The squadron began operations with six H-16 seaplanes . Primary mission of the squadron was patrol and bombing in connection with the plan of defense for the Hawaiian Islands . - 20 February 1929 : Mechanics from the Wright Aeronautical Corporation arrived to begin alterations on the engines of the H-16 and new T2D aircraft . - 28 February 1930 : The first PD-1 aircraft was received by the squadron for testing to evaluate its operational capability . Results of the tests were very favorable , with transition training rapidly bringing the squadron complement up to 12 PD-1 seaplanes . - 8 March 1930 : A flight of three VP-4D14 aircraft from NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii , to Nawiliwili , Hawaii , set a record time of 42 minutes , proving the worth of the PD-1 as an operational aircraft . - 14 May 1930 : VP-4D14 provided an escort for 44 United States Army Air Corps aircraft in transit from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to the island of Maui , Hawaii . During the flight one Keystone bomber went down in mid-channel . Lieutenant Schur landed his PD-1 next to the sinking bomber and rescued the crew , but was unable to take off again due to high waves and overloading . Both aircrews were rescued by SS Hawaii at sunset , leaving the seaplane in a sinking condition . - 14 September 1930 : VP-4D14 , VP-1D14 and VJ6D14 departed Pearl Harbor for Hilo in company with for tests of advanced base operations and extended operations from a tender , including the servicing of the PD-1 while afloat . - 9 January 1931 : A flight of nine squadron aircraft made the first nonstop circumnavigation of the Hawaiian Islands , completing a distance of in 12 hours . - 21 January 1931 : VP-4D14 was redesignated VP-4B when realigned by Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) from the 14th Naval District to Fleet Aviation , Battle Force , Minecraft at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - 26 April 1931 : VP-4B was forced to reduce its flying to a minimum , since half the engines available for squadron aircraft had reached the 250-hour mark and needed replacing or rebuilding . No replacements were available in the inventory for several months . - 17 July 1933 : VP-4B was redesignated VP-4F when realigned by CNO from Battle Force to Base Force . The squadron at this time was composed of 12 PD-1 aircraft , supported by tenders USS Pelican and . - 22 April 1935 : VP-4F , with VP-1F and VP-6F from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; VP-8F and VP-10F from NAS San Diego , California ; and VP-7F and VP-9F from NAF Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone , participated in Fleet Problem XVI in Hawaiian waters . - 28 May 1935 : VP-4F was realigned organizationally when patrol squadrons were placed under Patrol Wings , Base Force . VPs 1F , 4F , 6F , 8F , 10F , 16F and 17F came under PatWing-2 at FAB Pearl Harbor . - 1 October 1937 : VP-4F was redesignated VP-4 when patrol squadrons were reorganized under Commander , Air Scouting Force , Patrol Wings . VPs 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 were based at FAB Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , under PatWing-2 and supported by , USS Pelican and USS Avocet . - 25 March 1938 : The squadron , along with VPs 1 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 18 participated in Fleet Problem XIX ( Phase V ) as part of Red Force . During “attacks” on Blue Force the vulnerability of the slow-moving patrol aircraft became apparent when the majority were judged shot down in the face of strong anti-aircraft ( AA ) fire from the defending force . The squadrons were flying P2Y-3 and PBY-1 aircraft . VP-4 had just transitioned to the PBY-1 from the P2Y-3 , and the fleet exercise was its first operational test . - June–August 1938 : VP-4 spent three months transitioning into newer model Catalinas , the PBY-2 and PBY-3 . - 9 April 1940 : The squadron , along with VPs 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 26 participated in Fleet Problem XXI in cooperation with the Army 72nd Bombardment Squadron and the 4th Reconnaissance Squadron , defending the Hawaiian Islands against carrier attack . The exercise pointed out serious problems that existed in the coordination between air arms in defense of the islands . VP-22 had by this date transitioned to the PBY-5 flying boat . - 7 December 1941 : VP-22 was caught on the ground during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and all its aircraft destroyed . - 11–20 January 1942 : After receiving 12 replacement PBY-5 aircraft ferried in by VP-51 from Atlantic bases , VP-22 joined PatWing-10 at Ambon Island , Dutch East Indies . Unfortunately , the PBY-5 aircraft they received were the early models without self-sealing fuel tanks and armor . PatWing-10 later received five newer model PBY-5 Catalinas from the Dutch in Java . All of the rest of the PatWing’s original aircraft were the older PBY-4 models . The VP-22 aircraft were the first aviation reinforcements of the U.S . Navy in the Central Pacific to oppose the Japanese advance in the East Indies . Lieutenant Thomas Moorer , later CNO , was VP-22’s engineering officer . Almost immediately after arrival several of the VP-22 Catalinas were caught at anchor at Ambon and destroyed . A few days later , Ensign Jack L . Grayson and crew were shot down in aircraft 22-P-6 near Magole Island . They made it to shore in five days and were picked up by a VP-22 aircraft on 20 January 1941 . - 5 February 1942 : VP-22 flew to Darwin , Australia , and patrolled from that location , tender support provided by . - 19–23 February 1942 : Lieutenant Moorer and his crew , while on a patrol mission , were shot down by Japanese fighters en route to an attack on Darwin . None of the crew were seriously wounded and all were picked up shortly after by an American tramp steamer , . That same afternoon Japanese dive-bombers sank the steamer , killing two of Moorer’s crew . The survivors made Bathurst Island that night , and all were picked up on the 23rd by for return to Darwin . - 25 February 1942 : By this date , VP-22 had lost all but three of its aircraft to enemy action and only two of the remainder were in serviceable condition . - 1 March 1942 : Surabaya was evacuated in the face of the advancing Japanese , and the squadron was relocated to Perth , Australia . - 5 March 1942 : It was decided at this time to return half of the squadron personnel to the U.S . That contingent departed Freemantle aboard transport bound for San Francisco , California . - 18 April 1942 : VP-22 was officially disestablished and its assets merged with those of VP-101 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - H-16 - September 1928 - T2D - September 1928 - PD-1 - February 1930 - P2Y-3 - July 1935 - PBY-1 - March 1938 - PBY-2 - June 1938 - PBY-3 - October 1938 - PBY-5 - Apr 1940 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii - 15 September 1928
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"Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B )"
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What was the official name of VP-22 from 1931 to Jul 1933?
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/wiki/VP-22#P1448#1
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VP-22 VP-22 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 ) on 15 September 1928 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B ) on 21 January 1931 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-F ( VP-4F ) on 17 July 1933 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4 ( VP-4 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 22 ( VP-22 ) on 1 July 1939 and disestablished on 18 April 1942 , with the squadron assets merged with VP-101 . Operational history . - 15 September 1928 : VP-4D14 established at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with the D14 representing the 14th Naval District . The squadron began operations with six H-16 seaplanes . Primary mission of the squadron was patrol and bombing in connection with the plan of defense for the Hawaiian Islands . - 20 February 1929 : Mechanics from the Wright Aeronautical Corporation arrived to begin alterations on the engines of the H-16 and new T2D aircraft . - 28 February 1930 : The first PD-1 aircraft was received by the squadron for testing to evaluate its operational capability . Results of the tests were very favorable , with transition training rapidly bringing the squadron complement up to 12 PD-1 seaplanes . - 8 March 1930 : A flight of three VP-4D14 aircraft from NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii , to Nawiliwili , Hawaii , set a record time of 42 minutes , proving the worth of the PD-1 as an operational aircraft . - 14 May 1930 : VP-4D14 provided an escort for 44 United States Army Air Corps aircraft in transit from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to the island of Maui , Hawaii . During the flight one Keystone bomber went down in mid-channel . Lieutenant Schur landed his PD-1 next to the sinking bomber and rescued the crew , but was unable to take off again due to high waves and overloading . Both aircrews were rescued by SS Hawaii at sunset , leaving the seaplane in a sinking condition . - 14 September 1930 : VP-4D14 , VP-1D14 and VJ6D14 departed Pearl Harbor for Hilo in company with for tests of advanced base operations and extended operations from a tender , including the servicing of the PD-1 while afloat . - 9 January 1931 : A flight of nine squadron aircraft made the first nonstop circumnavigation of the Hawaiian Islands , completing a distance of in 12 hours . - 21 January 1931 : VP-4D14 was redesignated VP-4B when realigned by Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) from the 14th Naval District to Fleet Aviation , Battle Force , Minecraft at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - 26 April 1931 : VP-4B was forced to reduce its flying to a minimum , since half the engines available for squadron aircraft had reached the 250-hour mark and needed replacing or rebuilding . No replacements were available in the inventory for several months . - 17 July 1933 : VP-4B was redesignated VP-4F when realigned by CNO from Battle Force to Base Force . The squadron at this time was composed of 12 PD-1 aircraft , supported by tenders USS Pelican and . - 22 April 1935 : VP-4F , with VP-1F and VP-6F from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; VP-8F and VP-10F from NAS San Diego , California ; and VP-7F and VP-9F from NAF Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone , participated in Fleet Problem XVI in Hawaiian waters . - 28 May 1935 : VP-4F was realigned organizationally when patrol squadrons were placed under Patrol Wings , Base Force . VPs 1F , 4F , 6F , 8F , 10F , 16F and 17F came under PatWing-2 at FAB Pearl Harbor . - 1 October 1937 : VP-4F was redesignated VP-4 when patrol squadrons were reorganized under Commander , Air Scouting Force , Patrol Wings . VPs 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 were based at FAB Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , under PatWing-2 and supported by , USS Pelican and USS Avocet . - 25 March 1938 : The squadron , along with VPs 1 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 18 participated in Fleet Problem XIX ( Phase V ) as part of Red Force . During “attacks” on Blue Force the vulnerability of the slow-moving patrol aircraft became apparent when the majority were judged shot down in the face of strong anti-aircraft ( AA ) fire from the defending force . The squadrons were flying P2Y-3 and PBY-1 aircraft . VP-4 had just transitioned to the PBY-1 from the P2Y-3 , and the fleet exercise was its first operational test . - June–August 1938 : VP-4 spent three months transitioning into newer model Catalinas , the PBY-2 and PBY-3 . - 9 April 1940 : The squadron , along with VPs 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 26 participated in Fleet Problem XXI in cooperation with the Army 72nd Bombardment Squadron and the 4th Reconnaissance Squadron , defending the Hawaiian Islands against carrier attack . The exercise pointed out serious problems that existed in the coordination between air arms in defense of the islands . VP-22 had by this date transitioned to the PBY-5 flying boat . - 7 December 1941 : VP-22 was caught on the ground during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and all its aircraft destroyed . - 11–20 January 1942 : After receiving 12 replacement PBY-5 aircraft ferried in by VP-51 from Atlantic bases , VP-22 joined PatWing-10 at Ambon Island , Dutch East Indies . Unfortunately , the PBY-5 aircraft they received were the early models without self-sealing fuel tanks and armor . PatWing-10 later received five newer model PBY-5 Catalinas from the Dutch in Java . All of the rest of the PatWing’s original aircraft were the older PBY-4 models . The VP-22 aircraft were the first aviation reinforcements of the U.S . Navy in the Central Pacific to oppose the Japanese advance in the East Indies . Lieutenant Thomas Moorer , later CNO , was VP-22’s engineering officer . Almost immediately after arrival several of the VP-22 Catalinas were caught at anchor at Ambon and destroyed . A few days later , Ensign Jack L . Grayson and crew were shot down in aircraft 22-P-6 near Magole Island . They made it to shore in five days and were picked up by a VP-22 aircraft on 20 January 1941 . - 5 February 1942 : VP-22 flew to Darwin , Australia , and patrolled from that location , tender support provided by . - 19–23 February 1942 : Lieutenant Moorer and his crew , while on a patrol mission , were shot down by Japanese fighters en route to an attack on Darwin . None of the crew were seriously wounded and all were picked up shortly after by an American tramp steamer , . That same afternoon Japanese dive-bombers sank the steamer , killing two of Moorer’s crew . The survivors made Bathurst Island that night , and all were picked up on the 23rd by for return to Darwin . - 25 February 1942 : By this date , VP-22 had lost all but three of its aircraft to enemy action and only two of the remainder were in serviceable condition . - 1 March 1942 : Surabaya was evacuated in the face of the advancing Japanese , and the squadron was relocated to Perth , Australia . - 5 March 1942 : It was decided at this time to return half of the squadron personnel to the U.S . That contingent departed Freemantle aboard transport bound for San Francisco , California . - 18 April 1942 : VP-22 was officially disestablished and its assets merged with those of VP-101 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - H-16 - September 1928 - T2D - September 1928 - PD-1 - February 1930 - P2Y-3 - July 1935 - PBY-1 - March 1938 - PBY-2 - June 1938 - PBY-3 - October 1938 - PBY-5 - Apr 1940 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii - 15 September 1928
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"VP-4F"
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What was the official name of VP-22 from Jul 1933 to Oct 1937?
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/wiki/VP-22#P1448#2
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VP-22 VP-22 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 ) on 15 September 1928 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B ) on 21 January 1931 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-F ( VP-4F ) on 17 July 1933 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4 ( VP-4 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 22 ( VP-22 ) on 1 July 1939 and disestablished on 18 April 1942 , with the squadron assets merged with VP-101 . Operational history . - 15 September 1928 : VP-4D14 established at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with the D14 representing the 14th Naval District . The squadron began operations with six H-16 seaplanes . Primary mission of the squadron was patrol and bombing in connection with the plan of defense for the Hawaiian Islands . - 20 February 1929 : Mechanics from the Wright Aeronautical Corporation arrived to begin alterations on the engines of the H-16 and new T2D aircraft . - 28 February 1930 : The first PD-1 aircraft was received by the squadron for testing to evaluate its operational capability . Results of the tests were very favorable , with transition training rapidly bringing the squadron complement up to 12 PD-1 seaplanes . - 8 March 1930 : A flight of three VP-4D14 aircraft from NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii , to Nawiliwili , Hawaii , set a record time of 42 minutes , proving the worth of the PD-1 as an operational aircraft . - 14 May 1930 : VP-4D14 provided an escort for 44 United States Army Air Corps aircraft in transit from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to the island of Maui , Hawaii . During the flight one Keystone bomber went down in mid-channel . Lieutenant Schur landed his PD-1 next to the sinking bomber and rescued the crew , but was unable to take off again due to high waves and overloading . Both aircrews were rescued by SS Hawaii at sunset , leaving the seaplane in a sinking condition . - 14 September 1930 : VP-4D14 , VP-1D14 and VJ6D14 departed Pearl Harbor for Hilo in company with for tests of advanced base operations and extended operations from a tender , including the servicing of the PD-1 while afloat . - 9 January 1931 : A flight of nine squadron aircraft made the first nonstop circumnavigation of the Hawaiian Islands , completing a distance of in 12 hours . - 21 January 1931 : VP-4D14 was redesignated VP-4B when realigned by Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) from the 14th Naval District to Fleet Aviation , Battle Force , Minecraft at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - 26 April 1931 : VP-4B was forced to reduce its flying to a minimum , since half the engines available for squadron aircraft had reached the 250-hour mark and needed replacing or rebuilding . No replacements were available in the inventory for several months . - 17 July 1933 : VP-4B was redesignated VP-4F when realigned by CNO from Battle Force to Base Force . The squadron at this time was composed of 12 PD-1 aircraft , supported by tenders USS Pelican and . - 22 April 1935 : VP-4F , with VP-1F and VP-6F from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; VP-8F and VP-10F from NAS San Diego , California ; and VP-7F and VP-9F from NAF Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone , participated in Fleet Problem XVI in Hawaiian waters . - 28 May 1935 : VP-4F was realigned organizationally when patrol squadrons were placed under Patrol Wings , Base Force . VPs 1F , 4F , 6F , 8F , 10F , 16F and 17F came under PatWing-2 at FAB Pearl Harbor . - 1 October 1937 : VP-4F was redesignated VP-4 when patrol squadrons were reorganized under Commander , Air Scouting Force , Patrol Wings . VPs 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 were based at FAB Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , under PatWing-2 and supported by , USS Pelican and USS Avocet . - 25 March 1938 : The squadron , along with VPs 1 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 18 participated in Fleet Problem XIX ( Phase V ) as part of Red Force . During “attacks” on Blue Force the vulnerability of the slow-moving patrol aircraft became apparent when the majority were judged shot down in the face of strong anti-aircraft ( AA ) fire from the defending force . The squadrons were flying P2Y-3 and PBY-1 aircraft . VP-4 had just transitioned to the PBY-1 from the P2Y-3 , and the fleet exercise was its first operational test . - June–August 1938 : VP-4 spent three months transitioning into newer model Catalinas , the PBY-2 and PBY-3 . - 9 April 1940 : The squadron , along with VPs 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 26 participated in Fleet Problem XXI in cooperation with the Army 72nd Bombardment Squadron and the 4th Reconnaissance Squadron , defending the Hawaiian Islands against carrier attack . The exercise pointed out serious problems that existed in the coordination between air arms in defense of the islands . VP-22 had by this date transitioned to the PBY-5 flying boat . - 7 December 1941 : VP-22 was caught on the ground during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and all its aircraft destroyed . - 11–20 January 1942 : After receiving 12 replacement PBY-5 aircraft ferried in by VP-51 from Atlantic bases , VP-22 joined PatWing-10 at Ambon Island , Dutch East Indies . Unfortunately , the PBY-5 aircraft they received were the early models without self-sealing fuel tanks and armor . PatWing-10 later received five newer model PBY-5 Catalinas from the Dutch in Java . All of the rest of the PatWing’s original aircraft were the older PBY-4 models . The VP-22 aircraft were the first aviation reinforcements of the U.S . Navy in the Central Pacific to oppose the Japanese advance in the East Indies . Lieutenant Thomas Moorer , later CNO , was VP-22’s engineering officer . Almost immediately after arrival several of the VP-22 Catalinas were caught at anchor at Ambon and destroyed . A few days later , Ensign Jack L . Grayson and crew were shot down in aircraft 22-P-6 near Magole Island . They made it to shore in five days and were picked up by a VP-22 aircraft on 20 January 1941 . - 5 February 1942 : VP-22 flew to Darwin , Australia , and patrolled from that location , tender support provided by . - 19–23 February 1942 : Lieutenant Moorer and his crew , while on a patrol mission , were shot down by Japanese fighters en route to an attack on Darwin . None of the crew were seriously wounded and all were picked up shortly after by an American tramp steamer , . That same afternoon Japanese dive-bombers sank the steamer , killing two of Moorer’s crew . The survivors made Bathurst Island that night , and all were picked up on the 23rd by for return to Darwin . - 25 February 1942 : By this date , VP-22 had lost all but three of its aircraft to enemy action and only two of the remainder were in serviceable condition . - 1 March 1942 : Surabaya was evacuated in the face of the advancing Japanese , and the squadron was relocated to Perth , Australia . - 5 March 1942 : It was decided at this time to return half of the squadron personnel to the U.S . That contingent departed Freemantle aboard transport bound for San Francisco , California . - 18 April 1942 : VP-22 was officially disestablished and its assets merged with those of VP-101 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - H-16 - September 1928 - T2D - September 1928 - PD-1 - February 1930 - P2Y-3 - July 1935 - PBY-1 - March 1938 - PBY-2 - June 1938 - PBY-3 - October 1938 - PBY-5 - Apr 1940 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii - 15 September 1928
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What was the official name of VP-22 from Oct 1937 to Jul 1939?
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/wiki/VP-22#P1448#3
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VP-22 VP-22 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 ) on 15 September 1928 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B ) on 21 January 1931 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-F ( VP-4F ) on 17 July 1933 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4 ( VP-4 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 22 ( VP-22 ) on 1 July 1939 and disestablished on 18 April 1942 , with the squadron assets merged with VP-101 . Operational history . - 15 September 1928 : VP-4D14 established at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with the D14 representing the 14th Naval District . The squadron began operations with six H-16 seaplanes . Primary mission of the squadron was patrol and bombing in connection with the plan of defense for the Hawaiian Islands . - 20 February 1929 : Mechanics from the Wright Aeronautical Corporation arrived to begin alterations on the engines of the H-16 and new T2D aircraft . - 28 February 1930 : The first PD-1 aircraft was received by the squadron for testing to evaluate its operational capability . Results of the tests were very favorable , with transition training rapidly bringing the squadron complement up to 12 PD-1 seaplanes . - 8 March 1930 : A flight of three VP-4D14 aircraft from NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii , to Nawiliwili , Hawaii , set a record time of 42 minutes , proving the worth of the PD-1 as an operational aircraft . - 14 May 1930 : VP-4D14 provided an escort for 44 United States Army Air Corps aircraft in transit from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to the island of Maui , Hawaii . During the flight one Keystone bomber went down in mid-channel . Lieutenant Schur landed his PD-1 next to the sinking bomber and rescued the crew , but was unable to take off again due to high waves and overloading . Both aircrews were rescued by SS Hawaii at sunset , leaving the seaplane in a sinking condition . - 14 September 1930 : VP-4D14 , VP-1D14 and VJ6D14 departed Pearl Harbor for Hilo in company with for tests of advanced base operations and extended operations from a tender , including the servicing of the PD-1 while afloat . - 9 January 1931 : A flight of nine squadron aircraft made the first nonstop circumnavigation of the Hawaiian Islands , completing a distance of in 12 hours . - 21 January 1931 : VP-4D14 was redesignated VP-4B when realigned by Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) from the 14th Naval District to Fleet Aviation , Battle Force , Minecraft at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - 26 April 1931 : VP-4B was forced to reduce its flying to a minimum , since half the engines available for squadron aircraft had reached the 250-hour mark and needed replacing or rebuilding . No replacements were available in the inventory for several months . - 17 July 1933 : VP-4B was redesignated VP-4F when realigned by CNO from Battle Force to Base Force . The squadron at this time was composed of 12 PD-1 aircraft , supported by tenders USS Pelican and . - 22 April 1935 : VP-4F , with VP-1F and VP-6F from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; VP-8F and VP-10F from NAS San Diego , California ; and VP-7F and VP-9F from NAF Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone , participated in Fleet Problem XVI in Hawaiian waters . - 28 May 1935 : VP-4F was realigned organizationally when patrol squadrons were placed under Patrol Wings , Base Force . VPs 1F , 4F , 6F , 8F , 10F , 16F and 17F came under PatWing-2 at FAB Pearl Harbor . - 1 October 1937 : VP-4F was redesignated VP-4 when patrol squadrons were reorganized under Commander , Air Scouting Force , Patrol Wings . VPs 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 were based at FAB Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , under PatWing-2 and supported by , USS Pelican and USS Avocet . - 25 March 1938 : The squadron , along with VPs 1 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 18 participated in Fleet Problem XIX ( Phase V ) as part of Red Force . During “attacks” on Blue Force the vulnerability of the slow-moving patrol aircraft became apparent when the majority were judged shot down in the face of strong anti-aircraft ( AA ) fire from the defending force . The squadrons were flying P2Y-3 and PBY-1 aircraft . VP-4 had just transitioned to the PBY-1 from the P2Y-3 , and the fleet exercise was its first operational test . - June–August 1938 : VP-4 spent three months transitioning into newer model Catalinas , the PBY-2 and PBY-3 . - 9 April 1940 : The squadron , along with VPs 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 26 participated in Fleet Problem XXI in cooperation with the Army 72nd Bombardment Squadron and the 4th Reconnaissance Squadron , defending the Hawaiian Islands against carrier attack . The exercise pointed out serious problems that existed in the coordination between air arms in defense of the islands . VP-22 had by this date transitioned to the PBY-5 flying boat . - 7 December 1941 : VP-22 was caught on the ground during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and all its aircraft destroyed . - 11–20 January 1942 : After receiving 12 replacement PBY-5 aircraft ferried in by VP-51 from Atlantic bases , VP-22 joined PatWing-10 at Ambon Island , Dutch East Indies . Unfortunately , the PBY-5 aircraft they received were the early models without self-sealing fuel tanks and armor . PatWing-10 later received five newer model PBY-5 Catalinas from the Dutch in Java . All of the rest of the PatWing’s original aircraft were the older PBY-4 models . The VP-22 aircraft were the first aviation reinforcements of the U.S . Navy in the Central Pacific to oppose the Japanese advance in the East Indies . Lieutenant Thomas Moorer , later CNO , was VP-22’s engineering officer . Almost immediately after arrival several of the VP-22 Catalinas were caught at anchor at Ambon and destroyed . A few days later , Ensign Jack L . Grayson and crew were shot down in aircraft 22-P-6 near Magole Island . They made it to shore in five days and were picked up by a VP-22 aircraft on 20 January 1941 . - 5 February 1942 : VP-22 flew to Darwin , Australia , and patrolled from that location , tender support provided by . - 19–23 February 1942 : Lieutenant Moorer and his crew , while on a patrol mission , were shot down by Japanese fighters en route to an attack on Darwin . None of the crew were seriously wounded and all were picked up shortly after by an American tramp steamer , . That same afternoon Japanese dive-bombers sank the steamer , killing two of Moorer’s crew . The survivors made Bathurst Island that night , and all were picked up on the 23rd by for return to Darwin . - 25 February 1942 : By this date , VP-22 had lost all but three of its aircraft to enemy action and only two of the remainder were in serviceable condition . - 1 March 1942 : Surabaya was evacuated in the face of the advancing Japanese , and the squadron was relocated to Perth , Australia . - 5 March 1942 : It was decided at this time to return half of the squadron personnel to the U.S . That contingent departed Freemantle aboard transport bound for San Francisco , California . - 18 April 1942 : VP-22 was officially disestablished and its assets merged with those of VP-101 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - H-16 - September 1928 - T2D - September 1928 - PD-1 - February 1930 - P2Y-3 - July 1935 - PBY-1 - March 1938 - PBY-2 - June 1938 - PBY-3 - October 1938 - PBY-5 - Apr 1940 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii - 15 September 1928
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What was the official name of VP-22 from Jul 1939 to Apr 1942?
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/wiki/VP-22#P1448#4
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VP-22 VP-22 was a Patrol Squadron of the U.S . Navy . The squadron was established as Patrol Squadron 4D-14 ( VP-4D14 ) on 15 September 1928 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-B ( VP-4B ) on 21 January 1931 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4-F ( VP-4F ) on 17 July 1933 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 4 ( VP-4 ) on 1 October 1937 , redesignated Patrol Squadron 22 ( VP-22 ) on 1 July 1939 and disestablished on 18 April 1942 , with the squadron assets merged with VP-101 . Operational history . - 15 September 1928 : VP-4D14 established at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , with the D14 representing the 14th Naval District . The squadron began operations with six H-16 seaplanes . Primary mission of the squadron was patrol and bombing in connection with the plan of defense for the Hawaiian Islands . - 20 February 1929 : Mechanics from the Wright Aeronautical Corporation arrived to begin alterations on the engines of the H-16 and new T2D aircraft . - 28 February 1930 : The first PD-1 aircraft was received by the squadron for testing to evaluate its operational capability . Results of the tests were very favorable , with transition training rapidly bringing the squadron complement up to 12 PD-1 seaplanes . - 8 March 1930 : A flight of three VP-4D14 aircraft from NAS Barbers Point , Hawaii , to Nawiliwili , Hawaii , set a record time of 42 minutes , proving the worth of the PD-1 as an operational aircraft . - 14 May 1930 : VP-4D14 provided an escort for 44 United States Army Air Corps aircraft in transit from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , to the island of Maui , Hawaii . During the flight one Keystone bomber went down in mid-channel . Lieutenant Schur landed his PD-1 next to the sinking bomber and rescued the crew , but was unable to take off again due to high waves and overloading . Both aircrews were rescued by SS Hawaii at sunset , leaving the seaplane in a sinking condition . - 14 September 1930 : VP-4D14 , VP-1D14 and VJ6D14 departed Pearl Harbor for Hilo in company with for tests of advanced base operations and extended operations from a tender , including the servicing of the PD-1 while afloat . - 9 January 1931 : A flight of nine squadron aircraft made the first nonstop circumnavigation of the Hawaiian Islands , completing a distance of in 12 hours . - 21 January 1931 : VP-4D14 was redesignated VP-4B when realigned by Chief of Naval Operations ( CNO ) from the 14th Naval District to Fleet Aviation , Battle Force , Minecraft at NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . - 26 April 1931 : VP-4B was forced to reduce its flying to a minimum , since half the engines available for squadron aircraft had reached the 250-hour mark and needed replacing or rebuilding . No replacements were available in the inventory for several months . - 17 July 1933 : VP-4B was redesignated VP-4F when realigned by CNO from Battle Force to Base Force . The squadron at this time was composed of 12 PD-1 aircraft , supported by tenders USS Pelican and . - 22 April 1935 : VP-4F , with VP-1F and VP-6F from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii ; VP-8F and VP-10F from NAS San Diego , California ; and VP-7F and VP-9F from NAF Coco Solo , Panama Canal Zone , participated in Fleet Problem XVI in Hawaiian waters . - 28 May 1935 : VP-4F was realigned organizationally when patrol squadrons were placed under Patrol Wings , Base Force . VPs 1F , 4F , 6F , 8F , 10F , 16F and 17F came under PatWing-2 at FAB Pearl Harbor . - 1 October 1937 : VP-4F was redesignated VP-4 when patrol squadrons were reorganized under Commander , Air Scouting Force , Patrol Wings . VPs 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 and 10 were based at FAB Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , under PatWing-2 and supported by , USS Pelican and USS Avocet . - 25 March 1938 : The squadron , along with VPs 1 , 6 , 8 , 10 and 18 participated in Fleet Problem XIX ( Phase V ) as part of Red Force . During “attacks” on Blue Force the vulnerability of the slow-moving patrol aircraft became apparent when the majority were judged shot down in the face of strong anti-aircraft ( AA ) fire from the defending force . The squadrons were flying P2Y-3 and PBY-1 aircraft . VP-4 had just transitioned to the PBY-1 from the P2Y-3 , and the fleet exercise was its first operational test . - June–August 1938 : VP-4 spent three months transitioning into newer model Catalinas , the PBY-2 and PBY-3 . - 9 April 1940 : The squadron , along with VPs 21 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 26 participated in Fleet Problem XXI in cooperation with the Army 72nd Bombardment Squadron and the 4th Reconnaissance Squadron , defending the Hawaiian Islands against carrier attack . The exercise pointed out serious problems that existed in the coordination between air arms in defense of the islands . VP-22 had by this date transitioned to the PBY-5 flying boat . - 7 December 1941 : VP-22 was caught on the ground during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and all its aircraft destroyed . - 11–20 January 1942 : After receiving 12 replacement PBY-5 aircraft ferried in by VP-51 from Atlantic bases , VP-22 joined PatWing-10 at Ambon Island , Dutch East Indies . Unfortunately , the PBY-5 aircraft they received were the early models without self-sealing fuel tanks and armor . PatWing-10 later received five newer model PBY-5 Catalinas from the Dutch in Java . All of the rest of the PatWing’s original aircraft were the older PBY-4 models . The VP-22 aircraft were the first aviation reinforcements of the U.S . Navy in the Central Pacific to oppose the Japanese advance in the East Indies . Lieutenant Thomas Moorer , later CNO , was VP-22’s engineering officer . Almost immediately after arrival several of the VP-22 Catalinas were caught at anchor at Ambon and destroyed . A few days later , Ensign Jack L . Grayson and crew were shot down in aircraft 22-P-6 near Magole Island . They made it to shore in five days and were picked up by a VP-22 aircraft on 20 January 1941 . - 5 February 1942 : VP-22 flew to Darwin , Australia , and patrolled from that location , tender support provided by . - 19–23 February 1942 : Lieutenant Moorer and his crew , while on a patrol mission , were shot down by Japanese fighters en route to an attack on Darwin . None of the crew were seriously wounded and all were picked up shortly after by an American tramp steamer , . That same afternoon Japanese dive-bombers sank the steamer , killing two of Moorer’s crew . The survivors made Bathurst Island that night , and all were picked up on the 23rd by for return to Darwin . - 25 February 1942 : By this date , VP-22 had lost all but three of its aircraft to enemy action and only two of the remainder were in serviceable condition . - 1 March 1942 : Surabaya was evacuated in the face of the advancing Japanese , and the squadron was relocated to Perth , Australia . - 5 March 1942 : It was decided at this time to return half of the squadron personnel to the U.S . That contingent departed Freemantle aboard transport bound for San Francisco , California . - 18 April 1942 : VP-22 was officially disestablished and its assets merged with those of VP-101 . Aircraft assignments . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft , effective on the dates shown : - H-16 - September 1928 - T2D - September 1928 - PD-1 - February 1930 - P2Y-3 - July 1935 - PBY-1 - March 1938 - PBY-2 - June 1938 - PBY-3 - October 1938 - PBY-5 - Apr 1940 Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Pearl Harbor , Hawaii - 15 September 1928
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Andrus Ansip took which position from Sep 1997 to Apr 2007?
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/wiki/Andrus_Ansip#P39#0
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Andrus Ansip Andrus Ansip ( ; born 1 October 1956 ) is an Estonian politician , a member of the European Parliament , the former European Commissioner for Digital Single Market and Vice President of the European Commission , in office from 2014 until 2019 . Previously , he was Prime Minister of Estonia from 2005 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal Estonian Reform Party ( ) from 2004 to 2014 . Before his entry into politics Ansip trained as a chemist , before working in banking and business . He entered Parliament in 2004 , quickly becoming Minister of Economic Affairs , and subsequently Prime Minister in April 2005 . On 1 November 2014 , he was appointed to the European Commission . Early life and business career . Born in Tartu , Ansip graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in Chemistry in 1979 . He worked as an engineer at the university from 1979 to 1983 ( with a two-year break for mandatory military service ) . He was an instructor in the Industry Department and Head of the Organisational Department of the Tartu District Committee of the Estonian Communist Party from 1986 to 1988 . Ansip has been involved in several banking and investment ventures . He has served as a Member of the Board of Directors of the Peoples Bank of Tartu ( ) , Chairman of the Board of Livonia Privatisation IF , and CEO of Investment Fund Broker Ltd ( ) . He also has served as Chairman of the board for Radio Tartu . Political career . Mayor of Tartu . In 1998 , Ansip was elected as Mayor of Tartu as a candidate of the centrist-right Reformierakond ( Reform Party ) , a position which he held until 2004 , to great popular acclaim and very high ratings in the opinion polls . He had run in previous elections for the Riigikogu , the Estonian Parliament , but had always given up his seat in order to remain Mayor . He was succeeded by fellow Reform Party member Laine Jänes . Chairman of Reform Party and Minister of Economics . On 21 November 2004 , Ansip became Chairman of Estonian Reform Party because the partys founder and hitherto chairman , former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , had become EU Commissioner and Vice President and thus had to move to Brussels . It was obvious that Ansip would have to move to Tallinn , and a chance opened up when the Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications in the coalition government of Juhan Parts , Meelis Atonen , a party colleague , had to resign . Ansip became his successor on 13 September . His track record as Minister is more difficult to evaluate because of the short duration of his service . Prime Minister . On 31 March 2005 , Ansip was charged by President Arnold Rüütel to form a government , following 24 March 2005 resignation by Prime Minister Juhan Parts . Ansip was able to form a coalition with the Centre Party and the Peoples Union of Estonia , which was approved by the Riigikogu on 12 April 2005 . Ansip thus became Prime Minister of Estonia . He was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Riigikogu , 40 deputies voting against . He and the ministers were inaugurated in office the next day , on 13 April . On 4 March 2007 , Ansips Reform Party won 27 percent of the vote in the Estonian parliamentary elections , raising its mandate in the Riigikogu to 31 seats from 19 . Ansip personally received over 22,500 votes . He was charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . This time the Reform Party formed a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica ( IRL ) and the Social Democratic Party . His second term as Prime Minister began on 5 April 2007 . In May 2009 , the Social Democrats left the government , and as coalition talks with the Peoples Union of Estonia failed , it was decided to continue with a minority government of the Reform Party and IRL . In March 2011 , the Reform Party won 33 seats in the Riigikogu , remaining the largest party even after the countrys economic output had fallen by 14 percent in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and the collapse of a real estate price bubble fueled by cheap and easy credit from Nordic banks . Ansip was once again charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . The Reform Party continued in a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica . Ansips third term as Prime Minister began on 6 April 2011 , when Riigikogu approved his third cabinet . But Ansips center-right coalition soon struggled in polls amid signs of voter fatigue at years of a government focused on fiscal austerity as well as several high-profile party funding scandals . The center-left opposition also gained popularity . On 4 March 2014 , Ansip announced his resignation to enable a successor to lead his party into 2015 elections . From 4 December 2013 to 26 March 2014 he was the longest-serving prime minister in the European Union . Vice President of the European Commission . In the 2014 European elections , Ansip was elected as an MEP received the largest number of preferential votes in Estonia . Shortly after , Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas nominated him as the countrys next European Commissioner . On 10 September 2014 President-Elect Juncker of the European Commission announced that he proposed Andrus Ansip as Vice-President of the European Commission and the European Commissioner for the Digital Single Market . He was formally appointed by the European Council as Vice President with the consent of the European Parliament . Member of the European Parliament , 2019-present . Ansip was re-elected in 2019 . Shortly after , he handed in his resignation from the European Commission to take up the European Parliament seat he won . In Parliament , he has since been serving on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection . In 2020 , he also joined the Committee on Petitions and the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age . In addition to his committee assignments , Ansip is part of the Parliaments delegation for relations with the Pan-African Parliament . He is also a member of the European Internet Forum and the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas , Rivers , Islands and Coastal Areas . Relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn . One of the most controversial actions of Ansips government was relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn from a prominent location in the center of Tallinn to the Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn adjacent to the city center . The removal of the monument , as well as war graves , from its location on 27 April 2007 led to mass protests and two nights of the worst rioting Estonia has seen since regaining independence . Personal life . Andrus Ansip is married to gynecologist Anu Ansip ( b . 1956 ) and they have three daughters Reet ( b . 1977 ) , who is a stomatologist ; Tiina ( b . 1981 ) who is a journalist and Liisa ( b . 1997 ) . Andrus Ansip is a member of the Estonian voluntary home guard organisation Kaitseliit ( Defence League ) since 10 November 2009 . Awards . - On 31 July 2007 Ansip was recognized for his service in fight for Estonian freedom and Estonian national idea by Estonian Central Council in Canada . - Estonian Newspaper Association named Ansip Press Enemy of 2007 . - : On 5 April 2010 Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . External links . - Official biography for Andrus Ansip - Estonian Reform Party
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What position did Andrus Ansip take in Mar 2011?
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/wiki/Andrus_Ansip#P39#1
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Andrus Ansip Andrus Ansip ( ; born 1 October 1956 ) is an Estonian politician , a member of the European Parliament , the former European Commissioner for Digital Single Market and Vice President of the European Commission , in office from 2014 until 2019 . Previously , he was Prime Minister of Estonia from 2005 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal Estonian Reform Party ( ) from 2004 to 2014 . Before his entry into politics Ansip trained as a chemist , before working in banking and business . He entered Parliament in 2004 , quickly becoming Minister of Economic Affairs , and subsequently Prime Minister in April 2005 . On 1 November 2014 , he was appointed to the European Commission . Early life and business career . Born in Tartu , Ansip graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in Chemistry in 1979 . He worked as an engineer at the university from 1979 to 1983 ( with a two-year break for mandatory military service ) . He was an instructor in the Industry Department and Head of the Organisational Department of the Tartu District Committee of the Estonian Communist Party from 1986 to 1988 . Ansip has been involved in several banking and investment ventures . He has served as a Member of the Board of Directors of the Peoples Bank of Tartu ( ) , Chairman of the Board of Livonia Privatisation IF , and CEO of Investment Fund Broker Ltd ( ) . He also has served as Chairman of the board for Radio Tartu . Political career . Mayor of Tartu . In 1998 , Ansip was elected as Mayor of Tartu as a candidate of the centrist-right Reformierakond ( Reform Party ) , a position which he held until 2004 , to great popular acclaim and very high ratings in the opinion polls . He had run in previous elections for the Riigikogu , the Estonian Parliament , but had always given up his seat in order to remain Mayor . He was succeeded by fellow Reform Party member Laine Jänes . Chairman of Reform Party and Minister of Economics . On 21 November 2004 , Ansip became Chairman of Estonian Reform Party because the partys founder and hitherto chairman , former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , had become EU Commissioner and Vice President and thus had to move to Brussels . It was obvious that Ansip would have to move to Tallinn , and a chance opened up when the Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications in the coalition government of Juhan Parts , Meelis Atonen , a party colleague , had to resign . Ansip became his successor on 13 September . His track record as Minister is more difficult to evaluate because of the short duration of his service . Prime Minister . On 31 March 2005 , Ansip was charged by President Arnold Rüütel to form a government , following 24 March 2005 resignation by Prime Minister Juhan Parts . Ansip was able to form a coalition with the Centre Party and the Peoples Union of Estonia , which was approved by the Riigikogu on 12 April 2005 . Ansip thus became Prime Minister of Estonia . He was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Riigikogu , 40 deputies voting against . He and the ministers were inaugurated in office the next day , on 13 April . On 4 March 2007 , Ansips Reform Party won 27 percent of the vote in the Estonian parliamentary elections , raising its mandate in the Riigikogu to 31 seats from 19 . Ansip personally received over 22,500 votes . He was charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . This time the Reform Party formed a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica ( IRL ) and the Social Democratic Party . His second term as Prime Minister began on 5 April 2007 . In May 2009 , the Social Democrats left the government , and as coalition talks with the Peoples Union of Estonia failed , it was decided to continue with a minority government of the Reform Party and IRL . In March 2011 , the Reform Party won 33 seats in the Riigikogu , remaining the largest party even after the countrys economic output had fallen by 14 percent in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and the collapse of a real estate price bubble fueled by cheap and easy credit from Nordic banks . Ansip was once again charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . The Reform Party continued in a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica . Ansips third term as Prime Minister began on 6 April 2011 , when Riigikogu approved his third cabinet . But Ansips center-right coalition soon struggled in polls amid signs of voter fatigue at years of a government focused on fiscal austerity as well as several high-profile party funding scandals . The center-left opposition also gained popularity . On 4 March 2014 , Ansip announced his resignation to enable a successor to lead his party into 2015 elections . From 4 December 2013 to 26 March 2014 he was the longest-serving prime minister in the European Union . Vice President of the European Commission . In the 2014 European elections , Ansip was elected as an MEP received the largest number of preferential votes in Estonia . Shortly after , Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas nominated him as the countrys next European Commissioner . On 10 September 2014 President-Elect Juncker of the European Commission announced that he proposed Andrus Ansip as Vice-President of the European Commission and the European Commissioner for the Digital Single Market . He was formally appointed by the European Council as Vice President with the consent of the European Parliament . Member of the European Parliament , 2019-present . Ansip was re-elected in 2019 . Shortly after , he handed in his resignation from the European Commission to take up the European Parliament seat he won . In Parliament , he has since been serving on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection . In 2020 , he also joined the Committee on Petitions and the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age . In addition to his committee assignments , Ansip is part of the Parliaments delegation for relations with the Pan-African Parliament . He is also a member of the European Internet Forum and the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas , Rivers , Islands and Coastal Areas . Relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn . One of the most controversial actions of Ansips government was relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn from a prominent location in the center of Tallinn to the Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn adjacent to the city center . The removal of the monument , as well as war graves , from its location on 27 April 2007 led to mass protests and two nights of the worst rioting Estonia has seen since regaining independence . Personal life . Andrus Ansip is married to gynecologist Anu Ansip ( b . 1956 ) and they have three daughters Reet ( b . 1977 ) , who is a stomatologist ; Tiina ( b . 1981 ) who is a journalist and Liisa ( b . 1997 ) . Andrus Ansip is a member of the Estonian voluntary home guard organisation Kaitseliit ( Defence League ) since 10 November 2009 . Awards . - On 31 July 2007 Ansip was recognized for his service in fight for Estonian freedom and Estonian national idea by Estonian Central Council in Canada . - Estonian Newspaper Association named Ansip Press Enemy of 2007 . - : On 5 April 2010 Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . External links . - Official biography for Andrus Ansip - Estonian Reform Party
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What position did Andrus Ansip take from Mar 2014 to Jun 2014?
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/wiki/Andrus_Ansip#P39#2
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Andrus Ansip Andrus Ansip ( ; born 1 October 1956 ) is an Estonian politician , a member of the European Parliament , the former European Commissioner for Digital Single Market and Vice President of the European Commission , in office from 2014 until 2019 . Previously , he was Prime Minister of Estonia from 2005 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal Estonian Reform Party ( ) from 2004 to 2014 . Before his entry into politics Ansip trained as a chemist , before working in banking and business . He entered Parliament in 2004 , quickly becoming Minister of Economic Affairs , and subsequently Prime Minister in April 2005 . On 1 November 2014 , he was appointed to the European Commission . Early life and business career . Born in Tartu , Ansip graduated from the University of Tartu with a degree in Chemistry in 1979 . He worked as an engineer at the university from 1979 to 1983 ( with a two-year break for mandatory military service ) . He was an instructor in the Industry Department and Head of the Organisational Department of the Tartu District Committee of the Estonian Communist Party from 1986 to 1988 . Ansip has been involved in several banking and investment ventures . He has served as a Member of the Board of Directors of the Peoples Bank of Tartu ( ) , Chairman of the Board of Livonia Privatisation IF , and CEO of Investment Fund Broker Ltd ( ) . He also has served as Chairman of the board for Radio Tartu . Political career . Mayor of Tartu . In 1998 , Ansip was elected as Mayor of Tartu as a candidate of the centrist-right Reformierakond ( Reform Party ) , a position which he held until 2004 , to great popular acclaim and very high ratings in the opinion polls . He had run in previous elections for the Riigikogu , the Estonian Parliament , but had always given up his seat in order to remain Mayor . He was succeeded by fellow Reform Party member Laine Jänes . Chairman of Reform Party and Minister of Economics . On 21 November 2004 , Ansip became Chairman of Estonian Reform Party because the partys founder and hitherto chairman , former Prime Minister Siim Kallas , had become EU Commissioner and Vice President and thus had to move to Brussels . It was obvious that Ansip would have to move to Tallinn , and a chance opened up when the Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications in the coalition government of Juhan Parts , Meelis Atonen , a party colleague , had to resign . Ansip became his successor on 13 September . His track record as Minister is more difficult to evaluate because of the short duration of his service . Prime Minister . On 31 March 2005 , Ansip was charged by President Arnold Rüütel to form a government , following 24 March 2005 resignation by Prime Minister Juhan Parts . Ansip was able to form a coalition with the Centre Party and the Peoples Union of Estonia , which was approved by the Riigikogu on 12 April 2005 . Ansip thus became Prime Minister of Estonia . He was backed by 53 out of 101 members of the Riigikogu , 40 deputies voting against . He and the ministers were inaugurated in office the next day , on 13 April . On 4 March 2007 , Ansips Reform Party won 27 percent of the vote in the Estonian parliamentary elections , raising its mandate in the Riigikogu to 31 seats from 19 . Ansip personally received over 22,500 votes . He was charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . This time the Reform Party formed a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica ( IRL ) and the Social Democratic Party . His second term as Prime Minister began on 5 April 2007 . In May 2009 , the Social Democrats left the government , and as coalition talks with the Peoples Union of Estonia failed , it was decided to continue with a minority government of the Reform Party and IRL . In March 2011 , the Reform Party won 33 seats in the Riigikogu , remaining the largest party even after the countrys economic output had fallen by 14 percent in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and the collapse of a real estate price bubble fueled by cheap and easy credit from Nordic banks . Ansip was once again charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government . The Reform Party continued in a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica . Ansips third term as Prime Minister began on 6 April 2011 , when Riigikogu approved his third cabinet . But Ansips center-right coalition soon struggled in polls amid signs of voter fatigue at years of a government focused on fiscal austerity as well as several high-profile party funding scandals . The center-left opposition also gained popularity . On 4 March 2014 , Ansip announced his resignation to enable a successor to lead his party into 2015 elections . From 4 December 2013 to 26 March 2014 he was the longest-serving prime minister in the European Union . Vice President of the European Commission . In the 2014 European elections , Ansip was elected as an MEP received the largest number of preferential votes in Estonia . Shortly after , Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas nominated him as the countrys next European Commissioner . On 10 September 2014 President-Elect Juncker of the European Commission announced that he proposed Andrus Ansip as Vice-President of the European Commission and the European Commissioner for the Digital Single Market . He was formally appointed by the European Council as Vice President with the consent of the European Parliament . Member of the European Parliament , 2019-present . Ansip was re-elected in 2019 . Shortly after , he handed in his resignation from the European Commission to take up the European Parliament seat he won . In Parliament , he has since been serving on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection . In 2020 , he also joined the Committee on Petitions and the Special Committee on Artificial Intelligence in a Digital Age . In addition to his committee assignments , Ansip is part of the Parliaments delegation for relations with the Pan-African Parliament . He is also a member of the European Internet Forum and the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas , Rivers , Islands and Coastal Areas . Relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn . One of the most controversial actions of Ansips government was relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn from a prominent location in the center of Tallinn to the Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn adjacent to the city center . The removal of the monument , as well as war graves , from its location on 27 April 2007 led to mass protests and two nights of the worst rioting Estonia has seen since regaining independence . Personal life . Andrus Ansip is married to gynecologist Anu Ansip ( b . 1956 ) and they have three daughters Reet ( b . 1977 ) , who is a stomatologist ; Tiina ( b . 1981 ) who is a journalist and Liisa ( b . 1997 ) . Andrus Ansip is a member of the Estonian voluntary home guard organisation Kaitseliit ( Defence League ) since 10 November 2009 . Awards . - On 31 July 2007 Ansip was recognized for his service in fight for Estonian freedom and Estonian national idea by Estonian Central Council in Canada . - Estonian Newspaper Association named Ansip Press Enemy of 2007 . - : On 5 April 2010 Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . External links . - Official biography for Andrus Ansip - Estonian Reform Party
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Which political party did Ferenc Gyurcsány belong to from 1982 to 1989?
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/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcsány#P102#0
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Ferenc Gyurcsány Ferenc Gyurcsány ( ; born 4 June 1961 ) is a Hungarian entrepreneur and politician . He was Prime Minister of Hungary from 2004 to 2009 . Prior to that , he served as Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports between 2003 and 2004 . He was nominated as Prime Minister by the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) on 25 August 2004 , after Péter Medgyessy resigned due to a conflict with the Socialist Partys coalition partner . Gyurcsány was elected Prime Minister on 29 September 2004 in a parliamentary vote ( 197 yes votes , 12 no votes , with most of the opposition in Parliament not voting ) . He led his coalition to victory in the 2006 parliamentary election , securing another term as Prime Minister . His legitimacy was permanently questioned by opposition parties based on his withholding of information about the actual budget deficit in his 2006 re-election campaign . He was also criticised for using derogatory terms for his own country in his speech in Balatonőszöd . After that speech became public , demonstrations started on the streets of Budapest where many people were injured , both demonstrators and policemen . On 24 February 2007 , he was elected as the leader of the MSZP , taking 89% of the vote . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . On 28 March 2009 Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . A minister under Gyurcsány , Gordon Bajnai , became the nominee of MSZP for the post of Prime Minister in March 2009 and he became Prime Minister on 14 April . In October 2011 , Gyurcsány and other party members quit the MSZP to establish the Democratic Coalition ( DK ) under his leadership . Early years . Gyurcsány was born in Pápa , Hungary , into an impoverished middle-class family as the only son of Ferenc Gyurcsány Sr . and Katalin Varga . He has an elder sister , Éva . According to contemporary police documents , Gyurcsánys father was convicted on charges of minor crimes ( low value thefts and fraud ) multiple times . Due to his fathers alcoholism , Gyurcsány spent his childhood in poor conditions , though his mothers thrifty family management provided orderly and healthy living standards . Gyurcsány attended Apáczai Csere János High School in Budapest for two years ; he then returned to Pápa and continued his studies there , at a local grammar school . In 1979 , he was admitted to the University of Pécs , where he studied as a teacher and obtained his B.Sc . in 1984 , then he studied economics at the same institution , getting his university degree in 1990 . In 1981 , he assumed function in the KISZ , the Organisation of Young Communists , where he mostly handled organizing student programs at the beginning . Between 1984 and 1988 , he was the vice president of the organisations committee in Pécs . Then between 1988 and 1989 , he was the president of the central KISZ committee of universities and colleges . After the political change in 1989 , he became vice-president of the organisations short-lived quasi successor , the Hungarian Democratic Youth Association ( DEMISZ ) . From 1990 onwards , he transferred from the public to the private sector , working for CREDITUM Financial Consultant Ltd . until 1992 , serving as director of EUROCORP International Finance Inc . in 1992 . Gyurcsány then took the position of CEO at Altus Ltd. , a holding company of which he was owner , from 1992–2002 and thereafter as Chairman of the Board . By 2002 , he was listed as the fiftieth-richest person in Hungary . Return to politics . Gyurcsány returned to politics in 2002 as the head strategic advisor of Péter Medgyessy , the previous Prime Minister of Hungary . From May 2003 until September 2004 Gyurcsány was a minister responsible for sports , youth and children . He became the president of the MSZP in Győr-Moson-Sopron county in January 2004 , serving until September 2004 . In the summer of that same year it seemed that there were larger problems in his relationship with Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy , so he resigned as minister . In a week , problems in the coalition led to the resignation of Medgyessy , and MSZP voted Gyurcsány to become Prime Minister as he was acceptable for the coalition partner , Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) . Prime Minister . Gyurcsány was reappointed as prime minister after the 2006 parliamentary elections , with his coalition taking 210 of the available 386 parliamentary seats , and making him the first Hungarian prime minister to keep the office after a general election since 1990 . On 24 February 2007 , he also became the leader of his party ( being the only candidate for the post ) , gaining 89% of the votes . However , soon after the election victory serious financial problems arose . His government was forced to implement austerity measures to somehow manage the budget deficit , which was much higher than expected and had grown to an almost 10% of the GDP by the end of 2006 . These measures were heavily criticized by both the opposition , lead by Fidesz , as being too harsh on the people , and by liberal economists , for not reducing spending enough on social benefits , including pensions . Gyurcsány was the first prime minister since the fall of communism to try to introduce a health care reform in order to rationalize and modernize the national health care system . His efforts for a renewed and more efficient health care however , have been undermined mainly by his own party , as many Socialist Party members regard this reform as a threat to the communist-era achievement of free and equal health care service to all . The Őszöd Speech and the resulting riots . On 17 September 2006 , an audio recording surfaced , allegedly from a closed-door meeting of the Prime Ministers party MSZP , held on 26 May 2006 , shortly after MSZP won the election . On the recording , Gyurcsány admitted we have obviously been lying for the last one and a half to two years . ( Nyilvánvalóan végighazudtuk az utolsó másfél-két évet. ) . Despite public outrage , the Prime Minister refused to resign , and a series of demonstrations started near the Hungarian Parliament , swelling from 2,000 to about 8,000 demonstrators calling for the resignation of Gyurcsány and his government for several weeks . The Prime Minister admitted the authenticity of the recording . On 1 October , the governing party suffered a landslide defeat in the local municipal elections . On the eve of the elections , before the results were known , President László Sólyom gave a speech in which he said that the solution to the situation is in the hands of the majority in Parliament . Vote of confidence . As Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was a strong advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the European Union ( EU ) , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just a week before the popular election in Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . On 6 October 2006 , Gyurcsány won a vote of confidence in Parliament , 207–165 , with no coalition MP voting against him . The vote was public . Resignation . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . Gyurcsány asked his party to find a new candidate for prime minister in two weeks . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . In the search for a new prime minister , György Surányi became the frontrunner candidate for the post ; however , on 26 March he pulled out of the race . On 28 March , Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . Career after premiership . In the 2010 parliamentary elections he was elected into the Parliament still as a member of MSZP , but he became more and more critical of the partys politics . Since his attempts at reforming the party failed , he left MSZP and founded a new party , the Democratic Coalition ( Demokratikus Koalíció , DK ) in October 2011 . As a leader of DK , he announced that his party will support Gordon Bajnai as a candidate for prime minister in 2014 . In September 2012 , the ruling Fidesz proposed a voter-registration plan , which , according to the opposition , would have restricted the right to vote . Gyurcsány and three other members of his party participated in a week-long hunger strike against the proposal . Later , in January 2013 , the Constitutional Court of Hungary struck down the new electoral law as unconstitutional ; after that decision , Fidesz caucus dropped the law . Gyurcsány referred to that act as his partys success . On 14 January 2014 , the Democratic Coalition and four other groups founded Unity , a political alliance with the aim of defeating Fidesz at the elections in the spring . The alliance made it into the Parliament , but only as opposition . DK won only four seats , which meant that since they were below the minimum requirements of forming a parliamentary group ( five seats ) , its MPs ( including Gyurcsány ) officially count as independent politicians . On 8 April 2018 , the Democratic Coalition win 9 seats , creating now a political group in the National Assembly . Personal life . Gyurcsány is currently married to his third wife . He has two sons ( Péter and Bálint ) from his second marriage with Edina Bognár , and three children ( Anna , Tamás and Márton ) from his third marriage . His spouse is Klára Dobrev , whose maternal grandfather Antal Apró was Hungarys Minister of Industry in the 1950s–60s . He got his nickname Fletó from one of his teachers . While Prime Minister of Hungary , he did not pick up his paycheck , but instead , he donated it to varying organizations . Criticism . Wealth . The origin of his wealth is regularly questioned by the media and political opposition . The weekly paper HVG writes about a biography of Gyurcsány : [ it ] concludes that talent played a greater role than corruption in Gyurcsánys success . We have to question this claim . Not just because former functionaries are massively overrepresented among Gyurcsánys business partners , but also because , despite his enormous talent for business , Gyurcsány would never have got where he is today without making use of the contacts and support base of the former state party . József Debreczeni , the biographer in question , originally reached the conclusion regarding party connections and performance , the latter has been more important . Opposition MP Péter Szijjártó , as the head of a committee set up to investigate the origins of Gyurcsánys wealth , stated in his report that one of Gyurcsánys companies leased the former vacation site of the Hungarian government in Balatonőszöd and rented the site back to a state-owned company so that the rent paid by the government covered exactly the leasing fee during the first two and a half years of the ten-year lease term ( 1994–2004 ) . A person named Gyurcsányi was mentioned by Attila Kulcsár , the main defendant in the high-profile K&H Equities money laundering scandal in Hungary . The prime minister denied he had any connections with the case . Plagiarism controversy . In an article published on 2 April 2012 , Pécsi Újság called into question whether Gyurcsány submitted a diploma thesis . István Geresdi , Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Pécs told Pécsi Újság that they were unable to find Gyurcsánys diploma thesis . He further added that Gyurcsánys thesis was the only missing work from that time period . On 3 April Gyurcsány published a page from his course record book that stated that he submitted and defended a college thesis . He also stated that he did not know where his own copy of his thesis was , but he would make efforts to locate and publish it . After two weeks , on 13 April he announced that he failed to find his copy of the thesis . On 27 April Hír TV , a government-leaning television channel announced that they have found evidence that Szabolcs Rozs , who was Gyurcsánys brother-in-law in 1984 , submitted a college thesis at the same college and department as Gyurcsány , with a title identical to Gyurcsánys work , in 1980 . Three days later , on 30 April Hír Tv announced that they have located and compared the reviews of both Rozss and Gyurcsánys work , and found that based on the common errors and omissions , the two texts are likely to be identical , supporting the allegations of plagiarism . Other . He often displays himself in the role of an anti-fascist politician , who is strongly against the Hungarian radicalism and anti-semitism . However , he is the subject of criticism by his political opponents for the luxury villa of Rózsadomb in which he lives and is now the property of his recent wife , having been taken away from a Jewish family twice ; first it was misappropriated when Hungary was under the rule of Arrow Cross Party , and then again during the time of the communist dictatorship of Mátyás Rákosi . On 2 September 2004 , he said in the Hungarian national television : Who has a two-room-apartment , would in general deserve three ; who has three , four ; who has four , a house . Who has an eld... , olderly , elderly?.. . olderly [ struggling with an unintended portmanteau ] wife , a younger one ; who has a badly behaved kid , a well-behaved . Of course , he would deserve . This triggered outrage from feminist organisations , women in general , and the opposition . On 2 February 2005 , at the birthday party of the Hungarian Socialist Party , for the sake of a joke , Gyurcsány referred to the players of the Saudi national football team as terrorists . Later he apologized , but the kingdom recalled its ambassador from Hungary for a time . During the 2006 general election campaign , a video appeared where Gyurcsány danced as Hugh Grant in Love Actually . According to government officials , the spokesperson of the government asked Gyurcsány to dance , as they re-made most parts of the film as a special gift for the wedding of spokesman András Batiz . Opposition claimed that the video was made public on purpose , as part of the election campaign , to gain popularity for the PM among young adults . After his return to politics , Gyurcsány was at first tight-lipped on his religious affiliation , leading many to assume that he is an atheist . In an interview aired on TV2 during the 2006 parliamentary election campaign , Gyurcsány said that as a teenager , he took part in confirmation for about two years and even considered becoming a priest . Since confirmation can only be taken once , some regarded this claim as a giveaway that he was not telling the truth , while others such as Catholic bishop Endre Gyulay supposed he meant he took part in preparations for a confirmation . In connection with the unrest fuelled by his speech , he has been criticised in The Economist for turning a blind eye to police brutality . On 13 January 2009 , Dominique Strauss-Kahn , the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund , travelled to Budapest to ask Gyurcsány about their agreement made in October , regarding the stabilization of Hungarian government spending . Gazprom . As a Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was said to be an advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which is aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the EU , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just week before a referendum at Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . However , the questions of the referendum ( two concerning health care and one concerning education ) had no relation to the issue of possible pipelines built in the country . Gyurcsány stated that it is an unlucky situation for a country to have only one supplier ( Russia ) of any resource , which in this particular case is natural gas . He said the South Stream pipeline only diversifies routes from the same source country . He also advocated the Nabucco Pipeline which was planned to transfer gas from the Middle-East , as he considered this as a pipeline which diversifies the source of natural gas also . External links . - Hungarian PM appears on Internet as Hugh Grant - The page of the Demokratikus Koalíció party - His biography - The 100 richest people in Hungary , 2002. , origo.hu . ( Original URL )
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Which party was Ferenc Gyurcsány a member of from 2000 to 2011?
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/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcsány#P102#1
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Ferenc Gyurcsány Ferenc Gyurcsány ( ; born 4 June 1961 ) is a Hungarian entrepreneur and politician . He was Prime Minister of Hungary from 2004 to 2009 . Prior to that , he served as Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports between 2003 and 2004 . He was nominated as Prime Minister by the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) on 25 August 2004 , after Péter Medgyessy resigned due to a conflict with the Socialist Partys coalition partner . Gyurcsány was elected Prime Minister on 29 September 2004 in a parliamentary vote ( 197 yes votes , 12 no votes , with most of the opposition in Parliament not voting ) . He led his coalition to victory in the 2006 parliamentary election , securing another term as Prime Minister . His legitimacy was permanently questioned by opposition parties based on his withholding of information about the actual budget deficit in his 2006 re-election campaign . He was also criticised for using derogatory terms for his own country in his speech in Balatonőszöd . After that speech became public , demonstrations started on the streets of Budapest where many people were injured , both demonstrators and policemen . On 24 February 2007 , he was elected as the leader of the MSZP , taking 89% of the vote . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . On 28 March 2009 Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . A minister under Gyurcsány , Gordon Bajnai , became the nominee of MSZP for the post of Prime Minister in March 2009 and he became Prime Minister on 14 April . In October 2011 , Gyurcsány and other party members quit the MSZP to establish the Democratic Coalition ( DK ) under his leadership . Early years . Gyurcsány was born in Pápa , Hungary , into an impoverished middle-class family as the only son of Ferenc Gyurcsány Sr . and Katalin Varga . He has an elder sister , Éva . According to contemporary police documents , Gyurcsánys father was convicted on charges of minor crimes ( low value thefts and fraud ) multiple times . Due to his fathers alcoholism , Gyurcsány spent his childhood in poor conditions , though his mothers thrifty family management provided orderly and healthy living standards . Gyurcsány attended Apáczai Csere János High School in Budapest for two years ; he then returned to Pápa and continued his studies there , at a local grammar school . In 1979 , he was admitted to the University of Pécs , where he studied as a teacher and obtained his B.Sc . in 1984 , then he studied economics at the same institution , getting his university degree in 1990 . In 1981 , he assumed function in the KISZ , the Organisation of Young Communists , where he mostly handled organizing student programs at the beginning . Between 1984 and 1988 , he was the vice president of the organisations committee in Pécs . Then between 1988 and 1989 , he was the president of the central KISZ committee of universities and colleges . After the political change in 1989 , he became vice-president of the organisations short-lived quasi successor , the Hungarian Democratic Youth Association ( DEMISZ ) . From 1990 onwards , he transferred from the public to the private sector , working for CREDITUM Financial Consultant Ltd . until 1992 , serving as director of EUROCORP International Finance Inc . in 1992 . Gyurcsány then took the position of CEO at Altus Ltd. , a holding company of which he was owner , from 1992–2002 and thereafter as Chairman of the Board . By 2002 , he was listed as the fiftieth-richest person in Hungary . Return to politics . Gyurcsány returned to politics in 2002 as the head strategic advisor of Péter Medgyessy , the previous Prime Minister of Hungary . From May 2003 until September 2004 Gyurcsány was a minister responsible for sports , youth and children . He became the president of the MSZP in Győr-Moson-Sopron county in January 2004 , serving until September 2004 . In the summer of that same year it seemed that there were larger problems in his relationship with Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy , so he resigned as minister . In a week , problems in the coalition led to the resignation of Medgyessy , and MSZP voted Gyurcsány to become Prime Minister as he was acceptable for the coalition partner , Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) . Prime Minister . Gyurcsány was reappointed as prime minister after the 2006 parliamentary elections , with his coalition taking 210 of the available 386 parliamentary seats , and making him the first Hungarian prime minister to keep the office after a general election since 1990 . On 24 February 2007 , he also became the leader of his party ( being the only candidate for the post ) , gaining 89% of the votes . However , soon after the election victory serious financial problems arose . His government was forced to implement austerity measures to somehow manage the budget deficit , which was much higher than expected and had grown to an almost 10% of the GDP by the end of 2006 . These measures were heavily criticized by both the opposition , lead by Fidesz , as being too harsh on the people , and by liberal economists , for not reducing spending enough on social benefits , including pensions . Gyurcsány was the first prime minister since the fall of communism to try to introduce a health care reform in order to rationalize and modernize the national health care system . His efforts for a renewed and more efficient health care however , have been undermined mainly by his own party , as many Socialist Party members regard this reform as a threat to the communist-era achievement of free and equal health care service to all . The Őszöd Speech and the resulting riots . On 17 September 2006 , an audio recording surfaced , allegedly from a closed-door meeting of the Prime Ministers party MSZP , held on 26 May 2006 , shortly after MSZP won the election . On the recording , Gyurcsány admitted we have obviously been lying for the last one and a half to two years . ( Nyilvánvalóan végighazudtuk az utolsó másfél-két évet. ) . Despite public outrage , the Prime Minister refused to resign , and a series of demonstrations started near the Hungarian Parliament , swelling from 2,000 to about 8,000 demonstrators calling for the resignation of Gyurcsány and his government for several weeks . The Prime Minister admitted the authenticity of the recording . On 1 October , the governing party suffered a landslide defeat in the local municipal elections . On the eve of the elections , before the results were known , President László Sólyom gave a speech in which he said that the solution to the situation is in the hands of the majority in Parliament . Vote of confidence . As Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was a strong advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the European Union ( EU ) , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just a week before the popular election in Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . On 6 October 2006 , Gyurcsány won a vote of confidence in Parliament , 207–165 , with no coalition MP voting against him . The vote was public . Resignation . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . Gyurcsány asked his party to find a new candidate for prime minister in two weeks . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . In the search for a new prime minister , György Surányi became the frontrunner candidate for the post ; however , on 26 March he pulled out of the race . On 28 March , Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . Career after premiership . In the 2010 parliamentary elections he was elected into the Parliament still as a member of MSZP , but he became more and more critical of the partys politics . Since his attempts at reforming the party failed , he left MSZP and founded a new party , the Democratic Coalition ( Demokratikus Koalíció , DK ) in October 2011 . As a leader of DK , he announced that his party will support Gordon Bajnai as a candidate for prime minister in 2014 . In September 2012 , the ruling Fidesz proposed a voter-registration plan , which , according to the opposition , would have restricted the right to vote . Gyurcsány and three other members of his party participated in a week-long hunger strike against the proposal . Later , in January 2013 , the Constitutional Court of Hungary struck down the new electoral law as unconstitutional ; after that decision , Fidesz caucus dropped the law . Gyurcsány referred to that act as his partys success . On 14 January 2014 , the Democratic Coalition and four other groups founded Unity , a political alliance with the aim of defeating Fidesz at the elections in the spring . The alliance made it into the Parliament , but only as opposition . DK won only four seats , which meant that since they were below the minimum requirements of forming a parliamentary group ( five seats ) , its MPs ( including Gyurcsány ) officially count as independent politicians . On 8 April 2018 , the Democratic Coalition win 9 seats , creating now a political group in the National Assembly . Personal life . Gyurcsány is currently married to his third wife . He has two sons ( Péter and Bálint ) from his second marriage with Edina Bognár , and three children ( Anna , Tamás and Márton ) from his third marriage . His spouse is Klára Dobrev , whose maternal grandfather Antal Apró was Hungarys Minister of Industry in the 1950s–60s . He got his nickname Fletó from one of his teachers . While Prime Minister of Hungary , he did not pick up his paycheck , but instead , he donated it to varying organizations . Criticism . Wealth . The origin of his wealth is regularly questioned by the media and political opposition . The weekly paper HVG writes about a biography of Gyurcsány : [ it ] concludes that talent played a greater role than corruption in Gyurcsánys success . We have to question this claim . Not just because former functionaries are massively overrepresented among Gyurcsánys business partners , but also because , despite his enormous talent for business , Gyurcsány would never have got where he is today without making use of the contacts and support base of the former state party . József Debreczeni , the biographer in question , originally reached the conclusion regarding party connections and performance , the latter has been more important . Opposition MP Péter Szijjártó , as the head of a committee set up to investigate the origins of Gyurcsánys wealth , stated in his report that one of Gyurcsánys companies leased the former vacation site of the Hungarian government in Balatonőszöd and rented the site back to a state-owned company so that the rent paid by the government covered exactly the leasing fee during the first two and a half years of the ten-year lease term ( 1994–2004 ) . A person named Gyurcsányi was mentioned by Attila Kulcsár , the main defendant in the high-profile K&H Equities money laundering scandal in Hungary . The prime minister denied he had any connections with the case . Plagiarism controversy . In an article published on 2 April 2012 , Pécsi Újság called into question whether Gyurcsány submitted a diploma thesis . István Geresdi , Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Pécs told Pécsi Újság that they were unable to find Gyurcsánys diploma thesis . He further added that Gyurcsánys thesis was the only missing work from that time period . On 3 April Gyurcsány published a page from his course record book that stated that he submitted and defended a college thesis . He also stated that he did not know where his own copy of his thesis was , but he would make efforts to locate and publish it . After two weeks , on 13 April he announced that he failed to find his copy of the thesis . On 27 April Hír TV , a government-leaning television channel announced that they have found evidence that Szabolcs Rozs , who was Gyurcsánys brother-in-law in 1984 , submitted a college thesis at the same college and department as Gyurcsány , with a title identical to Gyurcsánys work , in 1980 . Three days later , on 30 April Hír Tv announced that they have located and compared the reviews of both Rozss and Gyurcsánys work , and found that based on the common errors and omissions , the two texts are likely to be identical , supporting the allegations of plagiarism . Other . He often displays himself in the role of an anti-fascist politician , who is strongly against the Hungarian radicalism and anti-semitism . However , he is the subject of criticism by his political opponents for the luxury villa of Rózsadomb in which he lives and is now the property of his recent wife , having been taken away from a Jewish family twice ; first it was misappropriated when Hungary was under the rule of Arrow Cross Party , and then again during the time of the communist dictatorship of Mátyás Rákosi . On 2 September 2004 , he said in the Hungarian national television : Who has a two-room-apartment , would in general deserve three ; who has three , four ; who has four , a house . Who has an eld... , olderly , elderly?.. . olderly [ struggling with an unintended portmanteau ] wife , a younger one ; who has a badly behaved kid , a well-behaved . Of course , he would deserve . This triggered outrage from feminist organisations , women in general , and the opposition . On 2 February 2005 , at the birthday party of the Hungarian Socialist Party , for the sake of a joke , Gyurcsány referred to the players of the Saudi national football team as terrorists . Later he apologized , but the kingdom recalled its ambassador from Hungary for a time . During the 2006 general election campaign , a video appeared where Gyurcsány danced as Hugh Grant in Love Actually . According to government officials , the spokesperson of the government asked Gyurcsány to dance , as they re-made most parts of the film as a special gift for the wedding of spokesman András Batiz . Opposition claimed that the video was made public on purpose , as part of the election campaign , to gain popularity for the PM among young adults . After his return to politics , Gyurcsány was at first tight-lipped on his religious affiliation , leading many to assume that he is an atheist . In an interview aired on TV2 during the 2006 parliamentary election campaign , Gyurcsány said that as a teenager , he took part in confirmation for about two years and even considered becoming a priest . Since confirmation can only be taken once , some regarded this claim as a giveaway that he was not telling the truth , while others such as Catholic bishop Endre Gyulay supposed he meant he took part in preparations for a confirmation . In connection with the unrest fuelled by his speech , he has been criticised in The Economist for turning a blind eye to police brutality . On 13 January 2009 , Dominique Strauss-Kahn , the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund , travelled to Budapest to ask Gyurcsány about their agreement made in October , regarding the stabilization of Hungarian government spending . Gazprom . As a Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was said to be an advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which is aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the EU , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just week before a referendum at Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . However , the questions of the referendum ( two concerning health care and one concerning education ) had no relation to the issue of possible pipelines built in the country . Gyurcsány stated that it is an unlucky situation for a country to have only one supplier ( Russia ) of any resource , which in this particular case is natural gas . He said the South Stream pipeline only diversifies routes from the same source country . He also advocated the Nabucco Pipeline which was planned to transfer gas from the Middle-East , as he considered this as a pipeline which diversifies the source of natural gas also . External links . - Hungarian PM appears on Internet as Hugh Grant - The page of the Demokratikus Koalíció party - His biography - The 100 richest people in Hungary , 2002. , origo.hu . ( Original URL )
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[
"Democratic Coalition"
] |
easy
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Which political party did Ferenc Gyurcsány belong to from 2011 to 2012?
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/wiki/Ferenc_Gyurcsány#P102#2
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Ferenc Gyurcsány Ferenc Gyurcsány ( ; born 4 June 1961 ) is a Hungarian entrepreneur and politician . He was Prime Minister of Hungary from 2004 to 2009 . Prior to that , he served as Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports between 2003 and 2004 . He was nominated as Prime Minister by the Hungarian Socialist Party ( MSZP ) on 25 August 2004 , after Péter Medgyessy resigned due to a conflict with the Socialist Partys coalition partner . Gyurcsány was elected Prime Minister on 29 September 2004 in a parliamentary vote ( 197 yes votes , 12 no votes , with most of the opposition in Parliament not voting ) . He led his coalition to victory in the 2006 parliamentary election , securing another term as Prime Minister . His legitimacy was permanently questioned by opposition parties based on his withholding of information about the actual budget deficit in his 2006 re-election campaign . He was also criticised for using derogatory terms for his own country in his speech in Balatonőszöd . After that speech became public , demonstrations started on the streets of Budapest where many people were injured , both demonstrators and policemen . On 24 February 2007 , he was elected as the leader of the MSZP , taking 89% of the vote . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . On 28 March 2009 Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . A minister under Gyurcsány , Gordon Bajnai , became the nominee of MSZP for the post of Prime Minister in March 2009 and he became Prime Minister on 14 April . In October 2011 , Gyurcsány and other party members quit the MSZP to establish the Democratic Coalition ( DK ) under his leadership . Early years . Gyurcsány was born in Pápa , Hungary , into an impoverished middle-class family as the only son of Ferenc Gyurcsány Sr . and Katalin Varga . He has an elder sister , Éva . According to contemporary police documents , Gyurcsánys father was convicted on charges of minor crimes ( low value thefts and fraud ) multiple times . Due to his fathers alcoholism , Gyurcsány spent his childhood in poor conditions , though his mothers thrifty family management provided orderly and healthy living standards . Gyurcsány attended Apáczai Csere János High School in Budapest for two years ; he then returned to Pápa and continued his studies there , at a local grammar school . In 1979 , he was admitted to the University of Pécs , where he studied as a teacher and obtained his B.Sc . in 1984 , then he studied economics at the same institution , getting his university degree in 1990 . In 1981 , he assumed function in the KISZ , the Organisation of Young Communists , where he mostly handled organizing student programs at the beginning . Between 1984 and 1988 , he was the vice president of the organisations committee in Pécs . Then between 1988 and 1989 , he was the president of the central KISZ committee of universities and colleges . After the political change in 1989 , he became vice-president of the organisations short-lived quasi successor , the Hungarian Democratic Youth Association ( DEMISZ ) . From 1990 onwards , he transferred from the public to the private sector , working for CREDITUM Financial Consultant Ltd . until 1992 , serving as director of EUROCORP International Finance Inc . in 1992 . Gyurcsány then took the position of CEO at Altus Ltd. , a holding company of which he was owner , from 1992–2002 and thereafter as Chairman of the Board . By 2002 , he was listed as the fiftieth-richest person in Hungary . Return to politics . Gyurcsány returned to politics in 2002 as the head strategic advisor of Péter Medgyessy , the previous Prime Minister of Hungary . From May 2003 until September 2004 Gyurcsány was a minister responsible for sports , youth and children . He became the president of the MSZP in Győr-Moson-Sopron county in January 2004 , serving until September 2004 . In the summer of that same year it seemed that there were larger problems in his relationship with Prime Minister Péter Medgyessy , so he resigned as minister . In a week , problems in the coalition led to the resignation of Medgyessy , and MSZP voted Gyurcsány to become Prime Minister as he was acceptable for the coalition partner , Alliance of Free Democrats ( SZDSZ ) . Prime Minister . Gyurcsány was reappointed as prime minister after the 2006 parliamentary elections , with his coalition taking 210 of the available 386 parliamentary seats , and making him the first Hungarian prime minister to keep the office after a general election since 1990 . On 24 February 2007 , he also became the leader of his party ( being the only candidate for the post ) , gaining 89% of the votes . However , soon after the election victory serious financial problems arose . His government was forced to implement austerity measures to somehow manage the budget deficit , which was much higher than expected and had grown to an almost 10% of the GDP by the end of 2006 . These measures were heavily criticized by both the opposition , lead by Fidesz , as being too harsh on the people , and by liberal economists , for not reducing spending enough on social benefits , including pensions . Gyurcsány was the first prime minister since the fall of communism to try to introduce a health care reform in order to rationalize and modernize the national health care system . His efforts for a renewed and more efficient health care however , have been undermined mainly by his own party , as many Socialist Party members regard this reform as a threat to the communist-era achievement of free and equal health care service to all . The Őszöd Speech and the resulting riots . On 17 September 2006 , an audio recording surfaced , allegedly from a closed-door meeting of the Prime Ministers party MSZP , held on 26 May 2006 , shortly after MSZP won the election . On the recording , Gyurcsány admitted we have obviously been lying for the last one and a half to two years . ( Nyilvánvalóan végighazudtuk az utolsó másfél-két évet. ) . Despite public outrage , the Prime Minister refused to resign , and a series of demonstrations started near the Hungarian Parliament , swelling from 2,000 to about 8,000 demonstrators calling for the resignation of Gyurcsány and his government for several weeks . The Prime Minister admitted the authenticity of the recording . On 1 October , the governing party suffered a landslide defeat in the local municipal elections . On the eve of the elections , before the results were known , President László Sólyom gave a speech in which he said that the solution to the situation is in the hands of the majority in Parliament . Vote of confidence . As Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was a strong advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the European Union ( EU ) , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just a week before the popular election in Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . On 6 October 2006 , Gyurcsány won a vote of confidence in Parliament , 207–165 , with no coalition MP voting against him . The vote was public . Resignation . On 21 March 2009 , Gyurcsány announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister . He stated that he was a hindrance to further economic and social reforms . Gyurcsány asked his party to find a new candidate for prime minister in two weeks . President László Sólyom stated that instead of a short-term transactional government ruling only until the 2010 elections , early elections should be held . In the search for a new prime minister , György Surányi became the frontrunner candidate for the post ; however , on 26 March he pulled out of the race . On 28 March , Gyurcsány resigned from his position as party chairman . Career after premiership . In the 2010 parliamentary elections he was elected into the Parliament still as a member of MSZP , but he became more and more critical of the partys politics . Since his attempts at reforming the party failed , he left MSZP and founded a new party , the Democratic Coalition ( Demokratikus Koalíció , DK ) in October 2011 . As a leader of DK , he announced that his party will support Gordon Bajnai as a candidate for prime minister in 2014 . In September 2012 , the ruling Fidesz proposed a voter-registration plan , which , according to the opposition , would have restricted the right to vote . Gyurcsány and three other members of his party participated in a week-long hunger strike against the proposal . Later , in January 2013 , the Constitutional Court of Hungary struck down the new electoral law as unconstitutional ; after that decision , Fidesz caucus dropped the law . Gyurcsány referred to that act as his partys success . On 14 January 2014 , the Democratic Coalition and four other groups founded Unity , a political alliance with the aim of defeating Fidesz at the elections in the spring . The alliance made it into the Parliament , but only as opposition . DK won only four seats , which meant that since they were below the minimum requirements of forming a parliamentary group ( five seats ) , its MPs ( including Gyurcsány ) officially count as independent politicians . On 8 April 2018 , the Democratic Coalition win 9 seats , creating now a political group in the National Assembly . Personal life . Gyurcsány is currently married to his third wife . He has two sons ( Péter and Bálint ) from his second marriage with Edina Bognár , and three children ( Anna , Tamás and Márton ) from his third marriage . His spouse is Klára Dobrev , whose maternal grandfather Antal Apró was Hungarys Minister of Industry in the 1950s–60s . He got his nickname Fletó from one of his teachers . While Prime Minister of Hungary , he did not pick up his paycheck , but instead , he donated it to varying organizations . Criticism . Wealth . The origin of his wealth is regularly questioned by the media and political opposition . The weekly paper HVG writes about a biography of Gyurcsány : [ it ] concludes that talent played a greater role than corruption in Gyurcsánys success . We have to question this claim . Not just because former functionaries are massively overrepresented among Gyurcsánys business partners , but also because , despite his enormous talent for business , Gyurcsány would never have got where he is today without making use of the contacts and support base of the former state party . József Debreczeni , the biographer in question , originally reached the conclusion regarding party connections and performance , the latter has been more important . Opposition MP Péter Szijjártó , as the head of a committee set up to investigate the origins of Gyurcsánys wealth , stated in his report that one of Gyurcsánys companies leased the former vacation site of the Hungarian government in Balatonőszöd and rented the site back to a state-owned company so that the rent paid by the government covered exactly the leasing fee during the first two and a half years of the ten-year lease term ( 1994–2004 ) . A person named Gyurcsányi was mentioned by Attila Kulcsár , the main defendant in the high-profile K&H Equities money laundering scandal in Hungary . The prime minister denied he had any connections with the case . Plagiarism controversy . In an article published on 2 April 2012 , Pécsi Újság called into question whether Gyurcsány submitted a diploma thesis . István Geresdi , Dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the University of Pécs told Pécsi Újság that they were unable to find Gyurcsánys diploma thesis . He further added that Gyurcsánys thesis was the only missing work from that time period . On 3 April Gyurcsány published a page from his course record book that stated that he submitted and defended a college thesis . He also stated that he did not know where his own copy of his thesis was , but he would make efforts to locate and publish it . After two weeks , on 13 April he announced that he failed to find his copy of the thesis . On 27 April Hír TV , a government-leaning television channel announced that they have found evidence that Szabolcs Rozs , who was Gyurcsánys brother-in-law in 1984 , submitted a college thesis at the same college and department as Gyurcsány , with a title identical to Gyurcsánys work , in 1980 . Three days later , on 30 April Hír Tv announced that they have located and compared the reviews of both Rozss and Gyurcsánys work , and found that based on the common errors and omissions , the two texts are likely to be identical , supporting the allegations of plagiarism . Other . He often displays himself in the role of an anti-fascist politician , who is strongly against the Hungarian radicalism and anti-semitism . However , he is the subject of criticism by his political opponents for the luxury villa of Rózsadomb in which he lives and is now the property of his recent wife , having been taken away from a Jewish family twice ; first it was misappropriated when Hungary was under the rule of Arrow Cross Party , and then again during the time of the communist dictatorship of Mátyás Rákosi . On 2 September 2004 , he said in the Hungarian national television : Who has a two-room-apartment , would in general deserve three ; who has three , four ; who has four , a house . Who has an eld... , olderly , elderly?.. . olderly [ struggling with an unintended portmanteau ] wife , a younger one ; who has a badly behaved kid , a well-behaved . Of course , he would deserve . This triggered outrage from feminist organisations , women in general , and the opposition . On 2 February 2005 , at the birthday party of the Hungarian Socialist Party , for the sake of a joke , Gyurcsány referred to the players of the Saudi national football team as terrorists . Later he apologized , but the kingdom recalled its ambassador from Hungary for a time . During the 2006 general election campaign , a video appeared where Gyurcsány danced as Hugh Grant in Love Actually . According to government officials , the spokesperson of the government asked Gyurcsány to dance , as they re-made most parts of the film as a special gift for the wedding of spokesman András Batiz . Opposition claimed that the video was made public on purpose , as part of the election campaign , to gain popularity for the PM among young adults . After his return to politics , Gyurcsány was at first tight-lipped on his religious affiliation , leading many to assume that he is an atheist . In an interview aired on TV2 during the 2006 parliamentary election campaign , Gyurcsány said that as a teenager , he took part in confirmation for about two years and even considered becoming a priest . Since confirmation can only be taken once , some regarded this claim as a giveaway that he was not telling the truth , while others such as Catholic bishop Endre Gyulay supposed he meant he took part in preparations for a confirmation . In connection with the unrest fuelled by his speech , he has been criticised in The Economist for turning a blind eye to police brutality . On 13 January 2009 , Dominique Strauss-Kahn , the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund , travelled to Budapest to ask Gyurcsány about their agreement made in October , regarding the stabilization of Hungarian government spending . Gazprom . As a Prime Minister , Gyurcsány was said to be an advocate of the South Stream pipeline project , which is aimed to supply Russian gas directly to the EU , bypassing transit countries such as Ukraine . He signed the contract in Moscow just week before a referendum at Hungary , which showed around 80% of the votes were against the government reforms . However , the questions of the referendum ( two concerning health care and one concerning education ) had no relation to the issue of possible pipelines built in the country . Gyurcsány stated that it is an unlucky situation for a country to have only one supplier ( Russia ) of any resource , which in this particular case is natural gas . He said the South Stream pipeline only diversifies routes from the same source country . He also advocated the Nabucco Pipeline which was planned to transfer gas from the Middle-East , as he considered this as a pipeline which diversifies the source of natural gas also . External links . - Hungarian PM appears on Internet as Hugh Grant - The page of the Demokratikus Koalíció party - His biography - The 100 richest people in Hungary , 2002. , origo.hu . ( Original URL )
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[
""
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easy
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What was the parent organization of THX from 1983 to 2002?
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/wiki/THX#P749#0
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THX THX Ltd . is an American company founded in 1983 by George Lucas and headquartered in San Francisco , California . It develops the THX high fidelity audio/visual reproduction standards for movie theaters , screening rooms , home theaters , computer speakers , gaming consoles , car audio systems , and video games . THX Ltd . is a subsidiary of Razer Inc. . The current THX was created on June 12 , 2002 when it spun off from Lucasfilm Ltd . THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at George Lucass company , Lucasfilm , in 1983 to ensure that the soundtrack for the third Star Wars film , Return of the Jedi , would be accurately reproduced in the best venues . THX was named after Holman , with the X standing for crossover or experiment as well as in homage to Lucass first film , THX 1138 . The distinctive glissando up from a rumbling low pitch used in the THX trailers , created by Holmans coworker James A . Moorer , is known as the Deep Note . The THX system is not a recording technology and it does not specify a sound recording format : all sound formats , whether digital ( Dolby Digital , DTS , SDDS ) or analog ( Dolby Stereo , Ultra Stereo ) , can be shown in THX . THX is a quality assurance system . THX-certified theaters provide a high-quality , predictable playback environment to ensure that any film soundtrack mixed in THX will sound as near as possible to the intentions of the mixing engineer . THX also provides certified theaters with a special crossover circuit whose use is part of the standard . Certification of an auditorium entails specific acoustic and other technical requirements ; architectural requirements include a floating floor , baffled and acoustically treated walls , non-parallel walls ( to reduce standing waves ) , a perforated screen ( to allow center channel continuity ) , and NC30 rating for background noise ( ensures noise from air conditioning units and projection equipment does not mask the subtle effects in a movies soundtrack ) . In 2002 , THX was owned by sound card manufacturer Creative Technology Limited , which held a 60% share of the company . The company has had a long history with Creative , which was responsible for the creation of the first THX-certified audio card for computers , the Sound Blaster Audigy 2 , and the Deep Note . In 2016 , THX was acquired by videogame hardware company Razer Inc. , with Razer owning all of THX and its intellectual property . Applications . The first theater THX was used in was the University of Southern Californias Eileen L . Norris Cinema Theatre , a part of USCs film school . Certifications . THX has created a certification process for additional products including home audio , home theater , video , and automotive sound components and products . THX certification extends to home audio receivers , speakers , desktop systems , soundbars , acoustic materials , microphones , and HDMI cables . THX Certified Ultra . THX Certified Ultra products bring the cinematic experience to larger home theaters , 3,000 cubic feet in size , with a viewing distance of 12 feet or greater from the screen . THX Certified Select . THX Certified Select products are for medium-sized rooms , up to 2,000 cubic feet in size , with a 10-12 foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Compact . THX Certified Compact products for smaller sized rooms , up to 1,000 cubic feet in size , with an 8-foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Dominus . THX Certified Dominus products are for expansive home theater spaces , 6,500 cubic feet in size , with a 20 foot viewing distance from the screen . I/S Plus Systems . THXs I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a small home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is . These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo . and Enclave Audio . Multimedia Products . THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop . THX Certified Optimode and Optimizer . THX Certified DVD and video displays ( plasma display and LCD or LED flat panels and projectors ) including THX Optimode and Optimizer which allows users to see a program or the movie as originally intended . Some tests required the use of special blue filter glasses , which would either be included with the Optimizer disc , or sold separately on the THX website at the time .
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[
"Lucasfilm"
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easy
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Which organization owned THX from 2002 to 2016?
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/wiki/THX#P749#1
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THX THX Ltd . is an American company founded in 1983 by George Lucas and headquartered in San Francisco , California . It develops the THX high fidelity audio/visual reproduction standards for movie theaters , screening rooms , home theaters , computer speakers , gaming consoles , car audio systems , and video games . THX Ltd . is a subsidiary of Razer Inc. . The current THX was created on June 12 , 2002 when it spun off from Lucasfilm Ltd . THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at George Lucass company , Lucasfilm , in 1983 to ensure that the soundtrack for the third Star Wars film , Return of the Jedi , would be accurately reproduced in the best venues . THX was named after Holman , with the X standing for crossover or experiment as well as in homage to Lucass first film , THX 1138 . The distinctive glissando up from a rumbling low pitch used in the THX trailers , created by Holmans coworker James A . Moorer , is known as the Deep Note . The THX system is not a recording technology and it does not specify a sound recording format : all sound formats , whether digital ( Dolby Digital , DTS , SDDS ) or analog ( Dolby Stereo , Ultra Stereo ) , can be shown in THX . THX is a quality assurance system . THX-certified theaters provide a high-quality , predictable playback environment to ensure that any film soundtrack mixed in THX will sound as near as possible to the intentions of the mixing engineer . THX also provides certified theaters with a special crossover circuit whose use is part of the standard . Certification of an auditorium entails specific acoustic and other technical requirements ; architectural requirements include a floating floor , baffled and acoustically treated walls , non-parallel walls ( to reduce standing waves ) , a perforated screen ( to allow center channel continuity ) , and NC30 rating for background noise ( ensures noise from air conditioning units and projection equipment does not mask the subtle effects in a movies soundtrack ) . In 2002 , THX was owned by sound card manufacturer Creative Technology Limited , which held a 60% share of the company . The company has had a long history with Creative , which was responsible for the creation of the first THX-certified audio card for computers , the Sound Blaster Audigy 2 , and the Deep Note . In 2016 , THX was acquired by videogame hardware company Razer Inc. , with Razer owning all of THX and its intellectual property . Applications . The first theater THX was used in was the University of Southern Californias Eileen L . Norris Cinema Theatre , a part of USCs film school . Certifications . THX has created a certification process for additional products including home audio , home theater , video , and automotive sound components and products . THX certification extends to home audio receivers , speakers , desktop systems , soundbars , acoustic materials , microphones , and HDMI cables . THX Certified Ultra . THX Certified Ultra products bring the cinematic experience to larger home theaters , 3,000 cubic feet in size , with a viewing distance of 12 feet or greater from the screen . THX Certified Select . THX Certified Select products are for medium-sized rooms , up to 2,000 cubic feet in size , with a 10-12 foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Compact . THX Certified Compact products for smaller sized rooms , up to 1,000 cubic feet in size , with an 8-foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Dominus . THX Certified Dominus products are for expansive home theater spaces , 6,500 cubic feet in size , with a 20 foot viewing distance from the screen . I/S Plus Systems . THXs I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a small home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is . These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo . and Enclave Audio . Multimedia Products . THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop . THX Certified Optimode and Optimizer . THX Certified DVD and video displays ( plasma display and LCD or LED flat panels and projectors ) including THX Optimode and Optimizer which allows users to see a program or the movie as originally intended . Some tests required the use of special blue filter glasses , which would either be included with the Optimizer disc , or sold separately on the THX website at the time .
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[
"Razer Inc"
] |
easy
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What was the parent organization of THX from 2016 to 2017?
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/wiki/THX#P749#2
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THX THX Ltd . is an American company founded in 1983 by George Lucas and headquartered in San Francisco , California . It develops the THX high fidelity audio/visual reproduction standards for movie theaters , screening rooms , home theaters , computer speakers , gaming consoles , car audio systems , and video games . THX Ltd . is a subsidiary of Razer Inc. . The current THX was created on June 12 , 2002 when it spun off from Lucasfilm Ltd . THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at George Lucass company , Lucasfilm , in 1983 to ensure that the soundtrack for the third Star Wars film , Return of the Jedi , would be accurately reproduced in the best venues . THX was named after Holman , with the X standing for crossover or experiment as well as in homage to Lucass first film , THX 1138 . The distinctive glissando up from a rumbling low pitch used in the THX trailers , created by Holmans coworker James A . Moorer , is known as the Deep Note . The THX system is not a recording technology and it does not specify a sound recording format : all sound formats , whether digital ( Dolby Digital , DTS , SDDS ) or analog ( Dolby Stereo , Ultra Stereo ) , can be shown in THX . THX is a quality assurance system . THX-certified theaters provide a high-quality , predictable playback environment to ensure that any film soundtrack mixed in THX will sound as near as possible to the intentions of the mixing engineer . THX also provides certified theaters with a special crossover circuit whose use is part of the standard . Certification of an auditorium entails specific acoustic and other technical requirements ; architectural requirements include a floating floor , baffled and acoustically treated walls , non-parallel walls ( to reduce standing waves ) , a perforated screen ( to allow center channel continuity ) , and NC30 rating for background noise ( ensures noise from air conditioning units and projection equipment does not mask the subtle effects in a movies soundtrack ) . In 2002 , THX was owned by sound card manufacturer Creative Technology Limited , which held a 60% share of the company . The company has had a long history with Creative , which was responsible for the creation of the first THX-certified audio card for computers , the Sound Blaster Audigy 2 , and the Deep Note . In 2016 , THX was acquired by videogame hardware company Razer Inc. , with Razer owning all of THX and its intellectual property . Applications . The first theater THX was used in was the University of Southern Californias Eileen L . Norris Cinema Theatre , a part of USCs film school . Certifications . THX has created a certification process for additional products including home audio , home theater , video , and automotive sound components and products . THX certification extends to home audio receivers , speakers , desktop systems , soundbars , acoustic materials , microphones , and HDMI cables . THX Certified Ultra . THX Certified Ultra products bring the cinematic experience to larger home theaters , 3,000 cubic feet in size , with a viewing distance of 12 feet or greater from the screen . THX Certified Select . THX Certified Select products are for medium-sized rooms , up to 2,000 cubic feet in size , with a 10-12 foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Compact . THX Certified Compact products for smaller sized rooms , up to 1,000 cubic feet in size , with an 8-foot viewing distance from the screen . THX Certified Dominus . THX Certified Dominus products are for expansive home theater spaces , 6,500 cubic feet in size , with a 20 foot viewing distance from the screen . I/S Plus Systems . THXs I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a small home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is . These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo . and Enclave Audio . Multimedia Products . THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop . THX Certified Optimode and Optimizer . THX Certified DVD and video displays ( plasma display and LCD or LED flat panels and projectors ) including THX Optimode and Optimizer which allows users to see a program or the movie as originally intended . Some tests required the use of special blue filter glasses , which would either be included with the Optimizer disc , or sold separately on the THX website at the time .
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[
"Gustav Mahler"
] |
easy
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Who was Alma Mahler 's spouse from 1902 to 1911?
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/wiki/Alma_Mahler#P26#0
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Alma Mahler Alma Maria Mahler Gropius Werfel ( born Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler ; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964 ) was a Viennese-born composer , author , editor and socialite . At fifteen , she was mentored by Max Burckhard . Musically active from her early years , she was the composer of nearly fifty songs for voice and piano , and works in other genres as well . Only seventeen songs are known to survive . In her early years , she fell in love with composer and conductor Alexander von Zemlinsky , but their relationship did not last long . She became the wife of composer Gustav Mahler , who insisted ( as a condition of their marriage ) that she give up composing . Eventually she fell into depression from being artistically stifled . While her marriage was struggling , she had an affair with Walter Gropius . Gustav started to encourage Almas composing and helped prepare some of her compositions for publication , but died soon after this attempted reconciliation in 1911 . Alma married Gropius in 1915 and the couple had a daughter together , Manon Gropius . During her marriage to Gropius , Alma had an affair with Franz Werfel . Alma and Werfel were eventually married after Alma separated from Gropius . In 1938 , after the Anschluss , Werfel and Alma were forced to flee Austria as it was unsafe for Jews . Eventually the couple settled in Los Angeles . In later years , her salon became part of the artistic scene , first in Vienna , then in Los Angeles and in New York . Early years . Alma Maria Schindler was born on 31 August 1879 in Vienna , Austria ( then Austria-Hungary ) , to the famous landscape painter Emil Jakob Schindler and his wife Anna Sofie . She was tutored at home and brought up in the Catholic Church . In 1886 Crown Prince Rudolf found interest in Emil Jakob Schindlers paintings and commissioned Schindler to take a trip with his family to the Adriatic coast to produce landscape paintings . In 1892 the family also traveled to the North Sea island of Sylt where Emil Schindler died . After her fathers death , Alma focused on the piano . She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor , a blind organist who introduced her to a great deal of literature . At fifteen she was sent to school but attended for only a few months . As she grew older , a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing . Max Burckhard , friend of Emil Schindler and director of Viennas Burgtheater theater , became Almas mentor . On Almas seventeenth birthday , Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books . In 1895 , Anna Schindler , Almas mother , married Carl Moll , Emil Schindlers student . In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria . Alma met Gustav Klimt through Carl Moll . Moll and Klimt were both founding members of the Vienna Secession , a group organized for the purpose of breaking with Viennas tradition-bound Imperial Academy of the visual arts . Klimt fell in love with Alma . While she initially was interested in Klimt her desire cooled soon after . Klimt and Alma were friends until Klimts death . In fall 1900 , Alma began studying composition with Alexander von Zemlinsky . Zemlinsky and Alma fell in love and kept their relationship a secret . Alma would tease Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features , saying she could easily have ten others to replace him . She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would bring short , degenerate Jew-children into the world . As the relationship grew strained , Zemlinsky visited her less and less . On 7 November 1901 she attended Zuckerkandls salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler . In the month of November , while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky , she started an affair with Mahler . By 8 December , Mahler and Alma were secretly engaged ; however , it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement . The engagement was formally announced on 23 December . Marriage to Gustav Mahler . On 9 March 1902 , she married Gustav Mahler , who was 19 years her senior and the director of the Vienna Court Opera . With him she had two daughters , Maria Anna ( 1902–1907 ) , who died of scarlet fever or diphtheria , and Anna ( 1904–1988 ) , who later became a sculptor . Gustav was not interested in Alma Mahlers composition , desiring for her to abandon composing . However , it is disputed among scholars whether or not Gustav outright forbade Alma Mahler to compose . Despite this scholarly confusion , she did artistically stifle herself and embraced the role of a loving wife and supporter of her husbands music . In June 1910 , after becoming severely depressed in the wake of Marias death , Alma began an affair with the young architect Walter Gropius ( later head of the Bauhaus ) , whom she met during a rest at a spa . Gustav sought advice from Sigmund Freud in August . The 2010 film Mahler on the Couch suggests that Gustavs consultations with Freud might have focused on his curtailing of Almas musical career as a major marital obstacle , but the actual content of them is not known . Following the emotional crisis in their marriage after Gustavs discovery of Almas affair with Gropius , Gustav began to take a serious interest in Almas musical compositions , regretting his earlier dismissive attitude and taking promotional actions . Gustav edited some of her songs ( Die stille Stadt , In meines Vaters Garten , Laue Sommernacht , Bei dir ist es traut , Ich wandle unter Blumen ) . Upon his urging , and under his guidance , Alma prepared five of her songs for publication ( they were issued in 1910 , by Gustavs own publisher , Universal Edition ) . In February 1911 , Gustav fell severely ill with an infection related to a heart defect that had been diagnosed several years earlier . He died on 18 May . Relationship with Walter Gropius . After Gustavs death , Alma did not immediately resume contact with Gropius . Between 1912 and 1914 she had a tumultuous affair with the artist Oskar Kokoschka , who created works inspired by his relationship with her , including his painting The Bride of the Wind . Kokoschkas possessiveness wore on Alma , and the emotional vicissitudes of the relationship tired them both . With the coming of World War I , Kokoschka enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army . Alma subsequently distanced herself from Kokoschka and resumed contact with Walter Gropius , who was also serving in combat at that time . She and Gropius married on 18 August 1915 in Berlin during one of his military leaves . They had a daughter together , Manon Gropius ( 1916–1935 ) , who grew up being friends with Maria Altmann . After Manon died of polio at the age of 18 , composer Alban Berg dedicated his newly composed Violin Concerto to her , In Memory of an Angel . Alma became pregnant and gave birth to a son , Martin Carl Johannes Gropius ( 1918–1919 ) . Gropius at first believed that the child was his , but Almas ongoing affair with Franz Werfel was common knowledge in Vienna by this time . Within a year , they agreed to a divorce . In the meantime , Martin , who had been born prematurely , developed hydrocephalus and died at the age of ten months . Almas divorce from Gropius became final in October 1920 . Relationship with Franz Werfel . While Gropiuss military duties were still keeping him absent , Alma met and began an affair with Prague-born poet and writer Franz Werfel in the fall of 1917 . She and Werfel began openly living together from that point on . However , she postponed marrying Werfel until 1929 , after which she took the name Alma Mahler-Werfel . In 1938 , following the Anschluss , Alma and Werfel , who was Jewish , were forced to flee Austria for France ; they maintained a household in Sanary-sur-Mer , on the French Riviera , from summer 1938 until spring 1940 . With the German invasion and occupation of France during World War II , and the deportation of Jews and political adversaries to Nazi concentration camps , the couple was no longer safe in France and frantically sought to secure their emigration to the United States . In Marseilles , they were contacted by Varian Fry , an American journalist and emissary of the Emergency Rescue Committee , a private American relief organization that aided refugee intellectuals and artists at that time . As exit visas could not be obtained , Fry arranged for the Werfels to journey on foot across the Pyrenees into Spain , to evade the Vichy French border officials . From Spain , Alma and Franz traveled on to Portugal . They stayed in Monte Estoril , at the Grande Hotel DItália , between 8 September and 4 October 1940 . On the same day , they boarded the S.S . Nea Hellas headed for New York City , arriving on 13 October . Eventually they settled in Los Angeles , where Alma continued her role as a hostess , bringing together Arnold Schoenberg , Igor Stravinsky , Thomas Mann , and many other artists . Werfel , who had already enjoyed moderate renown in the US as an author , achieved popular success with his novel The Song of Bernadette , which was made into a film in 1943 , and the science fiction novel , Star of the Unborn , published after his death . Werfel , who had experienced serious heart problems throughout his exile , died of a heart attack in California in 1945 . Cultural icon in the US . In 1946 , Mahler-Werfel became a U.S . citizen . Several years later she moved to New York City , where she remained a cultural figure . Leonard Bernstein , who was a champion of Gustav Mahlers music , stated in his Charles Eliot Norton lectures of 1973 that Mahler-Werfel had attended some of his rehearsals . Benjamin Britten considered her to be a living link to both Mahler and Alban Berg , and dedicated his Nocturne for Tenor and Small Orchestra to her . Death and legacy . Alma Mahler-Werfel died 11 December 1964 in New York City . She was buried on 8 February 1965 in the Grinzing Cemetery of Vienna , in the same grave as her daughter Manon Gropius and just a few steps away from her first husband Gustav Mahler . American satirist Tom Lehrer regarded her obituary as “the juiciest , spiciest , raciest obituary it has ever been my pleasure to read” . It prompted him to write the ballad , Alma , portraying her as the loveliest girl in Vienna .. . the smartest as well who became a difficult , temperamental companion to the work-absorbed Mahler , Gropius , and Werfel as each in turn came under her spell . Of her relationship to Mahler he sang : Their marriage , however , was murdah/ Hed scream to the heavens above/ Im writing Das Lied von der Erde/ and she only vants to make love ! In the 1974 film Mahler , by director Ken Russell , Gustav Mahler , while on his last train journey , remembers the important events of his life , such as his relationship with his wife , the deaths of his brother and young daughter , and his trouble with the muses . In the film , Alma was portrayed by Georgina Hale , and Gustav by Robert Powell . In 1996 , Israeli writer Joshua Sobol and Austrian director Paulus Manker created the polydrama Alma . It played in Vienna for six successive seasons , and toured with over 400 performances to Venice , Lisbon , Los Angeles , Petronell , Berlin , Semmering , Jerusalem , and Prague—all places where Mahler-Werfel had lived . The show was made into a three-part TV miniseries in 1997 . Mohammed Fairouz set the words of Alma Mahler in his song cycle Jeder Mensch . It premiered in a coupling with songs of Alma Mahler by mezzo-soprano Kate Lindsey in 2011 . A treatment of Mahler-Werfels life was presented in the 2001 Bruce Beresford film Bride of the Wind , in which Alma was played by Australian actress Sarah Wynter . Gustav Mahler was portrayed by British actor Jonathan Pryce . Swiss actor Vincent Pérez portrayed Oskar Kokoschka . In 1998 , extracts from Almas diaries were published , covering the years from 1898 to 1902 , up until the time she married Mahler . In the 2001 novel The Artists Wife by Max Phillips , she tells her own story from the afterlife , focusing on her complicated relationships . In 2010 , the German filmmaker Percy Adlon and his son Felix Adlon released their film Mahler auf der Couch ( Mahler on the Couch ) , which relates Gustav Mahlers tormented relationship with his wife Alma and his meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1910 . In the films introduction , the directors stated , That it happened is fact . How it happened is fiction . Nazi-looted art . In 1999 the granddaughter of Mahler-Werfel requested that five artworks seized under the Nazis be restituted to the family . The paintings were “A summers night on the beach” ( 1902 ) by Edvard Munch and three landscapes by her great-grandfather , Emil Jakob Schindler . Alma-Werfel had loaned the paintings to the Oesterreichische Galerie before fleeing the Nazis ; Carl Moll a militant Nazi , gained control of them , selling the Munch to the Oesterreichische Galerie in 1940 and keeping the others until , fearing retribution from the Red Army , he committed suicide . Mahler-Werfels filed claims after the war but was able to recover only the Kokoschka self-portrait . When Austria modified its extremely restrictive restitution laws , the granddaughter revived the claims . Austria initially rejected the claim . After a restitution battle that lasted six decades , Austria finally agreed to restitute the stolen Munch in 2006 . The Alma Problem . Mahler-Werfels two books on Gustav Mahler influenced studies of the latter . As an articulate , well-connected , and influential woman who outlived her first husband by more than 50 years , Mahler-Werfel was for decades treated as the main authority on the mature Gustav Mahlers values , character , and day-to-day behavior , and her various publications quickly became the central source material for Mahler scholars and music-lovers alike . As scholars investigated her depiction of Mahler and her relationship with him , her accounts have increasingly been revealed as unreliable , false , and misleading . Nevertheless , the deliberate distortions have had a significant influence on several generations of scholars , interpreters , and music-lovers . Citing the serious contradictions between Almas accounts and other evidence , including her own diaries , several historians and biographers have begun to speak of the Alma Problem . According to Hugh Wood , Often she is the only witness , and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth . Everything that passed through her hands must be regarded as tainted . As a composer . Alma played the piano from childhood and in her memoirs ( Mein Leben ) , reports that she first attempted composing in the beginning of 1888 on the Greek island of Corfu . She studied composition with Josef Labor beginning in 1894 or 1895 and until 1901 . She met Alexander von Zemlinsky in early 1900 , began composition lessons with him that fall , and continued as his student until her engagement with Gustav Mahler in December 1901 , after which she ceased composing . Up until that time , she had composed or sketched mostly Lieder , but also around 20 piano pieces and a small number of chamber music works , and a scene from an opera . She briefly resumed composing in 1910 , but stopped in 1915 . The chronology of her compositions is difficult to establish , because she did not date her manuscripts and destroyed many of them herself . Attempts to establish a chronological list of her works have been made by Susanne Rode-Breymann in 1999 and 2014 , and by Knud Martner in 2018 . Only a total of 17 songs by her survive . Fourteen were published during her lifetime , in three publications dated 1910 , 1915 , and 1924 . The first two volumes appeared under the name Alma Maria Schindler-Mahler , and the last volume was published as Fünf Gesänge by Alma Maria Mahler ; the cover of the 1915 set was illustrated by Oskar Kokoschka . Three additional songs were discovered in manuscript posthumously ; two of them were published in the year 2000 , edited by Dr . Susan M . Filler , and one published in 2018 , edited by Barry Millington . Her personal papers , including music manuscripts , are held at the University of Pennsylvania , the Austrian National Library in Vienna , and the Bavarian State Library in Munich . These songs have been regularly performed and recorded since the 1980s . Orchestral versions of the accompaniments have been produced . Seven songs were orchestrated by David and Colin Matthews ( published by Universal Edition ) , and all 17 songs were orchestrated by Julian Reynolds , and by Jorma Panula . Works . Compositions cited from Mahler , A Complete Songs unless otherwise noted . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in January 1911 ) - ( i ) Die stille Stadt ( The Quiet Town ; Richard Dehmel ) - ( ii ) In meines Vaters Garten ( In My Fathers Garden ; Erich Otto Hartleben ) Note : The original poem is entitled Französisches Wiegenlied or Volkslied , and was composed between May and August 1899 . - ( iii ) Laue Sommernacht ( Mild Summers Night ; Bierbaum ) Note : The original title of the poem is Gefunden . - ( iv ) Bei dir ist es traut ( With You It Is Pleasant ; Rilke ) - ( v ) Ich wandle unter Blumen ( I Stroll Among Flowers ; Heine ) - Four Songs for voice and piano ( published in June 1915 ) - ( i ) Licht in der Nacht ( Light in the Night ; Bierbaum ) - ( ii ) Waldseligkeit ( Woodland Bliss ; Dehmel ) - ( iii ) Ansturm ( Storm ; Dehmel ) - ( iv ) Erntelied ( Harvest Song ; Gustav Falke ) The original title is Gesang am Morgen ( Song at Dawn ) . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in April 1924 ) - ( i ) Hymne ( Hymn ; Novalis ) - ( ii ) Ekstase ( Ecstasy ; Bierbaum ) - ( iii ) Der Erkennende ( The Recognizer ; Werfel ) - ( iv ) Lobgesang ( Song of Praise ; Dehmel ) - ( v ) Hymne an die Nacht ( Hymn to the Night ; Novalis ) Posthumously published - Leise weht ein erstes Blühn ( Softly Drifts a First Blossom ; Rilke ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Kennst du meine Nächte ? ( Do You Know My Nights? ; Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Einsamer Gang ( Lonely Walk , Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published London 2018 by Barry Millington ) Note : For a complete list of Alma Schindler-Mahlers works , see page Talk Further reading . - Alma Mahler , My Life , My Loves : Memoirs of Alma Mahler Vermilon Books , reprint edition ( February 1989 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , Diaries 1898–1902 ( ed . and translator , Antony Beaumont and Susanne Rode-Breymann ) Faber and Faber ( 1 February 1999 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , And the bridge is love Hutchinson of London , first published September 1959,third impression April 1960 - Gustav Mahler , Letters to his Wife [ 1901–11 ] . Edited by Henry-Louis de La Grange and Günther Weiss , in Collaboration with Knud Martner . First complete edition , revised and translated by Antony Beaumont ( Faber and Faber , London 2004 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Die Komponistin Alma Mahler-Werfel ( Hanover , 1999 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Alma Mahler-Werfel . Muse , Gattin , Witwe ( C . H . Beck , Munich 2014 ) - Susanne Keegan , The Bride of the Wind . The Life and Times of Alma Mahler-Werfel . ( Houghtin Mifflin Company , Boston 1983 ; Secker & Warburg , London 1984,348 pages ) . - Walter Gropius in Nicholas Fox Weber , The Bauhaus Group : Six Masters of Modernism ( New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 2009. ) The chapter opens with her story . pp . 1–5 ; 11–15 ; 27–42 - Jörg Rothkamm , A husband and wife who are both composers ? An unpublished song version of the so-called Erntelied ( Gesang am Morgen ) in the hand of Gustav Mahler in light of the correspondence between Alma Mahler and Walter Gropius . In : News about Mahler Research 72 , 2018 , pp . 7–34 . External links . - Finding aid to the Mahler-Werfel papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries - Franz Werfel Family papers at the Leo Baeck Institute , New York - Free recordings of her works at the Sophie database - , by Tom Lehrer , That Was the Year That Was ( 1965 )
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[
"Walter Gropius"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Alma Mahler from 1915 to 1920?
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/wiki/Alma_Mahler#P26#1
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Alma Mahler Alma Maria Mahler Gropius Werfel ( born Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler ; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964 ) was a Viennese-born composer , author , editor and socialite . At fifteen , she was mentored by Max Burckhard . Musically active from her early years , she was the composer of nearly fifty songs for voice and piano , and works in other genres as well . Only seventeen songs are known to survive . In her early years , she fell in love with composer and conductor Alexander von Zemlinsky , but their relationship did not last long . She became the wife of composer Gustav Mahler , who insisted ( as a condition of their marriage ) that she give up composing . Eventually she fell into depression from being artistically stifled . While her marriage was struggling , she had an affair with Walter Gropius . Gustav started to encourage Almas composing and helped prepare some of her compositions for publication , but died soon after this attempted reconciliation in 1911 . Alma married Gropius in 1915 and the couple had a daughter together , Manon Gropius . During her marriage to Gropius , Alma had an affair with Franz Werfel . Alma and Werfel were eventually married after Alma separated from Gropius . In 1938 , after the Anschluss , Werfel and Alma were forced to flee Austria as it was unsafe for Jews . Eventually the couple settled in Los Angeles . In later years , her salon became part of the artistic scene , first in Vienna , then in Los Angeles and in New York . Early years . Alma Maria Schindler was born on 31 August 1879 in Vienna , Austria ( then Austria-Hungary ) , to the famous landscape painter Emil Jakob Schindler and his wife Anna Sofie . She was tutored at home and brought up in the Catholic Church . In 1886 Crown Prince Rudolf found interest in Emil Jakob Schindlers paintings and commissioned Schindler to take a trip with his family to the Adriatic coast to produce landscape paintings . In 1892 the family also traveled to the North Sea island of Sylt where Emil Schindler died . After her fathers death , Alma focused on the piano . She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor , a blind organist who introduced her to a great deal of literature . At fifteen she was sent to school but attended for only a few months . As she grew older , a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing . Max Burckhard , friend of Emil Schindler and director of Viennas Burgtheater theater , became Almas mentor . On Almas seventeenth birthday , Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books . In 1895 , Anna Schindler , Almas mother , married Carl Moll , Emil Schindlers student . In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria . Alma met Gustav Klimt through Carl Moll . Moll and Klimt were both founding members of the Vienna Secession , a group organized for the purpose of breaking with Viennas tradition-bound Imperial Academy of the visual arts . Klimt fell in love with Alma . While she initially was interested in Klimt her desire cooled soon after . Klimt and Alma were friends until Klimts death . In fall 1900 , Alma began studying composition with Alexander von Zemlinsky . Zemlinsky and Alma fell in love and kept their relationship a secret . Alma would tease Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features , saying she could easily have ten others to replace him . She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would bring short , degenerate Jew-children into the world . As the relationship grew strained , Zemlinsky visited her less and less . On 7 November 1901 she attended Zuckerkandls salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler . In the month of November , while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky , she started an affair with Mahler . By 8 December , Mahler and Alma were secretly engaged ; however , it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement . The engagement was formally announced on 23 December . Marriage to Gustav Mahler . On 9 March 1902 , she married Gustav Mahler , who was 19 years her senior and the director of the Vienna Court Opera . With him she had two daughters , Maria Anna ( 1902–1907 ) , who died of scarlet fever or diphtheria , and Anna ( 1904–1988 ) , who later became a sculptor . Gustav was not interested in Alma Mahlers composition , desiring for her to abandon composing . However , it is disputed among scholars whether or not Gustav outright forbade Alma Mahler to compose . Despite this scholarly confusion , she did artistically stifle herself and embraced the role of a loving wife and supporter of her husbands music . In June 1910 , after becoming severely depressed in the wake of Marias death , Alma began an affair with the young architect Walter Gropius ( later head of the Bauhaus ) , whom she met during a rest at a spa . Gustav sought advice from Sigmund Freud in August . The 2010 film Mahler on the Couch suggests that Gustavs consultations with Freud might have focused on his curtailing of Almas musical career as a major marital obstacle , but the actual content of them is not known . Following the emotional crisis in their marriage after Gustavs discovery of Almas affair with Gropius , Gustav began to take a serious interest in Almas musical compositions , regretting his earlier dismissive attitude and taking promotional actions . Gustav edited some of her songs ( Die stille Stadt , In meines Vaters Garten , Laue Sommernacht , Bei dir ist es traut , Ich wandle unter Blumen ) . Upon his urging , and under his guidance , Alma prepared five of her songs for publication ( they were issued in 1910 , by Gustavs own publisher , Universal Edition ) . In February 1911 , Gustav fell severely ill with an infection related to a heart defect that had been diagnosed several years earlier . He died on 18 May . Relationship with Walter Gropius . After Gustavs death , Alma did not immediately resume contact with Gropius . Between 1912 and 1914 she had a tumultuous affair with the artist Oskar Kokoschka , who created works inspired by his relationship with her , including his painting The Bride of the Wind . Kokoschkas possessiveness wore on Alma , and the emotional vicissitudes of the relationship tired them both . With the coming of World War I , Kokoschka enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army . Alma subsequently distanced herself from Kokoschka and resumed contact with Walter Gropius , who was also serving in combat at that time . She and Gropius married on 18 August 1915 in Berlin during one of his military leaves . They had a daughter together , Manon Gropius ( 1916–1935 ) , who grew up being friends with Maria Altmann . After Manon died of polio at the age of 18 , composer Alban Berg dedicated his newly composed Violin Concerto to her , In Memory of an Angel . Alma became pregnant and gave birth to a son , Martin Carl Johannes Gropius ( 1918–1919 ) . Gropius at first believed that the child was his , but Almas ongoing affair with Franz Werfel was common knowledge in Vienna by this time . Within a year , they agreed to a divorce . In the meantime , Martin , who had been born prematurely , developed hydrocephalus and died at the age of ten months . Almas divorce from Gropius became final in October 1920 . Relationship with Franz Werfel . While Gropiuss military duties were still keeping him absent , Alma met and began an affair with Prague-born poet and writer Franz Werfel in the fall of 1917 . She and Werfel began openly living together from that point on . However , she postponed marrying Werfel until 1929 , after which she took the name Alma Mahler-Werfel . In 1938 , following the Anschluss , Alma and Werfel , who was Jewish , were forced to flee Austria for France ; they maintained a household in Sanary-sur-Mer , on the French Riviera , from summer 1938 until spring 1940 . With the German invasion and occupation of France during World War II , and the deportation of Jews and political adversaries to Nazi concentration camps , the couple was no longer safe in France and frantically sought to secure their emigration to the United States . In Marseilles , they were contacted by Varian Fry , an American journalist and emissary of the Emergency Rescue Committee , a private American relief organization that aided refugee intellectuals and artists at that time . As exit visas could not be obtained , Fry arranged for the Werfels to journey on foot across the Pyrenees into Spain , to evade the Vichy French border officials . From Spain , Alma and Franz traveled on to Portugal . They stayed in Monte Estoril , at the Grande Hotel DItália , between 8 September and 4 October 1940 . On the same day , they boarded the S.S . Nea Hellas headed for New York City , arriving on 13 October . Eventually they settled in Los Angeles , where Alma continued her role as a hostess , bringing together Arnold Schoenberg , Igor Stravinsky , Thomas Mann , and many other artists . Werfel , who had already enjoyed moderate renown in the US as an author , achieved popular success with his novel The Song of Bernadette , which was made into a film in 1943 , and the science fiction novel , Star of the Unborn , published after his death . Werfel , who had experienced serious heart problems throughout his exile , died of a heart attack in California in 1945 . Cultural icon in the US . In 1946 , Mahler-Werfel became a U.S . citizen . Several years later she moved to New York City , where she remained a cultural figure . Leonard Bernstein , who was a champion of Gustav Mahlers music , stated in his Charles Eliot Norton lectures of 1973 that Mahler-Werfel had attended some of his rehearsals . Benjamin Britten considered her to be a living link to both Mahler and Alban Berg , and dedicated his Nocturne for Tenor and Small Orchestra to her . Death and legacy . Alma Mahler-Werfel died 11 December 1964 in New York City . She was buried on 8 February 1965 in the Grinzing Cemetery of Vienna , in the same grave as her daughter Manon Gropius and just a few steps away from her first husband Gustav Mahler . American satirist Tom Lehrer regarded her obituary as “the juiciest , spiciest , raciest obituary it has ever been my pleasure to read” . It prompted him to write the ballad , Alma , portraying her as the loveliest girl in Vienna .. . the smartest as well who became a difficult , temperamental companion to the work-absorbed Mahler , Gropius , and Werfel as each in turn came under her spell . Of her relationship to Mahler he sang : Their marriage , however , was murdah/ Hed scream to the heavens above/ Im writing Das Lied von der Erde/ and she only vants to make love ! In the 1974 film Mahler , by director Ken Russell , Gustav Mahler , while on his last train journey , remembers the important events of his life , such as his relationship with his wife , the deaths of his brother and young daughter , and his trouble with the muses . In the film , Alma was portrayed by Georgina Hale , and Gustav by Robert Powell . In 1996 , Israeli writer Joshua Sobol and Austrian director Paulus Manker created the polydrama Alma . It played in Vienna for six successive seasons , and toured with over 400 performances to Venice , Lisbon , Los Angeles , Petronell , Berlin , Semmering , Jerusalem , and Prague—all places where Mahler-Werfel had lived . The show was made into a three-part TV miniseries in 1997 . Mohammed Fairouz set the words of Alma Mahler in his song cycle Jeder Mensch . It premiered in a coupling with songs of Alma Mahler by mezzo-soprano Kate Lindsey in 2011 . A treatment of Mahler-Werfels life was presented in the 2001 Bruce Beresford film Bride of the Wind , in which Alma was played by Australian actress Sarah Wynter . Gustav Mahler was portrayed by British actor Jonathan Pryce . Swiss actor Vincent Pérez portrayed Oskar Kokoschka . In 1998 , extracts from Almas diaries were published , covering the years from 1898 to 1902 , up until the time she married Mahler . In the 2001 novel The Artists Wife by Max Phillips , she tells her own story from the afterlife , focusing on her complicated relationships . In 2010 , the German filmmaker Percy Adlon and his son Felix Adlon released their film Mahler auf der Couch ( Mahler on the Couch ) , which relates Gustav Mahlers tormented relationship with his wife Alma and his meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1910 . In the films introduction , the directors stated , That it happened is fact . How it happened is fiction . Nazi-looted art . In 1999 the granddaughter of Mahler-Werfel requested that five artworks seized under the Nazis be restituted to the family . The paintings were “A summers night on the beach” ( 1902 ) by Edvard Munch and three landscapes by her great-grandfather , Emil Jakob Schindler . Alma-Werfel had loaned the paintings to the Oesterreichische Galerie before fleeing the Nazis ; Carl Moll a militant Nazi , gained control of them , selling the Munch to the Oesterreichische Galerie in 1940 and keeping the others until , fearing retribution from the Red Army , he committed suicide . Mahler-Werfels filed claims after the war but was able to recover only the Kokoschka self-portrait . When Austria modified its extremely restrictive restitution laws , the granddaughter revived the claims . Austria initially rejected the claim . After a restitution battle that lasted six decades , Austria finally agreed to restitute the stolen Munch in 2006 . The Alma Problem . Mahler-Werfels two books on Gustav Mahler influenced studies of the latter . As an articulate , well-connected , and influential woman who outlived her first husband by more than 50 years , Mahler-Werfel was for decades treated as the main authority on the mature Gustav Mahlers values , character , and day-to-day behavior , and her various publications quickly became the central source material for Mahler scholars and music-lovers alike . As scholars investigated her depiction of Mahler and her relationship with him , her accounts have increasingly been revealed as unreliable , false , and misleading . Nevertheless , the deliberate distortions have had a significant influence on several generations of scholars , interpreters , and music-lovers . Citing the serious contradictions between Almas accounts and other evidence , including her own diaries , several historians and biographers have begun to speak of the Alma Problem . According to Hugh Wood , Often she is the only witness , and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth . Everything that passed through her hands must be regarded as tainted . As a composer . Alma played the piano from childhood and in her memoirs ( Mein Leben ) , reports that she first attempted composing in the beginning of 1888 on the Greek island of Corfu . She studied composition with Josef Labor beginning in 1894 or 1895 and until 1901 . She met Alexander von Zemlinsky in early 1900 , began composition lessons with him that fall , and continued as his student until her engagement with Gustav Mahler in December 1901 , after which she ceased composing . Up until that time , she had composed or sketched mostly Lieder , but also around 20 piano pieces and a small number of chamber music works , and a scene from an opera . She briefly resumed composing in 1910 , but stopped in 1915 . The chronology of her compositions is difficult to establish , because she did not date her manuscripts and destroyed many of them herself . Attempts to establish a chronological list of her works have been made by Susanne Rode-Breymann in 1999 and 2014 , and by Knud Martner in 2018 . Only a total of 17 songs by her survive . Fourteen were published during her lifetime , in three publications dated 1910 , 1915 , and 1924 . The first two volumes appeared under the name Alma Maria Schindler-Mahler , and the last volume was published as Fünf Gesänge by Alma Maria Mahler ; the cover of the 1915 set was illustrated by Oskar Kokoschka . Three additional songs were discovered in manuscript posthumously ; two of them were published in the year 2000 , edited by Dr . Susan M . Filler , and one published in 2018 , edited by Barry Millington . Her personal papers , including music manuscripts , are held at the University of Pennsylvania , the Austrian National Library in Vienna , and the Bavarian State Library in Munich . These songs have been regularly performed and recorded since the 1980s . Orchestral versions of the accompaniments have been produced . Seven songs were orchestrated by David and Colin Matthews ( published by Universal Edition ) , and all 17 songs were orchestrated by Julian Reynolds , and by Jorma Panula . Works . Compositions cited from Mahler , A Complete Songs unless otherwise noted . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in January 1911 ) - ( i ) Die stille Stadt ( The Quiet Town ; Richard Dehmel ) - ( ii ) In meines Vaters Garten ( In My Fathers Garden ; Erich Otto Hartleben ) Note : The original poem is entitled Französisches Wiegenlied or Volkslied , and was composed between May and August 1899 . - ( iii ) Laue Sommernacht ( Mild Summers Night ; Bierbaum ) Note : The original title of the poem is Gefunden . - ( iv ) Bei dir ist es traut ( With You It Is Pleasant ; Rilke ) - ( v ) Ich wandle unter Blumen ( I Stroll Among Flowers ; Heine ) - Four Songs for voice and piano ( published in June 1915 ) - ( i ) Licht in der Nacht ( Light in the Night ; Bierbaum ) - ( ii ) Waldseligkeit ( Woodland Bliss ; Dehmel ) - ( iii ) Ansturm ( Storm ; Dehmel ) - ( iv ) Erntelied ( Harvest Song ; Gustav Falke ) The original title is Gesang am Morgen ( Song at Dawn ) . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in April 1924 ) - ( i ) Hymne ( Hymn ; Novalis ) - ( ii ) Ekstase ( Ecstasy ; Bierbaum ) - ( iii ) Der Erkennende ( The Recognizer ; Werfel ) - ( iv ) Lobgesang ( Song of Praise ; Dehmel ) - ( v ) Hymne an die Nacht ( Hymn to the Night ; Novalis ) Posthumously published - Leise weht ein erstes Blühn ( Softly Drifts a First Blossom ; Rilke ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Kennst du meine Nächte ? ( Do You Know My Nights? ; Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Einsamer Gang ( Lonely Walk , Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published London 2018 by Barry Millington ) Note : For a complete list of Alma Schindler-Mahlers works , see page Talk Further reading . - Alma Mahler , My Life , My Loves : Memoirs of Alma Mahler Vermilon Books , reprint edition ( February 1989 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , Diaries 1898–1902 ( ed . and translator , Antony Beaumont and Susanne Rode-Breymann ) Faber and Faber ( 1 February 1999 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , And the bridge is love Hutchinson of London , first published September 1959,third impression April 1960 - Gustav Mahler , Letters to his Wife [ 1901–11 ] . Edited by Henry-Louis de La Grange and Günther Weiss , in Collaboration with Knud Martner . First complete edition , revised and translated by Antony Beaumont ( Faber and Faber , London 2004 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Die Komponistin Alma Mahler-Werfel ( Hanover , 1999 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Alma Mahler-Werfel . Muse , Gattin , Witwe ( C . H . Beck , Munich 2014 ) - Susanne Keegan , The Bride of the Wind . The Life and Times of Alma Mahler-Werfel . ( Houghtin Mifflin Company , Boston 1983 ; Secker & Warburg , London 1984,348 pages ) . - Walter Gropius in Nicholas Fox Weber , The Bauhaus Group : Six Masters of Modernism ( New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 2009. ) The chapter opens with her story . pp . 1–5 ; 11–15 ; 27–42 - Jörg Rothkamm , A husband and wife who are both composers ? An unpublished song version of the so-called Erntelied ( Gesang am Morgen ) in the hand of Gustav Mahler in light of the correspondence between Alma Mahler and Walter Gropius . In : News about Mahler Research 72 , 2018 , pp . 7–34 . External links . - Finding aid to the Mahler-Werfel papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries - Franz Werfel Family papers at the Leo Baeck Institute , New York - Free recordings of her works at the Sophie database - , by Tom Lehrer , That Was the Year That Was ( 1965 )
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Alma Mahler Alma Maria Mahler Gropius Werfel ( born Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler ; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964 ) was a Viennese-born composer , author , editor and socialite . At fifteen , she was mentored by Max Burckhard . Musically active from her early years , she was the composer of nearly fifty songs for voice and piano , and works in other genres as well . Only seventeen songs are known to survive . In her early years , she fell in love with composer and conductor Alexander von Zemlinsky , but their relationship did not last long . She became the wife of composer Gustav Mahler , who insisted ( as a condition of their marriage ) that she give up composing . Eventually she fell into depression from being artistically stifled . While her marriage was struggling , she had an affair with Walter Gropius . Gustav started to encourage Almas composing and helped prepare some of her compositions for publication , but died soon after this attempted reconciliation in 1911 . Alma married Gropius in 1915 and the couple had a daughter together , Manon Gropius . During her marriage to Gropius , Alma had an affair with Franz Werfel . Alma and Werfel were eventually married after Alma separated from Gropius . In 1938 , after the Anschluss , Werfel and Alma were forced to flee Austria as it was unsafe for Jews . Eventually the couple settled in Los Angeles . In later years , her salon became part of the artistic scene , first in Vienna , then in Los Angeles and in New York . Early years . Alma Maria Schindler was born on 31 August 1879 in Vienna , Austria ( then Austria-Hungary ) , to the famous landscape painter Emil Jakob Schindler and his wife Anna Sofie . She was tutored at home and brought up in the Catholic Church . In 1886 Crown Prince Rudolf found interest in Emil Jakob Schindlers paintings and commissioned Schindler to take a trip with his family to the Adriatic coast to produce landscape paintings . In 1892 the family also traveled to the North Sea island of Sylt where Emil Schindler died . After her fathers death , Alma focused on the piano . She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor , a blind organist who introduced her to a great deal of literature . At fifteen she was sent to school but attended for only a few months . As she grew older , a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing . Max Burckhard , friend of Emil Schindler and director of Viennas Burgtheater theater , became Almas mentor . On Almas seventeenth birthday , Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books . In 1895 , Anna Schindler , Almas mother , married Carl Moll , Emil Schindlers student . In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria . Alma met Gustav Klimt through Carl Moll . Moll and Klimt were both founding members of the Vienna Secession , a group organized for the purpose of breaking with Viennas tradition-bound Imperial Academy of the visual arts . Klimt fell in love with Alma . While she initially was interested in Klimt her desire cooled soon after . Klimt and Alma were friends until Klimts death . In fall 1900 , Alma began studying composition with Alexander von Zemlinsky . Zemlinsky and Alma fell in love and kept their relationship a secret . Alma would tease Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features , saying she could easily have ten others to replace him . She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would bring short , degenerate Jew-children into the world . As the relationship grew strained , Zemlinsky visited her less and less . On 7 November 1901 she attended Zuckerkandls salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler . In the month of November , while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky , she started an affair with Mahler . By 8 December , Mahler and Alma were secretly engaged ; however , it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement . The engagement was formally announced on 23 December . Marriage to Gustav Mahler . On 9 March 1902 , she married Gustav Mahler , who was 19 years her senior and the director of the Vienna Court Opera . With him she had two daughters , Maria Anna ( 1902–1907 ) , who died of scarlet fever or diphtheria , and Anna ( 1904–1988 ) , who later became a sculptor . Gustav was not interested in Alma Mahlers composition , desiring for her to abandon composing . However , it is disputed among scholars whether or not Gustav outright forbade Alma Mahler to compose . Despite this scholarly confusion , she did artistically stifle herself and embraced the role of a loving wife and supporter of her husbands music . In June 1910 , after becoming severely depressed in the wake of Marias death , Alma began an affair with the young architect Walter Gropius ( later head of the Bauhaus ) , whom she met during a rest at a spa . Gustav sought advice from Sigmund Freud in August . The 2010 film Mahler on the Couch suggests that Gustavs consultations with Freud might have focused on his curtailing of Almas musical career as a major marital obstacle , but the actual content of them is not known . Following the emotional crisis in their marriage after Gustavs discovery of Almas affair with Gropius , Gustav began to take a serious interest in Almas musical compositions , regretting his earlier dismissive attitude and taking promotional actions . Gustav edited some of her songs ( Die stille Stadt , In meines Vaters Garten , Laue Sommernacht , Bei dir ist es traut , Ich wandle unter Blumen ) . Upon his urging , and under his guidance , Alma prepared five of her songs for publication ( they were issued in 1910 , by Gustavs own publisher , Universal Edition ) . In February 1911 , Gustav fell severely ill with an infection related to a heart defect that had been diagnosed several years earlier . He died on 18 May . Relationship with Walter Gropius . After Gustavs death , Alma did not immediately resume contact with Gropius . Between 1912 and 1914 she had a tumultuous affair with the artist Oskar Kokoschka , who created works inspired by his relationship with her , including his painting The Bride of the Wind . Kokoschkas possessiveness wore on Alma , and the emotional vicissitudes of the relationship tired them both . With the coming of World War I , Kokoschka enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army . Alma subsequently distanced herself from Kokoschka and resumed contact with Walter Gropius , who was also serving in combat at that time . She and Gropius married on 18 August 1915 in Berlin during one of his military leaves . They had a daughter together , Manon Gropius ( 1916–1935 ) , who grew up being friends with Maria Altmann . After Manon died of polio at the age of 18 , composer Alban Berg dedicated his newly composed Violin Concerto to her , In Memory of an Angel . Alma became pregnant and gave birth to a son , Martin Carl Johannes Gropius ( 1918–1919 ) . Gropius at first believed that the child was his , but Almas ongoing affair with Franz Werfel was common knowledge in Vienna by this time . Within a year , they agreed to a divorce . In the meantime , Martin , who had been born prematurely , developed hydrocephalus and died at the age of ten months . Almas divorce from Gropius became final in October 1920 . Relationship with Franz Werfel . While Gropiuss military duties were still keeping him absent , Alma met and began an affair with Prague-born poet and writer Franz Werfel in the fall of 1917 . She and Werfel began openly living together from that point on . However , she postponed marrying Werfel until 1929 , after which she took the name Alma Mahler-Werfel . In 1938 , following the Anschluss , Alma and Werfel , who was Jewish , were forced to flee Austria for France ; they maintained a household in Sanary-sur-Mer , on the French Riviera , from summer 1938 until spring 1940 . With the German invasion and occupation of France during World War II , and the deportation of Jews and political adversaries to Nazi concentration camps , the couple was no longer safe in France and frantically sought to secure their emigration to the United States . In Marseilles , they were contacted by Varian Fry , an American journalist and emissary of the Emergency Rescue Committee , a private American relief organization that aided refugee intellectuals and artists at that time . As exit visas could not be obtained , Fry arranged for the Werfels to journey on foot across the Pyrenees into Spain , to evade the Vichy French border officials . From Spain , Alma and Franz traveled on to Portugal . They stayed in Monte Estoril , at the Grande Hotel DItália , between 8 September and 4 October 1940 . On the same day , they boarded the S.S . Nea Hellas headed for New York City , arriving on 13 October . Eventually they settled in Los Angeles , where Alma continued her role as a hostess , bringing together Arnold Schoenberg , Igor Stravinsky , Thomas Mann , and many other artists . Werfel , who had already enjoyed moderate renown in the US as an author , achieved popular success with his novel The Song of Bernadette , which was made into a film in 1943 , and the science fiction novel , Star of the Unborn , published after his death . Werfel , who had experienced serious heart problems throughout his exile , died of a heart attack in California in 1945 . Cultural icon in the US . In 1946 , Mahler-Werfel became a U.S . citizen . Several years later she moved to New York City , where she remained a cultural figure . Leonard Bernstein , who was a champion of Gustav Mahlers music , stated in his Charles Eliot Norton lectures of 1973 that Mahler-Werfel had attended some of his rehearsals . Benjamin Britten considered her to be a living link to both Mahler and Alban Berg , and dedicated his Nocturne for Tenor and Small Orchestra to her . Death and legacy . Alma Mahler-Werfel died 11 December 1964 in New York City . She was buried on 8 February 1965 in the Grinzing Cemetery of Vienna , in the same grave as her daughter Manon Gropius and just a few steps away from her first husband Gustav Mahler . American satirist Tom Lehrer regarded her obituary as “the juiciest , spiciest , raciest obituary it has ever been my pleasure to read” . It prompted him to write the ballad , Alma , portraying her as the loveliest girl in Vienna .. . the smartest as well who became a difficult , temperamental companion to the work-absorbed Mahler , Gropius , and Werfel as each in turn came under her spell . Of her relationship to Mahler he sang : Their marriage , however , was murdah/ Hed scream to the heavens above/ Im writing Das Lied von der Erde/ and she only vants to make love ! In the 1974 film Mahler , by director Ken Russell , Gustav Mahler , while on his last train journey , remembers the important events of his life , such as his relationship with his wife , the deaths of his brother and young daughter , and his trouble with the muses . In the film , Alma was portrayed by Georgina Hale , and Gustav by Robert Powell . In 1996 , Israeli writer Joshua Sobol and Austrian director Paulus Manker created the polydrama Alma . It played in Vienna for six successive seasons , and toured with over 400 performances to Venice , Lisbon , Los Angeles , Petronell , Berlin , Semmering , Jerusalem , and Prague—all places where Mahler-Werfel had lived . The show was made into a three-part TV miniseries in 1997 . Mohammed Fairouz set the words of Alma Mahler in his song cycle Jeder Mensch . It premiered in a coupling with songs of Alma Mahler by mezzo-soprano Kate Lindsey in 2011 . A treatment of Mahler-Werfels life was presented in the 2001 Bruce Beresford film Bride of the Wind , in which Alma was played by Australian actress Sarah Wynter . Gustav Mahler was portrayed by British actor Jonathan Pryce . Swiss actor Vincent Pérez portrayed Oskar Kokoschka . In 1998 , extracts from Almas diaries were published , covering the years from 1898 to 1902 , up until the time she married Mahler . In the 2001 novel The Artists Wife by Max Phillips , she tells her own story from the afterlife , focusing on her complicated relationships . In 2010 , the German filmmaker Percy Adlon and his son Felix Adlon released their film Mahler auf der Couch ( Mahler on the Couch ) , which relates Gustav Mahlers tormented relationship with his wife Alma and his meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1910 . In the films introduction , the directors stated , That it happened is fact . How it happened is fiction . Nazi-looted art . In 1999 the granddaughter of Mahler-Werfel requested that five artworks seized under the Nazis be restituted to the family . The paintings were “A summers night on the beach” ( 1902 ) by Edvard Munch and three landscapes by her great-grandfather , Emil Jakob Schindler . Alma-Werfel had loaned the paintings to the Oesterreichische Galerie before fleeing the Nazis ; Carl Moll a militant Nazi , gained control of them , selling the Munch to the Oesterreichische Galerie in 1940 and keeping the others until , fearing retribution from the Red Army , he committed suicide . Mahler-Werfels filed claims after the war but was able to recover only the Kokoschka self-portrait . When Austria modified its extremely restrictive restitution laws , the granddaughter revived the claims . Austria initially rejected the claim . After a restitution battle that lasted six decades , Austria finally agreed to restitute the stolen Munch in 2006 . The Alma Problem . Mahler-Werfels two books on Gustav Mahler influenced studies of the latter . As an articulate , well-connected , and influential woman who outlived her first husband by more than 50 years , Mahler-Werfel was for decades treated as the main authority on the mature Gustav Mahlers values , character , and day-to-day behavior , and her various publications quickly became the central source material for Mahler scholars and music-lovers alike . As scholars investigated her depiction of Mahler and her relationship with him , her accounts have increasingly been revealed as unreliable , false , and misleading . Nevertheless , the deliberate distortions have had a significant influence on several generations of scholars , interpreters , and music-lovers . Citing the serious contradictions between Almas accounts and other evidence , including her own diaries , several historians and biographers have begun to speak of the Alma Problem . According to Hugh Wood , Often she is the only witness , and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth . Everything that passed through her hands must be regarded as tainted . As a composer . Alma played the piano from childhood and in her memoirs ( Mein Leben ) , reports that she first attempted composing in the beginning of 1888 on the Greek island of Corfu . She studied composition with Josef Labor beginning in 1894 or 1895 and until 1901 . She met Alexander von Zemlinsky in early 1900 , began composition lessons with him that fall , and continued as his student until her engagement with Gustav Mahler in December 1901 , after which she ceased composing . Up until that time , she had composed or sketched mostly Lieder , but also around 20 piano pieces and a small number of chamber music works , and a scene from an opera . She briefly resumed composing in 1910 , but stopped in 1915 . The chronology of her compositions is difficult to establish , because she did not date her manuscripts and destroyed many of them herself . Attempts to establish a chronological list of her works have been made by Susanne Rode-Breymann in 1999 and 2014 , and by Knud Martner in 2018 . Only a total of 17 songs by her survive . Fourteen were published during her lifetime , in three publications dated 1910 , 1915 , and 1924 . The first two volumes appeared under the name Alma Maria Schindler-Mahler , and the last volume was published as Fünf Gesänge by Alma Maria Mahler ; the cover of the 1915 set was illustrated by Oskar Kokoschka . Three additional songs were discovered in manuscript posthumously ; two of them were published in the year 2000 , edited by Dr . Susan M . Filler , and one published in 2018 , edited by Barry Millington . Her personal papers , including music manuscripts , are held at the University of Pennsylvania , the Austrian National Library in Vienna , and the Bavarian State Library in Munich . These songs have been regularly performed and recorded since the 1980s . Orchestral versions of the accompaniments have been produced . Seven songs were orchestrated by David and Colin Matthews ( published by Universal Edition ) , and all 17 songs were orchestrated by Julian Reynolds , and by Jorma Panula . Works . Compositions cited from Mahler , A Complete Songs unless otherwise noted . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in January 1911 ) - ( i ) Die stille Stadt ( The Quiet Town ; Richard Dehmel ) - ( ii ) In meines Vaters Garten ( In My Fathers Garden ; Erich Otto Hartleben ) Note : The original poem is entitled Französisches Wiegenlied or Volkslied , and was composed between May and August 1899 . - ( iii ) Laue Sommernacht ( Mild Summers Night ; Bierbaum ) Note : The original title of the poem is Gefunden . - ( iv ) Bei dir ist es traut ( With You It Is Pleasant ; Rilke ) - ( v ) Ich wandle unter Blumen ( I Stroll Among Flowers ; Heine ) - Four Songs for voice and piano ( published in June 1915 ) - ( i ) Licht in der Nacht ( Light in the Night ; Bierbaum ) - ( ii ) Waldseligkeit ( Woodland Bliss ; Dehmel ) - ( iii ) Ansturm ( Storm ; Dehmel ) - ( iv ) Erntelied ( Harvest Song ; Gustav Falke ) The original title is Gesang am Morgen ( Song at Dawn ) . - Five Songs for voice and piano ( published in April 1924 ) - ( i ) Hymne ( Hymn ; Novalis ) - ( ii ) Ekstase ( Ecstasy ; Bierbaum ) - ( iii ) Der Erkennende ( The Recognizer ; Werfel ) - ( iv ) Lobgesang ( Song of Praise ; Dehmel ) - ( v ) Hymne an die Nacht ( Hymn to the Night ; Novalis ) Posthumously published - Leise weht ein erstes Blühn ( Softly Drifts a First Blossom ; Rilke ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Kennst du meine Nächte ? ( Do You Know My Nights? ; Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published 2000 by Susan M . Filler ) - Einsamer Gang ( Lonely Walk , Leo Greiner ) , for voice and piano ( published London 2018 by Barry Millington ) Note : For a complete list of Alma Schindler-Mahlers works , see page Talk Further reading . - Alma Mahler , My Life , My Loves : Memoirs of Alma Mahler Vermilon Books , reprint edition ( February 1989 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , Diaries 1898–1902 ( ed . and translator , Antony Beaumont and Susanne Rode-Breymann ) Faber and Faber ( 1 February 1999 ) - Alma Mahler-Werfel , And the bridge is love Hutchinson of London , first published September 1959,third impression April 1960 - Gustav Mahler , Letters to his Wife [ 1901–11 ] . Edited by Henry-Louis de La Grange and Günther Weiss , in Collaboration with Knud Martner . First complete edition , revised and translated by Antony Beaumont ( Faber and Faber , London 2004 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Die Komponistin Alma Mahler-Werfel ( Hanover , 1999 ) - Susanne Rode-Breymann , Alma Mahler-Werfel . Muse , Gattin , Witwe ( C . H . Beck , Munich 2014 ) - Susanne Keegan , The Bride of the Wind . The Life and Times of Alma Mahler-Werfel . ( Houghtin Mifflin Company , Boston 1983 ; Secker & Warburg , London 1984,348 pages ) . - Walter Gropius in Nicholas Fox Weber , The Bauhaus Group : Six Masters of Modernism ( New York : Alfred A . Knopf , 2009. ) The chapter opens with her story . pp . 1–5 ; 11–15 ; 27–42 - Jörg Rothkamm , A husband and wife who are both composers ? An unpublished song version of the so-called Erntelied ( Gesang am Morgen ) in the hand of Gustav Mahler in light of the correspondence between Alma Mahler and Walter Gropius . In : News about Mahler Research 72 , 2018 , pp . 7–34 . External links . - Finding aid to the Mahler-Werfel papers at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries - Franz Werfel Family papers at the Leo Baeck Institute , New York - Free recordings of her works at the Sophie database - , by Tom Lehrer , That Was the Year That Was ( 1965 )
|
[
"University of Melbourne"
] |
easy
|
Which employer did Samy Azer work for from Mar 1999 to May 2007?
|
/wiki/Samy_Azer#P108#0
|
Samy Azer Samy A . Azer is an Egyptian-born Australian physician author and medical educator who has contributed to medical education internationally . Academic career . Professor Azer has contributed to medical education at the University of Sydney ( 1997–1998 ) and the University of Melbourne ( 1999–2006 ) . He is Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Curriculum and Research Unit at King Saud University College of Medicine in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . He was Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Medical Education Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia , from 2007 to 2009 . Prior to this , he had a distinguished career in clinical medicine , research , and medical education . Prior to joining Universiti Teknologi MARA , he was a Visiting Professor of Medical Education at the University of Toyama , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the Faculty of Medicine , Dentistry and Health Sciences , the University of Melbourne , from 1999 to 2006 , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the University of Sydney from 1997 to 1998 , Post-doctoral Fellow , Faculty of Medicine , Kansas Medical Centre , Kansas , USA , 1995 . His clinical work and research was in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology and he was awarded a PhD in Medicine from the University of Sydney in 1995 , Master of Education from the University of New South Wales in 1993 , Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology in 1998 , and Master of Public Health , from the University of New South Wales in 2005 . During his career he was appointed as an editor at PLOS ONE , the MEDICINE Journal , and the World Journal of Gastroenterology . He was also on the editorial board of the International Journal of Medical Education , BMC Medical Education , and the Editorial Board of MedEDWorld , as well as other journals and joint membership of the policy committee of the ASME , the UK . He is the convener of PBL-SIG , for the Australia and New Zealand Association for Medical Education ( ANZAME ) . He has published widely in the area of Problem-Based Learning ( PBL ) , Medical Education , and Assessment and has written a number of books on PBL . Over the last 10 years he trained over 1500 academics in the area of Problem-Based Learning . His trainees were from a wide range of disciplines including medicine , nursing , physiotherapy , dentistry , occupational therapy , speech pathology , nutrition , education , management and administration , business , engineering , leadership and law . His trainees were from universities in Australia , Japan , Malaysia , Taiwan , Sweden and other countries . During 2003 to 2006 , he has also introduced PBL to 6 schools in the eastern region of Victoria , Australia , Qualifications . - M.B. , B.Ch . - MSc ( Med. ) - PhD ( Med. ) , Faculty of Medicine , University of Sydney , Australia ( 1990–1995 ; graduated in 1995 ) - MEd , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1991–1993 ; graduated in 1993 ) - Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology , American College of Gastroenterology , USA ( elected in 1998 ) - M.P.H. , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1998–2005 ; graduated in 2005 ) Selected works . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) Emedicine . Intestinal perforartion . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2013 ) Making Sense of Clinical Teaching . Hodder-Arnold , UK . External links . - Medical Education Research and Development Unit - Newspapers in Malaysia
|
[
"Universiti Teknologi MARA"
] |
easy
|
Who did Samy Azer work for from May 2007 to Nov 2009?
|
/wiki/Samy_Azer#P108#1
|
Samy Azer Samy A . Azer is an Egyptian-born Australian physician author and medical educator who has contributed to medical education internationally . Academic career . Professor Azer has contributed to medical education at the University of Sydney ( 1997–1998 ) and the University of Melbourne ( 1999–2006 ) . He is Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Curriculum and Research Unit at King Saud University College of Medicine in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . He was Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Medical Education Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia , from 2007 to 2009 . Prior to this , he had a distinguished career in clinical medicine , research , and medical education . Prior to joining Universiti Teknologi MARA , he was a Visiting Professor of Medical Education at the University of Toyama , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the Faculty of Medicine , Dentistry and Health Sciences , the University of Melbourne , from 1999 to 2006 , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the University of Sydney from 1997 to 1998 , Post-doctoral Fellow , Faculty of Medicine , Kansas Medical Centre , Kansas , USA , 1995 . His clinical work and research was in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology and he was awarded a PhD in Medicine from the University of Sydney in 1995 , Master of Education from the University of New South Wales in 1993 , Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology in 1998 , and Master of Public Health , from the University of New South Wales in 2005 . During his career he was appointed as an editor at PLOS ONE , the MEDICINE Journal , and the World Journal of Gastroenterology . He was also on the editorial board of the International Journal of Medical Education , BMC Medical Education , and the Editorial Board of MedEDWorld , as well as other journals and joint membership of the policy committee of the ASME , the UK . He is the convener of PBL-SIG , for the Australia and New Zealand Association for Medical Education ( ANZAME ) . He has published widely in the area of Problem-Based Learning ( PBL ) , Medical Education , and Assessment and has written a number of books on PBL . Over the last 10 years he trained over 1500 academics in the area of Problem-Based Learning . His trainees were from a wide range of disciplines including medicine , nursing , physiotherapy , dentistry , occupational therapy , speech pathology , nutrition , education , management and administration , business , engineering , leadership and law . His trainees were from universities in Australia , Japan , Malaysia , Taiwan , Sweden and other countries . During 2003 to 2006 , he has also introduced PBL to 6 schools in the eastern region of Victoria , Australia , Qualifications . - M.B. , B.Ch . - MSc ( Med. ) - PhD ( Med. ) , Faculty of Medicine , University of Sydney , Australia ( 1990–1995 ; graduated in 1995 ) - MEd , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1991–1993 ; graduated in 1993 ) - Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology , American College of Gastroenterology , USA ( elected in 1998 ) - M.P.H. , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1998–2005 ; graduated in 2005 ) Selected works . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) Emedicine . Intestinal perforartion . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2013 ) Making Sense of Clinical Teaching . Hodder-Arnold , UK . External links . - Medical Education Research and Development Unit - Newspapers in Malaysia
|
[
"King Saud University",
"University of Melbourne"
] |
easy
|
Samy Azer was an employee for whom from May 2010 to May 2017?
|
/wiki/Samy_Azer#P108#2
|
Samy Azer Samy A . Azer is an Egyptian-born Australian physician author and medical educator who has contributed to medical education internationally . Academic career . Professor Azer has contributed to medical education at the University of Sydney ( 1997–1998 ) and the University of Melbourne ( 1999–2006 ) . He is Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Curriculum and Research Unit at King Saud University College of Medicine in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . He was Professor of Medical Education and the Chair of Medical Education Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia , from 2007 to 2009 . Prior to this , he had a distinguished career in clinical medicine , research , and medical education . Prior to joining Universiti Teknologi MARA , he was a Visiting Professor of Medical Education at the University of Toyama , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the Faculty of Medicine , Dentistry and Health Sciences , the University of Melbourne , from 1999 to 2006 , and Senior Lecturer in Medical Education at the University of Sydney from 1997 to 1998 , Post-doctoral Fellow , Faculty of Medicine , Kansas Medical Centre , Kansas , USA , 1995 . His clinical work and research was in the area of gastroenterology and hepatology and he was awarded a PhD in Medicine from the University of Sydney in 1995 , Master of Education from the University of New South Wales in 1993 , Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology in 1998 , and Master of Public Health , from the University of New South Wales in 2005 . During his career he was appointed as an editor at PLOS ONE , the MEDICINE Journal , and the World Journal of Gastroenterology . He was also on the editorial board of the International Journal of Medical Education , BMC Medical Education , and the Editorial Board of MedEDWorld , as well as other journals and joint membership of the policy committee of the ASME , the UK . He is the convener of PBL-SIG , for the Australia and New Zealand Association for Medical Education ( ANZAME ) . He has published widely in the area of Problem-Based Learning ( PBL ) , Medical Education , and Assessment and has written a number of books on PBL . Over the last 10 years he trained over 1500 academics in the area of Problem-Based Learning . His trainees were from a wide range of disciplines including medicine , nursing , physiotherapy , dentistry , occupational therapy , speech pathology , nutrition , education , management and administration , business , engineering , leadership and law . His trainees were from universities in Australia , Japan , Malaysia , Taiwan , Sweden and other countries . During 2003 to 2006 , he has also introduced PBL to 6 schools in the eastern region of Victoria , Australia , Qualifications . - M.B. , B.Ch . - MSc ( Med. ) - PhD ( Med. ) , Faculty of Medicine , University of Sydney , Australia ( 1990–1995 ; graduated in 1995 ) - MEd , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1991–1993 ; graduated in 1993 ) - Fellowship of the American College of Gastroenterology , American College of Gastroenterology , USA ( elected in 1998 ) - M.P.H. , University of New South Wales , Australia ( 1998–2005 ; graduated in 2005 ) Selected works . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 ) Emedicine . Intestinal perforartion . - Azer , Samy A . ( 2013 ) Making Sense of Clinical Teaching . Hodder-Arnold , UK . External links . - Medical Education Research and Development Unit - Newspapers in Malaysia
|
[
"Pomona College"
] |
easy
|
Which school did James Washington Watts go to from 1981 to 1982?
|
/wiki/James_Washington_Watts#P69#0
|
James Washington Watts James Washington Watts ( born 24 August 1960 ) is an American professor of religion at Syracuse University . His research focuses on the rhetoric of Leviticus . His publications also compare the Bible with other religious scriptures , especially in their ritual performances , social functions , and material symbolism . Biography . James W . Watts is a U.S . citizen born in Switzerland where his father , John D . W . Watts , was teaching at the International Baptist Theological Seminary in Rüschlikon . He left there with his family in 1970 for Louisville , Kentucky . They spent three years in India where he attended Woodstock School , before finishing High School in South Pasadena , California . Watts earned his B.A . in Philosophy from Pomona College ( 1982 ) where he studied with Frederick Sontag , briefly with Masao Abe and , during a term at Oxford University , with Stephanie Dalley . He then earned his M.Div . and M.T.S . in New Testament from Southern Seminary in Louisville , Kentucky ( 1985 , 1986 ) , and his Ph.D . in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament from Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut ( 1990 ) where he studied with Robert R . Wilson , Brevard S . Childs , and Mark S . Smith . He taught on the faculty of Hastings College in Hastings , Nebraska ( 1993-1999 ) and then joined the Department of Religion of Syracuse University in Syracuse , New York ( 1999- ) , where he served as Department Chair from 2009 to 2015 . Academic work . James W . Watts has advocated a rhetorical approach to analyzing the contents and influence of biblical literature . He applied this method to the Pentateuch ( 1999 ) and especially to the book of the Leviticus ( 2007 , 2013 ) . Watts argued that the ritual rhetoric of Leviticus empowered the temple priests of Jerusalem and Samaria , who in turn ritualized the Torah/Pentateuch containing Leviticus as Judaisms first , and most important , scripture . Watts also drew attention to iconic books—written texts that are revered primarily as objects of power or influential symbols rather than just as words of instruction , information , or insight . In 2001 , he and Dorina Miller Parmenter founded the Iconic Books Project at Syracuse University ( Watts 2013 ) . In 2010 , together with S . Brent Plate , they founded the Society for Comparative Research in Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) . Watts ( 2013 , 2019 ) has advocated a three-dimensional model for understanding how religious communities ritualize their scriptures and other sacred texts : in the iconic dimension of the texts visual appearance , material form , and physical manipulation ; in the expressive ( or performative ) dimension of the texts expression in oral words and mental thoughts , as well as in song , visual art , theater and film ; and in the semantic dimension of the texts interpretation in preaching , commentary , and ritualized study . Watts brought these two research programs together into a religious studies approach to biblical studies . He argued that ritualizing first the Torah/Pentateuch ( 2017 ) and then biblical literature generally ( 2021a ) in these three dimensions generated their status as scripture . Their continuing ritualization by Jews and Christians in all three dimensions reinforces their scriptural status . Published books . - 1992 : Psalm and Story : Inset Hymns in Hebrew Narrative . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 139 . Sheffield : JSOT Press , 1992 . ( Revision of the authors Ph.D . dissertation , Yale University , 1990 , titled Psalms in narrative contexts of the Hebrew Bible. ) - 1996 : ( Co-editor with Paul R . House ) Forming Prophetic Literature : Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D . W . Watts . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 235 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1996 . - 1999 : Reading Law : The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch . Biblical Seminar 59 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1999 . - 2001 : ( Editor ) Persia and Torah : The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch . Symposium Series . Society of Biblical Literature , 2001 . - 2001 : ( Co-editor with Stephen L . Cook and Corrine L . Patton ) The Whirlwind : Essays on Job , Hermeneutics and Theology in Memory of Jane Morse . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 336 . Sheffield Academic Press , 2001 . - 2007 : Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus : From Sacrifice to Scripture . Cambridge University Press , 2007 . - 2013 : Leviticus 1-10 , Historical Commentary on the Old Testament . Leuven : Peeters , 2013 . - 2013 : ( Editor ) Iconic Books and Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2013 . - 2017 : Understanding the Pentateuch as A Scripture . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2017 . - 2018 : ( Editor ) Sensing Sacred Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2018 . - 2019 : How and Why Books Matter : Essays on the Social Function of Iconic Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2019 . - 2021a : Understanding the Bible as A Scripture in History , Culture , and Religion . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2021 . - 2021b : ( Co-author with Yohan Yoo ) Cosmologies of Pure Realms and the Rhetoric of Pollution . New York : Routledge , 2021 . - 2021c : ( Co-editor with Yohan Yoo ) Books as Bodies and as Sacred Beings . Sheffield : Equinox , 2021 . External links . - The Society for Comparative Research on Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) - The Iconic Books Project
|
[
"Pomona College",
"Southern Seminary"
] |
easy
|
James Washington Watts went to which school from 1982 to 1986?
|
/wiki/James_Washington_Watts#P69#1
|
James Washington Watts James Washington Watts ( born 24 August 1960 ) is an American professor of religion at Syracuse University . His research focuses on the rhetoric of Leviticus . His publications also compare the Bible with other religious scriptures , especially in their ritual performances , social functions , and material symbolism . Biography . James W . Watts is a U.S . citizen born in Switzerland where his father , John D . W . Watts , was teaching at the International Baptist Theological Seminary in Rüschlikon . He left there with his family in 1970 for Louisville , Kentucky . They spent three years in India where he attended Woodstock School , before finishing High School in South Pasadena , California . Watts earned his B.A . in Philosophy from Pomona College ( 1982 ) where he studied with Frederick Sontag , briefly with Masao Abe and , during a term at Oxford University , with Stephanie Dalley . He then earned his M.Div . and M.T.S . in New Testament from Southern Seminary in Louisville , Kentucky ( 1985 , 1986 ) , and his Ph.D . in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament from Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut ( 1990 ) where he studied with Robert R . Wilson , Brevard S . Childs , and Mark S . Smith . He taught on the faculty of Hastings College in Hastings , Nebraska ( 1993-1999 ) and then joined the Department of Religion of Syracuse University in Syracuse , New York ( 1999- ) , where he served as Department Chair from 2009 to 2015 . Academic work . James W . Watts has advocated a rhetorical approach to analyzing the contents and influence of biblical literature . He applied this method to the Pentateuch ( 1999 ) and especially to the book of the Leviticus ( 2007 , 2013 ) . Watts argued that the ritual rhetoric of Leviticus empowered the temple priests of Jerusalem and Samaria , who in turn ritualized the Torah/Pentateuch containing Leviticus as Judaisms first , and most important , scripture . Watts also drew attention to iconic books—written texts that are revered primarily as objects of power or influential symbols rather than just as words of instruction , information , or insight . In 2001 , he and Dorina Miller Parmenter founded the Iconic Books Project at Syracuse University ( Watts 2013 ) . In 2010 , together with S . Brent Plate , they founded the Society for Comparative Research in Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) . Watts ( 2013 , 2019 ) has advocated a three-dimensional model for understanding how religious communities ritualize their scriptures and other sacred texts : in the iconic dimension of the texts visual appearance , material form , and physical manipulation ; in the expressive ( or performative ) dimension of the texts expression in oral words and mental thoughts , as well as in song , visual art , theater and film ; and in the semantic dimension of the texts interpretation in preaching , commentary , and ritualized study . Watts brought these two research programs together into a religious studies approach to biblical studies . He argued that ritualizing first the Torah/Pentateuch ( 2017 ) and then biblical literature generally ( 2021a ) in these three dimensions generated their status as scripture . Their continuing ritualization by Jews and Christians in all three dimensions reinforces their scriptural status . Published books . - 1992 : Psalm and Story : Inset Hymns in Hebrew Narrative . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 139 . Sheffield : JSOT Press , 1992 . ( Revision of the authors Ph.D . dissertation , Yale University , 1990 , titled Psalms in narrative contexts of the Hebrew Bible. ) - 1996 : ( Co-editor with Paul R . House ) Forming Prophetic Literature : Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D . W . Watts . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 235 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1996 . - 1999 : Reading Law : The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch . Biblical Seminar 59 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1999 . - 2001 : ( Editor ) Persia and Torah : The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch . Symposium Series . Society of Biblical Literature , 2001 . - 2001 : ( Co-editor with Stephen L . Cook and Corrine L . Patton ) The Whirlwind : Essays on Job , Hermeneutics and Theology in Memory of Jane Morse . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 336 . Sheffield Academic Press , 2001 . - 2007 : Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus : From Sacrifice to Scripture . Cambridge University Press , 2007 . - 2013 : Leviticus 1-10 , Historical Commentary on the Old Testament . Leuven : Peeters , 2013 . - 2013 : ( Editor ) Iconic Books and Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2013 . - 2017 : Understanding the Pentateuch as A Scripture . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2017 . - 2018 : ( Editor ) Sensing Sacred Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2018 . - 2019 : How and Why Books Matter : Essays on the Social Function of Iconic Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2019 . - 2021a : Understanding the Bible as A Scripture in History , Culture , and Religion . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2021 . - 2021b : ( Co-author with Yohan Yoo ) Cosmologies of Pure Realms and the Rhetoric of Pollution . New York : Routledge , 2021 . - 2021c : ( Co-editor with Yohan Yoo ) Books as Bodies and as Sacred Beings . Sheffield : Equinox , 2021 . External links . - The Society for Comparative Research on Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) - The Iconic Books Project
|
[
"Yale University"
] |
easy
|
James Washington Watts went to which school from 1986 to 1990?
|
/wiki/James_Washington_Watts#P69#2
|
James Washington Watts James Washington Watts ( born 24 August 1960 ) is an American professor of religion at Syracuse University . His research focuses on the rhetoric of Leviticus . His publications also compare the Bible with other religious scriptures , especially in their ritual performances , social functions , and material symbolism . Biography . James W . Watts is a U.S . citizen born in Switzerland where his father , John D . W . Watts , was teaching at the International Baptist Theological Seminary in Rüschlikon . He left there with his family in 1970 for Louisville , Kentucky . They spent three years in India where he attended Woodstock School , before finishing High School in South Pasadena , California . Watts earned his B.A . in Philosophy from Pomona College ( 1982 ) where he studied with Frederick Sontag , briefly with Masao Abe and , during a term at Oxford University , with Stephanie Dalley . He then earned his M.Div . and M.T.S . in New Testament from Southern Seminary in Louisville , Kentucky ( 1985 , 1986 ) , and his Ph.D . in Hebrew Bible/Old Testament from Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut ( 1990 ) where he studied with Robert R . Wilson , Brevard S . Childs , and Mark S . Smith . He taught on the faculty of Hastings College in Hastings , Nebraska ( 1993-1999 ) and then joined the Department of Religion of Syracuse University in Syracuse , New York ( 1999- ) , where he served as Department Chair from 2009 to 2015 . Academic work . James W . Watts has advocated a rhetorical approach to analyzing the contents and influence of biblical literature . He applied this method to the Pentateuch ( 1999 ) and especially to the book of the Leviticus ( 2007 , 2013 ) . Watts argued that the ritual rhetoric of Leviticus empowered the temple priests of Jerusalem and Samaria , who in turn ritualized the Torah/Pentateuch containing Leviticus as Judaisms first , and most important , scripture . Watts also drew attention to iconic books—written texts that are revered primarily as objects of power or influential symbols rather than just as words of instruction , information , or insight . In 2001 , he and Dorina Miller Parmenter founded the Iconic Books Project at Syracuse University ( Watts 2013 ) . In 2010 , together with S . Brent Plate , they founded the Society for Comparative Research in Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) . Watts ( 2013 , 2019 ) has advocated a three-dimensional model for understanding how religious communities ritualize their scriptures and other sacred texts : in the iconic dimension of the texts visual appearance , material form , and physical manipulation ; in the expressive ( or performative ) dimension of the texts expression in oral words and mental thoughts , as well as in song , visual art , theater and film ; and in the semantic dimension of the texts interpretation in preaching , commentary , and ritualized study . Watts brought these two research programs together into a religious studies approach to biblical studies . He argued that ritualizing first the Torah/Pentateuch ( 2017 ) and then biblical literature generally ( 2021a ) in these three dimensions generated their status as scripture . Their continuing ritualization by Jews and Christians in all three dimensions reinforces their scriptural status . Published books . - 1992 : Psalm and Story : Inset Hymns in Hebrew Narrative . Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 139 . Sheffield : JSOT Press , 1992 . ( Revision of the authors Ph.D . dissertation , Yale University , 1990 , titled Psalms in narrative contexts of the Hebrew Bible. ) - 1996 : ( Co-editor with Paul R . House ) Forming Prophetic Literature : Essays on Isaiah and the Twelve in Honor of John D . W . Watts . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 235 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1996 . - 1999 : Reading Law : The Rhetorical Shaping of the Pentateuch . Biblical Seminar 59 . Sheffield Academic Press , 1999 . - 2001 : ( Editor ) Persia and Torah : The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch . Symposium Series . Society of Biblical Literature , 2001 . - 2001 : ( Co-editor with Stephen L . Cook and Corrine L . Patton ) The Whirlwind : Essays on Job , Hermeneutics and Theology in Memory of Jane Morse . Journal for the study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 336 . Sheffield Academic Press , 2001 . - 2007 : Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus : From Sacrifice to Scripture . Cambridge University Press , 2007 . - 2013 : Leviticus 1-10 , Historical Commentary on the Old Testament . Leuven : Peeters , 2013 . - 2013 : ( Editor ) Iconic Books and Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2013 . - 2017 : Understanding the Pentateuch as A Scripture . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2017 . - 2018 : ( Editor ) Sensing Sacred Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2018 . - 2019 : How and Why Books Matter : Essays on the Social Function of Iconic Texts . Sheffield : Equinox , 2019 . - 2021a : Understanding the Bible as A Scripture in History , Culture , and Religion . Oxford : Wiley Blackwell , 2021 . - 2021b : ( Co-author with Yohan Yoo ) Cosmologies of Pure Realms and the Rhetoric of Pollution . New York : Routledge , 2021 . - 2021c : ( Co-editor with Yohan Yoo ) Books as Bodies and as Sacred Beings . Sheffield : Equinox , 2021 . External links . - The Society for Comparative Research on Iconic and Performative Texts ( SCRIPT ) - The Iconic Books Project
|
[
"Redding"
] |
easy
|
The headquarter of Aero Union was located in where from 1960 to 1962?
|
/wiki/Aero_Union#P159#0
|
Aero Union Aero Union Corporation was an aircraft operation and maintenance company based in Chico , California , United States . They were known for operating aerial firefighting aircraft , training crews and making custom designed firefighting systems tailored to specific aircraft requirements . After years of controversies regarding the operation of the company and the safety of their planes , the U.S . Forest Service ( USFS ) canceled its contract , and the company was forced to shut down soon after . History . In 1960 Dale Newton and Dick Foy participated in their first fire season with a surplus B-25 Mitchell . Newton & Foy operated for that season under the name Western Air Industries . The following year they purchased their first two B-17 Flying Fortresses and changed their name to Aero Union . In 1962 the company moved their operations from Redding , California to Chico . Between 1975 and 2000 , the company used Douglas C-54 aircraft as tankers and as general support aircraft , nine being in use in April 1990 . Move from Chico . In June 2010 Aero Union announced plans to move the majority of its operations to McClellan Airfield ( formerly McClellan Air Force Base ) just outside Sacramento . Reasons stated for the move include needing larger , more consolidated facilities , access to a larger labor pool and being closer to its primary customers . A smaller scale Chico operation continued to be maintained for several months to provide additional storage and flexibility . The relocation began in September 2010 but ended abruptly with the closure of the company . Airtanker scandal . Aero Union was one of six contractors involved in the U.S . Forest Service airtanker scandal . The aging U.S . C-119 Flying Boxcar firefighting fleet , including some Aero Union aircraft , was grounded in 1987 due to safety concerns ; this greatly reduced the USFSs aerial firefighting capability . To quickly replace retired aircraft and modernize , the USFS organized a deal with the Department of Defense and the General Services Administration to exchange the grounded planes for more modern C-130A Hercules and P-3 Orion aircraft . The exchange program eventually allowed the contractors to acquire twenty-eight aircraft at no cost , but an absence of publicity or a public bid process led to accusations of cronyism , and the exchange was illegally carried out by the USFS : instead of merely allowing contractors to operate government-owned aircraft as per the interagency agreement , many titles were transferred , effectively giving aircraft away for free . At least four such aircraft were dismantled for parts by Aero Union and TBM . Aero Union also exchanged other planes with the USFS , with the government retaining the titles and ownership , and was required to maintain and operate them for firefighting duties . Instead , Aero Union dismantled some of them , selling parts for profit . Aero Union made an out of court settlement with the government over its actions but this was later challenged in court . Closure . On July 29 , 2011 the U.S . Forest Service announced that it had canceled its six-plane contract with Aero Union after the companys planes failed their required safety inspections . In April 2011 Aero Union had voluntarily disclosed that its planes were not current on inspections and were in violation of the contract . The contract , worth about $30 million a year , made up about 95% of the companys income . Less than a month later Aero Union informed its employees that they were out of work and that the company was shutting down operations . That August Aero Union failed to make its lease payments to the City of Chico and the lease was declared invalid by the city that September due to concerns that the city would be unable to re-lease the facilities if they became tied up in bankruptcy proceedings . Reduced to a staff of 5 people after the last round of layoffs , down from approximately 230 in 2008 , CEO Brett Gourley claimed “The company is in sort of hibernation mode” and was looking for other sources of income . Aero Union has since completely shutdown all of its facilities , websites and other points of contact and is assumed to be out of business . In February 2012 PMI held an auction of Aero Unions aircraft assets , including 8 P-3 Orion aircraft , various spare parts and their intellectual property ( MAFFS II and FIREHAWK firefighting systems ) . Only two aircraft were bid upon and those bids were rejected as being too low . In May 2012 another auction of tools and equipment , but no aircraft , parts or intellectual property , went through with the majority of it selling . Former Aero Union Tanker 23 acquired by Airstrike Firefighters , with plans for 6 more P-3s . MAFFS II . One of the companys last projects was an improved version of the Modular Airborne FireFighting System under contract to the USFS . Originally designed for C-130J model aircraft and later modified to fit on C-130H models , the new MAFFS II system has a capacity of up to 3,400 gallons , replacing the five retardant tanks with one large tank , and has an on-board air compressor . The original MAFFS has to be pressurized by a compressor on the ground as a part of the loading process . The ability to pressurize the system in the air cuts turn-around time , but adds substantial weight . The new system discharges the retardant through a special plug in the paratroop drop door on the side of the aircraft , rather than requiring the cargo ramp door to be opened ; this allows the aircraft to remain pressurized during the drop sequence . Aero Union delivered the first production unit to the USFS in July , 2007 , with flight testing that following August . MAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010 . Aircraft fleet . - Lockheed P-3 Orion - Lockheed P-2 Neptune - Douglas DC-4/C-54 - North American Aviation B-25 Mitchell - Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress - Grumman S-2 Tracker - Douglas A-26 Invader - Grumman TBM Avenger - Grumman AF-2S Guardian - Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar - Douglas DC-6 - Douglas DC-7 - Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy
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[
"Chico"
] |
easy
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The headquarter of Aero Union was located in where from 1962 to 2010?
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/wiki/Aero_Union#P159#1
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Aero Union Aero Union Corporation was an aircraft operation and maintenance company based in Chico , California , United States . They were known for operating aerial firefighting aircraft , training crews and making custom designed firefighting systems tailored to specific aircraft requirements . After years of controversies regarding the operation of the company and the safety of their planes , the U.S . Forest Service ( USFS ) canceled its contract , and the company was forced to shut down soon after . History . In 1960 Dale Newton and Dick Foy participated in their first fire season with a surplus B-25 Mitchell . Newton & Foy operated for that season under the name Western Air Industries . The following year they purchased their first two B-17 Flying Fortresses and changed their name to Aero Union . In 1962 the company moved their operations from Redding , California to Chico . Between 1975 and 2000 , the company used Douglas C-54 aircraft as tankers and as general support aircraft , nine being in use in April 1990 . Move from Chico . In June 2010 Aero Union announced plans to move the majority of its operations to McClellan Airfield ( formerly McClellan Air Force Base ) just outside Sacramento . Reasons stated for the move include needing larger , more consolidated facilities , access to a larger labor pool and being closer to its primary customers . A smaller scale Chico operation continued to be maintained for several months to provide additional storage and flexibility . The relocation began in September 2010 but ended abruptly with the closure of the company . Airtanker scandal . Aero Union was one of six contractors involved in the U.S . Forest Service airtanker scandal . The aging U.S . C-119 Flying Boxcar firefighting fleet , including some Aero Union aircraft , was grounded in 1987 due to safety concerns ; this greatly reduced the USFSs aerial firefighting capability . To quickly replace retired aircraft and modernize , the USFS organized a deal with the Department of Defense and the General Services Administration to exchange the grounded planes for more modern C-130A Hercules and P-3 Orion aircraft . The exchange program eventually allowed the contractors to acquire twenty-eight aircraft at no cost , but an absence of publicity or a public bid process led to accusations of cronyism , and the exchange was illegally carried out by the USFS : instead of merely allowing contractors to operate government-owned aircraft as per the interagency agreement , many titles were transferred , effectively giving aircraft away for free . At least four such aircraft were dismantled for parts by Aero Union and TBM . Aero Union also exchanged other planes with the USFS , with the government retaining the titles and ownership , and was required to maintain and operate them for firefighting duties . Instead , Aero Union dismantled some of them , selling parts for profit . Aero Union made an out of court settlement with the government over its actions but this was later challenged in court . Closure . On July 29 , 2011 the U.S . Forest Service announced that it had canceled its six-plane contract with Aero Union after the companys planes failed their required safety inspections . In April 2011 Aero Union had voluntarily disclosed that its planes were not current on inspections and were in violation of the contract . The contract , worth about $30 million a year , made up about 95% of the companys income . Less than a month later Aero Union informed its employees that they were out of work and that the company was shutting down operations . That August Aero Union failed to make its lease payments to the City of Chico and the lease was declared invalid by the city that September due to concerns that the city would be unable to re-lease the facilities if they became tied up in bankruptcy proceedings . Reduced to a staff of 5 people after the last round of layoffs , down from approximately 230 in 2008 , CEO Brett Gourley claimed “The company is in sort of hibernation mode” and was looking for other sources of income . Aero Union has since completely shutdown all of its facilities , websites and other points of contact and is assumed to be out of business . In February 2012 PMI held an auction of Aero Unions aircraft assets , including 8 P-3 Orion aircraft , various spare parts and their intellectual property ( MAFFS II and FIREHAWK firefighting systems ) . Only two aircraft were bid upon and those bids were rejected as being too low . In May 2012 another auction of tools and equipment , but no aircraft , parts or intellectual property , went through with the majority of it selling . Former Aero Union Tanker 23 acquired by Airstrike Firefighters , with plans for 6 more P-3s . MAFFS II . One of the companys last projects was an improved version of the Modular Airborne FireFighting System under contract to the USFS . Originally designed for C-130J model aircraft and later modified to fit on C-130H models , the new MAFFS II system has a capacity of up to 3,400 gallons , replacing the five retardant tanks with one large tank , and has an on-board air compressor . The original MAFFS has to be pressurized by a compressor on the ground as a part of the loading process . The ability to pressurize the system in the air cuts turn-around time , but adds substantial weight . The new system discharges the retardant through a special plug in the paratroop drop door on the side of the aircraft , rather than requiring the cargo ramp door to be opened ; this allows the aircraft to remain pressurized during the drop sequence . Aero Union delivered the first production unit to the USFS in July , 2007 , with flight testing that following August . MAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010 . Aircraft fleet . - Lockheed P-3 Orion - Lockheed P-2 Neptune - Douglas DC-4/C-54 - North American Aviation B-25 Mitchell - Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress - Grumman S-2 Tracker - Douglas A-26 Invader - Grumman TBM Avenger - Grumman AF-2S Guardian - Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar - Douglas DC-6 - Douglas DC-7 - Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy
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[
"McClellan Airfield"
] |
easy
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The headquarter of Aero Union was located in where from 2010 to 2011?
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/wiki/Aero_Union#P159#2
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Aero Union Aero Union Corporation was an aircraft operation and maintenance company based in Chico , California , United States . They were known for operating aerial firefighting aircraft , training crews and making custom designed firefighting systems tailored to specific aircraft requirements . After years of controversies regarding the operation of the company and the safety of their planes , the U.S . Forest Service ( USFS ) canceled its contract , and the company was forced to shut down soon after . History . In 1960 Dale Newton and Dick Foy participated in their first fire season with a surplus B-25 Mitchell . Newton & Foy operated for that season under the name Western Air Industries . The following year they purchased their first two B-17 Flying Fortresses and changed their name to Aero Union . In 1962 the company moved their operations from Redding , California to Chico . Between 1975 and 2000 , the company used Douglas C-54 aircraft as tankers and as general support aircraft , nine being in use in April 1990 . Move from Chico . In June 2010 Aero Union announced plans to move the majority of its operations to McClellan Airfield ( formerly McClellan Air Force Base ) just outside Sacramento . Reasons stated for the move include needing larger , more consolidated facilities , access to a larger labor pool and being closer to its primary customers . A smaller scale Chico operation continued to be maintained for several months to provide additional storage and flexibility . The relocation began in September 2010 but ended abruptly with the closure of the company . Airtanker scandal . Aero Union was one of six contractors involved in the U.S . Forest Service airtanker scandal . The aging U.S . C-119 Flying Boxcar firefighting fleet , including some Aero Union aircraft , was grounded in 1987 due to safety concerns ; this greatly reduced the USFSs aerial firefighting capability . To quickly replace retired aircraft and modernize , the USFS organized a deal with the Department of Defense and the General Services Administration to exchange the grounded planes for more modern C-130A Hercules and P-3 Orion aircraft . The exchange program eventually allowed the contractors to acquire twenty-eight aircraft at no cost , but an absence of publicity or a public bid process led to accusations of cronyism , and the exchange was illegally carried out by the USFS : instead of merely allowing contractors to operate government-owned aircraft as per the interagency agreement , many titles were transferred , effectively giving aircraft away for free . At least four such aircraft were dismantled for parts by Aero Union and TBM . Aero Union also exchanged other planes with the USFS , with the government retaining the titles and ownership , and was required to maintain and operate them for firefighting duties . Instead , Aero Union dismantled some of them , selling parts for profit . Aero Union made an out of court settlement with the government over its actions but this was later challenged in court . Closure . On July 29 , 2011 the U.S . Forest Service announced that it had canceled its six-plane contract with Aero Union after the companys planes failed their required safety inspections . In April 2011 Aero Union had voluntarily disclosed that its planes were not current on inspections and were in violation of the contract . The contract , worth about $30 million a year , made up about 95% of the companys income . Less than a month later Aero Union informed its employees that they were out of work and that the company was shutting down operations . That August Aero Union failed to make its lease payments to the City of Chico and the lease was declared invalid by the city that September due to concerns that the city would be unable to re-lease the facilities if they became tied up in bankruptcy proceedings . Reduced to a staff of 5 people after the last round of layoffs , down from approximately 230 in 2008 , CEO Brett Gourley claimed “The company is in sort of hibernation mode” and was looking for other sources of income . Aero Union has since completely shutdown all of its facilities , websites and other points of contact and is assumed to be out of business . In February 2012 PMI held an auction of Aero Unions aircraft assets , including 8 P-3 Orion aircraft , various spare parts and their intellectual property ( MAFFS II and FIREHAWK firefighting systems ) . Only two aircraft were bid upon and those bids were rejected as being too low . In May 2012 another auction of tools and equipment , but no aircraft , parts or intellectual property , went through with the majority of it selling . Former Aero Union Tanker 23 acquired by Airstrike Firefighters , with plans for 6 more P-3s . MAFFS II . One of the companys last projects was an improved version of the Modular Airborne FireFighting System under contract to the USFS . Originally designed for C-130J model aircraft and later modified to fit on C-130H models , the new MAFFS II system has a capacity of up to 3,400 gallons , replacing the five retardant tanks with one large tank , and has an on-board air compressor . The original MAFFS has to be pressurized by a compressor on the ground as a part of the loading process . The ability to pressurize the system in the air cuts turn-around time , but adds substantial weight . The new system discharges the retardant through a special plug in the paratroop drop door on the side of the aircraft , rather than requiring the cargo ramp door to be opened ; this allows the aircraft to remain pressurized during the drop sequence . Aero Union delivered the first production unit to the USFS in July , 2007 , with flight testing that following August . MAFFS II was used for the first time on a fire in July 2010 . Aircraft fleet . - Lockheed P-3 Orion - Lockheed P-2 Neptune - Douglas DC-4/C-54 - North American Aviation B-25 Mitchell - Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress - Grumman S-2 Tracker - Douglas A-26 Invader - Grumman TBM Avenger - Grumman AF-2S Guardian - Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar - Douglas DC-6 - Douglas DC-7 - Aero Spacelines Mini Guppy
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which party was Ricardo Lagos a member of from 1958 to 1961?
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/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos#P102#0
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Ricardo Lagos Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar ( ; born 2 March 1938 ) is a Chilean lawyer , economist and social-democratic politician who served as President of Chile from 2000 to 2006 . He won the 1999-2000 presidential election by a narrow margin in a runoff over Independent Democrat Union ( UDI ) candidate Joaquín Lavín . Lagos was the third president from the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy to have ruled Chile since 1990 . He was succeeded on March 11 , 2006 by Socialist Michelle Bachelet , from the same coalition . Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . Early years . Lagos was born in Santiago , Chile . He was the only child of Froilán Lagos Sepúlveda ( a farmer who died when his son was eight years old ) and Emma Escobar Morales ( who died in 2005 ) . He attended primary school at Liceo Experimental Manuel de Salas and high school at the prestigious Instituto Nacional . In 1961 , Lagos married Carmen Weber , with whom he had two children , Ricardo and Ximena . In 1969 , he met Luisa Durán and they married in 1971 . The couple shared the parenting of the children of Lagos first marriage , the children of Duráns first marriage , Hernán and Alejandro , and their only child together , Francisca . While in university Ricardo Lagos attended the lectures of historian Jaime Eyzaguirre whom he held in high esteem . Academic and diplomatic career . After obtaining his law degree from the University of Chile in 1960 , Lagos pursued a Ph.D . in Economics from Duke University , which he completed in 1966 . During that time he became a visiting professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the political science department until 1965 . After his time in North Carolina , he kept ties with both universities . On his return to Chile , he was employed at the Institute of Economy of the University of Chile , directed by Carlos Massad . In 1967 , he was named Director of the School of Political and Administrative Sciences , a position he held until 1973 , when he became Secretary General of the University of Chile . Lagos subsequently began work as a professor of economics in the School of Law of the University , and between 1971 and 1972 he was Director of the Institute of Economy . He was later named Director of the Latin American Council of Social Sciences . During the 1970s , Lagos declared himself an independent of the left and abandoned the Radical Party of Chile , which he had joined in 1961 , when this party supported Jorge Alessandris government . Although he did not possess great diplomatic experience , he worked with Hernán Santa Cruz as an ambassador to the United Nations , where he presented an outstanding speech on the international financial crisis . During the speech , he strongly criticized the decision of U.S . President Richard Nixon on the nonconvertibility of the U.S . dollar into gold , a measurement that would end in the rounding up the Asian crisis . In 1972 , President Salvador Allende appointed Lagos as the Chilean Ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow , but the appointment was never ratified by Congress . As a Regional Director of the training program of post graduate studies in social sciences , he was later put in charge of Project UNESCO , of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) in Buenos Aires . As a public servant he also served Chile as a United Nations delegate with rank of ambassador at the 26th United Nations General Assembly . In addition , he was a delegate to the UNs 3rd Conference of Commerce and Development ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ) . Soon after the 1973 coup détat , he and his family were sent into exile in Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he took the position of Secretary General of the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences ( FLACSO ) . He moved for a year to the United States , where he became visiting professor of the William R . Kenan chair for Latin American Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . In 1975 , he worked as a consultant for the United Nations Development Programme . Lagos returned to Chile in 1978 , and worked for the Regional Program of Employment of the United Nations , PREALC . During the implementation of policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund his mission was to advise all the governments in the South American continent on the matter of employment . Political career . During the 1980s , Lagos assumed a fundamental role in the fight for the recovery of democracy . In addition to being one of the leaders of the Socialist Party of Chile , he became President of the Democratic Alliance , a force that grouped the majority of the democratic parties opposing the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet . In 1983 , he decided to leave his position as international civil employee in the United Nations . In December of that year , he became president of the Democratic Alliance . In 1987 , as the president of the Committee of the Left for Free Elections , he called on all citizens and parties to enroll in the electoral registries to vote no in a 1988 national plebiscite on whether Pinochet should be allowed to remain president of Chile . Lagos became the undisputed leader of Pinochets opponents after appearing in Canal 13s first political debate show since the 1973 coup détat , De cara al país ( towards the country ) , where he stated ; With the triumph of No , the country will prevent General Pinochet from being 25 years in power , it will mark the start of the end of the dictatorship . Lagos then looked directly into the camera and accusingly raised his index finger to say directly to all viewers : To this day , in Chile the phrase Lagos finger refers to this memorable event ; on that night , many people were convinced that the man would not survive to see the next day . After the triumph of the No alternative and the subsequent resignation of Pinochet , Lagos declined to be a candidate for the presidency in spite of being the main leader of the opposition . Instead , he supported Patricio Aylwins candidacy and ran for a seat in the Senate for the Santiago-West district . On December 11 , 1989 , the day of the elections , he obtained the districts second majority . Nevertheless , he did not win a seat because his alliances list did not double the vote of the second most voted list ; this being a requisite in the Chilean electoral system created by Pinochet . In 1990 , Lagos was named Minister of Education by President Patricio Aylwin . In this position , he initiated reform aimed at increasing equality in access and improving education levels . In June 1993 , he pushed for the notion of using primary elections in order to select the Concertación coalitions candidate for the following presidential election . He lost this primary to Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle , who went on to become President of Chile . In 1994 , Frei himself named Lagos Minister of Public Works . In this role , he developed an innovating system of road concessions , integrated the private sector in the construction of works and its later operation . During the Frei administration , he continued to be a leader of opinion and was a sure option for the following presidential election . His status was later ratified by his appointment as one of the members of the Committee of Twelve Distinguished Members of the Socialist International , which he shared with such personalities as Felipe González and Gro Harlem Brundtland . This committee was set up to process proposals for the renovation of the social democratic thought for the 21st century . In 1999 , Lagos resigned as minister in order to begin his presidential campaign . In the primaries , he defeated senator Andrés Zaldívar , of the Christian Democratic Party to become the Concertacións sole presidential candidate . In the first round of the presidential election in December of the same year , he defeated right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín , by only 30,000 votes . Since he failed to obtain an absolute majority , as is required to be elected president , a presidential runoff was subsequently held in January 2000 for the first time ever in Chile . Winning 51.3 percent of the vote , Lagos became the new President of Chile . Presidency . Internal issues . During the first year of his term in office , Lagos had to confront a high level of unemployment , generated by the political instability of the region , in a process that began to revert during the end of 2003 . He also promised to keep the budget deficit in check and interest rates and inflation low . Lagos enjoyed great popular support , bordering on 55% , and ending around 60-70% during the last six months of his term . The policy of proximity with people was pronounced in the opening of the doors of the Palacio de La Moneda , that had remained closed since the 1973 coup détat . Beginning in 2002 , his government had to face suspicions of political corruption due to the prosecution of one of his ministers , Carlos Cruz , and of other civil employees of the Public Works Ministry , in the denominated MOP-GATE case . Gloria Ana Chevesich , the judge in charge of this case , discovered that ministers , undersecretaries and other officials of exclusive confidence of the President , received additional payments to their regular remuneration : the so-called extra payments . This irregularity was acknowledged by Lagos , who specified that the practice had also developed during the governments of Frei Ruiz-Tagle and Aylwin . The official position of the government consisted of not acknowledging the criminal nature of these practices and establishing a legal reform that increased the pay of ministers and undersecretaries of the government , a matter that was approved in its legislative proceeding . Foreign relations . During 2004 , Lagos faced a series of tensions in his relation with other South American countries , caused by recurring Bolivian aspirations for access to the sea . This situation was linked with the power crisis taking place in Argentina , an important supplier of natural gas to Chile . In bilateral meetings between Bolivian President Carlos Mesa and Argentine President Néstor Kirchner , the former agreed to the sale of Bolivian gas to Argentina under the condition that not a single gas molecule be sold to Chile . Additionally , the Venezuelan President , Hugo Chávez , has supported in various instances the Bolivian sea claim , causing a diplomatic impassé between Chile and Venezuela . The tension between both governments had dissipated during July 2004 . Legacy . During Lagos presidency , Free Trade Agreements were signed with the European Community , the United States , South Korea , the Peoples Republic of China and New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei ( though some of his supporters in the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy consider that these agreements may have negative effects on the country ) ; the incidence of extreme poverty was significantly reduced ; the legal workweek was reduced from 48 to 45 hours ; improvements were made in infrastructure and transport ; an unemployment insurance scheme was created ; as well as the AUGE health program guaranteeing coverage for a number of medical conditions ; the Chile Barrio housing program ; the Chile Solidario program ; compulsory schooling was extended to 12 years ; the first divorce law in Chile was approved ; monetary compensation to victims of torture under the Pinochet regime identified in the Valech Report was authorized ; and , recently , a recast constitution was signed . He finished his six-year term with historic approval ratings above 70% . Post-presidential career . Political . On March 24 , 2006 Lagos inaugurated his own foundation called Democracia y Desarrollo ( Democracy and Development ) in Santiago . Three days later he began a two-year term as President of the Club de Madrid— an exclusive organization of former presidents created by a Spanish philanthropist to promote democracy across the world . He also assumed co-chairmanship of the Inter-American Dialogues Board of Directors . On May 2 , 2007 , Lagos , along with Gro Harlem Brundtland and Han Seung-soo , was named by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as a Special Envoy on Climate Change . His appointment was and still is very controversial among Chilean environmental groups who questioned his track record on the matter , claiming that he showed an utter lack of consideration for the environment , promoted policies against environmental sustainability and favored the interests of big economic groups , even defending crimes against nature internationally , favouring large corporations every single time there was a clash between local communities , environmental concerns and perceived economic benefits . On January 14 , 2017 , Lagos accepted the Party for Democracys nomination to run for president in 2017 . However , he withdrew soon after the Party for Democracy , publicly backed Alejandro Guillier . Following this he announced his retirement . Publishing . In early 2007 , Lagos became a member of the editorial board of Americas Quarterly , a policy publication focused on relations and development in the Western Hemisphere . Lagos contributes regularly . Academic . After abandoning power , Lagos taught a one-month special seminar at UC Berkeleys Center for Latin American Studies , called Democracy and Development in Latin America . In May 2007 , Brown University announced that Lagos would take a teaching position at the Watson Institute for International Studies for a period of five years , starting on July 1 , 2007 . In 2013 , Lagos was a visiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo assuming the “José Bonifácio Cátedra . Honours and awards . - : Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( March 3 , 2000 ) - : Grand Cross ( or 1st Class ) of the Order of the White Double Cross ( 2001 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ( For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Chile , February 6 , 2004 ) - : Knight Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( June 1 , 2001 ) - : Order of the Athir ( 7 May 2005 ) - : On May 24 , 2018 , he was awarded the Doctor of Laws degree by Harvard University . - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2002 )
|
[
""
] |
easy
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Which party was Ricardo Lagos a member of from 1962 to 1988?
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/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos#P102#1
|
Ricardo Lagos Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar ( ; born 2 March 1938 ) is a Chilean lawyer , economist and social-democratic politician who served as President of Chile from 2000 to 2006 . He won the 1999-2000 presidential election by a narrow margin in a runoff over Independent Democrat Union ( UDI ) candidate Joaquín Lavín . Lagos was the third president from the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy to have ruled Chile since 1990 . He was succeeded on March 11 , 2006 by Socialist Michelle Bachelet , from the same coalition . Since May 2007 he has served as a Special Envoy on Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . Early years . Lagos was born in Santiago , Chile . He was the only child of Froilán Lagos Sepúlveda ( a farmer who died when his son was eight years old ) and Emma Escobar Morales ( who died in 2005 ) . He attended primary school at Liceo Experimental Manuel de Salas and high school at the prestigious Instituto Nacional . In 1961 , Lagos married Carmen Weber , with whom he had two children , Ricardo and Ximena . In 1969 , he met Luisa Durán and they married in 1971 . The couple shared the parenting of the children of Lagos first marriage , the children of Duráns first marriage , Hernán and Alejandro , and their only child together , Francisca . While in university Ricardo Lagos attended the lectures of historian Jaime Eyzaguirre whom he held in high esteem . Academic and diplomatic career . After obtaining his law degree from the University of Chile in 1960 , Lagos pursued a Ph.D . in Economics from Duke University , which he completed in 1966 . During that time he became a visiting professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the political science department until 1965 . After his time in North Carolina , he kept ties with both universities . On his return to Chile , he was employed at the Institute of Economy of the University of Chile , directed by Carlos Massad . In 1967 , he was named Director of the School of Political and Administrative Sciences , a position he held until 1973 , when he became Secretary General of the University of Chile . Lagos subsequently began work as a professor of economics in the School of Law of the University , and between 1971 and 1972 he was Director of the Institute of Economy . He was later named Director of the Latin American Council of Social Sciences . During the 1970s , Lagos declared himself an independent of the left and abandoned the Radical Party of Chile , which he had joined in 1961 , when this party supported Jorge Alessandris government . Although he did not possess great diplomatic experience , he worked with Hernán Santa Cruz as an ambassador to the United Nations , where he presented an outstanding speech on the international financial crisis . During the speech , he strongly criticized the decision of U.S . President Richard Nixon on the nonconvertibility of the U.S . dollar into gold , a measurement that would end in the rounding up the Asian crisis . In 1972 , President Salvador Allende appointed Lagos as the Chilean Ambassador to the Soviet Union in Moscow , but the appointment was never ratified by Congress . As a Regional Director of the training program of post graduate studies in social sciences , he was later put in charge of Project UNESCO , of the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) in Buenos Aires . As a public servant he also served Chile as a United Nations delegate with rank of ambassador at the 26th United Nations General Assembly . In addition , he was a delegate to the UNs 3rd Conference of Commerce and Development ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ) . Soon after the 1973 coup détat , he and his family were sent into exile in Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he took the position of Secretary General of the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences ( FLACSO ) . He moved for a year to the United States , where he became visiting professor of the William R . Kenan chair for Latin American Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . In 1975 , he worked as a consultant for the United Nations Development Programme . Lagos returned to Chile in 1978 , and worked for the Regional Program of Employment of the United Nations , PREALC . During the implementation of policies imposed by the International Monetary Fund his mission was to advise all the governments in the South American continent on the matter of employment . Political career . During the 1980s , Lagos assumed a fundamental role in the fight for the recovery of democracy . In addition to being one of the leaders of the Socialist Party of Chile , he became President of the Democratic Alliance , a force that grouped the majority of the democratic parties opposing the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet . In 1983 , he decided to leave his position as international civil employee in the United Nations . In December of that year , he became president of the Democratic Alliance . In 1987 , as the president of the Committee of the Left for Free Elections , he called on all citizens and parties to enroll in the electoral registries to vote no in a 1988 national plebiscite on whether Pinochet should be allowed to remain president of Chile . Lagos became the undisputed leader of Pinochets opponents after appearing in Canal 13s first political debate show since the 1973 coup détat , De cara al país ( towards the country ) , where he stated ; With the triumph of No , the country will prevent General Pinochet from being 25 years in power , it will mark the start of the end of the dictatorship . Lagos then looked directly into the camera and accusingly raised his index finger to say directly to all viewers : To this day , in Chile the phrase Lagos finger refers to this memorable event ; on that night , many people were convinced that the man would not survive to see the next day . After the triumph of the No alternative and the subsequent resignation of Pinochet , Lagos declined to be a candidate for the presidency in spite of being the main leader of the opposition . Instead , he supported Patricio Aylwins candidacy and ran for a seat in the Senate for the Santiago-West district . On December 11 , 1989 , the day of the elections , he obtained the districts second majority . Nevertheless , he did not win a seat because his alliances list did not double the vote of the second most voted list ; this being a requisite in the Chilean electoral system created by Pinochet . In 1990 , Lagos was named Minister of Education by President Patricio Aylwin . In this position , he initiated reform aimed at increasing equality in access and improving education levels . In June 1993 , he pushed for the notion of using primary elections in order to select the Concertación coalitions candidate for the following presidential election . He lost this primary to Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle , who went on to become President of Chile . In 1994 , Frei himself named Lagos Minister of Public Works . In this role , he developed an innovating system of road concessions , integrated the private sector in the construction of works and its later operation . During the Frei administration , he continued to be a leader of opinion and was a sure option for the following presidential election . His status was later ratified by his appointment as one of the members of the Committee of Twelve Distinguished Members of the Socialist International , which he shared with such personalities as Felipe González and Gro Harlem Brundtland . This committee was set up to process proposals for the renovation of the social democratic thought for the 21st century . In 1999 , Lagos resigned as minister in order to begin his presidential campaign . In the primaries , he defeated senator Andrés Zaldívar , of the Christian Democratic Party to become the Concertacións sole presidential candidate . In the first round of the presidential election in December of the same year , he defeated right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín , by only 30,000 votes . Since he failed to obtain an absolute majority , as is required to be elected president , a presidential runoff was subsequently held in January 2000 for the first time ever in Chile . Winning 51.3 percent of the vote , Lagos became the new President of Chile . Presidency . Internal issues . During the first year of his term in office , Lagos had to confront a high level of unemployment , generated by the political instability of the region , in a process that began to revert during the end of 2003 . He also promised to keep the budget deficit in check and interest rates and inflation low . Lagos enjoyed great popular support , bordering on 55% , and ending around 60-70% during the last six months of his term . The policy of proximity with people was pronounced in the opening of the doors of the Palacio de La Moneda , that had remained closed since the 1973 coup détat . Beginning in 2002 , his government had to face suspicions of political corruption due to the prosecution of one of his ministers , Carlos Cruz , and of other civil employees of the Public Works Ministry , in the denominated MOP-GATE case . Gloria Ana Chevesich , the judge in charge of this case , discovered that ministers , undersecretaries and other officials of exclusive confidence of the President , received additional payments to their regular remuneration : the so-called extra payments . This irregularity was acknowledged by Lagos , who specified that the practice had also developed during the governments of Frei Ruiz-Tagle and Aylwin . The official position of the government consisted of not acknowledging the criminal nature of these practices and establishing a legal reform that increased the pay of ministers and undersecretaries of the government , a matter that was approved in its legislative proceeding . Foreign relations . During 2004 , Lagos faced a series of tensions in his relation with other South American countries , caused by recurring Bolivian aspirations for access to the sea . This situation was linked with the power crisis taking place in Argentina , an important supplier of natural gas to Chile . In bilateral meetings between Bolivian President Carlos Mesa and Argentine President Néstor Kirchner , the former agreed to the sale of Bolivian gas to Argentina under the condition that not a single gas molecule be sold to Chile . Additionally , the Venezuelan President , Hugo Chávez , has supported in various instances the Bolivian sea claim , causing a diplomatic impassé between Chile and Venezuela . The tension between both governments had dissipated during July 2004 . Legacy . During Lagos presidency , Free Trade Agreements were signed with the European Community , the United States , South Korea , the Peoples Republic of China and New Zealand , Singapore and Brunei ( though some of his supporters in the center-left Coalition of Parties for Democracy consider that these agreements may have negative effects on the country ) ; the incidence of extreme poverty was significantly reduced ; the legal workweek was reduced from 48 to 45 hours ; improvements were made in infrastructure and transport ; an unemployment insurance scheme was created ; as well as the AUGE health program guaranteeing coverage for a number of medical conditions ; the Chile Barrio housing program ; the Chile Solidario program ; compulsory schooling was extended to 12 years ; the first divorce law in Chile was approved ; monetary compensation to victims of torture under the Pinochet regime identified in the Valech Report was authorized ; and , recently , a recast constitution was signed . He finished his six-year term with historic approval ratings above 70% . Post-presidential career . Political . On March 24 , 2006 Lagos inaugurated his own foundation called Democracia y Desarrollo ( Democracy and Development ) in Santiago . Three days later he began a two-year term as President of the Club de Madrid— an exclusive organization of former presidents created by a Spanish philanthropist to promote democracy across the world . He also assumed co-chairmanship of the Inter-American Dialogues Board of Directors . On May 2 , 2007 , Lagos , along with Gro Harlem Brundtland and Han Seung-soo , was named by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as a Special Envoy on Climate Change . His appointment was and still is very controversial among Chilean environmental groups who questioned his track record on the matter , claiming that he showed an utter lack of consideration for the environment , promoted policies against environmental sustainability and favored the interests of big economic groups , even defending crimes against nature internationally , favouring large corporations every single time there was a clash between local communities , environmental concerns and perceived economic benefits . On January 14 , 2017 , Lagos accepted the Party for Democracys nomination to run for president in 2017 . However , he withdrew soon after the Party for Democracy , publicly backed Alejandro Guillier . Following this he announced his retirement . Publishing . In early 2007 , Lagos became a member of the editorial board of Americas Quarterly , a policy publication focused on relations and development in the Western Hemisphere . Lagos contributes regularly . Academic . After abandoning power , Lagos taught a one-month special seminar at UC Berkeleys Center for Latin American Studies , called Democracy and Development in Latin America . In May 2007 , Brown University announced that Lagos would take a teaching position at the Watson Institute for International Studies for a period of five years , starting on July 1 , 2007 . In 2013 , Lagos was a visiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo assuming the “José Bonifácio Cátedra . Honours and awards . - : Knight Grand Cross decorated with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( March 3 , 2000 ) - : Grand Cross ( or 1st Class ) of the Order of the White Double Cross ( 2001 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ( For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Chile , February 6 , 2004 ) - : Knight Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( June 1 , 2001 ) - : Order of the Athir ( 7 May 2005 ) - : On May 24 , 2018 , he was awarded the Doctor of Laws degree by Harvard University . - Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( 2002 )
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[
"London"
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easy
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George Cumberland worked in which location from 1754 to 1785?
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/wiki/George_Cumberland#P937#0
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George Cumberland George Cumberland ( 1754–1848 ) was an English art collector , writer and poet . He was a lifelong friend and supporter of William Blake , and like him was an experimental printmaker . He was also an amateur watercolourist , and one of the earliest members of the Bristol School of artists . He made use of his wide circle of connections to help its other members , in particular assisting and influencing Edward Bird and Francis Danby . Early life . Cumberland , whose father was also called George , was born in London in 1754 . From 1769–85 he was an insurance clerk with the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation . In 1772 he also attended the Royal Academy Schools and exhibited at the Academy in 1782 and 1783 , but failed to be elected an Associate in 1784 . He formed a low opinion of the Academy and attacked it in various essays . Along with John Flaxman and Thomas Stothard , Cumberland joined the social circle of William Blake within a year of Blake becoming a student at the Royal Academy Schools in 1779 . This circle also included the engraver William Sharp . The young Cumberland held radical views ; with Stothard and Sharp , he joined the Society for Constitutional Information , becoming a friend of its leader , John Horne Tooke , and attracting the attention of government spies . However , when Cumberland witnessed the Gordon Riots of 1780 at first hand , he reacted with horror . Cumberland was to be a lifelong friend and supporter of Blake . As early as 1780 a contribution by Cumberland to the Morning Chronicle praised Blakes first exhibit at the Academy , the watercolour The Death of Earl Goodwin . Cumberland would often seek to provide clients for Blake , as in 1798 when he tried to persuade Tooke to use Blake as the engraver for a new edition of Tookes book Diversions of Purleigh . Cumberland shared an interest with Blake in printmaking . In 1784 they both experimented with new methods of printing etched texts . In that year Cumberland printed an account of his New Mode of Printing , although it does not seem to have been a practical commercial proposition . In printing his own works Cumberland would come to rely on Blakes technical advice on copperplate and lithography . Italy . In 1784 Cumberland received an inheritance providing him with an annual income of £300 , enabling him to leave his job . From 1785–90 he travelled in Europe , mainly living in Rome . He also visited Paris and Florence , and in 1786 visited Switzerland with Charles Long , 1st Baron Farnborough . In 1787 he eloped with Mrs Elizabeth Cooper née Price and took her back to Italy . In Rome he joined a circle of artists which included John Deare , Robert Fagan , Charles Grignion the Younger and Samuel Woodforde . Cumberland studied the works of Raphael and the engravers Marcantonio Raimondi and Giulio Bonasone and formed a collection of prints and objects , in particular a large collection of Bonasone engravings . Publications . After Cumberlands return from Italy in 1790 he first lived near Southampton , where he continued to build his art collection . From 1793–98 he lived in Egham , Surrey . In 1793 he published Poem on the Landscapes of Great Britain and the illustrated poem Lewina , the Maid of Snowdon . In the same year he published Some Anecdotes of the Life of Julio Bonasoni , prefaced by A Plan for the Improvement of the Arts in England , which contained a proposal for the formation of a national gallery . His Italian studies bore further fruit in 1796 when he published Thoughts on Outline , a set of theoretical principles for classical art illustrated with 24 designs by Cumberland on classical subjects . Cumberland etched 16 of the designs and commissioned Blake to etch the other 8 , with Blake providing the inscriptions for all 24 . Blake also provided Cumberland with advice on the engraving process . Another of Cumberlands friends was Thomas Johnes , who was influenced by Cumberland to become a translator of medieval French chronicles . In 1796 Cumberland produced An Attempt to Describe Hafod , a guide to Johness estate of Hafod in Wales . Cumberland commissioned Blake to engrave a map to accompany the guide . In 1798 Cumberland published a utopian novel , The Captive of the Castle of Sennaar . He called his utopia Sophis , setting it in Africa , and gave it classical Greek virtues but without war , slavery or sexual inequality . Fearing that its radicalism would antagonise the authorities , Cumberland withdrew the novel , though not before he had sent a copy to another of his acquaintances , Isaac DIsraeli . Bristol School . In 1803 Cumberland moved to Weston-super-Mare in Somerset , and then in 1807 to Bristol where he lived for the rest of his life . He became one of the earliest members of the informal group of artists which has become known as the Bristol School , and one of the first to take part in the groups excursions to sketch the scenery around Bristol . Cumberlands daughter Eliza and probably also his son George Cumberland , Jr . sometimes joined these excursions . His friend Stothard also participated occasionally . Cumberland believed that painting should be directly from nature ; he produced small landscape studies which avoided the picturesque . His watercolours were similar in style to those of his friend John Linnell . It was Cumberlands son George , a pupil of Linnell , who introduced Linnell to Blake in 1818 . Cumberland became a close friend of Edward Bird , and godfather to his son . He did not have the resources to be Birds patron , but he would lend Bird items from his art collection to study . In 1814 when Bird asked for help in gaining a royal commission , Cumberland introduced him to Charles Long , who then arranged with the Prince Regent for Bird to conduct royal portrait studies aboard the royal yacht . On Birds death in 1819 Cumberland successfully petitioned the Royal Academy to provide a pension for Birds widow . Cumberland helped many of the Bristol artists through recommendations and introductions to his influential friends . In 1820 when Francis Danby exhibited The Upas Tree of Java at the British Institution , Cumberland exerted his influence to promote its favourable reception . In 1822 when Danby , Branwhite and Johnson were about to visit London , Cumberland ensured that Thomas Lawrence , Thomas Stothard and others were alerted . There is evidence from their correspondence that Cumberland often suggested subjects for Danby to paint . It has been suggested that the influence of Blake may also have been transmitted to Danby . Danbys second exhibited painting was Disappointed Love , shown at the Royal Academy in 1821 . Its subject is reminiscent of Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience , while the works neoclassical figure of a girl evokes Cumberlands Thoughts on Outline . A later watercolour , A Scene from A Midsummer Nights Dream ( 1832 ) is very reminiscent of Blakes illustrations for The Book of Thel . Cumberland had been the recipient from Blake of one of the 16 early copies of The Book of Thel and one of , only five of which now survive . He also had copies of America a Prophecy , Europe a Prophecy , The Song of Los , Visions of the Daughters of Albion and Songs of Innocence and of Experience . Blake died in 1827 . The last engraving that Blake made was a visiting card for Cumberland , who had sent the plate to Blake for him to decorate . Blake did so by surrounding Cumberlands name with figures intended to represent the Seasons , including children hoop rolling and flying kites . Final years . Cumberland was also a collector of fossils and from 1810 was an honorary member of the Geological Society . In 1826 he published Reliquiae conservatae , a study of some fossil encrinites . In 1827 he published Essay on the Utility of Collecting the Best Works of the Ancient Engravers of the Italian School , which catalogued his collection of prints . He presented his collections to the Royal Academy and the British Museum . Cumberlands wife Elizabeth died on 2 February 1837 . He died on 8 August 1848 in Bristol ; they were both buried at St Georges Church , Brandon Hill . They had two sons , George and Sydney , and three daughters , Lavinia , Aurora and Eliza . External links . - Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
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[
"Italy"
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easy
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What was the working location for George Cumberland from 1785 to 1786?
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/wiki/George_Cumberland#P937#1
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George Cumberland George Cumberland ( 1754–1848 ) was an English art collector , writer and poet . He was a lifelong friend and supporter of William Blake , and like him was an experimental printmaker . He was also an amateur watercolourist , and one of the earliest members of the Bristol School of artists . He made use of his wide circle of connections to help its other members , in particular assisting and influencing Edward Bird and Francis Danby . Early life . Cumberland , whose father was also called George , was born in London in 1754 . From 1769–85 he was an insurance clerk with the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation . In 1772 he also attended the Royal Academy Schools and exhibited at the Academy in 1782 and 1783 , but failed to be elected an Associate in 1784 . He formed a low opinion of the Academy and attacked it in various essays . Along with John Flaxman and Thomas Stothard , Cumberland joined the social circle of William Blake within a year of Blake becoming a student at the Royal Academy Schools in 1779 . This circle also included the engraver William Sharp . The young Cumberland held radical views ; with Stothard and Sharp , he joined the Society for Constitutional Information , becoming a friend of its leader , John Horne Tooke , and attracting the attention of government spies . However , when Cumberland witnessed the Gordon Riots of 1780 at first hand , he reacted with horror . Cumberland was to be a lifelong friend and supporter of Blake . As early as 1780 a contribution by Cumberland to the Morning Chronicle praised Blakes first exhibit at the Academy , the watercolour The Death of Earl Goodwin . Cumberland would often seek to provide clients for Blake , as in 1798 when he tried to persuade Tooke to use Blake as the engraver for a new edition of Tookes book Diversions of Purleigh . Cumberland shared an interest with Blake in printmaking . In 1784 they both experimented with new methods of printing etched texts . In that year Cumberland printed an account of his New Mode of Printing , although it does not seem to have been a practical commercial proposition . In printing his own works Cumberland would come to rely on Blakes technical advice on copperplate and lithography . Italy . In 1784 Cumberland received an inheritance providing him with an annual income of £300 , enabling him to leave his job . From 1785–90 he travelled in Europe , mainly living in Rome . He also visited Paris and Florence , and in 1786 visited Switzerland with Charles Long , 1st Baron Farnborough . In 1787 he eloped with Mrs Elizabeth Cooper née Price and took her back to Italy . In Rome he joined a circle of artists which included John Deare , Robert Fagan , Charles Grignion the Younger and Samuel Woodforde . Cumberland studied the works of Raphael and the engravers Marcantonio Raimondi and Giulio Bonasone and formed a collection of prints and objects , in particular a large collection of Bonasone engravings . Publications . After Cumberlands return from Italy in 1790 he first lived near Southampton , where he continued to build his art collection . From 1793–98 he lived in Egham , Surrey . In 1793 he published Poem on the Landscapes of Great Britain and the illustrated poem Lewina , the Maid of Snowdon . In the same year he published Some Anecdotes of the Life of Julio Bonasoni , prefaced by A Plan for the Improvement of the Arts in England , which contained a proposal for the formation of a national gallery . His Italian studies bore further fruit in 1796 when he published Thoughts on Outline , a set of theoretical principles for classical art illustrated with 24 designs by Cumberland on classical subjects . Cumberland etched 16 of the designs and commissioned Blake to etch the other 8 , with Blake providing the inscriptions for all 24 . Blake also provided Cumberland with advice on the engraving process . Another of Cumberlands friends was Thomas Johnes , who was influenced by Cumberland to become a translator of medieval French chronicles . In 1796 Cumberland produced An Attempt to Describe Hafod , a guide to Johness estate of Hafod in Wales . Cumberland commissioned Blake to engrave a map to accompany the guide . In 1798 Cumberland published a utopian novel , The Captive of the Castle of Sennaar . He called his utopia Sophis , setting it in Africa , and gave it classical Greek virtues but without war , slavery or sexual inequality . Fearing that its radicalism would antagonise the authorities , Cumberland withdrew the novel , though not before he had sent a copy to another of his acquaintances , Isaac DIsraeli . Bristol School . In 1803 Cumberland moved to Weston-super-Mare in Somerset , and then in 1807 to Bristol where he lived for the rest of his life . He became one of the earliest members of the informal group of artists which has become known as the Bristol School , and one of the first to take part in the groups excursions to sketch the scenery around Bristol . Cumberlands daughter Eliza and probably also his son George Cumberland , Jr . sometimes joined these excursions . His friend Stothard also participated occasionally . Cumberland believed that painting should be directly from nature ; he produced small landscape studies which avoided the picturesque . His watercolours were similar in style to those of his friend John Linnell . It was Cumberlands son George , a pupil of Linnell , who introduced Linnell to Blake in 1818 . Cumberland became a close friend of Edward Bird , and godfather to his son . He did not have the resources to be Birds patron , but he would lend Bird items from his art collection to study . In 1814 when Bird asked for help in gaining a royal commission , Cumberland introduced him to Charles Long , who then arranged with the Prince Regent for Bird to conduct royal portrait studies aboard the royal yacht . On Birds death in 1819 Cumberland successfully petitioned the Royal Academy to provide a pension for Birds widow . Cumberland helped many of the Bristol artists through recommendations and introductions to his influential friends . In 1820 when Francis Danby exhibited The Upas Tree of Java at the British Institution , Cumberland exerted his influence to promote its favourable reception . In 1822 when Danby , Branwhite and Johnson were about to visit London , Cumberland ensured that Thomas Lawrence , Thomas Stothard and others were alerted . There is evidence from their correspondence that Cumberland often suggested subjects for Danby to paint . It has been suggested that the influence of Blake may also have been transmitted to Danby . Danbys second exhibited painting was Disappointed Love , shown at the Royal Academy in 1821 . Its subject is reminiscent of Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience , while the works neoclassical figure of a girl evokes Cumberlands Thoughts on Outline . A later watercolour , A Scene from A Midsummer Nights Dream ( 1832 ) is very reminiscent of Blakes illustrations for The Book of Thel . Cumberland had been the recipient from Blake of one of the 16 early copies of The Book of Thel and one of , only five of which now survive . He also had copies of America a Prophecy , Europe a Prophecy , The Song of Los , Visions of the Daughters of Albion and Songs of Innocence and of Experience . Blake died in 1827 . The last engraving that Blake made was a visiting card for Cumberland , who had sent the plate to Blake for him to decorate . Blake did so by surrounding Cumberlands name with figures intended to represent the Seasons , including children hoop rolling and flying kites . Final years . Cumberland was also a collector of fossils and from 1810 was an honorary member of the Geological Society . In 1826 he published Reliquiae conservatae , a study of some fossil encrinites . In 1827 he published Essay on the Utility of Collecting the Best Works of the Ancient Engravers of the Italian School , which catalogued his collection of prints . He presented his collections to the Royal Academy and the British Museum . Cumberlands wife Elizabeth died on 2 February 1837 . He died on 8 August 1848 in Bristol ; they were both buried at St Georges Church , Brandon Hill . They had two sons , George and Sydney , and three daughters , Lavinia , Aurora and Eliza . External links . - Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
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[
"Italy"
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easy
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George Cumberland worked in which location from 1787 to 1789?
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/wiki/George_Cumberland#P937#2
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George Cumberland George Cumberland ( 1754–1848 ) was an English art collector , writer and poet . He was a lifelong friend and supporter of William Blake , and like him was an experimental printmaker . He was also an amateur watercolourist , and one of the earliest members of the Bristol School of artists . He made use of his wide circle of connections to help its other members , in particular assisting and influencing Edward Bird and Francis Danby . Early life . Cumberland , whose father was also called George , was born in London in 1754 . From 1769–85 he was an insurance clerk with the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation . In 1772 he also attended the Royal Academy Schools and exhibited at the Academy in 1782 and 1783 , but failed to be elected an Associate in 1784 . He formed a low opinion of the Academy and attacked it in various essays . Along with John Flaxman and Thomas Stothard , Cumberland joined the social circle of William Blake within a year of Blake becoming a student at the Royal Academy Schools in 1779 . This circle also included the engraver William Sharp . The young Cumberland held radical views ; with Stothard and Sharp , he joined the Society for Constitutional Information , becoming a friend of its leader , John Horne Tooke , and attracting the attention of government spies . However , when Cumberland witnessed the Gordon Riots of 1780 at first hand , he reacted with horror . Cumberland was to be a lifelong friend and supporter of Blake . As early as 1780 a contribution by Cumberland to the Morning Chronicle praised Blakes first exhibit at the Academy , the watercolour The Death of Earl Goodwin . Cumberland would often seek to provide clients for Blake , as in 1798 when he tried to persuade Tooke to use Blake as the engraver for a new edition of Tookes book Diversions of Purleigh . Cumberland shared an interest with Blake in printmaking . In 1784 they both experimented with new methods of printing etched texts . In that year Cumberland printed an account of his New Mode of Printing , although it does not seem to have been a practical commercial proposition . In printing his own works Cumberland would come to rely on Blakes technical advice on copperplate and lithography . Italy . In 1784 Cumberland received an inheritance providing him with an annual income of £300 , enabling him to leave his job . From 1785–90 he travelled in Europe , mainly living in Rome . He also visited Paris and Florence , and in 1786 visited Switzerland with Charles Long , 1st Baron Farnborough . In 1787 he eloped with Mrs Elizabeth Cooper née Price and took her back to Italy . In Rome he joined a circle of artists which included John Deare , Robert Fagan , Charles Grignion the Younger and Samuel Woodforde . Cumberland studied the works of Raphael and the engravers Marcantonio Raimondi and Giulio Bonasone and formed a collection of prints and objects , in particular a large collection of Bonasone engravings . Publications . After Cumberlands return from Italy in 1790 he first lived near Southampton , where he continued to build his art collection . From 1793–98 he lived in Egham , Surrey . In 1793 he published Poem on the Landscapes of Great Britain and the illustrated poem Lewina , the Maid of Snowdon . In the same year he published Some Anecdotes of the Life of Julio Bonasoni , prefaced by A Plan for the Improvement of the Arts in England , which contained a proposal for the formation of a national gallery . His Italian studies bore further fruit in 1796 when he published Thoughts on Outline , a set of theoretical principles for classical art illustrated with 24 designs by Cumberland on classical subjects . Cumberland etched 16 of the designs and commissioned Blake to etch the other 8 , with Blake providing the inscriptions for all 24 . Blake also provided Cumberland with advice on the engraving process . Another of Cumberlands friends was Thomas Johnes , who was influenced by Cumberland to become a translator of medieval French chronicles . In 1796 Cumberland produced An Attempt to Describe Hafod , a guide to Johness estate of Hafod in Wales . Cumberland commissioned Blake to engrave a map to accompany the guide . In 1798 Cumberland published a utopian novel , The Captive of the Castle of Sennaar . He called his utopia Sophis , setting it in Africa , and gave it classical Greek virtues but without war , slavery or sexual inequality . Fearing that its radicalism would antagonise the authorities , Cumberland withdrew the novel , though not before he had sent a copy to another of his acquaintances , Isaac DIsraeli . Bristol School . In 1803 Cumberland moved to Weston-super-Mare in Somerset , and then in 1807 to Bristol where he lived for the rest of his life . He became one of the earliest members of the informal group of artists which has become known as the Bristol School , and one of the first to take part in the groups excursions to sketch the scenery around Bristol . Cumberlands daughter Eliza and probably also his son George Cumberland , Jr . sometimes joined these excursions . His friend Stothard also participated occasionally . Cumberland believed that painting should be directly from nature ; he produced small landscape studies which avoided the picturesque . His watercolours were similar in style to those of his friend John Linnell . It was Cumberlands son George , a pupil of Linnell , who introduced Linnell to Blake in 1818 . Cumberland became a close friend of Edward Bird , and godfather to his son . He did not have the resources to be Birds patron , but he would lend Bird items from his art collection to study . In 1814 when Bird asked for help in gaining a royal commission , Cumberland introduced him to Charles Long , who then arranged with the Prince Regent for Bird to conduct royal portrait studies aboard the royal yacht . On Birds death in 1819 Cumberland successfully petitioned the Royal Academy to provide a pension for Birds widow . Cumberland helped many of the Bristol artists through recommendations and introductions to his influential friends . In 1820 when Francis Danby exhibited The Upas Tree of Java at the British Institution , Cumberland exerted his influence to promote its favourable reception . In 1822 when Danby , Branwhite and Johnson were about to visit London , Cumberland ensured that Thomas Lawrence , Thomas Stothard and others were alerted . There is evidence from their correspondence that Cumberland often suggested subjects for Danby to paint . It has been suggested that the influence of Blake may also have been transmitted to Danby . Danbys second exhibited painting was Disappointed Love , shown at the Royal Academy in 1821 . Its subject is reminiscent of Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience , while the works neoclassical figure of a girl evokes Cumberlands Thoughts on Outline . A later watercolour , A Scene from A Midsummer Nights Dream ( 1832 ) is very reminiscent of Blakes illustrations for The Book of Thel . Cumberland had been the recipient from Blake of one of the 16 early copies of The Book of Thel and one of , only five of which now survive . He also had copies of America a Prophecy , Europe a Prophecy , The Song of Los , Visions of the Daughters of Albion and Songs of Innocence and of Experience . Blake died in 1827 . The last engraving that Blake made was a visiting card for Cumberland , who had sent the plate to Blake for him to decorate . Blake did so by surrounding Cumberlands name with figures intended to represent the Seasons , including children hoop rolling and flying kites . Final years . Cumberland was also a collector of fossils and from 1810 was an honorary member of the Geological Society . In 1826 he published Reliquiae conservatae , a study of some fossil encrinites . In 1827 he published Essay on the Utility of Collecting the Best Works of the Ancient Engravers of the Italian School , which catalogued his collection of prints . He presented his collections to the Royal Academy and the British Museum . Cumberlands wife Elizabeth died on 2 February 1837 . He died on 8 August 1848 in Bristol ; they were both buried at St Georges Church , Brandon Hill . They had two sons , George and Sydney , and three daughters , Lavinia , Aurora and Eliza . External links . - Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
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[
"Bristol"
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easy
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What was the working location for George Cumberland from 1801 to 1848?
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/wiki/George_Cumberland#P937#3
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George Cumberland George Cumberland ( 1754–1848 ) was an English art collector , writer and poet . He was a lifelong friend and supporter of William Blake , and like him was an experimental printmaker . He was also an amateur watercolourist , and one of the earliest members of the Bristol School of artists . He made use of his wide circle of connections to help its other members , in particular assisting and influencing Edward Bird and Francis Danby . Early life . Cumberland , whose father was also called George , was born in London in 1754 . From 1769–85 he was an insurance clerk with the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation . In 1772 he also attended the Royal Academy Schools and exhibited at the Academy in 1782 and 1783 , but failed to be elected an Associate in 1784 . He formed a low opinion of the Academy and attacked it in various essays . Along with John Flaxman and Thomas Stothard , Cumberland joined the social circle of William Blake within a year of Blake becoming a student at the Royal Academy Schools in 1779 . This circle also included the engraver William Sharp . The young Cumberland held radical views ; with Stothard and Sharp , he joined the Society for Constitutional Information , becoming a friend of its leader , John Horne Tooke , and attracting the attention of government spies . However , when Cumberland witnessed the Gordon Riots of 1780 at first hand , he reacted with horror . Cumberland was to be a lifelong friend and supporter of Blake . As early as 1780 a contribution by Cumberland to the Morning Chronicle praised Blakes first exhibit at the Academy , the watercolour The Death of Earl Goodwin . Cumberland would often seek to provide clients for Blake , as in 1798 when he tried to persuade Tooke to use Blake as the engraver for a new edition of Tookes book Diversions of Purleigh . Cumberland shared an interest with Blake in printmaking . In 1784 they both experimented with new methods of printing etched texts . In that year Cumberland printed an account of his New Mode of Printing , although it does not seem to have been a practical commercial proposition . In printing his own works Cumberland would come to rely on Blakes technical advice on copperplate and lithography . Italy . In 1784 Cumberland received an inheritance providing him with an annual income of £300 , enabling him to leave his job . From 1785–90 he travelled in Europe , mainly living in Rome . He also visited Paris and Florence , and in 1786 visited Switzerland with Charles Long , 1st Baron Farnborough . In 1787 he eloped with Mrs Elizabeth Cooper née Price and took her back to Italy . In Rome he joined a circle of artists which included John Deare , Robert Fagan , Charles Grignion the Younger and Samuel Woodforde . Cumberland studied the works of Raphael and the engravers Marcantonio Raimondi and Giulio Bonasone and formed a collection of prints and objects , in particular a large collection of Bonasone engravings . Publications . After Cumberlands return from Italy in 1790 he first lived near Southampton , where he continued to build his art collection . From 1793–98 he lived in Egham , Surrey . In 1793 he published Poem on the Landscapes of Great Britain and the illustrated poem Lewina , the Maid of Snowdon . In the same year he published Some Anecdotes of the Life of Julio Bonasoni , prefaced by A Plan for the Improvement of the Arts in England , which contained a proposal for the formation of a national gallery . His Italian studies bore further fruit in 1796 when he published Thoughts on Outline , a set of theoretical principles for classical art illustrated with 24 designs by Cumberland on classical subjects . Cumberland etched 16 of the designs and commissioned Blake to etch the other 8 , with Blake providing the inscriptions for all 24 . Blake also provided Cumberland with advice on the engraving process . Another of Cumberlands friends was Thomas Johnes , who was influenced by Cumberland to become a translator of medieval French chronicles . In 1796 Cumberland produced An Attempt to Describe Hafod , a guide to Johness estate of Hafod in Wales . Cumberland commissioned Blake to engrave a map to accompany the guide . In 1798 Cumberland published a utopian novel , The Captive of the Castle of Sennaar . He called his utopia Sophis , setting it in Africa , and gave it classical Greek virtues but without war , slavery or sexual inequality . Fearing that its radicalism would antagonise the authorities , Cumberland withdrew the novel , though not before he had sent a copy to another of his acquaintances , Isaac DIsraeli . Bristol School . In 1803 Cumberland moved to Weston-super-Mare in Somerset , and then in 1807 to Bristol where he lived for the rest of his life . He became one of the earliest members of the informal group of artists which has become known as the Bristol School , and one of the first to take part in the groups excursions to sketch the scenery around Bristol . Cumberlands daughter Eliza and probably also his son George Cumberland , Jr . sometimes joined these excursions . His friend Stothard also participated occasionally . Cumberland believed that painting should be directly from nature ; he produced small landscape studies which avoided the picturesque . His watercolours were similar in style to those of his friend John Linnell . It was Cumberlands son George , a pupil of Linnell , who introduced Linnell to Blake in 1818 . Cumberland became a close friend of Edward Bird , and godfather to his son . He did not have the resources to be Birds patron , but he would lend Bird items from his art collection to study . In 1814 when Bird asked for help in gaining a royal commission , Cumberland introduced him to Charles Long , who then arranged with the Prince Regent for Bird to conduct royal portrait studies aboard the royal yacht . On Birds death in 1819 Cumberland successfully petitioned the Royal Academy to provide a pension for Birds widow . Cumberland helped many of the Bristol artists through recommendations and introductions to his influential friends . In 1820 when Francis Danby exhibited The Upas Tree of Java at the British Institution , Cumberland exerted his influence to promote its favourable reception . In 1822 when Danby , Branwhite and Johnson were about to visit London , Cumberland ensured that Thomas Lawrence , Thomas Stothard and others were alerted . There is evidence from their correspondence that Cumberland often suggested subjects for Danby to paint . It has been suggested that the influence of Blake may also have been transmitted to Danby . Danbys second exhibited painting was Disappointed Love , shown at the Royal Academy in 1821 . Its subject is reminiscent of Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience , while the works neoclassical figure of a girl evokes Cumberlands Thoughts on Outline . A later watercolour , A Scene from A Midsummer Nights Dream ( 1832 ) is very reminiscent of Blakes illustrations for The Book of Thel . Cumberland had been the recipient from Blake of one of the 16 early copies of The Book of Thel and one of , only five of which now survive . He also had copies of America a Prophecy , Europe a Prophecy , The Song of Los , Visions of the Daughters of Albion and Songs of Innocence and of Experience . Blake died in 1827 . The last engraving that Blake made was a visiting card for Cumberland , who had sent the plate to Blake for him to decorate . Blake did so by surrounding Cumberlands name with figures intended to represent the Seasons , including children hoop rolling and flying kites . Final years . Cumberland was also a collector of fossils and from 1810 was an honorary member of the Geological Society . In 1826 he published Reliquiae conservatae , a study of some fossil encrinites . In 1827 he published Essay on the Utility of Collecting the Best Works of the Ancient Engravers of the Italian School , which catalogued his collection of prints . He presented his collections to the Royal Academy and the British Museum . Cumberlands wife Elizabeth died on 2 February 1837 . He died on 8 August 1848 in Bristol ; they were both buried at St Georges Church , Brandon Hill . They had two sons , George and Sydney , and three daughters , Lavinia , Aurora and Eliza . External links . - Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery
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[
"Anna Maria Elers",
"Honora Sneyd",
"Elizabeth Sneyd",
"Frances Beaufort"
] |
easy
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Who was the spouse of Richard Lovell Edgeworth from 1772 to 1773?
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/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth#P26#0
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Richard Lovell Edgeworth Richard Lovell Edgeworth ( 31 May 1744 – 13 June 1817 ) was an Anglo-Irish politician , writer and inventor . Biography . Edgeworth was born in Pierrepont Street , Bath , England , son of Richard Edgeworth senior , and great-grandson of Sir Salathiel Lovell through his mother , Jane Lovell , granddaughter of Sir Salathiel . The Edgeworth family came to Ireland in the 1580s . Richard was descended from Francis Edgeworth , appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1606 , who inherited a fortune from his brother Edward Edgeworth , Bishop of Down and Connor . A Trinity College , Dublin and Corpus Christi , Oxford alumnus , he is credited for creating , among other inventions , a machine to measure the size of a plot of land . He also made strides in the developing educational methods . He anticipated the caterpillar track with an invention that he played around with for forty years but that he never successfully developed . He described it as a cart that carries its own road . He was married four times , including both Honora Sneyd and Frances Beaufort , older sister of Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy . The two men installed a semaphore line for Ireland . Richard Lovell Edgeworth was a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham . The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organization over a period of years , but was only ever an informal group . No constitution , minutes , publications or membership lists survive from any period , and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the correspondence and notes of those associated with it . Dates given for the society range from sometime before 1760 to it still operating as late as 1813 . Fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive time : these are Matthew Boulton , Erasmus Darwin , Thomas Day , Richard Lovell Edgeworth , Samuel Galton , Jr. , James Keir , Joseph Priestley , William Small , Jonathan Stokes , James Watt , Josiah Wedgwood , John Whitehurst and William Withering . Richard Edgeworth and his family lived in Ireland at his estate at Edgeworthstown , County Longford , where he reclaimed bogs and improved roads . He sat in Grattans Parliament for St Johnstown ( County Longford ) from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 , and advocated Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform . He was a founder-member of the Royal Irish Academy . He died in Edgeworthstown on 13 June 1817 . Family . He was the father of 22 children by his four wives 1 . Anna Maria Elers ( 1743–1773 ) , of whom five children - Richard Edgeworth ( 1765–1796 ) , m . Elizabeth Knight 1788 . Died in America - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1766–1766 ) - Maria Edgeworth ( 1768–1849 ) the novelist - Emmeline Edgeworth ( 1770–1817 ) , married Dr . John King of Bristol , October 1802 - Anna Maria Edgeworth ( 1773–1824 ) , married Dr . Thomas Beddoes 1794 . 2 . Honora Sneyd ( 1751 – 1 May 1780 ) , of whom two children - Honora Edgeworth ( 1774–1790 ) - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1775–1842 ) , who inherited the property 3 . Elizabeth Sneyd ( 1753–1797 ) , sister of Honora Sneyd , of whom five sons and four daughters - Elizabeth Edgeworth ( 1781–1805 ) - Henry Edgeworth ( 1782–1813 ) - Charlotte Edgeworth ( 1783–1807 ) - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1784–1784 ) - Charles Sneyd Edgeworth ( 1786–1864 ) m . Henrica Broadhurst 1813 , succeeded his brother Lovell Edgeworth - William Edgeworth ( 1788–1790 ) - Thomas Day Edgeworth ( 1789–1792 ) - Honora Edgeworth ( 1792–1858 ) , married Francis Beaufort ( his brother in law from his fourth marriage ) in 1838 - William Edgeworth ( 1794–1829 ) , engineer . 4 . Frances Ann Beaufort ( 1769–1865 ) , botanical artist , daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort and Mary Waller , of whom six children , - Frances Maria Edgeworth ( 1799–1848 ) m . Lestock Wilson 1829 - Harriet Edgeworth ( 1801–1889 ) m . Richard Butler 1826 - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1803–1836 ) m . Barry Fox 1824 - Lucy Jane ( 1805–1897 ) , married the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson 1843 . - Francis Beaufort Edgeworth ( 1809–1846 ) , Mentioned in Thomas Carlyles Life of Sterling . Married Rosa Florentina Eroles of Spain , 1831 , of whom six sons and one daughter - William Edgeworth ( 1832 -1833 ) - William Edgeworth ( 1834-1863 ) , entered the army in 1853 and served in India - Antonio Eroles Edgeworth ( 1835–1911 ) , succeeded his uncle Charles Sneyd Edgeworth - David Reid Edgeworth ( 1837-1871 ) - Mary Edgeworth ( 1839-1893 ) - Richard Lestock Edgeworth ( 1843-1869 ) - Francis Ysidro Edgeworth ( 1845–1926 ) , became an influential economist . - Michael Pakenham Edgeworth ( 1812–1881 ) , m . Christina Macpherson 1846 , botanist . External links . - The four wives of Richard Edgeworth Portraits - The Edgeworth Family , National Portrait Gallery
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[
"Honora Sneyd",
"Elizabeth Sneyd",
"Frances Beaufort"
] |
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Who was Richard Lovell Edgeworth 's spouse from 1773 to May 1780?
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/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth#P26#1
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Richard Lovell Edgeworth Richard Lovell Edgeworth ( 31 May 1744 – 13 June 1817 ) was an Anglo-Irish politician , writer and inventor . Biography . Edgeworth was born in Pierrepont Street , Bath , England , son of Richard Edgeworth senior , and great-grandson of Sir Salathiel Lovell through his mother , Jane Lovell , granddaughter of Sir Salathiel . The Edgeworth family came to Ireland in the 1580s . Richard was descended from Francis Edgeworth , appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1606 , who inherited a fortune from his brother Edward Edgeworth , Bishop of Down and Connor . A Trinity College , Dublin and Corpus Christi , Oxford alumnus , he is credited for creating , among other inventions , a machine to measure the size of a plot of land . He also made strides in the developing educational methods . He anticipated the caterpillar track with an invention that he played around with for forty years but that he never successfully developed . He described it as a cart that carries its own road . He was married four times , including both Honora Sneyd and Frances Beaufort , older sister of Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy . The two men installed a semaphore line for Ireland . Richard Lovell Edgeworth was a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham . The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organization over a period of years , but was only ever an informal group . No constitution , minutes , publications or membership lists survive from any period , and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the correspondence and notes of those associated with it . Dates given for the society range from sometime before 1760 to it still operating as late as 1813 . Fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive time : these are Matthew Boulton , Erasmus Darwin , Thomas Day , Richard Lovell Edgeworth , Samuel Galton , Jr. , James Keir , Joseph Priestley , William Small , Jonathan Stokes , James Watt , Josiah Wedgwood , John Whitehurst and William Withering . Richard Edgeworth and his family lived in Ireland at his estate at Edgeworthstown , County Longford , where he reclaimed bogs and improved roads . He sat in Grattans Parliament for St Johnstown ( County Longford ) from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 , and advocated Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform . He was a founder-member of the Royal Irish Academy . He died in Edgeworthstown on 13 June 1817 . Family . He was the father of 22 children by his four wives 1 . Anna Maria Elers ( 1743–1773 ) , of whom five children - Richard Edgeworth ( 1765–1796 ) , m . Elizabeth Knight 1788 . Died in America - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1766–1766 ) - Maria Edgeworth ( 1768–1849 ) the novelist - Emmeline Edgeworth ( 1770–1817 ) , married Dr . John King of Bristol , October 1802 - Anna Maria Edgeworth ( 1773–1824 ) , married Dr . Thomas Beddoes 1794 . 2 . Honora Sneyd ( 1751 – 1 May 1780 ) , of whom two children - Honora Edgeworth ( 1774–1790 ) - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1775–1842 ) , who inherited the property 3 . Elizabeth Sneyd ( 1753–1797 ) , sister of Honora Sneyd , of whom five sons and four daughters - Elizabeth Edgeworth ( 1781–1805 ) - Henry Edgeworth ( 1782–1813 ) - Charlotte Edgeworth ( 1783–1807 ) - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1784–1784 ) - Charles Sneyd Edgeworth ( 1786–1864 ) m . Henrica Broadhurst 1813 , succeeded his brother Lovell Edgeworth - William Edgeworth ( 1788–1790 ) - Thomas Day Edgeworth ( 1789–1792 ) - Honora Edgeworth ( 1792–1858 ) , married Francis Beaufort ( his brother in law from his fourth marriage ) in 1838 - William Edgeworth ( 1794–1829 ) , engineer . 4 . Frances Ann Beaufort ( 1769–1865 ) , botanical artist , daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort and Mary Waller , of whom six children , - Frances Maria Edgeworth ( 1799–1848 ) m . Lestock Wilson 1829 - Harriet Edgeworth ( 1801–1889 ) m . Richard Butler 1826 - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1803–1836 ) m . Barry Fox 1824 - Lucy Jane ( 1805–1897 ) , married the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson 1843 . - Francis Beaufort Edgeworth ( 1809–1846 ) , Mentioned in Thomas Carlyles Life of Sterling . Married Rosa Florentina Eroles of Spain , 1831 , of whom six sons and one daughter - William Edgeworth ( 1832 -1833 ) - William Edgeworth ( 1834-1863 ) , entered the army in 1853 and served in India - Antonio Eroles Edgeworth ( 1835–1911 ) , succeeded his uncle Charles Sneyd Edgeworth - David Reid Edgeworth ( 1837-1871 ) - Mary Edgeworth ( 1839-1893 ) - Richard Lestock Edgeworth ( 1843-1869 ) - Francis Ysidro Edgeworth ( 1845–1926 ) , became an influential economist . - Michael Pakenham Edgeworth ( 1812–1881 ) , m . Christina Macpherson 1846 , botanist . External links . - The four wives of Richard Edgeworth Portraits - The Edgeworth Family , National Portrait Gallery
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[
"Frances Beaufort",
"Elizabeth Sneyd"
] |
easy
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Who was Richard Lovell Edgeworth 's spouse from May 1780 to 1797?
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/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth#P26#2
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Richard Lovell Edgeworth Richard Lovell Edgeworth ( 31 May 1744 – 13 June 1817 ) was an Anglo-Irish politician , writer and inventor . Biography . Edgeworth was born in Pierrepont Street , Bath , England , son of Richard Edgeworth senior , and great-grandson of Sir Salathiel Lovell through his mother , Jane Lovell , granddaughter of Sir Salathiel . The Edgeworth family came to Ireland in the 1580s . Richard was descended from Francis Edgeworth , appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1606 , who inherited a fortune from his brother Edward Edgeworth , Bishop of Down and Connor . A Trinity College , Dublin and Corpus Christi , Oxford alumnus , he is credited for creating , among other inventions , a machine to measure the size of a plot of land . He also made strides in the developing educational methods . He anticipated the caterpillar track with an invention that he played around with for forty years but that he never successfully developed . He described it as a cart that carries its own road . He was married four times , including both Honora Sneyd and Frances Beaufort , older sister of Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy . The two men installed a semaphore line for Ireland . Richard Lovell Edgeworth was a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham . The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organization over a period of years , but was only ever an informal group . No constitution , minutes , publications or membership lists survive from any period , and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the correspondence and notes of those associated with it . Dates given for the society range from sometime before 1760 to it still operating as late as 1813 . Fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive time : these are Matthew Boulton , Erasmus Darwin , Thomas Day , Richard Lovell Edgeworth , Samuel Galton , Jr. , James Keir , Joseph Priestley , William Small , Jonathan Stokes , James Watt , Josiah Wedgwood , John Whitehurst and William Withering . Richard Edgeworth and his family lived in Ireland at his estate at Edgeworthstown , County Longford , where he reclaimed bogs and improved roads . He sat in Grattans Parliament for St Johnstown ( County Longford ) from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 , and advocated Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform . He was a founder-member of the Royal Irish Academy . He died in Edgeworthstown on 13 June 1817 . Family . He was the father of 22 children by his four wives 1 . Anna Maria Elers ( 1743–1773 ) , of whom five children - Richard Edgeworth ( 1765–1796 ) , m . Elizabeth Knight 1788 . Died in America - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1766–1766 ) - Maria Edgeworth ( 1768–1849 ) the novelist - Emmeline Edgeworth ( 1770–1817 ) , married Dr . John King of Bristol , October 1802 - Anna Maria Edgeworth ( 1773–1824 ) , married Dr . Thomas Beddoes 1794 . 2 . Honora Sneyd ( 1751 – 1 May 1780 ) , of whom two children - Honora Edgeworth ( 1774–1790 ) - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1775–1842 ) , who inherited the property 3 . Elizabeth Sneyd ( 1753–1797 ) , sister of Honora Sneyd , of whom five sons and four daughters - Elizabeth Edgeworth ( 1781–1805 ) - Henry Edgeworth ( 1782–1813 ) - Charlotte Edgeworth ( 1783–1807 ) - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1784–1784 ) - Charles Sneyd Edgeworth ( 1786–1864 ) m . Henrica Broadhurst 1813 , succeeded his brother Lovell Edgeworth - William Edgeworth ( 1788–1790 ) - Thomas Day Edgeworth ( 1789–1792 ) - Honora Edgeworth ( 1792–1858 ) , married Francis Beaufort ( his brother in law from his fourth marriage ) in 1838 - William Edgeworth ( 1794–1829 ) , engineer . 4 . Frances Ann Beaufort ( 1769–1865 ) , botanical artist , daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort and Mary Waller , of whom six children , - Frances Maria Edgeworth ( 1799–1848 ) m . Lestock Wilson 1829 - Harriet Edgeworth ( 1801–1889 ) m . Richard Butler 1826 - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1803–1836 ) m . Barry Fox 1824 - Lucy Jane ( 1805–1897 ) , married the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson 1843 . - Francis Beaufort Edgeworth ( 1809–1846 ) , Mentioned in Thomas Carlyles Life of Sterling . Married Rosa Florentina Eroles of Spain , 1831 , of whom six sons and one daughter - William Edgeworth ( 1832 -1833 ) - William Edgeworth ( 1834-1863 ) , entered the army in 1853 and served in India - Antonio Eroles Edgeworth ( 1835–1911 ) , succeeded his uncle Charles Sneyd Edgeworth - David Reid Edgeworth ( 1837-1871 ) - Mary Edgeworth ( 1839-1893 ) - Richard Lestock Edgeworth ( 1843-1869 ) - Francis Ysidro Edgeworth ( 1845–1926 ) , became an influential economist . - Michael Pakenham Edgeworth ( 1812–1881 ) , m . Christina Macpherson 1846 , botanist . External links . - The four wives of Richard Edgeworth Portraits - The Edgeworth Family , National Portrait Gallery
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[
"Frances Beaufort"
] |
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Who was Richard Lovell Edgeworth 's spouse from May 1798 to May 1799?
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/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth#P26#3
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Richard Lovell Edgeworth Richard Lovell Edgeworth ( 31 May 1744 – 13 June 1817 ) was an Anglo-Irish politician , writer and inventor . Biography . Edgeworth was born in Pierrepont Street , Bath , England , son of Richard Edgeworth senior , and great-grandson of Sir Salathiel Lovell through his mother , Jane Lovell , granddaughter of Sir Salathiel . The Edgeworth family came to Ireland in the 1580s . Richard was descended from Francis Edgeworth , appointed joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1606 , who inherited a fortune from his brother Edward Edgeworth , Bishop of Down and Connor . A Trinity College , Dublin and Corpus Christi , Oxford alumnus , he is credited for creating , among other inventions , a machine to measure the size of a plot of land . He also made strides in the developing educational methods . He anticipated the caterpillar track with an invention that he played around with for forty years but that he never successfully developed . He described it as a cart that carries its own road . He was married four times , including both Honora Sneyd and Frances Beaufort , older sister of Francis Beaufort of the Royal Navy . The two men installed a semaphore line for Ireland . Richard Lovell Edgeworth was a member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham . The Lunar Society evolved through various degrees of organization over a period of years , but was only ever an informal group . No constitution , minutes , publications or membership lists survive from any period , and evidence of its existence and activities is found only in the correspondence and notes of those associated with it . Dates given for the society range from sometime before 1760 to it still operating as late as 1813 . Fourteen individuals have been identified as having verifiably attended Lunar Society meetings regularly over a long period during its most productive time : these are Matthew Boulton , Erasmus Darwin , Thomas Day , Richard Lovell Edgeworth , Samuel Galton , Jr. , James Keir , Joseph Priestley , William Small , Jonathan Stokes , James Watt , Josiah Wedgwood , John Whitehurst and William Withering . Richard Edgeworth and his family lived in Ireland at his estate at Edgeworthstown , County Longford , where he reclaimed bogs and improved roads . He sat in Grattans Parliament for St Johnstown ( County Longford ) from 1798 until the Act of Union in 1801 , and advocated Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform . He was a founder-member of the Royal Irish Academy . He died in Edgeworthstown on 13 June 1817 . Family . He was the father of 22 children by his four wives 1 . Anna Maria Elers ( 1743–1773 ) , of whom five children - Richard Edgeworth ( 1765–1796 ) , m . Elizabeth Knight 1788 . Died in America - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1766–1766 ) - Maria Edgeworth ( 1768–1849 ) the novelist - Emmeline Edgeworth ( 1770–1817 ) , married Dr . John King of Bristol , October 1802 - Anna Maria Edgeworth ( 1773–1824 ) , married Dr . Thomas Beddoes 1794 . 2 . Honora Sneyd ( 1751 – 1 May 1780 ) , of whom two children - Honora Edgeworth ( 1774–1790 ) - Lovell Edgeworth ( 1775–1842 ) , who inherited the property 3 . Elizabeth Sneyd ( 1753–1797 ) , sister of Honora Sneyd , of whom five sons and four daughters - Elizabeth Edgeworth ( 1781–1805 ) - Henry Edgeworth ( 1782–1813 ) - Charlotte Edgeworth ( 1783–1807 ) - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1784–1784 ) - Charles Sneyd Edgeworth ( 1786–1864 ) m . Henrica Broadhurst 1813 , succeeded his brother Lovell Edgeworth - William Edgeworth ( 1788–1790 ) - Thomas Day Edgeworth ( 1789–1792 ) - Honora Edgeworth ( 1792–1858 ) , married Francis Beaufort ( his brother in law from his fourth marriage ) in 1838 - William Edgeworth ( 1794–1829 ) , engineer . 4 . Frances Ann Beaufort ( 1769–1865 ) , botanical artist , daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort and Mary Waller , of whom six children , - Frances Maria Edgeworth ( 1799–1848 ) m . Lestock Wilson 1829 - Harriet Edgeworth ( 1801–1889 ) m . Richard Butler 1826 - Sophia Edgeworth ( 1803–1836 ) m . Barry Fox 1824 - Lucy Jane ( 1805–1897 ) , married the Irish astronomer Thomas Romney Robinson 1843 . - Francis Beaufort Edgeworth ( 1809–1846 ) , Mentioned in Thomas Carlyles Life of Sterling . Married Rosa Florentina Eroles of Spain , 1831 , of whom six sons and one daughter - William Edgeworth ( 1832 -1833 ) - William Edgeworth ( 1834-1863 ) , entered the army in 1853 and served in India - Antonio Eroles Edgeworth ( 1835–1911 ) , succeeded his uncle Charles Sneyd Edgeworth - David Reid Edgeworth ( 1837-1871 ) - Mary Edgeworth ( 1839-1893 ) - Richard Lestock Edgeworth ( 1843-1869 ) - Francis Ysidro Edgeworth ( 1845–1926 ) , became an influential economist . - Michael Pakenham Edgeworth ( 1812–1881 ) , m . Christina Macpherson 1846 , botanist . External links . - The four wives of Richard Edgeworth Portraits - The Edgeworth Family , National Portrait Gallery
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Where was Simon Li educated from 1936 to 1937?
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/wiki/Simon_Li#P69#0
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Simon Li Simon Li Fook-sean ( ; 19 April 1922 – 26 February 2013 ) was a Hong Kong senior judge and politician . Education and judiciary career . Li was educated at the Kings College between 1937 and 1941 and then the University of Hong Kong . He also spent time studying on the Mainland China . He studied law at the University College London from 1947 to 1950 and was called to Lincolns Inn Bar in London in 1951 . He also received the honoris causa degree of Doctor of Laws from the Chinese University of Hong Kong conferred on him in 1986 . He returned to Hong Kong and became a crown counsel in Hong Kongs Legal Department in 1953 . He became the judge of the District Court in 1963 . Li was the first Chinese judge to be appointed to the High Court in 1971 and was elevated to Justice of Appeal in 1980 . He was the first Chinese to be appointed to the Vice-President of the Court of Appeal in 1984 . In 1986 he became the first Hong Kong Chinese to act as Chief Justice for the then Chief Justice Denys Roberts . He retired in 1987 at the age of 64 as the colonys most senior Chinese judge . Politics . After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984 which determined that Hong Kongs sovereignty to Peoples Republic of China in 1997 , Li was appointed to the Independent Monitoring Team on the Assessment Office to monitor the acceptability of the Sino-British Draft Agreement . He subsequently was appointed by the Beijing government to many positions during the transition period . He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee , a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser , and deputy director of the preliminary working committee of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . In the 1996 First Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Li campaigned against Yang Ti-liang , who succeeded Denys Robert as Chief Justice ; Peter Woo , tycoon and son-in-law of Y . K . Pao , and the eventual winner Tung Chee-hwa . Li initially supported Lo Tak-shing for the Chief Executive race . After Lo withdrew , Li announced his own candidacy and became the last of the four to join the race . Li failed to get enough nominations , receiving just 43 votes , and was eliminated in the election . Tung won a landslide victory in the election by the 400-member Selection Committee orchestrated by the Beijing government . In 1997 , Li received Hong Kongs highest honour , the Grand Bauhinia Medal . Public services . Li also held numerous positions including the vice-chairperson of Fu Hong Society , honorary steward of the Hong Kong Jockey Club , director of his family owned Bank of East Asia , director of Kings College Old Boys Association School Board , director of Rev . Joseph Carra Education Fund , council member of the Society for Rehabilitation , honorary president of the Scout Association of Hong Kong , chairman of the Insurance Claims Complaints Board , and director and chairman of the Widow and Orphan Pension Board . He also established the Mr Li Koon Chun Memorial Fund and the Dr Simon Li Fook Sean and Madam Yang Yen Ying Fund for supporting the finances of the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Death and family . Li suffered from ill health and was sent to hospital with a chronic respiration problem in about 2012 . He died of heart failure at the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital surrounded by his family on 26 February 2013 at the age of 91 . His brother Ronald Li Fook-shiu was the chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and was jailed for corruption in 1991 . His nephews include former Legislative Councillor David Li Kwok-po , the Bank of East Asia chairman and Arthur Li Kwok-cheung , deputy chairman at the bank , former Secretary for Education and former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Simon Li had four sons and one daughter . His second son Joseph Li died suddenly in Britain in 1995 . His only daughter Gladys Li was the ex-chairwoman of the Hong Kong Bar Association and member of the Civic Party . She also represented the domestic helpers in the Vallejos v . Commissioner of Registration . Li is of Waitun village , Heshan , Guangdong ancestry .
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"the Kings College"
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Where was Simon Li educated from 1937 to 1941?
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/wiki/Simon_Li#P69#1
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Simon Li Simon Li Fook-sean ( ; 19 April 1922 – 26 February 2013 ) was a Hong Kong senior judge and politician . Education and judiciary career . Li was educated at the Kings College between 1937 and 1941 and then the University of Hong Kong . He also spent time studying on the Mainland China . He studied law at the University College London from 1947 to 1950 and was called to Lincolns Inn Bar in London in 1951 . He also received the honoris causa degree of Doctor of Laws from the Chinese University of Hong Kong conferred on him in 1986 . He returned to Hong Kong and became a crown counsel in Hong Kongs Legal Department in 1953 . He became the judge of the District Court in 1963 . Li was the first Chinese judge to be appointed to the High Court in 1971 and was elevated to Justice of Appeal in 1980 . He was the first Chinese to be appointed to the Vice-President of the Court of Appeal in 1984 . In 1986 he became the first Hong Kong Chinese to act as Chief Justice for the then Chief Justice Denys Roberts . He retired in 1987 at the age of 64 as the colonys most senior Chinese judge . Politics . After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984 which determined that Hong Kongs sovereignty to Peoples Republic of China in 1997 , Li was appointed to the Independent Monitoring Team on the Assessment Office to monitor the acceptability of the Sino-British Draft Agreement . He subsequently was appointed by the Beijing government to many positions during the transition period . He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee , a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser , and deputy director of the preliminary working committee of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . In the 1996 First Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Li campaigned against Yang Ti-liang , who succeeded Denys Robert as Chief Justice ; Peter Woo , tycoon and son-in-law of Y . K . Pao , and the eventual winner Tung Chee-hwa . Li initially supported Lo Tak-shing for the Chief Executive race . After Lo withdrew , Li announced his own candidacy and became the last of the four to join the race . Li failed to get enough nominations , receiving just 43 votes , and was eliminated in the election . Tung won a landslide victory in the election by the 400-member Selection Committee orchestrated by the Beijing government . In 1997 , Li received Hong Kongs highest honour , the Grand Bauhinia Medal . Public services . Li also held numerous positions including the vice-chairperson of Fu Hong Society , honorary steward of the Hong Kong Jockey Club , director of his family owned Bank of East Asia , director of Kings College Old Boys Association School Board , director of Rev . Joseph Carra Education Fund , council member of the Society for Rehabilitation , honorary president of the Scout Association of Hong Kong , chairman of the Insurance Claims Complaints Board , and director and chairman of the Widow and Orphan Pension Board . He also established the Mr Li Koon Chun Memorial Fund and the Dr Simon Li Fook Sean and Madam Yang Yen Ying Fund for supporting the finances of the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Death and family . Li suffered from ill health and was sent to hospital with a chronic respiration problem in about 2012 . He died of heart failure at the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital surrounded by his family on 26 February 2013 at the age of 91 . His brother Ronald Li Fook-shiu was the chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and was jailed for corruption in 1991 . His nephews include former Legislative Councillor David Li Kwok-po , the Bank of East Asia chairman and Arthur Li Kwok-cheung , deputy chairman at the bank , former Secretary for Education and former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Simon Li had four sons and one daughter . His second son Joseph Li died suddenly in Britain in 1995 . His only daughter Gladys Li was the ex-chairwoman of the Hong Kong Bar Association and member of the Civic Party . She also represented the domestic helpers in the Vallejos v . Commissioner of Registration . Li is of Waitun village , Heshan , Guangdong ancestry .
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"the University College London"
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Simon Li went to which school from 1947 to 1950?
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/wiki/Simon_Li#P69#2
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Simon Li Simon Li Fook-sean ( ; 19 April 1922 – 26 February 2013 ) was a Hong Kong senior judge and politician . Education and judiciary career . Li was educated at the Kings College between 1937 and 1941 and then the University of Hong Kong . He also spent time studying on the Mainland China . He studied law at the University College London from 1947 to 1950 and was called to Lincolns Inn Bar in London in 1951 . He also received the honoris causa degree of Doctor of Laws from the Chinese University of Hong Kong conferred on him in 1986 . He returned to Hong Kong and became a crown counsel in Hong Kongs Legal Department in 1953 . He became the judge of the District Court in 1963 . Li was the first Chinese judge to be appointed to the High Court in 1971 and was elevated to Justice of Appeal in 1980 . He was the first Chinese to be appointed to the Vice-President of the Court of Appeal in 1984 . In 1986 he became the first Hong Kong Chinese to act as Chief Justice for the then Chief Justice Denys Roberts . He retired in 1987 at the age of 64 as the colonys most senior Chinese judge . Politics . After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984 which determined that Hong Kongs sovereignty to Peoples Republic of China in 1997 , Li was appointed to the Independent Monitoring Team on the Assessment Office to monitor the acceptability of the Sino-British Draft Agreement . He subsequently was appointed by the Beijing government to many positions during the transition period . He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee , a Hong Kong Affairs Adviser , and deputy director of the preliminary working committee of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . In the 1996 First Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Li campaigned against Yang Ti-liang , who succeeded Denys Robert as Chief Justice ; Peter Woo , tycoon and son-in-law of Y . K . Pao , and the eventual winner Tung Chee-hwa . Li initially supported Lo Tak-shing for the Chief Executive race . After Lo withdrew , Li announced his own candidacy and became the last of the four to join the race . Li failed to get enough nominations , receiving just 43 votes , and was eliminated in the election . Tung won a landslide victory in the election by the 400-member Selection Committee orchestrated by the Beijing government . In 1997 , Li received Hong Kongs highest honour , the Grand Bauhinia Medal . Public services . Li also held numerous positions including the vice-chairperson of Fu Hong Society , honorary steward of the Hong Kong Jockey Club , director of his family owned Bank of East Asia , director of Kings College Old Boys Association School Board , director of Rev . Joseph Carra Education Fund , council member of the Society for Rehabilitation , honorary president of the Scout Association of Hong Kong , chairman of the Insurance Claims Complaints Board , and director and chairman of the Widow and Orphan Pension Board . He also established the Mr Li Koon Chun Memorial Fund and the Dr Simon Li Fook Sean and Madam Yang Yen Ying Fund for supporting the finances of the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Death and family . Li suffered from ill health and was sent to hospital with a chronic respiration problem in about 2012 . He died of heart failure at the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital surrounded by his family on 26 February 2013 at the age of 91 . His brother Ronald Li Fook-shiu was the chairman of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and was jailed for corruption in 1991 . His nephews include former Legislative Councillor David Li Kwok-po , the Bank of East Asia chairman and Arthur Li Kwok-cheung , deputy chairman at the bank , former Secretary for Education and former Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong . Simon Li had four sons and one daughter . His second son Joseph Li died suddenly in Britain in 1995 . His only daughter Gladys Li was the ex-chairwoman of the Hong Kong Bar Association and member of the Civic Party . She also represented the domestic helpers in the Vallejos v . Commissioner of Registration . Li is of Waitun village , Heshan , Guangdong ancestry .
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Which site was the heritage designation of Georgetown Car Barn from May 1967 to 2019?
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/wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P1435#0
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Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 .
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"District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites"
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Which site was the heritage designation of Georgetown Car Barn from 2019 to Aug 2019?
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/wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P1435#1
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Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 .
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"National Register of Historic Places"
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Which site was the heritage designation of Georgetown Car Barn from Aug 2019 to Aug 2020?
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/wiki/Georgetown_Car_Barn#P1435#2
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Georgetown Car Barn The Georgetown Car Barn , historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station , is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , in the United States . Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood , it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines . The adjacent Exorcist steps , later named after their appearance in William Friedkins 1973 horror film The Exorcist , were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street . Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars , the Car Barn began Washingtons only cable car system . Almost immediately after the building opened , the system was electrified , and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars . Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility , the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction . The building has undergone several renovations , the most extensive in 1911 , when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified , and the interior was almost completely gutted . Not long after its opening , the building fell into disrepair . Changing ownership over time , it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950 , when it was redeveloped as office space . Among its occupants was the International Police Academy , an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency , which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s . Today , it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University . In 2019 , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . History . The Car Barns original foundation supported a warehouse constructed in 1761 to store tobacco for auction unloaded from ships docked at the location of the present-day Key Bridge . The warehouse was converted to keep horses and their trolleys around 1861 . On August 23 , 1894 , Congress authorized the extension of an existing trolley line terminating at the intersection of Bridge and High Streets ( now Wisconsin Avenue and M Street respectively ) to the intersection of M and 36th Streets . With the authorization , Congress required that a union station be erected at the site . Thereafter , the site was used to store horse-drawn trolley cars . Construction . Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood . The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company , D.S . Carll , was in charge of the construction . Before construction of the Car Barn , the two streets were joined by a steep hillside that carried 36th Street . Large amounts of earth were excavated— in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today . Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the Exorcist steps and a large retaining wall , which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed , to connect M and Prospect Streets . The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death . The buildings construction was opposed by the next-door resident of the Prospect House , who furnished affidavits by prominent architects stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house ; this led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894 . After the Car Barns construction , the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street , including the well-known cottage of E . D . E . N . Southworth . For this reason , some considered it a desecration of the local scenery . The three-story , building was opened on May 27 , 1897 , containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling , ornate iron stair railings , and stuccoed ceilings . The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style . Its tower , which reached a height of , contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals . Many of the buildings decorations reflect its original function . The pediment facing M Street reads Capital Traction Company and contains three decorative flywheels . The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad . The second and third floors were connected with steel trestles to allow for trolleys coming across the Potomac River from Rosslyn , which served Washington , Arlington , Falls Church , and were projected to serve the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad . The roof , which was level with Prospect Street , was used by the Metropolitan Railroad and had a covered walkway for passengers to get from the elevator to Prospect street . The station operated as Washingtons only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year . Almost immediately after opening , the Car Barn was converted to operate the new electric streetcars . The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal , and the Metropolitan Railroad did not use the station to the extent intended . It intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building but never did . Re-design . Although regarded as well-designed before 1900 , the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years . The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space . The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn , which began in 1910 . The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars , and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof . This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building . The steel support beams were replaced , and the entire façade was changed to extend toward M Street and increase its height to allow more office space . These modifications were complete in 1911 . Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922 . Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company , as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company , which increased the number of office workers at the building . These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building , creating a lightwell on the third floor , converting the third floor into office space , and removing the covered passageway on the roof . Later uses . The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30 , 1949 . The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950 . Toward the end of 1952 , the first floor was converted into office space . When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors , the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor , the DC Transit System , in 1956 . By then , the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely . Seeking to preserve the historic structure , it elected to redevelop it . The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960 , intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building . This involved lowering the ceilings , which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars . The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967 . Beginning in late 1963 , the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy , operated by the Central Intelligence Agency ( though officially part of the Agency for International Development ) that trained Latin American police forces ; members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975 . In 1992 , the owner of the DC Transit System , O . Roy Chalk , was subject to foreclosure , and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood . The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year . The primary tenant is Georgetown University , which first began leasing space in the 1950s . After two years of renovation by the university that ended in 2017 , the first floor garage was converted to house the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press . The building today has four floors and has a floor area of . The Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on January 24 , 2019 , and the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington , DC on August 9 , 2019 .
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What was the position of George Brandis from May 2000 to Sep 2013?
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/wiki/George_Brandis#P39#0
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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"Minister for the Arts"
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George Brandis took which position from Sep 2013 to Sep 2015?
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/wiki/George_Brandis#P39#1
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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"Leader of the Government in the Senate"
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Which position did George Brandis hold in Sep 2015?
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/wiki/George_Brandis#P39#2
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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[
"Attorney-General",
"Minister for the Arts and Sport"
] |
easy
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Which position did George Brandis hold in Sep 2015?
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/wiki/George_Brandis#P39#3
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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[
"Leader of the Government in the Senate"
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What position did George Brandis take from Sep 2015 to Dec 2017?
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/wiki/George_Brandis#P39#4
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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What position did George Brandis take in Dec 2017?
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George Brandis George Henry Brandis ( born 22 June 1957 ) is an Australian diplomat and former politician who has been the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom since May 2018 . He previously served as a Senator for Queensland between 2000 and 2018 , representing the Liberal Party , and was a minister in the Howard , Abbott , and Turnbull Governments . Brandis studied law at the University of Queensland and Magdalen College , Oxford . Before entering politics he practised as a barrister . Brandis was appointed to the Senate in 2000 to fill the casual vacancy caused by the resignation of Warwick Parer . He served as Minister for the Arts and Sport for the last year of the Howard Government in 2007 . When the Coalition returned to power in 2013 , Brandis became Attorney-General and Minister for the Arts , during which time he cut of funding to the Australia Council for the Arts in the 2015-16 Budget . He relinquished the latter portfolio in 2015 , when Malcolm Turnbull became prime minister , but was instead made Leader of the Government in the Senate . Brandis announced his retirement from politics in December 2017 , with effect from February 2018 . He replaced Alexander Downer as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom in May 2018 . Early life . Brandis was born in Sydney and was brought up in the inner-west suburb of Petersham . He attended Christian Brothers High School , Lewisham before moving to Brisbane and attending Villanova College and the University of Queensland , where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with First-Class Honours in 1978 and a Bachelor of Laws with First-Class Honours in 1980 . Following graduation , Brandis served as Associate to Justice Charles Sheahan of the Queensland Supreme Court . He was then elected a Commonwealth Scholar and obtained a Bachelor of Civil Law from Magdalen College , Oxford in 1983 . Legal career . After a brief period as a solicitor in Brisbane , Brandis was called to the Queensland Bar in 1985 where he practised until entering politics in 2000 . Brandis developed a commercial practice with a particular emphasis on trade practices law . He appeared as junior counsel in the High Court of Australia in the equity case Warman v Dwyer . He was also the junior barrister for the plaintiff in the long running Multigroup Distribution Services v TNT Australia litigation in the Federal Court of Australia . Brandis applied to be appointed Senior Counsel in the late 1990s , but was unsuccessful . Brandis applied again in 2006 . He was not on the Queensland Bar Associations shortlist ; however the Chief Justice of Queensland , Paul de Jersey , who had the power to make the ultimate determination , added Brandis name to the list , and Brandis was appointed Senior Counsel in November 2006 . This was controversial , since Brandis had not practised at the bar since 2000 . In June 2013 , the original title of Queens Counsel was restored by the Queensland Government and Brandis was one of 70 ( out of 74 ) Queensland SCs that chose to become QCs . Brandis has co-edited two books on liberalism , and published academic articles on various legal topics , one of which was cited by the High Court of Australia in the landmark defamation case ABC v ONeill . While at the Bar , Brandis was a board member of UNICEF Australia for 10 years . He has also been an Associate of the Australian Institute for Ethics and the Professions , and lectured in jurisprudence at the University of Queensland from 1984 to 1991 . Early political involvement . According to Peter Baume , during the 1980s Brandis was a key member of the Liberal Forum , a social or classical liberal faction within the party . He cut his political teeth fighting a rearguard action against the incoming tide of neoliberal economics and a muscular social conservatism that increasingly came to characterise the party in the late 1980s and early 1990s . He was a co-editor of two anthologies produced by members of the faction , titled Liberals Face the Future ( 1984 ) and Australian Liberalism : The Continuing Vision ( 1986 ) . Parliamentary career . Brandis was first chosen by the Parliament of Queensland to fill a casual vacancy following the resignation of Senator the Honourable Warwick Parer . He was elected to a further six-year term at the 2004 election . In his period as a senator , he has served as Chairman of the Economics Committee and as Chairman of the Senates Children Overboard Inquiry . Brandis has also made a number of public speeches . In 2003 , he described the Australian Greens as eco-fascist . Brandis claimed over $1,000 in taxpayer expenses to attend the inaugural Sir Garfield Barwick address in Sydney on 28 June 2010 . The event was billed as a Liberal party fund-raiser . Ministerial career . Howard administration . On 23 January 2007 , Brandis was appointed Minister for the Arts and Sport , replacing Senator Rod Kemp . He lost his ministerial position on the defeat of the Howard government in the 2007 election . Shadow ministry . On 6 December 2007 the new Leader of the Parliamentary Liberal Party , Brendan Nelson , appointed Brandis Shadow Attorney-General , a position he continued to hold under the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull . On 2 June 2008 Brandis , in his capacity as Shadow Attorney-General , referred the Same-Sex Relationships ( Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws – Superannuation ) Bill 2008 to a Senate committee for review . The aim of the bill was to remove legislative provisions that discriminated against gay and lesbian citizens , in this case relating to superannuation . Brandis stated that the Opposition believed discrimination of this type should be removed and supported the Labor governments bill against the more conservative elements of his own party . However , he insisted on a review of the proposed legislation prior to enactment . The bill was passed into law with bipartisan support on 9 December 2008 . Brandis consistently opposed proposals for a bill of rights . In January 2010 , Brandis commented on a controversial debate between Deputy Prime Minister Julia Gillard and federal Opposition Leader Tony Abbott on the topic of advice given to children regarding abstinence . Abbott Government . Following the 2010 Australian federal election , at which he was returned , Brandis was appointed Shadow Attorney-General , Shadow Minister for the Arts and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate in the Abbott shadow ministry . In 2011 , Brandis submitted specific accusations to NSW police commissioner Andrew Scipione that sitting federal M.P . Craig Thomson committed larceny and fraud through misuse of a credit card in the Health Services Union expenses affair . This led to some questioning Brandiss suitability as attorney-general if the opportunity ever arose . Brandis faced public scrutiny when it was revealed that in 2011 he had billed the taxpayer for attending the wedding ceremony of Sydney radio shock-jock Michael Smith , who had colluded with Brandis to publicise the Craig Thomson media saga . As Arts Minister , Brandis received significant criticism from the arts industry for a $105 million cut to the Australia Council for the Arts funding in the 2015-16 Australian Federal Budget . The money was reallocated to a new program , The National Program for Excellence in the Arts ( NPEA ) . The NPEA in turn has been criticised by many artists and arts organisations for lacking the arms-length funding principles that have applied to the relationship between the government and the Australia Council since its inception in the 1970s . These principles have traditionally had bipartisan support . Brandis had been criticised previously for giving Melbourne classical music record label Melba Recordings a $275,000 grant outside of the usual funding and peer-assessment processes . Brandiss changes to funding arrangements , including the quarantining of the amount received by Australias 28 major performing arts companies , are widely seen to disadvantage the small-to-medium arts sector and independent artists . Following Malcolm Turnbulls successful spill of the leadership of the Liberal party in September 2015 , Brandis was replaced as arts minister by Mitch Fifield . Freedom of Speech and Section 18C . The Abbott Government took a proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act to the 2013 Federal Election . The Government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia , by making insult and offence the test for breach of the law . As Attorney-General , Brandis argued the case for amending the Keating Governments controversial Section 18C of the Act . In March 2013 , Brandis released draft amendments for community consultation , and announced that the proposed changes would strengthen the Acts protections against racism , while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech . After community consultation , the Government was unable to secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate , and the Abbott Government shelved the proposal . The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP , Liberal MP Ken Wyatt , and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with holocaust denials in the media . Brandis did not support the Labor governments proposed media reforms in 2013 , and was outspoken in support of greater press freedom , particularly for Andrew Bolt who was found to have breached racial vilification laws in commenting on Indigenous Australians of mixed-race descent . As Attorney-General in 2014 , Brandis furthered his push to amend the RDA , in part to allow media commentators such as Andrew Bolt greater freedom of expression , and to legally ensure that people do have a right to be bigots . Brandis labelled Bolts comments on mixed descent aboriginals , found by the Federal Court to be racial vilification , as ‘quite reasonable’ , although the federal court found Bolt violated the RDA and the plaintiffs were awarded an apology and legal costs . Professor Marcia Langton was a vocal public critic of Brandiss proposed repeal of the part of the RDA on which the Bolt case was based . In 2017 , Brandis condemned Pauline Hanson for wearing a Burqa in the Senate Chamber , explaining her stunt ridiculed the Muslim community and mocked its religious garments , and he cautioned her against the offence she might cause to the religious sensibilities of Muslim Australians . East Timor spying case . Brandis supported and approved a December 2013 ASIO raid on Bernard Collaery’s Canberra office ( a legal representative for East Timor ) , where all documents and computers were seized by the government , and which Brandis claimed was for national security interests . Shortly after the raid , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) ruled that the Australian government was not permitted to use or view any of the raid evidence . Brandis claimed the ICJ ruling was a good outcome for the government . The Timor Gap case involved allegations of ASIS spying during commercial negotiations with the East Timorese over the $40 billion oil and gas reserves of the contested Greater Sunrise fields within the East Timorese exclusive economic zone . Additionally Brandis approved the ASIO raid and passport cancellation of a former Australian Secret Intelligence Service ( ASIS ) agent , who was a director of technical operations at ASIS and the whistle-blower on the allegations of commercial spying done by Australia on East Timor , which consequently prevented the unnamed former agent from testifying at the ICJ in the Netherlands . Bookshelves . In February 2015 , it was reported that more than $15,000 of taxpaper money was spent on a second custom-built bookshelf in Brandis Parliamentary office to house Brandis collection of books and law reports . There had earlier been a $7,000 taxpayer-funded bookcase purchased in 2010 to store $13,000 worth of tax-payer funded books , but a new bookcase was reportedly required because the 2010 version was too large to move to Senator Brandis new office following the change of government . Dealings with the Australian Human Rights Commission . In February 2015 , Brandis made headlines when he questioned the independence and impartiality of the President of the Australian Human Rights Commission , Gillian Triggs , following the public release of a report by the Commission into children in detention which was critical of the Government . Brandis said he had lost confidence in Triggs and the Commission because in October 2014 she had given inconsistent and evasive evidence to Senate estimates when explaining the timing of her decision to hold the investigation into children in detention which resulted in the report . Brandis said that the political impartiality of the commission had been fatally compromised because the commission had only investigated the issue after the Liberal-National Coalition were elected to power , even though there had been a large number of people in detention under the previous Labor government . This , Brandis claimed , was a catastrophic error of judgement . Triggs defended her decision to commence the investigation in early 2014 , saying that although the number of detainees had begun to fall while the Coalition were in Government , the length of time in detention had been rising . Further controversy arose when Triggs told a Senate Estimates hearing that Brandis departmental secretary had on 3 February 2015 asked her to resign , just prior to the public release of the commissions report . Triggs said that she was told that she would be offered other work with the government if she resigned . Initially the Prime Minister and the Foreign Minister , Julie Bishop , denied that any offer of any other role was made to Triggs . However , Bishop conceded that an international role had been discussed with Triggs in early February , during a meeting in her office with the secretary of the Attorney-Generals Department , Chris Moraitis . Some government sources had suggested that Triggs had wanted to be looked after if she quit the commission . However , Triggs said she categorically denies any suggestion that the issue of a job offer and resignation came at [ her ] instigation . Triggs said at the Senate hearing that she considered the offer made to her a disgraceful proposition . These events prompted Mark Dreyfus , Labors Shadow Attorney-General , to refer the matter to the Australian Federal Police . Dreyfus said that an offer by Brandis to an independent statutory officer of an inducement to resign , with the object of affecting the leadership of the commission to avoid political damage , may constitute corrupt or unlawful conduct . The Australian Senate also took up the matter , passing a motion to censure Brandis on 2 March . Turnbull Government . Legal advice controversy . In October 2016 , allegations were made by Australias Solicitor-General , Justin Gleeson SC , suggesting that Brandis attempted to block the Solicitor-General from providing legal advice to members of the Australian Government without first seeking and receiving the permission of the Attorney-General . Further allegations were made by Labor party ministers that Brandis had misled parliament on the issue , including those by the Shadow Attorney-General , Mark Dreyfus , who challenged the independence of Brandiss office . On 25 November 2016 , The West Australian newspaper reported that the reason for Brandis issuing the direction was that Gleeson had provided advice on behalf of the Australian Taxation Office ( ATO ) in a High Court case over the collapse of The Bell Group in 1991 . The Western Australian government had passed legislation ( Bell Group Company’s Finalisation of Matters and Distribution of Proceeds Act 2015 ) , elevating the Insurance Commission of WA in the queue of Bell Group creditors ahead of the ATO . In April 2015 , the WA state government received an assurance from then federal Treasurer Joe Hockey that the Commonwealth would not intervene , however the ATO sought advice from Gleeson as its counsel that federal taxation law overrode the state legislation . The paper alleged that Brandis had told Gleeson not to run the argument , however it was still contained in the ATOs submission to the High Court , which subsequently unanimously rejected the WA governments case and struck down the Bell Act . Appointments . Prior to the 2016 federal election , Brandis appointed a Liberal Party donor and Brisbane lawyer , Theo Tavoularis , who had represented Brandis son in court , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal . Later in December 2016 , Brandis appointed two former Members of Parliament and members of the Liberal Party , who had been voted out at the 2016 federal election , to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for a 7-year term . Each role has a salary of over $200,000 . Resignation . Leading up to the 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills , Brandis was increasingly willing to assert small-l liberal positions and publicly criticised the coalition government and members of his own party , particularly the Conservative-wing of the party , including Immigration Minister Peter Dutton . Brandis was reported as being concerned about the new formation of the Department of Home Affairs under Dutton . Shortly after Dutton criticised lawyers who represented refugees and asylum seekers as un-Australian , Brandis gave a speech which championed lawyers and their role in ensuring the supremacy of the law against the executive government , which was largely seen as an attack on Duttons comments . Brandis formally resigned from the Senate on 8 February 2018 . In his farewell speech to the Senate he was critical of anti-terrorism laws being used by his own party as a political weapon and warned against the powerful elements of right-wing politics who had abandoned concern for the rights of the individual in favour of a belligerent , intolerant populism . High Commissioner to United Kingdom . Brandis was appointed to fill the post of Australias next High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Due to take up the role in March 2018 , an Achilles tendon injury delayed his official term start until 3 May 2018 . External links . - Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator George Brandis at TheyVoteForYou.org.au
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What was the position of Dennis Walters from Oct 1964 to May 1970?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#0
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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What position did Dennis Walters take from Jun 1970 to Oct 1972?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#1
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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What was the position of Dennis Walters from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#2
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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Which position did Dennis Walters hold from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#3
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What position did Dennis Walters take from May 1979 to May 1983?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#4
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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[
"Member of Parliament"
] |
easy
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What was the position of Dennis Walters from Jun 1983 to May 1987?
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/wiki/Dennis_Walters#P39#5
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Dennis Walters Sir Dennis Murray Walters ( born 28 November 1928 ) is a former British Conservative Party politician . He was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Westbury from 1964 to 1992 . Early life . The son of Douglas L . Walters and Clara Walters ( née Pomello ) , Walters was of English and Italian descent ; he was brought up as a Roman Catholic . At the outbreak of the Second World War he was in Italy and was interned , but after the Armistice of 1943 he was released and served for eleven months with the Italian Resistance . He then returned to England and was educated at Downside School and St Catharines College , Cambridge , where he read Modern Languages as an Exhibitioner and completed an MA . Career . In the late 1950s , Walters was employed as personal assistant to the Conservative peer Lord Hailsham throughout his chairmanship of the Conservative Party . At the 1959 general election , Walters contested Blyth for the Conservatives , fighting the seat again the next year at a by-election after Alf Robens was promoted to the House of Lords . In October 1962 , he was selected as his partys candidate for the Conservative-held safe seat of Westbury , which he represented as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for 28 years from 1964 onwards . During his early years in the Commons , he worked closely with Shadow Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home , of whom he later wrote I could not imagine a more considerate , fair , or civilised person to serve . Following the Six-Day War of 1967 , Walters visited Palestine with his parliamentary colleague Ian Gilmour , and in a joint statement they said The Israeli attitude to the refugees becomes clearer when their return rather than their expulsion is considered . Most people in Britain probably believe that Israel has agreed to their return and that repatriation is now satisfactorily proceeding . Nothing could be further from the truth . This was an early signal of the willingness of Walters and Gilmour to work closely together to explain the Arab point of view to the Western world , and they became close allies . Outside parliament , Walters served as Chairman of Middle East International , founded in 1971 with a mission to provide authoritative and independent news and analysis on the Middle East . A sympathiser with Arab interests , from 1970 to 1982 he was Chairman of the Council for the Advancement of Arab-British Understanding and from 1978 to 1981 joint Chairman of the Euro-Arab Parliamentary Association . He was also a company director with interests in investment , advertising , public relations and travel . When the Conservatives returned to government in 1979 , Walterss well-known pro-Arabism cost him the chance of advancement as a Foreign Office minister , the area in which his hopes lay , as in the shape of Gilmour , Margaret Thatcher was willing to appoint one pro-Arab colleague , but not two . From 1965 to the 1990s , he served as a Governor of the British Institute of Florence . Walters retired from parliament in 1992 , to be succeeded as member for Westbury by David Faber . Honours . In 1960 , he was appointed MBE for political services . Walters was knighted in 1988 . He was made a Commander of the Order of Cedar of Lebanon in 1969 , and a Grande Ufficiale of the Ordine al Merito Repubblica ( Italy ) in 2012 . Personal life . Walters has been married three times : firstly in 1955 to Vanora McIndoe , a daughter of the surgeon Sir Archibald McIndoe ( divorced 1969 ) ; secondly to Celia Sandys , daughter of the politician Duncan Sandys ( divorced 1979 ) ; and thirdly , in 1981 , to Bridgett Shearer , daughter of the late J . Francis Shearer ( divorced 2004 ) . By his first wife , he has a son and daughter ; by his second wife , a son , and by his third wife , a daughter and son . He lives in Chelsea . He is a member of the Boodles , Hurlingham and Queens clubs . Walters memoirs , Not Always with the Pack , were published in 1989 , and translated into a revised Italian edition , which was issued in 1991 . Publications . - Not Always with the Pack . United Kingdom , Constable , 1989 . - Benedetti Inglesi Benedetti Italiani ( Italian translation , revised edition ) , 1991 . References . - The Times Guide to the House of Commons , Times Newspapers Ltd , 1966 , 1987 & 1992
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[
"AIK in Sweden"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Kurt Hamrin belong to from 1952 to 1953?
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/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#0
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Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
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[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Kurt Hamrin belong to from 1953 to 1957?
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/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#1
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Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
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[
"Padova"
] |
easy
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Kurt Hamrin played for which team from 1957 to 1958?
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/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#2
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Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
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[
"Fiorentina"
] |
easy
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Which team did Kurt Hamrin play for from 1958 to 1965?
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/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#3
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Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
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[
""
] |
easy
|
Kurt Hamrin played for which team in 1965?
|
/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#4
|
Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
|
[
"A.C . Milan"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Kurt Hamrin play for from 1967 to 1969?
|
/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#5
|
Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
|
[
"IFK Stockholm"
] |
easy
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Which team did the player Kurt Hamrin belong to from 1969 to 1971?
|
/wiki/Kurt_Hamrin#P54#6
|
Kurt Hamrin Kurt Roland Hamrin ( ; born 19 November 1934 ) is a Swedish retired footballer who played as a winger . He began his career in his home country with AIK , but later played for several Italian clubs , most notably Fiorentina , with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles , a Cup Winners Cup , and a Mitropa Cup over nine years , making over 350 appearances for the club and scoring over 200 goals in all competitions . A prolific goalscorer , he is currently the eighth highest goalscorer of all-time in Italys Serie A , with 190 goals . In addition to his success at club level , Hamrin also had a successful international career , and was a member of the Swedish team that reached the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final on home soil ; he is commonly regarded as one of the greatest Swedish footballers of all-time , as well as one of Fiorentinas greatest players ever . Club career . Hamrin first played for AIK in Sweden , whom he joined in the 1952–53 season . He then joined Italian side Juventus in 1956 and played 23 games during his single season there , notching eight goals . After that one season , he joined Padova on loan , where he scored 20 goals in 30 games . He would only stay there for one season again , however , as he was sold to Fiorentina in 1958 , where he stayed until 1967 , playing 289 Serie A games and scoring 150 goals . While at Fiorentina , he won the Coppa Italia in 1961 and 1966 , as well as the 1960–61 European Cup Winners Cup ( finishing the competition as the top–scorer with six goals , including one in the second leg of the final , a 2–1 home victory over Rangers ) , and the 1966 Mitropa Cup . Hamrin is commonly regarded as one of Fiorentinas greatest ever players , and is the teams all–time highest goalscorer , with 208 goals . He joined A.C . Milan in 1967 and played there for two seasons , winning the league title in 1968 ; he also scored both goals for Milan as they overcame Hamburg 2–0 in the 1968 European Cup Winners Cup Final . The following season , the team won the European Cup . His final Italian club was Napoli , whom he joined from Milan in 1969 . In 1971 , he return to Sweden , playing one season for IFK Stockholm before retiring in 1972 . International career . Hamrin played 32 times for Sweden between 1953 and 1965 , scoring 17 goals . Most Swedes remember him best for the goal he scored against West Germany in the semi finals of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on home soil . The goal allowed Sweden to win the match 3–1 , and secure a place in the final against Brazil , where they were defeated 5–2 , however . After retirement . After his retirement as a footballer , Hamrin moved to Florence with his family , where he is still living today . He also worked as scout for A.C . Milan from 1998 to 2008 . A member of Exilgnagare – a club for AIK supporters worldwide , Hamrin is probably one of the finest players the club ever produced and is still a big favourite among the supporters at the club . Hamrin , settled in Florence after his spell at Fiorentina ; he still follows his beloved AIK , and usually makes the trip home every summer to catch a couple of games . Style of play . Hamrin was a fast , creative , elegant , and technically skilled right winger , who was gifted with outstanding pace , as well as good vision , and opportunism in front of goal . A direct and efficient two–footed player , he was known in particular for his flair , as well as his incredible dribbling and striking ability with either foot , and stood out for his ability to utilise his speed to get past his opponents ; he was also capable of beating players in one–on–one situations with elaborate moves and feints , such as the nutmeg . Moreover , he was a highly prolific goalscorer . Despite his playing ability , however , he was also known to be injury–prone . Honours . Club . Fiorentina - Coppa Italia : 1960–61 , 1965–66 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1960–61 - Mitropa Cup : 1966 A.C . Milan - Serie A : 1967–68 - European Cup : 1968–69 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1967–68 International . Sweden - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 1958 Individual . - Allsvenskan top scorer : 1955 - UEFA Cup Winners Cup Top Scorer : 1960–61 ( 6 goals ) - FIFA XI : 1967 - UEFA President Award : 2014 - Fiorentina Hall of Fame - Fiorentina All-time XI - Fiorentina All-time top scorer External links . - Kurt Hamrin . aik.se
|
[
""
] |
easy
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Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for from 1991 to 1992?
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/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#0
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
|
[
"Diables Noirs"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Macchambes Younga-Mouhani belong to from 1992 to 1993?
|
/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#1
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
|
[
"Schwarz-Weiß Düren"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Macchambes Younga-Mouhani play for from 1993 to 1995?
|
/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#2
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
|
[
"Borussia Mönchengladbach"
] |
easy
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani played for which team from 1995 to 1996?
|
/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#3
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
|
[
"Fortuna Köln"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Macchambes Younga-Mouhani belong to from 1996 to 2000?
|
/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#4
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
|
[
"Wacker Burghausen"
] |
easy
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani played for which team from 2000 to 2005?
|
/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#5
|
Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
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[
"Rot-Weiss Essen"
] |
easy
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Macchambes Younga-Mouhani played for which team from 2005 to 2007?
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/wiki/Macchambes_Younga-Mouhani#P54#6
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Macchambes Younga-Mouhani Macchambes Mac Younga-Mouhani ( born 1 August 1974 ) is a Congolese former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder . Career . Early career . Younga in the former Peoples Republic of the Congo , where he started playing football in the streets . He later became a player for Diables Noirs and made his debut as a Congolese international against Chad at the age of 17 . His national coach at the time , the German Armin Fickert , was also the one who put him in contact with clubs in Europe and thus enabled him to move to German club Schwarz-Weiß Düren . The Younga family still lives in Düren today . Youngas career in German professional football began in the 1995–96 Bundesliga season with Borussia Mönchengladbach . However , he only made two appearances there and then moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf , where he was relegated from the Bundesliga after the first season and afterwards joined Fortuna Köln in the following season . It was only in Cologne that he became a regular starter . Wacker and Rot-Weiss Essen . In early–2001 , Younga joined Wacker Burghausen and stayed with the club for four years . During this time , he became a regular for the club and became renowned for his energy on the pitch . With Wacker , he promoted from the Regionalliga Süd to the 2 . Bundesliga . He then moved to Rot-Weiss Essen for two years , who also won promotion to the 2 . Bundesliga , but failed to stay up in the next year and thus suffered relegation again . Nevertheless , he impressed with Essen , and he became more broadly known when TV presenter Stefan Raab invited him to his show . The reason for this was a spectacular goal in the 2005–06 season against Chemnitzer FC , when Younga waited behind the goalkeeper for him to perform a goal kick , then proceeded to win the ball from him and shoot it into the empty goal . The goal was named Goal of the Week by ARD and thus made it into the selection for Goal of the Month . Union Berlin . After the relegation of Rot-Weiss Essen , Younga followed his coach Uwe Neuhaus to 1 . FC Union Berlin . There he struggled to find playing time in his first season and was temporarily demoted to the reserve team . In the following season , Younga was able to develop into an integral part of the team and make a major contribution to Unions return to the 2 . Bundesliga . With Union he managed survival in the second tier for two seasons in a row . However , he was only a reserve player in the 2010–11 season . His foul on VfL Bochum player Matías Concha also caused a stir , as he suffered a broken tibia and fibula . Younga was then sued by Concha for €200,000 in damages , but the Berlin-Tegel Regional Court dismissed the lawsuit in August 2012 . At the end of the season , his contract with Union was not extended . He then moved back to the Rhineland to FC Wegberg-Beeck in the sixth-tier Mittelrheinliga . Managerial career . Since February 2014 , Younga has been the under-19 coach of 1 . FC Düren . External links . - Macchambes Younga-Mouhani at kicker.de - Younga-Mouhanis Famous Goal
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[
""
] |
easy
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Patricia Vickers-Rich went to which school from 1965 to 1966?
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/wiki/Patricia_Vickers-Rich#P69#0
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Patricia Vickers-Rich Patricia Vickers-Rich ( born 11 July 1944 ) , also known as Patricia Rich , is an Australian Professor of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology , who researches the environmental changes that have impacted Australia ( including the ancient super continent , Gondwana ) and how this shaped the evolution of Australia’s fauna and flora . Education . Vickers-Rich was born and educated in the United States . In her early career , she worked as a zooarchaeologist at the Nevada State Museum and Research Assistant in Palaeontology while she obtained a Bachelor of Arts in paleontology at the University of Berkeley . She completed a Master of Arts in geology at Columbia University in 1969 , and obtained a Doctorate of Philosophy from Columbia University in 1973 . Career . Early in her career , Vickers-Rich worked as a field ecologist at the Organization of Tropical Studies in Costa Rica , as a palaeontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , and as Assistant Professor and Associate Curator at the Texas Tech University and Museum . In 1976 , Vickers-Rich took up a position as Lecturer in Earth Sciences at Monash University , Melbourne , Australia . During a long tenure , her significant roles at Monash University included Deputy Head of Earth Sciences and Professor and Personal Chair of Palaeontology , and currently as Emeritus Professor in Palaeontology . She was the Founding Director of the Monash Science Centre ( now PrimeSCI ! at Swinburne University of Technology ) , where she continues as a Director . She is also a Professor of Palaeobiology at the Swinburne University of Technology , and Associate Professor in Palaeontology at Deakin University . In addition to her roles at Monash , between 1976 and 2021 , Vickers-Rich has held positions as Vice President and President of the Australian Association of Palaeonologists , Research Associate at the Queen Victoria Museum in Launceston , Research Associate in Vertebrate Palaeontology and Ornithology at the Museums Victoria and Research Associate in the Laboratory of Precambrian Organisms at the Paleontological Institute in Moscow . Vickers-Rich has curated scientific exhibitions of Australian and Gondwanan biota , including at Singapore Science Centre , ArtScience Museum and the Cape Otway Lightstation . Research . Vickers-Rich is an expert in the origin and evolution of Australasian vertebrates and their environments over the past 400 million years . She has special interest in Australian avian fossils , and has led research teams to investigate the origin and development of terrestrial vertebrates and birds around the world , including in Africa , Southeast Asia , South Pacific Islands , Antarctica , Russia , South America , and Saudi Arabia . She , along with husband Tom Rich , has led a major effort since the 1970s to locate new fossil localities in her home state of Victoria , Australia . Together the couple described the dinosaur genera Leaellynasaura and Timimus , naming them after their daughter and son , Leaellyn and Tim Rich , respectively . Their field work in Victoria informs their research on interpreting changing climate and biogeographic affinity of the biota of Gondwana during the past 120 million years . Selected publications . - 1985 – Kadimakara : Extinct Vertebrates of Australia . Pioneer Design Studio . - 1987 – A Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionary of Vertebrate Palaeontology Terms . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1989 – The Fossil Book : A Record of Prehistoric Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich , Mildred Adams Fenton and Carroll Lane Fenton ) . Doubleday . - 1991 – Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australia . ( With J.M . Monaghan , R.F . Baird , and T.H . Rich ( eds ) ) . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1992 – Australia Long , Long Ago ( The Southeast , Victoria ) : a Geological Story . ( With Leaellyn Rich and Kerrie Auslebrook ) . Paleoscriptis : Melbourne . - 1993 – Wildlife of Gondwana : Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates from the Ancient Supercontinent . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 1994 – The ICI Australia catalogue of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition 1993-1995 . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . ICI Australia : North Melbourne . - 1996 – Australias Lost World : A History of Australias Backboned Animals . ( With Leaellyn Suzanne Rich and Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 1997 – Fossil collectors guide . ( With J . Reid Macdonald , Mary Lee Macdonald , Leaellyn S . V . Rich , and Thomas H . Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 2000 – Dinosaurs of Darkness . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2003 – A Century of Australian Dinosaurs . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery Publications : Launceston . - 2003 – Magnificent Mihirungs : The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime . ( With Peter Murray ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2007 – The Rise And Fall Of The Ediacaran Biota . ( With P . Komarower ) . Geological Society , London , Special Publications , 286 . - 2008 – The Rise of Animals : Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia . ( With Mikhail A . Fedonkin , James G . Gehling , Kathleen Grey and Guy M . Narbonne ) . Johns Hopkins Press . - 2010 – The Artist and the Scientists : Bringing Prehistory to Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich and Peter Trusler ) . Cambridge University Press . - 2012 – The Flight : Boris S . Sokolov . Natural History and Paleontology in the Changing Landscape of 20th and Early 21st Century Russia . ( with B . S . Sokolov ) Paleontological Society of India , Lucknow . Awards and honours . In 2016 , Vickers-Rich was awarded an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the Earth Sciences , particularly palaeontology , as an academic , to education curriculum development , and to international scientific organisations . Vickers-Richs scientific literary works have attracted the Victorian Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2009 ) and Queensland Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2008 ) for The Rise of Animals ; the Eureka Prize ( 1993 and 2000 ) for Wildlife of Gondwana and Dinosaurs of Darkness ; Michael Daley Award for Excellence in Science Technology and Engineering Journalism ( 1993 ) ; and the Whitley Medal ( 1994 and 2004 ) for best book on the natural history of Australian animals for Wildlife of Gondwana and Magnificent Mihirungs . Additionally , Vickers-Rich is the recipient of the Roy Wheeler Medallion for Excellence in Field Ornithology ( 2005 ) , the National Geographic/Toyota Field Vehicle Award ( 2002 ) , Chairmans Award from the National Geographic Society ( 2000 ) , the Crosbie Morrison Medal ( 1998 ) , and she received the Key to the City of Mesa , Arizona , for the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition ( 1995 ) . Vickers-Richs work has gained her election to numerous prestigious organisations . In 2015 she was elected as a Bragg member of the Royal Institute of Australia , she was made a member of the Explorers Club , New York , in 1998 , and elected a member of the International Academy of Sciences of Nature and Society Moscow Branch in 1996 .
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[
"Columbia University"
] |
easy
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Where was Patricia Vickers-Rich educated from 1966 to 1969?
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/wiki/Patricia_Vickers-Rich#P69#1
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Patricia Vickers-Rich Patricia Vickers-Rich ( born 11 July 1944 ) , also known as Patricia Rich , is an Australian Professor of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology , who researches the environmental changes that have impacted Australia ( including the ancient super continent , Gondwana ) and how this shaped the evolution of Australia’s fauna and flora . Education . Vickers-Rich was born and educated in the United States . In her early career , she worked as a zooarchaeologist at the Nevada State Museum and Research Assistant in Palaeontology while she obtained a Bachelor of Arts in paleontology at the University of Berkeley . She completed a Master of Arts in geology at Columbia University in 1969 , and obtained a Doctorate of Philosophy from Columbia University in 1973 . Career . Early in her career , Vickers-Rich worked as a field ecologist at the Organization of Tropical Studies in Costa Rica , as a palaeontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , and as Assistant Professor and Associate Curator at the Texas Tech University and Museum . In 1976 , Vickers-Rich took up a position as Lecturer in Earth Sciences at Monash University , Melbourne , Australia . During a long tenure , her significant roles at Monash University included Deputy Head of Earth Sciences and Professor and Personal Chair of Palaeontology , and currently as Emeritus Professor in Palaeontology . She was the Founding Director of the Monash Science Centre ( now PrimeSCI ! at Swinburne University of Technology ) , where she continues as a Director . She is also a Professor of Palaeobiology at the Swinburne University of Technology , and Associate Professor in Palaeontology at Deakin University . In addition to her roles at Monash , between 1976 and 2021 , Vickers-Rich has held positions as Vice President and President of the Australian Association of Palaeonologists , Research Associate at the Queen Victoria Museum in Launceston , Research Associate in Vertebrate Palaeontology and Ornithology at the Museums Victoria and Research Associate in the Laboratory of Precambrian Organisms at the Paleontological Institute in Moscow . Vickers-Rich has curated scientific exhibitions of Australian and Gondwanan biota , including at Singapore Science Centre , ArtScience Museum and the Cape Otway Lightstation . Research . Vickers-Rich is an expert in the origin and evolution of Australasian vertebrates and their environments over the past 400 million years . She has special interest in Australian avian fossils , and has led research teams to investigate the origin and development of terrestrial vertebrates and birds around the world , including in Africa , Southeast Asia , South Pacific Islands , Antarctica , Russia , South America , and Saudi Arabia . She , along with husband Tom Rich , has led a major effort since the 1970s to locate new fossil localities in her home state of Victoria , Australia . Together the couple described the dinosaur genera Leaellynasaura and Timimus , naming them after their daughter and son , Leaellyn and Tim Rich , respectively . Their field work in Victoria informs their research on interpreting changing climate and biogeographic affinity of the biota of Gondwana during the past 120 million years . Selected publications . - 1985 – Kadimakara : Extinct Vertebrates of Australia . Pioneer Design Studio . - 1987 – A Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionary of Vertebrate Palaeontology Terms . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1989 – The Fossil Book : A Record of Prehistoric Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich , Mildred Adams Fenton and Carroll Lane Fenton ) . Doubleday . - 1991 – Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australia . ( With J.M . Monaghan , R.F . Baird , and T.H . Rich ( eds ) ) . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1992 – Australia Long , Long Ago ( The Southeast , Victoria ) : a Geological Story . ( With Leaellyn Rich and Kerrie Auslebrook ) . Paleoscriptis : Melbourne . - 1993 – Wildlife of Gondwana : Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates from the Ancient Supercontinent . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 1994 – The ICI Australia catalogue of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition 1993-1995 . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . ICI Australia : North Melbourne . - 1996 – Australias Lost World : A History of Australias Backboned Animals . ( With Leaellyn Suzanne Rich and Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 1997 – Fossil collectors guide . ( With J . Reid Macdonald , Mary Lee Macdonald , Leaellyn S . V . Rich , and Thomas H . Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 2000 – Dinosaurs of Darkness . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2003 – A Century of Australian Dinosaurs . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery Publications : Launceston . - 2003 – Magnificent Mihirungs : The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime . ( With Peter Murray ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2007 – The Rise And Fall Of The Ediacaran Biota . ( With P . Komarower ) . Geological Society , London , Special Publications , 286 . - 2008 – The Rise of Animals : Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia . ( With Mikhail A . Fedonkin , James G . Gehling , Kathleen Grey and Guy M . Narbonne ) . Johns Hopkins Press . - 2010 – The Artist and the Scientists : Bringing Prehistory to Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich and Peter Trusler ) . Cambridge University Press . - 2012 – The Flight : Boris S . Sokolov . Natural History and Paleontology in the Changing Landscape of 20th and Early 21st Century Russia . ( with B . S . Sokolov ) Paleontological Society of India , Lucknow . Awards and honours . In 2016 , Vickers-Rich was awarded an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the Earth Sciences , particularly palaeontology , as an academic , to education curriculum development , and to international scientific organisations . Vickers-Richs scientific literary works have attracted the Victorian Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2009 ) and Queensland Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2008 ) for The Rise of Animals ; the Eureka Prize ( 1993 and 2000 ) for Wildlife of Gondwana and Dinosaurs of Darkness ; Michael Daley Award for Excellence in Science Technology and Engineering Journalism ( 1993 ) ; and the Whitley Medal ( 1994 and 2004 ) for best book on the natural history of Australian animals for Wildlife of Gondwana and Magnificent Mihirungs . Additionally , Vickers-Rich is the recipient of the Roy Wheeler Medallion for Excellence in Field Ornithology ( 2005 ) , the National Geographic/Toyota Field Vehicle Award ( 2002 ) , Chairmans Award from the National Geographic Society ( 2000 ) , the Crosbie Morrison Medal ( 1998 ) , and she received the Key to the City of Mesa , Arizona , for the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition ( 1995 ) . Vickers-Richs work has gained her election to numerous prestigious organisations . In 2015 she was elected as a Bragg member of the Royal Institute of Australia , she was made a member of the Explorers Club , New York , in 1998 , and elected a member of the International Academy of Sciences of Nature and Society Moscow Branch in 1996 .
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[
"Columbia University"
] |
easy
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Where was Patricia Vickers-Rich educated from 1969 to 1973?
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/wiki/Patricia_Vickers-Rich#P69#2
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Patricia Vickers-Rich Patricia Vickers-Rich ( born 11 July 1944 ) , also known as Patricia Rich , is an Australian Professor of Palaeontology and Palaeobiology , who researches the environmental changes that have impacted Australia ( including the ancient super continent , Gondwana ) and how this shaped the evolution of Australia’s fauna and flora . Education . Vickers-Rich was born and educated in the United States . In her early career , she worked as a zooarchaeologist at the Nevada State Museum and Research Assistant in Palaeontology while she obtained a Bachelor of Arts in paleontology at the University of Berkeley . She completed a Master of Arts in geology at Columbia University in 1969 , and obtained a Doctorate of Philosophy from Columbia University in 1973 . Career . Early in her career , Vickers-Rich worked as a field ecologist at the Organization of Tropical Studies in Costa Rica , as a palaeontologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , and as Assistant Professor and Associate Curator at the Texas Tech University and Museum . In 1976 , Vickers-Rich took up a position as Lecturer in Earth Sciences at Monash University , Melbourne , Australia . During a long tenure , her significant roles at Monash University included Deputy Head of Earth Sciences and Professor and Personal Chair of Palaeontology , and currently as Emeritus Professor in Palaeontology . She was the Founding Director of the Monash Science Centre ( now PrimeSCI ! at Swinburne University of Technology ) , where she continues as a Director . She is also a Professor of Palaeobiology at the Swinburne University of Technology , and Associate Professor in Palaeontology at Deakin University . In addition to her roles at Monash , between 1976 and 2021 , Vickers-Rich has held positions as Vice President and President of the Australian Association of Palaeonologists , Research Associate at the Queen Victoria Museum in Launceston , Research Associate in Vertebrate Palaeontology and Ornithology at the Museums Victoria and Research Associate in the Laboratory of Precambrian Organisms at the Paleontological Institute in Moscow . Vickers-Rich has curated scientific exhibitions of Australian and Gondwanan biota , including at Singapore Science Centre , ArtScience Museum and the Cape Otway Lightstation . Research . Vickers-Rich is an expert in the origin and evolution of Australasian vertebrates and their environments over the past 400 million years . She has special interest in Australian avian fossils , and has led research teams to investigate the origin and development of terrestrial vertebrates and birds around the world , including in Africa , Southeast Asia , South Pacific Islands , Antarctica , Russia , South America , and Saudi Arabia . She , along with husband Tom Rich , has led a major effort since the 1970s to locate new fossil localities in her home state of Victoria , Australia . Together the couple described the dinosaur genera Leaellynasaura and Timimus , naming them after their daughter and son , Leaellyn and Tim Rich , respectively . Their field work in Victoria informs their research on interpreting changing climate and biogeographic affinity of the biota of Gondwana during the past 120 million years . Selected publications . - 1985 – Kadimakara : Extinct Vertebrates of Australia . Pioneer Design Studio . - 1987 – A Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionary of Vertebrate Palaeontology Terms . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1989 – The Fossil Book : A Record of Prehistoric Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich , Mildred Adams Fenton and Carroll Lane Fenton ) . Doubleday . - 1991 – Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australia . ( With J.M . Monaghan , R.F . Baird , and T.H . Rich ( eds ) ) . Monash University : Melbourne . - 1992 – Australia Long , Long Ago ( The Southeast , Victoria ) : a Geological Story . ( With Leaellyn Rich and Kerrie Auslebrook ) . Paleoscriptis : Melbourne . - 1993 – Wildlife of Gondwana : Dinosaurs and Other Vertebrates from the Ancient Supercontinent . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 1994 – The ICI Australia catalogue of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition 1993-1995 . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . ICI Australia : North Melbourne . - 1996 – Australias Lost World : A History of Australias Backboned Animals . ( With Leaellyn Suzanne Rich and Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 1997 – Fossil collectors guide . ( With J . Reid Macdonald , Mary Lee Macdonald , Leaellyn S . V . Rich , and Thomas H . Rich ) . Kangaroo Press : Sydney . - 2000 – Dinosaurs of Darkness . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2003 – A Century of Australian Dinosaurs . ( With Thomas H . Rich ) . Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery Publications : Launceston . - 2003 – Magnificent Mihirungs : The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime . ( With Peter Murray ) . Indiana University Press : Bloomington . - 2007 – The Rise And Fall Of The Ediacaran Biota . ( With P . Komarower ) . Geological Society , London , Special Publications , 286 . - 2008 – The Rise of Animals : Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia . ( With Mikhail A . Fedonkin , James G . Gehling , Kathleen Grey and Guy M . Narbonne ) . Johns Hopkins Press . - 2010 – The Artist and the Scientists : Bringing Prehistory to Life . ( With Thomas Hewitt Rich and Peter Trusler ) . Cambridge University Press . - 2012 – The Flight : Boris S . Sokolov . Natural History and Paleontology in the Changing Landscape of 20th and Early 21st Century Russia . ( with B . S . Sokolov ) Paleontological Society of India , Lucknow . Awards and honours . In 2016 , Vickers-Rich was awarded an Officer of the Order of Australia for distinguished service to the Earth Sciences , particularly palaeontology , as an academic , to education curriculum development , and to international scientific organisations . Vickers-Richs scientific literary works have attracted the Victorian Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2009 ) and Queensland Premiers Award for Science Writing ( 2007-2008 ) for The Rise of Animals ; the Eureka Prize ( 1993 and 2000 ) for Wildlife of Gondwana and Dinosaurs of Darkness ; Michael Daley Award for Excellence in Science Technology and Engineering Journalism ( 1993 ) ; and the Whitley Medal ( 1994 and 2004 ) for best book on the natural history of Australian animals for Wildlife of Gondwana and Magnificent Mihirungs . Additionally , Vickers-Rich is the recipient of the Roy Wheeler Medallion for Excellence in Field Ornithology ( 2005 ) , the National Geographic/Toyota Field Vehicle Award ( 2002 ) , Chairmans Award from the National Geographic Society ( 2000 ) , the Crosbie Morrison Medal ( 1998 ) , and she received the Key to the City of Mesa , Arizona , for the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibition ( 1995 ) . Vickers-Richs work has gained her election to numerous prestigious organisations . In 2015 she was elected as a Bragg member of the Royal Institute of Australia , she was made a member of the Explorers Club , New York , in 1998 , and elected a member of the International Academy of Sciences of Nature and Society Moscow Branch in 1996 .
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[
"Ruth Miller"
] |
easy
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Who was William Boyd (actor) 's spouse from 1921 to 1924?
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/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)#P26#0
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William Boyd ( actor ) William Lawrence Boyd ( June 5 , 1895 – September 12 , 1972 ) was an American film actor who is known for portraying the cowboy hero Hopalong Cassidy . Biography . Boyd was born in Hendrysburg , Ohio , and reared in Cambridge , Ohio and Tulsa , Oklahoma , living in Tulsa from 1909 to 1913 . He was the son of a day laborer , Charles William Boyd , and his wife , the former Lida Wilkens ( aka Lyda ) . Following his fathers death , he moved to California and worked as an orange picker , surveyor , tool dresser and auto salesman . In Hollywood , he found work as an extra in Why Change Your Wife ? and other films . During World War I , he enlisted in the army but was exempt from military service because of a weak heart . More prominent film roles followed , including his breakout role as Jack Moreland in Cecil B . DeMilles The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) which starred also Joseph Schildkraut , Jetta Goudal , and Vera Reynolds . Boyds performance in the film was praised by critics , while movie-goers were equally impressed by his easy charm , charisma , and intense good-looks . Due to Boyds growing popularity , DeMille soon cast him as the leading man in the highly acclaimed silent drama film , The Volga Boatman . Boyds role as Feodor impressed critics , and with Boyd now firmly established as a matinee idol and romantic leading man , he began earning an annual salary of $100,000 . He acted in DeMilles extravaganza The King of Kings ( in which he played Simon of Cyrene , helping Jesus carry the cross ) and DeMilles Skyscraper ( 1928 ) . He then appeared in D.W . Griffiths Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) . Radio Pictures ended Boyds contract in 1931 when his picture was mistakenly run in a newspaper story about the arrest of another actor , William Stage Boyd , on gambling and liquor charges . Although the newspaper apologized , explaining the mistake in the following days newspaper , Boyd said , The damage was already done . William Stage Boyd died in 1935 , the same year William L . Boyd became Hopalong Cassidy , the role that led to his enduring fame . But at the time in 1931 , Boyd was virtually broke and without a job , and for a few years he was credited in films as Bill Boyd to prevent being mistaken for the other William Boyd . Hopalong Cassidy . In 1935 , Boyd was offered the supporting role of Red Connors in the movie Hop-Along Cassidy , but he asked to be considered for the title role and won it . The original character of Hopalong Cassidy , written by Clarence E . Mulford for pulp magazines , was changed from a hard-drinking , rough-living red-headed wrangler to a cowboy hero who did not smoke , swear , or drink alcohol ( his drink of choice being sarsaparilla ) and who always let the bad guy start the fight . Although Boyd never branded a cow or mended a fence , cannot bulldog a steer and disliked Western music , he became indelibly associated with the Hopalong character and , like the cowboy stars Roy Rogers and Gene Autry , gained lasting fame in the Western film genre . Boyd estimated in 1940 that he had starred in 28 outdoor films in which he fired 30,000 shots and killed at least 100 varmints . He wore out 12 costumes and 60 ten-gallon hats , rode his horse Topper more than 2000 miles and rode herd on 5000 head of cattle . A score or more of heroines had been saved , but were never kissed . The films were more polished and impressive than the usual low-budget program westerns . The Hopalong Cassidy adventures usually boasted superior outdoor photography of scenic locations and name supporting players familiar from major Hollywood films . Big-city theaters , which usually wouldnt play Westerns , noticed the high quality of the productions and gave the series more exposure than other cowboy films could hope for . Paramount Pictures released the films through 1941 . United Artists produced them from 1943 . The producer Harry Pop Sherman wanted to make more ambitious epics and abandoned the Hopalong Cassidy franchise . Boyd , determined to keep it alive , produced the last 12 Cassidy features himself on noticeably lower budgets . By this time , interest in the character had waned , and with far fewer theaters still showing the films , the series ended in 1948 . Boyd insisted on buying the rights to all of the Hopalong Cassidy films . Harry Sherman no longer cared about the property—he thought both the films and the star were played out—and regarded Boyds all-consuming interest with skepticism . Boyd was so single-minded about his mission that he sold or mortgaged almost everything he owned to meet Shermans price of $350,000 for the rights and the film backlog . Hoppy rides again . In 1948 Boyd , now regarded as a washed-up cowboy star and with his fortunes at their lowest ebb , brought a print of one of his older pictures to the local NBC television station and offered it at a nominal rental , hoping for new exposure . The film was received so well that NBC asked for more , and within months Boyd released the entire library to the national network . They became extremely popular and began the long-running genre of Westerns on television . Boyds desperate gamble paid off , making him the first national TV star and restoring his personal fortune . Like Rogers and Autry , Boyd licensed much merchandise , including such products as Hopalong Cassidy watches , trash cans , cups , dishes , Topps trading cards , a comic strip , comic books , cowboy outfits , home-movie digests of his Paramount releases via Castle Films , and a new Hopalong Cassidy radio show , which ran from 1948 to 1952 . The actor identified with his character , often dressing as a cowboy in public . Although Boyds portrayal of Hopalong made him very wealthy , he believed that it was his duty to help strengthen his friends—Americas youth . The actor refused to license his name for products he viewed as unsuitable or dangerous and turned down personal appearances at which his friends would be charged admission . Boyd appeared as Hopalong Cassidy on the cover of numerous national magazines , including Look ( August 29 , 1950 ) and Time ( November 27 , 1950 ) . For Thanksgiving in 1950 , he led the Carolinas Carrousel Parade in Charlotte , North Carolina , and drew an estimated crowd of 500,000 persons , the largest in the parades history . Boyd eventually started U.S . Television Office to handle the legacy of Hopalong Cassidy . This company continues to hold full rights to the Cassidy name , trademark , films , and television material . Boyd had a cameo role as himself in Cecil B . DeMilles 1952 circus epic , The Greatest Show on Earth . DeMille reportedly asked Boyd to take the role of Moses in his remake of The Ten Commandments , but Boyd felt his identification with the Cassidy character would make it impossible for audiences to accept him as Moses . Personal life . Boyd was married five times , first to wealthy heiress Laura Maynard , then to the actresses Ruth Miller , Elinor Fair , Dorothy Sebastian and Grace Bradley . His only son , William Wallace Boyd , whose mother was Boyds second wife , Ruth Miller , died of pneumonia at age 9 months . After his retirement from the screen , Boyd invested both time and money in real estate and moved to Palm Desert , California . He refused interviews and photographs in later years , preferring not to disillusion his millions of fans who remembered him as a screen idol . Boyd was a lifelong Republican and supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election . For his contributions to the film industry , Boyd has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1734 Vine Street . In 1995 , he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The inner sleeve of the original American Pie album by Don McLean featured a free verse poem written by McLean about Boyd , with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia . This sleeve was removed within a year of the albums release . The words to this poem appear on a plaque at the hospital where Boyd died . In 1972 , Boyd died from complications related to Parkinsons disease and congestive heart failure . He was survived by his fifth wife , the actress Grace Bradley Boyd , who died on September 21 , 2010 on her 97th birthday . He is buried in the Sanctuary of Guiding Love alcove in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) . Selected filmography . - Old Wives for New ( 1918 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Was He Guilty ? ( 1919 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Six Best Sellers ( 1920 ) – Holsappel ( uncredited ) - Why Change Your Wife ? ( 1920 ) – Naval Officer at Hotel ( uncredited ) - The City of Masks ( 1920 ) – Carpenter - Something to Think About ( 1920 ) – ( uncredited ) - A City Sparrow ( 1920 ) – Hughie Ray - The Life of the Party ( 1920 ) – One of Learys Office Staff ( uncredited ) - The Junklings ( 1921 ) – Dan Stuart - Paying the Piper ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Forbidden Fruit ( 1921 ) – Billiards Player ( uncredited ) - Brewsters Millions ( 1921 ) – Harrison - A Wise Fool ( 1921 ) – Gerard Fynes - Moonlight and Honeysuckle ( 1921 ) – Robert V . Courtney - The Affairs of Anatol ( 1921 ) – Guest ( uncredited ) - After the Show ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Exit the Vamp ( 1921 ) – Robert Pitts - Fools Paradise ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Saturday Night ( 1922 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - Moran of the Lady Letty ( 1922 ) – Ramons Friend at Homecoming ( uncredited ) - Bobbed Hair ( 1922 ) – Dick Barton - Nice People ( 1922 ) – Oliver Comstock - On the High Seas ( 1922 ) – Dick Deveraux - Manslaughter ( 1922 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Young Rajah ( 1922 ) – Stephen Van Kovert - Michael OHalloran ( 1923 ) – Douglas Bruce - Hollywood ( 1923 ) – Himself - Adams Rib ( 1923 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - The Temple of Venus ( 1923 ) – Stanley Dale - Enemies of Children ( 1923 ) - Triumph ( 1924 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Changing Husbands ( 1924 ) – Conrad Bradshaw - Tarnish ( 1924 ) – Bill - Feet of Clay ( 1924 ) – Young Society Man ( uncredited ) - Forty Winks ( 1925 ) – Lt . Gerald Hugh Butterworth - The Midshipman ( 1925 ) – Spud - The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) – Jack Moreland - Steel Preferred ( 1925 ) – Wally Gay - The Volga Boatman ( 1926 ) – Feodor - Eves Leaves ( 1926 ) – Bill Stanley - The Last Frontier ( 1926 ) – Tom Kirby - Her Man o War ( 1926 ) – Jim Sanderson - Jim , the Conqueror ( 1926 ) – Jim Burgess - Wolves of the Air ( 1927 ) – Jerry Tanner - The Yankee Clipper ( 1927 ) – Captain Hal Winslow - The King of Kings ( 1927 ) – Simon of Cyrene - Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) – W . Daingerfield Phelps III - Dress Parade ( 1927 ) – Vic Donovan - The Night Flyer ( 1928 ) – Jim Bradley - Skyscraper ( 1928 ) – Blondy - The Cop ( 1928 ) – Pete Smith - Power ( 1928 ) – Husky - Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) – Count Karl Von Arnim - The Leatherneck ( 1929 ) – William Calhoun - The Flying Fool ( 1929 ) – Bill Taylor - High Voltage ( 1929 ) – Bill - His First Command ( 1929 ) – Terry Culver - Officer OBrien ( 1930 ) – Bill OBrien - The Painted Desert ( 1931 ) – Bill Holbrook - Beyond Victory ( 1931 ) – Sergeant Bill Thatcher - The Big Gamble ( 1931 ) – Alan Beckwith - Suicide Fleet ( 1932 ) – Baltimore Clark - Carnival Boat ( 1932 ) – Buck Gannon - Flaming Gold ( 1932 ) – Dan Manton - Men of America ( 1932 ) – Jim Parker - Lucky Devils ( 1933 ) – Skipper Clark - Emergency Call ( 1933 ) – Joe Bradley - Cheaters ( 1934 ) – Steve Morris - Port of Lost Dreams ( 1934 ) – Lars Christensen - Hop–Along Cassidy ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - The Eagles Brood ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - Racing Luck ( 1935 ) – Dan Morgan - Bar 20 Rides Again ( 1935 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of the West ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Call of the Prairie ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three on the Trail ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Federal Agent ( 1936 ) – Bob Woods - Burning Gold ( 1936 ) – Jim Thornton - Go–Get–Em–Haines ( 1936 ) – Steve Haines - Hopalong Cassidy Returns ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Trail Dust ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borderland ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hills of Old Wyoming ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - North of the Rio Grande ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Rustlers Valley ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Rides Again ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Trail ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Partners of the Plains ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Cassidy of Bar 20 ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of Arizona ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 Justice ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pride of the West ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sunset Trail ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Mexico ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Frontiersmen ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silver on the Sage ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Renegade Trail ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Range War ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Law of the Pampas ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Santa Fe Marshal ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Showdown ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hidden Gold ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stagecoach War ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three Men from Texas ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Doomed Caravan ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Colorado ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Vigilantes ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pirates on Horseback ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Wide Open Town ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stick to Your Guns ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Timberline ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Outlaws of the Desert ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Secrets of the Wasteland ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Undercover Man ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lost Canyon ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppy Serves a Writ ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Patrol ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Leather Burners ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Colt Comrades ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Colors ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Deadline ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lumberjack ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Mystery Man ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Masquerade ( 1944 ) - Hopalong Cassidy - Forty Thieves ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Devils Playground ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Fools Gold ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Unexpected Guest ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Dangerous Venture ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Marauders ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppys Holiday ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silent Conflict ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Dead Dont Dream ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sinister Journey ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borrowed Trouble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Paradise ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Strange Gamble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( uncredited ) - Little Smokey : The True Story of Americas Forest Fire Preventin Bear ( 1953 , Short ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( narrator ) - Hopalong Cassidy ( 1949–1954 , TV Series ) – Hopalong Cassidy Further reading . - Boyd , Grace Bradley ; Cochran , Michael ( 2008 ) Hopalong Cassidy : An American Legend . York , Pennsylvania : Gemstone . . External links . - William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Cassidy Music - Photos of William Boyd - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture entry
|
[
"Elinor Fair"
] |
easy
|
Who was William Boyd (actor) 's spouse from 1926 to 1929?
|
/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)#P26#1
|
William Boyd ( actor ) William Lawrence Boyd ( June 5 , 1895 – September 12 , 1972 ) was an American film actor who is known for portraying the cowboy hero Hopalong Cassidy . Biography . Boyd was born in Hendrysburg , Ohio , and reared in Cambridge , Ohio and Tulsa , Oklahoma , living in Tulsa from 1909 to 1913 . He was the son of a day laborer , Charles William Boyd , and his wife , the former Lida Wilkens ( aka Lyda ) . Following his fathers death , he moved to California and worked as an orange picker , surveyor , tool dresser and auto salesman . In Hollywood , he found work as an extra in Why Change Your Wife ? and other films . During World War I , he enlisted in the army but was exempt from military service because of a weak heart . More prominent film roles followed , including his breakout role as Jack Moreland in Cecil B . DeMilles The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) which starred also Joseph Schildkraut , Jetta Goudal , and Vera Reynolds . Boyds performance in the film was praised by critics , while movie-goers were equally impressed by his easy charm , charisma , and intense good-looks . Due to Boyds growing popularity , DeMille soon cast him as the leading man in the highly acclaimed silent drama film , The Volga Boatman . Boyds role as Feodor impressed critics , and with Boyd now firmly established as a matinee idol and romantic leading man , he began earning an annual salary of $100,000 . He acted in DeMilles extravaganza The King of Kings ( in which he played Simon of Cyrene , helping Jesus carry the cross ) and DeMilles Skyscraper ( 1928 ) . He then appeared in D.W . Griffiths Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) . Radio Pictures ended Boyds contract in 1931 when his picture was mistakenly run in a newspaper story about the arrest of another actor , William Stage Boyd , on gambling and liquor charges . Although the newspaper apologized , explaining the mistake in the following days newspaper , Boyd said , The damage was already done . William Stage Boyd died in 1935 , the same year William L . Boyd became Hopalong Cassidy , the role that led to his enduring fame . But at the time in 1931 , Boyd was virtually broke and without a job , and for a few years he was credited in films as Bill Boyd to prevent being mistaken for the other William Boyd . Hopalong Cassidy . In 1935 , Boyd was offered the supporting role of Red Connors in the movie Hop-Along Cassidy , but he asked to be considered for the title role and won it . The original character of Hopalong Cassidy , written by Clarence E . Mulford for pulp magazines , was changed from a hard-drinking , rough-living red-headed wrangler to a cowboy hero who did not smoke , swear , or drink alcohol ( his drink of choice being sarsaparilla ) and who always let the bad guy start the fight . Although Boyd never branded a cow or mended a fence , cannot bulldog a steer and disliked Western music , he became indelibly associated with the Hopalong character and , like the cowboy stars Roy Rogers and Gene Autry , gained lasting fame in the Western film genre . Boyd estimated in 1940 that he had starred in 28 outdoor films in which he fired 30,000 shots and killed at least 100 varmints . He wore out 12 costumes and 60 ten-gallon hats , rode his horse Topper more than 2000 miles and rode herd on 5000 head of cattle . A score or more of heroines had been saved , but were never kissed . The films were more polished and impressive than the usual low-budget program westerns . The Hopalong Cassidy adventures usually boasted superior outdoor photography of scenic locations and name supporting players familiar from major Hollywood films . Big-city theaters , which usually wouldnt play Westerns , noticed the high quality of the productions and gave the series more exposure than other cowboy films could hope for . Paramount Pictures released the films through 1941 . United Artists produced them from 1943 . The producer Harry Pop Sherman wanted to make more ambitious epics and abandoned the Hopalong Cassidy franchise . Boyd , determined to keep it alive , produced the last 12 Cassidy features himself on noticeably lower budgets . By this time , interest in the character had waned , and with far fewer theaters still showing the films , the series ended in 1948 . Boyd insisted on buying the rights to all of the Hopalong Cassidy films . Harry Sherman no longer cared about the property—he thought both the films and the star were played out—and regarded Boyds all-consuming interest with skepticism . Boyd was so single-minded about his mission that he sold or mortgaged almost everything he owned to meet Shermans price of $350,000 for the rights and the film backlog . Hoppy rides again . In 1948 Boyd , now regarded as a washed-up cowboy star and with his fortunes at their lowest ebb , brought a print of one of his older pictures to the local NBC television station and offered it at a nominal rental , hoping for new exposure . The film was received so well that NBC asked for more , and within months Boyd released the entire library to the national network . They became extremely popular and began the long-running genre of Westerns on television . Boyds desperate gamble paid off , making him the first national TV star and restoring his personal fortune . Like Rogers and Autry , Boyd licensed much merchandise , including such products as Hopalong Cassidy watches , trash cans , cups , dishes , Topps trading cards , a comic strip , comic books , cowboy outfits , home-movie digests of his Paramount releases via Castle Films , and a new Hopalong Cassidy radio show , which ran from 1948 to 1952 . The actor identified with his character , often dressing as a cowboy in public . Although Boyds portrayal of Hopalong made him very wealthy , he believed that it was his duty to help strengthen his friends—Americas youth . The actor refused to license his name for products he viewed as unsuitable or dangerous and turned down personal appearances at which his friends would be charged admission . Boyd appeared as Hopalong Cassidy on the cover of numerous national magazines , including Look ( August 29 , 1950 ) and Time ( November 27 , 1950 ) . For Thanksgiving in 1950 , he led the Carolinas Carrousel Parade in Charlotte , North Carolina , and drew an estimated crowd of 500,000 persons , the largest in the parades history . Boyd eventually started U.S . Television Office to handle the legacy of Hopalong Cassidy . This company continues to hold full rights to the Cassidy name , trademark , films , and television material . Boyd had a cameo role as himself in Cecil B . DeMilles 1952 circus epic , The Greatest Show on Earth . DeMille reportedly asked Boyd to take the role of Moses in his remake of The Ten Commandments , but Boyd felt his identification with the Cassidy character would make it impossible for audiences to accept him as Moses . Personal life . Boyd was married five times , first to wealthy heiress Laura Maynard , then to the actresses Ruth Miller , Elinor Fair , Dorothy Sebastian and Grace Bradley . His only son , William Wallace Boyd , whose mother was Boyds second wife , Ruth Miller , died of pneumonia at age 9 months . After his retirement from the screen , Boyd invested both time and money in real estate and moved to Palm Desert , California . He refused interviews and photographs in later years , preferring not to disillusion his millions of fans who remembered him as a screen idol . Boyd was a lifelong Republican and supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election . For his contributions to the film industry , Boyd has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1734 Vine Street . In 1995 , he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The inner sleeve of the original American Pie album by Don McLean featured a free verse poem written by McLean about Boyd , with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia . This sleeve was removed within a year of the albums release . The words to this poem appear on a plaque at the hospital where Boyd died . In 1972 , Boyd died from complications related to Parkinsons disease and congestive heart failure . He was survived by his fifth wife , the actress Grace Bradley Boyd , who died on September 21 , 2010 on her 97th birthday . He is buried in the Sanctuary of Guiding Love alcove in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) . Selected filmography . - Old Wives for New ( 1918 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Was He Guilty ? ( 1919 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Six Best Sellers ( 1920 ) – Holsappel ( uncredited ) - Why Change Your Wife ? ( 1920 ) – Naval Officer at Hotel ( uncredited ) - The City of Masks ( 1920 ) – Carpenter - Something to Think About ( 1920 ) – ( uncredited ) - A City Sparrow ( 1920 ) – Hughie Ray - The Life of the Party ( 1920 ) – One of Learys Office Staff ( uncredited ) - The Junklings ( 1921 ) – Dan Stuart - Paying the Piper ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Forbidden Fruit ( 1921 ) – Billiards Player ( uncredited ) - Brewsters Millions ( 1921 ) – Harrison - A Wise Fool ( 1921 ) – Gerard Fynes - Moonlight and Honeysuckle ( 1921 ) – Robert V . Courtney - The Affairs of Anatol ( 1921 ) – Guest ( uncredited ) - After the Show ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Exit the Vamp ( 1921 ) – Robert Pitts - Fools Paradise ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Saturday Night ( 1922 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - Moran of the Lady Letty ( 1922 ) – Ramons Friend at Homecoming ( uncredited ) - Bobbed Hair ( 1922 ) – Dick Barton - Nice People ( 1922 ) – Oliver Comstock - On the High Seas ( 1922 ) – Dick Deveraux - Manslaughter ( 1922 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Young Rajah ( 1922 ) – Stephen Van Kovert - Michael OHalloran ( 1923 ) – Douglas Bruce - Hollywood ( 1923 ) – Himself - Adams Rib ( 1923 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - The Temple of Venus ( 1923 ) – Stanley Dale - Enemies of Children ( 1923 ) - Triumph ( 1924 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Changing Husbands ( 1924 ) – Conrad Bradshaw - Tarnish ( 1924 ) – Bill - Feet of Clay ( 1924 ) – Young Society Man ( uncredited ) - Forty Winks ( 1925 ) – Lt . Gerald Hugh Butterworth - The Midshipman ( 1925 ) – Spud - The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) – Jack Moreland - Steel Preferred ( 1925 ) – Wally Gay - The Volga Boatman ( 1926 ) – Feodor - Eves Leaves ( 1926 ) – Bill Stanley - The Last Frontier ( 1926 ) – Tom Kirby - Her Man o War ( 1926 ) – Jim Sanderson - Jim , the Conqueror ( 1926 ) – Jim Burgess - Wolves of the Air ( 1927 ) – Jerry Tanner - The Yankee Clipper ( 1927 ) – Captain Hal Winslow - The King of Kings ( 1927 ) – Simon of Cyrene - Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) – W . Daingerfield Phelps III - Dress Parade ( 1927 ) – Vic Donovan - The Night Flyer ( 1928 ) – Jim Bradley - Skyscraper ( 1928 ) – Blondy - The Cop ( 1928 ) – Pete Smith - Power ( 1928 ) – Husky - Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) – Count Karl Von Arnim - The Leatherneck ( 1929 ) – William Calhoun - The Flying Fool ( 1929 ) – Bill Taylor - High Voltage ( 1929 ) – Bill - His First Command ( 1929 ) – Terry Culver - Officer OBrien ( 1930 ) – Bill OBrien - The Painted Desert ( 1931 ) – Bill Holbrook - Beyond Victory ( 1931 ) – Sergeant Bill Thatcher - The Big Gamble ( 1931 ) – Alan Beckwith - Suicide Fleet ( 1932 ) – Baltimore Clark - Carnival Boat ( 1932 ) – Buck Gannon - Flaming Gold ( 1932 ) – Dan Manton - Men of America ( 1932 ) – Jim Parker - Lucky Devils ( 1933 ) – Skipper Clark - Emergency Call ( 1933 ) – Joe Bradley - Cheaters ( 1934 ) – Steve Morris - Port of Lost Dreams ( 1934 ) – Lars Christensen - Hop–Along Cassidy ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - The Eagles Brood ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - Racing Luck ( 1935 ) – Dan Morgan - Bar 20 Rides Again ( 1935 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of the West ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Call of the Prairie ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three on the Trail ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Federal Agent ( 1936 ) – Bob Woods - Burning Gold ( 1936 ) – Jim Thornton - Go–Get–Em–Haines ( 1936 ) – Steve Haines - Hopalong Cassidy Returns ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Trail Dust ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borderland ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hills of Old Wyoming ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - North of the Rio Grande ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Rustlers Valley ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Rides Again ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Trail ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Partners of the Plains ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Cassidy of Bar 20 ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of Arizona ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 Justice ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pride of the West ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sunset Trail ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Mexico ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Frontiersmen ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silver on the Sage ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Renegade Trail ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Range War ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Law of the Pampas ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Santa Fe Marshal ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Showdown ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hidden Gold ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stagecoach War ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three Men from Texas ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Doomed Caravan ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Colorado ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Vigilantes ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pirates on Horseback ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Wide Open Town ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stick to Your Guns ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Timberline ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Outlaws of the Desert ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Secrets of the Wasteland ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Undercover Man ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lost Canyon ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppy Serves a Writ ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Patrol ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Leather Burners ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Colt Comrades ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Colors ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Deadline ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lumberjack ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Mystery Man ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Masquerade ( 1944 ) - Hopalong Cassidy - Forty Thieves ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Devils Playground ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Fools Gold ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Unexpected Guest ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Dangerous Venture ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Marauders ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppys Holiday ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silent Conflict ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Dead Dont Dream ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sinister Journey ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borrowed Trouble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Paradise ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Strange Gamble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( uncredited ) - Little Smokey : The True Story of Americas Forest Fire Preventin Bear ( 1953 , Short ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( narrator ) - Hopalong Cassidy ( 1949–1954 , TV Series ) – Hopalong Cassidy Further reading . - Boyd , Grace Bradley ; Cochran , Michael ( 2008 ) Hopalong Cassidy : An American Legend . York , Pennsylvania : Gemstone . . External links . - William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Cassidy Music - Photos of William Boyd - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture entry
|
[
"Dorothy Sebastian"
] |
easy
|
Who was the spouse of William Boyd (actor) from 1930 to 1936?
|
/wiki/William_Boyd_(actor)#P26#2
|
William Boyd ( actor ) William Lawrence Boyd ( June 5 , 1895 – September 12 , 1972 ) was an American film actor who is known for portraying the cowboy hero Hopalong Cassidy . Biography . Boyd was born in Hendrysburg , Ohio , and reared in Cambridge , Ohio and Tulsa , Oklahoma , living in Tulsa from 1909 to 1913 . He was the son of a day laborer , Charles William Boyd , and his wife , the former Lida Wilkens ( aka Lyda ) . Following his fathers death , he moved to California and worked as an orange picker , surveyor , tool dresser and auto salesman . In Hollywood , he found work as an extra in Why Change Your Wife ? and other films . During World War I , he enlisted in the army but was exempt from military service because of a weak heart . More prominent film roles followed , including his breakout role as Jack Moreland in Cecil B . DeMilles The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) which starred also Joseph Schildkraut , Jetta Goudal , and Vera Reynolds . Boyds performance in the film was praised by critics , while movie-goers were equally impressed by his easy charm , charisma , and intense good-looks . Due to Boyds growing popularity , DeMille soon cast him as the leading man in the highly acclaimed silent drama film , The Volga Boatman . Boyds role as Feodor impressed critics , and with Boyd now firmly established as a matinee idol and romantic leading man , he began earning an annual salary of $100,000 . He acted in DeMilles extravaganza The King of Kings ( in which he played Simon of Cyrene , helping Jesus carry the cross ) and DeMilles Skyscraper ( 1928 ) . He then appeared in D.W . Griffiths Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) . Radio Pictures ended Boyds contract in 1931 when his picture was mistakenly run in a newspaper story about the arrest of another actor , William Stage Boyd , on gambling and liquor charges . Although the newspaper apologized , explaining the mistake in the following days newspaper , Boyd said , The damage was already done . William Stage Boyd died in 1935 , the same year William L . Boyd became Hopalong Cassidy , the role that led to his enduring fame . But at the time in 1931 , Boyd was virtually broke and without a job , and for a few years he was credited in films as Bill Boyd to prevent being mistaken for the other William Boyd . Hopalong Cassidy . In 1935 , Boyd was offered the supporting role of Red Connors in the movie Hop-Along Cassidy , but he asked to be considered for the title role and won it . The original character of Hopalong Cassidy , written by Clarence E . Mulford for pulp magazines , was changed from a hard-drinking , rough-living red-headed wrangler to a cowboy hero who did not smoke , swear , or drink alcohol ( his drink of choice being sarsaparilla ) and who always let the bad guy start the fight . Although Boyd never branded a cow or mended a fence , cannot bulldog a steer and disliked Western music , he became indelibly associated with the Hopalong character and , like the cowboy stars Roy Rogers and Gene Autry , gained lasting fame in the Western film genre . Boyd estimated in 1940 that he had starred in 28 outdoor films in which he fired 30,000 shots and killed at least 100 varmints . He wore out 12 costumes and 60 ten-gallon hats , rode his horse Topper more than 2000 miles and rode herd on 5000 head of cattle . A score or more of heroines had been saved , but were never kissed . The films were more polished and impressive than the usual low-budget program westerns . The Hopalong Cassidy adventures usually boasted superior outdoor photography of scenic locations and name supporting players familiar from major Hollywood films . Big-city theaters , which usually wouldnt play Westerns , noticed the high quality of the productions and gave the series more exposure than other cowboy films could hope for . Paramount Pictures released the films through 1941 . United Artists produced them from 1943 . The producer Harry Pop Sherman wanted to make more ambitious epics and abandoned the Hopalong Cassidy franchise . Boyd , determined to keep it alive , produced the last 12 Cassidy features himself on noticeably lower budgets . By this time , interest in the character had waned , and with far fewer theaters still showing the films , the series ended in 1948 . Boyd insisted on buying the rights to all of the Hopalong Cassidy films . Harry Sherman no longer cared about the property—he thought both the films and the star were played out—and regarded Boyds all-consuming interest with skepticism . Boyd was so single-minded about his mission that he sold or mortgaged almost everything he owned to meet Shermans price of $350,000 for the rights and the film backlog . Hoppy rides again . In 1948 Boyd , now regarded as a washed-up cowboy star and with his fortunes at their lowest ebb , brought a print of one of his older pictures to the local NBC television station and offered it at a nominal rental , hoping for new exposure . The film was received so well that NBC asked for more , and within months Boyd released the entire library to the national network . They became extremely popular and began the long-running genre of Westerns on television . Boyds desperate gamble paid off , making him the first national TV star and restoring his personal fortune . Like Rogers and Autry , Boyd licensed much merchandise , including such products as Hopalong Cassidy watches , trash cans , cups , dishes , Topps trading cards , a comic strip , comic books , cowboy outfits , home-movie digests of his Paramount releases via Castle Films , and a new Hopalong Cassidy radio show , which ran from 1948 to 1952 . The actor identified with his character , often dressing as a cowboy in public . Although Boyds portrayal of Hopalong made him very wealthy , he believed that it was his duty to help strengthen his friends—Americas youth . The actor refused to license his name for products he viewed as unsuitable or dangerous and turned down personal appearances at which his friends would be charged admission . Boyd appeared as Hopalong Cassidy on the cover of numerous national magazines , including Look ( August 29 , 1950 ) and Time ( November 27 , 1950 ) . For Thanksgiving in 1950 , he led the Carolinas Carrousel Parade in Charlotte , North Carolina , and drew an estimated crowd of 500,000 persons , the largest in the parades history . Boyd eventually started U.S . Television Office to handle the legacy of Hopalong Cassidy . This company continues to hold full rights to the Cassidy name , trademark , films , and television material . Boyd had a cameo role as himself in Cecil B . DeMilles 1952 circus epic , The Greatest Show on Earth . DeMille reportedly asked Boyd to take the role of Moses in his remake of The Ten Commandments , but Boyd felt his identification with the Cassidy character would make it impossible for audiences to accept him as Moses . Personal life . Boyd was married five times , first to wealthy heiress Laura Maynard , then to the actresses Ruth Miller , Elinor Fair , Dorothy Sebastian and Grace Bradley . His only son , William Wallace Boyd , whose mother was Boyds second wife , Ruth Miller , died of pneumonia at age 9 months . After his retirement from the screen , Boyd invested both time and money in real estate and moved to Palm Desert , California . He refused interviews and photographs in later years , preferring not to disillusion his millions of fans who remembered him as a screen idol . Boyd was a lifelong Republican and supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election . For his contributions to the film industry , Boyd has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1734 Vine Street . In 1995 , he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The inner sleeve of the original American Pie album by Don McLean featured a free verse poem written by McLean about Boyd , with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia . This sleeve was removed within a year of the albums release . The words to this poem appear on a plaque at the hospital where Boyd died . In 1972 , Boyd died from complications related to Parkinsons disease and congestive heart failure . He was survived by his fifth wife , the actress Grace Bradley Boyd , who died on September 21 , 2010 on her 97th birthday . He is buried in the Sanctuary of Guiding Love alcove in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) . Selected filmography . - Old Wives for New ( 1918 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Was He Guilty ? ( 1919 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Six Best Sellers ( 1920 ) – Holsappel ( uncredited ) - Why Change Your Wife ? ( 1920 ) – Naval Officer at Hotel ( uncredited ) - The City of Masks ( 1920 ) – Carpenter - Something to Think About ( 1920 ) – ( uncredited ) - A City Sparrow ( 1920 ) – Hughie Ray - The Life of the Party ( 1920 ) – One of Learys Office Staff ( uncredited ) - The Junklings ( 1921 ) – Dan Stuart - Paying the Piper ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Forbidden Fruit ( 1921 ) – Billiards Player ( uncredited ) - Brewsters Millions ( 1921 ) – Harrison - A Wise Fool ( 1921 ) – Gerard Fynes - Moonlight and Honeysuckle ( 1921 ) – Robert V . Courtney - The Affairs of Anatol ( 1921 ) – Guest ( uncredited ) - After the Show ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Exit the Vamp ( 1921 ) – Robert Pitts - Fools Paradise ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Saturday Night ( 1922 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - Moran of the Lady Letty ( 1922 ) – Ramons Friend at Homecoming ( uncredited ) - Bobbed Hair ( 1922 ) – Dick Barton - Nice People ( 1922 ) – Oliver Comstock - On the High Seas ( 1922 ) – Dick Deveraux - Manslaughter ( 1922 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Young Rajah ( 1922 ) – Stephen Van Kovert - Michael OHalloran ( 1923 ) – Douglas Bruce - Hollywood ( 1923 ) – Himself - Adams Rib ( 1923 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - The Temple of Venus ( 1923 ) – Stanley Dale - Enemies of Children ( 1923 ) - Triumph ( 1924 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Changing Husbands ( 1924 ) – Conrad Bradshaw - Tarnish ( 1924 ) – Bill - Feet of Clay ( 1924 ) – Young Society Man ( uncredited ) - Forty Winks ( 1925 ) – Lt . Gerald Hugh Butterworth - The Midshipman ( 1925 ) – Spud - The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) – Jack Moreland - Steel Preferred ( 1925 ) – Wally Gay - The Volga Boatman ( 1926 ) – Feodor - Eves Leaves ( 1926 ) – Bill Stanley - The Last Frontier ( 1926 ) – Tom Kirby - Her Man o War ( 1926 ) – Jim Sanderson - Jim , the Conqueror ( 1926 ) – Jim Burgess - Wolves of the Air ( 1927 ) – Jerry Tanner - The Yankee Clipper ( 1927 ) – Captain Hal Winslow - The King of Kings ( 1927 ) – Simon of Cyrene - Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) – W . Daingerfield Phelps III - Dress Parade ( 1927 ) – Vic Donovan - The Night Flyer ( 1928 ) – Jim Bradley - Skyscraper ( 1928 ) – Blondy - The Cop ( 1928 ) – Pete Smith - Power ( 1928 ) – Husky - Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) – Count Karl Von Arnim - The Leatherneck ( 1929 ) – William Calhoun - The Flying Fool ( 1929 ) – Bill Taylor - High Voltage ( 1929 ) – Bill - His First Command ( 1929 ) – Terry Culver - Officer OBrien ( 1930 ) – Bill OBrien - The Painted Desert ( 1931 ) – Bill Holbrook - Beyond Victory ( 1931 ) – Sergeant Bill Thatcher - The Big Gamble ( 1931 ) – Alan Beckwith - Suicide Fleet ( 1932 ) – Baltimore Clark - Carnival Boat ( 1932 ) – Buck Gannon - Flaming Gold ( 1932 ) – Dan Manton - Men of America ( 1932 ) – Jim Parker - Lucky Devils ( 1933 ) – Skipper Clark - Emergency Call ( 1933 ) – Joe Bradley - Cheaters ( 1934 ) – Steve Morris - Port of Lost Dreams ( 1934 ) – Lars Christensen - Hop–Along Cassidy ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - The Eagles Brood ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - Racing Luck ( 1935 ) – Dan Morgan - Bar 20 Rides Again ( 1935 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of the West ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Call of the Prairie ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three on the Trail ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Federal Agent ( 1936 ) – Bob Woods - Burning Gold ( 1936 ) – Jim Thornton - Go–Get–Em–Haines ( 1936 ) – Steve Haines - Hopalong Cassidy Returns ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Trail Dust ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borderland ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hills of Old Wyoming ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - North of the Rio Grande ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Rustlers Valley ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Rides Again ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Trail ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Partners of the Plains ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Cassidy of Bar 20 ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of Arizona ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 Justice ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pride of the West ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sunset Trail ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Mexico ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Frontiersmen ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silver on the Sage ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Renegade Trail ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Range War ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Law of the Pampas ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Santa Fe Marshal ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Showdown ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hidden Gold ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stagecoach War ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three Men from Texas ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Doomed Caravan ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Colorado ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Vigilantes ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pirates on Horseback ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Wide Open Town ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stick to Your Guns ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Timberline ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Outlaws of the Desert ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Secrets of the Wasteland ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Undercover Man ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lost Canyon ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppy Serves a Writ ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Patrol ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Leather Burners ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Colt Comrades ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Colors ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Deadline ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lumberjack ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Mystery Man ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Masquerade ( 1944 ) - Hopalong Cassidy - Forty Thieves ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Devils Playground ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Fools Gold ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Unexpected Guest ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Dangerous Venture ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Marauders ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppys Holiday ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silent Conflict ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Dead Dont Dream ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sinister Journey ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borrowed Trouble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Paradise ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Strange Gamble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( uncredited ) - Little Smokey : The True Story of Americas Forest Fire Preventin Bear ( 1953 , Short ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( narrator ) - Hopalong Cassidy ( 1949–1954 , TV Series ) – Hopalong Cassidy Further reading . - Boyd , Grace Bradley ; Cochran , Michael ( 2008 ) Hopalong Cassidy : An American Legend . York , Pennsylvania : Gemstone . . External links . - William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Cassidy Music - Photos of William Boyd - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture entry
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Who was the spouse of William Boyd (actor) from 1937 to 1972?
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William Boyd ( actor ) William Lawrence Boyd ( June 5 , 1895 – September 12 , 1972 ) was an American film actor who is known for portraying the cowboy hero Hopalong Cassidy . Biography . Boyd was born in Hendrysburg , Ohio , and reared in Cambridge , Ohio and Tulsa , Oklahoma , living in Tulsa from 1909 to 1913 . He was the son of a day laborer , Charles William Boyd , and his wife , the former Lida Wilkens ( aka Lyda ) . Following his fathers death , he moved to California and worked as an orange picker , surveyor , tool dresser and auto salesman . In Hollywood , he found work as an extra in Why Change Your Wife ? and other films . During World War I , he enlisted in the army but was exempt from military service because of a weak heart . More prominent film roles followed , including his breakout role as Jack Moreland in Cecil B . DeMilles The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) which starred also Joseph Schildkraut , Jetta Goudal , and Vera Reynolds . Boyds performance in the film was praised by critics , while movie-goers were equally impressed by his easy charm , charisma , and intense good-looks . Due to Boyds growing popularity , DeMille soon cast him as the leading man in the highly acclaimed silent drama film , The Volga Boatman . Boyds role as Feodor impressed critics , and with Boyd now firmly established as a matinee idol and romantic leading man , he began earning an annual salary of $100,000 . He acted in DeMilles extravaganza The King of Kings ( in which he played Simon of Cyrene , helping Jesus carry the cross ) and DeMilles Skyscraper ( 1928 ) . He then appeared in D.W . Griffiths Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) . Radio Pictures ended Boyds contract in 1931 when his picture was mistakenly run in a newspaper story about the arrest of another actor , William Stage Boyd , on gambling and liquor charges . Although the newspaper apologized , explaining the mistake in the following days newspaper , Boyd said , The damage was already done . William Stage Boyd died in 1935 , the same year William L . Boyd became Hopalong Cassidy , the role that led to his enduring fame . But at the time in 1931 , Boyd was virtually broke and without a job , and for a few years he was credited in films as Bill Boyd to prevent being mistaken for the other William Boyd . Hopalong Cassidy . In 1935 , Boyd was offered the supporting role of Red Connors in the movie Hop-Along Cassidy , but he asked to be considered for the title role and won it . The original character of Hopalong Cassidy , written by Clarence E . Mulford for pulp magazines , was changed from a hard-drinking , rough-living red-headed wrangler to a cowboy hero who did not smoke , swear , or drink alcohol ( his drink of choice being sarsaparilla ) and who always let the bad guy start the fight . Although Boyd never branded a cow or mended a fence , cannot bulldog a steer and disliked Western music , he became indelibly associated with the Hopalong character and , like the cowboy stars Roy Rogers and Gene Autry , gained lasting fame in the Western film genre . Boyd estimated in 1940 that he had starred in 28 outdoor films in which he fired 30,000 shots and killed at least 100 varmints . He wore out 12 costumes and 60 ten-gallon hats , rode his horse Topper more than 2000 miles and rode herd on 5000 head of cattle . A score or more of heroines had been saved , but were never kissed . The films were more polished and impressive than the usual low-budget program westerns . The Hopalong Cassidy adventures usually boasted superior outdoor photography of scenic locations and name supporting players familiar from major Hollywood films . Big-city theaters , which usually wouldnt play Westerns , noticed the high quality of the productions and gave the series more exposure than other cowboy films could hope for . Paramount Pictures released the films through 1941 . United Artists produced them from 1943 . The producer Harry Pop Sherman wanted to make more ambitious epics and abandoned the Hopalong Cassidy franchise . Boyd , determined to keep it alive , produced the last 12 Cassidy features himself on noticeably lower budgets . By this time , interest in the character had waned , and with far fewer theaters still showing the films , the series ended in 1948 . Boyd insisted on buying the rights to all of the Hopalong Cassidy films . Harry Sherman no longer cared about the property—he thought both the films and the star were played out—and regarded Boyds all-consuming interest with skepticism . Boyd was so single-minded about his mission that he sold or mortgaged almost everything he owned to meet Shermans price of $350,000 for the rights and the film backlog . Hoppy rides again . In 1948 Boyd , now regarded as a washed-up cowboy star and with his fortunes at their lowest ebb , brought a print of one of his older pictures to the local NBC television station and offered it at a nominal rental , hoping for new exposure . The film was received so well that NBC asked for more , and within months Boyd released the entire library to the national network . They became extremely popular and began the long-running genre of Westerns on television . Boyds desperate gamble paid off , making him the first national TV star and restoring his personal fortune . Like Rogers and Autry , Boyd licensed much merchandise , including such products as Hopalong Cassidy watches , trash cans , cups , dishes , Topps trading cards , a comic strip , comic books , cowboy outfits , home-movie digests of his Paramount releases via Castle Films , and a new Hopalong Cassidy radio show , which ran from 1948 to 1952 . The actor identified with his character , often dressing as a cowboy in public . Although Boyds portrayal of Hopalong made him very wealthy , he believed that it was his duty to help strengthen his friends—Americas youth . The actor refused to license his name for products he viewed as unsuitable or dangerous and turned down personal appearances at which his friends would be charged admission . Boyd appeared as Hopalong Cassidy on the cover of numerous national magazines , including Look ( August 29 , 1950 ) and Time ( November 27 , 1950 ) . For Thanksgiving in 1950 , he led the Carolinas Carrousel Parade in Charlotte , North Carolina , and drew an estimated crowd of 500,000 persons , the largest in the parades history . Boyd eventually started U.S . Television Office to handle the legacy of Hopalong Cassidy . This company continues to hold full rights to the Cassidy name , trademark , films , and television material . Boyd had a cameo role as himself in Cecil B . DeMilles 1952 circus epic , The Greatest Show on Earth . DeMille reportedly asked Boyd to take the role of Moses in his remake of The Ten Commandments , but Boyd felt his identification with the Cassidy character would make it impossible for audiences to accept him as Moses . Personal life . Boyd was married five times , first to wealthy heiress Laura Maynard , then to the actresses Ruth Miller , Elinor Fair , Dorothy Sebastian and Grace Bradley . His only son , William Wallace Boyd , whose mother was Boyds second wife , Ruth Miller , died of pneumonia at age 9 months . After his retirement from the screen , Boyd invested both time and money in real estate and moved to Palm Desert , California . He refused interviews and photographs in later years , preferring not to disillusion his millions of fans who remembered him as a screen idol . Boyd was a lifelong Republican and supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election . For his contributions to the film industry , Boyd has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1734 Vine Street . In 1995 , he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The inner sleeve of the original American Pie album by Don McLean featured a free verse poem written by McLean about Boyd , with a picture of Boyd in full Hopalong regalia . This sleeve was removed within a year of the albums release . The words to this poem appear on a plaque at the hospital where Boyd died . In 1972 , Boyd died from complications related to Parkinsons disease and congestive heart failure . He was survived by his fifth wife , the actress Grace Bradley Boyd , who died on September 21 , 2010 on her 97th birthday . He is buried in the Sanctuary of Guiding Love alcove in the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) . Selected filmography . - Old Wives for New ( 1918 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Was He Guilty ? ( 1919 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Six Best Sellers ( 1920 ) – Holsappel ( uncredited ) - Why Change Your Wife ? ( 1920 ) – Naval Officer at Hotel ( uncredited ) - The City of Masks ( 1920 ) – Carpenter - Something to Think About ( 1920 ) – ( uncredited ) - A City Sparrow ( 1920 ) – Hughie Ray - The Life of the Party ( 1920 ) – One of Learys Office Staff ( uncredited ) - The Junklings ( 1921 ) – Dan Stuart - Paying the Piper ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Forbidden Fruit ( 1921 ) – Billiards Player ( uncredited ) - Brewsters Millions ( 1921 ) – Harrison - A Wise Fool ( 1921 ) – Gerard Fynes - Moonlight and Honeysuckle ( 1921 ) – Robert V . Courtney - The Affairs of Anatol ( 1921 ) – Guest ( uncredited ) - After the Show ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Exit the Vamp ( 1921 ) – Robert Pitts - Fools Paradise ( 1921 ) – ( uncredited ) - Saturday Night ( 1922 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - Moran of the Lady Letty ( 1922 ) – Ramons Friend at Homecoming ( uncredited ) - Bobbed Hair ( 1922 ) – Dick Barton - Nice People ( 1922 ) – Oliver Comstock - On the High Seas ( 1922 ) – Dick Deveraux - Manslaughter ( 1922 ) – ( uncredited ) - The Young Rajah ( 1922 ) – Stephen Van Kovert - Michael OHalloran ( 1923 ) – Douglas Bruce - Hollywood ( 1923 ) – Himself - Adams Rib ( 1923 ) – Party Guest ( uncredited ) - The Temple of Venus ( 1923 ) – Stanley Dale - Enemies of Children ( 1923 ) - Triumph ( 1924 ) – Minor Role ( uncredited ) - Changing Husbands ( 1924 ) – Conrad Bradshaw - Tarnish ( 1924 ) – Bill - Feet of Clay ( 1924 ) – Young Society Man ( uncredited ) - Forty Winks ( 1925 ) – Lt . Gerald Hugh Butterworth - The Midshipman ( 1925 ) – Spud - The Road to Yesterday ( 1925 ) – Jack Moreland - Steel Preferred ( 1925 ) – Wally Gay - The Volga Boatman ( 1926 ) – Feodor - Eves Leaves ( 1926 ) – Bill Stanley - The Last Frontier ( 1926 ) – Tom Kirby - Her Man o War ( 1926 ) – Jim Sanderson - Jim , the Conqueror ( 1926 ) – Jim Burgess - Wolves of the Air ( 1927 ) – Jerry Tanner - The Yankee Clipper ( 1927 ) – Captain Hal Winslow - The King of Kings ( 1927 ) – Simon of Cyrene - Two Arabian Knights ( 1927 ) – W . Daingerfield Phelps III - Dress Parade ( 1927 ) – Vic Donovan - The Night Flyer ( 1928 ) – Jim Bradley - Skyscraper ( 1928 ) – Blondy - The Cop ( 1928 ) – Pete Smith - Power ( 1928 ) – Husky - Lady of the Pavements ( 1929 ) – Count Karl Von Arnim - The Leatherneck ( 1929 ) – William Calhoun - The Flying Fool ( 1929 ) – Bill Taylor - High Voltage ( 1929 ) – Bill - His First Command ( 1929 ) – Terry Culver - Officer OBrien ( 1930 ) – Bill OBrien - The Painted Desert ( 1931 ) – Bill Holbrook - Beyond Victory ( 1931 ) – Sergeant Bill Thatcher - The Big Gamble ( 1931 ) – Alan Beckwith - Suicide Fleet ( 1932 ) – Baltimore Clark - Carnival Boat ( 1932 ) – Buck Gannon - Flaming Gold ( 1932 ) – Dan Manton - Men of America ( 1932 ) – Jim Parker - Lucky Devils ( 1933 ) – Skipper Clark - Emergency Call ( 1933 ) – Joe Bradley - Cheaters ( 1934 ) – Steve Morris - Port of Lost Dreams ( 1934 ) – Lars Christensen - Hop–Along Cassidy ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - The Eagles Brood ( 1935 ) – Bill Hopalong Cassidy - Racing Luck ( 1935 ) – Dan Morgan - Bar 20 Rides Again ( 1935 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of the West ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Call of the Prairie ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three on the Trail ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Federal Agent ( 1936 ) – Bob Woods - Burning Gold ( 1936 ) – Jim Thornton - Go–Get–Em–Haines ( 1936 ) – Steve Haines - Hopalong Cassidy Returns ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Trail Dust ( 1936 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borderland ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hills of Old Wyoming ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - North of the Rio Grande ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Rustlers Valley ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Rides Again ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Trail ( 1937 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Partners of the Plains ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Cassidy of Bar 20 ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Heart of Arizona ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 Justice ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pride of the West ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sunset Trail ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Mexico ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Frontiersmen ( 1938 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silver on the Sage ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Renegade Trail ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Range War ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Law of the Pampas ( 1939 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Santa Fe Marshal ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Showdown ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hidden Gold ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stagecoach War ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Three Men from Texas ( 1940 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Doomed Caravan ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - In Old Colorado ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Vigilantes ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Pirates on Horseback ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Wide Open Town ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Stick to Your Guns ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Timberline ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Twilight on the Trail ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Outlaws of the Desert ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Secrets of the Wasteland ( 1941 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Undercover Man ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lost Canyon ( 1942 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppy Serves a Writ ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Border Patrol ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Leather Burners ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Colt Comrades ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Bar 20 ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Colors ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Riders of the Deadline ( 1943 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Lumberjack ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Mystery Man ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Texas Masquerade ( 1944 ) - Hopalong Cassidy - Forty Thieves ( 1944 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Devils Playground ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Fools Gold ( 1946 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Unexpected Guest ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Dangerous Venture ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Marauders ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Hoppys Holiday ( 1947 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Silent Conflict ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Dead Dont Dream ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Sinister Journey ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Borrowed Trouble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - False Paradise ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - Strange Gamble ( 1948 ) – Hopalong Cassidy - The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( uncredited ) - Little Smokey : The True Story of Americas Forest Fire Preventin Bear ( 1953 , Short ) – Hopalong Cassidy ( narrator ) - Hopalong Cassidy ( 1949–1954 , TV Series ) – Hopalong Cassidy Further reading . - Boyd , Grace Bradley ; Cochran , Michael ( 2008 ) Hopalong Cassidy : An American Legend . York , Pennsylvania : Gemstone . . External links . - William Boyd as Hopalong Cassidy - Hopalong Cassidy Music - Photos of William Boyd - Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture entry
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What was the name of the employer Sandra Steingraber work for from 1991 to 1993?
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Sandra Steingraber Sandra Steingraber ( born 1959 ) is an American biologist , author , and cancer survivor . Steingraber writes and lectures on the environmental factors that contribute to reproductive health problems and environmental links to cancer . Early life . Steingraber was adopted as an infant . She grew up and spent most of her childhood in Tazewell County , Illinois . Her mother was a microbiologist and her father was a community college professor . Her parents inculcated in her an interest in sustainable development and organic agriculture from a young age . In her 20s , Steingraber developed bladder cancer . In several of her books , she describes an apparent cancer cluster in her hometown and within her family . After her cancer went into remission , Steingraber completed her undergraduate degree in biology from Illinois Wesleyan University . She worked for several years as a field researcher , eventually earning her doctorate in biology from the University of Michigan . Steingraber also holds a masters degree in English from Illinois State University . Career . Steingraber has been on faculty at Cornell University , and is a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Division of Interdisciplinary and International Studies at Ithaca College , in Ithaca , New York . She held visiting fellowships at the University of Illinois , Radcliffe/Harvard , and Northeastern University , and served on President Bill Clintons National Action Plan on Breast Cancer . Activism . Living Downstream . In her 1997 book , Living Downstream , Steingraber blends anecdotes and descriptions of industrial and agricultural pollution with data from scientific and medical literature to assess the relationship between environmental factors and cancer . Steingraber criticizes the imbalance between funding devoted to studies of genetic predisposition to cancer versus studies of environmental contributions . The book claims that while we can do little to change our genetic inheritance , much can be done to reduce human exposure to environmental carcinogens . Her work Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment , reflects the ideals that Rachel Carson expressed in her seminal book , Silent Spring . Carson discusses a woman with bladder cancer and investigates research how and why cancer is linked to the environment . Steingraber stresses issues such as how chemical pesticides find their way into human bodies . She states , in 1996 a study investigated six-fold excess of bladder cancer among workers exposed years before to o-toluidine and aniline in the rubber chemicals department of a manufacturing plant in upstate New York . Levels of these contaminants are now well within their legal workplace limits and yet blood and urine samples collected from current employees were found to contain substantial numbers of DNA adducts and detectable levels of o-toulidne and aniline . To the 89 percent of Illinois that is farmland , an estimated 54 million pounds of synthetic pesticides are applied each year . Introduced into Illinois at the end of World War II , these chemical poisons quietly familiarized themselves with the landscape . In 1950 , less than 10 percent of cornfields were sprayed with pesticides . In 1993 , 99 percent were chemically treated , ( page 5 ) . Living Downstream is the basis for a documentary by The Peoples Picture Company that chronicles Steingrabers struggles as a cancer survivor and her contributions as an ecologist and cancer prevention activist . On March 18 , 2013 , Steingraber was arrested along with nine other protesters for blocking the entrance to the Inergy natural gas facility near Ithaca to protest the industrialization of the Finger Lakes . After refusing to pay a fine , Steingraber and two other members of the Seneca Lake 12 received 15-day sentences . Steingraber served 10 days in the Chemung County jail in the city of Elmira before her release . On October 29 , 2014 while participating in the civil disobedience campaign , called We Are Seneca Lake , Steingraber was arrested again with nine other protestors at the gates of Crestwood Midstream ( formerly Inergy ) for trespassing and blocking a chemical truck , which resulted in an additional charge of disorderly conduct . On November 19 , in the Town of Reading Court , she was sentenced to 15-days in jail after refusing to pay her fine . She served 8-days in the Chemung County jail and was released . Steingraber detailed her experience in an Ecowatch article , Why I am in Jail . Unfractured . Dr . Steingraber was the subject of the 2018 documentary , Unfractured . Personal life . Steingraber lives in Trumansburg , New York with her husband Jeff de Castro , a sculptor and art restoration specialist , with their two children . In July 2019 , Sandra Steingraber announced her place in the LGBTQIA+ community to honor the national LGBT STEM day . Bibliography . - The Spoils of Famine : Ethiopian Famine Policy and Peasant Agriculture ( Cultural Survival Report 25 ) ( 1988 , co-author ) , which raised issues of ecology and human rights in Africa . - Post-diagnosis ( 1995 ) , a volume of poetry on living with cancer . - Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment ( 1997 ) , which proposed a relationship between cancer registry data and Toxics Release Inventory data . - Having Faith : An Ecologists Journey to Motherhood ( 2001 ) , which explored fetal toxicology and genetics with respect to Steingrabers own pregnancy . - The Falling Age of Puberty in U.S . Girls : what we know , what we need to know ( 2007 ) , which reviews the epidemiology and etiology of the acceleration of puberty among girls in the USA . - Raising Elijah : Protecting Our Children in an Age of Environmental Crisis ( 2011 , a Merloyd Lawrence Book ) Awards and honors . - 1997 – Named a Ms . Magazine Woman of the Year . - 1998 – First annual Altman Award for the inspiring and poetic use of science to elucidate the causes of cancer , from the Jenifer Altman Foundation - 1998 – Will Solimene Award for excellence in medical communication from the New England chapter of the American Medical Writers Association . - 1999 – Sierra Club heralded Steingraber as the new Rachel Carson . - 2001 – Biennial Rachel Carson Leadership Award from Chatham College , Rachel Carsons alma mater . - 2006 – Received the Breast Cancer Funds Hero Award along with Teresa Heinz Kerry . In recognition to honor and publicly thank those who have significantly helped advance our mission to identify and eliminate the environmental—and preventable—causes of breast cancer . - 2008 – Honorary Doctor of Letters ( D.Litt. ) awarded by Lycoming College , Williamsport , PA , in recognition of excellence in research and writing . - 2010 – Named one of the 25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World by Utne Reader magazine . - 2012 – Received the 17th Annual Heinz Award with special focus on the environment - 2013 – Received the Doctor of Humane Letters honorary degree . award by SUNY college of Environmental Science & Forestry - 2015 – Received the American Ethical Unions Elliott-Black Award for protecting our planet and informing others on how to get active .. . - 2015 - Received Breast Cancer Actions Barbara Brenner Hell Raiser Award for shining a light on the links between toxic chemicals and breast cancer and for bringing her academic knowledge to the real world through political advocacy and direct action . External links . - Sandra Steingrabers Website - Living Downstream documentary - Unfractured - 2018 documentary
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Sandra Steingraber was an employee for whom from 1994 to 1998?
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Sandra Steingraber Sandra Steingraber ( born 1959 ) is an American biologist , author , and cancer survivor . Steingraber writes and lectures on the environmental factors that contribute to reproductive health problems and environmental links to cancer . Early life . Steingraber was adopted as an infant . She grew up and spent most of her childhood in Tazewell County , Illinois . Her mother was a microbiologist and her father was a community college professor . Her parents inculcated in her an interest in sustainable development and organic agriculture from a young age . In her 20s , Steingraber developed bladder cancer . In several of her books , she describes an apparent cancer cluster in her hometown and within her family . After her cancer went into remission , Steingraber completed her undergraduate degree in biology from Illinois Wesleyan University . She worked for several years as a field researcher , eventually earning her doctorate in biology from the University of Michigan . Steingraber also holds a masters degree in English from Illinois State University . Career . Steingraber has been on faculty at Cornell University , and is a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Division of Interdisciplinary and International Studies at Ithaca College , in Ithaca , New York . She held visiting fellowships at the University of Illinois , Radcliffe/Harvard , and Northeastern University , and served on President Bill Clintons National Action Plan on Breast Cancer . Activism . Living Downstream . In her 1997 book , Living Downstream , Steingraber blends anecdotes and descriptions of industrial and agricultural pollution with data from scientific and medical literature to assess the relationship between environmental factors and cancer . Steingraber criticizes the imbalance between funding devoted to studies of genetic predisposition to cancer versus studies of environmental contributions . The book claims that while we can do little to change our genetic inheritance , much can be done to reduce human exposure to environmental carcinogens . Her work Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment , reflects the ideals that Rachel Carson expressed in her seminal book , Silent Spring . Carson discusses a woman with bladder cancer and investigates research how and why cancer is linked to the environment . Steingraber stresses issues such as how chemical pesticides find their way into human bodies . She states , in 1996 a study investigated six-fold excess of bladder cancer among workers exposed years before to o-toluidine and aniline in the rubber chemicals department of a manufacturing plant in upstate New York . Levels of these contaminants are now well within their legal workplace limits and yet blood and urine samples collected from current employees were found to contain substantial numbers of DNA adducts and detectable levels of o-toulidne and aniline . To the 89 percent of Illinois that is farmland , an estimated 54 million pounds of synthetic pesticides are applied each year . Introduced into Illinois at the end of World War II , these chemical poisons quietly familiarized themselves with the landscape . In 1950 , less than 10 percent of cornfields were sprayed with pesticides . In 1993 , 99 percent were chemically treated , ( page 5 ) . Living Downstream is the basis for a documentary by The Peoples Picture Company that chronicles Steingrabers struggles as a cancer survivor and her contributions as an ecologist and cancer prevention activist . On March 18 , 2013 , Steingraber was arrested along with nine other protesters for blocking the entrance to the Inergy natural gas facility near Ithaca to protest the industrialization of the Finger Lakes . After refusing to pay a fine , Steingraber and two other members of the Seneca Lake 12 received 15-day sentences . Steingraber served 10 days in the Chemung County jail in the city of Elmira before her release . On October 29 , 2014 while participating in the civil disobedience campaign , called We Are Seneca Lake , Steingraber was arrested again with nine other protestors at the gates of Crestwood Midstream ( formerly Inergy ) for trespassing and blocking a chemical truck , which resulted in an additional charge of disorderly conduct . On November 19 , in the Town of Reading Court , she was sentenced to 15-days in jail after refusing to pay her fine . She served 8-days in the Chemung County jail and was released . Steingraber detailed her experience in an Ecowatch article , Why I am in Jail . Unfractured . Dr . Steingraber was the subject of the 2018 documentary , Unfractured . Personal life . Steingraber lives in Trumansburg , New York with her husband Jeff de Castro , a sculptor and art restoration specialist , with their two children . In July 2019 , Sandra Steingraber announced her place in the LGBTQIA+ community to honor the national LGBT STEM day . Bibliography . - The Spoils of Famine : Ethiopian Famine Policy and Peasant Agriculture ( Cultural Survival Report 25 ) ( 1988 , co-author ) , which raised issues of ecology and human rights in Africa . - Post-diagnosis ( 1995 ) , a volume of poetry on living with cancer . - Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment ( 1997 ) , which proposed a relationship between cancer registry data and Toxics Release Inventory data . - Having Faith : An Ecologists Journey to Motherhood ( 2001 ) , which explored fetal toxicology and genetics with respect to Steingrabers own pregnancy . - The Falling Age of Puberty in U.S . Girls : what we know , what we need to know ( 2007 ) , which reviews the epidemiology and etiology of the acceleration of puberty among girls in the USA . - Raising Elijah : Protecting Our Children in an Age of Environmental Crisis ( 2011 , a Merloyd Lawrence Book ) Awards and honors . - 1997 – Named a Ms . Magazine Woman of the Year . - 1998 – First annual Altman Award for the inspiring and poetic use of science to elucidate the causes of cancer , from the Jenifer Altman Foundation - 1998 – Will Solimene Award for excellence in medical communication from the New England chapter of the American Medical Writers Association . - 1999 – Sierra Club heralded Steingraber as the new Rachel Carson . - 2001 – Biennial Rachel Carson Leadership Award from Chatham College , Rachel Carsons alma mater . - 2006 – Received the Breast Cancer Funds Hero Award along with Teresa Heinz Kerry . In recognition to honor and publicly thank those who have significantly helped advance our mission to identify and eliminate the environmental—and preventable—causes of breast cancer . - 2008 – Honorary Doctor of Letters ( D.Litt. ) awarded by Lycoming College , Williamsport , PA , in recognition of excellence in research and writing . - 2010 – Named one of the 25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World by Utne Reader magazine . - 2012 – Received the 17th Annual Heinz Award with special focus on the environment - 2013 – Received the Doctor of Humane Letters honorary degree . award by SUNY college of Environmental Science & Forestry - 2015 – Received the American Ethical Unions Elliott-Black Award for protecting our planet and informing others on how to get active .. . - 2015 - Received Breast Cancer Actions Barbara Brenner Hell Raiser Award for shining a light on the links between toxic chemicals and breast cancer and for bringing her academic knowledge to the real world through political advocacy and direct action . External links . - Sandra Steingrabers Website - Living Downstream documentary - Unfractured - 2018 documentary
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What was the name of the employer Sandra Steingraber work for from 1999 to 2004?
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Sandra Steingraber Sandra Steingraber ( born 1959 ) is an American biologist , author , and cancer survivor . Steingraber writes and lectures on the environmental factors that contribute to reproductive health problems and environmental links to cancer . Early life . Steingraber was adopted as an infant . She grew up and spent most of her childhood in Tazewell County , Illinois . Her mother was a microbiologist and her father was a community college professor . Her parents inculcated in her an interest in sustainable development and organic agriculture from a young age . In her 20s , Steingraber developed bladder cancer . In several of her books , she describes an apparent cancer cluster in her hometown and within her family . After her cancer went into remission , Steingraber completed her undergraduate degree in biology from Illinois Wesleyan University . She worked for several years as a field researcher , eventually earning her doctorate in biology from the University of Michigan . Steingraber also holds a masters degree in English from Illinois State University . Career . Steingraber has been on faculty at Cornell University , and is a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Division of Interdisciplinary and International Studies at Ithaca College , in Ithaca , New York . She held visiting fellowships at the University of Illinois , Radcliffe/Harvard , and Northeastern University , and served on President Bill Clintons National Action Plan on Breast Cancer . Activism . Living Downstream . In her 1997 book , Living Downstream , Steingraber blends anecdotes and descriptions of industrial and agricultural pollution with data from scientific and medical literature to assess the relationship between environmental factors and cancer . Steingraber criticizes the imbalance between funding devoted to studies of genetic predisposition to cancer versus studies of environmental contributions . The book claims that while we can do little to change our genetic inheritance , much can be done to reduce human exposure to environmental carcinogens . Her work Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment , reflects the ideals that Rachel Carson expressed in her seminal book , Silent Spring . Carson discusses a woman with bladder cancer and investigates research how and why cancer is linked to the environment . Steingraber stresses issues such as how chemical pesticides find their way into human bodies . She states , in 1996 a study investigated six-fold excess of bladder cancer among workers exposed years before to o-toluidine and aniline in the rubber chemicals department of a manufacturing plant in upstate New York . Levels of these contaminants are now well within their legal workplace limits and yet blood and urine samples collected from current employees were found to contain substantial numbers of DNA adducts and detectable levels of o-toulidne and aniline . To the 89 percent of Illinois that is farmland , an estimated 54 million pounds of synthetic pesticides are applied each year . Introduced into Illinois at the end of World War II , these chemical poisons quietly familiarized themselves with the landscape . In 1950 , less than 10 percent of cornfields were sprayed with pesticides . In 1993 , 99 percent were chemically treated , ( page 5 ) . Living Downstream is the basis for a documentary by The Peoples Picture Company that chronicles Steingrabers struggles as a cancer survivor and her contributions as an ecologist and cancer prevention activist . On March 18 , 2013 , Steingraber was arrested along with nine other protesters for blocking the entrance to the Inergy natural gas facility near Ithaca to protest the industrialization of the Finger Lakes . After refusing to pay a fine , Steingraber and two other members of the Seneca Lake 12 received 15-day sentences . Steingraber served 10 days in the Chemung County jail in the city of Elmira before her release . On October 29 , 2014 while participating in the civil disobedience campaign , called We Are Seneca Lake , Steingraber was arrested again with nine other protestors at the gates of Crestwood Midstream ( formerly Inergy ) for trespassing and blocking a chemical truck , which resulted in an additional charge of disorderly conduct . On November 19 , in the Town of Reading Court , she was sentenced to 15-days in jail after refusing to pay her fine . She served 8-days in the Chemung County jail and was released . Steingraber detailed her experience in an Ecowatch article , Why I am in Jail . Unfractured . Dr . Steingraber was the subject of the 2018 documentary , Unfractured . Personal life . Steingraber lives in Trumansburg , New York with her husband Jeff de Castro , a sculptor and art restoration specialist , with their two children . In July 2019 , Sandra Steingraber announced her place in the LGBTQIA+ community to honor the national LGBT STEM day . Bibliography . - The Spoils of Famine : Ethiopian Famine Policy and Peasant Agriculture ( Cultural Survival Report 25 ) ( 1988 , co-author ) , which raised issues of ecology and human rights in Africa . - Post-diagnosis ( 1995 ) , a volume of poetry on living with cancer . - Living Downstream : An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment ( 1997 ) , which proposed a relationship between cancer registry data and Toxics Release Inventory data . - Having Faith : An Ecologists Journey to Motherhood ( 2001 ) , which explored fetal toxicology and genetics with respect to Steingrabers own pregnancy . - The Falling Age of Puberty in U.S . Girls : what we know , what we need to know ( 2007 ) , which reviews the epidemiology and etiology of the acceleration of puberty among girls in the USA . - Raising Elijah : Protecting Our Children in an Age of Environmental Crisis ( 2011 , a Merloyd Lawrence Book ) Awards and honors . - 1997 – Named a Ms . Magazine Woman of the Year . - 1998 – First annual Altman Award for the inspiring and poetic use of science to elucidate the causes of cancer , from the Jenifer Altman Foundation - 1998 – Will Solimene Award for excellence in medical communication from the New England chapter of the American Medical Writers Association . - 1999 – Sierra Club heralded Steingraber as the new Rachel Carson . - 2001 – Biennial Rachel Carson Leadership Award from Chatham College , Rachel Carsons alma mater . - 2006 – Received the Breast Cancer Funds Hero Award along with Teresa Heinz Kerry . In recognition to honor and publicly thank those who have significantly helped advance our mission to identify and eliminate the environmental—and preventable—causes of breast cancer . - 2008 – Honorary Doctor of Letters ( D.Litt. ) awarded by Lycoming College , Williamsport , PA , in recognition of excellence in research and writing . - 2010 – Named one of the 25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World by Utne Reader magazine . - 2012 – Received the 17th Annual Heinz Award with special focus on the environment - 2013 – Received the Doctor of Humane Letters honorary degree . award by SUNY college of Environmental Science & Forestry - 2015 – Received the American Ethical Unions Elliott-Black Award for protecting our planet and informing others on how to get active .. . - 2015 - Received Breast Cancer Actions Barbara Brenner Hell Raiser Award for shining a light on the links between toxic chemicals and breast cancer and for bringing her academic knowledge to the real world through political advocacy and direct action . External links . - Sandra Steingrabers Website - Living Downstream documentary - Unfractured - 2018 documentary
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What position did Walter F. George take from 1907 to 1912?
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Walter F . George Walter Franklin George ( January 29 , 1878 – August 4 , 1957 ) was an American politician from the state of Georgia . He was a longtime Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957 . Born near Preston , Georgia , George practiced law after graduating from Mercer University . He served on the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 , resigning from the bench to successfully run for the Senate . Philosophically a conservative Democrat , George refrained from endorsing the 1932 presidential nomination of Franklin D . Roosevelt and openly objected to the Presidents 1937 court packing plan . However , despite his philosophical views , George supported much of Roosevelts domestic policy and led the implementation of the Presidents foreign policy . He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 in which he generally supported Roosevelts handling of World War II . George also served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1940 to 1941 and 1955 to 1957 . Throughout his political career , George was generally viewed as more moderate on civil rights than other Southern U.S . Senators . Nevertheless , George opposed integration in the wake of the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , but George refused to renounce Brown publicly because of his respect for the judiciary branch and its important role , which may have cost George reelection in the 1956 Senate race . By the end of his Senate career , George was one of the most powerful U.S . Senators and was well-regarded by both political parties and by liberals and conservatives . George was an early and leading champion of vocational education , a strict constitutionalist who believed in limited federal government , a fiscal conservative . During the course of his Senate career , he transitioned from being a foreign isolationist to a fervent supporter of internationalism , including playing an important role in the Senates 1945 approval of the United Nations Charter . George retired from the Senate in 1957 and died later that same year . Reflecting the esteem with which George was held , 40 members of Congress , including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson , attended his funeral in Vienna , Georgia , and President Dwight Eisenhower ordered flags at all U.S . federal buildings lowered to half-mast . Early life . George was born on a farm near Preston , Georgia , the son of sharecroppers Sarah ( Stapleton ) and Robert Theodoric George . He attended public schools and then Mercer University in Macon , Georgia . He received his law degree from Mercer in 1901 and entered the practice of law . George served as a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1917 and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 . Senator . 1920s . George resigned from the Supreme Court of Georgia to run for a seat in the United States Senate , which became available due to the death of Thomas E . Watson . George won the special election but , rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21 , 1922 , George allowed the appointed Rebecca Latimer Felton to be sworn in , making her the first woman seated in the Senate , and serving until George took office on November 22 , 1922 , one day later . George was re-elected to his first full six-year term in 1926 . He served in the Senate from 1922 until 1957 , declining to run for a sixth full term in 1956 . At that time , the Republican Party in Georgia was very weak , so the real re-election contests for George were in the Democratic primaries . During the 1920s George , a Democrat , tended to vote conservatively , like many of his fellow senators from the South . George supported prohibition , opposed civil rights legislation , and voted against federal anti-lynching legislation based upon his belief that the measures were unconstitutional as law enforcement was a state law matter under the Constitution . George was a strong supporter of free enterprise and business , offering significant support for Georgia-based companies , including the Coca-Cola Company and Georgia Power Company . The power of free enterprise , capitalism and markets to create jobs and raise living standards were a key tenet of George’s political philosophy . In 1928 , Georgias congressional delegation selected George as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination . ( Al Smith from New York received the national nomination but was soundly defeated by Republican candidate Herbert Hoover. ) Even though George was never a serious candidate for the nomination , it was clear that he was very popular among his fellow Georgians . The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression of the 1930s and , with it , a new era in American politics . 1930s . Despite personal visits to Franklin Roosevelt’s Warm Springs , Georgia farm , George did not endorse Roosevelts nomination for president in 1932 , declining to favor any of the Democratic candidates . Not very enthusiastic about the New Deal , unlike his fellow Georgia senator , Richard B . Russell Jr. , George still supported some programs that he saw as beneficial to Georgia , primarily the Tennessee Valley Authority , Social Security , the Rural Electrification Administration , and the Agricultural Adjustment Act . He would also support several of the earlier New Deal policies and during Roosevelts time in office , he supported 34 New Deal bills that went through the Senate , opposing only 10 . George found far more to oppose during Roosevelts second term , however , including rigorous regulation of utility companies , the Wealth Tax Acts , and Roosevelts attempt to pack the U.S . Supreme Court with justices favorable to his New Deal policies . Roosevelt , who considered Georgia his second home because of the time he spent at Warm Springs , tried hard to unseat George , who Roosevelt felt had now been sent out to pasture . In a famous speech , delivered in Barnesville on August 11 , 1938 , Roosevelt praised George for his service and acknowledged his intelligence and honor but urged voters to choose Georges opponent , Lawrence Camp , in the upcoming Democratic primary . George shook the presidents hand and accepted the challenge . George easily won re-nomination for his Senate seat , and with the Democratic Party firmly in control of Georgia , he easily won re-election as well . 1940s . A confidential April 1943 analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British Foreign Office , stated of George : From July 31 , 1941 to August 2 , 1946 , Senator George was the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance , and one of Washingtons most powerful legislative forces . As chairman of this powerful committee , George defeated many of Roosevelts efforts to increase taxes and enact very progressive tax regimes . George and Roosevelt were in greater agreement on foreign affairs ; Berlin added that although [ George ] acutely dislikes the domestic policies of the Administration , he has never wavered in support of its foreign policy and , like the other cotton and tobacco Senators , supports Mr . Hulls reciprocal trade agreements . In the 1940s , George supported Roosevelts efforts at military preparedness , including Lend-Lease aid to Great Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , already at war , and American defensive buildup in response to the threat posed by Japanese and German militarism . Once the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , George embraced the presidents vigorous prosecution of the war . He reversed his previous opposition to an international agency designed to keep peace by supporting the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 . 1950s . As the 1950s began , with thirty years of the Senate experience , George became one of the most powerful individuals in the United States , with Life magazine calling George one of the most distinguished legislators of his time and the most revered man in the Senate and Colliers calling him the solemn , dignified , and well-nigh unassailable senior Senator from Georgia . Increasingly President Eisenhower began to rely heavily on George , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , in matters related to foreign policy . Especially after the U.S . Supreme Courts Brown v . Board of Education decisions mid-decade , legislative and political focus on civil rights increased . While George was not a racial rabble-rouser on the campaign trail as were some Southern politicians , he supported racial segregation . As the senior Southern Senator , the Declaration of Constitutional Principles a/k/a The Southern Manifesto was physically signed in his office as Senate President pro Tempore on March 8 , 1956 , and his fellow Senator Richard Russell of Georgia met with the press the next morning to announce that George would be reading it into the Congressional Record , allowing all members to sign it before the close of legislative business on the evening of March 12 . This prevented any dissenters from using the excuse that they did not know about the statement before its formal appearance . That fall , after thirty-four years in the U.S . Senate , George approached what would be his seventh senatorial campaign . At the age of 78 , he vacillated on whether to seek re-election since he faced an opponent , Herman Talmadge , noting to President Eisenhower that if I retire , I want to stay at home and rest . I am really tired . U.S . Senators from both political parties actively worked to encourage George’s reelection , including Minnesotas Hubert Humphrey who offered George , represented the finest of traditions of this great deliberative body . . . a profound and effective statesman . . . when some of us felt too timid to speak up , this brave man spoke up . While the President and other national politicians favored George’s reelection , Talmadge had the state political machinery built by his father , Eugene , firmly behind him . Moreover , Georges refusal to publicly renounce Brown v . Board of Education harmed his reelection prospects , since segregation became a primary campaign focus . Balancing his age , reelection prospects and other considerations , George declined to run for re-election , realizing that despite his seniority and leadership in the Senate and the support of Georgias businesses , his health likely would not withstand the strenuous campaign . George was a member of twelve committees while he was in the Senate and the chairman of five , including the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1940 to 1941 and from 1955 to 1957 and the United States Senate Committee on Finance from 1941 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953 . He was also President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957 . In the Senate , George became known for his polished oratory and was considered one of the Senates best public speakers . Early in 1957 , shortly after George retired from the Senate , President Dwight Eisenhower appointed George special ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . After about six months service , George became seriously ill . He died in Vienna , Georgia and is interred in the Vienna cemetery . Remembrances . The Walter F . George School of Law of Mercer University , the former Walter F . George High School ( presently South Atlanta High School ) in Atlanta , Georgia , and Walter F . George Lake in western Georgia were named for him . The Walter F . George Foundation , created at Mercer when the universitys law school was named in honor of George in 1947 , continues to award scholarships to Mercer law students who plan to pursue careers in public service . Georges portrait hangs in the Georgia state capitol in Atlanta . A bronze bust of Sen . George was dedicated in 1950 in Vienna , Georgia . The bust was donated by the Georgia Vocational Association ( now Georgia Association for Career & Technical Education ) for Georges support of Vocational Education and passage of the George-Deen Act . In 1960 , the United States Postal Service issued a $0.04 stamp honoring George . The place of issue was Vienna , Georgia , Georges final home . Further reading . - Mixon , Val G . The Foreign Policy Statesmanship of Senator Walter F . George : 1955-1956 . West Georgia College Review 1973 6 : 29-41 . - Patterson , James T . The failure of party realignment in the south , 1937–1939 . Journal of Politics ( 1965 ) 27#3 pp : 602-617 . in JSTOR - Zeigler , Luther Harmon , Jr . Senator Walter Georges 1938 Campaign . Georgia Historical Quarterly 1959 43 ( 4 ) : 333-352 . in JSTOR External links . - Walter F . George historical marker from the Digital Library of Georgia
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Walter F. George took which position from 1917 to 1922?
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Walter F . George Walter Franklin George ( January 29 , 1878 – August 4 , 1957 ) was an American politician from the state of Georgia . He was a longtime Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957 . Born near Preston , Georgia , George practiced law after graduating from Mercer University . He served on the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 , resigning from the bench to successfully run for the Senate . Philosophically a conservative Democrat , George refrained from endorsing the 1932 presidential nomination of Franklin D . Roosevelt and openly objected to the Presidents 1937 court packing plan . However , despite his philosophical views , George supported much of Roosevelts domestic policy and led the implementation of the Presidents foreign policy . He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 in which he generally supported Roosevelts handling of World War II . George also served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1940 to 1941 and 1955 to 1957 . Throughout his political career , George was generally viewed as more moderate on civil rights than other Southern U.S . Senators . Nevertheless , George opposed integration in the wake of the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , but George refused to renounce Brown publicly because of his respect for the judiciary branch and its important role , which may have cost George reelection in the 1956 Senate race . By the end of his Senate career , George was one of the most powerful U.S . Senators and was well-regarded by both political parties and by liberals and conservatives . George was an early and leading champion of vocational education , a strict constitutionalist who believed in limited federal government , a fiscal conservative . During the course of his Senate career , he transitioned from being a foreign isolationist to a fervent supporter of internationalism , including playing an important role in the Senates 1945 approval of the United Nations Charter . George retired from the Senate in 1957 and died later that same year . Reflecting the esteem with which George was held , 40 members of Congress , including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson , attended his funeral in Vienna , Georgia , and President Dwight Eisenhower ordered flags at all U.S . federal buildings lowered to half-mast . Early life . George was born on a farm near Preston , Georgia , the son of sharecroppers Sarah ( Stapleton ) and Robert Theodoric George . He attended public schools and then Mercer University in Macon , Georgia . He received his law degree from Mercer in 1901 and entered the practice of law . George served as a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1917 and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 . Senator . 1920s . George resigned from the Supreme Court of Georgia to run for a seat in the United States Senate , which became available due to the death of Thomas E . Watson . George won the special election but , rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21 , 1922 , George allowed the appointed Rebecca Latimer Felton to be sworn in , making her the first woman seated in the Senate , and serving until George took office on November 22 , 1922 , one day later . George was re-elected to his first full six-year term in 1926 . He served in the Senate from 1922 until 1957 , declining to run for a sixth full term in 1956 . At that time , the Republican Party in Georgia was very weak , so the real re-election contests for George were in the Democratic primaries . During the 1920s George , a Democrat , tended to vote conservatively , like many of his fellow senators from the South . George supported prohibition , opposed civil rights legislation , and voted against federal anti-lynching legislation based upon his belief that the measures were unconstitutional as law enforcement was a state law matter under the Constitution . George was a strong supporter of free enterprise and business , offering significant support for Georgia-based companies , including the Coca-Cola Company and Georgia Power Company . The power of free enterprise , capitalism and markets to create jobs and raise living standards were a key tenet of George’s political philosophy . In 1928 , Georgias congressional delegation selected George as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination . ( Al Smith from New York received the national nomination but was soundly defeated by Republican candidate Herbert Hoover. ) Even though George was never a serious candidate for the nomination , it was clear that he was very popular among his fellow Georgians . The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression of the 1930s and , with it , a new era in American politics . 1930s . Despite personal visits to Franklin Roosevelt’s Warm Springs , Georgia farm , George did not endorse Roosevelts nomination for president in 1932 , declining to favor any of the Democratic candidates . Not very enthusiastic about the New Deal , unlike his fellow Georgia senator , Richard B . Russell Jr. , George still supported some programs that he saw as beneficial to Georgia , primarily the Tennessee Valley Authority , Social Security , the Rural Electrification Administration , and the Agricultural Adjustment Act . He would also support several of the earlier New Deal policies and during Roosevelts time in office , he supported 34 New Deal bills that went through the Senate , opposing only 10 . George found far more to oppose during Roosevelts second term , however , including rigorous regulation of utility companies , the Wealth Tax Acts , and Roosevelts attempt to pack the U.S . Supreme Court with justices favorable to his New Deal policies . Roosevelt , who considered Georgia his second home because of the time he spent at Warm Springs , tried hard to unseat George , who Roosevelt felt had now been sent out to pasture . In a famous speech , delivered in Barnesville on August 11 , 1938 , Roosevelt praised George for his service and acknowledged his intelligence and honor but urged voters to choose Georges opponent , Lawrence Camp , in the upcoming Democratic primary . George shook the presidents hand and accepted the challenge . George easily won re-nomination for his Senate seat , and with the Democratic Party firmly in control of Georgia , he easily won re-election as well . 1940s . A confidential April 1943 analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British Foreign Office , stated of George : From July 31 , 1941 to August 2 , 1946 , Senator George was the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance , and one of Washingtons most powerful legislative forces . As chairman of this powerful committee , George defeated many of Roosevelts efforts to increase taxes and enact very progressive tax regimes . George and Roosevelt were in greater agreement on foreign affairs ; Berlin added that although [ George ] acutely dislikes the domestic policies of the Administration , he has never wavered in support of its foreign policy and , like the other cotton and tobacco Senators , supports Mr . Hulls reciprocal trade agreements . In the 1940s , George supported Roosevelts efforts at military preparedness , including Lend-Lease aid to Great Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , already at war , and American defensive buildup in response to the threat posed by Japanese and German militarism . Once the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , George embraced the presidents vigorous prosecution of the war . He reversed his previous opposition to an international agency designed to keep peace by supporting the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 . 1950s . As the 1950s began , with thirty years of the Senate experience , George became one of the most powerful individuals in the United States , with Life magazine calling George one of the most distinguished legislators of his time and the most revered man in the Senate and Colliers calling him the solemn , dignified , and well-nigh unassailable senior Senator from Georgia . Increasingly President Eisenhower began to rely heavily on George , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , in matters related to foreign policy . Especially after the U.S . Supreme Courts Brown v . Board of Education decisions mid-decade , legislative and political focus on civil rights increased . While George was not a racial rabble-rouser on the campaign trail as were some Southern politicians , he supported racial segregation . As the senior Southern Senator , the Declaration of Constitutional Principles a/k/a The Southern Manifesto was physically signed in his office as Senate President pro Tempore on March 8 , 1956 , and his fellow Senator Richard Russell of Georgia met with the press the next morning to announce that George would be reading it into the Congressional Record , allowing all members to sign it before the close of legislative business on the evening of March 12 . This prevented any dissenters from using the excuse that they did not know about the statement before its formal appearance . That fall , after thirty-four years in the U.S . Senate , George approached what would be his seventh senatorial campaign . At the age of 78 , he vacillated on whether to seek re-election since he faced an opponent , Herman Talmadge , noting to President Eisenhower that if I retire , I want to stay at home and rest . I am really tired . U.S . Senators from both political parties actively worked to encourage George’s reelection , including Minnesotas Hubert Humphrey who offered George , represented the finest of traditions of this great deliberative body . . . a profound and effective statesman . . . when some of us felt too timid to speak up , this brave man spoke up . While the President and other national politicians favored George’s reelection , Talmadge had the state political machinery built by his father , Eugene , firmly behind him . Moreover , Georges refusal to publicly renounce Brown v . Board of Education harmed his reelection prospects , since segregation became a primary campaign focus . Balancing his age , reelection prospects and other considerations , George declined to run for re-election , realizing that despite his seniority and leadership in the Senate and the support of Georgias businesses , his health likely would not withstand the strenuous campaign . George was a member of twelve committees while he was in the Senate and the chairman of five , including the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1940 to 1941 and from 1955 to 1957 and the United States Senate Committee on Finance from 1941 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953 . He was also President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957 . In the Senate , George became known for his polished oratory and was considered one of the Senates best public speakers . Early in 1957 , shortly after George retired from the Senate , President Dwight Eisenhower appointed George special ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . After about six months service , George became seriously ill . He died in Vienna , Georgia and is interred in the Vienna cemetery . Remembrances . The Walter F . George School of Law of Mercer University , the former Walter F . George High School ( presently South Atlanta High School ) in Atlanta , Georgia , and Walter F . George Lake in western Georgia were named for him . The Walter F . George Foundation , created at Mercer when the universitys law school was named in honor of George in 1947 , continues to award scholarships to Mercer law students who plan to pursue careers in public service . Georges portrait hangs in the Georgia state capitol in Atlanta . A bronze bust of Sen . George was dedicated in 1950 in Vienna , Georgia . The bust was donated by the Georgia Vocational Association ( now Georgia Association for Career & Technical Education ) for Georges support of Vocational Education and passage of the George-Deen Act . In 1960 , the United States Postal Service issued a $0.04 stamp honoring George . The place of issue was Vienna , Georgia , Georges final home . Further reading . - Mixon , Val G . The Foreign Policy Statesmanship of Senator Walter F . George : 1955-1956 . West Georgia College Review 1973 6 : 29-41 . - Patterson , James T . The failure of party realignment in the south , 1937–1939 . Journal of Politics ( 1965 ) 27#3 pp : 602-617 . in JSTOR - Zeigler , Luther Harmon , Jr . Senator Walter Georges 1938 Campaign . Georgia Historical Quarterly 1959 43 ( 4 ) : 333-352 . in JSTOR External links . - Walter F . George historical marker from the Digital Library of Georgia
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[
"Senate"
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easy
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What was the position of Walter F. George from Nov 1922 to 1957?
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/wiki/Walter_F._George#P39#2
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Walter F . George Walter Franklin George ( January 29 , 1878 – August 4 , 1957 ) was an American politician from the state of Georgia . He was a longtime Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957 . Born near Preston , Georgia , George practiced law after graduating from Mercer University . He served on the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 , resigning from the bench to successfully run for the Senate . Philosophically a conservative Democrat , George refrained from endorsing the 1932 presidential nomination of Franklin D . Roosevelt and openly objected to the Presidents 1937 court packing plan . However , despite his philosophical views , George supported much of Roosevelts domestic policy and led the implementation of the Presidents foreign policy . He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 in which he generally supported Roosevelts handling of World War II . George also served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1940 to 1941 and 1955 to 1957 . Throughout his political career , George was generally viewed as more moderate on civil rights than other Southern U.S . Senators . Nevertheless , George opposed integration in the wake of the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v . Board of Education , but George refused to renounce Brown publicly because of his respect for the judiciary branch and its important role , which may have cost George reelection in the 1956 Senate race . By the end of his Senate career , George was one of the most powerful U.S . Senators and was well-regarded by both political parties and by liberals and conservatives . George was an early and leading champion of vocational education , a strict constitutionalist who believed in limited federal government , a fiscal conservative . During the course of his Senate career , he transitioned from being a foreign isolationist to a fervent supporter of internationalism , including playing an important role in the Senates 1945 approval of the United Nations Charter . George retired from the Senate in 1957 and died later that same year . Reflecting the esteem with which George was held , 40 members of Congress , including Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson , attended his funeral in Vienna , Georgia , and President Dwight Eisenhower ordered flags at all U.S . federal buildings lowered to half-mast . Early life . George was born on a farm near Preston , Georgia , the son of sharecroppers Sarah ( Stapleton ) and Robert Theodoric George . He attended public schools and then Mercer University in Macon , Georgia . He received his law degree from Mercer in 1901 and entered the practice of law . George served as a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals in 1917 and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 . Senator . 1920s . George resigned from the Supreme Court of Georgia to run for a seat in the United States Senate , which became available due to the death of Thomas E . Watson . George won the special election but , rather than take his seat immediately when the Senate reconvened on November 21 , 1922 , George allowed the appointed Rebecca Latimer Felton to be sworn in , making her the first woman seated in the Senate , and serving until George took office on November 22 , 1922 , one day later . George was re-elected to his first full six-year term in 1926 . He served in the Senate from 1922 until 1957 , declining to run for a sixth full term in 1956 . At that time , the Republican Party in Georgia was very weak , so the real re-election contests for George were in the Democratic primaries . During the 1920s George , a Democrat , tended to vote conservatively , like many of his fellow senators from the South . George supported prohibition , opposed civil rights legislation , and voted against federal anti-lynching legislation based upon his belief that the measures were unconstitutional as law enforcement was a state law matter under the Constitution . George was a strong supporter of free enterprise and business , offering significant support for Georgia-based companies , including the Coca-Cola Company and Georgia Power Company . The power of free enterprise , capitalism and markets to create jobs and raise living standards were a key tenet of George’s political philosophy . In 1928 , Georgias congressional delegation selected George as a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination . ( Al Smith from New York received the national nomination but was soundly defeated by Republican candidate Herbert Hoover. ) Even though George was never a serious candidate for the nomination , it was clear that he was very popular among his fellow Georgians . The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression of the 1930s and , with it , a new era in American politics . 1930s . Despite personal visits to Franklin Roosevelt’s Warm Springs , Georgia farm , George did not endorse Roosevelts nomination for president in 1932 , declining to favor any of the Democratic candidates . Not very enthusiastic about the New Deal , unlike his fellow Georgia senator , Richard B . Russell Jr. , George still supported some programs that he saw as beneficial to Georgia , primarily the Tennessee Valley Authority , Social Security , the Rural Electrification Administration , and the Agricultural Adjustment Act . He would also support several of the earlier New Deal policies and during Roosevelts time in office , he supported 34 New Deal bills that went through the Senate , opposing only 10 . George found far more to oppose during Roosevelts second term , however , including rigorous regulation of utility companies , the Wealth Tax Acts , and Roosevelts attempt to pack the U.S . Supreme Court with justices favorable to his New Deal policies . Roosevelt , who considered Georgia his second home because of the time he spent at Warm Springs , tried hard to unseat George , who Roosevelt felt had now been sent out to pasture . In a famous speech , delivered in Barnesville on August 11 , 1938 , Roosevelt praised George for his service and acknowledged his intelligence and honor but urged voters to choose Georges opponent , Lawrence Camp , in the upcoming Democratic primary . George shook the presidents hand and accepted the challenge . George easily won re-nomination for his Senate seat , and with the Democratic Party firmly in control of Georgia , he easily won re-election as well . 1940s . A confidential April 1943 analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholar Isaiah Berlin , working for the British Foreign Office , stated of George : From July 31 , 1941 to August 2 , 1946 , Senator George was the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Finance , and one of Washingtons most powerful legislative forces . As chairman of this powerful committee , George defeated many of Roosevelts efforts to increase taxes and enact very progressive tax regimes . George and Roosevelt were in greater agreement on foreign affairs ; Berlin added that although [ George ] acutely dislikes the domestic policies of the Administration , he has never wavered in support of its foreign policy and , like the other cotton and tobacco Senators , supports Mr . Hulls reciprocal trade agreements . In the 1940s , George supported Roosevelts efforts at military preparedness , including Lend-Lease aid to Great Britain , France , and the Soviet Union , already at war , and American defensive buildup in response to the threat posed by Japanese and German militarism . Once the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , George embraced the presidents vigorous prosecution of the war . He reversed his previous opposition to an international agency designed to keep peace by supporting the ratification of the United Nations Charter in 1945 . 1950s . As the 1950s began , with thirty years of the Senate experience , George became one of the most powerful individuals in the United States , with Life magazine calling George one of the most distinguished legislators of his time and the most revered man in the Senate and Colliers calling him the solemn , dignified , and well-nigh unassailable senior Senator from Georgia . Increasingly President Eisenhower began to rely heavily on George , chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , in matters related to foreign policy . Especially after the U.S . Supreme Courts Brown v . Board of Education decisions mid-decade , legislative and political focus on civil rights increased . While George was not a racial rabble-rouser on the campaign trail as were some Southern politicians , he supported racial segregation . As the senior Southern Senator , the Declaration of Constitutional Principles a/k/a The Southern Manifesto was physically signed in his office as Senate President pro Tempore on March 8 , 1956 , and his fellow Senator Richard Russell of Georgia met with the press the next morning to announce that George would be reading it into the Congressional Record , allowing all members to sign it before the close of legislative business on the evening of March 12 . This prevented any dissenters from using the excuse that they did not know about the statement before its formal appearance . That fall , after thirty-four years in the U.S . Senate , George approached what would be his seventh senatorial campaign . At the age of 78 , he vacillated on whether to seek re-election since he faced an opponent , Herman Talmadge , noting to President Eisenhower that if I retire , I want to stay at home and rest . I am really tired . U.S . Senators from both political parties actively worked to encourage George’s reelection , including Minnesotas Hubert Humphrey who offered George , represented the finest of traditions of this great deliberative body . . . a profound and effective statesman . . . when some of us felt too timid to speak up , this brave man spoke up . While the President and other national politicians favored George’s reelection , Talmadge had the state political machinery built by his father , Eugene , firmly behind him . Moreover , Georges refusal to publicly renounce Brown v . Board of Education harmed his reelection prospects , since segregation became a primary campaign focus . Balancing his age , reelection prospects and other considerations , George declined to run for re-election , realizing that despite his seniority and leadership in the Senate and the support of Georgias businesses , his health likely would not withstand the strenuous campaign . George was a member of twelve committees while he was in the Senate and the chairman of five , including the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1940 to 1941 and from 1955 to 1957 and the United States Senate Committee on Finance from 1941 to 1947 and from 1949 to 1953 . He was also President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957 . In the Senate , George became known for his polished oratory and was considered one of the Senates best public speakers . Early in 1957 , shortly after George retired from the Senate , President Dwight Eisenhower appointed George special ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization . After about six months service , George became seriously ill . He died in Vienna , Georgia and is interred in the Vienna cemetery . Remembrances . The Walter F . George School of Law of Mercer University , the former Walter F . George High School ( presently South Atlanta High School ) in Atlanta , Georgia , and Walter F . George Lake in western Georgia were named for him . The Walter F . George Foundation , created at Mercer when the universitys law school was named in honor of George in 1947 , continues to award scholarships to Mercer law students who plan to pursue careers in public service . Georges portrait hangs in the Georgia state capitol in Atlanta . A bronze bust of Sen . George was dedicated in 1950 in Vienna , Georgia . The bust was donated by the Georgia Vocational Association ( now Georgia Association for Career & Technical Education ) for Georges support of Vocational Education and passage of the George-Deen Act . In 1960 , the United States Postal Service issued a $0.04 stamp honoring George . The place of issue was Vienna , Georgia , Georges final home . Further reading . - Mixon , Val G . The Foreign Policy Statesmanship of Senator Walter F . George : 1955-1956 . West Georgia College Review 1973 6 : 29-41 . - Patterson , James T . The failure of party realignment in the south , 1937–1939 . Journal of Politics ( 1965 ) 27#3 pp : 602-617 . in JSTOR - Zeigler , Luther Harmon , Jr . Senator Walter Georges 1938 Campaign . Georgia Historical Quarterly 1959 43 ( 4 ) : 333-352 . in JSTOR External links . - Walter F . George historical marker from the Digital Library of Georgia
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What administrative territorial was acquired by Minami-Saitama District, Saitama from 1953 to 1955?
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/wiki/Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama#P150#0
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Minami-Saitama District , Saitama , the district has an estimated population of 33,405 and a density of 2,090 persons per km . The total area is 15.95 km . Towns and villages . - Miyashiro District timeline . - 1871 ( first wave of prefectural mergers ) : The part of Saitama District that would later become Minami-Saitama becomes completely part of Saitama Prefecture which is named after the district . - 1879 ( reactivation and reorganization of ancient provincial districts as modern prefectural subdivision ) : Saitama District is split into North- ( Kita- ) and South ( Minami- ) Saitama , the district government of South Saitama is set up in Iwatsuki - 1889 ( Great Meiji mergers & introduction of modern municipalities ) : Minami-Saitama is subdivided into 6 towns and 44 villages - 1923 : The Minami-Saitama district assembly is abolished . - 1926 : The Minami-Saitama district government is abolished , and it becomes a purely geographical unit . - November 3 , 1954 - The town of Iwatsuki gained city status . - The town of Koshigaya was created by merging with 2 towns and 8 villages . - January 1 , 1955 - The town of Washinomiya merged with the village of Sakurada from Kitakatsushika District to form the town of Washinomiya in Kitakatsushika District . - July 20 , 1955 - The villages of Momoki and Suka merged to form the town of Miyashiro . - August 1 , 1955 - The village of Kawayanagi merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District ( now the city of Soka ) . - November 3 , 1955 - Parts of the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District merged into the town of Koshigaya . - January 1 , 1956 - Parts of the city of Iwatsuki merged into the town of Hasuda . - September 28 , 1956 - Parts of the village of Hachijo merged with the villages of Yawata and Shiodomari to form the village of Yashio . - The remaining parts of Hachijo merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District . - November 3 , 1958 - The town of Koshigaya gained city status . - October 1 , 1964 - The village of Yashio gained town status . - October 1 , 1971 - The town of Kuki gained city status . - January 15 , 1972 - The town of Yashio gained city status . - October 1 , 1972 - The town of Hasuda gained city status . - March 23 , 2010 - The town of Shōbu , along with the towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya , both from Kitakatsushika District , merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki . - October 1 , 2012 - The town of Shiraoka gained city status . This leaves Minami Saitama District with one municipality .
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[
"Miyashiro"
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easy
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What administrative territorial was acquired by Minami-Saitama District, Saitama from 1955 to 1956?
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/wiki/Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama#P150#1
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Minami-Saitama District , Saitama , the district has an estimated population of 33,405 and a density of 2,090 persons per km . The total area is 15.95 km . Towns and villages . - Miyashiro District timeline . - 1871 ( first wave of prefectural mergers ) : The part of Saitama District that would later become Minami-Saitama becomes completely part of Saitama Prefecture which is named after the district . - 1879 ( reactivation and reorganization of ancient provincial districts as modern prefectural subdivision ) : Saitama District is split into North- ( Kita- ) and South ( Minami- ) Saitama , the district government of South Saitama is set up in Iwatsuki - 1889 ( Great Meiji mergers & introduction of modern municipalities ) : Minami-Saitama is subdivided into 6 towns and 44 villages - 1923 : The Minami-Saitama district assembly is abolished . - 1926 : The Minami-Saitama district government is abolished , and it becomes a purely geographical unit . - November 3 , 1954 - The town of Iwatsuki gained city status . - The town of Koshigaya was created by merging with 2 towns and 8 villages . - January 1 , 1955 - The town of Washinomiya merged with the village of Sakurada from Kitakatsushika District to form the town of Washinomiya in Kitakatsushika District . - July 20 , 1955 - The villages of Momoki and Suka merged to form the town of Miyashiro . - August 1 , 1955 - The village of Kawayanagi merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District ( now the city of Soka ) . - November 3 , 1955 - Parts of the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District merged into the town of Koshigaya . - January 1 , 1956 - Parts of the city of Iwatsuki merged into the town of Hasuda . - September 28 , 1956 - Parts of the village of Hachijo merged with the villages of Yawata and Shiodomari to form the village of Yashio . - The remaining parts of Hachijo merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District . - November 3 , 1958 - The town of Koshigaya gained city status . - October 1 , 1964 - The village of Yashio gained town status . - October 1 , 1971 - The town of Kuki gained city status . - January 15 , 1972 - The town of Yashio gained city status . - October 1 , 1972 - The town of Hasuda gained city status . - March 23 , 2010 - The town of Shōbu , along with the towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya , both from Kitakatsushika District , merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki . - October 1 , 2012 - The town of Shiraoka gained city status . This leaves Minami Saitama District with one municipality .
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What administrative territorial was acquired by Minami-Saitama District, Saitama in 1956?
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/wiki/Minami-Saitama_District,_Saitama#P150#2
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Minami-Saitama District , Saitama , the district has an estimated population of 33,405 and a density of 2,090 persons per km . The total area is 15.95 km . Towns and villages . - Miyashiro District timeline . - 1871 ( first wave of prefectural mergers ) : The part of Saitama District that would later become Minami-Saitama becomes completely part of Saitama Prefecture which is named after the district . - 1879 ( reactivation and reorganization of ancient provincial districts as modern prefectural subdivision ) : Saitama District is split into North- ( Kita- ) and South ( Minami- ) Saitama , the district government of South Saitama is set up in Iwatsuki - 1889 ( Great Meiji mergers & introduction of modern municipalities ) : Minami-Saitama is subdivided into 6 towns and 44 villages - 1923 : The Minami-Saitama district assembly is abolished . - 1926 : The Minami-Saitama district government is abolished , and it becomes a purely geographical unit . - November 3 , 1954 - The town of Iwatsuki gained city status . - The town of Koshigaya was created by merging with 2 towns and 8 villages . - January 1 , 1955 - The town of Washinomiya merged with the village of Sakurada from Kitakatsushika District to form the town of Washinomiya in Kitakatsushika District . - July 20 , 1955 - The villages of Momoki and Suka merged to form the town of Miyashiro . - August 1 , 1955 - The village of Kawayanagi merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District ( now the city of Soka ) . - November 3 , 1955 - Parts of the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District merged into the town of Koshigaya . - January 1 , 1956 - Parts of the city of Iwatsuki merged into the town of Hasuda . - September 28 , 1956 - Parts of the village of Hachijo merged with the villages of Yawata and Shiodomari to form the village of Yashio . - The remaining parts of Hachijo merged into the town of Soka in Kitaadachi District . - November 3 , 1958 - The town of Koshigaya gained city status . - October 1 , 1964 - The village of Yashio gained town status . - October 1 , 1971 - The town of Kuki gained city status . - January 15 , 1972 - The town of Yashio gained city status . - October 1 , 1972 - The town of Hasuda gained city status . - March 23 , 2010 - The town of Shōbu , along with the towns of Kurihashi and Washimiya , both from Kitakatsushika District , merged with the city of Kuki to form the new city of Kuki . - October 1 , 2012 - The town of Shiraoka gained city status . This leaves Minami Saitama District with one municipality .
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[
"Los Angeles Galaxy"
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easy
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Which team did Greg Vanney play for from 1996 to 1997?
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/wiki/Greg_Vanney#P54#0
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Greg Vanney Greg Vanney ( born June 11 , 1974 ) is an American former professional soccer player and head coach of the LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer . A defender and one of MLSs original players , Vanney spent 10 seasons in the league and another three-and-a-half in the French First Division playing for Sporting Club de Bastia between 2002 and 2005 . He also earned 36 caps , scoring one goal , with the U.S . national team between 1996 and 2006 . In 2017 , as manager of Toronto FC , Vanney won the domestic treble by winning the MLS Cup , Supporters Shield and the Canadian Championship . Playing career . High school and college . Vanney played soccer for Marcos de Niza High School in Tempe , Arizona , and led the team to three consecutive state championship titles in 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 . Vanney holds the school record for most assists by one player in a season with 13 for the 1990-1991 season , and also holds the school record for most goals by one player in a single season with 33 goals for the 1991-1992 season . He was also named the 5A player of the year for the 1991-1992 season , Gatorade Player of the Year , NSCAA and Parade All-America in 1992 . Greg Vanney played college soccer for Florida International University in 1992 , and for UCLA from 1993 to 1995 . In 1995 , Vanney was named All-America honorable mention and finished his senior season with 8 goals and 10 assists . Professional . Vanney was drafted 17th overall in the 1996 MLS College Draft by the Los Angeles Galaxy . The team sent him on loan to the Sacramento Scorpions of USISL for three games at the beginning of the season where he netted three goals in three games including two game winners . Vanney played for the Galaxy for six years , from 1996 to 2001 , and was consistently one of the best defenders in MLS , leading the Galaxy to three MLS Cup Finals and two CONCACAF Champions Cup Finals . He was named to the MLS Best XI in both 2000 and 2001 , and an MLS All-Star in 2001 . After the 2001 MLS season , Vanney transferred to the French First Division club SC Bastia . In the first six months with Bastia , Vanney helped lead the French club to its first appearance in the Coupe de France Final in over 20 years . He left the club in 2005 , coming back to MLS and signing with FC Dallas . After two seasons with the Hoops , and two All-Star selections , Vanney was traded to Colorado on January 12 , 2007 . On June 29 , 2007 , he was traded from the Rapids to D.C . United . On February 15 , 2008 , the rights for Vanney were transferred to his first club , the Los Angeles Galaxy . Vanney announced his retirement from the professional game on October 26 , 2008 ; his last game against his former club FC Dallas . International . Vanney also spent 11 years as a member of the United States national team , debuting December 21 , 1996 against Guatemala , and played 36 games and scored one goal ( September 2005 ) . Vanney participated in three FIFA World Cup qualifying cycles for the United States ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) . He was originally named as an alternate for the 2002 FIFA World Cup but initially replaced the injured Chris Armas on the roster after the midfielder picked up an ACL injury in a warm-up friendly against Uruguay on May 12 , 2002 . Vanney was himself injured in the next warm-up friendly on May 16 , 2002 against Jamaica and was replaced on the roster by Steve Cherundolo . Vanney also was a member of the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup Championship team and was featured in the early part of 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying for the United States . Coaching career . Early career . Vanney has more than 15 years experience in youth soccer : coaching , directing and consulting . He holds a USSF A Coaching License and has been actively involved with the U.S . Soccer Development Academy as a scout and other programming . Vanney was a member of the U.S . Soccer Education Staff that traveled to Spain in March 2010 . Vanney was an Academy Director for Real Salt Lake from 2008 to 2011 . Vanney and his staff , with the support of Grande Sports World and Real Salt Lake , established the first MLS Residential Academy in the United States in fewer than 8 months . The U-18 and U-16 boys teams began play in Fall 2010 . Greg Vanney moved back to Arizona in 2008 . For some time , he held two titles : ( 1. ) Director of Soccer Operations at Grande Sports World in Casa Grande , Arizona and ( 2. ) Director of the Real Salt Lake-Arizona Youth Academy . As Director of Soccer Operations , Vanney oversaw program and event development at the Grande Sports World facility featuring 8 professional quality fields ; state-of-the-art performance center with 4 stadium quality locker rooms ; weight room , physical therapy and 16 classrooms . In the first year , Vanney has help attract four professional teams ( Real Salt Lake , Seattle Sounders FC , Colorado Rapids , and Vancouver Whitecaps FC ) to the facility to host their preseason camps . In January 2011 , Vanney joined Chivas USA as an assistant coach . Toronto FC . Vanney got his first head coaching job in Major League Soccer when he became the ninth head coach for Toronto FC after Ryan Nelsen was dismissed on August 31 , 2014 , with 10 games remaining in the 2014 regular season . He inherited a 9–9–6 record . In his debut match , Toronto lost 1–0 to the Philadelphia Union . His first win came in a match that finished 3–0 against Chivas USA . He finished off the 2014 season in seventh place in the Eastern Conference with a record of two wins , six losses and two ties . Toronto were eliminated from the Canadian Championship during the 2015 season , although they qualified for the playoffs for the first time that season , after finishing sixth in the Eastern Conference . The clubs rivals Montreal Impact eliminated Toronto in the knockout round . During the 2016 season , Toronto won the Canadian Championship and qualified for the playoffs after finishing in third place in the Eastern Conference . They got to the MLS Cup final where they lost in shoot-out 5–4 to Seattle Sounders following a goalless draw after extra-time . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less responsibility placed on the clubs star forward Sebastian Giovinco and captain Michael Bradley to create Torontos goalscoring opportunities , and this in turn freed up the Italian , enabling him to focus more on his attacking game ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation benefitted Giovincos and Jozy Altidores attacking partnership : by playing closer together , and with Vázquez now supporting them as the teams main creator , the attacking duo began to demonstrate a deeper understanding and an increased awareness of each others movements , which improved their link-up play , and saw an increase in Altidores goalscoring output throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Toronto FC captured the Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On November 27 , 2017 , Vanney won the MLS Coach of the Year award . On December 9 , 2017 Vanney led Toronto FC to MLS Cup victory in a 2–0 victory against Seattle . Greg Vanney was also named CONCACAF Coach of the Year . Following an early round play-off elimination , Vanney resigned as coach of Toronto FC on December 1 , 2020 . LA Galaxy . In January 2021 , Vanney was named as head coach of the LA Galaxy , his former club , where he played for seven seasons , as a player . Personal life . Vanney is the uncle of Toronto FC defender Eriq Zavaleta . Broadcasting . In 2009 , Greg Vanney provided color commentary with play-by-play announcer Kevin Calabro for Seattle Sounders FC games on FSN Northwest and KONG-TV and radio . Other . Vanney participates on the U.S . Soccer Professional Referee Committee as well as being a representative on the U.S . Soccer Athletes Council . Honors . Player . International . - United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2005 Club . - Los Angeles Galaxy - Supporters Shield : 1998 - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 2000 - U.S . Open Cup : 2001 - Western Conference ( playoffs ) ( 3 ) : 1996 , 1999 , 2001 - D.C . United - Supporters Shield : 2007 Individual . - MLS Best XI : 2000 , 2001 Manager . Toronto FC . - MLS Cup : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2019 Individual . - MLS Coach of the Year : 2017 - CONCACAF Coach of the Year : 2017 External links . - Greg Vanney articles on Yanks Abroad
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Which team did the player Greg Vanney belong to from 1997 to 2006?
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/wiki/Greg_Vanney#P54#1
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Greg Vanney Greg Vanney ( born June 11 , 1974 ) is an American former professional soccer player and head coach of the LA Galaxy in Major League Soccer . A defender and one of MLSs original players , Vanney spent 10 seasons in the league and another three-and-a-half in the French First Division playing for Sporting Club de Bastia between 2002 and 2005 . He also earned 36 caps , scoring one goal , with the U.S . national team between 1996 and 2006 . In 2017 , as manager of Toronto FC , Vanney won the domestic treble by winning the MLS Cup , Supporters Shield and the Canadian Championship . Playing career . High school and college . Vanney played soccer for Marcos de Niza High School in Tempe , Arizona , and led the team to three consecutive state championship titles in 1990 , 1991 , and 1992 . Vanney holds the school record for most assists by one player in a season with 13 for the 1990-1991 season , and also holds the school record for most goals by one player in a single season with 33 goals for the 1991-1992 season . He was also named the 5A player of the year for the 1991-1992 season , Gatorade Player of the Year , NSCAA and Parade All-America in 1992 . Greg Vanney played college soccer for Florida International University in 1992 , and for UCLA from 1993 to 1995 . In 1995 , Vanney was named All-America honorable mention and finished his senior season with 8 goals and 10 assists . Professional . Vanney was drafted 17th overall in the 1996 MLS College Draft by the Los Angeles Galaxy . The team sent him on loan to the Sacramento Scorpions of USISL for three games at the beginning of the season where he netted three goals in three games including two game winners . Vanney played for the Galaxy for six years , from 1996 to 2001 , and was consistently one of the best defenders in MLS , leading the Galaxy to three MLS Cup Finals and two CONCACAF Champions Cup Finals . He was named to the MLS Best XI in both 2000 and 2001 , and an MLS All-Star in 2001 . After the 2001 MLS season , Vanney transferred to the French First Division club SC Bastia . In the first six months with Bastia , Vanney helped lead the French club to its first appearance in the Coupe de France Final in over 20 years . He left the club in 2005 , coming back to MLS and signing with FC Dallas . After two seasons with the Hoops , and two All-Star selections , Vanney was traded to Colorado on January 12 , 2007 . On June 29 , 2007 , he was traded from the Rapids to D.C . United . On February 15 , 2008 , the rights for Vanney were transferred to his first club , the Los Angeles Galaxy . Vanney announced his retirement from the professional game on October 26 , 2008 ; his last game against his former club FC Dallas . International . Vanney also spent 11 years as a member of the United States national team , debuting December 21 , 1996 against Guatemala , and played 36 games and scored one goal ( September 2005 ) . Vanney participated in three FIFA World Cup qualifying cycles for the United States ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) . He was originally named as an alternate for the 2002 FIFA World Cup but initially replaced the injured Chris Armas on the roster after the midfielder picked up an ACL injury in a warm-up friendly against Uruguay on May 12 , 2002 . Vanney was himself injured in the next warm-up friendly on May 16 , 2002 against Jamaica and was replaced on the roster by Steve Cherundolo . Vanney also was a member of the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup Championship team and was featured in the early part of 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying for the United States . Coaching career . Early career . Vanney has more than 15 years experience in youth soccer : coaching , directing and consulting . He holds a USSF A Coaching License and has been actively involved with the U.S . Soccer Development Academy as a scout and other programming . Vanney was a member of the U.S . Soccer Education Staff that traveled to Spain in March 2010 . Vanney was an Academy Director for Real Salt Lake from 2008 to 2011 . Vanney and his staff , with the support of Grande Sports World and Real Salt Lake , established the first MLS Residential Academy in the United States in fewer than 8 months . The U-18 and U-16 boys teams began play in Fall 2010 . Greg Vanney moved back to Arizona in 2008 . For some time , he held two titles : ( 1. ) Director of Soccer Operations at Grande Sports World in Casa Grande , Arizona and ( 2. ) Director of the Real Salt Lake-Arizona Youth Academy . As Director of Soccer Operations , Vanney oversaw program and event development at the Grande Sports World facility featuring 8 professional quality fields ; state-of-the-art performance center with 4 stadium quality locker rooms ; weight room , physical therapy and 16 classrooms . In the first year , Vanney has help attract four professional teams ( Real Salt Lake , Seattle Sounders FC , Colorado Rapids , and Vancouver Whitecaps FC ) to the facility to host their preseason camps . In January 2011 , Vanney joined Chivas USA as an assistant coach . Toronto FC . Vanney got his first head coaching job in Major League Soccer when he became the ninth head coach for Toronto FC after Ryan Nelsen was dismissed on August 31 , 2014 , with 10 games remaining in the 2014 regular season . He inherited a 9–9–6 record . In his debut match , Toronto lost 1–0 to the Philadelphia Union . His first win came in a match that finished 3–0 against Chivas USA . He finished off the 2014 season in seventh place in the Eastern Conference with a record of two wins , six losses and two ties . Toronto were eliminated from the Canadian Championship during the 2015 season , although they qualified for the playoffs for the first time that season , after finishing sixth in the Eastern Conference . The clubs rivals Montreal Impact eliminated Toronto in the knockout round . During the 2016 season , Toronto won the Canadian Championship and qualified for the playoffs after finishing in third place in the Eastern Conference . They got to the MLS Cup final where they lost in shoot-out 5–4 to Seattle Sounders following a goalless draw after extra-time . The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less responsibility placed on the clubs star forward Sebastian Giovinco and captain Michael Bradley to create Torontos goalscoring opportunities , and this in turn freed up the Italian , enabling him to focus more on his attacking game ; furthermore , Greg Vanneys switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation benefitted Giovincos and Jozy Altidores attacking partnership : by playing closer together , and with Vázquez now supporting them as the teams main creator , the attacking duo began to demonstrate a deeper understanding and an increased awareness of each others movements , which improved their link-up play , and saw an increase in Altidores goalscoring output throughout the season . On June 27 , Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season , edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate . On September 30 , 2017 , Toronto FC captured the Supporters Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls , to clinch top of the league with the most points that season . On November 27 , 2017 , Vanney won the MLS Coach of the Year award . On December 9 , 2017 Vanney led Toronto FC to MLS Cup victory in a 2–0 victory against Seattle . Greg Vanney was also named CONCACAF Coach of the Year . Following an early round play-off elimination , Vanney resigned as coach of Toronto FC on December 1 , 2020 . LA Galaxy . In January 2021 , Vanney was named as head coach of the LA Galaxy , his former club , where he played for seven seasons , as a player . Personal life . Vanney is the uncle of Toronto FC defender Eriq Zavaleta . Broadcasting . In 2009 , Greg Vanney provided color commentary with play-by-play announcer Kevin Calabro for Seattle Sounders FC games on FSN Northwest and KONG-TV and radio . Other . Vanney participates on the U.S . Soccer Professional Referee Committee as well as being a representative on the U.S . Soccer Athletes Council . Honors . Player . International . - United States - CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2005 Club . - Los Angeles Galaxy - Supporters Shield : 1998 - CONCACAF Champions Cup : 2000 - U.S . Open Cup : 2001 - Western Conference ( playoffs ) ( 3 ) : 1996 , 1999 , 2001 - D.C . United - Supporters Shield : 2007 Individual . - MLS Best XI : 2000 , 2001 Manager . Toronto FC . - MLS Cup : 2017 - Eastern Conference ( Playoffs ) : 2016 , 2017 , 2019 - Canadian Championship : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Supporters Shield : 2017 - Trillium Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2019 Individual . - MLS Coach of the Year : 2017 - CONCACAF Coach of the Year : 2017 External links . - Greg Vanney articles on Yanks Abroad
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[
"Chalfont St Peter"
] |
easy
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Charlie Strutton played for which team from 2006 to 2012?
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/wiki/Charlie_Strutton#P54#0
|
Charlie Strutton Charles George Strutton ( born 17 April 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker . Career . Non–League Career . Strutton came through the youth system of Chalfont St Peter and was moved up to the first team squad at the age of 17 in 2006 , where he remained until 2012 . Strutton proved to be a prolific goal scorer for the club , scoring 14 league goals in 29 appearances in 2007–08 . The following season , he improved his tally , scoring 25 goals in 32 appearances for The Saints during the 2008–09 season . Strutton scored 42 league goals in 64 appearances between 2010–12 . AFC Wimbledon . On 2 March 2012 it was announced that Strutton had signed a short–term contract with AFC Wimbledon . The striker was immediately loaned out to Maidenhead United on the same day . He scored his only goal of the loan spell against Woking in a 2–0 win for The Magpies on 3 March 2012 before suffering an ankle injury which prevented him playing for the rest of the season . After remaining on trial with AFC Wimbledon for the duration of the pre–season , he was rewarded with a permanent move to The Dons on 13 August 2012 . Strutton made his football league debut for The Dons on 18 September 2012 as a second-half substitute for Warren Cummings in a 1–0 defeat to Torquay United . Strutton scored his first goal for The Dons on 3 November 2012 in the First Round of the FA Cup , earning a 1–1 draw and a replay with York City . He also proved indispensable to The Dons in the reply at Kingsmeadow , scoring two of the four goals in a victory which allowed AFC Wimbledon to progress to the Second Round of the FA Cup . The 24-year–old striker signed a new two–year contract with AFC Wimbledon on 20 May 2013 . He failed to get much game time for The Dons in the opening stage of the season and soon found himself loaned out to Conference National side Braintree Town on an initial one-month loan deal . He scored his first goal on 28 September 2013 in a 3–1 win over Alfreton Town . Strutton scored twice in a 3–0 win over Hyde on 5 October 2013 . After scoring 20 goals in 18 games for Braintree , Strutton returned to the Dons shortly before joining Aldershot Town on a one-month emergency loan deal on 22 November 2013 . However , Strutton suffered a fractured fibula and a slight displacement of the ankle joint during his Aldershot debut against Southport . He returned from loan immediately , with Wimbledon physio Stuart Douglas stating that it would be wrong to predict a timeframe for his return . Then he signed for Braintree Town and had loans spells at Maidenhead United , Hayes & Yeading United and Slough Town . Strutton joined Maidenhead permanently in summer 2016 , but made only one appearance and returned to Chalfont on loan . Honours . - Chalfont St Peter - Spartan South Midlands League Champions : 2010–11 External links . - Charlie Strutton career stats at Soccerbase
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[
"AFC Wimbledon"
] |
easy
|
Which team did the player Charlie Strutton belong to from 2012 to 2014?
|
/wiki/Charlie_Strutton#P54#1
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Charlie Strutton Charles George Strutton ( born 17 April 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker . Career . Non–League Career . Strutton came through the youth system of Chalfont St Peter and was moved up to the first team squad at the age of 17 in 2006 , where he remained until 2012 . Strutton proved to be a prolific goal scorer for the club , scoring 14 league goals in 29 appearances in 2007–08 . The following season , he improved his tally , scoring 25 goals in 32 appearances for The Saints during the 2008–09 season . Strutton scored 42 league goals in 64 appearances between 2010–12 . AFC Wimbledon . On 2 March 2012 it was announced that Strutton had signed a short–term contract with AFC Wimbledon . The striker was immediately loaned out to Maidenhead United on the same day . He scored his only goal of the loan spell against Woking in a 2–0 win for The Magpies on 3 March 2012 before suffering an ankle injury which prevented him playing for the rest of the season . After remaining on trial with AFC Wimbledon for the duration of the pre–season , he was rewarded with a permanent move to The Dons on 13 August 2012 . Strutton made his football league debut for The Dons on 18 September 2012 as a second-half substitute for Warren Cummings in a 1–0 defeat to Torquay United . Strutton scored his first goal for The Dons on 3 November 2012 in the First Round of the FA Cup , earning a 1–1 draw and a replay with York City . He also proved indispensable to The Dons in the reply at Kingsmeadow , scoring two of the four goals in a victory which allowed AFC Wimbledon to progress to the Second Round of the FA Cup . The 24-year–old striker signed a new two–year contract with AFC Wimbledon on 20 May 2013 . He failed to get much game time for The Dons in the opening stage of the season and soon found himself loaned out to Conference National side Braintree Town on an initial one-month loan deal . He scored his first goal on 28 September 2013 in a 3–1 win over Alfreton Town . Strutton scored twice in a 3–0 win over Hyde on 5 October 2013 . After scoring 20 goals in 18 games for Braintree , Strutton returned to the Dons shortly before joining Aldershot Town on a one-month emergency loan deal on 22 November 2013 . However , Strutton suffered a fractured fibula and a slight displacement of the ankle joint during his Aldershot debut against Southport . He returned from loan immediately , with Wimbledon physio Stuart Douglas stating that it would be wrong to predict a timeframe for his return . Then he signed for Braintree Town and had loans spells at Maidenhead United , Hayes & Yeading United and Slough Town . Strutton joined Maidenhead permanently in summer 2016 , but made only one appearance and returned to Chalfont on loan . Honours . - Chalfont St Peter - Spartan South Midlands League Champions : 2010–11 External links . - Charlie Strutton career stats at Soccerbase
|
[
"Braintree Town"
] |
easy
|
Charlie Strutton played for which team from 2014 to 2015?
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/wiki/Charlie_Strutton#P54#2
|
Charlie Strutton Charles George Strutton ( born 17 April 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker . Career . Non–League Career . Strutton came through the youth system of Chalfont St Peter and was moved up to the first team squad at the age of 17 in 2006 , where he remained until 2012 . Strutton proved to be a prolific goal scorer for the club , scoring 14 league goals in 29 appearances in 2007–08 . The following season , he improved his tally , scoring 25 goals in 32 appearances for The Saints during the 2008–09 season . Strutton scored 42 league goals in 64 appearances between 2010–12 . AFC Wimbledon . On 2 March 2012 it was announced that Strutton had signed a short–term contract with AFC Wimbledon . The striker was immediately loaned out to Maidenhead United on the same day . He scored his only goal of the loan spell against Woking in a 2–0 win for The Magpies on 3 March 2012 before suffering an ankle injury which prevented him playing for the rest of the season . After remaining on trial with AFC Wimbledon for the duration of the pre–season , he was rewarded with a permanent move to The Dons on 13 August 2012 . Strutton made his football league debut for The Dons on 18 September 2012 as a second-half substitute for Warren Cummings in a 1–0 defeat to Torquay United . Strutton scored his first goal for The Dons on 3 November 2012 in the First Round of the FA Cup , earning a 1–1 draw and a replay with York City . He also proved indispensable to The Dons in the reply at Kingsmeadow , scoring two of the four goals in a victory which allowed AFC Wimbledon to progress to the Second Round of the FA Cup . The 24-year–old striker signed a new two–year contract with AFC Wimbledon on 20 May 2013 . He failed to get much game time for The Dons in the opening stage of the season and soon found himself loaned out to Conference National side Braintree Town on an initial one-month loan deal . He scored his first goal on 28 September 2013 in a 3–1 win over Alfreton Town . Strutton scored twice in a 3–0 win over Hyde on 5 October 2013 . After scoring 20 goals in 18 games for Braintree , Strutton returned to the Dons shortly before joining Aldershot Town on a one-month emergency loan deal on 22 November 2013 . However , Strutton suffered a fractured fibula and a slight displacement of the ankle joint during his Aldershot debut against Southport . He returned from loan immediately , with Wimbledon physio Stuart Douglas stating that it would be wrong to predict a timeframe for his return . Then he signed for Braintree Town and had loans spells at Maidenhead United , Hayes & Yeading United and Slough Town . Strutton joined Maidenhead permanently in summer 2016 , but made only one appearance and returned to Chalfont on loan . Honours . - Chalfont St Peter - Spartan South Midlands League Champions : 2010–11 External links . - Charlie Strutton career stats at Soccerbase
|
[
"Braintree Town",
"Maidenhead United"
] |
easy
|
Which team did Charlie Strutton play for from 2015 to 2016?
|
/wiki/Charlie_Strutton#P54#3
|
Charlie Strutton Charles George Strutton ( born 17 April 1989 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker . Career . Non–League Career . Strutton came through the youth system of Chalfont St Peter and was moved up to the first team squad at the age of 17 in 2006 , where he remained until 2012 . Strutton proved to be a prolific goal scorer for the club , scoring 14 league goals in 29 appearances in 2007–08 . The following season , he improved his tally , scoring 25 goals in 32 appearances for The Saints during the 2008–09 season . Strutton scored 42 league goals in 64 appearances between 2010–12 . AFC Wimbledon . On 2 March 2012 it was announced that Strutton had signed a short–term contract with AFC Wimbledon . The striker was immediately loaned out to Maidenhead United on the same day . He scored his only goal of the loan spell against Woking in a 2–0 win for The Magpies on 3 March 2012 before suffering an ankle injury which prevented him playing for the rest of the season . After remaining on trial with AFC Wimbledon for the duration of the pre–season , he was rewarded with a permanent move to The Dons on 13 August 2012 . Strutton made his football league debut for The Dons on 18 September 2012 as a second-half substitute for Warren Cummings in a 1–0 defeat to Torquay United . Strutton scored his first goal for The Dons on 3 November 2012 in the First Round of the FA Cup , earning a 1–1 draw and a replay with York City . He also proved indispensable to The Dons in the reply at Kingsmeadow , scoring two of the four goals in a victory which allowed AFC Wimbledon to progress to the Second Round of the FA Cup . The 24-year–old striker signed a new two–year contract with AFC Wimbledon on 20 May 2013 . He failed to get much game time for The Dons in the opening stage of the season and soon found himself loaned out to Conference National side Braintree Town on an initial one-month loan deal . He scored his first goal on 28 September 2013 in a 3–1 win over Alfreton Town . Strutton scored twice in a 3–0 win over Hyde on 5 October 2013 . After scoring 20 goals in 18 games for Braintree , Strutton returned to the Dons shortly before joining Aldershot Town on a one-month emergency loan deal on 22 November 2013 . However , Strutton suffered a fractured fibula and a slight displacement of the ankle joint during his Aldershot debut against Southport . He returned from loan immediately , with Wimbledon physio Stuart Douglas stating that it would be wrong to predict a timeframe for his return . Then he signed for Braintree Town and had loans spells at Maidenhead United , Hayes & Yeading United and Slough Town . Strutton joined Maidenhead permanently in summer 2016 , but made only one appearance and returned to Chalfont on loan . Honours . - Chalfont St Peter - Spartan South Midlands League Champions : 2010–11 External links . - Charlie Strutton career stats at Soccerbase
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[
""
] |
easy
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What was the operator of Sydney Trains T set from Apr 1988 to Dec 2003?
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/wiki/Sydney_Trains_T_set#P137#0
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Sydney Trains T set The T sets , also referred to as the Tangara trains , are a class of electric multiple unit operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney , Australia . The Tangaras were delivered between 1988 and 1995 , and are third-generation trains . Design . The Tangara is a double-deck four-car set , with the two outer cars being driving control trailers ( carrying a D prefix [ driving motor car ] ) that are fitted with one pantograph each and the middle two cars being non-control motor cars ( carrying an N prefix [ non driving motor car ] ) . All sets are equipped with chopper control . Unlike most other Sydney Trains rolling stock , the seats on the suburban T sets are fixed , meaning that half the seats face backwards . Former G sets , however , do have reversible seats . History . Initial delivery . In July 1986 , the Government of New South Wales awarded A Goninan & Co a contract for 450 carriages . In 1993 , it was decided that the last 80 carriages of the order would be built to a modified design to operate peak-hour services to Wyong , Port Kembla and Dapto . In 1996 , five spare driving trailers were ordered . The Tangara name is of Aboriginal origin , meaning to go Two subclasses of Tangara were built , the suburban sets targeted as T sets , and outer-suburban sets originally targeted as G sets . The T sets replaced the first generation of Sydneys electric rolling stock . The G sets differed from the T sets in originally having round green door buttons , high-backed reversible seats , toilets , fresh water dispensers and luggage racks . Additionally , the G sets were delivered with a revised design at the front and rear of the train , most notably the pinstriped grey panels below the cab windows were replaced with light orange panels for improved visibility . Another distinctive difference is the front curving back in underneath the coupler which is still the same to this day and visible in the photo beneath on the right . Another difference is the number plate on the front and back of the train with all the t sets having a number below one hundred and all the g sets having a number one hundred or above . The first train ( set T20 ) was unveiled at Sydney Central in December 1987 , heavily promoted as the “train of the 21st century” , entering service on 28 January 1988 . The final T set ( set T59 ) was delivered in February 1994 and the final G set ( set T100 , formerly G32 ) in October 1995 . The cars built were : Set G7 was fitted with an AC drive system for evaluation purposes with the existing DC stock and compatibility with signalling and communication systems on the network . G7 was scrapped in 2005 at Maintrain , Auburn after the Waterfall train disaster , as all four cars were beyond repair . Upgrades in the early 2000s . When first introduced , the T sets were fitted with passenger door release handles to prevent loss of air conditioning at stations . These were later disconnected ( and later removed ) due to passengers not getting used to opening the doors for themselves when needed . The seats originally had fabric upholstery , but this was gradually replaced by blue vinyl . In the early 2000s , all Tangaras were updated with a new CityRail corporate appearance . This involved painting the passenger doors and much of the front and rear ends of the trains yellow . Blue and yellow stripes along the bottom of the carriages were replaced by a single yellow stripe and updated CityRail logos were placed on the driving cars . In late 2005 , 15 V set carriages were suddenly withdrawn due to the discovery of corrosion in their underframes . G sets began to operate more off-peak Intercity services to Port Kembla , Kiama , and Wyong to cover for the withdrawn V sets . H sets started entering service in December 2006 . The newer trains feature a very similar level of passenger amenity to the G sets and can be seen as a continuation of the design . Their introduction lead to a change in the role of the G sets . From 2007 , the G sets were progressively redeployed to suburban services , providing extra capacity on high-demand existing services such as on the Western line and allowing new services to be introduced . By 2008 , G sets were often used on peak suburban services that extended into intercity areas , such as services to Springwood ( via the Western line ) . Conversion of G sets to T sets . In 2009 , the conversion of G sets to T sets began , to improve their suitability for suburban working as H sets took over their outer suburban duties . Conversion work consisted of the removal of toilets and their replacement with additional seating . Other work included the installation of new handrails and hangers and the recoding of cars and sets . The carriage numbers were kept , however the O ( outer suburban ) prefix was dropped . OD became D , while ONL and ON became N . The set numbers were changed from G1-30 to T100-130 . G4 was the first to be converted ( into T104 ) . In 2010 , sets being converted started receiving a full interior refurbishment as part of the program to refurbish all the Tangara carriages . In 2018 , sets T14 and T121 ( ex G21 ) both became mixtures of T set and ex-G set carriages , with both sets swapping two carriages with each other . Upgrades in the 2010s . In 2010 , a refresh of the Tangaras commenced with the interiors repainted , and new seating upholstery and handrails fitted . In July 2013 , Sydney Trains trialled rearranging the seating on the upper and lower decks of two carriages . There were 16 fewer seats per carriage ; 3x2 seats were replaced by 2x2 seats in one carriage ( N5134 on set T78 ) while in the other carriage ( N5131 on set T77 ) there are double seats on one side and a bench style seating on the other . Both carriages were later returned to the normal 3x2 arrangement . In 2014 , phase one of a technology upgrade program , aiming to improve reliability and upgrade ageing components , was underway . A contract for phase two of the program , aiming to extend the life of these trains and bring technology into line with newer trains was awarded to UGL Limited in August 2015 . This was expected to be completed by July 2018 . The expected completion date has been revised to 2019 . The first phase of the program involved upgrading the passenger doors to cut down on vandalism , as the steel panels on the original doors were prone to being kicked out by vandals . The door kicking incidents often led to unnecessary delays as the guard had to lock off the affected carriage . The new lightweight passenger doors have a similar design to the doors on the Millennium M sets , namely the window shape with the curved bottom . This phase of the project was completed at the end of July 2016 . The first set to receive the new doors was T96 , in October 2014 . The program includes overhauling air conditioning units and windscreen wiper units , replacing passenger side doors , train operating systems and drivers desks . Other anti-vandal improvements included the introduction of Mousetrap sensors . Trialed in 2015 , these sensors are able to detect vapors from strong permanent markers and spray paint ; triggering an in-built camera feed which is relayed to Sydney Trains staff as well as the Police Transport Command . Service . Damaged carriages . The following Tangara carriages have been scrapped due to accidents : The following are replacement carriages : Driving trailer car D6127 and motor car N5127 were both involved in the Wentworthville train derailment on 27 December 1989 , the first major accident involving the Tangara fleet . D6127 was written off , having collided with the platform . N5127 was sent to Dunheved on the Ropes Creek line for training fire fighters , along with S Set car C3866 . Lines serviced . The Tangaras usually operate on the following lines : - T1 North Shore & Western Line : Emu Plains to City via Parramatta , City to Berowra or Hornsby via Gordon - T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line : Bondi Junction to Waterfall & Cronulla via Hurstville & Sutherland - T7 Olympic Park Line : Lidcombe to Olympic Park - T9 Northern Line : Gordon to Hornsby via Strathfield - South Coast Line : Waterfall & Thirroul to Port Kembla Since 2013 , their operation on Sector 2 has ended timetable services with all of them being displaced to Sector 1 since A sets do not operate on that sector . Occasionally , as required , they will operate on other suburban lines , as all drivers are trained for Tangaras . Tangara Technology Upgrade Phase 2 . In May 2019 , Tangara sets T106 ( Ex G6 ) and T72 were released for testing the new technology upgrades , which include internal information screens , external destination boards and new voice announcements , both automated and digital . As the program is running late , four 4-car sets have been removed from service to accelerate the program , which requires one 8-car T set roster on Sector 3 to be operated by an extra Waratah A set . The project was due for completion by the end of 2020 , however , this target will not be met , since none of the upgraded Tangaras are in service as of 9 September 2020 . The full list of features added to the Tangara trains is as follows : Incidents . Carriage pierced by guard rail . During evening peak on 15 January 2014 , motor car N5222 on set T10 was pierced by a guard rail near Edgecliff railway station while on a service to Cronulla . Issues with the train were already developing on the previous run , triggering wheelslip sensors on the train multiple times . As the train entered the Eastern Suburbs Line , a strong burning smell was reported at several stations . It was later revealed that an incorrectly repaired axle on N5222 led to the force of the 440-tonne train picking up the piece of guard rail . Loose roof hatch . Just after 5 AM on 23 August 2019 , set T50 blocked a critical line near Town Hall station due to a loose roof hatch on driving trailer car D6223 , believed to have been damaged by a falling tree branch the night before . The roof hatch was dangerously close to the overhead electrical lines , and so power had to be isolated before moving it . This led to serious delays throughout the entire train network that disrupted both the morning and evening peak . Roads throughout Sydney were also blocked due to not coping with replacement buses . 4D . A train bearing strong resemblance to a Tangara , known as the 4D , was built by A Goninan & Co in 1991 for the Public Transport Corporation . Although outwardly similar to the Tangaras it was mechanically very different being built to be compatible with the Comeng trains operated in Melbourne . It was included in the sale of Hillside Trains to Connex Melbourne in August 1999 . It wasnt successful and after spending large periods out of service , being withdrawn in December 2002 and stored at Newport Workshops . The 4D was bought by CityRail for parts and then scrapped in March 2006 by them at Sims Metal , Brooklyn Victoria . The G sets cab ends have a design similar to the 4D , with the bottom part being bent inwards . External links . - T set technical diagrams Transport for NSW - G set technical diagrams
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[
""
] |
easy
|
What was the operator of Sydney Trains T set from 2004 to Jun 2013?
|
/wiki/Sydney_Trains_T_set#P137#1
|
Sydney Trains T set The T sets , also referred to as the Tangara trains , are a class of electric multiple unit operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney , Australia . The Tangaras were delivered between 1988 and 1995 , and are third-generation trains . Design . The Tangara is a double-deck four-car set , with the two outer cars being driving control trailers ( carrying a D prefix [ driving motor car ] ) that are fitted with one pantograph each and the middle two cars being non-control motor cars ( carrying an N prefix [ non driving motor car ] ) . All sets are equipped with chopper control . Unlike most other Sydney Trains rolling stock , the seats on the suburban T sets are fixed , meaning that half the seats face backwards . Former G sets , however , do have reversible seats . History . Initial delivery . In July 1986 , the Government of New South Wales awarded A Goninan & Co a contract for 450 carriages . In 1993 , it was decided that the last 80 carriages of the order would be built to a modified design to operate peak-hour services to Wyong , Port Kembla and Dapto . In 1996 , five spare driving trailers were ordered . The Tangara name is of Aboriginal origin , meaning to go Two subclasses of Tangara were built , the suburban sets targeted as T sets , and outer-suburban sets originally targeted as G sets . The T sets replaced the first generation of Sydneys electric rolling stock . The G sets differed from the T sets in originally having round green door buttons , high-backed reversible seats , toilets , fresh water dispensers and luggage racks . Additionally , the G sets were delivered with a revised design at the front and rear of the train , most notably the pinstriped grey panels below the cab windows were replaced with light orange panels for improved visibility . Another distinctive difference is the front curving back in underneath the coupler which is still the same to this day and visible in the photo beneath on the right . Another difference is the number plate on the front and back of the train with all the t sets having a number below one hundred and all the g sets having a number one hundred or above . The first train ( set T20 ) was unveiled at Sydney Central in December 1987 , heavily promoted as the “train of the 21st century” , entering service on 28 January 1988 . The final T set ( set T59 ) was delivered in February 1994 and the final G set ( set T100 , formerly G32 ) in October 1995 . The cars built were : Set G7 was fitted with an AC drive system for evaluation purposes with the existing DC stock and compatibility with signalling and communication systems on the network . G7 was scrapped in 2005 at Maintrain , Auburn after the Waterfall train disaster , as all four cars were beyond repair . Upgrades in the early 2000s . When first introduced , the T sets were fitted with passenger door release handles to prevent loss of air conditioning at stations . These were later disconnected ( and later removed ) due to passengers not getting used to opening the doors for themselves when needed . The seats originally had fabric upholstery , but this was gradually replaced by blue vinyl . In the early 2000s , all Tangaras were updated with a new CityRail corporate appearance . This involved painting the passenger doors and much of the front and rear ends of the trains yellow . Blue and yellow stripes along the bottom of the carriages were replaced by a single yellow stripe and updated CityRail logos were placed on the driving cars . In late 2005 , 15 V set carriages were suddenly withdrawn due to the discovery of corrosion in their underframes . G sets began to operate more off-peak Intercity services to Port Kembla , Kiama , and Wyong to cover for the withdrawn V sets . H sets started entering service in December 2006 . The newer trains feature a very similar level of passenger amenity to the G sets and can be seen as a continuation of the design . Their introduction lead to a change in the role of the G sets . From 2007 , the G sets were progressively redeployed to suburban services , providing extra capacity on high-demand existing services such as on the Western line and allowing new services to be introduced . By 2008 , G sets were often used on peak suburban services that extended into intercity areas , such as services to Springwood ( via the Western line ) . Conversion of G sets to T sets . In 2009 , the conversion of G sets to T sets began , to improve their suitability for suburban working as H sets took over their outer suburban duties . Conversion work consisted of the removal of toilets and their replacement with additional seating . Other work included the installation of new handrails and hangers and the recoding of cars and sets . The carriage numbers were kept , however the O ( outer suburban ) prefix was dropped . OD became D , while ONL and ON became N . The set numbers were changed from G1-30 to T100-130 . G4 was the first to be converted ( into T104 ) . In 2010 , sets being converted started receiving a full interior refurbishment as part of the program to refurbish all the Tangara carriages . In 2018 , sets T14 and T121 ( ex G21 ) both became mixtures of T set and ex-G set carriages , with both sets swapping two carriages with each other . Upgrades in the 2010s . In 2010 , a refresh of the Tangaras commenced with the interiors repainted , and new seating upholstery and handrails fitted . In July 2013 , Sydney Trains trialled rearranging the seating on the upper and lower decks of two carriages . There were 16 fewer seats per carriage ; 3x2 seats were replaced by 2x2 seats in one carriage ( N5134 on set T78 ) while in the other carriage ( N5131 on set T77 ) there are double seats on one side and a bench style seating on the other . Both carriages were later returned to the normal 3x2 arrangement . In 2014 , phase one of a technology upgrade program , aiming to improve reliability and upgrade ageing components , was underway . A contract for phase two of the program , aiming to extend the life of these trains and bring technology into line with newer trains was awarded to UGL Limited in August 2015 . This was expected to be completed by July 2018 . The expected completion date has been revised to 2019 . The first phase of the program involved upgrading the passenger doors to cut down on vandalism , as the steel panels on the original doors were prone to being kicked out by vandals . The door kicking incidents often led to unnecessary delays as the guard had to lock off the affected carriage . The new lightweight passenger doors have a similar design to the doors on the Millennium M sets , namely the window shape with the curved bottom . This phase of the project was completed at the end of July 2016 . The first set to receive the new doors was T96 , in October 2014 . The program includes overhauling air conditioning units and windscreen wiper units , replacing passenger side doors , train operating systems and drivers desks . Other anti-vandal improvements included the introduction of Mousetrap sensors . Trialed in 2015 , these sensors are able to detect vapors from strong permanent markers and spray paint ; triggering an in-built camera feed which is relayed to Sydney Trains staff as well as the Police Transport Command . Service . Damaged carriages . The following Tangara carriages have been scrapped due to accidents : The following are replacement carriages : Driving trailer car D6127 and motor car N5127 were both involved in the Wentworthville train derailment on 27 December 1989 , the first major accident involving the Tangara fleet . D6127 was written off , having collided with the platform . N5127 was sent to Dunheved on the Ropes Creek line for training fire fighters , along with S Set car C3866 . Lines serviced . The Tangaras usually operate on the following lines : - T1 North Shore & Western Line : Emu Plains to City via Parramatta , City to Berowra or Hornsby via Gordon - T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line : Bondi Junction to Waterfall & Cronulla via Hurstville & Sutherland - T7 Olympic Park Line : Lidcombe to Olympic Park - T9 Northern Line : Gordon to Hornsby via Strathfield - South Coast Line : Waterfall & Thirroul to Port Kembla Since 2013 , their operation on Sector 2 has ended timetable services with all of them being displaced to Sector 1 since A sets do not operate on that sector . Occasionally , as required , they will operate on other suburban lines , as all drivers are trained for Tangaras . Tangara Technology Upgrade Phase 2 . In May 2019 , Tangara sets T106 ( Ex G6 ) and T72 were released for testing the new technology upgrades , which include internal information screens , external destination boards and new voice announcements , both automated and digital . As the program is running late , four 4-car sets have been removed from service to accelerate the program , which requires one 8-car T set roster on Sector 3 to be operated by an extra Waratah A set . The project was due for completion by the end of 2020 , however , this target will not be met , since none of the upgraded Tangaras are in service as of 9 September 2020 . The full list of features added to the Tangara trains is as follows : Incidents . Carriage pierced by guard rail . During evening peak on 15 January 2014 , motor car N5222 on set T10 was pierced by a guard rail near Edgecliff railway station while on a service to Cronulla . Issues with the train were already developing on the previous run , triggering wheelslip sensors on the train multiple times . As the train entered the Eastern Suburbs Line , a strong burning smell was reported at several stations . It was later revealed that an incorrectly repaired axle on N5222 led to the force of the 440-tonne train picking up the piece of guard rail . Loose roof hatch . Just after 5 AM on 23 August 2019 , set T50 blocked a critical line near Town Hall station due to a loose roof hatch on driving trailer car D6223 , believed to have been damaged by a falling tree branch the night before . The roof hatch was dangerously close to the overhead electrical lines , and so power had to be isolated before moving it . This led to serious delays throughout the entire train network that disrupted both the morning and evening peak . Roads throughout Sydney were also blocked due to not coping with replacement buses . 4D . A train bearing strong resemblance to a Tangara , known as the 4D , was built by A Goninan & Co in 1991 for the Public Transport Corporation . Although outwardly similar to the Tangaras it was mechanically very different being built to be compatible with the Comeng trains operated in Melbourne . It was included in the sale of Hillside Trains to Connex Melbourne in August 1999 . It wasnt successful and after spending large periods out of service , being withdrawn in December 2002 and stored at Newport Workshops . The 4D was bought by CityRail for parts and then scrapped in March 2006 by them at Sims Metal , Brooklyn Victoria . The G sets cab ends have a design similar to the 4D , with the bottom part being bent inwards . External links . - T set technical diagrams Transport for NSW - G set technical diagrams
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