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hugosousa
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TimeQA

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[ "" ]	easy	Which team did the player Daniel Guijo-Velasco belong to from 2015 to 2016?	/wiki/Daniel_Guijo-Velasco#P54#4	Daniel Guijo-Velasco Daniel Guijo-Velasco ( born 24 February 1984 ) is a Belgian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Born in Hasselt , Belgium with a Spanish background , Guijo-Velasco was part of the PSV youth academy , before making his first professional appearances in 2004 . After stints at AGOVV and Excelsior , he had his most successful period at Helmond Sport , where he made more than 100 appearances and grew out to become team captain . He retired in 2015 after being diagnosed with a rare , autoimmune disease , and since became a psychiatric nurse . Career . PSV . Guijo-Velasco played in the PSV youth academy and made two appearances as a substitute for their first team . His first professional appearance came on 1 November 2003 in a 1–3 away win over NAC Breda , when he came on as a substitute for Theo Lucius in the 82nd minute . His second and final game for PSV came a month later , in a 7–0 home win over FC Volendam where he came on for Mateja Kežman , who had scored a hat-trick . AGOVV . At the end of the 2003–04 season , Guijo-Velasco signed for AGOVV Apeldoorn in the Eerste Divisie , where he was a regular in midfield for two seasons under head coach Jurrie Koolhof . He scored his first goal in professional football on 1 October 2004 , in a 4–1 home win over TOP Oss . He finished the season with seven goals , as AGOVV finished 10th in the league table . The following season , he grew out to become a key player for the team , and was rewarded with a move to Eredivisie club Excelsior . Excelsior . At Excelsior , he immediately made an impact alongside other key players such as Luigi Bruins and Andwélé Slory , in the team coached by Ton Lokhoff . Thus , relegation was avoided at the end of the season , with Guijo-Velasco as part of the central midfielder due with René van Dieren . However , the following season ended in disappointment after Bruins and Slory had left for Feyenoord , and Guijo-Velasco only made 10 league appearances in which he scored one goal . Excelsior finished last in the league table , and suffered relegation to the second-tier Eerste Divisie . Helmond Sport . On 30 May 2008 , Guijo-Velasco moved to Helmond Sport on a two-year contract . He made his debut for the club on 8 August against his old team AGOVV . The game was lost 1–2 , but nevertheless , the team experienced a reasonable season that ended in tenth place . Together with Ilja van Leerdam and former Telstar icon Sjaak Lettinga , Guijo-Velasco formed an experienced midfield , while Dirk Jan Derksen was the goal-poacher in front . Guijo-Velasco was known as a driven player with a strong will to win , but was discredited after he gave the Nazi salute to an opponent against RBC Roosendaal . He subsequently stated that his opponent played like a German and he wanted to show this . Helmond Sport suspended him for one match following this incident and instructed him to help with a social school project . The Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) suspended him for five matches . Guijo-Velasco became an important player for the club , and in the 2012–13 season , the Belgian even became team captain of the club . In the spring of 2013 , however , Guijo-Velasco suffered from a neck hernia which began a downward spiral for him . He was found to be suffering from a rare autoimmune disease affecting only around 40 total people in the world , and he was sidelined for a substantial period of time . Guijo-Velasco missed the entire 2013–14 season , but the following year he attempted a comeback , as he made seven official appearances for the Helmond team . In the summer of 2015 , Guijo-Velasco decided to retire from professional football due to his illness and focus on a career in psychiatry . He made his final professional appearance at home against RKC Waalwijk on 27 February 2015 . In the match , which was won 3-0 , he came in as a substitute in the last ten minutes . After his retirement from football , he has worked as a psychiatric nurse . He also played at amateur level for KFC Diest . External links . - Voetbal International profile - Daniel Guijo-Velasco at Footballdatabase
[ "University of California at Berkeley" ]	easy	Where was J. Fred MacDonald educated from 1962 to 1964?	/wiki/J._Fred_MacDonald#P69#0	J . Fred MacDonald John Frederick MacDonald ( 14 March 1941 – 9 April 2015 ) was a professor of history at Northeastern Illinois University , and an archivist of historical films . Biography . MacDonald was born in New Waterford , Nova Scotia , Canada a small coal-mining town on Cape Breton Island ( March 14 , 1941 ) . His parents , Murray Dodd MacDonald and Caroline Pinkerton MacDonald , migrated to the United States in 1944 : first to Boston , then in 1946 to Hawthorne , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . He was educated in local public schools , graduating from Leuzinger High School ( in neighboring Lawndale , California ) in 1959 . He received a BA in history in 1963 and a MA in 1964 , both from the University of California at Berkeley . He joined the Peace Corps in 1964 and was trained at Columbia Teachers College for educational service in Nigeria . Returning to California , he entered the University of California at Los Angeles as a graduate student in European history . In 1967 he was granted a Fulbright Fellowship , and was the first American scholar to have access to the personal papers of Théophile Delcassé , the French Minister of Foreign Affairs 1898-1905 . This resulted in his doctoral thesis , Camille Barrère and the Conduct of Delcassian Diplomacy in Italy 1898-1902 . He received his Ph.D . from UCLA in 1969 . Academic work . MacDonald was appointed Assistant Professor of History at Northeastern Illinois University in 1969 , and remained there until early retirement in 1996 . He began as a scholar of European history , but in the early 1970s , shifted interest to the history of U.S . popular culture , a then-new field for scholarly inquiry . He became a pioneer academic authority on the history of U.S . broadcasting , writing : - Dont Touch That Dial! : Radio programming in American life , 1920-1960 . Chicago : Nelson-Hall , 1979 . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 1262 libraries - Blacks and White TV : Afro-Americans in television since 1948 . Nelson-Hall , 1983 ; held in 854 libraries - Television and the Red Menace : the video road to Vietnam . Praeger , 1985 ; held in 766 libraries - Who Shot the Sheriff? : the rise and fall of the television western . Praeger , 1987 . held in 460 libraries - One Nation under Television : the rise and decline of network TV . Pantheon , 1990 . held in 911 libraries He also edited a volume of radio dramas from the notable African-American Chicago writer , Richard Durham , published as Richard Durhams Destination Freedom . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 415 libraries He was also : the first curator ( 1985-1990 ) of the Museum of Broadcast Communications , President of the Popular Culture Association ( 1980-1982 ) , producer and host of his own documentary radio series , Journeys at WBEZ , the Chicago outlet of National Public Radio , ( 1980-1981 ) , originator and General Editor of the Media and Society series of scholarly books ( 1987-1990 ) published by Praeger Publishers . Archival work . He and his wife began in 1972 at their own expense a private archive of vintage pop music , long-forgotten radio programs , and a wide-range of historical 16mm motion pictures that ranged from travel shorts , old silent educational films , and home movies , to corporate sales shorts , filmed and kinescoped TV programs , commercials , and long-forgotten entertainment shorts . By the end of the 20th century , the Library of Congress termed the MacDonald repository the most important archive in private hands in the United States . As a result of this interest , he founded J . Fred MacDonald & Associates in 1986 as a private commercial enterprise . The enterprise continued until the end of 2010 , when the Library of Congress took physical possession the resources and shipped it to its Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation in Culpeper , Virginia . Blending his interest in historic film and a dedication to education , in 2010 MacDonald created the American Indian Film Gallery , a free website promoting the study of Native American peoples living from the Arctic to the tip of South America . This on-line resource contains 450 vintage films about Indian life between the 1920s and 1970s . After a national search for an appropriate new home , in 2012 he donated the entire website to the University of Arizona which now owns and operates the AIFG . Other work . MacDonald is the author of 2 novels : The headlong fury : A novel of World War One . ( according to WorldCat , only two copies of the book are held in libraries ) and I , Liberal : A Political Fantasy ( which is not listed in WorldCat ) . He also composed two enhanced e-books : in 2009 The History Shoppe , and the following year its sequel , The Code of Clio . These were placed on-line as free e-books . Their purpose was to introduce high school and college students to the methodology of historians who draw their understanding of history from the examination of original source materials . External links . - http://www.jfredmacdonald.com
[ "Columbia Teachers College" ]	easy	Where was J. Fred MacDonald educated from 1964 to 1969?	/wiki/J._Fred_MacDonald#P69#1	J . Fred MacDonald John Frederick MacDonald ( 14 March 1941 – 9 April 2015 ) was a professor of history at Northeastern Illinois University , and an archivist of historical films . Biography . MacDonald was born in New Waterford , Nova Scotia , Canada a small coal-mining town on Cape Breton Island ( March 14 , 1941 ) . His parents , Murray Dodd MacDonald and Caroline Pinkerton MacDonald , migrated to the United States in 1944 : first to Boston , then in 1946 to Hawthorne , California , a suburb of Los Angeles . He was educated in local public schools , graduating from Leuzinger High School ( in neighboring Lawndale , California ) in 1959 . He received a BA in history in 1963 and a MA in 1964 , both from the University of California at Berkeley . He joined the Peace Corps in 1964 and was trained at Columbia Teachers College for educational service in Nigeria . Returning to California , he entered the University of California at Los Angeles as a graduate student in European history . In 1967 he was granted a Fulbright Fellowship , and was the first American scholar to have access to the personal papers of Théophile Delcassé , the French Minister of Foreign Affairs 1898-1905 . This resulted in his doctoral thesis , Camille Barrère and the Conduct of Delcassian Diplomacy in Italy 1898-1902 . He received his Ph.D . from UCLA in 1969 . Academic work . MacDonald was appointed Assistant Professor of History at Northeastern Illinois University in 1969 , and remained there until early retirement in 1996 . He began as a scholar of European history , but in the early 1970s , shifted interest to the history of U.S . popular culture , a then-new field for scholarly inquiry . He became a pioneer academic authority on the history of U.S . broadcasting , writing : - Dont Touch That Dial! : Radio programming in American life , 1920-1960 . Chicago : Nelson-Hall , 1979 . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 1262 libraries - Blacks and White TV : Afro-Americans in television since 1948 . Nelson-Hall , 1983 ; held in 854 libraries - Television and the Red Menace : the video road to Vietnam . Praeger , 1985 ; held in 766 libraries - Who Shot the Sheriff? : the rise and fall of the television western . Praeger , 1987 . held in 460 libraries - One Nation under Television : the rise and decline of network TV . Pantheon , 1990 . held in 911 libraries He also edited a volume of radio dramas from the notable African-American Chicago writer , Richard Durham , published as Richard Durhams Destination Freedom . According to WorldCat , the book is held in 415 libraries He was also : the first curator ( 1985-1990 ) of the Museum of Broadcast Communications , President of the Popular Culture Association ( 1980-1982 ) , producer and host of his own documentary radio series , Journeys at WBEZ , the Chicago outlet of National Public Radio , ( 1980-1981 ) , originator and General Editor of the Media and Society series of scholarly books ( 1987-1990 ) published by Praeger Publishers . Archival work . He and his wife began in 1972 at their own expense a private archive of vintage pop music , long-forgotten radio programs , and a wide-range of historical 16mm motion pictures that ranged from travel shorts , old silent educational films , and home movies , to corporate sales shorts , filmed and kinescoped TV programs , commercials , and long-forgotten entertainment shorts . By the end of the 20th century , the Library of Congress termed the MacDonald repository the most important archive in private hands in the United States . As a result of this interest , he founded J . Fred MacDonald & Associates in 1986 as a private commercial enterprise . The enterprise continued until the end of 2010 , when the Library of Congress took physical possession the resources and shipped it to its Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation in Culpeper , Virginia . Blending his interest in historic film and a dedication to education , in 2010 MacDonald created the American Indian Film Gallery , a free website promoting the study of Native American peoples living from the Arctic to the tip of South America . This on-line resource contains 450 vintage films about Indian life between the 1920s and 1970s . After a national search for an appropriate new home , in 2012 he donated the entire website to the University of Arizona which now owns and operates the AIFG . Other work . MacDonald is the author of 2 novels : The headlong fury : A novel of World War One . ( according to WorldCat , only two copies of the book are held in libraries ) and I , Liberal : A Political Fantasy ( which is not listed in WorldCat ) . He also composed two enhanced e-books : in 2009 The History Shoppe , and the following year its sequel , The Code of Clio . These were placed on-line as free e-books . Their purpose was to introduce high school and college students to the methodology of historians who draw their understanding of history from the examination of original source materials . External links . - http://www.jfredmacdonald.com
[ "ABC" ]	easy	Pedro J. Ramírez was an employee for whom from 1975 to 1980?	/wiki/Pedro_J._Ramírez#P108#0	Pedro J . Ramírez Pedro José Ramírez Codina ( born 26 March 1952 ) , widely known as Pedro J . Ramírez , is a Spanish journalist . When he was appointed to manage Diario 16 at the age of 28 , he became Spains youngest editor of a national newspaper . In 1989 he founded the newspaper El Mundo , managing it continuously until 2014 , making him the longest-serving editor of any Spanish national newspaper . He has collaborated with several radio and television programmes and has published a dozen books . He was married ( until 2016 ) to the designer Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada , and they have two children born in 1987 and 1990 . He has a daughter from a previous marriage to Rocío Fernández Iglesias . Early life . Born on 26 March 1952 in Logroño , he was raised in a middle-class family and for 13 years he received his primary and secondary education at the Hermanos Maristas school in Logroño . He studied journalism at the University of Navarra , where he also began a degree in Law . While there , he directed the universitys Theatre Group , participating in several national and international festivals . He graduated with a degree in Journalism in 1973 with a thesis titled Towards Informative Theatre . Upon finishing his degree , he worked as a lecturer in Contemporary Spanish Literature at Lebanon Valley College in Pennsylvania , living in the United States during the decisive year of the Watergate case . He interviewed the editor of The Washington Post , Ben Bradlee , for the magazine La Actualidad Española , along with other important figures at the time in US media . Lebanon Valley College presented him with an honorary degree in Humanities . Professional beginnings . From 1975 to 1980 he worked at the newspaper ABC , writing the Sunday section on political analysis called Crónica de la Semana . On 17 June 1980 , at 28 years old , he was appointed editor of the newspaper Diario 16 , then selling barely 15,000 copies and threatened with closure . However , within two years the newspaper had reached a circulation of 100,000 copies , and five years after that it would attain 150,000 , according to figures of the OJD , the Office of Circulation Verification . The most important event of the time was coverage of the attempted coup détat on 23 February 1981 . Diario 16 maintained a resolute editorial stance against those leading the coup . On 23 February 1982 , on the first anniversary of the coup attempt , Pedro J . Ramírez was expelled from the Court of Justice where the trial was held against those involved , as supporters of the coup refused to appear in court as long as the editor of Diario 16 was present . The Military Justice Supreme Council revoked his credentials and forced him to leave the courtroom . This incident led to a historic resolution issued by the Constitutional Court , dismissing the decision by the Military Justice and proclaiming readers rights to information for the first time since the establishment of democracy . In 1986 he was named publications director for the newspapers parent company , Grupo 16 . He was elected president of the Spanish Committee of the International Press Institute ( IPI ) , and in September 1988 joined the organisations global Executive Committee . On 8 March 1989 he was dismissed as director of Diario 16 because of disagreements with the editor of the newspaper about the allegedly sensationalist tone of reports concerning the GAL ( Anti-terrorist Liberation Groups ) . During this period , Ramírez was sued several times for libel , the most serious of these being when he was found guilty on 4 October 1993 by the Supreme Court of Spain and disqualified from the exercise of journalism . This sentence was appealed , and the appeal denied and the first sentence confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Spain on 14 October 1998 . Editor of El Mundo . On 23 October 1989 , seven months after his dismissal , he founded the newspaper El Mundo , along with three high-ranking executives from Grupo 16 : Alfonso de Salas , Balbino Fraga and Juan González . More than 50 Diario 16 journalists quit their jobs and joined the project . The parent group of the British newspaper The Guardian was one of its first shareholders , and the Italian daily Corriere della Sera invested a year later . In the 1990s , El Mundo stood out for its investigations on corruption scandals carried out by successive socialist governments , and particularly for its exclusive exposure of the socialist governments implication in the GAL plot that led to the murder of more than two dozen Basque activists , mainly in the south of France . These revelations led to trials and convictions , including those of the former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his associate Rafael Vera , for the kidnapping of Segundo Marey ; those of General Galindo and the civil governor of Guipuzcoa , Julen Elgorriaga , for the murder of Lasa and Zabala , and that of Rafael Vera himself for illegal appropriation of funds belonging to the Ministry . In 1997 , Pedro J . Ramírez was appointed president of the Commission for Freedom of Expression of the World Association of Newspapers ( WAN ) , and for many years travelled to countries including China , Algeria , Turkey and Venezuela to request the freedom of imprisoned journalists and the repeal of oppressive laws against the media . El Mundo supported the Aznar government in general terms during its first term ( 1996-2000 ) , but was somewhat critical when during its second term when it decided to support the Bush policy in Iraq . On the eve of the Azores summit , Pedro J . Ramírez published one of his routine Sunday letters , titled One Hundred Reasons against the Invasion of Iraq . After Zapateros rise to power , El Mundo pushed forward with the investigation of the March 11 massacre , presenting what the newspaper deemed significant flaws in the official version , but with a less rigorous investigation policy than their former exclusives during the 1990s . From the editorial perspective , it has opposed negotiations with ETA and the new Catalan Statute , which led to votes cast for the Partido Popular and the small party headed by Rosa Díez during the general elections held on 9 March 2008 . The Office of Circulation Verification ( OJD ) confirmed that during its first year El Mundo obtained a circulation of more than 100,000 copies , while in 2007 it surpassed the mark of 335,000 . According to the General Study on Media ( EGM ) , El Mundo has more than 1,300,000 readers . All of these indicators consolidate it as the second-largest national newspaper , behind El País . According to the OJD , at the end of 2007 elmundo.es had more than 11 million individual users per month . Based on the Alexa rankings , it was the world leader for electronic information in Spanish . In 2013 it became evident that the Rajoy government was not happy about some of the content of El Mundo , for example , the publication of text messages from Rajoy to Luis Barcenas . Ramirez blamed government pressure for his being replaced as editor in 2014 , although there may have been other factors given the decline in the papers finances since 2007 . After being ousted as editor he contributed a series of Sunday letters to the newspaper for a few months , before turning his attention to setting up a news website El Español , which went online in 2015 . Sex video scandal . In October 1997 a covertly filmed sex video was circulated which involved Ramírez and a woman , Exuperancia Rapú Muebake . Following a criminal investigation , the Madrid Court convicted the former personal aide of Felipe González at the Moncloa , Ángel Patón , the former civil governor of Guipúzcoa , José Ramón Goñi Tirapu , and four others , of violation of the right to privacy , sentencing them from two to four years in prison . The sentence , upheld by the Supreme Court , established that the purpose of the entrapment had been to change the editorial stance of El Mundo . His wife , Agatha Ruiz de la Prada , never did mention this matter in public . The purchase of Recoletos . In 2007 , Unedisa , the publishing company of El Mundo -already widely controlled by the RCS group , owner of Corriere della Sera- acquired 100% of the shares in Grupo Recoletos , a leader in specialised press in Spain . As a result of this operation , Pedro J . Ramírez , as General Editorial Director , was put in charge of content published in newspapers such as Marca , Expansión and Diario Médico ; magazines including Telva and Actualidad Económica , and the television channel Televisión Digital Veo TV . Until 2014 he shared these responsibilities along with those of Editor of El Mundo . Awards . - 1981 . Golden Oscar of Communication for Best Information Contributor - 1983 . Journalist of the Year ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto radio ) - 1983 . Premio Libertad ( Freedom Award ) as Editor of Diario 16 ( Club Liberal 1812 ) - 1984 . Liderman Award for Best Newspaper Editor - 1991 . Víctor de la Serna Award for Best Journalistic Effort ( Madrid Press Association ) - 1992 . Mariano José de Larra Award ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto ) - 1995 . Premio Libertad de Expresión ( Freedom of Speech Award ) ( León Felipe Foundation ) - 2006 . Montaigne Award ( Tübingen University , Germany ) - 2006 . Fape Award ( Federation of Press Associations ) - 2007 . Isaiah Berlin International Award ( Santa Margherita Ligure , Italy ) - 2013 . First Amendment Award given by the Eisenhower Fellows , Spain . Publications . - How the Elections Were Won . ( 1977 ) Editorial Planeta e - Press and Freedom . ( 1980 ) - The Complete King . ( 1981 ) ( in collaboration with the journalists , Pilar Cernuda , José Oneto and Ramón Pí ) , and - The Year Franco Died . ( 1985 ) - The Rose and its Thorn : Both Sides of Felipism . ( 1989 ) - The World in My Hands . ( 1991 ) - Spain without a Project : The Felipista Decade . ( 1993 ) - David against Goliath : Felipism Checkmated . ( 1995 ) - Bitter Victory : The Hidden Story behind Aznar’s Historic Victory over González. ( 2000 ) and - Getting Even : The Aznar Years ( 1996-2000 ) . - My 100 Best Letters from the Editor : 25 Years in the Life of Spain ( 1980-2005 ) . External links . - Biography of Pedro J . Ramirez at Freelance Spain
[ "Diario 16" ]	easy	Who did Pedro J. Ramírez work for from Jun 1980 to Mar 1989?	/wiki/Pedro_J._Ramírez#P108#1	Pedro J . Ramírez Pedro José Ramírez Codina ( born 26 March 1952 ) , widely known as Pedro J . Ramírez , is a Spanish journalist . When he was appointed to manage Diario 16 at the age of 28 , he became Spains youngest editor of a national newspaper . In 1989 he founded the newspaper El Mundo , managing it continuously until 2014 , making him the longest-serving editor of any Spanish national newspaper . He has collaborated with several radio and television programmes and has published a dozen books . He was married ( until 2016 ) to the designer Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada , and they have two children born in 1987 and 1990 . He has a daughter from a previous marriage to Rocío Fernández Iglesias . Early life . Born on 26 March 1952 in Logroño , he was raised in a middle-class family and for 13 years he received his primary and secondary education at the Hermanos Maristas school in Logroño . He studied journalism at the University of Navarra , where he also began a degree in Law . While there , he directed the universitys Theatre Group , participating in several national and international festivals . He graduated with a degree in Journalism in 1973 with a thesis titled Towards Informative Theatre . Upon finishing his degree , he worked as a lecturer in Contemporary Spanish Literature at Lebanon Valley College in Pennsylvania , living in the United States during the decisive year of the Watergate case . He interviewed the editor of The Washington Post , Ben Bradlee , for the magazine La Actualidad Española , along with other important figures at the time in US media . Lebanon Valley College presented him with an honorary degree in Humanities . Professional beginnings . From 1975 to 1980 he worked at the newspaper ABC , writing the Sunday section on political analysis called Crónica de la Semana . On 17 June 1980 , at 28 years old , he was appointed editor of the newspaper Diario 16 , then selling barely 15,000 copies and threatened with closure . However , within two years the newspaper had reached a circulation of 100,000 copies , and five years after that it would attain 150,000 , according to figures of the OJD , the Office of Circulation Verification . The most important event of the time was coverage of the attempted coup détat on 23 February 1981 . Diario 16 maintained a resolute editorial stance against those leading the coup . On 23 February 1982 , on the first anniversary of the coup attempt , Pedro J . Ramírez was expelled from the Court of Justice where the trial was held against those involved , as supporters of the coup refused to appear in court as long as the editor of Diario 16 was present . The Military Justice Supreme Council revoked his credentials and forced him to leave the courtroom . This incident led to a historic resolution issued by the Constitutional Court , dismissing the decision by the Military Justice and proclaiming readers rights to information for the first time since the establishment of democracy . In 1986 he was named publications director for the newspapers parent company , Grupo 16 . He was elected president of the Spanish Committee of the International Press Institute ( IPI ) , and in September 1988 joined the organisations global Executive Committee . On 8 March 1989 he was dismissed as director of Diario 16 because of disagreements with the editor of the newspaper about the allegedly sensationalist tone of reports concerning the GAL ( Anti-terrorist Liberation Groups ) . During this period , Ramírez was sued several times for libel , the most serious of these being when he was found guilty on 4 October 1993 by the Supreme Court of Spain and disqualified from the exercise of journalism . This sentence was appealed , and the appeal denied and the first sentence confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Spain on 14 October 1998 . Editor of El Mundo . On 23 October 1989 , seven months after his dismissal , he founded the newspaper El Mundo , along with three high-ranking executives from Grupo 16 : Alfonso de Salas , Balbino Fraga and Juan González . More than 50 Diario 16 journalists quit their jobs and joined the project . The parent group of the British newspaper The Guardian was one of its first shareholders , and the Italian daily Corriere della Sera invested a year later . In the 1990s , El Mundo stood out for its investigations on corruption scandals carried out by successive socialist governments , and particularly for its exclusive exposure of the socialist governments implication in the GAL plot that led to the murder of more than two dozen Basque activists , mainly in the south of France . These revelations led to trials and convictions , including those of the former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his associate Rafael Vera , for the kidnapping of Segundo Marey ; those of General Galindo and the civil governor of Guipuzcoa , Julen Elgorriaga , for the murder of Lasa and Zabala , and that of Rafael Vera himself for illegal appropriation of funds belonging to the Ministry . In 1997 , Pedro J . Ramírez was appointed president of the Commission for Freedom of Expression of the World Association of Newspapers ( WAN ) , and for many years travelled to countries including China , Algeria , Turkey and Venezuela to request the freedom of imprisoned journalists and the repeal of oppressive laws against the media . El Mundo supported the Aznar government in general terms during its first term ( 1996-2000 ) , but was somewhat critical when during its second term when it decided to support the Bush policy in Iraq . On the eve of the Azores summit , Pedro J . Ramírez published one of his routine Sunday letters , titled One Hundred Reasons against the Invasion of Iraq . After Zapateros rise to power , El Mundo pushed forward with the investigation of the March 11 massacre , presenting what the newspaper deemed significant flaws in the official version , but with a less rigorous investigation policy than their former exclusives during the 1990s . From the editorial perspective , it has opposed negotiations with ETA and the new Catalan Statute , which led to votes cast for the Partido Popular and the small party headed by Rosa Díez during the general elections held on 9 March 2008 . The Office of Circulation Verification ( OJD ) confirmed that during its first year El Mundo obtained a circulation of more than 100,000 copies , while in 2007 it surpassed the mark of 335,000 . According to the General Study on Media ( EGM ) , El Mundo has more than 1,300,000 readers . All of these indicators consolidate it as the second-largest national newspaper , behind El País . According to the OJD , at the end of 2007 elmundo.es had more than 11 million individual users per month . Based on the Alexa rankings , it was the world leader for electronic information in Spanish . In 2013 it became evident that the Rajoy government was not happy about some of the content of El Mundo , for example , the publication of text messages from Rajoy to Luis Barcenas . Ramirez blamed government pressure for his being replaced as editor in 2014 , although there may have been other factors given the decline in the papers finances since 2007 . After being ousted as editor he contributed a series of Sunday letters to the newspaper for a few months , before turning his attention to setting up a news website El Español , which went online in 2015 . Sex video scandal . In October 1997 a covertly filmed sex video was circulated which involved Ramírez and a woman , Exuperancia Rapú Muebake . Following a criminal investigation , the Madrid Court convicted the former personal aide of Felipe González at the Moncloa , Ángel Patón , the former civil governor of Guipúzcoa , José Ramón Goñi Tirapu , and four others , of violation of the right to privacy , sentencing them from two to four years in prison . The sentence , upheld by the Supreme Court , established that the purpose of the entrapment had been to change the editorial stance of El Mundo . His wife , Agatha Ruiz de la Prada , never did mention this matter in public . The purchase of Recoletos . In 2007 , Unedisa , the publishing company of El Mundo -already widely controlled by the RCS group , owner of Corriere della Sera- acquired 100% of the shares in Grupo Recoletos , a leader in specialised press in Spain . As a result of this operation , Pedro J . Ramírez , as General Editorial Director , was put in charge of content published in newspapers such as Marca , Expansión and Diario Médico ; magazines including Telva and Actualidad Económica , and the television channel Televisión Digital Veo TV . Until 2014 he shared these responsibilities along with those of Editor of El Mundo . Awards . - 1981 . Golden Oscar of Communication for Best Information Contributor - 1983 . Journalist of the Year ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto radio ) - 1983 . Premio Libertad ( Freedom Award ) as Editor of Diario 16 ( Club Liberal 1812 ) - 1984 . Liderman Award for Best Newspaper Editor - 1991 . Víctor de la Serna Award for Best Journalistic Effort ( Madrid Press Association ) - 1992 . Mariano José de Larra Award ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto ) - 1995 . Premio Libertad de Expresión ( Freedom of Speech Award ) ( León Felipe Foundation ) - 2006 . Montaigne Award ( Tübingen University , Germany ) - 2006 . Fape Award ( Federation of Press Associations ) - 2007 . Isaiah Berlin International Award ( Santa Margherita Ligure , Italy ) - 2013 . First Amendment Award given by the Eisenhower Fellows , Spain . Publications . - How the Elections Were Won . ( 1977 ) Editorial Planeta e - Press and Freedom . ( 1980 ) - The Complete King . ( 1981 ) ( in collaboration with the journalists , Pilar Cernuda , José Oneto and Ramón Pí ) , and - The Year Franco Died . ( 1985 ) - The Rose and its Thorn : Both Sides of Felipism . ( 1989 ) - The World in My Hands . ( 1991 ) - Spain without a Project : The Felipista Decade . ( 1993 ) - David against Goliath : Felipism Checkmated . ( 1995 ) - Bitter Victory : The Hidden Story behind Aznar’s Historic Victory over González. ( 2000 ) and - Getting Even : The Aznar Years ( 1996-2000 ) . - My 100 Best Letters from the Editor : 25 Years in the Life of Spain ( 1980-2005 ) . External links . - Biography of Pedro J . Ramirez at Freelance Spain
[ "El Mundo" ]	easy	Pedro J. Ramírez was an employee for whom from Oct 1989 to Feb 2014?	/wiki/Pedro_J._Ramírez#P108#2	Pedro J . Ramírez Pedro José Ramírez Codina ( born 26 March 1952 ) , widely known as Pedro J . Ramírez , is a Spanish journalist . When he was appointed to manage Diario 16 at the age of 28 , he became Spains youngest editor of a national newspaper . In 1989 he founded the newspaper El Mundo , managing it continuously until 2014 , making him the longest-serving editor of any Spanish national newspaper . He has collaborated with several radio and television programmes and has published a dozen books . He was married ( until 2016 ) to the designer Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada , and they have two children born in 1987 and 1990 . He has a daughter from a previous marriage to Rocío Fernández Iglesias . Early life . Born on 26 March 1952 in Logroño , he was raised in a middle-class family and for 13 years he received his primary and secondary education at the Hermanos Maristas school in Logroño . He studied journalism at the University of Navarra , where he also began a degree in Law . While there , he directed the universitys Theatre Group , participating in several national and international festivals . He graduated with a degree in Journalism in 1973 with a thesis titled Towards Informative Theatre . Upon finishing his degree , he worked as a lecturer in Contemporary Spanish Literature at Lebanon Valley College in Pennsylvania , living in the United States during the decisive year of the Watergate case . He interviewed the editor of The Washington Post , Ben Bradlee , for the magazine La Actualidad Española , along with other important figures at the time in US media . Lebanon Valley College presented him with an honorary degree in Humanities . Professional beginnings . From 1975 to 1980 he worked at the newspaper ABC , writing the Sunday section on political analysis called Crónica de la Semana . On 17 June 1980 , at 28 years old , he was appointed editor of the newspaper Diario 16 , then selling barely 15,000 copies and threatened with closure . However , within two years the newspaper had reached a circulation of 100,000 copies , and five years after that it would attain 150,000 , according to figures of the OJD , the Office of Circulation Verification . The most important event of the time was coverage of the attempted coup détat on 23 February 1981 . Diario 16 maintained a resolute editorial stance against those leading the coup . On 23 February 1982 , on the first anniversary of the coup attempt , Pedro J . Ramírez was expelled from the Court of Justice where the trial was held against those involved , as supporters of the coup refused to appear in court as long as the editor of Diario 16 was present . The Military Justice Supreme Council revoked his credentials and forced him to leave the courtroom . This incident led to a historic resolution issued by the Constitutional Court , dismissing the decision by the Military Justice and proclaiming readers rights to information for the first time since the establishment of democracy . In 1986 he was named publications director for the newspapers parent company , Grupo 16 . He was elected president of the Spanish Committee of the International Press Institute ( IPI ) , and in September 1988 joined the organisations global Executive Committee . On 8 March 1989 he was dismissed as director of Diario 16 because of disagreements with the editor of the newspaper about the allegedly sensationalist tone of reports concerning the GAL ( Anti-terrorist Liberation Groups ) . During this period , Ramírez was sued several times for libel , the most serious of these being when he was found guilty on 4 October 1993 by the Supreme Court of Spain and disqualified from the exercise of journalism . This sentence was appealed , and the appeal denied and the first sentence confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Spain on 14 October 1998 . Editor of El Mundo . On 23 October 1989 , seven months after his dismissal , he founded the newspaper El Mundo , along with three high-ranking executives from Grupo 16 : Alfonso de Salas , Balbino Fraga and Juan González . More than 50 Diario 16 journalists quit their jobs and joined the project . The parent group of the British newspaper The Guardian was one of its first shareholders , and the Italian daily Corriere della Sera invested a year later . In the 1990s , El Mundo stood out for its investigations on corruption scandals carried out by successive socialist governments , and particularly for its exclusive exposure of the socialist governments implication in the GAL plot that led to the murder of more than two dozen Basque activists , mainly in the south of France . These revelations led to trials and convictions , including those of the former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his associate Rafael Vera , for the kidnapping of Segundo Marey ; those of General Galindo and the civil governor of Guipuzcoa , Julen Elgorriaga , for the murder of Lasa and Zabala , and that of Rafael Vera himself for illegal appropriation of funds belonging to the Ministry . In 1997 , Pedro J . Ramírez was appointed president of the Commission for Freedom of Expression of the World Association of Newspapers ( WAN ) , and for many years travelled to countries including China , Algeria , Turkey and Venezuela to request the freedom of imprisoned journalists and the repeal of oppressive laws against the media . El Mundo supported the Aznar government in general terms during its first term ( 1996-2000 ) , but was somewhat critical when during its second term when it decided to support the Bush policy in Iraq . On the eve of the Azores summit , Pedro J . Ramírez published one of his routine Sunday letters , titled One Hundred Reasons against the Invasion of Iraq . After Zapateros rise to power , El Mundo pushed forward with the investigation of the March 11 massacre , presenting what the newspaper deemed significant flaws in the official version , but with a less rigorous investigation policy than their former exclusives during the 1990s . From the editorial perspective , it has opposed negotiations with ETA and the new Catalan Statute , which led to votes cast for the Partido Popular and the small party headed by Rosa Díez during the general elections held on 9 March 2008 . The Office of Circulation Verification ( OJD ) confirmed that during its first year El Mundo obtained a circulation of more than 100,000 copies , while in 2007 it surpassed the mark of 335,000 . According to the General Study on Media ( EGM ) , El Mundo has more than 1,300,000 readers . All of these indicators consolidate it as the second-largest national newspaper , behind El País . According to the OJD , at the end of 2007 elmundo.es had more than 11 million individual users per month . Based on the Alexa rankings , it was the world leader for electronic information in Spanish . In 2013 it became evident that the Rajoy government was not happy about some of the content of El Mundo , for example , the publication of text messages from Rajoy to Luis Barcenas . Ramirez blamed government pressure for his being replaced as editor in 2014 , although there may have been other factors given the decline in the papers finances since 2007 . After being ousted as editor he contributed a series of Sunday letters to the newspaper for a few months , before turning his attention to setting up a news website El Español , which went online in 2015 . Sex video scandal . In October 1997 a covertly filmed sex video was circulated which involved Ramírez and a woman , Exuperancia Rapú Muebake . Following a criminal investigation , the Madrid Court convicted the former personal aide of Felipe González at the Moncloa , Ángel Patón , the former civil governor of Guipúzcoa , José Ramón Goñi Tirapu , and four others , of violation of the right to privacy , sentencing them from two to four years in prison . The sentence , upheld by the Supreme Court , established that the purpose of the entrapment had been to change the editorial stance of El Mundo . His wife , Agatha Ruiz de la Prada , never did mention this matter in public . The purchase of Recoletos . In 2007 , Unedisa , the publishing company of El Mundo -already widely controlled by the RCS group , owner of Corriere della Sera- acquired 100% of the shares in Grupo Recoletos , a leader in specialised press in Spain . As a result of this operation , Pedro J . Ramírez , as General Editorial Director , was put in charge of content published in newspapers such as Marca , Expansión and Diario Médico ; magazines including Telva and Actualidad Económica , and the television channel Televisión Digital Veo TV . Until 2014 he shared these responsibilities along with those of Editor of El Mundo . Awards . - 1981 . Golden Oscar of Communication for Best Information Contributor - 1983 . Journalist of the Year ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto radio ) - 1983 . Premio Libertad ( Freedom Award ) as Editor of Diario 16 ( Club Liberal 1812 ) - 1984 . Liderman Award for Best Newspaper Editor - 1991 . Víctor de la Serna Award for Best Journalistic Effort ( Madrid Press Association ) - 1992 . Mariano José de Larra Award ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto ) - 1995 . Premio Libertad de Expresión ( Freedom of Speech Award ) ( León Felipe Foundation ) - 2006 . Montaigne Award ( Tübingen University , Germany ) - 2006 . Fape Award ( Federation of Press Associations ) - 2007 . Isaiah Berlin International Award ( Santa Margherita Ligure , Italy ) - 2013 . First Amendment Award given by the Eisenhower Fellows , Spain . Publications . - How the Elections Were Won . ( 1977 ) Editorial Planeta e - Press and Freedom . ( 1980 ) - The Complete King . ( 1981 ) ( in collaboration with the journalists , Pilar Cernuda , José Oneto and Ramón Pí ) , and - The Year Franco Died . ( 1985 ) - The Rose and its Thorn : Both Sides of Felipism . ( 1989 ) - The World in My Hands . ( 1991 ) - Spain without a Project : The Felipista Decade . ( 1993 ) - David against Goliath : Felipism Checkmated . ( 1995 ) - Bitter Victory : The Hidden Story behind Aznar’s Historic Victory over González. ( 2000 ) and - Getting Even : The Aznar Years ( 1996-2000 ) . - My 100 Best Letters from the Editor : 25 Years in the Life of Spain ( 1980-2005 ) . External links . - Biography of Pedro J . Ramirez at Freelance Spain
[ "El Español" ]	easy	Pedro J. Ramírez was an employee for whom from 2015 to 2016?	/wiki/Pedro_J._Ramírez#P108#3	Pedro J . Ramírez Pedro José Ramírez Codina ( born 26 March 1952 ) , widely known as Pedro J . Ramírez , is a Spanish journalist . When he was appointed to manage Diario 16 at the age of 28 , he became Spains youngest editor of a national newspaper . In 1989 he founded the newspaper El Mundo , managing it continuously until 2014 , making him the longest-serving editor of any Spanish national newspaper . He has collaborated with several radio and television programmes and has published a dozen books . He was married ( until 2016 ) to the designer Ágatha Ruiz de la Prada , and they have two children born in 1987 and 1990 . He has a daughter from a previous marriage to Rocío Fernández Iglesias . Early life . Born on 26 March 1952 in Logroño , he was raised in a middle-class family and for 13 years he received his primary and secondary education at the Hermanos Maristas school in Logroño . He studied journalism at the University of Navarra , where he also began a degree in Law . While there , he directed the universitys Theatre Group , participating in several national and international festivals . He graduated with a degree in Journalism in 1973 with a thesis titled Towards Informative Theatre . Upon finishing his degree , he worked as a lecturer in Contemporary Spanish Literature at Lebanon Valley College in Pennsylvania , living in the United States during the decisive year of the Watergate case . He interviewed the editor of The Washington Post , Ben Bradlee , for the magazine La Actualidad Española , along with other important figures at the time in US media . Lebanon Valley College presented him with an honorary degree in Humanities . Professional beginnings . From 1975 to 1980 he worked at the newspaper ABC , writing the Sunday section on political analysis called Crónica de la Semana . On 17 June 1980 , at 28 years old , he was appointed editor of the newspaper Diario 16 , then selling barely 15,000 copies and threatened with closure . However , within two years the newspaper had reached a circulation of 100,000 copies , and five years after that it would attain 150,000 , according to figures of the OJD , the Office of Circulation Verification . The most important event of the time was coverage of the attempted coup détat on 23 February 1981 . Diario 16 maintained a resolute editorial stance against those leading the coup . On 23 February 1982 , on the first anniversary of the coup attempt , Pedro J . Ramírez was expelled from the Court of Justice where the trial was held against those involved , as supporters of the coup refused to appear in court as long as the editor of Diario 16 was present . The Military Justice Supreme Council revoked his credentials and forced him to leave the courtroom . This incident led to a historic resolution issued by the Constitutional Court , dismissing the decision by the Military Justice and proclaiming readers rights to information for the first time since the establishment of democracy . In 1986 he was named publications director for the newspapers parent company , Grupo 16 . He was elected president of the Spanish Committee of the International Press Institute ( IPI ) , and in September 1988 joined the organisations global Executive Committee . On 8 March 1989 he was dismissed as director of Diario 16 because of disagreements with the editor of the newspaper about the allegedly sensationalist tone of reports concerning the GAL ( Anti-terrorist Liberation Groups ) . During this period , Ramírez was sued several times for libel , the most serious of these being when he was found guilty on 4 October 1993 by the Supreme Court of Spain and disqualified from the exercise of journalism . This sentence was appealed , and the appeal denied and the first sentence confirmed by the Constitutional Court of Spain on 14 October 1998 . Editor of El Mundo . On 23 October 1989 , seven months after his dismissal , he founded the newspaper El Mundo , along with three high-ranking executives from Grupo 16 : Alfonso de Salas , Balbino Fraga and Juan González . More than 50 Diario 16 journalists quit their jobs and joined the project . The parent group of the British newspaper The Guardian was one of its first shareholders , and the Italian daily Corriere della Sera invested a year later . In the 1990s , El Mundo stood out for its investigations on corruption scandals carried out by successive socialist governments , and particularly for its exclusive exposure of the socialist governments implication in the GAL plot that led to the murder of more than two dozen Basque activists , mainly in the south of France . These revelations led to trials and convictions , including those of the former Interior Minister José Barrionuevo and his associate Rafael Vera , for the kidnapping of Segundo Marey ; those of General Galindo and the civil governor of Guipuzcoa , Julen Elgorriaga , for the murder of Lasa and Zabala , and that of Rafael Vera himself for illegal appropriation of funds belonging to the Ministry . In 1997 , Pedro J . Ramírez was appointed president of the Commission for Freedom of Expression of the World Association of Newspapers ( WAN ) , and for many years travelled to countries including China , Algeria , Turkey and Venezuela to request the freedom of imprisoned journalists and the repeal of oppressive laws against the media . El Mundo supported the Aznar government in general terms during its first term ( 1996-2000 ) , but was somewhat critical when during its second term when it decided to support the Bush policy in Iraq . On the eve of the Azores summit , Pedro J . Ramírez published one of his routine Sunday letters , titled One Hundred Reasons against the Invasion of Iraq . After Zapateros rise to power , El Mundo pushed forward with the investigation of the March 11 massacre , presenting what the newspaper deemed significant flaws in the official version , but with a less rigorous investigation policy than their former exclusives during the 1990s . From the editorial perspective , it has opposed negotiations with ETA and the new Catalan Statute , which led to votes cast for the Partido Popular and the small party headed by Rosa Díez during the general elections held on 9 March 2008 . The Office of Circulation Verification ( OJD ) confirmed that during its first year El Mundo obtained a circulation of more than 100,000 copies , while in 2007 it surpassed the mark of 335,000 . According to the General Study on Media ( EGM ) , El Mundo has more than 1,300,000 readers . All of these indicators consolidate it as the second-largest national newspaper , behind El País . According to the OJD , at the end of 2007 elmundo.es had more than 11 million individual users per month . Based on the Alexa rankings , it was the world leader for electronic information in Spanish . In 2013 it became evident that the Rajoy government was not happy about some of the content of El Mundo , for example , the publication of text messages from Rajoy to Luis Barcenas . Ramirez blamed government pressure for his being replaced as editor in 2014 , although there may have been other factors given the decline in the papers finances since 2007 . After being ousted as editor he contributed a series of Sunday letters to the newspaper for a few months , before turning his attention to setting up a news website El Español , which went online in 2015 . Sex video scandal . In October 1997 a covertly filmed sex video was circulated which involved Ramírez and a woman , Exuperancia Rapú Muebake . Following a criminal investigation , the Madrid Court convicted the former personal aide of Felipe González at the Moncloa , Ángel Patón , the former civil governor of Guipúzcoa , José Ramón Goñi Tirapu , and four others , of violation of the right to privacy , sentencing them from two to four years in prison . The sentence , upheld by the Supreme Court , established that the purpose of the entrapment had been to change the editorial stance of El Mundo . His wife , Agatha Ruiz de la Prada , never did mention this matter in public . The purchase of Recoletos . In 2007 , Unedisa , the publishing company of El Mundo -already widely controlled by the RCS group , owner of Corriere della Sera- acquired 100% of the shares in Grupo Recoletos , a leader in specialised press in Spain . As a result of this operation , Pedro J . Ramírez , as General Editorial Director , was put in charge of content published in newspapers such as Marca , Expansión and Diario Médico ; magazines including Telva and Actualidad Económica , and the television channel Televisión Digital Veo TV . Until 2014 he shared these responsibilities along with those of Editor of El Mundo . Awards . - 1981 . Golden Oscar of Communication for Best Information Contributor - 1983 . Journalist of the Year ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto radio ) - 1983 . Premio Libertad ( Freedom Award ) as Editor of Diario 16 ( Club Liberal 1812 ) - 1984 . Liderman Award for Best Newspaper Editor - 1991 . Víctor de la Serna Award for Best Journalistic Effort ( Madrid Press Association ) - 1992 . Mariano José de Larra Award ( Roundtable discussions for Mundo Abierto ) - 1995 . Premio Libertad de Expresión ( Freedom of Speech Award ) ( León Felipe Foundation ) - 2006 . Montaigne Award ( Tübingen University , Germany ) - 2006 . Fape Award ( Federation of Press Associations ) - 2007 . Isaiah Berlin International Award ( Santa Margherita Ligure , Italy ) - 2013 . First Amendment Award given by the Eisenhower Fellows , Spain . Publications . - How the Elections Were Won . ( 1977 ) Editorial Planeta e - Press and Freedom . ( 1980 ) - The Complete King . ( 1981 ) ( in collaboration with the journalists , Pilar Cernuda , José Oneto and Ramón Pí ) , and - The Year Franco Died . ( 1985 ) - The Rose and its Thorn : Both Sides of Felipism . ( 1989 ) - The World in My Hands . ( 1991 ) - Spain without a Project : The Felipista Decade . ( 1993 ) - David against Goliath : Felipism Checkmated . ( 1995 ) - Bitter Victory : The Hidden Story behind Aznar’s Historic Victory over González. ( 2000 ) and - Getting Even : The Aznar Years ( 1996-2000 ) . - My 100 Best Letters from the Editor : 25 Years in the Life of Spain ( 1980-2005 ) . External links . - Biography of Pedro J . Ramirez at Freelance Spain
[ "Tufts University ( Boston )", "Johns Hopkins Medical School" ]	easy	James I. Ausman went to which school from 1958 to 1959?	/wiki/James_I._Ausman#P69#0	James I . Ausman James Ivan Ausman ( born December 10 , 1937 ) is an American neurosurgeon , science editor , television broadcaster , medical entrepreneur , and public advocate on health-care reform . He currently is professor of neurosurgery at the University of California , Los Angeles and editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . Biography . Ausman was born in Milwaukee on December 10 , 1937 , is married , and has two daughters . He attended Milwaukee County Day School , obtained a B.Sc . degree from Tufts University ( Boston ) in 1959 , and graduated as an M.D . from Johns Hopkins Medical School three years later . In 1964 he received a Masters Degree in physiology at the State University of New York at Buffalo , after which he pursued surgery and neurosurgery training in Chicago and Minnesota . He then moved to work at the National Institutes of Health , receiving a Ph.D . in pharmacology from George Washington University School of Medicine in 1969 . He became a staff member at the University of Minnesota in 1972 , eventually becoming an assistant professor of neurosurgery and pharmacology . In 1978 he was named Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit . At this time Ausman also became Secretary of The Society of Neurological Surgeons . In 1991 , Ausman became professor and head of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago . There he expanded his work in microsurgery , cerebrovascular surgery , particularly aneurysms , arteriovenous malformations and by-passing cerebral ischemia . He has written and developed procedures for neuro-vascular surgery , novel approaches to the pineal region and midline tumors . He has over 200 publications and over 80 chapters in neurosurgical books to his credit . He is now a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of California at Los Angeles . Ausman has been called a multitasker due to his multiple endeavors . Research . Ausman is the author of research articles published in medical journals . Frequent topics of these articles have been : - surgical aneurysm management - brain circulation microanatomy , anastomosis and revascularization - non-invasive monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics , blood gases and pH in surgical patients - cerebral arteriovenous malformations Ausman is a pioneer in the field of revascularization techniques to improve cerebral blood flow , relieve cerebral ischemia , and treat cerebral infarction , and has contributed articles and chapter books on the subject . Other research reports have referred to drug therapy of brain tumors , surgical anatomy of the optic nerve region , surgical approaches to the pineal region , management of midline tumors , nerve tissue ultrastructure , blood-brain barrier and pericyte-endothelial gap-junctions . Editorships and Humanitarian ethics . Ausman was editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology from 1994 until 2009 , when it ceased publication . In 2010 , he became founding editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . He travels frequently to Developed and Third World countries to advise , lecture on neurosurgical trends and techniques , and humanitarian missions teaching ethics . Ramsis F . Ghaly , M.D. , a Christian author and fellow surgeon has written that Dr . Ausman taught him humanitarian principles central to medical ethics : Patients come first.. . treat the patient as yourself...do not let yourself fall asleep until you are certain you have done everything for your patient . Ausman is an Honorary Member of the Brazilian , Argentinean , Chilean , and Peruvian Societies of Neurosurgery and a Corresponding Member of the German Society of Neurosurgery . Through his James I and Carolyn R . Ausman Educational Foundation , and his vehicle , Surgical Neurology International , Rancho Mirage , California , Ausman has recently expanded his humanitarian and educational mission , in particular highlighting the Venezuelan crisis .
[ "Johns Hopkins Medical School" ]	easy	James I. Ausman went to which school from 1959 to 1963?	/wiki/James_I._Ausman#P69#1	James I . Ausman James Ivan Ausman ( born December 10 , 1937 ) is an American neurosurgeon , science editor , television broadcaster , medical entrepreneur , and public advocate on health-care reform . He currently is professor of neurosurgery at the University of California , Los Angeles and editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . Biography . Ausman was born in Milwaukee on December 10 , 1937 , is married , and has two daughters . He attended Milwaukee County Day School , obtained a B.Sc . degree from Tufts University ( Boston ) in 1959 , and graduated as an M.D . from Johns Hopkins Medical School three years later . In 1964 he received a Masters Degree in physiology at the State University of New York at Buffalo , after which he pursued surgery and neurosurgery training in Chicago and Minnesota . He then moved to work at the National Institutes of Health , receiving a Ph.D . in pharmacology from George Washington University School of Medicine in 1969 . He became a staff member at the University of Minnesota in 1972 , eventually becoming an assistant professor of neurosurgery and pharmacology . In 1978 he was named Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit . At this time Ausman also became Secretary of The Society of Neurological Surgeons . In 1991 , Ausman became professor and head of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago . There he expanded his work in microsurgery , cerebrovascular surgery , particularly aneurysms , arteriovenous malformations and by-passing cerebral ischemia . He has written and developed procedures for neuro-vascular surgery , novel approaches to the pineal region and midline tumors . He has over 200 publications and over 80 chapters in neurosurgical books to his credit . He is now a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of California at Los Angeles . Ausman has been called a multitasker due to his multiple endeavors . Research . Ausman is the author of research articles published in medical journals . Frequent topics of these articles have been : - surgical aneurysm management - brain circulation microanatomy , anastomosis and revascularization - non-invasive monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics , blood gases and pH in surgical patients - cerebral arteriovenous malformations Ausman is a pioneer in the field of revascularization techniques to improve cerebral blood flow , relieve cerebral ischemia , and treat cerebral infarction , and has contributed articles and chapter books on the subject . Other research reports have referred to drug therapy of brain tumors , surgical anatomy of the optic nerve region , surgical approaches to the pineal region , management of midline tumors , nerve tissue ultrastructure , blood-brain barrier and pericyte-endothelial gap-junctions . Editorships and Humanitarian ethics . Ausman was editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology from 1994 until 2009 , when it ceased publication . In 2010 , he became founding editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . He travels frequently to Developed and Third World countries to advise , lecture on neurosurgical trends and techniques , and humanitarian missions teaching ethics . Ramsis F . Ghaly , M.D. , a Christian author and fellow surgeon has written that Dr . Ausman taught him humanitarian principles central to medical ethics : Patients come first.. . treat the patient as yourself...do not let yourself fall asleep until you are certain you have done everything for your patient . Ausman is an Honorary Member of the Brazilian , Argentinean , Chilean , and Peruvian Societies of Neurosurgery and a Corresponding Member of the German Society of Neurosurgery . Through his James I and Carolyn R . Ausman Educational Foundation , and his vehicle , Surgical Neurology International , Rancho Mirage , California , Ausman has recently expanded his humanitarian and educational mission , in particular highlighting the Venezuelan crisis .
[ "Johns Hopkins Medical School", "State University of New York at Buffalo" ]	easy	Where was James I. Ausman educated from 1963 to 1969?	/wiki/James_I._Ausman#P69#2	James I . Ausman James Ivan Ausman ( born December 10 , 1937 ) is an American neurosurgeon , science editor , television broadcaster , medical entrepreneur , and public advocate on health-care reform . He currently is professor of neurosurgery at the University of California , Los Angeles and editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . Biography . Ausman was born in Milwaukee on December 10 , 1937 , is married , and has two daughters . He attended Milwaukee County Day School , obtained a B.Sc . degree from Tufts University ( Boston ) in 1959 , and graduated as an M.D . from Johns Hopkins Medical School three years later . In 1964 he received a Masters Degree in physiology at the State University of New York at Buffalo , after which he pursued surgery and neurosurgery training in Chicago and Minnesota . He then moved to work at the National Institutes of Health , receiving a Ph.D . in pharmacology from George Washington University School of Medicine in 1969 . He became a staff member at the University of Minnesota in 1972 , eventually becoming an assistant professor of neurosurgery and pharmacology . In 1978 he was named Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit . At this time Ausman also became Secretary of The Society of Neurological Surgeons . In 1991 , Ausman became professor and head of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Illinois at Chicago . There he expanded his work in microsurgery , cerebrovascular surgery , particularly aneurysms , arteriovenous malformations and by-passing cerebral ischemia . He has written and developed procedures for neuro-vascular surgery , novel approaches to the pineal region and midline tumors . He has over 200 publications and over 80 chapters in neurosurgical books to his credit . He is now a clinical professor of neurosurgery at the University of California at Los Angeles . Ausman has been called a multitasker due to his multiple endeavors . Research . Ausman is the author of research articles published in medical journals . Frequent topics of these articles have been : - surgical aneurysm management - brain circulation microanatomy , anastomosis and revascularization - non-invasive monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics , blood gases and pH in surgical patients - cerebral arteriovenous malformations Ausman is a pioneer in the field of revascularization techniques to improve cerebral blood flow , relieve cerebral ischemia , and treat cerebral infarction , and has contributed articles and chapter books on the subject . Other research reports have referred to drug therapy of brain tumors , surgical anatomy of the optic nerve region , surgical approaches to the pineal region , management of midline tumors , nerve tissue ultrastructure , blood-brain barrier and pericyte-endothelial gap-junctions . Editorships and Humanitarian ethics . Ausman was editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology from 1994 until 2009 , when it ceased publication . In 2010 , he became founding editor-in-chief of Surgical Neurology International . He travels frequently to Developed and Third World countries to advise , lecture on neurosurgical trends and techniques , and humanitarian missions teaching ethics . Ramsis F . Ghaly , M.D. , a Christian author and fellow surgeon has written that Dr . Ausman taught him humanitarian principles central to medical ethics : Patients come first.. . treat the patient as yourself...do not let yourself fall asleep until you are certain you have done everything for your patient . Ausman is an Honorary Member of the Brazilian , Argentinean , Chilean , and Peruvian Societies of Neurosurgery and a Corresponding Member of the German Society of Neurosurgery . Through his James I and Carolyn R . Ausman Educational Foundation , and his vehicle , Surgical Neurology International , Rancho Mirage , California , Ausman has recently expanded his humanitarian and educational mission , in particular highlighting the Venezuelan crisis .
[ "Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society", "President of the Geological Society of London" ]	easy	What was the position of Archibald Geikie from 1890 to 1892?	/wiki/Archibald_Geikie#P39#0	Archibald Geikie Sir Archibald Geikie ( 28 December 183510 November 1924 ) was a Scottish geologist and writer . Early life . Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835 , the eldest son of Isabella Thom and her husband James Stuart Geikie , a musician and music critic . The elder brother of James Geikie , he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh . Career . In 1855 was appointed an assistant on the British Geological Survey . Wielding the pen with no less facility than the hammer , he inaugurated his long list of works with The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the Note-Book of a Geologist ( 1858 ) . His ability at once attracted the notice of his chief , Sir Roderick Murchison , with whom he formed a lifelong friendship , and whose biographer he subsequently became . With Murchison some of his earliest work was done on the complicated regions of the schists of the Scottish Highlands ; and the small geological map of Scotland published in 1862 was their joint work : a larger map was issued by Geikie in 1892 . In 1863 he published an important essay On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland , in Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow , in which the effects of ice action in that country were for the first time clearly and connectedly delineated . In 1865 Geikies Scenery of Scotland ( 3rd edition , 1901 ) was published , which was , he claimed , the first attempt to elucidate in some detail the history of the topography of a country . In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . At this time the Edinburgh school of geologists , prominent among them Sir Andrew Ramsay , with his Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain were maintaining the supreme importance of denudation in the configuration of land surfaces , and particularly the erosion of valleys by the action of running water . Geikies book , based on extensive personal knowledge of the country , was an able contribution to the doctrines of the Edinburgh school , of which he himself soon began to rank as one of the leaders . In 1880 , he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society . Geological Survey . In 1867 , when a separate branch of the Geological Survey was established for Scotland , he was appointed director . On the foundation of the Murchison professorship of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh in 1871 , he became the first occupant of the chair . He continued to hold these two appointments until 1881 . In that year , he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London and he succeeded Sir Andrew Ramsey in the joint offices of Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and Director of the Museum of Practical Geology , London , from which he retired in February 1901 . A feature of his tenure of office was the impetus given to microscopic petrography , a branch of geology to which he had devoted special study , by a splendid collection of thin sections of British rocks . Later he wrote two Survey Memoirs , The Geology of Central and Western Fife and Kinross ( 1900 ) , and The Geology of Eastern Fife ( 1902 ) . From the outset of his career , when he started to investigate the geology of Skye and other of the Western Isles , he took a keen interest in volcanic geology , and in 1871 he brought before the Geological Society of London an outline of the Tertiary volcanic history of Britain . Many difficult problems , however , remained to be solved . Here he was greatly aided by his extensive travels not only throughout Europe , but in western America . While the canyons of the Colorado River confirmed his long-standing views on erosion , the volcanic regions of Wyoming , Montana and Utah supplied him with valuable data in explanation of volcanic phenomena . The results of his further researches were given in an essay entitled The History of Volcanic Action during the Tertiary Period in the British Isles , in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( 1888 ) . His views on volcanic geology were delivered in his presidential addresses to the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 and afterward embodied in his book The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain ( 1897 ) . Other results of his travels are collected in Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) . Writings . Geikie wrote a biography of Edward Forbes ( with G Wilson ) , and biographies of his predecessors Sir Roderick Impey Murchison ( two volumes , 1875 ) and Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) . His book Founders of Geology consists of the inaugural course of lectures ( founded by Mrs George Huntington Williams ) at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , delivered in 1897 . In 1897 he issued a Geological Map of England and Wales , with Descriptive Notes . In 1898 he delivered the Romanes Lectures , which was published under the title of Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature . The study of physical geography in Great Britain improved largely due to his efforts . Among his works on this subject is The Teaching of Geography ( 1887 ) . His other books include Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) and Landscape in History and other Essays ( 1905 ) . His Birds of Shakespeare was published in 1916 . Honours and awards . Geikie was Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1894 , Joint Secretary from 1903 to 1908 and elected President in 1909 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1896 . He was President of the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 , and again in 1906 and 1907 . He was also President of the British Association in 1892 . He received the honorary Doctor of Laws ( LL.D ) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901 . He received a knighthood in 1891 , the Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1907 and the Order of Merit in 1914 . In 1905 he received the RSGS Livingstone Medal . Dorsa Geikie , a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon , and the mineral geikielite , a magnesium-titanium oxide , are both named after him , as is Geikie Gorge in the Napier Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , Mount Geikie in the Canadian Rockies , Geikie Peak in the Grand Canyon , and the Geikie Slide in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Scotland . Death . He died at his home , Shepherds Down in Haslemere , Surrey and is buried there in the village churchyard . He had married in 1871 Alice Gabrielle Anne Marie Pignatel , daughter of Eugene Pignatel of Lyons ; they had a son Roderick ( killed in early life ) and three daughters , Lucie , Elsie and Gabrielle ( also commemorated on an attachment to Geikies memorial . Selected bibliography . - The Story of a Boulder : Or Gleanings from a Note-book of a Field Geologist ( 1858 ) - Physical Geography ( 1877 ) - Textbook of Geology – First edition ( 1882 ) – Second edition ( 1885 ) – Third edition ( 1893 ) - Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) - An Elementary Geography of the British Isles ( 1888 ) - Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) - The Ancient Volcanoes of Britain , 2 volumes ( 1897 ) - Types of Scenery and Their Influence on Literature ( 1898 ) - The Founders of Geology – First edition ( 1897 ) – Second edition ( 1905 ) - Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography ( 1903 ) - Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) - Landscape in History and Other Essays ( 1905 ) - Annals of the Royal Society Club ( 1917 ) External links . - Sir Archibald Geikie O.M . K.C.B.– Museum site with extensive biographical material , including pictures - by Sir Archibald Geikie - The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the notebook of a field geologist by Sir Archibald Geikie , 1858 - Biographical details on the site of Haslemere Educational Museum
[ "Joint Secretary", "President of the Geological Society of London" ]	easy	Which position did Archibald Geikie hold from 1906 to 1908?	/wiki/Archibald_Geikie#P39#1	Archibald Geikie Sir Archibald Geikie ( 28 December 183510 November 1924 ) was a Scottish geologist and writer . Early life . Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835 , the eldest son of Isabella Thom and her husband James Stuart Geikie , a musician and music critic . The elder brother of James Geikie , he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh . Career . In 1855 was appointed an assistant on the British Geological Survey . Wielding the pen with no less facility than the hammer , he inaugurated his long list of works with The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the Note-Book of a Geologist ( 1858 ) . His ability at once attracted the notice of his chief , Sir Roderick Murchison , with whom he formed a lifelong friendship , and whose biographer he subsequently became . With Murchison some of his earliest work was done on the complicated regions of the schists of the Scottish Highlands ; and the small geological map of Scotland published in 1862 was their joint work : a larger map was issued by Geikie in 1892 . In 1863 he published an important essay On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland , in Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow , in which the effects of ice action in that country were for the first time clearly and connectedly delineated . In 1865 Geikies Scenery of Scotland ( 3rd edition , 1901 ) was published , which was , he claimed , the first attempt to elucidate in some detail the history of the topography of a country . In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . At this time the Edinburgh school of geologists , prominent among them Sir Andrew Ramsay , with his Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain were maintaining the supreme importance of denudation in the configuration of land surfaces , and particularly the erosion of valleys by the action of running water . Geikies book , based on extensive personal knowledge of the country , was an able contribution to the doctrines of the Edinburgh school , of which he himself soon began to rank as one of the leaders . In 1880 , he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society . Geological Survey . In 1867 , when a separate branch of the Geological Survey was established for Scotland , he was appointed director . On the foundation of the Murchison professorship of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh in 1871 , he became the first occupant of the chair . He continued to hold these two appointments until 1881 . In that year , he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London and he succeeded Sir Andrew Ramsey in the joint offices of Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and Director of the Museum of Practical Geology , London , from which he retired in February 1901 . A feature of his tenure of office was the impetus given to microscopic petrography , a branch of geology to which he had devoted special study , by a splendid collection of thin sections of British rocks . Later he wrote two Survey Memoirs , The Geology of Central and Western Fife and Kinross ( 1900 ) , and The Geology of Eastern Fife ( 1902 ) . From the outset of his career , when he started to investigate the geology of Skye and other of the Western Isles , he took a keen interest in volcanic geology , and in 1871 he brought before the Geological Society of London an outline of the Tertiary volcanic history of Britain . Many difficult problems , however , remained to be solved . Here he was greatly aided by his extensive travels not only throughout Europe , but in western America . While the canyons of the Colorado River confirmed his long-standing views on erosion , the volcanic regions of Wyoming , Montana and Utah supplied him with valuable data in explanation of volcanic phenomena . The results of his further researches were given in an essay entitled The History of Volcanic Action during the Tertiary Period in the British Isles , in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( 1888 ) . His views on volcanic geology were delivered in his presidential addresses to the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 and afterward embodied in his book The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain ( 1897 ) . Other results of his travels are collected in Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) . Writings . Geikie wrote a biography of Edward Forbes ( with G Wilson ) , and biographies of his predecessors Sir Roderick Impey Murchison ( two volumes , 1875 ) and Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) . His book Founders of Geology consists of the inaugural course of lectures ( founded by Mrs George Huntington Williams ) at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , delivered in 1897 . In 1897 he issued a Geological Map of England and Wales , with Descriptive Notes . In 1898 he delivered the Romanes Lectures , which was published under the title of Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature . The study of physical geography in Great Britain improved largely due to his efforts . Among his works on this subject is The Teaching of Geography ( 1887 ) . His other books include Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) and Landscape in History and other Essays ( 1905 ) . His Birds of Shakespeare was published in 1916 . Honours and awards . Geikie was Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1894 , Joint Secretary from 1903 to 1908 and elected President in 1909 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1896 . He was President of the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 , and again in 1906 and 1907 . He was also President of the British Association in 1892 . He received the honorary Doctor of Laws ( LL.D ) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901 . He received a knighthood in 1891 , the Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1907 and the Order of Merit in 1914 . In 1905 he received the RSGS Livingstone Medal . Dorsa Geikie , a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon , and the mineral geikielite , a magnesium-titanium oxide , are both named after him , as is Geikie Gorge in the Napier Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , Mount Geikie in the Canadian Rockies , Geikie Peak in the Grand Canyon , and the Geikie Slide in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Scotland . Death . He died at his home , Shepherds Down in Haslemere , Surrey and is buried there in the village churchyard . He had married in 1871 Alice Gabrielle Anne Marie Pignatel , daughter of Eugene Pignatel of Lyons ; they had a son Roderick ( killed in early life ) and three daughters , Lucie , Elsie and Gabrielle ( also commemorated on an attachment to Geikies memorial . Selected bibliography . - The Story of a Boulder : Or Gleanings from a Note-book of a Field Geologist ( 1858 ) - Physical Geography ( 1877 ) - Textbook of Geology – First edition ( 1882 ) – Second edition ( 1885 ) – Third edition ( 1893 ) - Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) - An Elementary Geography of the British Isles ( 1888 ) - Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) - The Ancient Volcanoes of Britain , 2 volumes ( 1897 ) - Types of Scenery and Their Influence on Literature ( 1898 ) - The Founders of Geology – First edition ( 1897 ) – Second edition ( 1905 ) - Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography ( 1903 ) - Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) - Landscape in History and Other Essays ( 1905 ) - Annals of the Royal Society Club ( 1917 ) External links . - Sir Archibald Geikie O.M . K.C.B.– Museum site with extensive biographical material , including pictures - by Sir Archibald Geikie - The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the notebook of a field geologist by Sir Archibald Geikie , 1858 - Biographical details on the site of Haslemere Educational Museum
[ "President" ]	easy	What position did Archibald Geikie take from 1908 to 1913?	/wiki/Archibald_Geikie#P39#2	Archibald Geikie Sir Archibald Geikie ( 28 December 183510 November 1924 ) was a Scottish geologist and writer . Early life . Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835 , the eldest son of Isabella Thom and her husband James Stuart Geikie , a musician and music critic . The elder brother of James Geikie , he was educated at Edinburgh High School and University of Edinburgh . Career . In 1855 was appointed an assistant on the British Geological Survey . Wielding the pen with no less facility than the hammer , he inaugurated his long list of works with The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the Note-Book of a Geologist ( 1858 ) . His ability at once attracted the notice of his chief , Sir Roderick Murchison , with whom he formed a lifelong friendship , and whose biographer he subsequently became . With Murchison some of his earliest work was done on the complicated regions of the schists of the Scottish Highlands ; and the small geological map of Scotland published in 1862 was their joint work : a larger map was issued by Geikie in 1892 . In 1863 he published an important essay On the Phenomena of the Glacial Drift of Scotland , in Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow , in which the effects of ice action in that country were for the first time clearly and connectedly delineated . In 1865 Geikies Scenery of Scotland ( 3rd edition , 1901 ) was published , which was , he claimed , the first attempt to elucidate in some detail the history of the topography of a country . In the same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . At this time the Edinburgh school of geologists , prominent among them Sir Andrew Ramsay , with his Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain were maintaining the supreme importance of denudation in the configuration of land surfaces , and particularly the erosion of valleys by the action of running water . Geikies book , based on extensive personal knowledge of the country , was an able contribution to the doctrines of the Edinburgh school , of which he himself soon began to rank as one of the leaders . In 1880 , he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society . Geological Survey . In 1867 , when a separate branch of the Geological Survey was established for Scotland , he was appointed director . On the foundation of the Murchison professorship of geology and mineralogy at the University of Edinburgh in 1871 , he became the first occupant of the chair . He continued to hold these two appointments until 1881 . In that year , he was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London and he succeeded Sir Andrew Ramsey in the joint offices of Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom and Director of the Museum of Practical Geology , London , from which he retired in February 1901 . A feature of his tenure of office was the impetus given to microscopic petrography , a branch of geology to which he had devoted special study , by a splendid collection of thin sections of British rocks . Later he wrote two Survey Memoirs , The Geology of Central and Western Fife and Kinross ( 1900 ) , and The Geology of Eastern Fife ( 1902 ) . From the outset of his career , when he started to investigate the geology of Skye and other of the Western Isles , he took a keen interest in volcanic geology , and in 1871 he brought before the Geological Society of London an outline of the Tertiary volcanic history of Britain . Many difficult problems , however , remained to be solved . Here he was greatly aided by his extensive travels not only throughout Europe , but in western America . While the canyons of the Colorado River confirmed his long-standing views on erosion , the volcanic regions of Wyoming , Montana and Utah supplied him with valuable data in explanation of volcanic phenomena . The results of his further researches were given in an essay entitled The History of Volcanic Action during the Tertiary Period in the British Isles , in Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ( 1888 ) . His views on volcanic geology were delivered in his presidential addresses to the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 and afterward embodied in his book The Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain ( 1897 ) . Other results of his travels are collected in Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) . Writings . Geikie wrote a biography of Edward Forbes ( with G Wilson ) , and biographies of his predecessors Sir Roderick Impey Murchison ( two volumes , 1875 ) and Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) . His book Founders of Geology consists of the inaugural course of lectures ( founded by Mrs George Huntington Williams ) at Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , delivered in 1897 . In 1897 he issued a Geological Map of England and Wales , with Descriptive Notes . In 1898 he delivered the Romanes Lectures , which was published under the title of Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature . The study of physical geography in Great Britain improved largely due to his efforts . Among his works on this subject is The Teaching of Geography ( 1887 ) . His other books include Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) and Landscape in History and other Essays ( 1905 ) . His Birds of Shakespeare was published in 1916 . Honours and awards . Geikie was Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society from 1890 to 1894 , Joint Secretary from 1903 to 1908 and elected President in 1909 and awarded their Royal Medal in 1896 . He was President of the Geological Society of London in 1891 and 1892 , and again in 1906 and 1907 . He was also President of the British Association in 1892 . He received the honorary Doctor of Laws ( LL.D ) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901 . He received a knighthood in 1891 , the Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1907 and the Order of Merit in 1914 . In 1905 he received the RSGS Livingstone Medal . Dorsa Geikie , a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon , and the mineral geikielite , a magnesium-titanium oxide , are both named after him , as is Geikie Gorge in the Napier Range in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , Mount Geikie in the Canadian Rockies , Geikie Peak in the Grand Canyon , and the Geikie Slide in the Atlantic Ocean northwest of Scotland . Death . He died at his home , Shepherds Down in Haslemere , Surrey and is buried there in the village churchyard . He had married in 1871 Alice Gabrielle Anne Marie Pignatel , daughter of Eugene Pignatel of Lyons ; they had a son Roderick ( killed in early life ) and three daughters , Lucie , Elsie and Gabrielle ( also commemorated on an attachment to Geikies memorial . Selected bibliography . - The Story of a Boulder : Or Gleanings from a Note-book of a Field Geologist ( 1858 ) - Physical Geography ( 1877 ) - Textbook of Geology – First edition ( 1882 ) – Second edition ( 1885 ) – Third edition ( 1893 ) - Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad ( 1882 ) - An Elementary Geography of the British Isles ( 1888 ) - Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay ( 1895 ) - The Ancient Volcanoes of Britain , 2 volumes ( 1897 ) - Types of Scenery and Their Influence on Literature ( 1898 ) - The Founders of Geology – First edition ( 1897 ) – Second edition ( 1905 ) - Elementary Lessons in Physical Geography ( 1903 ) - Scottish Reminiscences ( 1904 ) - Landscape in History and Other Essays ( 1905 ) - Annals of the Royal Society Club ( 1917 ) External links . - Sir Archibald Geikie O.M . K.C.B.– Museum site with extensive biographical material , including pictures - by Sir Archibald Geikie - The Story of a Boulder ; or , Gleanings from the notebook of a field geologist by Sir Archibald Geikie , 1858 - Biographical details on the site of Haslemere Educational Museum
[ "Councillor for the London" ]	easy	Sadiq Khan took which position from 1994 to 2006?	/wiki/Sadiq_Khan#P39#0	Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan ( ; born 8 October 1970 ) is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016 . He previously was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016 . A member of the Labour Party , Khan is on the partys soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat . Born in Tooting , South London , to a working-class British Pakistani family , Khan earned a law degree from the University of North London . He subsequently worked as a solicitor specialising in human rights issues and chaired the Liberty advocacy group for three years . Joining the Labour Party , Khan was a Councillor for the London Borough of Wandsworth from 1994 to 2006 before being elected MP for Tooting at the 2005 general election . He was openly critical of several policies of Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair , including the 2003 invasion of Iraq and new anti-terror legislation . Under Blairs successor Gordon Brown , Khan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in 2008 , later becoming Minister of State for Transport . A key ally of the next Labour leader , Ed Miliband , he served in Milibands Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice , Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Minister for London . Khan was elected Mayor of London at the 2016 mayoral election , defeating the Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith , and resigned as an MP . As Mayor , he implemented the Hopper fare for unlimited bus and tram journeys for an hour , increased the cost and the area covered by the London congestion charge , and introduced new charges ( the ULEZ and the T-Charge ) for older and more polluting vehicles driving in the city . He also backed expansion at London City Airport and Gatwick Airport . He was a vocal supporter of the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe and Peoples Vote campaigns for the UK to remain in the European Union , and attracted international attention for his Twitter arguments with United States President Donald Trump . He established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm following the 2020 George Floyd protests . Although Khan initially froze some Transport for London ( TfL ) fares , he has implemented transport fare rises since 2021 in return for a £1.6 billion bailout from the UK Government during the COVID-19 pandemic . He was re-elected as Mayor in May 2021 , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . He has been included in the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world . Khan has been praised for making Londons transport more accessible , and reducing the number of polluting vehicles in central London ; however , he has been criticised for the rise of knife crime and his response to crime in London . Early life . Sadiq Aman Khan was born on 8 October 1970 at St Georges Hospital in Tooting , South London to a working-class Sunni Muslim family . His grandparents migrated from Lucknow in United Provinces , British India to Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947 . His father Amanullah and mother Sehrun arrived in London from Pakistan in 1968 . Khan was the fifth of eight children , seven of whom were boys . In London , Amanullah worked as a bus driver and Sehrun as a seamstress . Khan and his siblings grew up in a three-bedroom council flat on the Henry Prince Estate in Earlsfield . He attended Fircroft Primary School and then Ernest Bevin School , a local comprehensive . Khan studied science and mathematics at A-level , in the hope of eventually becoming a dentist . A teacher recommended that he read law instead , as he had an argumentative personality . The teachers suggestion , along with the American television programme L.A . Law , inspired Khan to do so . He read Law at the University of North London ( now London Metropolitan University ) . His parents later moved out of their council flat and purchased their own home . Like his brothers , Khan was a fan of sport , particularly enjoying football , cricket , and boxing . From his earliest years , Khan worked : I was surrounded by my mum and dad working all the time , so as soon as I could get a job , I got a job . I got a paper round , a Saturday job—some summers I laboured on a building site . The family continues to send money to relatives in Pakistan , because were blessed being in this country . He and his family often encountered racism , which led to him and his brothers taking up boxing at the Earlsfield Amateur Boxing Club . While studying for his degree , between the ages of 18 and 21 , he had a Saturday job at the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square . Legal career . Before entering the House of Commons in 2005 , Khan practised as a solicitor . After completing his law degree in 1991 , Khan took his Law Society finals at the College of Law in Guildford . In 1994 he married Saadiya Ahmed , who was also a solicitor . Also in 1994 , Khan became a trainee solicitor at a firm of solicitors called Christian Fisher ; the firm undertook mainly legal aid cases . The partners were Michael Fisher and Louise Christian . Khan became a partner at the firm in 1997 , and like Christian , specialised in human rights law . When Fisher left in 2002 , the firm was renamed Christian Khan . Khan left the firm in 2004 , after he became the prospective Labour candidate for the Tooting parliamentary constituency . During his legal career , he acted in actions against employment and discrimination law , judicial reviews , inquests , the police , and crime , and was involved in cases including the following : - Bubbins vs The United Kingdom ( European Court of Human Rights – shooting of an unarmed individual by police marksmen ) - HSU and Thompson v Met Police ( wrongful arrest/police damages ) - Reeves v Met Police ( duty of care to prisoners ) - Murray v CAB ( discrimination ) - Ahmed v University of Oxford ( racial discrimination against a student ) - Dr Jadhav v Secretary of State for Health ( racial discrimination in the employment of Indian doctors by the health service ) - CI Logan v Met Police ( racial discrimination ) - Supt Dizaei v Met Police ( police damages , discrimination ) - Inquest into the death of David Rocky Bennett ( use of restraints ) - Lead solicitor on Mayday demonstration 2001 test case litigation ( Human Rights Act ) - Farrakhan v Home Secretary ( Human Rights Act ) : in 2001 , Khan represented the American Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in the High Court and overturned a ban on him entering the United Kingdom , first imposed in 1986 . The government subsequently won on appeal . - In February 2000 , Khan represented a group of Kurdish actors who were arrested by Metropolitan Police during a rehearsal of the Harold Pinter play Mountain Language , securing £150,000 in damages for the group for their wrongful arrest and the trauma caused by the arrest . - McDowell and Taylor v Met Police : Leroy McDowell and Wayne Taylor successfully sued the Metropolitan Police for assault and false imprisonment . - Represented Maajid Nawaz , Reza Pankhurst and Ian Nisbet in Egyptian court when they were arrested on charges of trying to revive Hizb ut-Tahrir . Parliamentary career . First term : 2005–2010 . Before entering Parliament , Khan represented Tooting as a councillor on Wandsworth Council from 1994 to 2006 , and was granted the title of Honorary Alderman of Wandsworth upon his retirement from local politics . In 2003 , Tooting Constituency Labour Party decided to open its parliamentary selection to all interested candidates , including the incumbent MP since 1974 , Tom Cox . This prompted Cox , then in his mid-70s , to announce his retirement rather than risk de-selection . In the subsequent selection contest , Khan defeated five other local candidates to become Labours candidate for the seat . He was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election . Khan was one of the Labour MPs who led the successful opposition to Prime Minister Tony Blairs proposed introduction of 90 days detention without charge for those suspected of terrorism offences . In recognition of this , The Spectator—a right-wing magazine then edited by Boris Johnson—awarded him the Newcomer of the Year Award at the 2005 Parliamentarian of the Year Awards . The magazines editorial board stated that he had received the award for the tough-mindedness and clarity with which he has spoken about the very difficult issues of Islamic terror . In August 2006 , he was a signatory of an open letter to Tony Blair that was signed by prominent Muslims and published in The Guardian . The letter criticised UK foreign policy and in particular the 2003 invasion of Iraq , stating that Blairs policies had caused great harm to civilians in the Middle East and provided ammunition to extremists who threaten us all . Khan had to repay £500 in expenses in 2007 in relation to a newsletter sent to constituents featuring a Labour rose , which was deemed to be unduly prominent . While the content of the newsletter was not deemed to be party political , the rose logo was found to be unduly prominent which may have had the effect of promoting a political party . There was no suggestion that Khan had deliberately or dishonestly compiled his expenses claims , which were not explicitly disallowed under the rules at that time . The rules were retrospectively changed disallowing the claim , which had previously been approved by the House of Commons authorities . On 3 February 2008 , The Sunday Times claimed that a conversation between Khan and prisoner Babar Ahmad – a constituent accused of involvement in terrorism – at Woodhill Prison in Milton Keynes had been bugged by the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch . An inquiry was launched by the Justice Secretary , Jack Straw . There was concern that the bugging contravened the Wilson Doctrine that police should not bug MPs . The report concluded that the doctrine did not apply because it affected only bugging requiring approval by the Home Secretary , while in Khans case the monitoring was authorised by a senior police officer . The Home Secretary , Jacqui Smith , then announced a further policy review and said the bugging of discussions between MPs and their constituents should be banned . In June 2007 , Blair stood down as both Prime Minister and Labour Party leader , to be replaced by Gordon Brown . Brown thought highly of Khan , who moved up the parliamentary ranks under Browns Premiership . Brown made Khan a party whip , who was therefore charged with ensuring that Labour-sponsored legislation made it through the parliamentary process to become law . In July 2008 , Khan helped push through a government proposal to permit the detention of those suspected of terror offenses for 42 days without charge . For his part in this , Khan was criticised by Libertys Shami Chakrabarti and others , who claimed that Khan had contravened his principles on civil liberties issues . On Prime Minister Gordon Browns Cabinet reshuffle of 3 October 2008 , Khan was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In 2008 , the Fabian Society published Khans book , Fairness Not Favours . In this work , Khan argued that the Labour Party had to reconnect with British Muslims , arguing that it had lost the trust of this community as a result of the Iraq War . He also said that British Muslims had their own part to play in reconnecting with politicians , arguing that they needed to rid themselves of a victim mentality and take greater responsibility for their own community . In the House of Commons in January 2009 , Khan criticised Pope Benedict XVI for the rehabilitation of Bishop Richard Williamson following his remarks about the Holocaust , a move he described as highly unsavoury and of great concern . In June 2009 he was promoted to Minister of State for Transport . In what was believed to be a first for an MP , Khan used his Twitter account to self-announce his promotion . Though Khan was not a member of the cabinet , he attended meetings for agenda items covering his policy area , thus becoming the first Muslim to sit in on the British Cabinet . As Transport Minister , Khan supported plans to expand Heathrow Airport with the addition of a third runway . During this period , Khan served as chairman of the socialist Fabian Society , remaining on its Executive Committee . In 2009 , he won the Jenny Jeger Award ( Best Fabian Pamphlet ) for his writing Fairness not Favours : How to re-connect with British Muslims . In March 2010 , Khan publicly stated that for a second successive year he would not be taking a pay rise as an MP or Minister , declaring At a time when many people in Tooting and throughout the country are having to accept pay freezes I dont think its appropriate for MPs to accept a pay rise . Second and third term : 2010–2016 . In 2010 , Khan was re-elected as the MP for Tooting despite a swing against his party of 3.6% and a halving of his previous majority . His campaign in Tooting had been supported by Harris Bokhari , who reportedly used anti-Ahmadiyya sentiment to mobilise Muslim voters at a mosque in Tooting to vote for Khan instead of the Liberal Democrat candidate , Nasser Butt , an Ahmadiyya . In 2019 , Bokhari was appointed to join Khans new Diversity , Equality and Inclusion Advisory Group . In the subsequent Labour leadership election Khan was an early backer of Ed Miliband , becoming his campaign manager . In the wake of Labours 2010 election defeat , Acting Leader Harriet Harman appointed Khan Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Khan orchestrated Ed Milibands successful campaign to become Labour leader , and was appointed to the senior roles of Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Justice Secretary . In April 2010 it was revealed that Khan had repaid falsely claimed expenses on two occasions , when literature was sent to his constituents . The first incident concerned letters sent out before the 2010 General Election which were ruled to have the unintentional effect of promoting his return to office , the second a £2,550 repayment for Christmas , Eid , and birthday cards for constituents , dating back to 2006 . Under House of Commons rules , pre-paid envelopes and official stationery can only be used for official parliamentary business . Khans claim for the greetings cards was initially rejected , but he presented a new invoice no longer identifying the nature of the claim , and this was accepted . Khan attributed the improper claim for the cards to inexperience and human error and apologised for breaking the expenses rules . In early 2013 , Miliband appointed Khan as the Shadow Minister for London , a position that he held in addition to his other responsibilities . In December 2013 , the Fabian Society published a collection of essays edited by Khan that was titled Our London . Khan was also tasked with overseeing Labours campaign for the 2014 London local elections , in which the party advanced its control in the city , gaining hold of twenty of the thirty-two boroughs . By this point , there was much talk of Khan making a bid for the London Mayoralty in 2016 , when incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson would be stepping down . His options were affected by the outcome of the 2015 general election ; if Labour won , then he would be expected to become a government minister , but if they lost then he would be free to pursue the Mayoralty . In December 2015 , Khan voted against the Cameron governments plans to expand the bombing of targets in the Islamic State . Polls had suggested that Labour could be the largest party in a hung parliament following the 2015 general election , but ultimately the Conservatives secured victory . In the vote , Khan was returned for a third term as MP for Tooting , defeating his Conservative rival by 2,842 votes . He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 , but has said that he was no patsy to Corbyn and would stand up to him . He later stated that he nominated Corbyn to broaden the debate but did not then vote for him . On 9 May 2016 , Khan resigned as an MP by his appointment to the ancient office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of The Three Chiltern Hundreds , a customary practice in the UK . This triggered a by-election in Tooting to be held in June 2016 . He is regularly named among the Top 100 London politicians in the London Evening Standards annual poll of the 1,000 most influential Londoners and is an Ambassador for Mosaic Network , an initiative set up by Prince Charles . Mayor of London . In 2016 , Sadiq Khan ran to become the mayor of London and was elected with 57% of the vote . He is Londons first Muslim mayor and first ethnic minority mayor . Khan was officially sworn in as Mayor in a multi-faith ceremony held in Southwark Cathedral the following day . His first act as mayor was his appearance at a Holocaust memorial ceremony in a rugby stadium in North London , although due to delays with the results of the election , he officially took office on 9 May . 2016 candidacy . Nomination as Labour candidate . After Labours defeat at the 2015 general election , Khan resigned from the Shadow Cabinet . He then announced himself as a candidate to be the Labour nominee for the London Mayoral elections of 2016 . Khan soon gained the support of prominent figures in the party , including former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , who was on Labours leftist , socialist wing , and Oona King , who was on its centrist , Blairite wing . He also received the backing of the Labour-affiliated GMB and Unite unions , and the nomination of 44 of Labours 73 parliamentary constituent parties in London , leaving him as one of the top two contenders . Khans main rival was Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith ; Khan described him as a spoiled dilettante who never finishes anything he starts . A YouGov poll for LBC suggested that while the other main contender to be the Labour nominee , Tessa Jowell , would defeat Goldsmith in a mayoral election , Khan would not . In hustings , Khan placed an emphasis on his working-class origins , which would play against Jowells wealthier upbringing , and argued for the need for change in London , thereby insinuating that Jowell would represent too much continuity with the outgoing Johnson administration . In September 2015 , Khan was announced as the winning nominee . He gained 48,152 votes ( 58.9% ) against Jowells 35,573 ( 41.1% ) . He was the favourite candidate in all three voting categories ; Labour Party members , members of affiliated trade unions and organisations , and registered supporters who had paid £3 in order to vote . Campaign . Khan vowed that if elected , he would freeze public transport fares in London for four years . He claimed that this would deprive Transport for London ( TfL ) of £452 million , but TfL stated that it would deprive them of £1.9 billion , taking into account projected population growth over this period . Although he had previously backed Heathrow expansion , he now opposed it , instead calling for expansion at Gatwick Airport ; he was likely aware that supporting the former was a vote loser in London . Aware of the severe housing shortage in London , he also spoke of clamping down on foreign property investors , and proposed the establishment of both a London living rent tenure and a not-for-profit lettings agency that could undercut commercial operators in order to ease the high cost of renting in the city . He also called for house building on land owned by TfL , insisting that at least 50% of those constructed should be genuinely affordable . The YouGov poll had revealed that 31% of Londoners stated that they would not be comfortable with a Muslim mayor . Aware that many voters were suspicious regarding the loyalties of British Muslims to the British state , Khan emphasised his commitment to liberal social values . As part of this , he declared his opposition to homophobia , and said that he would have zero tolerance for anti-Semitism . He openly condemned Islamic extremism and called on the Muslim community to take a leading role in combating it , although at the same time acknowledged the Islamophobia that many British Muslims faced . He also distanced himself from Corbyn , rebuking Labours socialist leader for his links to armed anti-Israel groups , and criticising him for not singing the national anthem at an event commemorating the Battle of Britain . Concerned that Corbyns socialist platform was alienating many of Londons businesses , Khan declared that he would be the most pro-business mayor ever , and met with groups such as the Federation of Small Businesses and City of London Corporation . He also ensured that his campaign was run entirely separate from Corbyn . Conversely , Goldsmiths Conservative campaign emphasised connections between Khan and Corbyn . Both the Conservative campaign and several Conservative-aligned newspapers sought to tar Khan as an apologist for , or even sympathiser with , Islamic extremism . International press sources often focused on his religious identity , with many right-wing American media outlets reacting with horror at his election . Khan won the election with 57% of the vote . The 1.3 million votes he received are the largest any UK politician has personally received to date . Various press sources noted that Khans election made him the first actively affiliated Muslim to become mayor of a major Western capital . Re-election . In 2021 , Khan was re-elected for a second term , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . It is expected that he will continue to serve as Mayor until at least 2024 . Mayoralty . In August 2016 , Khan declared his support for Owen Smiths failed bid to oust Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party . Although describing him as a principled Labour man , Khan said that Corbyn had failed to gain popularity with the electorate and that Labour would not win a general election under Corbyns leadership . On 8 January 2021 , Khan announced a planned council tax rise of 9.5% to help fund policing and free transport for pensioners and schoolchildren in London . Mr Khans proposal would see an overall increase of 9.5% or £31.59 a year for an average Band D council tax payer . Since his first budget in 2017–18 , Mr Khan has increased the Greater London Authoritys council tax precept by 31% , from £280 a year to £363.66 a year for a Band D property . On the same day , Khan also ordered London residents to cease travelling after he declared the COVID-19 crisis in London a major incident with out of control spread , as infection rates for London were estimated to be around 1 in 30 , with highs of 1 in 20 in some parts of the city . European Union and Brexit . In the buildup to the referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the European Union ( EU ) , Khan was a vocal supporter of the Remain camp . He agreed to attend a Britain Stronger in Europe campaign event with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to demonstrate cross-party support for remaining within the EU , for which he was criticised by Labour Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell , who claimed that sharing a platform with the Conservatives discredits us . After the murder of MP Jo Cox during the campaign , Khan called for the country to pause and reflect on the manner in which the Leave and Remain camps had been approaching the debate , stating that it had been marred by a climate of hatred , of poison , of negativity , of cynicism . Following the success of the Leave vote , Khan insisted that all EU citizens living in London were welcome in the city and that he was grateful for the contribution that they made to it . He endorsed the Metropolitan Polices We Stand Together campaign to combat the rise in racial abuse following the referendum , and later backed the London is Open campaign to encourage businesses , artists , and performers to continue coming to the city despite Brexit . On 20 October 2018 , Khan marched with Peoples Vote protestors from Park Lane to Parliament Square in support of a referendum on the final Brexit deal . The march was started by Khan and featured speeches by Delia Smith and Steve Coogan . The organisers of the march said that almost 700,000 people took part . Police stated that they were unable to estimate the numbers involved and a later police debriefing document prepared by Khans Greater London Authority estimated the number to be 250,000 . On 23 March 2019 , Khan took part in the Put It to the People march in London in support of a second Brexit referendum . Khan addressed a rally at the end of the march alongside SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon , Conservative peer Michael Heseltine , former Attorney General Dominic Grieve , Labours deputy leader Tom Watson , and MPs Jess Phillips , Justine Greening and David Lammy . Diversity issues . While fasting for the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in 2016 , Khan declared that he would use the period as an opportunity to help break down the mystique and suspicion surrounding Islam in Britain and help to get out there and build bridges between communities , organising iftars to be held at synagogues , churches , and mosques . He then appeared at a Trafalgar Square celebration of Eid al-Fitr , endorsing religious freedom and lambasting criminals who do bad things and use the name of Islam to justify what they do . Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Khan attended a vigil in Old Compton Street , Soho , and insisted that he will do everything in [ his ] power to ensure that LGBT Londoners feel safe in every part of our city ; later that month he marched in the LGBT Pride London parade . In June 2020 , during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom , protesters sprayed graffiti on the Statue of Winston Churchill , Parliament Square over two successive days , including , following the inscription Churchill , the words was a racist . As a result , Khan controversially announced that he had ordered the statue to be temporarily covered up to preserve it from further vandalism . On 9 June 2020 , in response to the unrest , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm in to do so . Khans Diversity Commission is tasked with reviewing Londons statues , street names , monuments , sculptures , artworks and other landmarks , with the potential for removal . The commission is in response to the anti-racist protests which saw protesters topple a Statue of Edward Colston in Bristol , whilst also defacing a number of statues across the country . That evening the statue of Robert Milligan , a merchant and slave trader , outside the Museum of London Docklands was removed by the local authority and the Canal & River Trust . On 11 June 2020 , a joint statement from the Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust announced that the Statue of Robert Clayton , together with that of Thomas Guy , would be removed from public view and that they would work with Khan on the issue . Transport policies . On transport , Khan immediately announced the introduction of a Hopper bus ticket which would allow a passenger to take two bus and tram journeys within an hour for the price of one ; it was intended to benefit those on low incomes most . In January 2018 , this system was upgraded to offer unlimited journeys and allowing travel on Tube or rail services in between . In June 2016 , Khan announced that his electoral pledge to prevent transport fare rises would only apply to single fares and pay as you go fares , and not daily , monthly , weekly , or yearly railcards ; he was widely criticised for this . That same month , he ordered TfL to ban any advertising on its network that was deemed to body shame or demean women . In July he urged the government to allow TfL to take control of the failing Southern rail service , and in August launched the 24-hour Night Tube service on Fridays and Saturdays , an idea initially proposed by Johnson . Khan backed expansion of London City Airport , removing the block on this instituted by Johnsons administration ; environmentalist campaigners like Siân Berry stated that this was a breach of Khans pledge to be Londons greenest ever mayor . Opposing expansion at Heathrow Airport , he urged Prime Minister Theresa May to instead support expansion at Gatwick Airport , stating that to do so would bring substantial economic benefits to London . In August 2020 , Khan announced that Crossrail , a new east–west rail link through the centre of London , referred to as the Elizabeth Line , has been delayed again until 2022 , requiring an additional £1.1 billion in funding to complete the project . The line was originally due to open in 2018 COVID-19 pandemic and government bailout . During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 , Khan was criticized for closing stations and reducing services on the tube network resulting in overcrowding and putting key workers travelling to work at risk . On 17 March 2020 Khan announced the London Underground would begin running a reduced service due to the virus . Khan shut down the Waterloo & City line , several tube stations and the Night Tube . From 20 March , 40 tube stations were closed . On 22 April , Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of April unless Boris Johnsons government stepped in . Two days later , TfL announced it was furloughing around 7,000 employees , about a quarter of its staff , to help mitigate a 90% reduction in fare revenues . On 7 May , Transport for London , the capitals transport authority which Khan chairs , requested a £2 billion government bail-out to keep services running until September 2020 . Without an agreement with the government , deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a Section 114 notice – the equivalent of a public body going bust . On 14 May , Khan and UK Government agreed a £1.6 billion emergency funding package to keep Tube and bus services running . To achieve the bailout package , Khan had raise TfL fares by 1% above inflation , which went against a pledge he made during his mayoral election campaign to not increase fares . Transport Secretary Grant Shapps MP blamed Khan for the poor condition of TfL’s financial position during his four years as Mayor . From 22 June 2020 , Khan has implemented an increase in the London Congestion Charge to £15 a day , from £11.50 . Its hours of operation have also been extended to 7am – 10pm every day , including weekends . Despite the COVID-19 pandemic , teachers , police officers , firefighters and transport workers are also included in the charge , despite a campaign by the Metropolitan Police Federation to exempt them . Housing policies . In his first weeks as Mayor , Khan criticised foreign investors for treating homes in London as gold bricks for investment , instead urging them to invest in the construction of affordable homes for Londoners through a new agency , Homes for Londoners , which would be funded by both public and private money . Homes for Londoners is governed by a board and chaired by Khan . However , in contrast to one of his pre-election statements , he revealed that he no longer supported rent freezes in the city . Insisting that he would oppose building on the Green Belt , which is now even more important than when it was created , Khan vetoed the construction of a football stadium and two blocks of flats on Green Belt land in Chislehurst , after the plan had already been supported by Bromley Council . Khan launched a No Nights Sleeping Rough taskforce to tackle youth homelessness in London in October 2016 . Air pollution . Khan has called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency of a generation.” In October 2017 , he introduced the Toxicity Charge ( T-charge ) ; operating within the same hours and zone as the London congestion charge , the T-Charge levied a £10 fine on top of that for older and more polluting vehicles ( typically diesel and petrol ones registered before 2006 ) that do not meet . In that same year , he announced plans to establish a replacement : an Ultra Low Emission Zone ( ULEZ ) across London that would charge owners of the most polluting cars a fine of £12.50 per day on top of the congestion charge . The all day , every day ( except on Christmas Day ) zone was introduced in 2019 in Central London , applying to diesel cars and vans whose engines arent at the latest as well as most petrol cars over 14 years old ; in addition , non-compliant buses , coaches and lorries will have to pay £100 . The zone will be extended to the North and South Circulars in October 2021 . It resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 in March 2019 to 26,195 in April after the charge was introduced . Khan criticised the UK government in June 2017 for its lack of drive in improving general air quality . He stated that the governments action plan on the issue lacked “serious detail , fails to tackle all emission sources , such as from buildings , construction or the river , and does not utilise the government’s full resources and powers” , reflecting its low prioritisation of the issue in the past . In September , he announced that the first 50 air quality audits for primary schools in the worst-polluted areas of the city had been launched with the objective to reduce air pollution around public schools . The audits will continue until the end of 2017 , with reports being published in 2018 . Crime and policing . Since Khan became Mayor , crime rates in London have been increasing in every reporting year , whereby London is currently experiencing an upsurge in serious violent crime , particularly among teenagers and young men . In figures released by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , crime in London was five times higher than the rest of the United Kingdom in 2019 . Knife crime saw a 28 percent increase from 67 percent in 2018 to 86 percent in 2019 . While knife crime in London fell for three years in a row , down from 14,159 in 2010–2011 to 9,680 in 2014–15 , under Boris Johnson , Khans predecessor as Mayor of London , Khan has presided over an increase in knife crime to 12,061 offences in 2016–17 and 14,695 in 2017–18 . In February 2018 , reported murders in London exceeded those in New York City for the first time . London recorded 45 murders during January through March 2018 whereas New York recorded 38 . In an interview with LBC , Khan accepted responsibility for rising crime in London as the Police and Crime Commissioner for the city , but blamed budgetary cuts by the UK Conservative Government . Khan stated that knife crime is rising across England & Wales and that it is clearly a national problem that requires national solutions . Following the 2019 London Bridge stabbing Khan stated , “You can’t disaggregate terrorism and security from cuts made to resources of the police , of probation , the tools that judges have … The key thing is we need to support the police and security service . ( ... ) The point I am making is we can be safer , with more police and more resources.” Whilst Khan has been Mayor , Londons murder rate is at a ten-year high . The Metropolitan police recorded 149 homicides in 2019 up to 30 December . In five years the homicide rate has increased by more than 50% , from 94 cases in 2014 . Political image and views . Writing for The Spectator , the political commentator Nick Cohen described Khan as a centre-left social democrat , while the journalist Amol Rajan termed him a torch-bearer for the social democratic wing of the Labour Party . The BBC describe Khan as being located on the partys soft left . In an article for Al Jazeera , the Marxist commentator Richard Seymour described Khan as a centrist , while Matt Wrack , the General Secretary of the Fire Brigades Union , characterised Khan as belonging to that part of the Labour Party that was in government under Blair and Brown . The journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a social liberal . Khan has described himself as a proud feminist . In April 2019 , Khan joined the Jewish Labour Movement . He criticised the Trump administrations decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . Khan said the British government should apologise for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in British-ruled India . Khan condemned the plans for a protest march against Narendra Modis government over Indias treatment of Kashmir during the Hindu festival of Deepavali . Khan considers himself as a practising Muslim . He quotes from the Quran and hadith when discussing terrorism . He received death threats from Islamic extremists after voting in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act . He was also threatened by the far-right group Britain First , which in 2016 threatened to take direct action against Khan where he lives , works and prays as part of an anti-Muslim campaign . Journalist Dave Hill has said that Khan was savvy , streetwise and not averse to a scrap , whilst also describing him as having a joshing , livewire off-stage personality which differed from the formal image he often projected while onstage . Khan used to perform stand-up comedy before running for Mayor , including a ten-minute money-raising Stand Up for Labour routine . Comedian Arthur Smith stated that Khan could become a good club-level comedian one day . During the 2016 Mayoral campaign , Goldsmith referred to Khan as a caricature machine politician.. . the sort of politician who justified peoples mistrust in politics , as evidence citing Khans U-turn on supporting Heathrow expansion . Another rival in the 2016 Mayoral campaign , George Galloway of the Respect Party , referred to Khan as a flip-flop merchant and a product of the Blairite machine . There has been an ongoing political feud between Khan and former US president Donald Trump since 2016 , when Khan criticised Trump over his proposed Muslim ban and Trump responded by attacking Khan a number of times on Twitter over the next several years . Shortly before Trumps 2019 state visit to the UK , Khan compared Trump to European dictators of the 1930s and 40s . Upon arrival , Trump responded on Twitter by calling him a stone-cold loser and comparing him to another mayor he also targets , Bill de Blasio . On 9 June 2020 , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm to do so . Awards . - In 2009 , he became a Member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council . This entitled him to the honorific The Right Honourable for life . - Six months after his election as the MP for Tooting , The Spectator awarded Khan Newcomer of the Year . - Khan was nominated for the Politician of the Year Award at the British Muslim Awards in January 2013 and 2015 and won the award in February 2016 . - In late 2016 and 2017 , Khan won and accepted the British GQ’s Politician of the Year Award . - In 2017 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Law . - In 2018 , Khan was conferred Sitara-e-Pakistan for his services to Pakistan by the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain . - In 2018 , he became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . - In 2019 , Khan became an Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple Inn . Personal life . Khan is a practising Muslim who observes the fast during Ramadan and regularly attends Al-Muzzammil Mosque in Tooting . Journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a moderate , socially liberal Muslim . Khan has expressed the view that too often the people who are representing the Islamic faith arent representative , theyre angry men with beards . And that is not what Islam is about . Khan married Saadiya Ahmed , a fellow solicitor , in 1994 . They have two daughters , both raised in the Islamic faith . He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C .
[ "Minister of State for Transport" ]	easy	Sadiq Khan took which position from Oct 2008 to May 2010?	/wiki/Sadiq_Khan#P39#1	Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan ( ; born 8 October 1970 ) is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016 . He previously was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016 . A member of the Labour Party , Khan is on the partys soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat . Born in Tooting , South London , to a working-class British Pakistani family , Khan earned a law degree from the University of North London . He subsequently worked as a solicitor specialising in human rights issues and chaired the Liberty advocacy group for three years . Joining the Labour Party , Khan was a Councillor for the London Borough of Wandsworth from 1994 to 2006 before being elected MP for Tooting at the 2005 general election . He was openly critical of several policies of Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair , including the 2003 invasion of Iraq and new anti-terror legislation . Under Blairs successor Gordon Brown , Khan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in 2008 , later becoming Minister of State for Transport . A key ally of the next Labour leader , Ed Miliband , he served in Milibands Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice , Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Minister for London . Khan was elected Mayor of London at the 2016 mayoral election , defeating the Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith , and resigned as an MP . As Mayor , he implemented the Hopper fare for unlimited bus and tram journeys for an hour , increased the cost and the area covered by the London congestion charge , and introduced new charges ( the ULEZ and the T-Charge ) for older and more polluting vehicles driving in the city . He also backed expansion at London City Airport and Gatwick Airport . He was a vocal supporter of the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe and Peoples Vote campaigns for the UK to remain in the European Union , and attracted international attention for his Twitter arguments with United States President Donald Trump . He established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm following the 2020 George Floyd protests . Although Khan initially froze some Transport for London ( TfL ) fares , he has implemented transport fare rises since 2021 in return for a £1.6 billion bailout from the UK Government during the COVID-19 pandemic . He was re-elected as Mayor in May 2021 , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . He has been included in the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world . Khan has been praised for making Londons transport more accessible , and reducing the number of polluting vehicles in central London ; however , he has been criticised for the rise of knife crime and his response to crime in London . Early life . Sadiq Aman Khan was born on 8 October 1970 at St Georges Hospital in Tooting , South London to a working-class Sunni Muslim family . His grandparents migrated from Lucknow in United Provinces , British India to Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947 . His father Amanullah and mother Sehrun arrived in London from Pakistan in 1968 . Khan was the fifth of eight children , seven of whom were boys . In London , Amanullah worked as a bus driver and Sehrun as a seamstress . Khan and his siblings grew up in a three-bedroom council flat on the Henry Prince Estate in Earlsfield . He attended Fircroft Primary School and then Ernest Bevin School , a local comprehensive . Khan studied science and mathematics at A-level , in the hope of eventually becoming a dentist . A teacher recommended that he read law instead , as he had an argumentative personality . The teachers suggestion , along with the American television programme L.A . Law , inspired Khan to do so . He read Law at the University of North London ( now London Metropolitan University ) . His parents later moved out of their council flat and purchased their own home . Like his brothers , Khan was a fan of sport , particularly enjoying football , cricket , and boxing . From his earliest years , Khan worked : I was surrounded by my mum and dad working all the time , so as soon as I could get a job , I got a job . I got a paper round , a Saturday job—some summers I laboured on a building site . The family continues to send money to relatives in Pakistan , because were blessed being in this country . He and his family often encountered racism , which led to him and his brothers taking up boxing at the Earlsfield Amateur Boxing Club . While studying for his degree , between the ages of 18 and 21 , he had a Saturday job at the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square . Legal career . Before entering the House of Commons in 2005 , Khan practised as a solicitor . After completing his law degree in 1991 , Khan took his Law Society finals at the College of Law in Guildford . In 1994 he married Saadiya Ahmed , who was also a solicitor . Also in 1994 , Khan became a trainee solicitor at a firm of solicitors called Christian Fisher ; the firm undertook mainly legal aid cases . The partners were Michael Fisher and Louise Christian . Khan became a partner at the firm in 1997 , and like Christian , specialised in human rights law . When Fisher left in 2002 , the firm was renamed Christian Khan . Khan left the firm in 2004 , after he became the prospective Labour candidate for the Tooting parliamentary constituency . During his legal career , he acted in actions against employment and discrimination law , judicial reviews , inquests , the police , and crime , and was involved in cases including the following : - Bubbins vs The United Kingdom ( European Court of Human Rights – shooting of an unarmed individual by police marksmen ) - HSU and Thompson v Met Police ( wrongful arrest/police damages ) - Reeves v Met Police ( duty of care to prisoners ) - Murray v CAB ( discrimination ) - Ahmed v University of Oxford ( racial discrimination against a student ) - Dr Jadhav v Secretary of State for Health ( racial discrimination in the employment of Indian doctors by the health service ) - CI Logan v Met Police ( racial discrimination ) - Supt Dizaei v Met Police ( police damages , discrimination ) - Inquest into the death of David Rocky Bennett ( use of restraints ) - Lead solicitor on Mayday demonstration 2001 test case litigation ( Human Rights Act ) - Farrakhan v Home Secretary ( Human Rights Act ) : in 2001 , Khan represented the American Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in the High Court and overturned a ban on him entering the United Kingdom , first imposed in 1986 . The government subsequently won on appeal . - In February 2000 , Khan represented a group of Kurdish actors who were arrested by Metropolitan Police during a rehearsal of the Harold Pinter play Mountain Language , securing £150,000 in damages for the group for their wrongful arrest and the trauma caused by the arrest . - McDowell and Taylor v Met Police : Leroy McDowell and Wayne Taylor successfully sued the Metropolitan Police for assault and false imprisonment . - Represented Maajid Nawaz , Reza Pankhurst and Ian Nisbet in Egyptian court when they were arrested on charges of trying to revive Hizb ut-Tahrir . Parliamentary career . First term : 2005–2010 . Before entering Parliament , Khan represented Tooting as a councillor on Wandsworth Council from 1994 to 2006 , and was granted the title of Honorary Alderman of Wandsworth upon his retirement from local politics . In 2003 , Tooting Constituency Labour Party decided to open its parliamentary selection to all interested candidates , including the incumbent MP since 1974 , Tom Cox . This prompted Cox , then in his mid-70s , to announce his retirement rather than risk de-selection . In the subsequent selection contest , Khan defeated five other local candidates to become Labours candidate for the seat . He was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election . Khan was one of the Labour MPs who led the successful opposition to Prime Minister Tony Blairs proposed introduction of 90 days detention without charge for those suspected of terrorism offences . In recognition of this , The Spectator—a right-wing magazine then edited by Boris Johnson—awarded him the Newcomer of the Year Award at the 2005 Parliamentarian of the Year Awards . The magazines editorial board stated that he had received the award for the tough-mindedness and clarity with which he has spoken about the very difficult issues of Islamic terror . In August 2006 , he was a signatory of an open letter to Tony Blair that was signed by prominent Muslims and published in The Guardian . The letter criticised UK foreign policy and in particular the 2003 invasion of Iraq , stating that Blairs policies had caused great harm to civilians in the Middle East and provided ammunition to extremists who threaten us all . Khan had to repay £500 in expenses in 2007 in relation to a newsletter sent to constituents featuring a Labour rose , which was deemed to be unduly prominent . While the content of the newsletter was not deemed to be party political , the rose logo was found to be unduly prominent which may have had the effect of promoting a political party . There was no suggestion that Khan had deliberately or dishonestly compiled his expenses claims , which were not explicitly disallowed under the rules at that time . The rules were retrospectively changed disallowing the claim , which had previously been approved by the House of Commons authorities . On 3 February 2008 , The Sunday Times claimed that a conversation between Khan and prisoner Babar Ahmad – a constituent accused of involvement in terrorism – at Woodhill Prison in Milton Keynes had been bugged by the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch . An inquiry was launched by the Justice Secretary , Jack Straw . There was concern that the bugging contravened the Wilson Doctrine that police should not bug MPs . The report concluded that the doctrine did not apply because it affected only bugging requiring approval by the Home Secretary , while in Khans case the monitoring was authorised by a senior police officer . The Home Secretary , Jacqui Smith , then announced a further policy review and said the bugging of discussions between MPs and their constituents should be banned . In June 2007 , Blair stood down as both Prime Minister and Labour Party leader , to be replaced by Gordon Brown . Brown thought highly of Khan , who moved up the parliamentary ranks under Browns Premiership . Brown made Khan a party whip , who was therefore charged with ensuring that Labour-sponsored legislation made it through the parliamentary process to become law . In July 2008 , Khan helped push through a government proposal to permit the detention of those suspected of terror offenses for 42 days without charge . For his part in this , Khan was criticised by Libertys Shami Chakrabarti and others , who claimed that Khan had contravened his principles on civil liberties issues . On Prime Minister Gordon Browns Cabinet reshuffle of 3 October 2008 , Khan was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In 2008 , the Fabian Society published Khans book , Fairness Not Favours . In this work , Khan argued that the Labour Party had to reconnect with British Muslims , arguing that it had lost the trust of this community as a result of the Iraq War . He also said that British Muslims had their own part to play in reconnecting with politicians , arguing that they needed to rid themselves of a victim mentality and take greater responsibility for their own community . In the House of Commons in January 2009 , Khan criticised Pope Benedict XVI for the rehabilitation of Bishop Richard Williamson following his remarks about the Holocaust , a move he described as highly unsavoury and of great concern . In June 2009 he was promoted to Minister of State for Transport . In what was believed to be a first for an MP , Khan used his Twitter account to self-announce his promotion . Though Khan was not a member of the cabinet , he attended meetings for agenda items covering his policy area , thus becoming the first Muslim to sit in on the British Cabinet . As Transport Minister , Khan supported plans to expand Heathrow Airport with the addition of a third runway . During this period , Khan served as chairman of the socialist Fabian Society , remaining on its Executive Committee . In 2009 , he won the Jenny Jeger Award ( Best Fabian Pamphlet ) for his writing Fairness not Favours : How to re-connect with British Muslims . In March 2010 , Khan publicly stated that for a second successive year he would not be taking a pay rise as an MP or Minister , declaring At a time when many people in Tooting and throughout the country are having to accept pay freezes I dont think its appropriate for MPs to accept a pay rise . Second and third term : 2010–2016 . In 2010 , Khan was re-elected as the MP for Tooting despite a swing against his party of 3.6% and a halving of his previous majority . His campaign in Tooting had been supported by Harris Bokhari , who reportedly used anti-Ahmadiyya sentiment to mobilise Muslim voters at a mosque in Tooting to vote for Khan instead of the Liberal Democrat candidate , Nasser Butt , an Ahmadiyya . In 2019 , Bokhari was appointed to join Khans new Diversity , Equality and Inclusion Advisory Group . In the subsequent Labour leadership election Khan was an early backer of Ed Miliband , becoming his campaign manager . In the wake of Labours 2010 election defeat , Acting Leader Harriet Harman appointed Khan Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Khan orchestrated Ed Milibands successful campaign to become Labour leader , and was appointed to the senior roles of Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Justice Secretary . In April 2010 it was revealed that Khan had repaid falsely claimed expenses on two occasions , when literature was sent to his constituents . The first incident concerned letters sent out before the 2010 General Election which were ruled to have the unintentional effect of promoting his return to office , the second a £2,550 repayment for Christmas , Eid , and birthday cards for constituents , dating back to 2006 . Under House of Commons rules , pre-paid envelopes and official stationery can only be used for official parliamentary business . Khans claim for the greetings cards was initially rejected , but he presented a new invoice no longer identifying the nature of the claim , and this was accepted . Khan attributed the improper claim for the cards to inexperience and human error and apologised for breaking the expenses rules . In early 2013 , Miliband appointed Khan as the Shadow Minister for London , a position that he held in addition to his other responsibilities . In December 2013 , the Fabian Society published a collection of essays edited by Khan that was titled Our London . Khan was also tasked with overseeing Labours campaign for the 2014 London local elections , in which the party advanced its control in the city , gaining hold of twenty of the thirty-two boroughs . By this point , there was much talk of Khan making a bid for the London Mayoralty in 2016 , when incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson would be stepping down . His options were affected by the outcome of the 2015 general election ; if Labour won , then he would be expected to become a government minister , but if they lost then he would be free to pursue the Mayoralty . In December 2015 , Khan voted against the Cameron governments plans to expand the bombing of targets in the Islamic State . Polls had suggested that Labour could be the largest party in a hung parliament following the 2015 general election , but ultimately the Conservatives secured victory . In the vote , Khan was returned for a third term as MP for Tooting , defeating his Conservative rival by 2,842 votes . He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 , but has said that he was no patsy to Corbyn and would stand up to him . He later stated that he nominated Corbyn to broaden the debate but did not then vote for him . On 9 May 2016 , Khan resigned as an MP by his appointment to the ancient office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of The Three Chiltern Hundreds , a customary practice in the UK . This triggered a by-election in Tooting to be held in June 2016 . He is regularly named among the Top 100 London politicians in the London Evening Standards annual poll of the 1,000 most influential Londoners and is an Ambassador for Mosaic Network , an initiative set up by Prince Charles . Mayor of London . In 2016 , Sadiq Khan ran to become the mayor of London and was elected with 57% of the vote . He is Londons first Muslim mayor and first ethnic minority mayor . Khan was officially sworn in as Mayor in a multi-faith ceremony held in Southwark Cathedral the following day . His first act as mayor was his appearance at a Holocaust memorial ceremony in a rugby stadium in North London , although due to delays with the results of the election , he officially took office on 9 May . 2016 candidacy . Nomination as Labour candidate . After Labours defeat at the 2015 general election , Khan resigned from the Shadow Cabinet . He then announced himself as a candidate to be the Labour nominee for the London Mayoral elections of 2016 . Khan soon gained the support of prominent figures in the party , including former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , who was on Labours leftist , socialist wing , and Oona King , who was on its centrist , Blairite wing . He also received the backing of the Labour-affiliated GMB and Unite unions , and the nomination of 44 of Labours 73 parliamentary constituent parties in London , leaving him as one of the top two contenders . Khans main rival was Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith ; Khan described him as a spoiled dilettante who never finishes anything he starts . A YouGov poll for LBC suggested that while the other main contender to be the Labour nominee , Tessa Jowell , would defeat Goldsmith in a mayoral election , Khan would not . In hustings , Khan placed an emphasis on his working-class origins , which would play against Jowells wealthier upbringing , and argued for the need for change in London , thereby insinuating that Jowell would represent too much continuity with the outgoing Johnson administration . In September 2015 , Khan was announced as the winning nominee . He gained 48,152 votes ( 58.9% ) against Jowells 35,573 ( 41.1% ) . He was the favourite candidate in all three voting categories ; Labour Party members , members of affiliated trade unions and organisations , and registered supporters who had paid £3 in order to vote . Campaign . Khan vowed that if elected , he would freeze public transport fares in London for four years . He claimed that this would deprive Transport for London ( TfL ) of £452 million , but TfL stated that it would deprive them of £1.9 billion , taking into account projected population growth over this period . Although he had previously backed Heathrow expansion , he now opposed it , instead calling for expansion at Gatwick Airport ; he was likely aware that supporting the former was a vote loser in London . Aware of the severe housing shortage in London , he also spoke of clamping down on foreign property investors , and proposed the establishment of both a London living rent tenure and a not-for-profit lettings agency that could undercut commercial operators in order to ease the high cost of renting in the city . He also called for house building on land owned by TfL , insisting that at least 50% of those constructed should be genuinely affordable . The YouGov poll had revealed that 31% of Londoners stated that they would not be comfortable with a Muslim mayor . Aware that many voters were suspicious regarding the loyalties of British Muslims to the British state , Khan emphasised his commitment to liberal social values . As part of this , he declared his opposition to homophobia , and said that he would have zero tolerance for anti-Semitism . He openly condemned Islamic extremism and called on the Muslim community to take a leading role in combating it , although at the same time acknowledged the Islamophobia that many British Muslims faced . He also distanced himself from Corbyn , rebuking Labours socialist leader for his links to armed anti-Israel groups , and criticising him for not singing the national anthem at an event commemorating the Battle of Britain . Concerned that Corbyns socialist platform was alienating many of Londons businesses , Khan declared that he would be the most pro-business mayor ever , and met with groups such as the Federation of Small Businesses and City of London Corporation . He also ensured that his campaign was run entirely separate from Corbyn . Conversely , Goldsmiths Conservative campaign emphasised connections between Khan and Corbyn . Both the Conservative campaign and several Conservative-aligned newspapers sought to tar Khan as an apologist for , or even sympathiser with , Islamic extremism . International press sources often focused on his religious identity , with many right-wing American media outlets reacting with horror at his election . Khan won the election with 57% of the vote . The 1.3 million votes he received are the largest any UK politician has personally received to date . Various press sources noted that Khans election made him the first actively affiliated Muslim to become mayor of a major Western capital . Re-election . In 2021 , Khan was re-elected for a second term , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . It is expected that he will continue to serve as Mayor until at least 2024 . Mayoralty . In August 2016 , Khan declared his support for Owen Smiths failed bid to oust Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party . Although describing him as a principled Labour man , Khan said that Corbyn had failed to gain popularity with the electorate and that Labour would not win a general election under Corbyns leadership . On 8 January 2021 , Khan announced a planned council tax rise of 9.5% to help fund policing and free transport for pensioners and schoolchildren in London . Mr Khans proposal would see an overall increase of 9.5% or £31.59 a year for an average Band D council tax payer . Since his first budget in 2017–18 , Mr Khan has increased the Greater London Authoritys council tax precept by 31% , from £280 a year to £363.66 a year for a Band D property . On the same day , Khan also ordered London residents to cease travelling after he declared the COVID-19 crisis in London a major incident with out of control spread , as infection rates for London were estimated to be around 1 in 30 , with highs of 1 in 20 in some parts of the city . European Union and Brexit . In the buildup to the referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the European Union ( EU ) , Khan was a vocal supporter of the Remain camp . He agreed to attend a Britain Stronger in Europe campaign event with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to demonstrate cross-party support for remaining within the EU , for which he was criticised by Labour Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell , who claimed that sharing a platform with the Conservatives discredits us . After the murder of MP Jo Cox during the campaign , Khan called for the country to pause and reflect on the manner in which the Leave and Remain camps had been approaching the debate , stating that it had been marred by a climate of hatred , of poison , of negativity , of cynicism . Following the success of the Leave vote , Khan insisted that all EU citizens living in London were welcome in the city and that he was grateful for the contribution that they made to it . He endorsed the Metropolitan Polices We Stand Together campaign to combat the rise in racial abuse following the referendum , and later backed the London is Open campaign to encourage businesses , artists , and performers to continue coming to the city despite Brexit . On 20 October 2018 , Khan marched with Peoples Vote protestors from Park Lane to Parliament Square in support of a referendum on the final Brexit deal . The march was started by Khan and featured speeches by Delia Smith and Steve Coogan . The organisers of the march said that almost 700,000 people took part . Police stated that they were unable to estimate the numbers involved and a later police debriefing document prepared by Khans Greater London Authority estimated the number to be 250,000 . On 23 March 2019 , Khan took part in the Put It to the People march in London in support of a second Brexit referendum . Khan addressed a rally at the end of the march alongside SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon , Conservative peer Michael Heseltine , former Attorney General Dominic Grieve , Labours deputy leader Tom Watson , and MPs Jess Phillips , Justine Greening and David Lammy . Diversity issues . While fasting for the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in 2016 , Khan declared that he would use the period as an opportunity to help break down the mystique and suspicion surrounding Islam in Britain and help to get out there and build bridges between communities , organising iftars to be held at synagogues , churches , and mosques . He then appeared at a Trafalgar Square celebration of Eid al-Fitr , endorsing religious freedom and lambasting criminals who do bad things and use the name of Islam to justify what they do . Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Khan attended a vigil in Old Compton Street , Soho , and insisted that he will do everything in [ his ] power to ensure that LGBT Londoners feel safe in every part of our city ; later that month he marched in the LGBT Pride London parade . In June 2020 , during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom , protesters sprayed graffiti on the Statue of Winston Churchill , Parliament Square over two successive days , including , following the inscription Churchill , the words was a racist . As a result , Khan controversially announced that he had ordered the statue to be temporarily covered up to preserve it from further vandalism . On 9 June 2020 , in response to the unrest , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm in to do so . Khans Diversity Commission is tasked with reviewing Londons statues , street names , monuments , sculptures , artworks and other landmarks , with the potential for removal . The commission is in response to the anti-racist protests which saw protesters topple a Statue of Edward Colston in Bristol , whilst also defacing a number of statues across the country . That evening the statue of Robert Milligan , a merchant and slave trader , outside the Museum of London Docklands was removed by the local authority and the Canal & River Trust . On 11 June 2020 , a joint statement from the Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust announced that the Statue of Robert Clayton , together with that of Thomas Guy , would be removed from public view and that they would work with Khan on the issue . Transport policies . On transport , Khan immediately announced the introduction of a Hopper bus ticket which would allow a passenger to take two bus and tram journeys within an hour for the price of one ; it was intended to benefit those on low incomes most . In January 2018 , this system was upgraded to offer unlimited journeys and allowing travel on Tube or rail services in between . In June 2016 , Khan announced that his electoral pledge to prevent transport fare rises would only apply to single fares and pay as you go fares , and not daily , monthly , weekly , or yearly railcards ; he was widely criticised for this . That same month , he ordered TfL to ban any advertising on its network that was deemed to body shame or demean women . In July he urged the government to allow TfL to take control of the failing Southern rail service , and in August launched the 24-hour Night Tube service on Fridays and Saturdays , an idea initially proposed by Johnson . Khan backed expansion of London City Airport , removing the block on this instituted by Johnsons administration ; environmentalist campaigners like Siân Berry stated that this was a breach of Khans pledge to be Londons greenest ever mayor . Opposing expansion at Heathrow Airport , he urged Prime Minister Theresa May to instead support expansion at Gatwick Airport , stating that to do so would bring substantial economic benefits to London . In August 2020 , Khan announced that Crossrail , a new east–west rail link through the centre of London , referred to as the Elizabeth Line , has been delayed again until 2022 , requiring an additional £1.1 billion in funding to complete the project . The line was originally due to open in 2018 COVID-19 pandemic and government bailout . During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 , Khan was criticized for closing stations and reducing services on the tube network resulting in overcrowding and putting key workers travelling to work at risk . On 17 March 2020 Khan announced the London Underground would begin running a reduced service due to the virus . Khan shut down the Waterloo & City line , several tube stations and the Night Tube . From 20 March , 40 tube stations were closed . On 22 April , Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of April unless Boris Johnsons government stepped in . Two days later , TfL announced it was furloughing around 7,000 employees , about a quarter of its staff , to help mitigate a 90% reduction in fare revenues . On 7 May , Transport for London , the capitals transport authority which Khan chairs , requested a £2 billion government bail-out to keep services running until September 2020 . Without an agreement with the government , deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a Section 114 notice – the equivalent of a public body going bust . On 14 May , Khan and UK Government agreed a £1.6 billion emergency funding package to keep Tube and bus services running . To achieve the bailout package , Khan had raise TfL fares by 1% above inflation , which went against a pledge he made during his mayoral election campaign to not increase fares . Transport Secretary Grant Shapps MP blamed Khan for the poor condition of TfL’s financial position during his four years as Mayor . From 22 June 2020 , Khan has implemented an increase in the London Congestion Charge to £15 a day , from £11.50 . Its hours of operation have also been extended to 7am – 10pm every day , including weekends . Despite the COVID-19 pandemic , teachers , police officers , firefighters and transport workers are also included in the charge , despite a campaign by the Metropolitan Police Federation to exempt them . Housing policies . In his first weeks as Mayor , Khan criticised foreign investors for treating homes in London as gold bricks for investment , instead urging them to invest in the construction of affordable homes for Londoners through a new agency , Homes for Londoners , which would be funded by both public and private money . Homes for Londoners is governed by a board and chaired by Khan . However , in contrast to one of his pre-election statements , he revealed that he no longer supported rent freezes in the city . Insisting that he would oppose building on the Green Belt , which is now even more important than when it was created , Khan vetoed the construction of a football stadium and two blocks of flats on Green Belt land in Chislehurst , after the plan had already been supported by Bromley Council . Khan launched a No Nights Sleeping Rough taskforce to tackle youth homelessness in London in October 2016 . Air pollution . Khan has called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency of a generation.” In October 2017 , he introduced the Toxicity Charge ( T-charge ) ; operating within the same hours and zone as the London congestion charge , the T-Charge levied a £10 fine on top of that for older and more polluting vehicles ( typically diesel and petrol ones registered before 2006 ) that do not meet . In that same year , he announced plans to establish a replacement : an Ultra Low Emission Zone ( ULEZ ) across London that would charge owners of the most polluting cars a fine of £12.50 per day on top of the congestion charge . The all day , every day ( except on Christmas Day ) zone was introduced in 2019 in Central London , applying to diesel cars and vans whose engines arent at the latest as well as most petrol cars over 14 years old ; in addition , non-compliant buses , coaches and lorries will have to pay £100 . The zone will be extended to the North and South Circulars in October 2021 . It resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 in March 2019 to 26,195 in April after the charge was introduced . Khan criticised the UK government in June 2017 for its lack of drive in improving general air quality . He stated that the governments action plan on the issue lacked “serious detail , fails to tackle all emission sources , such as from buildings , construction or the river , and does not utilise the government’s full resources and powers” , reflecting its low prioritisation of the issue in the past . In September , he announced that the first 50 air quality audits for primary schools in the worst-polluted areas of the city had been launched with the objective to reduce air pollution around public schools . The audits will continue until the end of 2017 , with reports being published in 2018 . Crime and policing . Since Khan became Mayor , crime rates in London have been increasing in every reporting year , whereby London is currently experiencing an upsurge in serious violent crime , particularly among teenagers and young men . In figures released by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , crime in London was five times higher than the rest of the United Kingdom in 2019 . Knife crime saw a 28 percent increase from 67 percent in 2018 to 86 percent in 2019 . While knife crime in London fell for three years in a row , down from 14,159 in 2010–2011 to 9,680 in 2014–15 , under Boris Johnson , Khans predecessor as Mayor of London , Khan has presided over an increase in knife crime to 12,061 offences in 2016–17 and 14,695 in 2017–18 . In February 2018 , reported murders in London exceeded those in New York City for the first time . London recorded 45 murders during January through March 2018 whereas New York recorded 38 . In an interview with LBC , Khan accepted responsibility for rising crime in London as the Police and Crime Commissioner for the city , but blamed budgetary cuts by the UK Conservative Government . Khan stated that knife crime is rising across England & Wales and that it is clearly a national problem that requires national solutions . Following the 2019 London Bridge stabbing Khan stated , “You can’t disaggregate terrorism and security from cuts made to resources of the police , of probation , the tools that judges have … The key thing is we need to support the police and security service . ( ... ) The point I am making is we can be safer , with more police and more resources.” Whilst Khan has been Mayor , Londons murder rate is at a ten-year high . The Metropolitan police recorded 149 homicides in 2019 up to 30 December . In five years the homicide rate has increased by more than 50% , from 94 cases in 2014 . Political image and views . Writing for The Spectator , the political commentator Nick Cohen described Khan as a centre-left social democrat , while the journalist Amol Rajan termed him a torch-bearer for the social democratic wing of the Labour Party . The BBC describe Khan as being located on the partys soft left . In an article for Al Jazeera , the Marxist commentator Richard Seymour described Khan as a centrist , while Matt Wrack , the General Secretary of the Fire Brigades Union , characterised Khan as belonging to that part of the Labour Party that was in government under Blair and Brown . The journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a social liberal . Khan has described himself as a proud feminist . In April 2019 , Khan joined the Jewish Labour Movement . He criticised the Trump administrations decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . Khan said the British government should apologise for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in British-ruled India . Khan condemned the plans for a protest march against Narendra Modis government over Indias treatment of Kashmir during the Hindu festival of Deepavali . Khan considers himself as a practising Muslim . He quotes from the Quran and hadith when discussing terrorism . He received death threats from Islamic extremists after voting in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act . He was also threatened by the far-right group Britain First , which in 2016 threatened to take direct action against Khan where he lives , works and prays as part of an anti-Muslim campaign . Journalist Dave Hill has said that Khan was savvy , streetwise and not averse to a scrap , whilst also describing him as having a joshing , livewire off-stage personality which differed from the formal image he often projected while onstage . Khan used to perform stand-up comedy before running for Mayor , including a ten-minute money-raising Stand Up for Labour routine . Comedian Arthur Smith stated that Khan could become a good club-level comedian one day . During the 2016 Mayoral campaign , Goldsmith referred to Khan as a caricature machine politician.. . the sort of politician who justified peoples mistrust in politics , as evidence citing Khans U-turn on supporting Heathrow expansion . Another rival in the 2016 Mayoral campaign , George Galloway of the Respect Party , referred to Khan as a flip-flop merchant and a product of the Blairite machine . There has been an ongoing political feud between Khan and former US president Donald Trump since 2016 , when Khan criticised Trump over his proposed Muslim ban and Trump responded by attacking Khan a number of times on Twitter over the next several years . Shortly before Trumps 2019 state visit to the UK , Khan compared Trump to European dictators of the 1930s and 40s . Upon arrival , Trump responded on Twitter by calling him a stone-cold loser and comparing him to another mayor he also targets , Bill de Blasio . On 9 June 2020 , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm to do so . Awards . - In 2009 , he became a Member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council . This entitled him to the honorific The Right Honourable for life . - Six months after his election as the MP for Tooting , The Spectator awarded Khan Newcomer of the Year . - Khan was nominated for the Politician of the Year Award at the British Muslim Awards in January 2013 and 2015 and won the award in February 2016 . - In late 2016 and 2017 , Khan won and accepted the British GQ’s Politician of the Year Award . - In 2017 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Law . - In 2018 , Khan was conferred Sitara-e-Pakistan for his services to Pakistan by the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain . - In 2018 , he became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . - In 2019 , Khan became an Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple Inn . Personal life . Khan is a practising Muslim who observes the fast during Ramadan and regularly attends Al-Muzzammil Mosque in Tooting . Journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a moderate , socially liberal Muslim . Khan has expressed the view that too often the people who are representing the Islamic faith arent representative , theyre angry men with beards . And that is not what Islam is about . Khan married Saadiya Ahmed , a fellow solicitor , in 1994 . They have two daughters , both raised in the Islamic faith . He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C .
[ "" ]	easy	Sadiq Khan took which position from May 2010 to Mar 2015?	/wiki/Sadiq_Khan#P39#2	Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan ( ; born 8 October 1970 ) is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016 . He previously was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016 . A member of the Labour Party , Khan is on the partys soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat . Born in Tooting , South London , to a working-class British Pakistani family , Khan earned a law degree from the University of North London . He subsequently worked as a solicitor specialising in human rights issues and chaired the Liberty advocacy group for three years . Joining the Labour Party , Khan was a Councillor for the London Borough of Wandsworth from 1994 to 2006 before being elected MP for Tooting at the 2005 general election . He was openly critical of several policies of Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair , including the 2003 invasion of Iraq and new anti-terror legislation . Under Blairs successor Gordon Brown , Khan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in 2008 , later becoming Minister of State for Transport . A key ally of the next Labour leader , Ed Miliband , he served in Milibands Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice , Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Minister for London . Khan was elected Mayor of London at the 2016 mayoral election , defeating the Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith , and resigned as an MP . As Mayor , he implemented the Hopper fare for unlimited bus and tram journeys for an hour , increased the cost and the area covered by the London congestion charge , and introduced new charges ( the ULEZ and the T-Charge ) for older and more polluting vehicles driving in the city . He also backed expansion at London City Airport and Gatwick Airport . He was a vocal supporter of the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe and Peoples Vote campaigns for the UK to remain in the European Union , and attracted international attention for his Twitter arguments with United States President Donald Trump . He established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm following the 2020 George Floyd protests . Although Khan initially froze some Transport for London ( TfL ) fares , he has implemented transport fare rises since 2021 in return for a £1.6 billion bailout from the UK Government during the COVID-19 pandemic . He was re-elected as Mayor in May 2021 , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . He has been included in the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world . Khan has been praised for making Londons transport more accessible , and reducing the number of polluting vehicles in central London ; however , he has been criticised for the rise of knife crime and his response to crime in London . Early life . Sadiq Aman Khan was born on 8 October 1970 at St Georges Hospital in Tooting , South London to a working-class Sunni Muslim family . His grandparents migrated from Lucknow in United Provinces , British India to Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947 . His father Amanullah and mother Sehrun arrived in London from Pakistan in 1968 . Khan was the fifth of eight children , seven of whom were boys . In London , Amanullah worked as a bus driver and Sehrun as a seamstress . Khan and his siblings grew up in a three-bedroom council flat on the Henry Prince Estate in Earlsfield . He attended Fircroft Primary School and then Ernest Bevin School , a local comprehensive . Khan studied science and mathematics at A-level , in the hope of eventually becoming a dentist . A teacher recommended that he read law instead , as he had an argumentative personality . The teachers suggestion , along with the American television programme L.A . Law , inspired Khan to do so . He read Law at the University of North London ( now London Metropolitan University ) . His parents later moved out of their council flat and purchased their own home . Like his brothers , Khan was a fan of sport , particularly enjoying football , cricket , and boxing . From his earliest years , Khan worked : I was surrounded by my mum and dad working all the time , so as soon as I could get a job , I got a job . I got a paper round , a Saturday job—some summers I laboured on a building site . The family continues to send money to relatives in Pakistan , because were blessed being in this country . He and his family often encountered racism , which led to him and his brothers taking up boxing at the Earlsfield Amateur Boxing Club . While studying for his degree , between the ages of 18 and 21 , he had a Saturday job at the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square . Legal career . Before entering the House of Commons in 2005 , Khan practised as a solicitor . After completing his law degree in 1991 , Khan took his Law Society finals at the College of Law in Guildford . In 1994 he married Saadiya Ahmed , who was also a solicitor . Also in 1994 , Khan became a trainee solicitor at a firm of solicitors called Christian Fisher ; the firm undertook mainly legal aid cases . The partners were Michael Fisher and Louise Christian . Khan became a partner at the firm in 1997 , and like Christian , specialised in human rights law . When Fisher left in 2002 , the firm was renamed Christian Khan . Khan left the firm in 2004 , after he became the prospective Labour candidate for the Tooting parliamentary constituency . During his legal career , he acted in actions against employment and discrimination law , judicial reviews , inquests , the police , and crime , and was involved in cases including the following : - Bubbins vs The United Kingdom ( European Court of Human Rights – shooting of an unarmed individual by police marksmen ) - HSU and Thompson v Met Police ( wrongful arrest/police damages ) - Reeves v Met Police ( duty of care to prisoners ) - Murray v CAB ( discrimination ) - Ahmed v University of Oxford ( racial discrimination against a student ) - Dr Jadhav v Secretary of State for Health ( racial discrimination in the employment of Indian doctors by the health service ) - CI Logan v Met Police ( racial discrimination ) - Supt Dizaei v Met Police ( police damages , discrimination ) - Inquest into the death of David Rocky Bennett ( use of restraints ) - Lead solicitor on Mayday demonstration 2001 test case litigation ( Human Rights Act ) - Farrakhan v Home Secretary ( Human Rights Act ) : in 2001 , Khan represented the American Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in the High Court and overturned a ban on him entering the United Kingdom , first imposed in 1986 . The government subsequently won on appeal . - In February 2000 , Khan represented a group of Kurdish actors who were arrested by Metropolitan Police during a rehearsal of the Harold Pinter play Mountain Language , securing £150,000 in damages for the group for their wrongful arrest and the trauma caused by the arrest . - McDowell and Taylor v Met Police : Leroy McDowell and Wayne Taylor successfully sued the Metropolitan Police for assault and false imprisonment . - Represented Maajid Nawaz , Reza Pankhurst and Ian Nisbet in Egyptian court when they were arrested on charges of trying to revive Hizb ut-Tahrir . Parliamentary career . First term : 2005–2010 . Before entering Parliament , Khan represented Tooting as a councillor on Wandsworth Council from 1994 to 2006 , and was granted the title of Honorary Alderman of Wandsworth upon his retirement from local politics . In 2003 , Tooting Constituency Labour Party decided to open its parliamentary selection to all interested candidates , including the incumbent MP since 1974 , Tom Cox . This prompted Cox , then in his mid-70s , to announce his retirement rather than risk de-selection . In the subsequent selection contest , Khan defeated five other local candidates to become Labours candidate for the seat . He was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election . Khan was one of the Labour MPs who led the successful opposition to Prime Minister Tony Blairs proposed introduction of 90 days detention without charge for those suspected of terrorism offences . In recognition of this , The Spectator—a right-wing magazine then edited by Boris Johnson—awarded him the Newcomer of the Year Award at the 2005 Parliamentarian of the Year Awards . The magazines editorial board stated that he had received the award for the tough-mindedness and clarity with which he has spoken about the very difficult issues of Islamic terror . In August 2006 , he was a signatory of an open letter to Tony Blair that was signed by prominent Muslims and published in The Guardian . The letter criticised UK foreign policy and in particular the 2003 invasion of Iraq , stating that Blairs policies had caused great harm to civilians in the Middle East and provided ammunition to extremists who threaten us all . Khan had to repay £500 in expenses in 2007 in relation to a newsletter sent to constituents featuring a Labour rose , which was deemed to be unduly prominent . While the content of the newsletter was not deemed to be party political , the rose logo was found to be unduly prominent which may have had the effect of promoting a political party . There was no suggestion that Khan had deliberately or dishonestly compiled his expenses claims , which were not explicitly disallowed under the rules at that time . The rules were retrospectively changed disallowing the claim , which had previously been approved by the House of Commons authorities . On 3 February 2008 , The Sunday Times claimed that a conversation between Khan and prisoner Babar Ahmad – a constituent accused of involvement in terrorism – at Woodhill Prison in Milton Keynes had been bugged by the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch . An inquiry was launched by the Justice Secretary , Jack Straw . There was concern that the bugging contravened the Wilson Doctrine that police should not bug MPs . The report concluded that the doctrine did not apply because it affected only bugging requiring approval by the Home Secretary , while in Khans case the monitoring was authorised by a senior police officer . The Home Secretary , Jacqui Smith , then announced a further policy review and said the bugging of discussions between MPs and their constituents should be banned . In June 2007 , Blair stood down as both Prime Minister and Labour Party leader , to be replaced by Gordon Brown . Brown thought highly of Khan , who moved up the parliamentary ranks under Browns Premiership . Brown made Khan a party whip , who was therefore charged with ensuring that Labour-sponsored legislation made it through the parliamentary process to become law . In July 2008 , Khan helped push through a government proposal to permit the detention of those suspected of terror offenses for 42 days without charge . For his part in this , Khan was criticised by Libertys Shami Chakrabarti and others , who claimed that Khan had contravened his principles on civil liberties issues . On Prime Minister Gordon Browns Cabinet reshuffle of 3 October 2008 , Khan was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In 2008 , the Fabian Society published Khans book , Fairness Not Favours . In this work , Khan argued that the Labour Party had to reconnect with British Muslims , arguing that it had lost the trust of this community as a result of the Iraq War . He also said that British Muslims had their own part to play in reconnecting with politicians , arguing that they needed to rid themselves of a victim mentality and take greater responsibility for their own community . In the House of Commons in January 2009 , Khan criticised Pope Benedict XVI for the rehabilitation of Bishop Richard Williamson following his remarks about the Holocaust , a move he described as highly unsavoury and of great concern . In June 2009 he was promoted to Minister of State for Transport . In what was believed to be a first for an MP , Khan used his Twitter account to self-announce his promotion . Though Khan was not a member of the cabinet , he attended meetings for agenda items covering his policy area , thus becoming the first Muslim to sit in on the British Cabinet . As Transport Minister , Khan supported plans to expand Heathrow Airport with the addition of a third runway . During this period , Khan served as chairman of the socialist Fabian Society , remaining on its Executive Committee . In 2009 , he won the Jenny Jeger Award ( Best Fabian Pamphlet ) for his writing Fairness not Favours : How to re-connect with British Muslims . In March 2010 , Khan publicly stated that for a second successive year he would not be taking a pay rise as an MP or Minister , declaring At a time when many people in Tooting and throughout the country are having to accept pay freezes I dont think its appropriate for MPs to accept a pay rise . Second and third term : 2010–2016 . In 2010 , Khan was re-elected as the MP for Tooting despite a swing against his party of 3.6% and a halving of his previous majority . His campaign in Tooting had been supported by Harris Bokhari , who reportedly used anti-Ahmadiyya sentiment to mobilise Muslim voters at a mosque in Tooting to vote for Khan instead of the Liberal Democrat candidate , Nasser Butt , an Ahmadiyya . In 2019 , Bokhari was appointed to join Khans new Diversity , Equality and Inclusion Advisory Group . In the subsequent Labour leadership election Khan was an early backer of Ed Miliband , becoming his campaign manager . In the wake of Labours 2010 election defeat , Acting Leader Harriet Harman appointed Khan Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Khan orchestrated Ed Milibands successful campaign to become Labour leader , and was appointed to the senior roles of Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Justice Secretary . In April 2010 it was revealed that Khan had repaid falsely claimed expenses on two occasions , when literature was sent to his constituents . The first incident concerned letters sent out before the 2010 General Election which were ruled to have the unintentional effect of promoting his return to office , the second a £2,550 repayment for Christmas , Eid , and birthday cards for constituents , dating back to 2006 . Under House of Commons rules , pre-paid envelopes and official stationery can only be used for official parliamentary business . Khans claim for the greetings cards was initially rejected , but he presented a new invoice no longer identifying the nature of the claim , and this was accepted . Khan attributed the improper claim for the cards to inexperience and human error and apologised for breaking the expenses rules . In early 2013 , Miliband appointed Khan as the Shadow Minister for London , a position that he held in addition to his other responsibilities . In December 2013 , the Fabian Society published a collection of essays edited by Khan that was titled Our London . Khan was also tasked with overseeing Labours campaign for the 2014 London local elections , in which the party advanced its control in the city , gaining hold of twenty of the thirty-two boroughs . By this point , there was much talk of Khan making a bid for the London Mayoralty in 2016 , when incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson would be stepping down . His options were affected by the outcome of the 2015 general election ; if Labour won , then he would be expected to become a government minister , but if they lost then he would be free to pursue the Mayoralty . In December 2015 , Khan voted against the Cameron governments plans to expand the bombing of targets in the Islamic State . Polls had suggested that Labour could be the largest party in a hung parliament following the 2015 general election , but ultimately the Conservatives secured victory . In the vote , Khan was returned for a third term as MP for Tooting , defeating his Conservative rival by 2,842 votes . He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 , but has said that he was no patsy to Corbyn and would stand up to him . He later stated that he nominated Corbyn to broaden the debate but did not then vote for him . On 9 May 2016 , Khan resigned as an MP by his appointment to the ancient office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of The Three Chiltern Hundreds , a customary practice in the UK . This triggered a by-election in Tooting to be held in June 2016 . He is regularly named among the Top 100 London politicians in the London Evening Standards annual poll of the 1,000 most influential Londoners and is an Ambassador for Mosaic Network , an initiative set up by Prince Charles . Mayor of London . In 2016 , Sadiq Khan ran to become the mayor of London and was elected with 57% of the vote . He is Londons first Muslim mayor and first ethnic minority mayor . Khan was officially sworn in as Mayor in a multi-faith ceremony held in Southwark Cathedral the following day . His first act as mayor was his appearance at a Holocaust memorial ceremony in a rugby stadium in North London , although due to delays with the results of the election , he officially took office on 9 May . 2016 candidacy . Nomination as Labour candidate . After Labours defeat at the 2015 general election , Khan resigned from the Shadow Cabinet . He then announced himself as a candidate to be the Labour nominee for the London Mayoral elections of 2016 . Khan soon gained the support of prominent figures in the party , including former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , who was on Labours leftist , socialist wing , and Oona King , who was on its centrist , Blairite wing . He also received the backing of the Labour-affiliated GMB and Unite unions , and the nomination of 44 of Labours 73 parliamentary constituent parties in London , leaving him as one of the top two contenders . Khans main rival was Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith ; Khan described him as a spoiled dilettante who never finishes anything he starts . A YouGov poll for LBC suggested that while the other main contender to be the Labour nominee , Tessa Jowell , would defeat Goldsmith in a mayoral election , Khan would not . In hustings , Khan placed an emphasis on his working-class origins , which would play against Jowells wealthier upbringing , and argued for the need for change in London , thereby insinuating that Jowell would represent too much continuity with the outgoing Johnson administration . In September 2015 , Khan was announced as the winning nominee . He gained 48,152 votes ( 58.9% ) against Jowells 35,573 ( 41.1% ) . He was the favourite candidate in all three voting categories ; Labour Party members , members of affiliated trade unions and organisations , and registered supporters who had paid £3 in order to vote . Campaign . Khan vowed that if elected , he would freeze public transport fares in London for four years . He claimed that this would deprive Transport for London ( TfL ) of £452 million , but TfL stated that it would deprive them of £1.9 billion , taking into account projected population growth over this period . Although he had previously backed Heathrow expansion , he now opposed it , instead calling for expansion at Gatwick Airport ; he was likely aware that supporting the former was a vote loser in London . Aware of the severe housing shortage in London , he also spoke of clamping down on foreign property investors , and proposed the establishment of both a London living rent tenure and a not-for-profit lettings agency that could undercut commercial operators in order to ease the high cost of renting in the city . He also called for house building on land owned by TfL , insisting that at least 50% of those constructed should be genuinely affordable . The YouGov poll had revealed that 31% of Londoners stated that they would not be comfortable with a Muslim mayor . Aware that many voters were suspicious regarding the loyalties of British Muslims to the British state , Khan emphasised his commitment to liberal social values . As part of this , he declared his opposition to homophobia , and said that he would have zero tolerance for anti-Semitism . He openly condemned Islamic extremism and called on the Muslim community to take a leading role in combating it , although at the same time acknowledged the Islamophobia that many British Muslims faced . He also distanced himself from Corbyn , rebuking Labours socialist leader for his links to armed anti-Israel groups , and criticising him for not singing the national anthem at an event commemorating the Battle of Britain . Concerned that Corbyns socialist platform was alienating many of Londons businesses , Khan declared that he would be the most pro-business mayor ever , and met with groups such as the Federation of Small Businesses and City of London Corporation . He also ensured that his campaign was run entirely separate from Corbyn . Conversely , Goldsmiths Conservative campaign emphasised connections between Khan and Corbyn . Both the Conservative campaign and several Conservative-aligned newspapers sought to tar Khan as an apologist for , or even sympathiser with , Islamic extremism . International press sources often focused on his religious identity , with many right-wing American media outlets reacting with horror at his election . Khan won the election with 57% of the vote . The 1.3 million votes he received are the largest any UK politician has personally received to date . Various press sources noted that Khans election made him the first actively affiliated Muslim to become mayor of a major Western capital . Re-election . In 2021 , Khan was re-elected for a second term , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . It is expected that he will continue to serve as Mayor until at least 2024 . Mayoralty . In August 2016 , Khan declared his support for Owen Smiths failed bid to oust Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party . Although describing him as a principled Labour man , Khan said that Corbyn had failed to gain popularity with the electorate and that Labour would not win a general election under Corbyns leadership . On 8 January 2021 , Khan announced a planned council tax rise of 9.5% to help fund policing and free transport for pensioners and schoolchildren in London . Mr Khans proposal would see an overall increase of 9.5% or £31.59 a year for an average Band D council tax payer . Since his first budget in 2017–18 , Mr Khan has increased the Greater London Authoritys council tax precept by 31% , from £280 a year to £363.66 a year for a Band D property . On the same day , Khan also ordered London residents to cease travelling after he declared the COVID-19 crisis in London a major incident with out of control spread , as infection rates for London were estimated to be around 1 in 30 , with highs of 1 in 20 in some parts of the city . European Union and Brexit . In the buildup to the referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the European Union ( EU ) , Khan was a vocal supporter of the Remain camp . He agreed to attend a Britain Stronger in Europe campaign event with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to demonstrate cross-party support for remaining within the EU , for which he was criticised by Labour Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell , who claimed that sharing a platform with the Conservatives discredits us . After the murder of MP Jo Cox during the campaign , Khan called for the country to pause and reflect on the manner in which the Leave and Remain camps had been approaching the debate , stating that it had been marred by a climate of hatred , of poison , of negativity , of cynicism . Following the success of the Leave vote , Khan insisted that all EU citizens living in London were welcome in the city and that he was grateful for the contribution that they made to it . He endorsed the Metropolitan Polices We Stand Together campaign to combat the rise in racial abuse following the referendum , and later backed the London is Open campaign to encourage businesses , artists , and performers to continue coming to the city despite Brexit . On 20 October 2018 , Khan marched with Peoples Vote protestors from Park Lane to Parliament Square in support of a referendum on the final Brexit deal . The march was started by Khan and featured speeches by Delia Smith and Steve Coogan . The organisers of the march said that almost 700,000 people took part . Police stated that they were unable to estimate the numbers involved and a later police debriefing document prepared by Khans Greater London Authority estimated the number to be 250,000 . On 23 March 2019 , Khan took part in the Put It to the People march in London in support of a second Brexit referendum . Khan addressed a rally at the end of the march alongside SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon , Conservative peer Michael Heseltine , former Attorney General Dominic Grieve , Labours deputy leader Tom Watson , and MPs Jess Phillips , Justine Greening and David Lammy . Diversity issues . While fasting for the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in 2016 , Khan declared that he would use the period as an opportunity to help break down the mystique and suspicion surrounding Islam in Britain and help to get out there and build bridges between communities , organising iftars to be held at synagogues , churches , and mosques . He then appeared at a Trafalgar Square celebration of Eid al-Fitr , endorsing religious freedom and lambasting criminals who do bad things and use the name of Islam to justify what they do . Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Khan attended a vigil in Old Compton Street , Soho , and insisted that he will do everything in [ his ] power to ensure that LGBT Londoners feel safe in every part of our city ; later that month he marched in the LGBT Pride London parade . In June 2020 , during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom , protesters sprayed graffiti on the Statue of Winston Churchill , Parliament Square over two successive days , including , following the inscription Churchill , the words was a racist . As a result , Khan controversially announced that he had ordered the statue to be temporarily covered up to preserve it from further vandalism . On 9 June 2020 , in response to the unrest , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm in to do so . Khans Diversity Commission is tasked with reviewing Londons statues , street names , monuments , sculptures , artworks and other landmarks , with the potential for removal . The commission is in response to the anti-racist protests which saw protesters topple a Statue of Edward Colston in Bristol , whilst also defacing a number of statues across the country . That evening the statue of Robert Milligan , a merchant and slave trader , outside the Museum of London Docklands was removed by the local authority and the Canal & River Trust . On 11 June 2020 , a joint statement from the Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust announced that the Statue of Robert Clayton , together with that of Thomas Guy , would be removed from public view and that they would work with Khan on the issue . Transport policies . On transport , Khan immediately announced the introduction of a Hopper bus ticket which would allow a passenger to take two bus and tram journeys within an hour for the price of one ; it was intended to benefit those on low incomes most . In January 2018 , this system was upgraded to offer unlimited journeys and allowing travel on Tube or rail services in between . In June 2016 , Khan announced that his electoral pledge to prevent transport fare rises would only apply to single fares and pay as you go fares , and not daily , monthly , weekly , or yearly railcards ; he was widely criticised for this . That same month , he ordered TfL to ban any advertising on its network that was deemed to body shame or demean women . In July he urged the government to allow TfL to take control of the failing Southern rail service , and in August launched the 24-hour Night Tube service on Fridays and Saturdays , an idea initially proposed by Johnson . Khan backed expansion of London City Airport , removing the block on this instituted by Johnsons administration ; environmentalist campaigners like Siân Berry stated that this was a breach of Khans pledge to be Londons greenest ever mayor . Opposing expansion at Heathrow Airport , he urged Prime Minister Theresa May to instead support expansion at Gatwick Airport , stating that to do so would bring substantial economic benefits to London . In August 2020 , Khan announced that Crossrail , a new east–west rail link through the centre of London , referred to as the Elizabeth Line , has been delayed again until 2022 , requiring an additional £1.1 billion in funding to complete the project . The line was originally due to open in 2018 COVID-19 pandemic and government bailout . During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 , Khan was criticized for closing stations and reducing services on the tube network resulting in overcrowding and putting key workers travelling to work at risk . On 17 March 2020 Khan announced the London Underground would begin running a reduced service due to the virus . Khan shut down the Waterloo & City line , several tube stations and the Night Tube . From 20 March , 40 tube stations were closed . On 22 April , Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of April unless Boris Johnsons government stepped in . Two days later , TfL announced it was furloughing around 7,000 employees , about a quarter of its staff , to help mitigate a 90% reduction in fare revenues . On 7 May , Transport for London , the capitals transport authority which Khan chairs , requested a £2 billion government bail-out to keep services running until September 2020 . Without an agreement with the government , deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a Section 114 notice – the equivalent of a public body going bust . On 14 May , Khan and UK Government agreed a £1.6 billion emergency funding package to keep Tube and bus services running . To achieve the bailout package , Khan had raise TfL fares by 1% above inflation , which went against a pledge he made during his mayoral election campaign to not increase fares . Transport Secretary Grant Shapps MP blamed Khan for the poor condition of TfL’s financial position during his four years as Mayor . From 22 June 2020 , Khan has implemented an increase in the London Congestion Charge to £15 a day , from £11.50 . Its hours of operation have also been extended to 7am – 10pm every day , including weekends . Despite the COVID-19 pandemic , teachers , police officers , firefighters and transport workers are also included in the charge , despite a campaign by the Metropolitan Police Federation to exempt them . Housing policies . In his first weeks as Mayor , Khan criticised foreign investors for treating homes in London as gold bricks for investment , instead urging them to invest in the construction of affordable homes for Londoners through a new agency , Homes for Londoners , which would be funded by both public and private money . Homes for Londoners is governed by a board and chaired by Khan . However , in contrast to one of his pre-election statements , he revealed that he no longer supported rent freezes in the city . Insisting that he would oppose building on the Green Belt , which is now even more important than when it was created , Khan vetoed the construction of a football stadium and two blocks of flats on Green Belt land in Chislehurst , after the plan had already been supported by Bromley Council . Khan launched a No Nights Sleeping Rough taskforce to tackle youth homelessness in London in October 2016 . Air pollution . Khan has called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency of a generation.” In October 2017 , he introduced the Toxicity Charge ( T-charge ) ; operating within the same hours and zone as the London congestion charge , the T-Charge levied a £10 fine on top of that for older and more polluting vehicles ( typically diesel and petrol ones registered before 2006 ) that do not meet . In that same year , he announced plans to establish a replacement : an Ultra Low Emission Zone ( ULEZ ) across London that would charge owners of the most polluting cars a fine of £12.50 per day on top of the congestion charge . The all day , every day ( except on Christmas Day ) zone was introduced in 2019 in Central London , applying to diesel cars and vans whose engines arent at the latest as well as most petrol cars over 14 years old ; in addition , non-compliant buses , coaches and lorries will have to pay £100 . The zone will be extended to the North and South Circulars in October 2021 . It resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 in March 2019 to 26,195 in April after the charge was introduced . Khan criticised the UK government in June 2017 for its lack of drive in improving general air quality . He stated that the governments action plan on the issue lacked “serious detail , fails to tackle all emission sources , such as from buildings , construction or the river , and does not utilise the government’s full resources and powers” , reflecting its low prioritisation of the issue in the past . In September , he announced that the first 50 air quality audits for primary schools in the worst-polluted areas of the city had been launched with the objective to reduce air pollution around public schools . The audits will continue until the end of 2017 , with reports being published in 2018 . Crime and policing . Since Khan became Mayor , crime rates in London have been increasing in every reporting year , whereby London is currently experiencing an upsurge in serious violent crime , particularly among teenagers and young men . In figures released by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , crime in London was five times higher than the rest of the United Kingdom in 2019 . Knife crime saw a 28 percent increase from 67 percent in 2018 to 86 percent in 2019 . While knife crime in London fell for three years in a row , down from 14,159 in 2010–2011 to 9,680 in 2014–15 , under Boris Johnson , Khans predecessor as Mayor of London , Khan has presided over an increase in knife crime to 12,061 offences in 2016–17 and 14,695 in 2017–18 . In February 2018 , reported murders in London exceeded those in New York City for the first time . London recorded 45 murders during January through March 2018 whereas New York recorded 38 . In an interview with LBC , Khan accepted responsibility for rising crime in London as the Police and Crime Commissioner for the city , but blamed budgetary cuts by the UK Conservative Government . Khan stated that knife crime is rising across England & Wales and that it is clearly a national problem that requires national solutions . Following the 2019 London Bridge stabbing Khan stated , “You can’t disaggregate terrorism and security from cuts made to resources of the police , of probation , the tools that judges have … The key thing is we need to support the police and security service . ( ... ) The point I am making is we can be safer , with more police and more resources.” Whilst Khan has been Mayor , Londons murder rate is at a ten-year high . The Metropolitan police recorded 149 homicides in 2019 up to 30 December . In five years the homicide rate has increased by more than 50% , from 94 cases in 2014 . Political image and views . Writing for The Spectator , the political commentator Nick Cohen described Khan as a centre-left social democrat , while the journalist Amol Rajan termed him a torch-bearer for the social democratic wing of the Labour Party . The BBC describe Khan as being located on the partys soft left . In an article for Al Jazeera , the Marxist commentator Richard Seymour described Khan as a centrist , while Matt Wrack , the General Secretary of the Fire Brigades Union , characterised Khan as belonging to that part of the Labour Party that was in government under Blair and Brown . The journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a social liberal . Khan has described himself as a proud feminist . In April 2019 , Khan joined the Jewish Labour Movement . He criticised the Trump administrations decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . Khan said the British government should apologise for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in British-ruled India . Khan condemned the plans for a protest march against Narendra Modis government over Indias treatment of Kashmir during the Hindu festival of Deepavali . Khan considers himself as a practising Muslim . He quotes from the Quran and hadith when discussing terrorism . He received death threats from Islamic extremists after voting in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act . He was also threatened by the far-right group Britain First , which in 2016 threatened to take direct action against Khan where he lives , works and prays as part of an anti-Muslim campaign . Journalist Dave Hill has said that Khan was savvy , streetwise and not averse to a scrap , whilst also describing him as having a joshing , livewire off-stage personality which differed from the formal image he often projected while onstage . Khan used to perform stand-up comedy before running for Mayor , including a ten-minute money-raising Stand Up for Labour routine . Comedian Arthur Smith stated that Khan could become a good club-level comedian one day . During the 2016 Mayoral campaign , Goldsmith referred to Khan as a caricature machine politician.. . the sort of politician who justified peoples mistrust in politics , as evidence citing Khans U-turn on supporting Heathrow expansion . Another rival in the 2016 Mayoral campaign , George Galloway of the Respect Party , referred to Khan as a flip-flop merchant and a product of the Blairite machine . There has been an ongoing political feud between Khan and former US president Donald Trump since 2016 , when Khan criticised Trump over his proposed Muslim ban and Trump responded by attacking Khan a number of times on Twitter over the next several years . Shortly before Trumps 2019 state visit to the UK , Khan compared Trump to European dictators of the 1930s and 40s . Upon arrival , Trump responded on Twitter by calling him a stone-cold loser and comparing him to another mayor he also targets , Bill de Blasio . On 9 June 2020 , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm to do so . Awards . - In 2009 , he became a Member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council . This entitled him to the honorific The Right Honourable for life . - Six months after his election as the MP for Tooting , The Spectator awarded Khan Newcomer of the Year . - Khan was nominated for the Politician of the Year Award at the British Muslim Awards in January 2013 and 2015 and won the award in February 2016 . - In late 2016 and 2017 , Khan won and accepted the British GQ’s Politician of the Year Award . - In 2017 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Law . - In 2018 , Khan was conferred Sitara-e-Pakistan for his services to Pakistan by the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain . - In 2018 , he became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . - In 2019 , Khan became an Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple Inn . Personal life . Khan is a practising Muslim who observes the fast during Ramadan and regularly attends Al-Muzzammil Mosque in Tooting . Journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a moderate , socially liberal Muslim . Khan has expressed the view that too often the people who are representing the Islamic faith arent representative , theyre angry men with beards . And that is not what Islam is about . Khan married Saadiya Ahmed , a fellow solicitor , in 1994 . They have two daughters , both raised in the Islamic faith . He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the position of Sadiq Khan from May 2015 to May 2016?	/wiki/Sadiq_Khan#P39#3	Sadiq Khan Sadiq Aman Khan ( ; born 8 October 1970 ) is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016 . He previously was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016 . A member of the Labour Party , Khan is on the partys soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat . Born in Tooting , South London , to a working-class British Pakistani family , Khan earned a law degree from the University of North London . He subsequently worked as a solicitor specialising in human rights issues and chaired the Liberty advocacy group for three years . Joining the Labour Party , Khan was a Councillor for the London Borough of Wandsworth from 1994 to 2006 before being elected MP for Tooting at the 2005 general election . He was openly critical of several policies of Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair , including the 2003 invasion of Iraq and new anti-terror legislation . Under Blairs successor Gordon Brown , Khan was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government in 2008 , later becoming Minister of State for Transport . A key ally of the next Labour leader , Ed Miliband , he served in Milibands Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Justice , Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Minister for London . Khan was elected Mayor of London at the 2016 mayoral election , defeating the Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith , and resigned as an MP . As Mayor , he implemented the Hopper fare for unlimited bus and tram journeys for an hour , increased the cost and the area covered by the London congestion charge , and introduced new charges ( the ULEZ and the T-Charge ) for older and more polluting vehicles driving in the city . He also backed expansion at London City Airport and Gatwick Airport . He was a vocal supporter of the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe and Peoples Vote campaigns for the UK to remain in the European Union , and attracted international attention for his Twitter arguments with United States President Donald Trump . He established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm following the 2020 George Floyd protests . Although Khan initially froze some Transport for London ( TfL ) fares , he has implemented transport fare rises since 2021 in return for a £1.6 billion bailout from the UK Government during the COVID-19 pandemic . He was re-elected as Mayor in May 2021 , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . He has been included in the Time 100 list of most influential people in the world . Khan has been praised for making Londons transport more accessible , and reducing the number of polluting vehicles in central London ; however , he has been criticised for the rise of knife crime and his response to crime in London . Early life . Sadiq Aman Khan was born on 8 October 1970 at St Georges Hospital in Tooting , South London to a working-class Sunni Muslim family . His grandparents migrated from Lucknow in United Provinces , British India to Pakistan following the partition of India in 1947 . His father Amanullah and mother Sehrun arrived in London from Pakistan in 1968 . Khan was the fifth of eight children , seven of whom were boys . In London , Amanullah worked as a bus driver and Sehrun as a seamstress . Khan and his siblings grew up in a three-bedroom council flat on the Henry Prince Estate in Earlsfield . He attended Fircroft Primary School and then Ernest Bevin School , a local comprehensive . Khan studied science and mathematics at A-level , in the hope of eventually becoming a dentist . A teacher recommended that he read law instead , as he had an argumentative personality . The teachers suggestion , along with the American television programme L.A . Law , inspired Khan to do so . He read Law at the University of North London ( now London Metropolitan University ) . His parents later moved out of their council flat and purchased their own home . Like his brothers , Khan was a fan of sport , particularly enjoying football , cricket , and boxing . From his earliest years , Khan worked : I was surrounded by my mum and dad working all the time , so as soon as I could get a job , I got a job . I got a paper round , a Saturday job—some summers I laboured on a building site . The family continues to send money to relatives in Pakistan , because were blessed being in this country . He and his family often encountered racism , which led to him and his brothers taking up boxing at the Earlsfield Amateur Boxing Club . While studying for his degree , between the ages of 18 and 21 , he had a Saturday job at the Peter Jones department store in Sloane Square . Legal career . Before entering the House of Commons in 2005 , Khan practised as a solicitor . After completing his law degree in 1991 , Khan took his Law Society finals at the College of Law in Guildford . In 1994 he married Saadiya Ahmed , who was also a solicitor . Also in 1994 , Khan became a trainee solicitor at a firm of solicitors called Christian Fisher ; the firm undertook mainly legal aid cases . The partners were Michael Fisher and Louise Christian . Khan became a partner at the firm in 1997 , and like Christian , specialised in human rights law . When Fisher left in 2002 , the firm was renamed Christian Khan . Khan left the firm in 2004 , after he became the prospective Labour candidate for the Tooting parliamentary constituency . During his legal career , he acted in actions against employment and discrimination law , judicial reviews , inquests , the police , and crime , and was involved in cases including the following : - Bubbins vs The United Kingdom ( European Court of Human Rights – shooting of an unarmed individual by police marksmen ) - HSU and Thompson v Met Police ( wrongful arrest/police damages ) - Reeves v Met Police ( duty of care to prisoners ) - Murray v CAB ( discrimination ) - Ahmed v University of Oxford ( racial discrimination against a student ) - Dr Jadhav v Secretary of State for Health ( racial discrimination in the employment of Indian doctors by the health service ) - CI Logan v Met Police ( racial discrimination ) - Supt Dizaei v Met Police ( police damages , discrimination ) - Inquest into the death of David Rocky Bennett ( use of restraints ) - Lead solicitor on Mayday demonstration 2001 test case litigation ( Human Rights Act ) - Farrakhan v Home Secretary ( Human Rights Act ) : in 2001 , Khan represented the American Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan in the High Court and overturned a ban on him entering the United Kingdom , first imposed in 1986 . The government subsequently won on appeal . - In February 2000 , Khan represented a group of Kurdish actors who were arrested by Metropolitan Police during a rehearsal of the Harold Pinter play Mountain Language , securing £150,000 in damages for the group for their wrongful arrest and the trauma caused by the arrest . - McDowell and Taylor v Met Police : Leroy McDowell and Wayne Taylor successfully sued the Metropolitan Police for assault and false imprisonment . - Represented Maajid Nawaz , Reza Pankhurst and Ian Nisbet in Egyptian court when they were arrested on charges of trying to revive Hizb ut-Tahrir . Parliamentary career . First term : 2005–2010 . Before entering Parliament , Khan represented Tooting as a councillor on Wandsworth Council from 1994 to 2006 , and was granted the title of Honorary Alderman of Wandsworth upon his retirement from local politics . In 2003 , Tooting Constituency Labour Party decided to open its parliamentary selection to all interested candidates , including the incumbent MP since 1974 , Tom Cox . This prompted Cox , then in his mid-70s , to announce his retirement rather than risk de-selection . In the subsequent selection contest , Khan defeated five other local candidates to become Labours candidate for the seat . He was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election . Khan was one of the Labour MPs who led the successful opposition to Prime Minister Tony Blairs proposed introduction of 90 days detention without charge for those suspected of terrorism offences . In recognition of this , The Spectator—a right-wing magazine then edited by Boris Johnson—awarded him the Newcomer of the Year Award at the 2005 Parliamentarian of the Year Awards . The magazines editorial board stated that he had received the award for the tough-mindedness and clarity with which he has spoken about the very difficult issues of Islamic terror . In August 2006 , he was a signatory of an open letter to Tony Blair that was signed by prominent Muslims and published in The Guardian . The letter criticised UK foreign policy and in particular the 2003 invasion of Iraq , stating that Blairs policies had caused great harm to civilians in the Middle East and provided ammunition to extremists who threaten us all . Khan had to repay £500 in expenses in 2007 in relation to a newsletter sent to constituents featuring a Labour rose , which was deemed to be unduly prominent . While the content of the newsletter was not deemed to be party political , the rose logo was found to be unduly prominent which may have had the effect of promoting a political party . There was no suggestion that Khan had deliberately or dishonestly compiled his expenses claims , which were not explicitly disallowed under the rules at that time . The rules were retrospectively changed disallowing the claim , which had previously been approved by the House of Commons authorities . On 3 February 2008 , The Sunday Times claimed that a conversation between Khan and prisoner Babar Ahmad – a constituent accused of involvement in terrorism – at Woodhill Prison in Milton Keynes had been bugged by the Metropolitan Police Anti-Terrorist Branch . An inquiry was launched by the Justice Secretary , Jack Straw . There was concern that the bugging contravened the Wilson Doctrine that police should not bug MPs . The report concluded that the doctrine did not apply because it affected only bugging requiring approval by the Home Secretary , while in Khans case the monitoring was authorised by a senior police officer . The Home Secretary , Jacqui Smith , then announced a further policy review and said the bugging of discussions between MPs and their constituents should be banned . In June 2007 , Blair stood down as both Prime Minister and Labour Party leader , to be replaced by Gordon Brown . Brown thought highly of Khan , who moved up the parliamentary ranks under Browns Premiership . Brown made Khan a party whip , who was therefore charged with ensuring that Labour-sponsored legislation made it through the parliamentary process to become law . In July 2008 , Khan helped push through a government proposal to permit the detention of those suspected of terror offenses for 42 days without charge . For his part in this , Khan was criticised by Libertys Shami Chakrabarti and others , who claimed that Khan had contravened his principles on civil liberties issues . On Prime Minister Gordon Browns Cabinet reshuffle of 3 October 2008 , Khan was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government . In 2008 , the Fabian Society published Khans book , Fairness Not Favours . In this work , Khan argued that the Labour Party had to reconnect with British Muslims , arguing that it had lost the trust of this community as a result of the Iraq War . He also said that British Muslims had their own part to play in reconnecting with politicians , arguing that they needed to rid themselves of a victim mentality and take greater responsibility for their own community . In the House of Commons in January 2009 , Khan criticised Pope Benedict XVI for the rehabilitation of Bishop Richard Williamson following his remarks about the Holocaust , a move he described as highly unsavoury and of great concern . In June 2009 he was promoted to Minister of State for Transport . In what was believed to be a first for an MP , Khan used his Twitter account to self-announce his promotion . Though Khan was not a member of the cabinet , he attended meetings for agenda items covering his policy area , thus becoming the first Muslim to sit in on the British Cabinet . As Transport Minister , Khan supported plans to expand Heathrow Airport with the addition of a third runway . During this period , Khan served as chairman of the socialist Fabian Society , remaining on its Executive Committee . In 2009 , he won the Jenny Jeger Award ( Best Fabian Pamphlet ) for his writing Fairness not Favours : How to re-connect with British Muslims . In March 2010 , Khan publicly stated that for a second successive year he would not be taking a pay rise as an MP or Minister , declaring At a time when many people in Tooting and throughout the country are having to accept pay freezes I dont think its appropriate for MPs to accept a pay rise . Second and third term : 2010–2016 . In 2010 , Khan was re-elected as the MP for Tooting despite a swing against his party of 3.6% and a halving of his previous majority . His campaign in Tooting had been supported by Harris Bokhari , who reportedly used anti-Ahmadiyya sentiment to mobilise Muslim voters at a mosque in Tooting to vote for Khan instead of the Liberal Democrat candidate , Nasser Butt , an Ahmadiyya . In 2019 , Bokhari was appointed to join Khans new Diversity , Equality and Inclusion Advisory Group . In the subsequent Labour leadership election Khan was an early backer of Ed Miliband , becoming his campaign manager . In the wake of Labours 2010 election defeat , Acting Leader Harriet Harman appointed Khan Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . Khan orchestrated Ed Milibands successful campaign to become Labour leader , and was appointed to the senior roles of Shadow Lord Chancellor and Shadow Justice Secretary . In April 2010 it was revealed that Khan had repaid falsely claimed expenses on two occasions , when literature was sent to his constituents . The first incident concerned letters sent out before the 2010 General Election which were ruled to have the unintentional effect of promoting his return to office , the second a £2,550 repayment for Christmas , Eid , and birthday cards for constituents , dating back to 2006 . Under House of Commons rules , pre-paid envelopes and official stationery can only be used for official parliamentary business . Khans claim for the greetings cards was initially rejected , but he presented a new invoice no longer identifying the nature of the claim , and this was accepted . Khan attributed the improper claim for the cards to inexperience and human error and apologised for breaking the expenses rules . In early 2013 , Miliband appointed Khan as the Shadow Minister for London , a position that he held in addition to his other responsibilities . In December 2013 , the Fabian Society published a collection of essays edited by Khan that was titled Our London . Khan was also tasked with overseeing Labours campaign for the 2014 London local elections , in which the party advanced its control in the city , gaining hold of twenty of the thirty-two boroughs . By this point , there was much talk of Khan making a bid for the London Mayoralty in 2016 , when incumbent Mayor Boris Johnson would be stepping down . His options were affected by the outcome of the 2015 general election ; if Labour won , then he would be expected to become a government minister , but if they lost then he would be free to pursue the Mayoralty . In December 2015 , Khan voted against the Cameron governments plans to expand the bombing of targets in the Islamic State . Polls had suggested that Labour could be the largest party in a hung parliament following the 2015 general election , but ultimately the Conservatives secured victory . In the vote , Khan was returned for a third term as MP for Tooting , defeating his Conservative rival by 2,842 votes . He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 , but has said that he was no patsy to Corbyn and would stand up to him . He later stated that he nominated Corbyn to broaden the debate but did not then vote for him . On 9 May 2016 , Khan resigned as an MP by his appointment to the ancient office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of The Three Chiltern Hundreds , a customary practice in the UK . This triggered a by-election in Tooting to be held in June 2016 . He is regularly named among the Top 100 London politicians in the London Evening Standards annual poll of the 1,000 most influential Londoners and is an Ambassador for Mosaic Network , an initiative set up by Prince Charles . Mayor of London . In 2016 , Sadiq Khan ran to become the mayor of London and was elected with 57% of the vote . He is Londons first Muslim mayor and first ethnic minority mayor . Khan was officially sworn in as Mayor in a multi-faith ceremony held in Southwark Cathedral the following day . His first act as mayor was his appearance at a Holocaust memorial ceremony in a rugby stadium in North London , although due to delays with the results of the election , he officially took office on 9 May . 2016 candidacy . Nomination as Labour candidate . After Labours defeat at the 2015 general election , Khan resigned from the Shadow Cabinet . He then announced himself as a candidate to be the Labour nominee for the London Mayoral elections of 2016 . Khan soon gained the support of prominent figures in the party , including former Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , who was on Labours leftist , socialist wing , and Oona King , who was on its centrist , Blairite wing . He also received the backing of the Labour-affiliated GMB and Unite unions , and the nomination of 44 of Labours 73 parliamentary constituent parties in London , leaving him as one of the top two contenders . Khans main rival was Conservative candidate Zac Goldsmith ; Khan described him as a spoiled dilettante who never finishes anything he starts . A YouGov poll for LBC suggested that while the other main contender to be the Labour nominee , Tessa Jowell , would defeat Goldsmith in a mayoral election , Khan would not . In hustings , Khan placed an emphasis on his working-class origins , which would play against Jowells wealthier upbringing , and argued for the need for change in London , thereby insinuating that Jowell would represent too much continuity with the outgoing Johnson administration . In September 2015 , Khan was announced as the winning nominee . He gained 48,152 votes ( 58.9% ) against Jowells 35,573 ( 41.1% ) . He was the favourite candidate in all three voting categories ; Labour Party members , members of affiliated trade unions and organisations , and registered supporters who had paid £3 in order to vote . Campaign . Khan vowed that if elected , he would freeze public transport fares in London for four years . He claimed that this would deprive Transport for London ( TfL ) of £452 million , but TfL stated that it would deprive them of £1.9 billion , taking into account projected population growth over this period . Although he had previously backed Heathrow expansion , he now opposed it , instead calling for expansion at Gatwick Airport ; he was likely aware that supporting the former was a vote loser in London . Aware of the severe housing shortage in London , he also spoke of clamping down on foreign property investors , and proposed the establishment of both a London living rent tenure and a not-for-profit lettings agency that could undercut commercial operators in order to ease the high cost of renting in the city . He also called for house building on land owned by TfL , insisting that at least 50% of those constructed should be genuinely affordable . The YouGov poll had revealed that 31% of Londoners stated that they would not be comfortable with a Muslim mayor . Aware that many voters were suspicious regarding the loyalties of British Muslims to the British state , Khan emphasised his commitment to liberal social values . As part of this , he declared his opposition to homophobia , and said that he would have zero tolerance for anti-Semitism . He openly condemned Islamic extremism and called on the Muslim community to take a leading role in combating it , although at the same time acknowledged the Islamophobia that many British Muslims faced . He also distanced himself from Corbyn , rebuking Labours socialist leader for his links to armed anti-Israel groups , and criticising him for not singing the national anthem at an event commemorating the Battle of Britain . Concerned that Corbyns socialist platform was alienating many of Londons businesses , Khan declared that he would be the most pro-business mayor ever , and met with groups such as the Federation of Small Businesses and City of London Corporation . He also ensured that his campaign was run entirely separate from Corbyn . Conversely , Goldsmiths Conservative campaign emphasised connections between Khan and Corbyn . Both the Conservative campaign and several Conservative-aligned newspapers sought to tar Khan as an apologist for , or even sympathiser with , Islamic extremism . International press sources often focused on his religious identity , with many right-wing American media outlets reacting with horror at his election . Khan won the election with 57% of the vote . The 1.3 million votes he received are the largest any UK politician has personally received to date . Various press sources noted that Khans election made him the first actively affiliated Muslim to become mayor of a major Western capital . Re-election . In 2021 , Khan was re-elected for a second term , defeating the Conservative candidate Shaun Bailey . It is expected that he will continue to serve as Mayor until at least 2024 . Mayoralty . In August 2016 , Khan declared his support for Owen Smiths failed bid to oust Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party . Although describing him as a principled Labour man , Khan said that Corbyn had failed to gain popularity with the electorate and that Labour would not win a general election under Corbyns leadership . On 8 January 2021 , Khan announced a planned council tax rise of 9.5% to help fund policing and free transport for pensioners and schoolchildren in London . Mr Khans proposal would see an overall increase of 9.5% or £31.59 a year for an average Band D council tax payer . Since his first budget in 2017–18 , Mr Khan has increased the Greater London Authoritys council tax precept by 31% , from £280 a year to £363.66 a year for a Band D property . On the same day , Khan also ordered London residents to cease travelling after he declared the COVID-19 crisis in London a major incident with out of control spread , as infection rates for London were estimated to be around 1 in 30 , with highs of 1 in 20 in some parts of the city . European Union and Brexit . In the buildup to the referendum on the UKs continuing membership of the European Union ( EU ) , Khan was a vocal supporter of the Remain camp . He agreed to attend a Britain Stronger in Europe campaign event with the Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron to demonstrate cross-party support for remaining within the EU , for which he was criticised by Labour Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell , who claimed that sharing a platform with the Conservatives discredits us . After the murder of MP Jo Cox during the campaign , Khan called for the country to pause and reflect on the manner in which the Leave and Remain camps had been approaching the debate , stating that it had been marred by a climate of hatred , of poison , of negativity , of cynicism . Following the success of the Leave vote , Khan insisted that all EU citizens living in London were welcome in the city and that he was grateful for the contribution that they made to it . He endorsed the Metropolitan Polices We Stand Together campaign to combat the rise in racial abuse following the referendum , and later backed the London is Open campaign to encourage businesses , artists , and performers to continue coming to the city despite Brexit . On 20 October 2018 , Khan marched with Peoples Vote protestors from Park Lane to Parliament Square in support of a referendum on the final Brexit deal . The march was started by Khan and featured speeches by Delia Smith and Steve Coogan . The organisers of the march said that almost 700,000 people took part . Police stated that they were unable to estimate the numbers involved and a later police debriefing document prepared by Khans Greater London Authority estimated the number to be 250,000 . On 23 March 2019 , Khan took part in the Put It to the People march in London in support of a second Brexit referendum . Khan addressed a rally at the end of the march alongside SNP leader Nicola Sturgeon , Conservative peer Michael Heseltine , former Attorney General Dominic Grieve , Labours deputy leader Tom Watson , and MPs Jess Phillips , Justine Greening and David Lammy . Diversity issues . While fasting for the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in 2016 , Khan declared that he would use the period as an opportunity to help break down the mystique and suspicion surrounding Islam in Britain and help to get out there and build bridges between communities , organising iftars to be held at synagogues , churches , and mosques . He then appeared at a Trafalgar Square celebration of Eid al-Fitr , endorsing religious freedom and lambasting criminals who do bad things and use the name of Islam to justify what they do . Following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting , Khan attended a vigil in Old Compton Street , Soho , and insisted that he will do everything in [ his ] power to ensure that LGBT Londoners feel safe in every part of our city ; later that month he marched in the LGBT Pride London parade . In June 2020 , during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom , protesters sprayed graffiti on the Statue of Winston Churchill , Parliament Square over two successive days , including , following the inscription Churchill , the words was a racist . As a result , Khan controversially announced that he had ordered the statue to be temporarily covered up to preserve it from further vandalism . On 9 June 2020 , in response to the unrest , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm in to do so . Khans Diversity Commission is tasked with reviewing Londons statues , street names , monuments , sculptures , artworks and other landmarks , with the potential for removal . The commission is in response to the anti-racist protests which saw protesters topple a Statue of Edward Colston in Bristol , whilst also defacing a number of statues across the country . That evening the statue of Robert Milligan , a merchant and slave trader , outside the Museum of London Docklands was removed by the local authority and the Canal & River Trust . On 11 June 2020 , a joint statement from the Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust announced that the Statue of Robert Clayton , together with that of Thomas Guy , would be removed from public view and that they would work with Khan on the issue . Transport policies . On transport , Khan immediately announced the introduction of a Hopper bus ticket which would allow a passenger to take two bus and tram journeys within an hour for the price of one ; it was intended to benefit those on low incomes most . In January 2018 , this system was upgraded to offer unlimited journeys and allowing travel on Tube or rail services in between . In June 2016 , Khan announced that his electoral pledge to prevent transport fare rises would only apply to single fares and pay as you go fares , and not daily , monthly , weekly , or yearly railcards ; he was widely criticised for this . That same month , he ordered TfL to ban any advertising on its network that was deemed to body shame or demean women . In July he urged the government to allow TfL to take control of the failing Southern rail service , and in August launched the 24-hour Night Tube service on Fridays and Saturdays , an idea initially proposed by Johnson . Khan backed expansion of London City Airport , removing the block on this instituted by Johnsons administration ; environmentalist campaigners like Siân Berry stated that this was a breach of Khans pledge to be Londons greenest ever mayor . Opposing expansion at Heathrow Airport , he urged Prime Minister Theresa May to instead support expansion at Gatwick Airport , stating that to do so would bring substantial economic benefits to London . In August 2020 , Khan announced that Crossrail , a new east–west rail link through the centre of London , referred to as the Elizabeth Line , has been delayed again until 2022 , requiring an additional £1.1 billion in funding to complete the project . The line was originally due to open in 2018 COVID-19 pandemic and government bailout . During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 , Khan was criticized for closing stations and reducing services on the tube network resulting in overcrowding and putting key workers travelling to work at risk . On 17 March 2020 Khan announced the London Underground would begin running a reduced service due to the virus . Khan shut down the Waterloo & City line , several tube stations and the Night Tube . From 20 March , 40 tube stations were closed . On 22 April , Khan warned that TfL could run out of money to pay staff by the end of April unless Boris Johnsons government stepped in . Two days later , TfL announced it was furloughing around 7,000 employees , about a quarter of its staff , to help mitigate a 90% reduction in fare revenues . On 7 May , Transport for London , the capitals transport authority which Khan chairs , requested a £2 billion government bail-out to keep services running until September 2020 . Without an agreement with the government , deputy mayor for transport Heidi Alexander said TfL might have to issue a Section 114 notice – the equivalent of a public body going bust . On 14 May , Khan and UK Government agreed a £1.6 billion emergency funding package to keep Tube and bus services running . To achieve the bailout package , Khan had raise TfL fares by 1% above inflation , which went against a pledge he made during his mayoral election campaign to not increase fares . Transport Secretary Grant Shapps MP blamed Khan for the poor condition of TfL’s financial position during his four years as Mayor . From 22 June 2020 , Khan has implemented an increase in the London Congestion Charge to £15 a day , from £11.50 . Its hours of operation have also been extended to 7am – 10pm every day , including weekends . Despite the COVID-19 pandemic , teachers , police officers , firefighters and transport workers are also included in the charge , despite a campaign by the Metropolitan Police Federation to exempt them . Housing policies . In his first weeks as Mayor , Khan criticised foreign investors for treating homes in London as gold bricks for investment , instead urging them to invest in the construction of affordable homes for Londoners through a new agency , Homes for Londoners , which would be funded by both public and private money . Homes for Londoners is governed by a board and chaired by Khan . However , in contrast to one of his pre-election statements , he revealed that he no longer supported rent freezes in the city . Insisting that he would oppose building on the Green Belt , which is now even more important than when it was created , Khan vetoed the construction of a football stadium and two blocks of flats on Green Belt land in Chislehurst , after the plan had already been supported by Bromley Council . Khan launched a No Nights Sleeping Rough taskforce to tackle youth homelessness in London in October 2016 . Air pollution . Khan has called air pollution “the biggest public health emergency of a generation.” In October 2017 , he introduced the Toxicity Charge ( T-charge ) ; operating within the same hours and zone as the London congestion charge , the T-Charge levied a £10 fine on top of that for older and more polluting vehicles ( typically diesel and petrol ones registered before 2006 ) that do not meet . In that same year , he announced plans to establish a replacement : an Ultra Low Emission Zone ( ULEZ ) across London that would charge owners of the most polluting cars a fine of £12.50 per day on top of the congestion charge . The all day , every day ( except on Christmas Day ) zone was introduced in 2019 in Central London , applying to diesel cars and vans whose engines arent at the latest as well as most petrol cars over 14 years old ; in addition , non-compliant buses , coaches and lorries will have to pay £100 . The zone will be extended to the North and South Circulars in October 2021 . It resulted in a drop of the worst polluting vehicles entering the zone each day from 35,578 in March 2019 to 26,195 in April after the charge was introduced . Khan criticised the UK government in June 2017 for its lack of drive in improving general air quality . He stated that the governments action plan on the issue lacked “serious detail , fails to tackle all emission sources , such as from buildings , construction or the river , and does not utilise the government’s full resources and powers” , reflecting its low prioritisation of the issue in the past . In September , he announced that the first 50 air quality audits for primary schools in the worst-polluted areas of the city had been launched with the objective to reduce air pollution around public schools . The audits will continue until the end of 2017 , with reports being published in 2018 . Crime and policing . Since Khan became Mayor , crime rates in London have been increasing in every reporting year , whereby London is currently experiencing an upsurge in serious violent crime , particularly among teenagers and young men . In figures released by the Office for National Statistics ( ONS ) , crime in London was five times higher than the rest of the United Kingdom in 2019 . Knife crime saw a 28 percent increase from 67 percent in 2018 to 86 percent in 2019 . While knife crime in London fell for three years in a row , down from 14,159 in 2010–2011 to 9,680 in 2014–15 , under Boris Johnson , Khans predecessor as Mayor of London , Khan has presided over an increase in knife crime to 12,061 offences in 2016–17 and 14,695 in 2017–18 . In February 2018 , reported murders in London exceeded those in New York City for the first time . London recorded 45 murders during January through March 2018 whereas New York recorded 38 . In an interview with LBC , Khan accepted responsibility for rising crime in London as the Police and Crime Commissioner for the city , but blamed budgetary cuts by the UK Conservative Government . Khan stated that knife crime is rising across England & Wales and that it is clearly a national problem that requires national solutions . Following the 2019 London Bridge stabbing Khan stated , “You can’t disaggregate terrorism and security from cuts made to resources of the police , of probation , the tools that judges have … The key thing is we need to support the police and security service . ( ... ) The point I am making is we can be safer , with more police and more resources.” Whilst Khan has been Mayor , Londons murder rate is at a ten-year high . The Metropolitan police recorded 149 homicides in 2019 up to 30 December . In five years the homicide rate has increased by more than 50% , from 94 cases in 2014 . Political image and views . Writing for The Spectator , the political commentator Nick Cohen described Khan as a centre-left social democrat , while the journalist Amol Rajan termed him a torch-bearer for the social democratic wing of the Labour Party . The BBC describe Khan as being located on the partys soft left . In an article for Al Jazeera , the Marxist commentator Richard Seymour described Khan as a centrist , while Matt Wrack , the General Secretary of the Fire Brigades Union , characterised Khan as belonging to that part of the Labour Party that was in government under Blair and Brown . The journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a social liberal . Khan has described himself as a proud feminist . In April 2019 , Khan joined the Jewish Labour Movement . He criticised the Trump administrations decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel . Khan said the British government should apologise for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in British-ruled India . Khan condemned the plans for a protest march against Narendra Modis government over Indias treatment of Kashmir during the Hindu festival of Deepavali . Khan considers himself as a practising Muslim . He quotes from the Quran and hadith when discussing terrorism . He received death threats from Islamic extremists after voting in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Act . He was also threatened by the far-right group Britain First , which in 2016 threatened to take direct action against Khan where he lives , works and prays as part of an anti-Muslim campaign . Journalist Dave Hill has said that Khan was savvy , streetwise and not averse to a scrap , whilst also describing him as having a joshing , livewire off-stage personality which differed from the formal image he often projected while onstage . Khan used to perform stand-up comedy before running for Mayor , including a ten-minute money-raising Stand Up for Labour routine . Comedian Arthur Smith stated that Khan could become a good club-level comedian one day . During the 2016 Mayoral campaign , Goldsmith referred to Khan as a caricature machine politician.. . the sort of politician who justified peoples mistrust in politics , as evidence citing Khans U-turn on supporting Heathrow expansion . Another rival in the 2016 Mayoral campaign , George Galloway of the Respect Party , referred to Khan as a flip-flop merchant and a product of the Blairite machine . There has been an ongoing political feud between Khan and former US president Donald Trump since 2016 , when Khan criticised Trump over his proposed Muslim ban and Trump responded by attacking Khan a number of times on Twitter over the next several years . Shortly before Trumps 2019 state visit to the UK , Khan compared Trump to European dictators of the 1930s and 40s . Upon arrival , Trump responded on Twitter by calling him a stone-cold loser and comparing him to another mayor he also targets , Bill de Blasio . On 9 June 2020 , Khan said that he believed some statues of slavers in London should be taken down , and established the Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm to do so . Awards . - In 2009 , he became a Member of Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council . This entitled him to the honorific The Right Honourable for life . - Six months after his election as the MP for Tooting , The Spectator awarded Khan Newcomer of the Year . - Khan was nominated for the Politician of the Year Award at the British Muslim Awards in January 2013 and 2015 and won the award in February 2016 . - In late 2016 and 2017 , Khan won and accepted the British GQ’s Politician of the Year Award . - In 2017 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Law . - In 2018 , Khan was conferred Sitara-e-Pakistan for his services to Pakistan by the Pakistani President Mamnoon Hussain . - In 2018 , he became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . - In 2019 , Khan became an Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple Inn . Personal life . Khan is a practising Muslim who observes the fast during Ramadan and regularly attends Al-Muzzammil Mosque in Tooting . Journalist Dave Hill described Khan as a moderate , socially liberal Muslim . Khan has expressed the view that too often the people who are representing the Islamic faith arent representative , theyre angry men with beards . And that is not what Islam is about . Khan married Saadiya Ahmed , a fellow solicitor , in 1994 . They have two daughters , both raised in the Islamic faith . He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C .
[ "" ]	easy	Which school did Darin LaHood go to from 1985 to 1986?	/wiki/Darin_LaHood#P69#0	Darin LaHood Darin McKay LaHood ( ; born July 5 , 1968 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for Illinois 18th congressional district since 2015 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously was the member of the Illinois Senate from the seven-county 37th legislative district ( 2011–2015 ) . He was elected to Congress in a special election following the resignation of Aaron Schock . LaHood , a native of Peoria , Illinois , is the son of Ray LaHood , the 16th United States Secretary of Transportation and before then seven-term U.S . Representative for the district his son currently represents . He has called himself a fiscal conservative focused on budget issues . While Ray was a moderate Republican , Darin is considered more conservative . Early life . LaHood was born in Peoria , Illinois , to Kathy ( Dunk ) and Ray LaHood , as the eldest of four siblings , and went to Academy of Our Lady/Spalding Institute . He graduated from Loras College in Iowa and received his Juris Doctor from John Marshall Law School . His father is of Lebanese and German descent . Career as an attorney . LaHood was a prosecutor in the Tazewell County states attorneys office and the United States Attorneys Office for the District of Nevada in Las Vegas . On returning to Peoria in 2005 , he took up private law practice ; he is in the Peoria law firm of Miller , Hall & Triggs . Early political career . LaHood ran for Peoria County states attorney in 2008 , losing to incumbent Kevin Lyons by a margin of 43,208 to 36,449 . He was also involved in several other Republican campaigns , including Bill Bradys 2010 campaign for governor and Dan Rutherfords campaign for Illinois Treasurer . LaHood was appointed to the Illinois Senate on February 27 , 2011 , at the age of 42 . He took office March 1 , the day after Dale Risinger retired . When appointed , LaHood announced he would run for election to a full term in 2012 , which he won , running unopposed . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2015 special On July 7 , 2015 , LaHood defeated Mike Flynn 69%-28% in the GOP Primary to become the Republican candidate for Illinois 18th congressional district , replacing Aaron Schock . He faced the Democratic candidate Rob Mellon in the September 10 special general election , easily defeating him with a large percentage of the vote . He was sworn in by House Speaker John Boehner on September 17 , 2015 . - 2016 In the November 8 , 2016 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate Junius Rodriguez by a margin of 250,506 ( 72.1% ) to 96,770 ( 27.9% ) . - 2018 In the November 6 , 2018 general election , LaHood faced Rodriguez in a rematch and defeated him by a margin of 195,927 ( 67.2% ) to 95,486 ( 32.8% ) . - 2020 In the November 3 , 2020 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate George Petrilli by a margin of 261,840 ( 70.41% ) to 110,039 ( 29.59% ) . Tenure . LaHood currently serves on the House Ways and Means Committee . On May 25 , 2016 , LaHood introduced legislation through the Science , Space , and Technology Committee that approved the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development ( NITRD ) Modernization Act of 2016 . The NITRD Program was originally authorized by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 . NITRD is the federal governments primary research portfolio on transformative high-end computing , high-speed networking , high capacity systems software , cybersecurity , and related advanced information technologies . LaHood drew criticism from constituents for declining to hold an open town hall during the February 2017 recess . Constituents from across the 18th congressional district gathered in Bloomington Normal and Jacksonville to request a town hall to discuss a variety of issues , including access to health care , immigration laws , and the freedom of the press . LaHood spoke to the demonstrators outside the Farm Bureau building in Peoria who had come to push for a town hall , LaHood stated , We live in a democracy , people may not always agree with me and thats why I have to go before voters like I did in November . I was fortunate to receive 72 percent of the vote in that election . But this is part of the process . LaHood is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . He is a member of the Republican Study Committee . Legislature . LaHood voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . In a letter to the editor in the State Journal Register , LaHood stated that the bill would help his constituents save money and make businesses more competitive globally , including State Farm Insurance , John Deere , and other local businesses . During the 116th Congress ( 2019-2020 ) , LaHood cosponsored the Great American Outdoors Act H.R.1957 establishing the National Parks and Public Land Legacy Restoration Fund for priority deferred maintenance projects on federal lands managed by the National Park Service , the Forest Service , the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service , the Bureau of Land Management , and the Bureau of Indian Education . In FY2021-FY2025 , the fund will accrue up to $1.9 billion per year from revenues on federal lands and waters received from oil , gas , coal , or alternative or renewable energy development . Political positions . Environment . LaHood believes that humans play a role regarding climate change and that there is no doubt about that . Despite this , LaHood has a 0% lifetime rating from the League of Conservation Voters , indicating consistent votes against environmental causes . Health care . LaHood opposes able-bodied working men from accessing Medicaid . He supports the full repeal of the Affordable Care Act . Regarding single-payer healthcare , LaHood would consider a bill if it was fiscally sound and benefited his constituents . Net neutrality . LaHood opposes net neutrality and believes that revoking it has zero effect on privacy or data collection . Economic issues . LaHood supports tax reform , specifically around corporate loopholes . In April 2017 , he stated he would not vote for any tax cut bill unless it was revenue neutral so it would not add to the deficit . In December , LaHood voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which , according to the Congressional Budget Office , will add $1.414 trillion to the national debt . Immigration . LaHood supports immigration reform , including shortening the time that it takes for people to legally enter the United States . He is 100 percent supportive of expanding the number of individuals allowed to immigrate to the country . Cannabis . LaHood has a F rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . He opposes the legalization of marijuana , even for medicinal purposes . LaHood opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence . He believes the legalization of medical marijuana increases its illegal use and abuse by teenagers and that it is addictive . Donald Trump . LaHood believes that Trump should release his tax returns and will vote in favor of requiring it if a bill is presented to the House . Regarding Trumps visits to Mar-a-Lago , LaHood believes more business should be conducted in the White House than in Florida . LaHood supports the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election . In December 2020 , LaHood was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded LaHood and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat LaHood and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . On January 6 , 2021 , a mob of U.S citizens illegally entered the U.S . Capitol Building while Congress was in session debating the Electoral College certification . LaHood and his staff were among those kept under police lockdown for over four hours . That evening , LaHood voted to certify Joe Biden as the 46th President-elect . Personal life . LaHood lives in Dunlap , a suburb of Peoria , with his wife Kristen ; they married in 2000 . They have three children : McKay , Lucas , and Teddy .
[ "John Marshall Law School" ]	easy	Which school did Darin LaHood go to in 1986?	/wiki/Darin_LaHood#P69#1	Darin LaHood Darin McKay LaHood ( ; born July 5 , 1968 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for Illinois 18th congressional district since 2015 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously was the member of the Illinois Senate from the seven-county 37th legislative district ( 2011–2015 ) . He was elected to Congress in a special election following the resignation of Aaron Schock . LaHood , a native of Peoria , Illinois , is the son of Ray LaHood , the 16th United States Secretary of Transportation and before then seven-term U.S . Representative for the district his son currently represents . He has called himself a fiscal conservative focused on budget issues . While Ray was a moderate Republican , Darin is considered more conservative . Early life . LaHood was born in Peoria , Illinois , to Kathy ( Dunk ) and Ray LaHood , as the eldest of four siblings , and went to Academy of Our Lady/Spalding Institute . He graduated from Loras College in Iowa and received his Juris Doctor from John Marshall Law School . His father is of Lebanese and German descent . Career as an attorney . LaHood was a prosecutor in the Tazewell County states attorneys office and the United States Attorneys Office for the District of Nevada in Las Vegas . On returning to Peoria in 2005 , he took up private law practice ; he is in the Peoria law firm of Miller , Hall & Triggs . Early political career . LaHood ran for Peoria County states attorney in 2008 , losing to incumbent Kevin Lyons by a margin of 43,208 to 36,449 . He was also involved in several other Republican campaigns , including Bill Bradys 2010 campaign for governor and Dan Rutherfords campaign for Illinois Treasurer . LaHood was appointed to the Illinois Senate on February 27 , 2011 , at the age of 42 . He took office March 1 , the day after Dale Risinger retired . When appointed , LaHood announced he would run for election to a full term in 2012 , which he won , running unopposed . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2015 special On July 7 , 2015 , LaHood defeated Mike Flynn 69%-28% in the GOP Primary to become the Republican candidate for Illinois 18th congressional district , replacing Aaron Schock . He faced the Democratic candidate Rob Mellon in the September 10 special general election , easily defeating him with a large percentage of the vote . He was sworn in by House Speaker John Boehner on September 17 , 2015 . - 2016 In the November 8 , 2016 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate Junius Rodriguez by a margin of 250,506 ( 72.1% ) to 96,770 ( 27.9% ) . - 2018 In the November 6 , 2018 general election , LaHood faced Rodriguez in a rematch and defeated him by a margin of 195,927 ( 67.2% ) to 95,486 ( 32.8% ) . - 2020 In the November 3 , 2020 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate George Petrilli by a margin of 261,840 ( 70.41% ) to 110,039 ( 29.59% ) . Tenure . LaHood currently serves on the House Ways and Means Committee . On May 25 , 2016 , LaHood introduced legislation through the Science , Space , and Technology Committee that approved the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development ( NITRD ) Modernization Act of 2016 . The NITRD Program was originally authorized by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 . NITRD is the federal governments primary research portfolio on transformative high-end computing , high-speed networking , high capacity systems software , cybersecurity , and related advanced information technologies . LaHood drew criticism from constituents for declining to hold an open town hall during the February 2017 recess . Constituents from across the 18th congressional district gathered in Bloomington Normal and Jacksonville to request a town hall to discuss a variety of issues , including access to health care , immigration laws , and the freedom of the press . LaHood spoke to the demonstrators outside the Farm Bureau building in Peoria who had come to push for a town hall , LaHood stated , We live in a democracy , people may not always agree with me and thats why I have to go before voters like I did in November . I was fortunate to receive 72 percent of the vote in that election . But this is part of the process . LaHood is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . He is a member of the Republican Study Committee . Legislature . LaHood voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . In a letter to the editor in the State Journal Register , LaHood stated that the bill would help his constituents save money and make businesses more competitive globally , including State Farm Insurance , John Deere , and other local businesses . During the 116th Congress ( 2019-2020 ) , LaHood cosponsored the Great American Outdoors Act H.R.1957 establishing the National Parks and Public Land Legacy Restoration Fund for priority deferred maintenance projects on federal lands managed by the National Park Service , the Forest Service , the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service , the Bureau of Land Management , and the Bureau of Indian Education . In FY2021-FY2025 , the fund will accrue up to $1.9 billion per year from revenues on federal lands and waters received from oil , gas , coal , or alternative or renewable energy development . Political positions . Environment . LaHood believes that humans play a role regarding climate change and that there is no doubt about that . Despite this , LaHood has a 0% lifetime rating from the League of Conservation Voters , indicating consistent votes against environmental causes . Health care . LaHood opposes able-bodied working men from accessing Medicaid . He supports the full repeal of the Affordable Care Act . Regarding single-payer healthcare , LaHood would consider a bill if it was fiscally sound and benefited his constituents . Net neutrality . LaHood opposes net neutrality and believes that revoking it has zero effect on privacy or data collection . Economic issues . LaHood supports tax reform , specifically around corporate loopholes . In April 2017 , he stated he would not vote for any tax cut bill unless it was revenue neutral so it would not add to the deficit . In December , LaHood voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which , according to the Congressional Budget Office , will add $1.414 trillion to the national debt . Immigration . LaHood supports immigration reform , including shortening the time that it takes for people to legally enter the United States . He is 100 percent supportive of expanding the number of individuals allowed to immigrate to the country . Cannabis . LaHood has a F rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . He opposes the legalization of marijuana , even for medicinal purposes . LaHood opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence . He believes the legalization of medical marijuana increases its illegal use and abuse by teenagers and that it is addictive . Donald Trump . LaHood believes that Trump should release his tax returns and will vote in favor of requiring it if a bill is presented to the House . Regarding Trumps visits to Mar-a-Lago , LaHood believes more business should be conducted in the White House than in Florida . LaHood supports the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election . In December 2020 , LaHood was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded LaHood and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat LaHood and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . On January 6 , 2021 , a mob of U.S citizens illegally entered the U.S . Capitol Building while Congress was in session debating the Electoral College certification . LaHood and his staff were among those kept under police lockdown for over four hours . That evening , LaHood voted to certify Joe Biden as the 46th President-elect . Personal life . LaHood lives in Dunlap , a suburb of Peoria , with his wife Kristen ; they married in 2000 . They have three children : McKay , Lucas , and Teddy .
[ "John Marshall Law School" ]	easy	Which school did Darin LaHood go to in 1990?	/wiki/Darin_LaHood#P69#2	Darin LaHood Darin McKay LaHood ( ; born July 5 , 1968 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for Illinois 18th congressional district since 2015 . A member of the Republican Party , he previously was the member of the Illinois Senate from the seven-county 37th legislative district ( 2011–2015 ) . He was elected to Congress in a special election following the resignation of Aaron Schock . LaHood , a native of Peoria , Illinois , is the son of Ray LaHood , the 16th United States Secretary of Transportation and before then seven-term U.S . Representative for the district his son currently represents . He has called himself a fiscal conservative focused on budget issues . While Ray was a moderate Republican , Darin is considered more conservative . Early life . LaHood was born in Peoria , Illinois , to Kathy ( Dunk ) and Ray LaHood , as the eldest of four siblings , and went to Academy of Our Lady/Spalding Institute . He graduated from Loras College in Iowa and received his Juris Doctor from John Marshall Law School . His father is of Lebanese and German descent . Career as an attorney . LaHood was a prosecutor in the Tazewell County states attorneys office and the United States Attorneys Office for the District of Nevada in Las Vegas . On returning to Peoria in 2005 , he took up private law practice ; he is in the Peoria law firm of Miller , Hall & Triggs . Early political career . LaHood ran for Peoria County states attorney in 2008 , losing to incumbent Kevin Lyons by a margin of 43,208 to 36,449 . He was also involved in several other Republican campaigns , including Bill Bradys 2010 campaign for governor and Dan Rutherfords campaign for Illinois Treasurer . LaHood was appointed to the Illinois Senate on February 27 , 2011 , at the age of 42 . He took office March 1 , the day after Dale Risinger retired . When appointed , LaHood announced he would run for election to a full term in 2012 , which he won , running unopposed . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2015 special On July 7 , 2015 , LaHood defeated Mike Flynn 69%-28% in the GOP Primary to become the Republican candidate for Illinois 18th congressional district , replacing Aaron Schock . He faced the Democratic candidate Rob Mellon in the September 10 special general election , easily defeating him with a large percentage of the vote . He was sworn in by House Speaker John Boehner on September 17 , 2015 . - 2016 In the November 8 , 2016 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate Junius Rodriguez by a margin of 250,506 ( 72.1% ) to 96,770 ( 27.9% ) . - 2018 In the November 6 , 2018 general election , LaHood faced Rodriguez in a rematch and defeated him by a margin of 195,927 ( 67.2% ) to 95,486 ( 32.8% ) . - 2020 In the November 3 , 2020 general election , LaHood defeated Democratic candidate George Petrilli by a margin of 261,840 ( 70.41% ) to 110,039 ( 29.59% ) . Tenure . LaHood currently serves on the House Ways and Means Committee . On May 25 , 2016 , LaHood introduced legislation through the Science , Space , and Technology Committee that approved the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development ( NITRD ) Modernization Act of 2016 . The NITRD Program was originally authorized by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 . NITRD is the federal governments primary research portfolio on transformative high-end computing , high-speed networking , high capacity systems software , cybersecurity , and related advanced information technologies . LaHood drew criticism from constituents for declining to hold an open town hall during the February 2017 recess . Constituents from across the 18th congressional district gathered in Bloomington Normal and Jacksonville to request a town hall to discuss a variety of issues , including access to health care , immigration laws , and the freedom of the press . LaHood spoke to the demonstrators outside the Farm Bureau building in Peoria who had come to push for a town hall , LaHood stated , We live in a democracy , people may not always agree with me and thats why I have to go before voters like I did in November . I was fortunate to receive 72 percent of the vote in that election . But this is part of the process . LaHood is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership . He is a member of the Republican Study Committee . Legislature . LaHood voted in favor of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . In a letter to the editor in the State Journal Register , LaHood stated that the bill would help his constituents save money and make businesses more competitive globally , including State Farm Insurance , John Deere , and other local businesses . During the 116th Congress ( 2019-2020 ) , LaHood cosponsored the Great American Outdoors Act H.R.1957 establishing the National Parks and Public Land Legacy Restoration Fund for priority deferred maintenance projects on federal lands managed by the National Park Service , the Forest Service , the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service , the Bureau of Land Management , and the Bureau of Indian Education . In FY2021-FY2025 , the fund will accrue up to $1.9 billion per year from revenues on federal lands and waters received from oil , gas , coal , or alternative or renewable energy development . Political positions . Environment . LaHood believes that humans play a role regarding climate change and that there is no doubt about that . Despite this , LaHood has a 0% lifetime rating from the League of Conservation Voters , indicating consistent votes against environmental causes . Health care . LaHood opposes able-bodied working men from accessing Medicaid . He supports the full repeal of the Affordable Care Act . Regarding single-payer healthcare , LaHood would consider a bill if it was fiscally sound and benefited his constituents . Net neutrality . LaHood opposes net neutrality and believes that revoking it has zero effect on privacy or data collection . Economic issues . LaHood supports tax reform , specifically around corporate loopholes . In April 2017 , he stated he would not vote for any tax cut bill unless it was revenue neutral so it would not add to the deficit . In December , LaHood voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , which , according to the Congressional Budget Office , will add $1.414 trillion to the national debt . Immigration . LaHood supports immigration reform , including shortening the time that it takes for people to legally enter the United States . He is 100 percent supportive of expanding the number of individuals allowed to immigrate to the country . Cannabis . LaHood has a F rating from NORML for his voting history regarding cannabis-related causes . He opposes the legalization of marijuana , even for medicinal purposes . LaHood opposes veterans having access to medical marijuana if recommended by their Veterans Health Administration doctor and if it is legal for medicinal purposes in their state of residence . He believes the legalization of medical marijuana increases its illegal use and abuse by teenagers and that it is addictive . Donald Trump . LaHood believes that Trump should release his tax returns and will vote in favor of requiring it if a bill is presented to the House . Regarding Trumps visits to Mar-a-Lago , LaHood believes more business should be conducted in the White House than in Florida . LaHood supports the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election . In December 2020 , LaHood was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives who signed an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden prevailed over incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of the election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . Additionally , Pelosi reprimanded LaHood and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat LaHood and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit . Pascrell argued that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . On January 6 , 2021 , a mob of U.S citizens illegally entered the U.S . Capitol Building while Congress was in session debating the Electoral College certification . LaHood and his staff were among those kept under police lockdown for over four hours . That evening , LaHood voted to certify Joe Biden as the 46th President-elect . Personal life . LaHood lives in Dunlap , a suburb of Peoria , with his wife Kristen ; they married in 2000 . They have three children : McKay , Lucas , and Teddy .
[ "East India Company" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Mark Huish work for from 1824 to 1837?	/wiki/Mark_Huish#P108#0	Mark Huish Captain Mark Huish ( 9 March 1808 – 18 January 1867 ) was an English railway manager . He is best known for his term as General Manager of the London & North Western Railway , a position he held for 12 years , beginning from the Companys formation in 1846 . Early life . Huish was born in Nottingham on 9 March 1808 , the son of Mark Huish and Elizabeth Gainsford . He was baptised in High Pavement Presbyterian Church on 6 April 1808 . His father , Mark Huish ( 1 March 1776 – 14 January 1833 ) was a deputy-lieutenant for Nottinghamshire . His mother , Elizabeth Gainsford ( d . 1824 ) , was the daughter of John Gainsford of Worksop . They married on 5 August 1799 . Military career . At age 16 he was sent to India to enter the service of the East India Company , where he joined the 67th regiment Bengal Native Infantry as an Ensign . Huish rose through the ranks and by 1834 , at the age of 26 , he became entitled to a 3-year leave which allowed him to return to England . While he was in England his promotion to captain was gazetted . For the rest of his life he always styled himself Captain Mark Huish . Business career . At this time Huish had to make a choice : either to return to India at the end of the leave , which would have committed him to a long period without the prospect of returning home , or to look for employment in another sphere . He had become interested in the possibility of working in railway management and applied for the position of Secretary to the newly formed Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . Huish was selected from amongst the more than 60 applicants and he began work in Glasgow on 24 November 1837 . He remained with the company until 7 July 1841 when he resigned on being offered the job of Secretary to the Grand Junction Railway company , a significant promotion . The Grand Junction Railway merged with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to become the London & North Western Railway . In October 1846 the Directors of the combined company appointed Huish General Manager at a salary of £2,000 p.a. ( ) , This was an incredibly high salary for the time . In 1851-52 a paper on Railway Accidents submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers was awarded the Telford Medal in silver . Huish exerted a strong influence over the development of the Company , and he was responsible for several important developments in railway management and accounting practice which were taken up by other companies . However , his bullying style and arrogance meant that he made enemies . This management style coupled with increasingly difficult trading conditions brought about Huishs downfall . By 1858 his position had become untenable , and he resigned his situation with the London & North Western . Despite all he had done for the Company , and his contribution was certainly considerable , he received a pay-off of just 18 months salary , and a free pass for life . Significantly , he did not get a pension . After the London & North Western . In 1859 Huish was appointed deputy chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company . Huish was also a director of the Isle of Wight Railway Company which was authorised in 1860 and which opened in 1864 . By this time Huish was living in Bonchurch in the South East of the Island . Huish died on the Isle of Wight on 18 January 1867 at the age of 58 . Huishs wife Margaret commissioned a memorial grotto to her husband which was constructed at eastern end of Bonchurch Pond , Bonchurch , Isle of Wight . The inscription records that following a successful business career he retired to the Island and in Mitchell Avenue , opposite the bowling green he built several houses . He also initiated the local geological collection .
[ "Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway" ]	easy	Mark Huish was an employee for whom from Nov 1837 to 1841?	/wiki/Mark_Huish#P108#1	Mark Huish Captain Mark Huish ( 9 March 1808 – 18 January 1867 ) was an English railway manager . He is best known for his term as General Manager of the London & North Western Railway , a position he held for 12 years , beginning from the Companys formation in 1846 . Early life . Huish was born in Nottingham on 9 March 1808 , the son of Mark Huish and Elizabeth Gainsford . He was baptised in High Pavement Presbyterian Church on 6 April 1808 . His father , Mark Huish ( 1 March 1776 – 14 January 1833 ) was a deputy-lieutenant for Nottinghamshire . His mother , Elizabeth Gainsford ( d . 1824 ) , was the daughter of John Gainsford of Worksop . They married on 5 August 1799 . Military career . At age 16 he was sent to India to enter the service of the East India Company , where he joined the 67th regiment Bengal Native Infantry as an Ensign . Huish rose through the ranks and by 1834 , at the age of 26 , he became entitled to a 3-year leave which allowed him to return to England . While he was in England his promotion to captain was gazetted . For the rest of his life he always styled himself Captain Mark Huish . Business career . At this time Huish had to make a choice : either to return to India at the end of the leave , which would have committed him to a long period without the prospect of returning home , or to look for employment in another sphere . He had become interested in the possibility of working in railway management and applied for the position of Secretary to the newly formed Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . Huish was selected from amongst the more than 60 applicants and he began work in Glasgow on 24 November 1837 . He remained with the company until 7 July 1841 when he resigned on being offered the job of Secretary to the Grand Junction Railway company , a significant promotion . The Grand Junction Railway merged with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to become the London & North Western Railway . In October 1846 the Directors of the combined company appointed Huish General Manager at a salary of £2,000 p.a. ( ) , This was an incredibly high salary for the time . In 1851-52 a paper on Railway Accidents submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers was awarded the Telford Medal in silver . Huish exerted a strong influence over the development of the Company , and he was responsible for several important developments in railway management and accounting practice which were taken up by other companies . However , his bullying style and arrogance meant that he made enemies . This management style coupled with increasingly difficult trading conditions brought about Huishs downfall . By 1858 his position had become untenable , and he resigned his situation with the London & North Western . Despite all he had done for the Company , and his contribution was certainly considerable , he received a pay-off of just 18 months salary , and a free pass for life . Significantly , he did not get a pension . After the London & North Western . In 1859 Huish was appointed deputy chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company . Huish was also a director of the Isle of Wight Railway Company which was authorised in 1860 and which opened in 1864 . By this time Huish was living in Bonchurch in the South East of the Island . Huish died on the Isle of Wight on 18 January 1867 at the age of 58 . Huishs wife Margaret commissioned a memorial grotto to her husband which was constructed at eastern end of Bonchurch Pond , Bonchurch , Isle of Wight . The inscription records that following a successful business career he retired to the Island and in Mitchell Avenue , opposite the bowling green he built several houses . He also initiated the local geological collection .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Mark Huish work for from 1841 to 1846?	/wiki/Mark_Huish#P108#2	Mark Huish Captain Mark Huish ( 9 March 1808 – 18 January 1867 ) was an English railway manager . He is best known for his term as General Manager of the London & North Western Railway , a position he held for 12 years , beginning from the Companys formation in 1846 . Early life . Huish was born in Nottingham on 9 March 1808 , the son of Mark Huish and Elizabeth Gainsford . He was baptised in High Pavement Presbyterian Church on 6 April 1808 . His father , Mark Huish ( 1 March 1776 – 14 January 1833 ) was a deputy-lieutenant for Nottinghamshire . His mother , Elizabeth Gainsford ( d . 1824 ) , was the daughter of John Gainsford of Worksop . They married on 5 August 1799 . Military career . At age 16 he was sent to India to enter the service of the East India Company , where he joined the 67th regiment Bengal Native Infantry as an Ensign . Huish rose through the ranks and by 1834 , at the age of 26 , he became entitled to a 3-year leave which allowed him to return to England . While he was in England his promotion to captain was gazetted . For the rest of his life he always styled himself Captain Mark Huish . Business career . At this time Huish had to make a choice : either to return to India at the end of the leave , which would have committed him to a long period without the prospect of returning home , or to look for employment in another sphere . He had become interested in the possibility of working in railway management and applied for the position of Secretary to the newly formed Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . Huish was selected from amongst the more than 60 applicants and he began work in Glasgow on 24 November 1837 . He remained with the company until 7 July 1841 when he resigned on being offered the job of Secretary to the Grand Junction Railway company , a significant promotion . The Grand Junction Railway merged with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to become the London & North Western Railway . In October 1846 the Directors of the combined company appointed Huish General Manager at a salary of £2,000 p.a. ( ) , This was an incredibly high salary for the time . In 1851-52 a paper on Railway Accidents submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers was awarded the Telford Medal in silver . Huish exerted a strong influence over the development of the Company , and he was responsible for several important developments in railway management and accounting practice which were taken up by other companies . However , his bullying style and arrogance meant that he made enemies . This management style coupled with increasingly difficult trading conditions brought about Huishs downfall . By 1858 his position had become untenable , and he resigned his situation with the London & North Western . Despite all he had done for the Company , and his contribution was certainly considerable , he received a pay-off of just 18 months salary , and a free pass for life . Significantly , he did not get a pension . After the London & North Western . In 1859 Huish was appointed deputy chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company . Huish was also a director of the Isle of Wight Railway Company which was authorised in 1860 and which opened in 1864 . By this time Huish was living in Bonchurch in the South East of the Island . Huish died on the Isle of Wight on 18 January 1867 at the age of 58 . Huishs wife Margaret commissioned a memorial grotto to her husband which was constructed at eastern end of Bonchurch Pond , Bonchurch , Isle of Wight . The inscription records that following a successful business career he retired to the Island and in Mitchell Avenue , opposite the bowling green he built several houses . He also initiated the local geological collection .
[ "London & North Western Railway" ]	easy	Which employer did Mark Huish work for from 1846 to 1858?	/wiki/Mark_Huish#P108#3	Mark Huish Captain Mark Huish ( 9 March 1808 – 18 January 1867 ) was an English railway manager . He is best known for his term as General Manager of the London & North Western Railway , a position he held for 12 years , beginning from the Companys formation in 1846 . Early life . Huish was born in Nottingham on 9 March 1808 , the son of Mark Huish and Elizabeth Gainsford . He was baptised in High Pavement Presbyterian Church on 6 April 1808 . His father , Mark Huish ( 1 March 1776 – 14 January 1833 ) was a deputy-lieutenant for Nottinghamshire . His mother , Elizabeth Gainsford ( d . 1824 ) , was the daughter of John Gainsford of Worksop . They married on 5 August 1799 . Military career . At age 16 he was sent to India to enter the service of the East India Company , where he joined the 67th regiment Bengal Native Infantry as an Ensign . Huish rose through the ranks and by 1834 , at the age of 26 , he became entitled to a 3-year leave which allowed him to return to England . While he was in England his promotion to captain was gazetted . For the rest of his life he always styled himself Captain Mark Huish . Business career . At this time Huish had to make a choice : either to return to India at the end of the leave , which would have committed him to a long period without the prospect of returning home , or to look for employment in another sphere . He had become interested in the possibility of working in railway management and applied for the position of Secretary to the newly formed Glasgow , Paisley and Greenock Railway . Huish was selected from amongst the more than 60 applicants and he began work in Glasgow on 24 November 1837 . He remained with the company until 7 July 1841 when he resigned on being offered the job of Secretary to the Grand Junction Railway company , a significant promotion . The Grand Junction Railway merged with the London and Birmingham Railway and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway to become the London & North Western Railway . In October 1846 the Directors of the combined company appointed Huish General Manager at a salary of £2,000 p.a. ( ) , This was an incredibly high salary for the time . In 1851-52 a paper on Railway Accidents submitted to the Institution of Civil Engineers was awarded the Telford Medal in silver . Huish exerted a strong influence over the development of the Company , and he was responsible for several important developments in railway management and accounting practice which were taken up by other companies . However , his bullying style and arrogance meant that he made enemies . This management style coupled with increasingly difficult trading conditions brought about Huishs downfall . By 1858 his position had become untenable , and he resigned his situation with the London & North Western . Despite all he had done for the Company , and his contribution was certainly considerable , he received a pay-off of just 18 months salary , and a free pass for life . Significantly , he did not get a pension . After the London & North Western . In 1859 Huish was appointed deputy chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company . Huish was also a director of the Isle of Wight Railway Company which was authorised in 1860 and which opened in 1864 . By this time Huish was living in Bonchurch in the South East of the Island . Huish died on the Isle of Wight on 18 January 1867 at the age of 58 . Huishs wife Margaret commissioned a memorial grotto to her husband which was constructed at eastern end of Bonchurch Pond , Bonchurch , Isle of Wight . The inscription records that following a successful business career he retired to the Island and in Mitchell Avenue , opposite the bowling green he built several houses . He also initiated the local geological collection .
[ "Jaap Stam" ]	easy	Who coached the team Reading F.C. from 2016 to 2018?	/wiki/Reading_F.C.#P286#0	Reading F.C . Reading Football Club ( ) is a football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Veljko Paunović . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Readings location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the towns association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first played in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006–07 season . The club competed in the 2012–13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011–12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years , from 1896 to 1998 . In 1998 , the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the clubs former chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006–07 Premier League , their first-ever season as a top-flight club . During the 2014–15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi-finals , and reached the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016–17 EFL Championship season . History . Formation and gradual rise ( 1871–1991 ) . Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose-built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy . Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Readings best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926–27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two-legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3–2 at Stamford Bridge . When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The clubs record victory , 10–2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners-up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948–49 and 1951–52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The sides moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top-flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 . Onwards and upwards ( 1991–2005 ) . The appointment of Mark McGhee as player-manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty-five-year-old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners-up in the final Division One table – only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Goodings contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 . The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium , named after chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying for the play-offs , losing 2–3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002–03 after finishing runners-up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play-offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell . Rise to the Premier League and yo-yo years ( 2005–2013 ) . Reading won the 2005–06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English footballs top division for the first time in their history . The 2006–07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship . Reading started the 2008–09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play-offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010–11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter-final , where they lost 1–0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the divisions play-offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4–2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011–12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1–0 home win against Nottingham Forest . McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012–13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2–1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0–0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . Return to the Championship ( 2013–present ) . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high-profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albions Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Readings expense . The summer before the 2014–15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam Le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6–1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose 2–1 to Arsenal at Wembley . The following season saw the club bring in many players in the hopes of gaining promotion , however the club would finish in 17th . In the summer leading up to the 2016–17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play-offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0–0 draw after extra time . However , the following season was a sharp contrast as the team were languished towards the bottom of the table for most of the season . On 21 March 2018 , Stam resigned as manager after a 9-game winless run . Two days later , on 23 March 2018 , Paul Clement was appointed as Readings new manager , who finished the season in 20th place , avoiding relegation by 3 points . The following season , Clement was sacked on 6 December 2018 after poor results left the club outside of the relegation zone only on goal difference . He was replaced by José Gomes as manager on 22 December 2018 , who steered the club away from relegation to finish 20th again . However , after a slow start to the 2019–20 season , Gomes was dismissed after less than a year in charge with the team in the relegation zone in October 2019 . Sporting director Mark Bowen was promoted to the role as his replacement a week later , who lead the team to finish 14th before departing the club in August 2020 . Former Chicago Fire boss Veljko Paunović was appointed as the new manager on 29 August 2020 . The team got off to an excellent start to the 2020-21 season , winning 7 of their first 8 league games . However , the teams form faded after injuries to several key players and they eventually narrowly missed out of the playoffs , finishing 7th . Crest and colours . The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter R . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three elm trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet ; this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 to 1996 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . A brief return to a design based on the 1981 crest was reintroduced for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons . Commenting on the need for a new crest to coincide with the move to the Madejski Stadium , as well as moving into the new millennium , Sir John Madejski said : I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998–99 season . It is based on the club colours—blue and white—and includes a crown to represent the Royal County of Berkshire and the Maiwand Lion to represent Reading . Stadium . The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878–1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882–1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889–1896 ) . In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as W B Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to rowdyism [ by ] the rougher elements . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . £20 was donated by J C Fidler , on the proviso that no liquors were to be sold on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourkes XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . £44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 . In 1908 , the clubs annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway . In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all-seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all-seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for £1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part-funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the clubs home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1–0 . Reading began the 1998–99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3–0 . The stadium cost more than £50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006–07 season . As a result of the sell-out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility . On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolans funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the Eamonn Dolan Stand . Support . In 1930 , the Reading Football Supporters’ Club ( RFSC ) was formed to represent the interests of supporters of the club and to assist in raising funds for the football club . On 18 March 2002 , the Supporters Trust at Reading become the official successor to the RFSC . In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the player registered with squad number 13 as Reading Fans . For the 2015–16 season , Reading had 12,983 season ticket holders – ranked tenth in the Championship and almost identical to former league champions Leeds United . The figure for that season was greater than the 12,552 recorded in the previous season , but down from the 2013–14 Championship peak of 14,547 . The average attendance for the 2015–16 season was 17,570 – the tenth highest in the Championship . Rivalries . Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Readings biggest rivals . Aldershot were , geographically , the closest Football League club to Reading . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . Aldershot Town were promoted into the Football League in 2008 , but the clubs havent met in a competitive match since the demise of the original club . Aldershot were relegated out of the league in 2013 , having entered administration , reducing the chances of a competitive meeting between the two sides in the near future . Since Aldershots exile , Readings main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the Didcot Triangle . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Readings main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United . Reading have also been viewed as rivals by fans of Bournemouth , Brentford , Brighton & Hove Albion and Wycombe Wanderers , although any rivalry between these clubs in viewed as less important to Reading fans than with the aforementioned sides . Sponsorship . Additional kit sponsors . During the 2013–14 season and 2014–15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015–16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016–17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017–18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season . Reading confirmed Singaporean international financial technology firm and digital wallet specialist , Rapidz , as their Official ‘Back of Shirt’ Partner for 2020-21 . Ownership and finances . Reading Football Club ownership structure : - 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 10% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai - 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon Players . First-team squad . Under-23 squad . Under-18 squad . Records and statistics . Records . - Biggest win : 10–2 v . Crystal Palace ( 4 September 1946 , Football League Third Division South ) - Heaviest defeat : 18–0 v . Preston North End ( 27 January 1894 , FA Cup 1st round ) - Longest winning sequence at the start of a season : 13 victories in 1985–86 . - Most points in a single season in any English professional league : 106 points ( 2005–06 ) - Longest winless sequence at the start of a season ( club record ) : 6 ( 2 draws and 4 defeats ) , ( 2018–19 ) - Fastest goal in a competitive game ( club record ) , 55th fastest in association football : 9.55 seconds ( Yakou Méïté ; 2020-21 ) Notable players . In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ’Player of the Millennium’ to determine the clubs best ever player . Appearances . - Most appearances : Martin Hicks ( 603 ; 1978–1991 ) - Most league appearances : Martin Hicks ( 500 ; 1978–1991 ) The following players have played more than 398 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalscorers . - Most goals : Trevor Senior ( 191 ; 1983–1987 , 1988–1992 ) - Most goals in a season : Trevor Senior ( 41 ; 1983–84 ) - Most league goals : Ronnie Blackman ( 158 ; 1947–1954 ) - Most league goals in a season : Ronnie Blackman ( 39 ; 1951–52 ) - Most league goals in a game : Arthur Bacon ( 6 vs . Stoke City ; 1930–31 ) - Most penalties : Ray Reeves ( 21 ) The following players have scored more than 85 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalkeeping . - Longest time without conceding a goal : Steve Death ( 1,103 minutes ; 1978–79 ; former English league record ) Other records . Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions . The clubs largest win was a 10–2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Readings heaviest loss was an 18–0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game , Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 . The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player to play for Reading is Chris Gunter , who has currently won 62 caps for Wales since being a Reading player since July 2012 . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951–52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930–31 . The first Reading-based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978–79 , which is a former English league record in itself . Readings highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1–0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 . The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010 . Gylfi Sigurðsson and Samúel Friðjónsson became the first players from the Reading academy to feature in a World Cup squad by being named by Iceland for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Gylfi Sigurðsson went on to become the first academy graduate to score at the World Cup in Icelands 2–1 defeat to Croatia on 26 June 2018 , after becoming the first academy graduate to play in the World Cup with his appearance against Argentina on 16 June 2018 . Honours . - League competitions - English 2nd tier - English 3rd tier - English 4th tier - Highest league finish - Cup competitions - FA Cup - EFL Cup - Full Members Cup - London War Cup - Football League Third Division South Cup - Youth and reserve competitions - Premier League Cup - Berks & Bucks Senior Cup Managerial . - LMA Manager of the Year - Steve Coppell 2005–06 , 2006–07 - LMA Championship Manager of the Year - Brian McDermott 2011–12 Womens team . In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Womens team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Womens Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Womens Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league . In the 2017–18 season , they finished fourth in the Womens Super League – their highest league position to date . The team currently plays at Adams Park , home of Wycombe Wanderers . Affiliated clubs . - Beijing Renhe ( 2017–present ) - KSV Roeselare ( 2017–present ) External links . - Supporters Trust At Reading
[ "José Gomes" ]	easy	Who was the head coach of the team Reading F.C. from Dec 2018 to Oct 2019?	/wiki/Reading_F.C.#P286#1	Reading F.C . Reading Football Club ( ) is a football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Veljko Paunović . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Readings location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the towns association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first played in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006–07 season . The club competed in the 2012–13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011–12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years , from 1896 to 1998 . In 1998 , the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the clubs former chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006–07 Premier League , their first-ever season as a top-flight club . During the 2014–15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi-finals , and reached the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016–17 EFL Championship season . History . Formation and gradual rise ( 1871–1991 ) . Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose-built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy . Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Readings best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926–27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two-legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3–2 at Stamford Bridge . When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The clubs record victory , 10–2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners-up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948–49 and 1951–52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The sides moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top-flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 . Onwards and upwards ( 1991–2005 ) . The appointment of Mark McGhee as player-manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty-five-year-old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners-up in the final Division One table – only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Goodings contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 . The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium , named after chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying for the play-offs , losing 2–3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002–03 after finishing runners-up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play-offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell . Rise to the Premier League and yo-yo years ( 2005–2013 ) . Reading won the 2005–06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English footballs top division for the first time in their history . The 2006–07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship . Reading started the 2008–09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play-offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010–11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter-final , where they lost 1–0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the divisions play-offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4–2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011–12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1–0 home win against Nottingham Forest . McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012–13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2–1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0–0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . Return to the Championship ( 2013–present ) . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high-profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albions Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Readings expense . The summer before the 2014–15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam Le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6–1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose 2–1 to Arsenal at Wembley . The following season saw the club bring in many players in the hopes of gaining promotion , however the club would finish in 17th . In the summer leading up to the 2016–17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play-offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0–0 draw after extra time . However , the following season was a sharp contrast as the team were languished towards the bottom of the table for most of the season . On 21 March 2018 , Stam resigned as manager after a 9-game winless run . Two days later , on 23 March 2018 , Paul Clement was appointed as Readings new manager , who finished the season in 20th place , avoiding relegation by 3 points . The following season , Clement was sacked on 6 December 2018 after poor results left the club outside of the relegation zone only on goal difference . He was replaced by José Gomes as manager on 22 December 2018 , who steered the club away from relegation to finish 20th again . However , after a slow start to the 2019–20 season , Gomes was dismissed after less than a year in charge with the team in the relegation zone in October 2019 . Sporting director Mark Bowen was promoted to the role as his replacement a week later , who lead the team to finish 14th before departing the club in August 2020 . Former Chicago Fire boss Veljko Paunović was appointed as the new manager on 29 August 2020 . The team got off to an excellent start to the 2020-21 season , winning 7 of their first 8 league games . However , the teams form faded after injuries to several key players and they eventually narrowly missed out of the playoffs , finishing 7th . Crest and colours . The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter R . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three elm trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet ; this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 to 1996 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . A brief return to a design based on the 1981 crest was reintroduced for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons . Commenting on the need for a new crest to coincide with the move to the Madejski Stadium , as well as moving into the new millennium , Sir John Madejski said : I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998–99 season . It is based on the club colours—blue and white—and includes a crown to represent the Royal County of Berkshire and the Maiwand Lion to represent Reading . Stadium . The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878–1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882–1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889–1896 ) . In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as W B Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to rowdyism [ by ] the rougher elements . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . £20 was donated by J C Fidler , on the proviso that no liquors were to be sold on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourkes XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . £44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 . In 1908 , the clubs annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway . In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all-seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all-seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for £1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part-funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the clubs home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1–0 . Reading began the 1998–99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3–0 . The stadium cost more than £50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006–07 season . As a result of the sell-out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility . On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolans funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the Eamonn Dolan Stand . Support . In 1930 , the Reading Football Supporters’ Club ( RFSC ) was formed to represent the interests of supporters of the club and to assist in raising funds for the football club . On 18 March 2002 , the Supporters Trust at Reading become the official successor to the RFSC . In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the player registered with squad number 13 as Reading Fans . For the 2015–16 season , Reading had 12,983 season ticket holders – ranked tenth in the Championship and almost identical to former league champions Leeds United . The figure for that season was greater than the 12,552 recorded in the previous season , but down from the 2013–14 Championship peak of 14,547 . The average attendance for the 2015–16 season was 17,570 – the tenth highest in the Championship . Rivalries . Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Readings biggest rivals . Aldershot were , geographically , the closest Football League club to Reading . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . Aldershot Town were promoted into the Football League in 2008 , but the clubs havent met in a competitive match since the demise of the original club . Aldershot were relegated out of the league in 2013 , having entered administration , reducing the chances of a competitive meeting between the two sides in the near future . Since Aldershots exile , Readings main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the Didcot Triangle . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Readings main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United . Reading have also been viewed as rivals by fans of Bournemouth , Brentford , Brighton & Hove Albion and Wycombe Wanderers , although any rivalry between these clubs in viewed as less important to Reading fans than with the aforementioned sides . Sponsorship . Additional kit sponsors . During the 2013–14 season and 2014–15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015–16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016–17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017–18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season . Reading confirmed Singaporean international financial technology firm and digital wallet specialist , Rapidz , as their Official ‘Back of Shirt’ Partner for 2020-21 . Ownership and finances . Reading Football Club ownership structure : - 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 10% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai - 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon Players . First-team squad . Under-23 squad . Under-18 squad . Records and statistics . Records . - Biggest win : 10–2 v . Crystal Palace ( 4 September 1946 , Football League Third Division South ) - Heaviest defeat : 18–0 v . Preston North End ( 27 January 1894 , FA Cup 1st round ) - Longest winning sequence at the start of a season : 13 victories in 1985–86 . - Most points in a single season in any English professional league : 106 points ( 2005–06 ) - Longest winless sequence at the start of a season ( club record ) : 6 ( 2 draws and 4 defeats ) , ( 2018–19 ) - Fastest goal in a competitive game ( club record ) , 55th fastest in association football : 9.55 seconds ( Yakou Méïté ; 2020-21 ) Notable players . In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ’Player of the Millennium’ to determine the clubs best ever player . Appearances . - Most appearances : Martin Hicks ( 603 ; 1978–1991 ) - Most league appearances : Martin Hicks ( 500 ; 1978–1991 ) The following players have played more than 398 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalscorers . - Most goals : Trevor Senior ( 191 ; 1983–1987 , 1988–1992 ) - Most goals in a season : Trevor Senior ( 41 ; 1983–84 ) - Most league goals : Ronnie Blackman ( 158 ; 1947–1954 ) - Most league goals in a season : Ronnie Blackman ( 39 ; 1951–52 ) - Most league goals in a game : Arthur Bacon ( 6 vs . Stoke City ; 1930–31 ) - Most penalties : Ray Reeves ( 21 ) The following players have scored more than 85 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalkeeping . - Longest time without conceding a goal : Steve Death ( 1,103 minutes ; 1978–79 ; former English league record ) Other records . Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions . The clubs largest win was a 10–2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Readings heaviest loss was an 18–0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game , Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 . The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player to play for Reading is Chris Gunter , who has currently won 62 caps for Wales since being a Reading player since July 2012 . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951–52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930–31 . The first Reading-based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978–79 , which is a former English league record in itself . Readings highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1–0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 . The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010 . Gylfi Sigurðsson and Samúel Friðjónsson became the first players from the Reading academy to feature in a World Cup squad by being named by Iceland for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Gylfi Sigurðsson went on to become the first academy graduate to score at the World Cup in Icelands 2–1 defeat to Croatia on 26 June 2018 , after becoming the first academy graduate to play in the World Cup with his appearance against Argentina on 16 June 2018 . Honours . - League competitions - English 2nd tier - English 3rd tier - English 4th tier - Highest league finish - Cup competitions - FA Cup - EFL Cup - Full Members Cup - London War Cup - Football League Third Division South Cup - Youth and reserve competitions - Premier League Cup - Berks & Bucks Senior Cup Managerial . - LMA Manager of the Year - Steve Coppell 2005–06 , 2006–07 - LMA Championship Manager of the Year - Brian McDermott 2011–12 Womens team . In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Womens team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Womens Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Womens Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league . In the 2017–18 season , they finished fourth in the Womens Super League – their highest league position to date . The team currently plays at Adams Park , home of Wycombe Wanderers . Affiliated clubs . - Beijing Renhe ( 2017–present ) - KSV Roeselare ( 2017–present ) External links . - Supporters Trust At Reading
[ "Mark Bowen" ]	easy	Who was the head coach of the team Reading F.C. from Oct 2019 to Oct 2020?	/wiki/Reading_F.C.#P286#2	Reading F.C . Reading Football Club ( ) is a football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Veljko Paunović . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Readings location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the towns association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first played in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006–07 season . The club competed in the 2012–13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011–12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years , from 1896 to 1998 . In 1998 , the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the clubs former chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006–07 Premier League , their first-ever season as a top-flight club . During the 2014–15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi-finals , and reached the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016–17 EFL Championship season . History . Formation and gradual rise ( 1871–1991 ) . Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose-built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy . Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Readings best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926–27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two-legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3–2 at Stamford Bridge . When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The clubs record victory , 10–2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners-up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948–49 and 1951–52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The sides moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top-flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 . Onwards and upwards ( 1991–2005 ) . The appointment of Mark McGhee as player-manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty-five-year-old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners-up in the final Division One table – only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Goodings contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 . The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium , named after chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying for the play-offs , losing 2–3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002–03 after finishing runners-up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play-offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell . Rise to the Premier League and yo-yo years ( 2005–2013 ) . Reading won the 2005–06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English footballs top division for the first time in their history . The 2006–07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship . Reading started the 2008–09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play-offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010–11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter-final , where they lost 1–0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the divisions play-offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4–2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011–12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1–0 home win against Nottingham Forest . McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012–13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2–1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0–0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . Return to the Championship ( 2013–present ) . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high-profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albions Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Readings expense . The summer before the 2014–15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam Le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6–1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose 2–1 to Arsenal at Wembley . The following season saw the club bring in many players in the hopes of gaining promotion , however the club would finish in 17th . In the summer leading up to the 2016–17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play-offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0–0 draw after extra time . However , the following season was a sharp contrast as the team were languished towards the bottom of the table for most of the season . On 21 March 2018 , Stam resigned as manager after a 9-game winless run . Two days later , on 23 March 2018 , Paul Clement was appointed as Readings new manager , who finished the season in 20th place , avoiding relegation by 3 points . The following season , Clement was sacked on 6 December 2018 after poor results left the club outside of the relegation zone only on goal difference . He was replaced by José Gomes as manager on 22 December 2018 , who steered the club away from relegation to finish 20th again . However , after a slow start to the 2019–20 season , Gomes was dismissed after less than a year in charge with the team in the relegation zone in October 2019 . Sporting director Mark Bowen was promoted to the role as his replacement a week later , who lead the team to finish 14th before departing the club in August 2020 . Former Chicago Fire boss Veljko Paunović was appointed as the new manager on 29 August 2020 . The team got off to an excellent start to the 2020-21 season , winning 7 of their first 8 league games . However , the teams form faded after injuries to several key players and they eventually narrowly missed out of the playoffs , finishing 7th . Crest and colours . The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter R . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three elm trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet ; this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 to 1996 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . A brief return to a design based on the 1981 crest was reintroduced for the 1996–97 and 1997–98 seasons . Commenting on the need for a new crest to coincide with the move to the Madejski Stadium , as well as moving into the new millennium , Sir John Madejski said : I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998–99 season . It is based on the club colours—blue and white—and includes a crown to represent the Royal County of Berkshire and the Maiwand Lion to represent Reading . Stadium . The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878–1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882–1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889–1896 ) . In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as W B Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to rowdyism [ by ] the rougher elements . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . £20 was donated by J C Fidler , on the proviso that no liquors were to be sold on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourkes XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . £44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 . In 1908 , the clubs annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway . In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all-seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all-seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for £1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part-funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the clubs home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1–0 . Reading began the 1998–99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3–0 . The stadium cost more than £50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006–07 season . As a result of the sell-out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility . On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolans funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the Eamonn Dolan Stand . Support . In 1930 , the Reading Football Supporters’ Club ( RFSC ) was formed to represent the interests of supporters of the club and to assist in raising funds for the football club . On 18 March 2002 , the Supporters Trust at Reading become the official successor to the RFSC . In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the player registered with squad number 13 as Reading Fans . For the 2015–16 season , Reading had 12,983 season ticket holders – ranked tenth in the Championship and almost identical to former league champions Leeds United . The figure for that season was greater than the 12,552 recorded in the previous season , but down from the 2013–14 Championship peak of 14,547 . The average attendance for the 2015–16 season was 17,570 – the tenth highest in the Championship . Rivalries . Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Readings biggest rivals . Aldershot were , geographically , the closest Football League club to Reading . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . Aldershot Town were promoted into the Football League in 2008 , but the clubs havent met in a competitive match since the demise of the original club . Aldershot were relegated out of the league in 2013 , having entered administration , reducing the chances of a competitive meeting between the two sides in the near future . Since Aldershots exile , Readings main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the Didcot Triangle . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Readings main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United . Reading have also been viewed as rivals by fans of Bournemouth , Brentford , Brighton & Hove Albion and Wycombe Wanderers , although any rivalry between these clubs in viewed as less important to Reading fans than with the aforementioned sides . Sponsorship . Additional kit sponsors . During the 2013–14 season and 2014–15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015–16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016–17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017–18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season . Reading confirmed Singaporean international financial technology firm and digital wallet specialist , Rapidz , as their Official ‘Back of Shirt’ Partner for 2020-21 . Ownership and finances . Reading Football Club ownership structure : - 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 10% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai - 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon Players . First-team squad . Under-23 squad . Under-18 squad . Records and statistics . Records . - Biggest win : 10–2 v . Crystal Palace ( 4 September 1946 , Football League Third Division South ) - Heaviest defeat : 18–0 v . Preston North End ( 27 January 1894 , FA Cup 1st round ) - Longest winning sequence at the start of a season : 13 victories in 1985–86 . - Most points in a single season in any English professional league : 106 points ( 2005–06 ) - Longest winless sequence at the start of a season ( club record ) : 6 ( 2 draws and 4 defeats ) , ( 2018–19 ) - Fastest goal in a competitive game ( club record ) , 55th fastest in association football : 9.55 seconds ( Yakou Méïté ; 2020-21 ) Notable players . In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ’Player of the Millennium’ to determine the clubs best ever player . Appearances . - Most appearances : Martin Hicks ( 603 ; 1978–1991 ) - Most league appearances : Martin Hicks ( 500 ; 1978–1991 ) The following players have played more than 398 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalscorers . - Most goals : Trevor Senior ( 191 ; 1983–1987 , 1988–1992 ) - Most goals in a season : Trevor Senior ( 41 ; 1983–84 ) - Most league goals : Ronnie Blackman ( 158 ; 1947–1954 ) - Most league goals in a season : Ronnie Blackman ( 39 ; 1951–52 ) - Most league goals in a game : Arthur Bacon ( 6 vs . Stoke City ; 1930–31 ) - Most penalties : Ray Reeves ( 21 ) The following players have scored more than 85 times for Reading , in all competitions . Goalkeeping . - Longest time without conceding a goal : Steve Death ( 1,103 minutes ; 1978–79 ; former English league record ) Other records . Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions . The clubs largest win was a 10–2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Readings heaviest loss was an 18–0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game , Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 . The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player to play for Reading is Chris Gunter , who has currently won 62 caps for Wales since being a Reading player since July 2012 . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951–52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930–31 . The first Reading-based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978–79 , which is a former English league record in itself . Readings highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1–0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 . The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010 . Gylfi Sigurðsson and Samúel Friðjónsson became the first players from the Reading academy to feature in a World Cup squad by being named by Iceland for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Gylfi Sigurðsson went on to become the first academy graduate to score at the World Cup in Icelands 2–1 defeat to Croatia on 26 June 2018 , after becoming the first academy graduate to play in the World Cup with his appearance against Argentina on 16 June 2018 . Honours . - League competitions - English 2nd tier - English 3rd tier - English 4th tier - Highest league finish - Cup competitions - FA Cup - EFL Cup - Full Members Cup - London War Cup - Football League Third Division South Cup - Youth and reserve competitions - Premier League Cup - Berks & Bucks Senior Cup Managerial . - LMA Manager of the Year - Steve Coppell 2005–06 , 2006–07 - LMA Championship Manager of the Year - Brian McDermott 2011–12 Womens team . In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Womens team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Womens Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Womens Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league . In the 2017–18 season , they finished fourth in the Womens Super League – their highest league position to date . The team currently plays at Adams Park , home of Wycombe Wanderers . Affiliated clubs . - Beijing Renhe ( 2017–present ) - KSV Roeselare ( 2017–present ) External links . - Supporters Trust At Reading
[ "National Liberal Party" ]	easy	Which political party did Elena Udrea belong to from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Elena_Udrea#P102#0	Elena Udrea Elena Gabriela Udrea ( ; born 26 December 1973 ) is a Romanian politician . An independent who held office while in the Democratic Liberal Party ( PDL ) and then the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) , she was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2016 . In successive Emil Boc cabinets , she served as Tourism Minister from 2008 to 2009 and as Regional Development and Tourism Minister from 2009 to 2012 . Sentenced to six years in prison for corruption offenses , she sought asylum in Costa Rica in 2018 . The following year , she gave up the asylum claim and returned to Romania . Biography . Education and legal career . Udrea was born in Buzău and completed secondary studies at the citys Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu National College . She then attended the faculty of Law and Public Administration at Bucharests Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University , graduating in 1996 . In 2005 , Udrea began studies at the Carol I National Defence University , receiving a masters degree in Military Science in 2007 . She began work on a doctorate in the same field , but abandoned the endeavor in 2012 . Udrea worked as a lawyer in Bucharest from 1997 to February 2005 , resuming the practice of law that December . At Dimitrie Cantemir , she began teaching political systems in autumn 2007 , and she has authored or co-authored five works on geopolitics and globalisation . Some of her activities as a lawyer have drawn criticism from the non-governmental Political Investigation Group : for instance , it has questioned the fact that while an opposition city councillor in 2004 , she represented the government-run Department for State Heritage Administration ( RA-APPS ) , at one point receiving public contracts worth 710 million lei during a single week . Political career . Udrea began her political activity in 2002 as a legal adviser to the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) . She joined the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) that year , becoming a Bucharest city councillor in June 2004 , during the period of the Justice and Truth Alliance . She held that office until the following February , and during that time was president of the councils committee on law and discipline . In October 2005 she resigned from the PNL , joining the Democratic Party ( PD ; precursor to todays PD-L ) in February 2006 . In December , she was elected the partys executive secretary , becoming a vice-president of the PD-L a year later . In these capacities , she promoted the party and spoke approvingly of the president , for instance ahead of the 2008 local election . From February to November 2005 , while away from her law practice , Udrea was a state counsellor and head of the Presidential Chancellery under President Traian Băsescu . Among her roles were summarizing secret documents addressed to the Presidency , approving lists of invitees to Cotroceni Palace and representing the Presidency at various events . During this period , she launched a series of attacks on Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu , who had fallen out of favour with Băsescu ; these centred on Tăriceanus opposition to having early elections . She also drew notice for speaking during a televised interview about a President of Norway ( which is a monarchy ) and of that country as a member of the European Union ( which it is not ) . Udrea resigned her post after eight months , citing the profoundly unjust attacks on her and others involved in Băsescus anti-corruption drive , and her desire not to become a liability for her boss . These controversies centred around the RA-APPS affair and alleged links she and her husband had to the parking firm Dalli , headed by what Băsescu had termed the personal mafia of his 2004 election rival Adrian Năstase . Moreover , she was characterised as the blonde from Golden Blitz—a Cotroceni restaurant once frequented by Băsescu and the owners of which had business ties to Udreas husband—having been photographed there with President-elect Băsescu in 2004 . ( Despite rumours to the contrary , she stated in an interview that her relationship with the President was strictly professional. ) Following her resignation , Udrea continued to act as a presidential surrogate , soon afterwards accusing the prime minister of placing a call to a prosecutor on behalf of his friend and business partner Dinu Patriciu on the day of Patricius arrest . She returned to this theme in 2007 , when she alleged that Tăriceanu had written the president a note soliciting the latters intervention in the case . At the 2008 legislative election , Udrea won 43.4% of the vote in her district , enough to gain a seat in Parliament for Bucharest once redistribution took place . Three days after the legislative session opened , she was sworn into the new office of Tourism Minister . All government employees on two floors of the Victoria Palace were evicted in order to make room for the new ministry . As minister , her goals included raising tourisms share of Romanias GDP from 3.5% in 2008 to 10% by 2012 , and a renewed focus on the countrys spa towns . During the summer of 2009 , a parliamentary committee headed by Ludovic Orban of the opposition National Liberal Party ( PNL ) investigated alleged abuses at the ministry , including documents signed in Udreas name by her subordinates , a flawed contracting process , the spending of unallocated funds , and the disbursement of money to town halls based on political rather than tourist-potential criteria . In September , the committees report recommended her dismissal and criminal charges for abuse of office , conflict of interest and negligence ; she refused to resign and denounced the fabricated accusations . That October , she became interim Environment Minister following the resignation of her PSD cabinet colleagues , including Nicolae Nemirschi , the previous occupant of that ministry . In December , a new cabinet , also led by Boc , came into office ; there , Udrea held the Regional Development and Tourism portfolio . Along with the rest of the cabinet , she resigned in February 2012 amid anti-government protests . In July 2010 , following the departure of Liviu Negoiţă , she became interim head of the Bucharest PD-L chapter , assuming the post on a permanent basis later that year when she was the only candidate to fill it , and vowing in her acceptance speech to rid the capital of independent Mayor Sorin Oprescu . She resigned from this position in the wake of the 2012 local election that saw the PD-L perform poorly in Bucharest , including Oprescus winning a new term with a majority of votes cast . Shortly thereafter , she also quit her position as PD-L vice-president . For the 2012 election , Udrea ran in a seat based in the city of Roman . Although placing second , she won another term through redistribution . In March 2013 , Udrea ran for the PD-L leadership but was defeated by incumbent Vasile Blaga on a 51-44 margin . In January 2014 , Udrea , whom Blaga was preparing to expel from the PD-L , resigned from the party following disagreements with his leadership record , and joined the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) . That June , she was elected PMP president , defeating Daniel Funeriu on a 78-22 margin . In August , the PMP candidate for the November presidential election , Cristian Diaconescu , quit the party and went ahead with a campaign as an independent amid moves by Udrea to assume his role . Subsequently , a party congress chose the latter as its new candidate , the only dissenting vote coming from Cristian Preda . At the election , she finished in fourth place , with 5.2% of the vote , and while not explicitly endorsing the Christian Liberal Alliances Klaus Iohannis for the ensuing runoff , did urge her supporters to vote against the PSDs Victor Ponta . Legal problems . In January 2015 , she was questioned by prosecutors from the National Anticorruption Directorate on charges of money laundering and false statements on declarations of assets , as part of a wider investigation into the Microsoft licensing corruption scandal . As a result , she stepped aside as PMP president , with Eugen Tomac taking over the party on an interim basis . The following month , she was indicted on two counts of influence peddling and one count of money laundering . The case was able to proceed after her parliamentary immunity was lifted . A second case involves charges of receiving bribes for a 2011 gala event in honor of boxer Lucian Bute . Udrea ran as an independent in the 2016 election and won some 3000 votes , well short of the approximately 25,000 needed to capture a seat . In March 2017 , she was convicted of bribery and abuse of power in the Bute case , receiving a six-year prison sentence , subject to appeal . Udrea reacted by characterizing the proceedings as a matter of life and death , stating she would not accept to go to prison for what she termed completely unproven accusations and bold-faced lies ; she subsequently filed an appeal . That appeal was rejected in June 2018 , when the High Court of Cassation and Justice upheld the six-year sentence . At the beginning of 2018 Udrea had fled to Costa Rica , where she requested the right of asylum . Following the High Court ruling , the Romanian authorities announced their intention to seek Udreas extradition , despite the lack of a treaty between the two countries regulating the procedure . On 3 October 2018 , Elena Udrea and , the former Chief-Prosecutor of the Romanian Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism , who also requested the right of asylum in Costa Rica , were detained by the Costa Rican Judicial Investigation Department at Interpols request and brought before the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of San José . A day later , the Criminal Court decided to remand Udrea and Bica for two months pending the presentation of the extradition papers by the Romanian authorities . However , she was released from jail on 26 December 2018 following the cancelation of her extradition process by Romania . The extradition process was canceled because her six-year sentence in the Gala Bute trial had been suspended by the High Court of Cassation and Justice on 21 December 2018 following the Constitutional Courts ruling that all high courts judge panels had not been formed legally . Subsequently , Udrea returned to Romania on 8 July 2019 , after the Constitutional Court of Romania had decided on 3 July that the three-judge panels who tried corruption cases were also illegal because not all judges in these panels were specialized in corruption . In July 2020 , the Romanian businessman Radu Budeanu admitted having intermediated a bribe from another businessman ( whose identity remains unknown ) to Udrea . The bribe was meant to make Udrea help the businessman renew long-term contracts between his commercial energy companies and the state-owned company Hidroelectrica . Although he initially promised Udrea US$5 million , Budeanu claimed to have intermediated several payments summing up to $3.8 million between November 2011 and February 2012 . Personal life . The businessman became her husband when the couple married on Udreas 30th birthday in 2003 , at the Romanian Consulate in New York City . They divorced in June 2013 . In August 2011 , Udrea generated controversy when she wore a Dolce & Gabbana dress that some media outlets claimed cost £14,310 , to which she responded that the actual cost was some twenty times less . Three months later , she appeared on the cover of the Romanian magazine Tabu wearing a rubber dress and thigh-high boots . On 20 September 2018 , Elena Udrea gave birth to a baby girl in Costa Rica .
[ "Democratic Party ( PD ; precursor to todays PD-L )" ]	easy	Which political party did Elena Udrea belong to from 2006 to 2014?	/wiki/Elena_Udrea#P102#1	Elena Udrea Elena Gabriela Udrea ( ; born 26 December 1973 ) is a Romanian politician . An independent who held office while in the Democratic Liberal Party ( PDL ) and then the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) , she was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2016 . In successive Emil Boc cabinets , she served as Tourism Minister from 2008 to 2009 and as Regional Development and Tourism Minister from 2009 to 2012 . Sentenced to six years in prison for corruption offenses , she sought asylum in Costa Rica in 2018 . The following year , she gave up the asylum claim and returned to Romania . Biography . Education and legal career . Udrea was born in Buzău and completed secondary studies at the citys Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu National College . She then attended the faculty of Law and Public Administration at Bucharests Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University , graduating in 1996 . In 2005 , Udrea began studies at the Carol I National Defence University , receiving a masters degree in Military Science in 2007 . She began work on a doctorate in the same field , but abandoned the endeavor in 2012 . Udrea worked as a lawyer in Bucharest from 1997 to February 2005 , resuming the practice of law that December . At Dimitrie Cantemir , she began teaching political systems in autumn 2007 , and she has authored or co-authored five works on geopolitics and globalisation . Some of her activities as a lawyer have drawn criticism from the non-governmental Political Investigation Group : for instance , it has questioned the fact that while an opposition city councillor in 2004 , she represented the government-run Department for State Heritage Administration ( RA-APPS ) , at one point receiving public contracts worth 710 million lei during a single week . Political career . Udrea began her political activity in 2002 as a legal adviser to the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) . She joined the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) that year , becoming a Bucharest city councillor in June 2004 , during the period of the Justice and Truth Alliance . She held that office until the following February , and during that time was president of the councils committee on law and discipline . In October 2005 she resigned from the PNL , joining the Democratic Party ( PD ; precursor to todays PD-L ) in February 2006 . In December , she was elected the partys executive secretary , becoming a vice-president of the PD-L a year later . In these capacities , she promoted the party and spoke approvingly of the president , for instance ahead of the 2008 local election . From February to November 2005 , while away from her law practice , Udrea was a state counsellor and head of the Presidential Chancellery under President Traian Băsescu . Among her roles were summarizing secret documents addressed to the Presidency , approving lists of invitees to Cotroceni Palace and representing the Presidency at various events . During this period , she launched a series of attacks on Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu , who had fallen out of favour with Băsescu ; these centred on Tăriceanus opposition to having early elections . She also drew notice for speaking during a televised interview about a President of Norway ( which is a monarchy ) and of that country as a member of the European Union ( which it is not ) . Udrea resigned her post after eight months , citing the profoundly unjust attacks on her and others involved in Băsescus anti-corruption drive , and her desire not to become a liability for her boss . These controversies centred around the RA-APPS affair and alleged links she and her husband had to the parking firm Dalli , headed by what Băsescu had termed the personal mafia of his 2004 election rival Adrian Năstase . Moreover , she was characterised as the blonde from Golden Blitz—a Cotroceni restaurant once frequented by Băsescu and the owners of which had business ties to Udreas husband—having been photographed there with President-elect Băsescu in 2004 . ( Despite rumours to the contrary , she stated in an interview that her relationship with the President was strictly professional. ) Following her resignation , Udrea continued to act as a presidential surrogate , soon afterwards accusing the prime minister of placing a call to a prosecutor on behalf of his friend and business partner Dinu Patriciu on the day of Patricius arrest . She returned to this theme in 2007 , when she alleged that Tăriceanu had written the president a note soliciting the latters intervention in the case . At the 2008 legislative election , Udrea won 43.4% of the vote in her district , enough to gain a seat in Parliament for Bucharest once redistribution took place . Three days after the legislative session opened , she was sworn into the new office of Tourism Minister . All government employees on two floors of the Victoria Palace were evicted in order to make room for the new ministry . As minister , her goals included raising tourisms share of Romanias GDP from 3.5% in 2008 to 10% by 2012 , and a renewed focus on the countrys spa towns . During the summer of 2009 , a parliamentary committee headed by Ludovic Orban of the opposition National Liberal Party ( PNL ) investigated alleged abuses at the ministry , including documents signed in Udreas name by her subordinates , a flawed contracting process , the spending of unallocated funds , and the disbursement of money to town halls based on political rather than tourist-potential criteria . In September , the committees report recommended her dismissal and criminal charges for abuse of office , conflict of interest and negligence ; she refused to resign and denounced the fabricated accusations . That October , she became interim Environment Minister following the resignation of her PSD cabinet colleagues , including Nicolae Nemirschi , the previous occupant of that ministry . In December , a new cabinet , also led by Boc , came into office ; there , Udrea held the Regional Development and Tourism portfolio . Along with the rest of the cabinet , she resigned in February 2012 amid anti-government protests . In July 2010 , following the departure of Liviu Negoiţă , she became interim head of the Bucharest PD-L chapter , assuming the post on a permanent basis later that year when she was the only candidate to fill it , and vowing in her acceptance speech to rid the capital of independent Mayor Sorin Oprescu . She resigned from this position in the wake of the 2012 local election that saw the PD-L perform poorly in Bucharest , including Oprescus winning a new term with a majority of votes cast . Shortly thereafter , she also quit her position as PD-L vice-president . For the 2012 election , Udrea ran in a seat based in the city of Roman . Although placing second , she won another term through redistribution . In March 2013 , Udrea ran for the PD-L leadership but was defeated by incumbent Vasile Blaga on a 51-44 margin . In January 2014 , Udrea , whom Blaga was preparing to expel from the PD-L , resigned from the party following disagreements with his leadership record , and joined the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) . That June , she was elected PMP president , defeating Daniel Funeriu on a 78-22 margin . In August , the PMP candidate for the November presidential election , Cristian Diaconescu , quit the party and went ahead with a campaign as an independent amid moves by Udrea to assume his role . Subsequently , a party congress chose the latter as its new candidate , the only dissenting vote coming from Cristian Preda . At the election , she finished in fourth place , with 5.2% of the vote , and while not explicitly endorsing the Christian Liberal Alliances Klaus Iohannis for the ensuing runoff , did urge her supporters to vote against the PSDs Victor Ponta . Legal problems . In January 2015 , she was questioned by prosecutors from the National Anticorruption Directorate on charges of money laundering and false statements on declarations of assets , as part of a wider investigation into the Microsoft licensing corruption scandal . As a result , she stepped aside as PMP president , with Eugen Tomac taking over the party on an interim basis . The following month , she was indicted on two counts of influence peddling and one count of money laundering . The case was able to proceed after her parliamentary immunity was lifted . A second case involves charges of receiving bribes for a 2011 gala event in honor of boxer Lucian Bute . Udrea ran as an independent in the 2016 election and won some 3000 votes , well short of the approximately 25,000 needed to capture a seat . In March 2017 , she was convicted of bribery and abuse of power in the Bute case , receiving a six-year prison sentence , subject to appeal . Udrea reacted by characterizing the proceedings as a matter of life and death , stating she would not accept to go to prison for what she termed completely unproven accusations and bold-faced lies ; she subsequently filed an appeal . That appeal was rejected in June 2018 , when the High Court of Cassation and Justice upheld the six-year sentence . At the beginning of 2018 Udrea had fled to Costa Rica , where she requested the right of asylum . Following the High Court ruling , the Romanian authorities announced their intention to seek Udreas extradition , despite the lack of a treaty between the two countries regulating the procedure . On 3 October 2018 , Elena Udrea and , the former Chief-Prosecutor of the Romanian Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism , who also requested the right of asylum in Costa Rica , were detained by the Costa Rican Judicial Investigation Department at Interpols request and brought before the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of San José . A day later , the Criminal Court decided to remand Udrea and Bica for two months pending the presentation of the extradition papers by the Romanian authorities . However , she was released from jail on 26 December 2018 following the cancelation of her extradition process by Romania . The extradition process was canceled because her six-year sentence in the Gala Bute trial had been suspended by the High Court of Cassation and Justice on 21 December 2018 following the Constitutional Courts ruling that all high courts judge panels had not been formed legally . Subsequently , Udrea returned to Romania on 8 July 2019 , after the Constitutional Court of Romania had decided on 3 July that the three-judge panels who tried corruption cases were also illegal because not all judges in these panels were specialized in corruption . In July 2020 , the Romanian businessman Radu Budeanu admitted having intermediated a bribe from another businessman ( whose identity remains unknown ) to Udrea . The bribe was meant to make Udrea help the businessman renew long-term contracts between his commercial energy companies and the state-owned company Hidroelectrica . Although he initially promised Udrea US$5 million , Budeanu claimed to have intermediated several payments summing up to $3.8 million between November 2011 and February 2012 . Personal life . The businessman became her husband when the couple married on Udreas 30th birthday in 2003 , at the Romanian Consulate in New York City . They divorced in June 2013 . In August 2011 , Udrea generated controversy when she wore a Dolce & Gabbana dress that some media outlets claimed cost £14,310 , to which she responded that the actual cost was some twenty times less . Three months later , she appeared on the cover of the Romanian magazine Tabu wearing a rubber dress and thigh-high boots . On 20 September 2018 , Elena Udrea gave birth to a baby girl in Costa Rica .
[ "Peoples Movement Party ( PMP )" ]	easy	Which party was Elena Udrea a member of from 2014 to 2015?	/wiki/Elena_Udrea#P102#2	Elena Udrea Elena Gabriela Udrea ( ; born 26 December 1973 ) is a Romanian politician . An independent who held office while in the Democratic Liberal Party ( PDL ) and then the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) , she was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2016 . In successive Emil Boc cabinets , she served as Tourism Minister from 2008 to 2009 and as Regional Development and Tourism Minister from 2009 to 2012 . Sentenced to six years in prison for corruption offenses , she sought asylum in Costa Rica in 2018 . The following year , she gave up the asylum claim and returned to Romania . Biography . Education and legal career . Udrea was born in Buzău and completed secondary studies at the citys Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu National College . She then attended the faculty of Law and Public Administration at Bucharests Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University , graduating in 1996 . In 2005 , Udrea began studies at the Carol I National Defence University , receiving a masters degree in Military Science in 2007 . She began work on a doctorate in the same field , but abandoned the endeavor in 2012 . Udrea worked as a lawyer in Bucharest from 1997 to February 2005 , resuming the practice of law that December . At Dimitrie Cantemir , she began teaching political systems in autumn 2007 , and she has authored or co-authored five works on geopolitics and globalisation . Some of her activities as a lawyer have drawn criticism from the non-governmental Political Investigation Group : for instance , it has questioned the fact that while an opposition city councillor in 2004 , she represented the government-run Department for State Heritage Administration ( RA-APPS ) , at one point receiving public contracts worth 710 million lei during a single week . Political career . Udrea began her political activity in 2002 as a legal adviser to the Social Democratic Party ( PSD ) . She joined the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) that year , becoming a Bucharest city councillor in June 2004 , during the period of the Justice and Truth Alliance . She held that office until the following February , and during that time was president of the councils committee on law and discipline . In October 2005 she resigned from the PNL , joining the Democratic Party ( PD ; precursor to todays PD-L ) in February 2006 . In December , she was elected the partys executive secretary , becoming a vice-president of the PD-L a year later . In these capacities , she promoted the party and spoke approvingly of the president , for instance ahead of the 2008 local election . From February to November 2005 , while away from her law practice , Udrea was a state counsellor and head of the Presidential Chancellery under President Traian Băsescu . Among her roles were summarizing secret documents addressed to the Presidency , approving lists of invitees to Cotroceni Palace and representing the Presidency at various events . During this period , she launched a series of attacks on Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu , who had fallen out of favour with Băsescu ; these centred on Tăriceanus opposition to having early elections . She also drew notice for speaking during a televised interview about a President of Norway ( which is a monarchy ) and of that country as a member of the European Union ( which it is not ) . Udrea resigned her post after eight months , citing the profoundly unjust attacks on her and others involved in Băsescus anti-corruption drive , and her desire not to become a liability for her boss . These controversies centred around the RA-APPS affair and alleged links she and her husband had to the parking firm Dalli , headed by what Băsescu had termed the personal mafia of his 2004 election rival Adrian Năstase . Moreover , she was characterised as the blonde from Golden Blitz—a Cotroceni restaurant once frequented by Băsescu and the owners of which had business ties to Udreas husband—having been photographed there with President-elect Băsescu in 2004 . ( Despite rumours to the contrary , she stated in an interview that her relationship with the President was strictly professional. ) Following her resignation , Udrea continued to act as a presidential surrogate , soon afterwards accusing the prime minister of placing a call to a prosecutor on behalf of his friend and business partner Dinu Patriciu on the day of Patricius arrest . She returned to this theme in 2007 , when she alleged that Tăriceanu had written the president a note soliciting the latters intervention in the case . At the 2008 legislative election , Udrea won 43.4% of the vote in her district , enough to gain a seat in Parliament for Bucharest once redistribution took place . Three days after the legislative session opened , she was sworn into the new office of Tourism Minister . All government employees on two floors of the Victoria Palace were evicted in order to make room for the new ministry . As minister , her goals included raising tourisms share of Romanias GDP from 3.5% in 2008 to 10% by 2012 , and a renewed focus on the countrys spa towns . During the summer of 2009 , a parliamentary committee headed by Ludovic Orban of the opposition National Liberal Party ( PNL ) investigated alleged abuses at the ministry , including documents signed in Udreas name by her subordinates , a flawed contracting process , the spending of unallocated funds , and the disbursement of money to town halls based on political rather than tourist-potential criteria . In September , the committees report recommended her dismissal and criminal charges for abuse of office , conflict of interest and negligence ; she refused to resign and denounced the fabricated accusations . That October , she became interim Environment Minister following the resignation of her PSD cabinet colleagues , including Nicolae Nemirschi , the previous occupant of that ministry . In December , a new cabinet , also led by Boc , came into office ; there , Udrea held the Regional Development and Tourism portfolio . Along with the rest of the cabinet , she resigned in February 2012 amid anti-government protests . In July 2010 , following the departure of Liviu Negoiţă , she became interim head of the Bucharest PD-L chapter , assuming the post on a permanent basis later that year when she was the only candidate to fill it , and vowing in her acceptance speech to rid the capital of independent Mayor Sorin Oprescu . She resigned from this position in the wake of the 2012 local election that saw the PD-L perform poorly in Bucharest , including Oprescus winning a new term with a majority of votes cast . Shortly thereafter , she also quit her position as PD-L vice-president . For the 2012 election , Udrea ran in a seat based in the city of Roman . Although placing second , she won another term through redistribution . In March 2013 , Udrea ran for the PD-L leadership but was defeated by incumbent Vasile Blaga on a 51-44 margin . In January 2014 , Udrea , whom Blaga was preparing to expel from the PD-L , resigned from the party following disagreements with his leadership record , and joined the Peoples Movement Party ( PMP ) . That June , she was elected PMP president , defeating Daniel Funeriu on a 78-22 margin . In August , the PMP candidate for the November presidential election , Cristian Diaconescu , quit the party and went ahead with a campaign as an independent amid moves by Udrea to assume his role . Subsequently , a party congress chose the latter as its new candidate , the only dissenting vote coming from Cristian Preda . At the election , she finished in fourth place , with 5.2% of the vote , and while not explicitly endorsing the Christian Liberal Alliances Klaus Iohannis for the ensuing runoff , did urge her supporters to vote against the PSDs Victor Ponta . Legal problems . In January 2015 , she was questioned by prosecutors from the National Anticorruption Directorate on charges of money laundering and false statements on declarations of assets , as part of a wider investigation into the Microsoft licensing corruption scandal . As a result , she stepped aside as PMP president , with Eugen Tomac taking over the party on an interim basis . The following month , she was indicted on two counts of influence peddling and one count of money laundering . The case was able to proceed after her parliamentary immunity was lifted . A second case involves charges of receiving bribes for a 2011 gala event in honor of boxer Lucian Bute . Udrea ran as an independent in the 2016 election and won some 3000 votes , well short of the approximately 25,000 needed to capture a seat . In March 2017 , she was convicted of bribery and abuse of power in the Bute case , receiving a six-year prison sentence , subject to appeal . Udrea reacted by characterizing the proceedings as a matter of life and death , stating she would not accept to go to prison for what she termed completely unproven accusations and bold-faced lies ; she subsequently filed an appeal . That appeal was rejected in June 2018 , when the High Court of Cassation and Justice upheld the six-year sentence . At the beginning of 2018 Udrea had fled to Costa Rica , where she requested the right of asylum . Following the High Court ruling , the Romanian authorities announced their intention to seek Udreas extradition , despite the lack of a treaty between the two countries regulating the procedure . On 3 October 2018 , Elena Udrea and , the former Chief-Prosecutor of the Romanian Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism , who also requested the right of asylum in Costa Rica , were detained by the Costa Rican Judicial Investigation Department at Interpols request and brought before the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of San José . A day later , the Criminal Court decided to remand Udrea and Bica for two months pending the presentation of the extradition papers by the Romanian authorities . However , she was released from jail on 26 December 2018 following the cancelation of her extradition process by Romania . The extradition process was canceled because her six-year sentence in the Gala Bute trial had been suspended by the High Court of Cassation and Justice on 21 December 2018 following the Constitutional Courts ruling that all high courts judge panels had not been formed legally . Subsequently , Udrea returned to Romania on 8 July 2019 , after the Constitutional Court of Romania had decided on 3 July that the three-judge panels who tried corruption cases were also illegal because not all judges in these panels were specialized in corruption . In July 2020 , the Romanian businessman Radu Budeanu admitted having intermediated a bribe from another businessman ( whose identity remains unknown ) to Udrea . The bribe was meant to make Udrea help the businessman renew long-term contracts between his commercial energy companies and the state-owned company Hidroelectrica . Although he initially promised Udrea US$5 million , Budeanu claimed to have intermediated several payments summing up to $3.8 million between November 2011 and February 2012 . Personal life . The businessman became her husband when the couple married on Udreas 30th birthday in 2003 , at the Romanian Consulate in New York City . They divorced in June 2013 . In August 2011 , Udrea generated controversy when she wore a Dolce & Gabbana dress that some media outlets claimed cost £14,310 , to which she responded that the actual cost was some twenty times less . Three months later , she appeared on the cover of the Romanian magazine Tabu wearing a rubber dress and thigh-high boots . On 20 September 2018 , Elena Udrea gave birth to a baby girl in Costa Rica .
[ "Southern Railway" ]	easy	W. Graham Claytor Jr. was an employee for whom from 1963 to 1977?	/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr.#P108#0	W . Graham Claytor Jr . William Graham Claytor Jr . ( March 14 , 1912 – May 14 , 1994 ) was an American lawyer , naval officer , and railroad , transportation and defense administrator for the United States government , working under the administrations of three US presidents . He is remembered for his actions as the captain of the destroyer escort , during World War II which helped to save 317 lives during the tragedy . Over 30 years later , Claytors moderate actions on behalf of the rights of female and gay service personnel as Secretary of the Navy were considered progressive for the time . He is also credited with a distinguished transportation career , including ten years as president of the Southern Railway and 11 years as the head of Amtrak , guiding the passenger railroad through a particularly difficult period in its history . He was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . Early life and career . Claytor was born in Roanoke , Virginia on March 14 , 1912 , and grew up in both Virginia and Philadelphia . He was the son of Gertrude Harris Boatwright Claytor , a lyric poet , and W . Graham Claytor ( 1886–1971 ) , who was vice-president of Appalachian Power . Claytor graduated from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1933 . He then graduated from Harvard Law School summa cum laude in 1936 . He then clerked for Learned Hand , Judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . He then moved to Washington , D.C. , to become law clerk to U.S . Supreme Court Associate Justice Louis Brandeis before joining the prestigious Washington law firm Covington and Burling . Career . World War II — USS Indianapolis tragedy . In 1940 , soon after the start of World War II , 28-year-old Claytor attempted to enlist , but was initially rejected by the United States Navy as being too old . He finally joined under a special provision , based upon his previous experience in sports boating . He was assigned to the Pacific Theater . Late in the war , Claytor became commanding officer of the destroyer escort on patrol in the Pacific Ocean . In August 1945 , Claytor sped without orders to investigate reports of men floating in the water . As Cecil J . Doyle approached the area at night , Claytor turned the ships searchlights on the water and straight up on low clouds , lighting up the night , despite the risk of exposing his ship to possible attack by Japanese submarines . These actions facilitated the rescue of the survivors of the sunken cruiser . Indianapolis had been on a secret mission , and due to a communications error , had not been reported as overdue ( or missing ) . An estimated 900 men survived the sinking , but spent days floating in life jackets trying to fight off sharks . While only 317 were rescued out of a crew of 1199 who were aboard Indianapolis , Claytors actions were widely credited by survivors with preventing an even greater loss of life . Legal practice and Southern Railway . After World War II , he resumed practice of law in Washington , D.C . He became an officer of the Southern Railway in 1963 , serving as president from 1967 to 1977 . Notwithstanding his legal background , Claytor was known as an operations man , often riding the companys trains , monitoring and questioning performance . In contrast to his predecessor , D . William Brosnan , Claytor was an employees President , often chatting with the crews of the trains on which he rode , actively soliciting their suggestions on how to make the railroad run better . He carried this attitude with him during his later service as the President of Amtrak . U.S . Government service . Claytor served as the Secretary of the Navy under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979 . He is credited with leading the United States Navy into its first recognition of womens right to serve on ships and of rights of gays to leave the service without criminal records . His positions were considered by activists to be progressive for the time , leading to further progress years later in these controversial issues . In 1979 , he was appointed to the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense . While serving as Deputy Defense Secretary , Claytors military assistant was General Colin Powell . In the summer of 1979 , he took a brief leave from the Defense Department to serve as Acting Secretary of Transportation in Carters Cabinet . His service at the Transportation Department bridged the tenures of Secretary Brock Adams and Secretary Neil Goldschmidt . Amtrak . In 1982 , Claytor came out of retirement to lead Amtrak . He was recruited and strongly supported by John H . Riley , an attorney who was also the head of the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) under the Reagan Administration from 1983 to 1989 . Claytor maintained a good relationship with the U.S . Congress during his 11 years in the position . Within 7 years of being under Claytors leadership , Amtrak was generating enough money to cover 72 percent of its $1.7 billion operating budget by 1989 , up from 48 percent in 1981 . This was achieved mainly through vigorous cost cutting and aggressive marketing . He is credited with bringing political and operational stability to the nations passenger train network , keeping the railroad functioning properly despite repeated attempts by the administrations of Reagan and his successor George H.W . Bush to eliminate its funding . Claytor retired from Amtrak in 1993 . Legacy and heritage . Claytor was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . In 1989 , he was named Railroader of the Year by Railway Age magazine . He was the brother of Robert B . Claytor , who became president of Norfolk and Western Railway in 1981 and was the first chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern after it was formed by merger with the Southern Railway System in 1982 . Robert B . Claytor is best remembered by many railfans for reactivating Norfolk and Western Railways steam program , which rebuilt steam locomotives J-611 and A-1218 at the Roanoke Shops at Roanoke , Virginia , and operated excursion trips . Claytor Jr . would occasionally take the throttle as engineer with his brother on the steam excursions . Claytor died on May 14 , 1994 . At Amtraks Washington , DC Union Station a passenger concourse was renamed Claytor Concourse in his honor . The Claytor Brothers : Virginians Building Americas Railroad is a semi-permanent exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke , Virginia .
[ "Navy", "Defense", "Transportation" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer W. Graham Claytor Jr. work for from 1977 to 1981?	/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr.#P108#1	W . Graham Claytor Jr . William Graham Claytor Jr . ( March 14 , 1912 – May 14 , 1994 ) was an American lawyer , naval officer , and railroad , transportation and defense administrator for the United States government , working under the administrations of three US presidents . He is remembered for his actions as the captain of the destroyer escort , during World War II which helped to save 317 lives during the tragedy . Over 30 years later , Claytors moderate actions on behalf of the rights of female and gay service personnel as Secretary of the Navy were considered progressive for the time . He is also credited with a distinguished transportation career , including ten years as president of the Southern Railway and 11 years as the head of Amtrak , guiding the passenger railroad through a particularly difficult period in its history . He was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . Early life and career . Claytor was born in Roanoke , Virginia on March 14 , 1912 , and grew up in both Virginia and Philadelphia . He was the son of Gertrude Harris Boatwright Claytor , a lyric poet , and W . Graham Claytor ( 1886–1971 ) , who was vice-president of Appalachian Power . Claytor graduated from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1933 . He then graduated from Harvard Law School summa cum laude in 1936 . He then clerked for Learned Hand , Judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . He then moved to Washington , D.C. , to become law clerk to U.S . Supreme Court Associate Justice Louis Brandeis before joining the prestigious Washington law firm Covington and Burling . Career . World War II — USS Indianapolis tragedy . In 1940 , soon after the start of World War II , 28-year-old Claytor attempted to enlist , but was initially rejected by the United States Navy as being too old . He finally joined under a special provision , based upon his previous experience in sports boating . He was assigned to the Pacific Theater . Late in the war , Claytor became commanding officer of the destroyer escort on patrol in the Pacific Ocean . In August 1945 , Claytor sped without orders to investigate reports of men floating in the water . As Cecil J . Doyle approached the area at night , Claytor turned the ships searchlights on the water and straight up on low clouds , lighting up the night , despite the risk of exposing his ship to possible attack by Japanese submarines . These actions facilitated the rescue of the survivors of the sunken cruiser . Indianapolis had been on a secret mission , and due to a communications error , had not been reported as overdue ( or missing ) . An estimated 900 men survived the sinking , but spent days floating in life jackets trying to fight off sharks . While only 317 were rescued out of a crew of 1199 who were aboard Indianapolis , Claytors actions were widely credited by survivors with preventing an even greater loss of life . Legal practice and Southern Railway . After World War II , he resumed practice of law in Washington , D.C . He became an officer of the Southern Railway in 1963 , serving as president from 1967 to 1977 . Notwithstanding his legal background , Claytor was known as an operations man , often riding the companys trains , monitoring and questioning performance . In contrast to his predecessor , D . William Brosnan , Claytor was an employees President , often chatting with the crews of the trains on which he rode , actively soliciting their suggestions on how to make the railroad run better . He carried this attitude with him during his later service as the President of Amtrak . U.S . Government service . Claytor served as the Secretary of the Navy under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979 . He is credited with leading the United States Navy into its first recognition of womens right to serve on ships and of rights of gays to leave the service without criminal records . His positions were considered by activists to be progressive for the time , leading to further progress years later in these controversial issues . In 1979 , he was appointed to the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense . While serving as Deputy Defense Secretary , Claytors military assistant was General Colin Powell . In the summer of 1979 , he took a brief leave from the Defense Department to serve as Acting Secretary of Transportation in Carters Cabinet . His service at the Transportation Department bridged the tenures of Secretary Brock Adams and Secretary Neil Goldschmidt . Amtrak . In 1982 , Claytor came out of retirement to lead Amtrak . He was recruited and strongly supported by John H . Riley , an attorney who was also the head of the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) under the Reagan Administration from 1983 to 1989 . Claytor maintained a good relationship with the U.S . Congress during his 11 years in the position . Within 7 years of being under Claytors leadership , Amtrak was generating enough money to cover 72 percent of its $1.7 billion operating budget by 1989 , up from 48 percent in 1981 . This was achieved mainly through vigorous cost cutting and aggressive marketing . He is credited with bringing political and operational stability to the nations passenger train network , keeping the railroad functioning properly despite repeated attempts by the administrations of Reagan and his successor George H.W . Bush to eliminate its funding . Claytor retired from Amtrak in 1993 . Legacy and heritage . Claytor was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . In 1989 , he was named Railroader of the Year by Railway Age magazine . He was the brother of Robert B . Claytor , who became president of Norfolk and Western Railway in 1981 and was the first chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern after it was formed by merger with the Southern Railway System in 1982 . Robert B . Claytor is best remembered by many railfans for reactivating Norfolk and Western Railways steam program , which rebuilt steam locomotives J-611 and A-1218 at the Roanoke Shops at Roanoke , Virginia , and operated excursion trips . Claytor Jr . would occasionally take the throttle as engineer with his brother on the steam excursions . Claytor died on May 14 , 1994 . At Amtraks Washington , DC Union Station a passenger concourse was renamed Claytor Concourse in his honor . The Claytor Brothers : Virginians Building Americas Railroad is a semi-permanent exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke , Virginia .
[ "Amtrak" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer W. Graham Claytor Jr. work for from 1982 to 1993?	/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr.#P108#2	W . Graham Claytor Jr . William Graham Claytor Jr . ( March 14 , 1912 – May 14 , 1994 ) was an American lawyer , naval officer , and railroad , transportation and defense administrator for the United States government , working under the administrations of three US presidents . He is remembered for his actions as the captain of the destroyer escort , during World War II which helped to save 317 lives during the tragedy . Over 30 years later , Claytors moderate actions on behalf of the rights of female and gay service personnel as Secretary of the Navy were considered progressive for the time . He is also credited with a distinguished transportation career , including ten years as president of the Southern Railway and 11 years as the head of Amtrak , guiding the passenger railroad through a particularly difficult period in its history . He was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . Early life and career . Claytor was born in Roanoke , Virginia on March 14 , 1912 , and grew up in both Virginia and Philadelphia . He was the son of Gertrude Harris Boatwright Claytor , a lyric poet , and W . Graham Claytor ( 1886–1971 ) , who was vice-president of Appalachian Power . Claytor graduated from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville , Virginia in 1933 . He then graduated from Harvard Law School summa cum laude in 1936 . He then clerked for Learned Hand , Judge of the U.S . Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . He then moved to Washington , D.C. , to become law clerk to U.S . Supreme Court Associate Justice Louis Brandeis before joining the prestigious Washington law firm Covington and Burling . Career . World War II — USS Indianapolis tragedy . In 1940 , soon after the start of World War II , 28-year-old Claytor attempted to enlist , but was initially rejected by the United States Navy as being too old . He finally joined under a special provision , based upon his previous experience in sports boating . He was assigned to the Pacific Theater . Late in the war , Claytor became commanding officer of the destroyer escort on patrol in the Pacific Ocean . In August 1945 , Claytor sped without orders to investigate reports of men floating in the water . As Cecil J . Doyle approached the area at night , Claytor turned the ships searchlights on the water and straight up on low clouds , lighting up the night , despite the risk of exposing his ship to possible attack by Japanese submarines . These actions facilitated the rescue of the survivors of the sunken cruiser . Indianapolis had been on a secret mission , and due to a communications error , had not been reported as overdue ( or missing ) . An estimated 900 men survived the sinking , but spent days floating in life jackets trying to fight off sharks . While only 317 were rescued out of a crew of 1199 who were aboard Indianapolis , Claytors actions were widely credited by survivors with preventing an even greater loss of life . Legal practice and Southern Railway . After World War II , he resumed practice of law in Washington , D.C . He became an officer of the Southern Railway in 1963 , serving as president from 1967 to 1977 . Notwithstanding his legal background , Claytor was known as an operations man , often riding the companys trains , monitoring and questioning performance . In contrast to his predecessor , D . William Brosnan , Claytor was an employees President , often chatting with the crews of the trains on which he rode , actively soliciting their suggestions on how to make the railroad run better . He carried this attitude with him during his later service as the President of Amtrak . U.S . Government service . Claytor served as the Secretary of the Navy under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979 . He is credited with leading the United States Navy into its first recognition of womens right to serve on ships and of rights of gays to leave the service without criminal records . His positions were considered by activists to be progressive for the time , leading to further progress years later in these controversial issues . In 1979 , he was appointed to the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense . While serving as Deputy Defense Secretary , Claytors military assistant was General Colin Powell . In the summer of 1979 , he took a brief leave from the Defense Department to serve as Acting Secretary of Transportation in Carters Cabinet . His service at the Transportation Department bridged the tenures of Secretary Brock Adams and Secretary Neil Goldschmidt . Amtrak . In 1982 , Claytor came out of retirement to lead Amtrak . He was recruited and strongly supported by John H . Riley , an attorney who was also the head of the Federal Railroad Administration ( FRA ) under the Reagan Administration from 1983 to 1989 . Claytor maintained a good relationship with the U.S . Congress during his 11 years in the position . Within 7 years of being under Claytors leadership , Amtrak was generating enough money to cover 72 percent of its $1.7 billion operating budget by 1989 , up from 48 percent in 1981 . This was achieved mainly through vigorous cost cutting and aggressive marketing . He is credited with bringing political and operational stability to the nations passenger train network , keeping the railroad functioning properly despite repeated attempts by the administrations of Reagan and his successor George H.W . Bush to eliminate its funding . Claytor retired from Amtrak in 1993 . Legacy and heritage . Claytor was named the Virginian of the Year in 1977 . In 1989 , he was named Railroader of the Year by Railway Age magazine . He was the brother of Robert B . Claytor , who became president of Norfolk and Western Railway in 1981 and was the first chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern after it was formed by merger with the Southern Railway System in 1982 . Robert B . Claytor is best remembered by many railfans for reactivating Norfolk and Western Railways steam program , which rebuilt steam locomotives J-611 and A-1218 at the Roanoke Shops at Roanoke , Virginia , and operated excursion trips . Claytor Jr . would occasionally take the throttle as engineer with his brother on the steam excursions . Claytor died on May 14 , 1994 . At Amtraks Washington , DC Union Station a passenger concourse was renamed Claytor Concourse in his honor . The Claytor Brothers : Virginians Building Americas Railroad is a semi-permanent exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke , Virginia .
[ "Cisco Roma" ]	easy	Christian Terlizzi played for which team from 1996 to 1999?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#0	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Cisco Roma" ]	easy	Which team did Christian Terlizzi play for from 2000 to 2001?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#1	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Teramo Calcio" ]	easy	Which team did the player Christian Terlizzi belong to from 2001 to 2002?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#2	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Cesena" ]	easy	Which team did the player Christian Terlizzi belong to from 2002 to 2003?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#3	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Città di Palermo" ]	easy	Which team did Christian Terlizzi play for from 2003 to 2006?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#4	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Sampdoria" ]	easy	Which team did the player Christian Terlizzi belong to from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#5	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Catania" ]	easy	Which team did the player Christian Terlizzi belong to from 2007 to 2011?	/wiki/Christian_Terlizzi#P54#6	Christian Terlizzi Christian Terlizzi ( ; born 22 November 1979 ) is an Italian former professional footballer who last played for Marsala as a defender . He played for clubs on all professional levels of Italian football , including U.S . Città di Palermo , U.C . Sampdoria , and Catania Calcio in the Serie A . He has also been capped for the Italy national football team . Club career . Cisco Roma . Terlizzi began his professional career within the youth ranks of A.S . Lodigiani , in 1990 . He was often called up to the first team in 1996 , and made his professional debut that same year . After making just 3 first team appearances in 2 seasons , Terlizzi was sent out on loan to amateur side Tivoli Calcio , and made 24 league appearances in his lone season with the club , also scoring 4 goals . In mid-1999 , he returned to A.S . Lodigiani , but was simultaneously sold to A.S . Castelli Romani prior to the 1999–2000 Lega Calcio season . 1999–2002 . Following his transfer , Terlizzi made 18 league appearances , scoring 3 goals in just 4 months , and was sold to Selargius Calcio . In another brief spell , at the Serie D club , Terlizzi made 9 starts , and was soon sold to U.S . Termoli , where he made a further 8 appearances , and made his move back into the Serie C , in 2001 , with Teramo Calcio . In June 2001 , Terlizzi completed his transfer to Teramo Calcio , and in his lone season with the Serie C2 club , he played in 21 league matches , and scored a single goal . Following an impressive season , at the heart of the defense , the 22-year-old Terlizzi , was sold to Serie A side , Parma F.C . Parma . In June 2002 , he was signed by Parma F.C . along with Florian Myrtaj , but was instantly sold to Serie C1 side , A.C . Cesena in co-ownership deal . Cesena . Following his brief stay in Parma , Terlizzi returned to the lower divisions , with A.C . Cesena . He earned a guaranteed starting spot for much of the 2002–2003 league season , and went on to make over 30 appearances , also netting 2 goals , in all competitions . He was set to return to Parma F.C . in the summer of 2003 , albeit interest from several lesser Serie A clubs , as well as a host of Serie B club , however , in July 2003 , he joined then-Serie B club , U.S . Città di Palermo . Palermo . In the summer of 2003 Terlizzi transferred to U.S . Città di Palermo , where he made 12 first team appearances in his first season , helping the club gain promotion to the Serie A . He made his Serie A debut at the age of 25 , during the 2004–05 season . Terlizzi made an additional 14 league appearances during the season , and scored 1 goal . He remained with Palermo for the 2005–2006 Serie A season , and despite the sale of star striker Luca Toni , the Sicilian club still managed a 7th-place finish in the league . Terlizzi made 21 appearances during that season , and managed an impressive 5 goals , as a central defender . He , along with Fabio Grosso , were both sold in the summer of 2006 , following bids from U.C . Sampdoria , and Inter Milan respectively . Sampdoria . In summer 2006 , he was signed by U.C . Sampdoria in a co-ownership bid , for €1.5 million , along with Pietro Accardi ( €2 million ) and Massimo Bonanni ( 50% for €2 million ) , as part of the deal that saw Aimo Diana ( €5 million ) and Marco Pisano ( €4 million ) transfer in the opposite direction . Terlizzi made his Italy national team debut , and only international appearance , in a friendly match against Croatia , on 16 August 2006 , together with Sampdoria teammates Giulio Falcone , Gennaro Delvecchio and Angelo Palombo , in a 0–2 loss under new manager Roberto Donadoni . For Sampdoria , however he just played 4 league games , in part due to an injury-ridden season . He was then sold to Calcio Catania prior to the 2007–08 Serie A season . Catania . He officially transferred to Calcio Catania on 5 July 2007 , for €1.5 million . In his first season with the Sicilian giants , Terlizzi became a major part of the Catania first team , proving his worth with the Sicilian club . In his first season with the club , he made 25 league appearances , and formed an impressive central defensive partnership with Lorenzo Stovini . The duo held their positions during the 2008–2009 Serie A season as well , under new coach Walter Zenga , and Terlizzi made an additional 20 league appearances . His first team position was in the limbo following the 2008 purchase of Argentine youngster Matías Silvestre . During the 2008–2009 summer transfer window , Terlizzi nearly transferred to Italian giants , Juventus , but the deal never materialized . Prior to the 2009–10 Serie A season , Stovini left the club , and Terlizzi was relegated to the bench in favor of new signing Nicolás Spolli , who partnered Silvestre for much of the 2009–10 Serie A season . Under Siniša Mihajlović , however , Terlizzi managed to earn back his starting position alongside Silvestre , and went on to total 25 appearances for Catania in all 2009–10 competitions , helping the club to the semi-finals of the Coppa Italia , and also to a record points total in Serie A for the Sicilians , finishing in 12th places . Terlizzi has scored 2 goals in 8 games during the current campaign . Later years . On 2 August 2011 , Terlizzi signed a two-year contract with the Serie B club A.S . Varese 1910 . However , after a good season , he returns to play in Serie A with Pescara . He successively spent the second part of the season on loan to another Serie A club , Siena . In August 2013 he was signed as a free agent by newly promoted Serie B club Trapani . International career . After earning his first senior international call-up under manager Roberto Donadoni in August 2006 , Terlizzi made his debut for the Italy national football team on 16 August , in a 2–0 friendly defeat against Croatia , in Livorno . External links . - FIGC profile - AIC profile
[ "Carter" ]	easy	What was the family name of Mary Raine from May 1904 to May 1905?	/wiki/Mary_Raine#P734#0	Mary Raine Mary Bertha Raine ( Carter , also known as Mary Thomas during her first marriage , 17 February 1877 – 3 February 1960 ) was an Australian businesswoman and philanthropist . Her bequests to the University of Western Australia created and funded the Raine Medical Research Foundation . Early life . Raine was born Mary Carter in London on 17 February 1877 to Charles and Mary Carter . She was the oldest of thirteen children . After finishing school at 14 , she became a probationary teacher in London . She took singing lessons , and at age 17 found work as a singer , including at Drury Lane and the Adelphi Theatre , which lasted until she lost her ability to sing after a bout of typhoid fever . During this time she continued to work in one of her fathers shops . After she lost her singing voice , Carter worked at The Scotch House , a boys and mens outfitter , doing clerical work and filling in for sales staff . Travel to Australia . By 1900 , Britain was at war with the Boer republics , resulting in financial difficulty for London businesses , including The Scotch House and Charles Carters . Prompted by a desire to improve her lot in life , and a comment from her father about his having to maintain his daughters for the rest of my life , Mary booked a passage to Australia . In 1900 , at the age of 23 , Carter sailed with her sister Daisy to Moreton Bay in Queensland , Australia , on Jumna , arriving on 20 November . On her arrival in Australia , she had , her lifes savings . Both girls worked as barmaids in Brisbane . Mary also sang at the hotel , and was offered a role in a local theatrical production . However her voice failed her again after a week in the theatre . In 1901 the two sisters moved to Sydney . Mary Carter was offered a job managing a hotel in Nyngan , but arrived there in 1902 to find that the hotel had no guests , no customers , no stock and no suppliers willing to deliver until outstanding bills were paid . With the help of another new employee , and using some of their own money , Carter bought alcohol by the bottle from a rival hotel , then sold it by the glass from their hotel , making a profit . They repeated the process , until the hotel became a self-sustaining business again . Two years after Carter took over management of the hotel the licensee left town as a result of police investigation into family cruelty . The hotels owner , Reschs Limited , offered Carter the licence , but the liquor licensing laws of the time did not allow an unmarried woman to hold the licence . Carter return to Sydney , where she met up with Daisy again , and they decided to return to England . The return voyage was to be via Fremantle , Western Australia . On the passage across the Great Australian Bight Daisy suffered from severe sea sickness , and on the advice of the ships doctor they abandoned the voyage , disembarking at Fremantle in 1904 . Perth , Western Australia . Carter again found work as a barmaid , at the Metropole Hotel on Hay Street , Perth , and then later at the Central Hotel on the corner of Forrest Place and Wellington Street . In both cases wages included accommodation , so she was able to save a significant portion of her income . With those savings , the £100 she had brought from England , and a loan for the remainder , she bought a house in Subiaco . She leased that property and used the rental income to pay the loan off within two years . She then bought the vacant block adjacent to her first property , built a house on it and leased it out as well . Carter maintained her interest in music , and sang as a soloist with the choir at Wesley Church . On 5 May 1905 , she married William Morris Thomas , becoming Mary Thomas . The couple moved to a farm in Harvey but struggled to make a living . Mary supplemented their farming income by running a small boarding house in nearby Mornington Mills . As well as the financial difficulties they faced , the Thomases relationship was strained by Williams increasing consumption of alcohol – a problem that had existed since their courtship – and in 1911 Mary returned to Perth , moving into a house that she had bought before the marriage . The couple did not divorce ; William remained in Harvey , but stayed with her occasionally when he visited Perth . He died in 1918 after falling from a horse . After returning to Perth in 1911 Mary Thomas took up work as a barmaid again , while continuing to buy and sell ( always for a profit ) property . In 1915 she bought her first business , the Bon Ton Cafe on William Street . The cafe did well , and Thomas soon bought a second one nearby , the Popular Cafe , and employed someone to manage it . She ran the Bon Ton Cafe for eight years , while simultaneously expanding her investment in real estate , including a row of houses in East Perth . Hotel industry . In 1924 , Thomas established Metropolitan Properties Ltd , with a capital value of £100,000 , to manage her real estate portfolio . That same year she bought the Gordons Hotel for £40,000 , half of which she had borrowed , and obtained her first liquor licence . In 1927 she undertook a major refurbishment and expansion of the hotel at a cost of about £27,000 , and in 1928 re-opened it as the Wentworth Hotel . The Wentworth became her home , headquarters and the flagship of her business empire . She was often known to her customers as Ma Thomas . Thomas continued to buy properties in the city , including the Bohemia , the United Services Hotel , the Royal Hotel , the Williams Building , Bon Marché Arcade and the Windsor Hotel in South Perth . In 1940 Thomas took over the lease of the newly refurbished hotel in Bullsbrook , some from Perth , and renamed it the Chequers Hotel . The business did well , having a virtual monopoly catering to the recently constructed , nearby RAAF Base Pearce , but the distance from Perth made direct supervision difficult , so she surrendered the lease after two years and restricted her hotel businesses to areas closer to the city . In 1942 , the fighting in World War II was getting closer to Australia , and large contingents of US servicemen began arriving in Perth , including those based in the then-secret Fremantle submarine base . Thomas was informed that the Wentworth Hotel was to be requisitioned by the United States Navy , and she had no choice but to cede control of most of the hotels running to them . This arrangement lasted until the end of the war in 1945 . During the occupation by the US , there were regular fights between Australian and US servicemen , to the extent that in 1943 the Australian Army banned its soldiers from the Wentworth . The ban was lifted a week later , after Thomas wrote to Prime Minister John Curtin and Western Australian Senator Dorothy Tangney . Marriage to Joe Raine . On 3 December 1943 , Mary Thomas married Arnold Yeldham ( known as Joe ) Raine , thus becoming Mary Raine ( or colloquially , Ma Raine ) . Joe Raine was a farmer from Manmanning , and a regular guest at the Wentworth when he was in Perth ; they had known each other for several years . Joe moved into the Wentworth with Mary , and also became her business partner . Medical research funding . In the mid-1950s , the University of Western Australia launched an appeal for funds to create a medical school , and the Raines were approached directly for a contribution . A donation was made , with the promise of more in future . In September 1956 Joe suffered a severe stroke caused by arteriosclerosis , resulting in paralysis . After several weeks in hospital , with no sign of recovery , he was moved to a room in the Wentworth Hotel , with a hospital bed and a team of nurses to tend him . On 11 February 1957 he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and died . He was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery . Mary inherited Joes estate , worth £153,906 , and donated it to the University of Western Australia to establish the Arnold Yeldham and Mary Raine Medical Research Foundation , with the money to be invested and initially used for research into arteriosclerosis . In 1957 Raine made a new will , leaving small amounts to some friends and family – she had no children of her own – with the bulk of her estate to go to the University , for the purposes of finding a cure for the illness that killed Joe . She signed a deed of trust with the University to specify how the estate was to be used after her death , and formalising the donation of Joes estate . At the time of her death , the estate was worth about £1,000,000 , making it one of the largest private donations ever made to an Australian university . Death and legacy . After Joes death , Raines health deteriorated , and the University of Western Australia took over management of her hotels . She died on 3 February 1960 , and was buried alongside Joe at Karrakatta Cemetery . The Raine Medical Research Foundation carries their name , but Raine instructed that none of the money she left was to be used for a building or monument in her or Joes name . In 1984 the city block that included the Wentworth , Royal and Bohemia Hotels – all now owned by the University of Western Australia , as part of Raines bequest – was redeveloped and opened in 1986 as Raine Square . In 2008 , a bronze bust of Raine , created by Robert Hitchcock , was unveiled in the Universitys Winthrop Hall . External links . - Raine , Mary Bertha in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia
[ "Thomas" ]	easy	What was the family name of Mary Raine from May 1905 to Dec 1943?	/wiki/Mary_Raine#P734#1	Mary Raine Mary Bertha Raine ( Carter , also known as Mary Thomas during her first marriage , 17 February 1877 – 3 February 1960 ) was an Australian businesswoman and philanthropist . Her bequests to the University of Western Australia created and funded the Raine Medical Research Foundation . Early life . Raine was born Mary Carter in London on 17 February 1877 to Charles and Mary Carter . She was the oldest of thirteen children . After finishing school at 14 , she became a probationary teacher in London . She took singing lessons , and at age 17 found work as a singer , including at Drury Lane and the Adelphi Theatre , which lasted until she lost her ability to sing after a bout of typhoid fever . During this time she continued to work in one of her fathers shops . After she lost her singing voice , Carter worked at The Scotch House , a boys and mens outfitter , doing clerical work and filling in for sales staff . Travel to Australia . By 1900 , Britain was at war with the Boer republics , resulting in financial difficulty for London businesses , including The Scotch House and Charles Carters . Prompted by a desire to improve her lot in life , and a comment from her father about his having to maintain his daughters for the rest of my life , Mary booked a passage to Australia . In 1900 , at the age of 23 , Carter sailed with her sister Daisy to Moreton Bay in Queensland , Australia , on Jumna , arriving on 20 November . On her arrival in Australia , she had , her lifes savings . Both girls worked as barmaids in Brisbane . Mary also sang at the hotel , and was offered a role in a local theatrical production . However her voice failed her again after a week in the theatre . In 1901 the two sisters moved to Sydney . Mary Carter was offered a job managing a hotel in Nyngan , but arrived there in 1902 to find that the hotel had no guests , no customers , no stock and no suppliers willing to deliver until outstanding bills were paid . With the help of another new employee , and using some of their own money , Carter bought alcohol by the bottle from a rival hotel , then sold it by the glass from their hotel , making a profit . They repeated the process , until the hotel became a self-sustaining business again . Two years after Carter took over management of the hotel the licensee left town as a result of police investigation into family cruelty . The hotels owner , Reschs Limited , offered Carter the licence , but the liquor licensing laws of the time did not allow an unmarried woman to hold the licence . Carter return to Sydney , where she met up with Daisy again , and they decided to return to England . The return voyage was to be via Fremantle , Western Australia . On the passage across the Great Australian Bight Daisy suffered from severe sea sickness , and on the advice of the ships doctor they abandoned the voyage , disembarking at Fremantle in 1904 . Perth , Western Australia . Carter again found work as a barmaid , at the Metropole Hotel on Hay Street , Perth , and then later at the Central Hotel on the corner of Forrest Place and Wellington Street . In both cases wages included accommodation , so she was able to save a significant portion of her income . With those savings , the £100 she had brought from England , and a loan for the remainder , she bought a house in Subiaco . She leased that property and used the rental income to pay the loan off within two years . She then bought the vacant block adjacent to her first property , built a house on it and leased it out as well . Carter maintained her interest in music , and sang as a soloist with the choir at Wesley Church . On 5 May 1905 , she married William Morris Thomas , becoming Mary Thomas . The couple moved to a farm in Harvey but struggled to make a living . Mary supplemented their farming income by running a small boarding house in nearby Mornington Mills . As well as the financial difficulties they faced , the Thomases relationship was strained by Williams increasing consumption of alcohol – a problem that had existed since their courtship – and in 1911 Mary returned to Perth , moving into a house that she had bought before the marriage . The couple did not divorce ; William remained in Harvey , but stayed with her occasionally when he visited Perth . He died in 1918 after falling from a horse . After returning to Perth in 1911 Mary Thomas took up work as a barmaid again , while continuing to buy and sell ( always for a profit ) property . In 1915 she bought her first business , the Bon Ton Cafe on William Street . The cafe did well , and Thomas soon bought a second one nearby , the Popular Cafe , and employed someone to manage it . She ran the Bon Ton Cafe for eight years , while simultaneously expanding her investment in real estate , including a row of houses in East Perth . Hotel industry . In 1924 , Thomas established Metropolitan Properties Ltd , with a capital value of £100,000 , to manage her real estate portfolio . That same year she bought the Gordons Hotel for £40,000 , half of which she had borrowed , and obtained her first liquor licence . In 1927 she undertook a major refurbishment and expansion of the hotel at a cost of about £27,000 , and in 1928 re-opened it as the Wentworth Hotel . The Wentworth became her home , headquarters and the flagship of her business empire . She was often known to her customers as Ma Thomas . Thomas continued to buy properties in the city , including the Bohemia , the United Services Hotel , the Royal Hotel , the Williams Building , Bon Marché Arcade and the Windsor Hotel in South Perth . In 1940 Thomas took over the lease of the newly refurbished hotel in Bullsbrook , some from Perth , and renamed it the Chequers Hotel . The business did well , having a virtual monopoly catering to the recently constructed , nearby RAAF Base Pearce , but the distance from Perth made direct supervision difficult , so she surrendered the lease after two years and restricted her hotel businesses to areas closer to the city . In 1942 , the fighting in World War II was getting closer to Australia , and large contingents of US servicemen began arriving in Perth , including those based in the then-secret Fremantle submarine base . Thomas was informed that the Wentworth Hotel was to be requisitioned by the United States Navy , and she had no choice but to cede control of most of the hotels running to them . This arrangement lasted until the end of the war in 1945 . During the occupation by the US , there were regular fights between Australian and US servicemen , to the extent that in 1943 the Australian Army banned its soldiers from the Wentworth . The ban was lifted a week later , after Thomas wrote to Prime Minister John Curtin and Western Australian Senator Dorothy Tangney . Marriage to Joe Raine . On 3 December 1943 , Mary Thomas married Arnold Yeldham ( known as Joe ) Raine , thus becoming Mary Raine ( or colloquially , Ma Raine ) . Joe Raine was a farmer from Manmanning , and a regular guest at the Wentworth when he was in Perth ; they had known each other for several years . Joe moved into the Wentworth with Mary , and also became her business partner . Medical research funding . In the mid-1950s , the University of Western Australia launched an appeal for funds to create a medical school , and the Raines were approached directly for a contribution . A donation was made , with the promise of more in future . In September 1956 Joe suffered a severe stroke caused by arteriosclerosis , resulting in paralysis . After several weeks in hospital , with no sign of recovery , he was moved to a room in the Wentworth Hotel , with a hospital bed and a team of nurses to tend him . On 11 February 1957 he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and died . He was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery . Mary inherited Joes estate , worth £153,906 , and donated it to the University of Western Australia to establish the Arnold Yeldham and Mary Raine Medical Research Foundation , with the money to be invested and initially used for research into arteriosclerosis . In 1957 Raine made a new will , leaving small amounts to some friends and family – she had no children of her own – with the bulk of her estate to go to the University , for the purposes of finding a cure for the illness that killed Joe . She signed a deed of trust with the University to specify how the estate was to be used after her death , and formalising the donation of Joes estate . At the time of her death , the estate was worth about £1,000,000 , making it one of the largest private donations ever made to an Australian university . Death and legacy . After Joes death , Raines health deteriorated , and the University of Western Australia took over management of her hotels . She died on 3 February 1960 , and was buried alongside Joe at Karrakatta Cemetery . The Raine Medical Research Foundation carries their name , but Raine instructed that none of the money she left was to be used for a building or monument in her or Joes name . In 1984 the city block that included the Wentworth , Royal and Bohemia Hotels – all now owned by the University of Western Australia , as part of Raines bequest – was redeveloped and opened in 1986 as Raine Square . In 2008 , a bronze bust of Raine , created by Robert Hitchcock , was unveiled in the Universitys Winthrop Hall . External links . - Raine , Mary Bertha in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia
[ "Raine" ]	easy	What was the family name of Mary Raine from Dec 1943 to Dec 1944?	/wiki/Mary_Raine#P734#2	Mary Raine Mary Bertha Raine ( Carter , also known as Mary Thomas during her first marriage , 17 February 1877 – 3 February 1960 ) was an Australian businesswoman and philanthropist . Her bequests to the University of Western Australia created and funded the Raine Medical Research Foundation . Early life . Raine was born Mary Carter in London on 17 February 1877 to Charles and Mary Carter . She was the oldest of thirteen children . After finishing school at 14 , she became a probationary teacher in London . She took singing lessons , and at age 17 found work as a singer , including at Drury Lane and the Adelphi Theatre , which lasted until she lost her ability to sing after a bout of typhoid fever . During this time she continued to work in one of her fathers shops . After she lost her singing voice , Carter worked at The Scotch House , a boys and mens outfitter , doing clerical work and filling in for sales staff . Travel to Australia . By 1900 , Britain was at war with the Boer republics , resulting in financial difficulty for London businesses , including The Scotch House and Charles Carters . Prompted by a desire to improve her lot in life , and a comment from her father about his having to maintain his daughters for the rest of my life , Mary booked a passage to Australia . In 1900 , at the age of 23 , Carter sailed with her sister Daisy to Moreton Bay in Queensland , Australia , on Jumna , arriving on 20 November . On her arrival in Australia , she had , her lifes savings . Both girls worked as barmaids in Brisbane . Mary also sang at the hotel , and was offered a role in a local theatrical production . However her voice failed her again after a week in the theatre . In 1901 the two sisters moved to Sydney . Mary Carter was offered a job managing a hotel in Nyngan , but arrived there in 1902 to find that the hotel had no guests , no customers , no stock and no suppliers willing to deliver until outstanding bills were paid . With the help of another new employee , and using some of their own money , Carter bought alcohol by the bottle from a rival hotel , then sold it by the glass from their hotel , making a profit . They repeated the process , until the hotel became a self-sustaining business again . Two years after Carter took over management of the hotel the licensee left town as a result of police investigation into family cruelty . The hotels owner , Reschs Limited , offered Carter the licence , but the liquor licensing laws of the time did not allow an unmarried woman to hold the licence . Carter return to Sydney , where she met up with Daisy again , and they decided to return to England . The return voyage was to be via Fremantle , Western Australia . On the passage across the Great Australian Bight Daisy suffered from severe sea sickness , and on the advice of the ships doctor they abandoned the voyage , disembarking at Fremantle in 1904 . Perth , Western Australia . Carter again found work as a barmaid , at the Metropole Hotel on Hay Street , Perth , and then later at the Central Hotel on the corner of Forrest Place and Wellington Street . In both cases wages included accommodation , so she was able to save a significant portion of her income . With those savings , the £100 she had brought from England , and a loan for the remainder , she bought a house in Subiaco . She leased that property and used the rental income to pay the loan off within two years . She then bought the vacant block adjacent to her first property , built a house on it and leased it out as well . Carter maintained her interest in music , and sang as a soloist with the choir at Wesley Church . On 5 May 1905 , she married William Morris Thomas , becoming Mary Thomas . The couple moved to a farm in Harvey but struggled to make a living . Mary supplemented their farming income by running a small boarding house in nearby Mornington Mills . As well as the financial difficulties they faced , the Thomases relationship was strained by Williams increasing consumption of alcohol – a problem that had existed since their courtship – and in 1911 Mary returned to Perth , moving into a house that she had bought before the marriage . The couple did not divorce ; William remained in Harvey , but stayed with her occasionally when he visited Perth . He died in 1918 after falling from a horse . After returning to Perth in 1911 Mary Thomas took up work as a barmaid again , while continuing to buy and sell ( always for a profit ) property . In 1915 she bought her first business , the Bon Ton Cafe on William Street . The cafe did well , and Thomas soon bought a second one nearby , the Popular Cafe , and employed someone to manage it . She ran the Bon Ton Cafe for eight years , while simultaneously expanding her investment in real estate , including a row of houses in East Perth . Hotel industry . In 1924 , Thomas established Metropolitan Properties Ltd , with a capital value of £100,000 , to manage her real estate portfolio . That same year she bought the Gordons Hotel for £40,000 , half of which she had borrowed , and obtained her first liquor licence . In 1927 she undertook a major refurbishment and expansion of the hotel at a cost of about £27,000 , and in 1928 re-opened it as the Wentworth Hotel . The Wentworth became her home , headquarters and the flagship of her business empire . She was often known to her customers as Ma Thomas . Thomas continued to buy properties in the city , including the Bohemia , the United Services Hotel , the Royal Hotel , the Williams Building , Bon Marché Arcade and the Windsor Hotel in South Perth . In 1940 Thomas took over the lease of the newly refurbished hotel in Bullsbrook , some from Perth , and renamed it the Chequers Hotel . The business did well , having a virtual monopoly catering to the recently constructed , nearby RAAF Base Pearce , but the distance from Perth made direct supervision difficult , so she surrendered the lease after two years and restricted her hotel businesses to areas closer to the city . In 1942 , the fighting in World War II was getting closer to Australia , and large contingents of US servicemen began arriving in Perth , including those based in the then-secret Fremantle submarine base . Thomas was informed that the Wentworth Hotel was to be requisitioned by the United States Navy , and she had no choice but to cede control of most of the hotels running to them . This arrangement lasted until the end of the war in 1945 . During the occupation by the US , there were regular fights between Australian and US servicemen , to the extent that in 1943 the Australian Army banned its soldiers from the Wentworth . The ban was lifted a week later , after Thomas wrote to Prime Minister John Curtin and Western Australian Senator Dorothy Tangney . Marriage to Joe Raine . On 3 December 1943 , Mary Thomas married Arnold Yeldham ( known as Joe ) Raine , thus becoming Mary Raine ( or colloquially , Ma Raine ) . Joe Raine was a farmer from Manmanning , and a regular guest at the Wentworth when he was in Perth ; they had known each other for several years . Joe moved into the Wentworth with Mary , and also became her business partner . Medical research funding . In the mid-1950s , the University of Western Australia launched an appeal for funds to create a medical school , and the Raines were approached directly for a contribution . A donation was made , with the promise of more in future . In September 1956 Joe suffered a severe stroke caused by arteriosclerosis , resulting in paralysis . After several weeks in hospital , with no sign of recovery , he was moved to a room in the Wentworth Hotel , with a hospital bed and a team of nurses to tend him . On 11 February 1957 he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and died . He was buried at Karrakatta Cemetery . Mary inherited Joes estate , worth £153,906 , and donated it to the University of Western Australia to establish the Arnold Yeldham and Mary Raine Medical Research Foundation , with the money to be invested and initially used for research into arteriosclerosis . In 1957 Raine made a new will , leaving small amounts to some friends and family – she had no children of her own – with the bulk of her estate to go to the University , for the purposes of finding a cure for the illness that killed Joe . She signed a deed of trust with the University to specify how the estate was to be used after her death , and formalising the donation of Joes estate . At the time of her death , the estate was worth about £1,000,000 , making it one of the largest private donations ever made to an Australian university . Death and legacy . After Joes death , Raines health deteriorated , and the University of Western Australia took over management of her hotels . She died on 3 February 1960 , and was buried alongside Joe at Karrakatta Cemetery . The Raine Medical Research Foundation carries their name , but Raine instructed that none of the money she left was to be used for a building or monument in her or Joes name . In 1984 the city block that included the Wentworth , Royal and Bohemia Hotels – all now owned by the University of Western Australia , as part of Raines bequest – was redeveloped and opened in 1986 as Raine Square . In 2008 , a bronze bust of Raine , created by Robert Hitchcock , was unveiled in the Universitys Winthrop Hall . External links . - Raine , Mary Bertha in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia
[ "Moscow Secondary Art School" ]	easy	Which school did Vasily Livanov go to from 1953 to 1954?	/wiki/Vasily_Livanov#P69#0	Vasily Livanov Vasily Borisovich Livanov MBE , FMF , PAR ( ; born 19 July 1935 ) , is a Soviet and Russian actor , animation and film director , screenwriter and writer most famous for portraying Sherlock Holmes in the Soviet TV series . He was named Peoples Artist of the RSFSR in 1988 . Early years . Vasily Livanov was born into a famous theatrical family . His paternal grandfather Nikolai Alexandrovich Livanov ( 1874–1949 ) was a Volga Cossack from Simbirsk who moved to Moscow in 1905 and performed at the Struysky Theatre under a pseudonym of Izvolsky ; after the revolution he worked at the Mossovet and Lenkom Theatres . Vasilys father Boris Livanov ( 1904–1972 ) was also a prominent actor and stage director who served at the Moscow Art Theatre all his life , while his mother Eugenia Kazimirovna Livanova ( née Prawdzic-Filipowicz ) ( 1907–1978 ) was an artist who belonged to Polish szlachta . Vasily was brought up in the artistic milieu . Many famous actors who worked with his father , like Olga Knipper , Alla Tarasova , Vasily Kachalov ( whom Livanov was named after ) , as well as Pyotr Konchalovsky , Boris Pasternak , Valery Chkalov were frequent guests at their house . In 1940 his family was staying in Chernivtsi along with other Moscow actors , and his Polish nanny took him to the local Catholic church where he was baptized , presumably with his mothers permission . Today he belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church despite he never officially converted . His family spent the first war years in evacuation and in 1943 returned to Moscow . In 1954 Vasily graduated from the Moscow Secondary Art School under the USSR Academy of Arts , and in 1958 he finished the acting courses at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute . His film career started in 1959 with one of the leading roles in the Letter Never Sent . The movie was shot in Taiga at −40 °C , and the director Mikhail Kalatozov decided that Livanov and Samoilova should voice their characters crying not in the studio , but outside , right in the woods . As a result , Livanov lost his voice , and in two weeks it returned as a unique hoarse tembre that wouldve become one of Livanovs trademarks ever since . From 1958 to 1959 he performed at the Vakhtangov Theatre , and from 1960 to 1964 – at the National Film Actors Theatre . He also starred in the 1960 adaptation of Vladimir Korolenkos Blind Musician along with his father and the 1962 adaptation of Vasily Aksyonovs Colleagues that became his first real breakthrough . Animation . In 1966 he finished the High Directors Courses where he studied under Mikhail Romm and joined Soyuzmultfilm as an animation director , screenwriter and voice actor . During the next ten years he wrote and directed several animated films , including Most , Most , Most , Most and The Blue Bird feature . Yet his biggest success came with The Bremen Town Musicians animated musical , a modernised adaptation of the eponymous folktale he created with Yuri Entin and Gennady Gladkov . Both parts showed heavy influence of rock and roll and hippie cultures which was unusual for the Soviet cinema . The first film was directed by Inessa Kovalevskaya , while the sequel On the Trail of the Bremen Town Musicians ( 1973 ) was directed by Livanov himself . The leading Soviet pop singer Muslim Magomayev voiced almost all characters in it which only added to the overwhelming popularity of the series . Livanov was also the voice behind multiple popular Soviet animated characters such as Gena the Crocodile from the Cheburashka series , Karlsson-on-the-Roof from the Soviet adaptation of Astrid Lindgrens fairy tale and Boa from 38 Parrots . Sherlock Holmes . In the late 1970s and in the 1980s , Livanov returned to film stardom in what became the greatest success of his acting career : the role of Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of the Baskervilles and other Holmes TV series directed by Igor Maslennikov . Those movies were filmed between 1979 and 1986 , with the latter four stories forming the plot of a standalone big-screen feature entitled The Twentieth Century Approaches . Vasily Livanov played Sherlock Holmes and Vitaly Solomin played Doctor Watson . On 27 April 2007 , a sculpture featuring Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson as portrayed by Vasily Livanov and Vitaly Solomin was opened on the Smolenskaya embankment alongside the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow ( sculptor Andrey Orlov ) . Writer . Apart from screenplays Vasily Livanov has been professionally writing books since the 1960s . He published novels , stories , fairy tales and memoirs , including biography books dedicated to Boris Livanov , Boris Pasternak and other people he personally knew . Personal life . Livanov was married twice . His first wife ( 1958–1970 ) was Alina Engelgardt , daughter of the acclaimed Soviet biochemist Vladimir Engelgardt . They had a daughter Anastasia . Since 1972 he has been married to Elena Artemievna Balabanova , an art director and animator . They have two sons , Boris and Nikolai . In 2009 Boris was charged with a murder of Igor Khromov whom he cut with a knife during a drunken brawl ; he was imprisoned for nine years , but set free following a parole in 2015 . On June 2017 Maria Golubkina , an actress , daughter of Larisa Golubkina and stepdaughter of Andrei Mironov , announced her engagement to Boris Livanov , but in just a month they decided to take a break . Vasily Livanov was a close friend of Vitaly Solomin and Rina Zelyonaya , who played Doctor Watson and Mrs . Hudson . As he writes in his memoir : It happens so that when someone passes away , we customarily treat his actions and related events as the thing of the past . But everything about my beloved closest friend and partner Vitaly Solomin has become a part of my way of life , my conscience , so for me it will become the thing of the past only when I pass away too . Honors and awards . - Peoples Artist of the RSFSR ( 1988 ) - 4th Class Order For Merit to the Fatherland ( 1 December 2005 ) — For substantial contribution to the development of national cinema . - Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire ( 20 February 2006 ) — For service to the theatre and performing arts . - Order of Honour ( 27 October 2016 ) — For great services in the development of national culture and arts , many years of fruitful activity . - Special Golden Eagle Award ( 27 January 2017 ) — For outstanding contribution to the history of Russian cinema . External links . - Biography of Vasily Livanov - The Sherlock Holmes Museum - Internet site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov - A review of the Sherlock Holmes series - The adventures of Sherlock Holmes in Russia - 221b.ru - Russian site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov
[ "Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute" ]	easy	Which school did Vasily Livanov go to from 1954 to 1958?	/wiki/Vasily_Livanov#P69#1	Vasily Livanov Vasily Borisovich Livanov MBE , FMF , PAR ( ; born 19 July 1935 ) , is a Soviet and Russian actor , animation and film director , screenwriter and writer most famous for portraying Sherlock Holmes in the Soviet TV series . He was named Peoples Artist of the RSFSR in 1988 . Early years . Vasily Livanov was born into a famous theatrical family . His paternal grandfather Nikolai Alexandrovich Livanov ( 1874–1949 ) was a Volga Cossack from Simbirsk who moved to Moscow in 1905 and performed at the Struysky Theatre under a pseudonym of Izvolsky ; after the revolution he worked at the Mossovet and Lenkom Theatres . Vasilys father Boris Livanov ( 1904–1972 ) was also a prominent actor and stage director who served at the Moscow Art Theatre all his life , while his mother Eugenia Kazimirovna Livanova ( née Prawdzic-Filipowicz ) ( 1907–1978 ) was an artist who belonged to Polish szlachta . Vasily was brought up in the artistic milieu . Many famous actors who worked with his father , like Olga Knipper , Alla Tarasova , Vasily Kachalov ( whom Livanov was named after ) , as well as Pyotr Konchalovsky , Boris Pasternak , Valery Chkalov were frequent guests at their house . In 1940 his family was staying in Chernivtsi along with other Moscow actors , and his Polish nanny took him to the local Catholic church where he was baptized , presumably with his mothers permission . Today he belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church despite he never officially converted . His family spent the first war years in evacuation and in 1943 returned to Moscow . In 1954 Vasily graduated from the Moscow Secondary Art School under the USSR Academy of Arts , and in 1958 he finished the acting courses at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute . His film career started in 1959 with one of the leading roles in the Letter Never Sent . The movie was shot in Taiga at −40 °C , and the director Mikhail Kalatozov decided that Livanov and Samoilova should voice their characters crying not in the studio , but outside , right in the woods . As a result , Livanov lost his voice , and in two weeks it returned as a unique hoarse tembre that wouldve become one of Livanovs trademarks ever since . From 1958 to 1959 he performed at the Vakhtangov Theatre , and from 1960 to 1964 – at the National Film Actors Theatre . He also starred in the 1960 adaptation of Vladimir Korolenkos Blind Musician along with his father and the 1962 adaptation of Vasily Aksyonovs Colleagues that became his first real breakthrough . Animation . In 1966 he finished the High Directors Courses where he studied under Mikhail Romm and joined Soyuzmultfilm as an animation director , screenwriter and voice actor . During the next ten years he wrote and directed several animated films , including Most , Most , Most , Most and The Blue Bird feature . Yet his biggest success came with The Bremen Town Musicians animated musical , a modernised adaptation of the eponymous folktale he created with Yuri Entin and Gennady Gladkov . Both parts showed heavy influence of rock and roll and hippie cultures which was unusual for the Soviet cinema . The first film was directed by Inessa Kovalevskaya , while the sequel On the Trail of the Bremen Town Musicians ( 1973 ) was directed by Livanov himself . The leading Soviet pop singer Muslim Magomayev voiced almost all characters in it which only added to the overwhelming popularity of the series . Livanov was also the voice behind multiple popular Soviet animated characters such as Gena the Crocodile from the Cheburashka series , Karlsson-on-the-Roof from the Soviet adaptation of Astrid Lindgrens fairy tale and Boa from 38 Parrots . Sherlock Holmes . In the late 1970s and in the 1980s , Livanov returned to film stardom in what became the greatest success of his acting career : the role of Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of the Baskervilles and other Holmes TV series directed by Igor Maslennikov . Those movies were filmed between 1979 and 1986 , with the latter four stories forming the plot of a standalone big-screen feature entitled The Twentieth Century Approaches . Vasily Livanov played Sherlock Holmes and Vitaly Solomin played Doctor Watson . On 27 April 2007 , a sculpture featuring Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson as portrayed by Vasily Livanov and Vitaly Solomin was opened on the Smolenskaya embankment alongside the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow ( sculptor Andrey Orlov ) . Writer . Apart from screenplays Vasily Livanov has been professionally writing books since the 1960s . He published novels , stories , fairy tales and memoirs , including biography books dedicated to Boris Livanov , Boris Pasternak and other people he personally knew . Personal life . Livanov was married twice . His first wife ( 1958–1970 ) was Alina Engelgardt , daughter of the acclaimed Soviet biochemist Vladimir Engelgardt . They had a daughter Anastasia . Since 1972 he has been married to Elena Artemievna Balabanova , an art director and animator . They have two sons , Boris and Nikolai . In 2009 Boris was charged with a murder of Igor Khromov whom he cut with a knife during a drunken brawl ; he was imprisoned for nine years , but set free following a parole in 2015 . On June 2017 Maria Golubkina , an actress , daughter of Larisa Golubkina and stepdaughter of Andrei Mironov , announced her engagement to Boris Livanov , but in just a month they decided to take a break . Vasily Livanov was a close friend of Vitaly Solomin and Rina Zelyonaya , who played Doctor Watson and Mrs . Hudson . As he writes in his memoir : It happens so that when someone passes away , we customarily treat his actions and related events as the thing of the past . But everything about my beloved closest friend and partner Vitaly Solomin has become a part of my way of life , my conscience , so for me it will become the thing of the past only when I pass away too . Honors and awards . - Peoples Artist of the RSFSR ( 1988 ) - 4th Class Order For Merit to the Fatherland ( 1 December 2005 ) — For substantial contribution to the development of national cinema . - Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire ( 20 February 2006 ) — For service to the theatre and performing arts . - Order of Honour ( 27 October 2016 ) — For great services in the development of national culture and arts , many years of fruitful activity . - Special Golden Eagle Award ( 27 January 2017 ) — For outstanding contribution to the history of Russian cinema . External links . - Biography of Vasily Livanov - The Sherlock Holmes Museum - Internet site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov - A review of the Sherlock Holmes series - The adventures of Sherlock Holmes in Russia - 221b.ru - Russian site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov
[ "High Directors Courses" ]	easy	Which school did Vasily Livanov go to from 1958 to 1966?	/wiki/Vasily_Livanov#P69#2	Vasily Livanov Vasily Borisovich Livanov MBE , FMF , PAR ( ; born 19 July 1935 ) , is a Soviet and Russian actor , animation and film director , screenwriter and writer most famous for portraying Sherlock Holmes in the Soviet TV series . He was named Peoples Artist of the RSFSR in 1988 . Early years . Vasily Livanov was born into a famous theatrical family . His paternal grandfather Nikolai Alexandrovich Livanov ( 1874–1949 ) was a Volga Cossack from Simbirsk who moved to Moscow in 1905 and performed at the Struysky Theatre under a pseudonym of Izvolsky ; after the revolution he worked at the Mossovet and Lenkom Theatres . Vasilys father Boris Livanov ( 1904–1972 ) was also a prominent actor and stage director who served at the Moscow Art Theatre all his life , while his mother Eugenia Kazimirovna Livanova ( née Prawdzic-Filipowicz ) ( 1907–1978 ) was an artist who belonged to Polish szlachta . Vasily was brought up in the artistic milieu . Many famous actors who worked with his father , like Olga Knipper , Alla Tarasova , Vasily Kachalov ( whom Livanov was named after ) , as well as Pyotr Konchalovsky , Boris Pasternak , Valery Chkalov were frequent guests at their house . In 1940 his family was staying in Chernivtsi along with other Moscow actors , and his Polish nanny took him to the local Catholic church where he was baptized , presumably with his mothers permission . Today he belongs to the Russian Orthodox Church despite he never officially converted . His family spent the first war years in evacuation and in 1943 returned to Moscow . In 1954 Vasily graduated from the Moscow Secondary Art School under the USSR Academy of Arts , and in 1958 he finished the acting courses at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute . His film career started in 1959 with one of the leading roles in the Letter Never Sent . The movie was shot in Taiga at −40 °C , and the director Mikhail Kalatozov decided that Livanov and Samoilova should voice their characters crying not in the studio , but outside , right in the woods . As a result , Livanov lost his voice , and in two weeks it returned as a unique hoarse tembre that wouldve become one of Livanovs trademarks ever since . From 1958 to 1959 he performed at the Vakhtangov Theatre , and from 1960 to 1964 – at the National Film Actors Theatre . He also starred in the 1960 adaptation of Vladimir Korolenkos Blind Musician along with his father and the 1962 adaptation of Vasily Aksyonovs Colleagues that became his first real breakthrough . Animation . In 1966 he finished the High Directors Courses where he studied under Mikhail Romm and joined Soyuzmultfilm as an animation director , screenwriter and voice actor . During the next ten years he wrote and directed several animated films , including Most , Most , Most , Most and The Blue Bird feature . Yet his biggest success came with The Bremen Town Musicians animated musical , a modernised adaptation of the eponymous folktale he created with Yuri Entin and Gennady Gladkov . Both parts showed heavy influence of rock and roll and hippie cultures which was unusual for the Soviet cinema . The first film was directed by Inessa Kovalevskaya , while the sequel On the Trail of the Bremen Town Musicians ( 1973 ) was directed by Livanov himself . The leading Soviet pop singer Muslim Magomayev voiced almost all characters in it which only added to the overwhelming popularity of the series . Livanov was also the voice behind multiple popular Soviet animated characters such as Gena the Crocodile from the Cheburashka series , Karlsson-on-the-Roof from the Soviet adaptation of Astrid Lindgrens fairy tale and Boa from 38 Parrots . Sherlock Holmes . In the late 1970s and in the 1980s , Livanov returned to film stardom in what became the greatest success of his acting career : the role of Sherlock Holmes in The Hound of the Baskervilles and other Holmes TV series directed by Igor Maslennikov . Those movies were filmed between 1979 and 1986 , with the latter four stories forming the plot of a standalone big-screen feature entitled The Twentieth Century Approaches . Vasily Livanov played Sherlock Holmes and Vitaly Solomin played Doctor Watson . On 27 April 2007 , a sculpture featuring Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson as portrayed by Vasily Livanov and Vitaly Solomin was opened on the Smolenskaya embankment alongside the Embassy of the United Kingdom in Moscow ( sculptor Andrey Orlov ) . Writer . Apart from screenplays Vasily Livanov has been professionally writing books since the 1960s . He published novels , stories , fairy tales and memoirs , including biography books dedicated to Boris Livanov , Boris Pasternak and other people he personally knew . Personal life . Livanov was married twice . His first wife ( 1958–1970 ) was Alina Engelgardt , daughter of the acclaimed Soviet biochemist Vladimir Engelgardt . They had a daughter Anastasia . Since 1972 he has been married to Elena Artemievna Balabanova , an art director and animator . They have two sons , Boris and Nikolai . In 2009 Boris was charged with a murder of Igor Khromov whom he cut with a knife during a drunken brawl ; he was imprisoned for nine years , but set free following a parole in 2015 . On June 2017 Maria Golubkina , an actress , daughter of Larisa Golubkina and stepdaughter of Andrei Mironov , announced her engagement to Boris Livanov , but in just a month they decided to take a break . Vasily Livanov was a close friend of Vitaly Solomin and Rina Zelyonaya , who played Doctor Watson and Mrs . Hudson . As he writes in his memoir : It happens so that when someone passes away , we customarily treat his actions and related events as the thing of the past . But everything about my beloved closest friend and partner Vitaly Solomin has become a part of my way of life , my conscience , so for me it will become the thing of the past only when I pass away too . Honors and awards . - Peoples Artist of the RSFSR ( 1988 ) - 4th Class Order For Merit to the Fatherland ( 1 December 2005 ) — For substantial contribution to the development of national cinema . - Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire ( 20 February 2006 ) — For service to the theatre and performing arts . - Order of Honour ( 27 October 2016 ) — For great services in the development of national culture and arts , many years of fruitful activity . - Special Golden Eagle Award ( 27 January 2017 ) — For outstanding contribution to the history of Russian cinema . External links . - Biography of Vasily Livanov - The Sherlock Holmes Museum - Internet site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov - A review of the Sherlock Holmes series - The adventures of Sherlock Holmes in Russia - 221b.ru - Russian site dedicated to Vasiliy Livanov
[ "Zrinjski Mostar", "Bosnian Premier League" ]	easy	Luka Modrić played for which team from 2003 to 2004?	/wiki/Luka_Modrić#P54#0	Luka Modrić Luka Modrić ( ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Croatia national team . He plays mainly as a central midfielder , but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker . He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and the greatest Croatian footballer of all-time . Born in Zadar , Modrićs childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club NK Zadars youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb , before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament . In the summer of 2012 , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £30 million transfer fee . There he became a key contributor and helped the team win La Décima and was selected for the 2013–14 Champions League squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015–16 to 2017–18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He has won seventeen major trophies at Real Madrid , including four UEFA Champions League titles , two La Liga titles , one Copa del Rey and three FIFA Club World Cup titles . He won the La Liga Award for Best Midfielder in 2016 for the second time , and the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder in 2017 and 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player to be included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in which he was regularly included until 2019 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year between 2016 and 2018 . In 2018 , Modrić became the first Croatian player to win the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , and by winning The Best FIFA Mens Player and Ballon dOr awards , he became the first player other than Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo to claim the awards in more than a decade . In 2019 , he was awarded the Golden Foot award for career results and personality . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatias second Golden Generation , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the UEFA European Championship in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 , as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 . At Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . In March 2021 , he went on to become the countrys most capped player in history . Furthermore , he has been named Croatian Footballer of the Year a record nine times between 2007 and 2020 . Early life . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in a knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the stone house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , located on the road above the hamlet of Modrići , and was shepherding goats as a five-year-old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrićs grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrićs uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career . Early years . 1990s–05 : NK Zadar and development through loans . Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his sporting father , said Modrićs father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrićs move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagrebs youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Bosnian Premier League . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became the Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year at only the age of 18 . Modrić later said , Someone who can play in the Bosnian Premier League can play anywhere , referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Prva HNL and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb . 2005–08 : Breakthrough in Croatia . In the 2005–06 season , Modrić signed a ten-year contract ( his first long-term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contracts earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamos first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006–07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić as a team captain , led Dinamos attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . In the final play-off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1–1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur . 2008–10 : Struggle and success in England . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier Leagues first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six-year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £16.5 million , equalling the clubs record fee set by Darren Bents move in 2007 . He got number 14 jersey , later recalling that he wore it in honour of Johan Cruyff . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs first match of the 2008–09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , [ H ] is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central or left-sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrićs value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from his Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . Before the 2009–10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , [ Hes ] a hell of a player and a managers dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenhams 2–1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he had broken . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six-year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last seasons top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . 2010–12 : Outgrowing Tottenham Hotspur . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored a goal that was later credited as an own goal by Martin Škrtel . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , He was unbelievable . Magnificent . Hes an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . Modrić also scored in Tottenhams 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4–3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010–11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4% . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year . Then-Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenhams London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £22 million , which they increased to £27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a gentlemans agreement with Levy the club would entertain offers from a big club . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenhams opening match of the 2011–12 season against Manchester United , which ended in a 3–0 loss . Modrić said his head was not in the right place as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season , he was included in Team of the Week . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from . Real Madrid . 2012–13 : Becoming a starting eleven player in Real Madrid . On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting line-up , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3–2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe , with a cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . At the end of the year he was voted as the worst signing of the season by Spanish newspaper Marca . Modrić started in Real Madrids home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2–1 , advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrićs career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long-range volley from ; Real Madrid won the match 5–2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4–1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2–0 victory , Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best-rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrićs form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga . 2013–15 : Best midfielder in Spain and La Décima . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the teams most efficient passer , averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrids 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFAs Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd-minute equaliser against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4–1 in extra time , marking the clubs tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( the tenth ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league of that season . In August 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the 2014–15 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3–1 home win against Málaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrids 22-match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrids failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us . Modrićs influence was recognised and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2015–17 : Among best world players and La Undécima and Duodécima . For the 2015–16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match against Bulgaria in October , initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint-Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as master of the game , and the crucial connector of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting line-up when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League,<ref 2015/16 Team></ref> and La Ligas team of the season.<ref Liga 2015/16 Team></ref> For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . In January 2017 , for the first time was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2016 ) . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2–1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga , as well as the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldos second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season<ref 2016/17 Team></ref> and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon dOr , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2017–18 : Ballon dOr and third consecutive Champions League title . With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the teams coveted number 10 jersey for the new 2017–18 season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . In the same month was for the second time included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2017 ) . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time.<ref 2017/18 Team></ref> He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrićs Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Mens Player Award , while in December , he added the Ballon dOr to his personal tally , marking the first time since 2007 that the award was not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo , which polarized the people involved in the sport into two camps about the credibility of the award . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win these awards , Modrić was the first player to win both the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award in the same year since Ronaldo in 1998 , and the World Cup Golden Ball and the Best FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award after Romário in 1994 . Additionally , he is the first player to win the awards from the former Yugoslavia territory , the first footballer from Eastern Europe to win a Ballon dOr after Andriy Shevchenko in 2004 , and the tenth player from Real Madrid to capture the trophy . Furthermore , winning the trophy triggered a clause in his contract , ensuring his stay at the club until 2021 . He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourth time , and won the IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker award . After receiving the FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award , Modrić stated it shows that we all can become the best with hard work , dedication , and belief , all dreams can come true . Modrić dedicated the Ballon dOr to all the players who probably deserved to win it and didnt in the past decade , including Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , and Wesley Sneijder among others . 2018–21 : Second time champion of Spain and Golden Foot . The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his lack of pre-season training after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his teams 2–4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4–1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his sides third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3–0 home win against Roma , in which he assisted the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . On 22 December , Modrić won his third FIFA Club World Cup , scoring the first goal and assisting for the third in the final against Al Ain . On 13 and 19 January 2019 , Modrić for the first time scored in two consecutive league games for Real Madrid , in a 1–2 away win against Real Betis and 2–0 home win against Sevilla . In the same month was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2018 ) for the third time in his career . From 27 February to 5 March , Modrić went through what he described as the most difficult week of his football life , with Real Madrid losing to Barcelona twice and Ajax and crashing out of Copa del Rey , title race and the Champions League , respectively . Despite having had an underwhelming season , for the fifth consecutive time he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 27 August 2019 was the seventh anniversary of Modrićs signing with the club . Although raising doubts due to age of 34 and decision to continue playing with the national team which makes him prone to injuries , Modrić stated that wants to recapture his best form this season . On 1 September and 9 November made his first assists in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal and in a 0–4 away victory against Eibar , while first goal on 5 October in a 4–2 home victory against Granada . On 12 November was awarded with a Golden Foot award . On 23 November he made two assists and scored a goal in a 3–1 home victory against Real Sociedad . On 8 January 2020 , Modrić scored his fifth goal of the season and 100th career goal in a 3–1 victory against Valencia in the semi-finals of 2019–20 Supercopa de España . On 12 January he successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final . Following the continuation of La Liga after a three month suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic , Modrić was praised for being one of Real Madrids best players despite his age , resulting in numerous media outlets wondering about prolongation of his contract with the club . On 16 July , he assisted Benzemas opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Villarreal , as Real Madrid secured the league title . On 21 October , he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a Champions League 3–2 defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk . The goal made him the fourth player in the history of the club to score in the competition aged 35 or more , alongside Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás and Francisco Gento . It was named the Goal of the Week by UEFA . Three days later , he came off the bench to score his first ever El Clásico goal , as Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 3–1 . On 25 May 2021 , he extended his contract with Real Madrid until 2022 . International career . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under-15 , under-17 , under-18 , under-19 and under-21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under-15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under-18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3–2 . 2006–08 : 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan , and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatias 2–0 friendly win over world champions Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Modrićs performances ensured a regular place in the international side and he gave a successful showing in Croatias UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed the Croatian Cruyff . Modrić scored Croatias first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against hosts Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatias next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter-final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrićs kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . 2008–16 : Subsequent struggles . In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra , and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify finishing one point behind second-placed Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spains midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with hosts Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3–1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match-winning goal in Croatias opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . However , Croatia won and topped the group , but lost to Portugal 0–1 in extra-time in the round of 16 . 2016–18 : Golden Ball of the 2018 World Cup . For Croatias 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić became the new team captain , following Darijo Srnas retirement . Croatia started the campaign well ; however , following 1–0 defeats to Iceland and Turkey and a 1–1 draw with Finland ( in which Modrić made his 100th appearance for the national team ) , Croatia seriously compromised their qualification for the tournament . This caused Modrić to publicly state his lack of confidence in coach Ante Čačić . Čačić was soon replaced by Zlatko Dalić ahead of Croatias final qualifier against Ukraine away , which Croatia won 2–0 and won a place in the play-offs . Modrić scored a penalty in the 4–1 victory over Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić—along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić—were referred to as Croatias second Golden Generation . In Croatias opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatias subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina with a long-range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1–1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties . In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponents half in his team . Although Croatia were beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament , and was included in the Team of the Tournament . After the squads huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates Danijel Subašić , Šime Vrsaljko and Dominik Livaković were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in their hometown of Zadar . 2018–21 : Post-World Cup period . Modrić took part in all four matches in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League as Croatia finished at the bottom of Group A4 following historical 6–0 away defeat to Spain in September and a 2–1 defeat to England at the Wembley Stadium in November . During the Euro 2020 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored two goals ; a penalty in the away 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan and a solo-effort in the home 3–0 victory over Hungary as Croatia topped the group and qualified for the tournament . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the tournament was postponed for a year . On 24 March 2021 , Modrić made his 134th appearance for the national team in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualifying defeat to Slovenia , equaling Darijo Srna as the most capped player in the history of the team . Three days later , in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying victory over Cyprus , he surpassed Srnas record . He was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 on 17 May 2021 . Player profile . Style of play . A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with incredibly deft passes and solo , long-range efforts . He plays with both feet in combination with his swift offensive positioning , off the ball . He passes the ball accurately across long and short distances ( passing range of perfection ) , even with the outside of his boot . His ball control , first touch , positional play , ability to retain possession , and set the tempo of the game makes him a mesmerising player to watch . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his dribbling skills and is considered a master of the pre-assist . He has also been known to take set pieces . He is referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( Midfield Master ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a Puppet Master , and a Midfield Magician . After moving to Real Madrid , he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( the bird ) . In the dressing room , he is affectionately called Lukita . Position . Modrićs complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Afterwards , Modrić acknowledged the role that Harry Redknapp played in shaping of deep-lying his style , saying that dropping back enabled him to read the game better and show his full creativity . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being neither entirely destructive or creative , but a carrier who is capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet , but in his case with a hint of regista . The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second-highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87% ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrićs arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season , a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his teams play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013–14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90% ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europes top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014–15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7–64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8–1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the teams gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrićs average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92% , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrićs dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europes top five leagues . Reception . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrićs skill in the game was recognised early by Dragan Piksi Stojković , who stated , I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrićs quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , [ and ] whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game , while in January 2016 in private meeting with Modrić he told him that he saw him as a player who could win Ballon dOr . In 2018 , Gennaro Gattuso stated that he would have loved to have played with Modrić , calling him an incredible player , really strong mentally and a pure footballer . In 2018 , Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play , which Jan Oblak agreed with in 2021 . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . Predrag Mijatović considered him as the best footballer in the history of the region of Balkans . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has that artistic sense . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrićs technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , Modrić is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . Hes not selfish , hes playing for the team .. . hes a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet . Others managers who have praised Modrićs game include Pep Guardiola , and Sven-Göran Eriksson . Personal life . Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . In addition to his native Croatian , Modrić also speaks English , and Spanish , and is Roman Catholic . Australian footballer Mark Viduka is his cousin . In late 2019 , Modrić released his autobiography Moja igra ( My Game ) , co-written by prominent Croatian sports journalist Robert Matteoni . Legal issues . In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annexe clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October and December 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian courts . Honours . Club . Dinamo Zagreb - Prva HNL : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Cup : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2016–17 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey : 2013–14 - Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 , 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 International . Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 2018 Individual . International - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010–11 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2020–21 - La Ligas Best Midfielder : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 - La Ligas Team of the Season : 2015–16 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 - ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 , 2018 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 - UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award : 2017–18 - The Best FIFA Mens Player : 2018 - IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker : 2018 - Ballon dOr : 2018 - Goal 50 : 2017–18 - World Soccer Player of the Year : 2018 - AIPS Athlete of the Year : 2018 - Golden Foot : 2019 - IFFHS Worlds Best Man Player of the Decade ( 2011–2020 ) : 10th place - IFFHS World Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - Real Madrid Player of the Season : 2020–21 National and regional - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 - Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 - HNLs Footballer of the Year : 2007 - Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 - SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007–08 - Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 - HOO : 2018 - SN Sportsman of the Year : 2018 Other - Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport – Yearly Award : 2018 - Honorary citizen of the city of Zadar : 2018 Orders . - Order of Duke Branimir with Ribbon : 2018
[ "Inter Zaprešić" ]	easy	Luka Modrić played for which team from 2004 to 2005?	/wiki/Luka_Modrić#P54#1	Luka Modrić Luka Modrić ( ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Croatia national team . He plays mainly as a central midfielder , but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker . He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and the greatest Croatian footballer of all-time . Born in Zadar , Modrićs childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club NK Zadars youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb , before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament . In the summer of 2012 , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £30 million transfer fee . There he became a key contributor and helped the team win La Décima and was selected for the 2013–14 Champions League squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015–16 to 2017–18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He has won seventeen major trophies at Real Madrid , including four UEFA Champions League titles , two La Liga titles , one Copa del Rey and three FIFA Club World Cup titles . He won the La Liga Award for Best Midfielder in 2016 for the second time , and the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder in 2017 and 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player to be included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in which he was regularly included until 2019 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year between 2016 and 2018 . In 2018 , Modrić became the first Croatian player to win the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , and by winning The Best FIFA Mens Player and Ballon dOr awards , he became the first player other than Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo to claim the awards in more than a decade . In 2019 , he was awarded the Golden Foot award for career results and personality . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatias second Golden Generation , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the UEFA European Championship in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 , as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 . At Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . In March 2021 , he went on to become the countrys most capped player in history . Furthermore , he has been named Croatian Footballer of the Year a record nine times between 2007 and 2020 . Early life . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in a knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the stone house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , located on the road above the hamlet of Modrići , and was shepherding goats as a five-year-old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrićs grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrićs uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career . Early years . 1990s–05 : NK Zadar and development through loans . Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his sporting father , said Modrićs father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrićs move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagrebs youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Bosnian Premier League . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became the Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year at only the age of 18 . Modrić later said , Someone who can play in the Bosnian Premier League can play anywhere , referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Prva HNL and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb . 2005–08 : Breakthrough in Croatia . In the 2005–06 season , Modrić signed a ten-year contract ( his first long-term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contracts earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamos first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006–07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić as a team captain , led Dinamos attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . In the final play-off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1–1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur . 2008–10 : Struggle and success in England . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier Leagues first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six-year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £16.5 million , equalling the clubs record fee set by Darren Bents move in 2007 . He got number 14 jersey , later recalling that he wore it in honour of Johan Cruyff . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs first match of the 2008–09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , [ H ] is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central or left-sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrićs value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from his Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . Before the 2009–10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , [ Hes ] a hell of a player and a managers dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenhams 2–1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he had broken . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six-year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last seasons top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . 2010–12 : Outgrowing Tottenham Hotspur . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored a goal that was later credited as an own goal by Martin Škrtel . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , He was unbelievable . Magnificent . Hes an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . Modrić also scored in Tottenhams 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4–3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010–11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4% . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year . Then-Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenhams London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £22 million , which they increased to £27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a gentlemans agreement with Levy the club would entertain offers from a big club . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenhams opening match of the 2011–12 season against Manchester United , which ended in a 3–0 loss . Modrić said his head was not in the right place as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season , he was included in Team of the Week . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from . Real Madrid . 2012–13 : Becoming a starting eleven player in Real Madrid . On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting line-up , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3–2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe , with a cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . At the end of the year he was voted as the worst signing of the season by Spanish newspaper Marca . Modrić started in Real Madrids home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2–1 , advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrićs career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long-range volley from ; Real Madrid won the match 5–2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4–1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2–0 victory , Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best-rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrićs form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga . 2013–15 : Best midfielder in Spain and La Décima . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the teams most efficient passer , averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrids 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFAs Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd-minute equaliser against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4–1 in extra time , marking the clubs tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( the tenth ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league of that season . In August 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the 2014–15 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3–1 home win against Málaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrids 22-match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrids failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us . Modrićs influence was recognised and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2015–17 : Among best world players and La Undécima and Duodécima . For the 2015–16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match against Bulgaria in October , initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint-Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as master of the game , and the crucial connector of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting line-up when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League,<ref 2015/16 Team></ref> and La Ligas team of the season.<ref Liga 2015/16 Team></ref> For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . In January 2017 , for the first time was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2016 ) . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2–1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga , as well as the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldos second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season<ref 2016/17 Team></ref> and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon dOr , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2017–18 : Ballon dOr and third consecutive Champions League title . With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the teams coveted number 10 jersey for the new 2017–18 season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . In the same month was for the second time included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2017 ) . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time.<ref 2017/18 Team></ref> He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrićs Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Mens Player Award , while in December , he added the Ballon dOr to his personal tally , marking the first time since 2007 that the award was not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo , which polarized the people involved in the sport into two camps about the credibility of the award . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win these awards , Modrić was the first player to win both the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award in the same year since Ronaldo in 1998 , and the World Cup Golden Ball and the Best FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award after Romário in 1994 . Additionally , he is the first player to win the awards from the former Yugoslavia territory , the first footballer from Eastern Europe to win a Ballon dOr after Andriy Shevchenko in 2004 , and the tenth player from Real Madrid to capture the trophy . Furthermore , winning the trophy triggered a clause in his contract , ensuring his stay at the club until 2021 . He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourth time , and won the IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker award . After receiving the FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award , Modrić stated it shows that we all can become the best with hard work , dedication , and belief , all dreams can come true . Modrić dedicated the Ballon dOr to all the players who probably deserved to win it and didnt in the past decade , including Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , and Wesley Sneijder among others . 2018–21 : Second time champion of Spain and Golden Foot . The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his lack of pre-season training after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his teams 2–4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4–1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his sides third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3–0 home win against Roma , in which he assisted the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . On 22 December , Modrić won his third FIFA Club World Cup , scoring the first goal and assisting for the third in the final against Al Ain . On 13 and 19 January 2019 , Modrić for the first time scored in two consecutive league games for Real Madrid , in a 1–2 away win against Real Betis and 2–0 home win against Sevilla . In the same month was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2018 ) for the third time in his career . From 27 February to 5 March , Modrić went through what he described as the most difficult week of his football life , with Real Madrid losing to Barcelona twice and Ajax and crashing out of Copa del Rey , title race and the Champions League , respectively . Despite having had an underwhelming season , for the fifth consecutive time he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 27 August 2019 was the seventh anniversary of Modrićs signing with the club . Although raising doubts due to age of 34 and decision to continue playing with the national team which makes him prone to injuries , Modrić stated that wants to recapture his best form this season . On 1 September and 9 November made his first assists in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal and in a 0–4 away victory against Eibar , while first goal on 5 October in a 4–2 home victory against Granada . On 12 November was awarded with a Golden Foot award . On 23 November he made two assists and scored a goal in a 3–1 home victory against Real Sociedad . On 8 January 2020 , Modrić scored his fifth goal of the season and 100th career goal in a 3–1 victory against Valencia in the semi-finals of 2019–20 Supercopa de España . On 12 January he successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final . Following the continuation of La Liga after a three month suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic , Modrić was praised for being one of Real Madrids best players despite his age , resulting in numerous media outlets wondering about prolongation of his contract with the club . On 16 July , he assisted Benzemas opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Villarreal , as Real Madrid secured the league title . On 21 October , he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a Champions League 3–2 defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk . The goal made him the fourth player in the history of the club to score in the competition aged 35 or more , alongside Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás and Francisco Gento . It was named the Goal of the Week by UEFA . Three days later , he came off the bench to score his first ever El Clásico goal , as Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 3–1 . On 25 May 2021 , he extended his contract with Real Madrid until 2022 . International career . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under-15 , under-17 , under-18 , under-19 and under-21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under-15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under-18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3–2 . 2006–08 : 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan , and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatias 2–0 friendly win over world champions Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Modrićs performances ensured a regular place in the international side and he gave a successful showing in Croatias UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed the Croatian Cruyff . Modrić scored Croatias first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against hosts Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatias next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter-final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrićs kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . 2008–16 : Subsequent struggles . In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra , and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify finishing one point behind second-placed Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spains midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with hosts Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3–1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match-winning goal in Croatias opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . However , Croatia won and topped the group , but lost to Portugal 0–1 in extra-time in the round of 16 . 2016–18 : Golden Ball of the 2018 World Cup . For Croatias 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić became the new team captain , following Darijo Srnas retirement . Croatia started the campaign well ; however , following 1–0 defeats to Iceland and Turkey and a 1–1 draw with Finland ( in which Modrić made his 100th appearance for the national team ) , Croatia seriously compromised their qualification for the tournament . This caused Modrić to publicly state his lack of confidence in coach Ante Čačić . Čačić was soon replaced by Zlatko Dalić ahead of Croatias final qualifier against Ukraine away , which Croatia won 2–0 and won a place in the play-offs . Modrić scored a penalty in the 4–1 victory over Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić—along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić—were referred to as Croatias second Golden Generation . In Croatias opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatias subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina with a long-range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1–1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties . In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponents half in his team . Although Croatia were beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament , and was included in the Team of the Tournament . After the squads huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates Danijel Subašić , Šime Vrsaljko and Dominik Livaković were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in their hometown of Zadar . 2018–21 : Post-World Cup period . Modrić took part in all four matches in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League as Croatia finished at the bottom of Group A4 following historical 6–0 away defeat to Spain in September and a 2–1 defeat to England at the Wembley Stadium in November . During the Euro 2020 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored two goals ; a penalty in the away 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan and a solo-effort in the home 3–0 victory over Hungary as Croatia topped the group and qualified for the tournament . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the tournament was postponed for a year . On 24 March 2021 , Modrić made his 134th appearance for the national team in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualifying defeat to Slovenia , equaling Darijo Srna as the most capped player in the history of the team . Three days later , in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying victory over Cyprus , he surpassed Srnas record . He was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 on 17 May 2021 . Player profile . Style of play . A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with incredibly deft passes and solo , long-range efforts . He plays with both feet in combination with his swift offensive positioning , off the ball . He passes the ball accurately across long and short distances ( passing range of perfection ) , even with the outside of his boot . His ball control , first touch , positional play , ability to retain possession , and set the tempo of the game makes him a mesmerising player to watch . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his dribbling skills and is considered a master of the pre-assist . He has also been known to take set pieces . He is referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( Midfield Master ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a Puppet Master , and a Midfield Magician . After moving to Real Madrid , he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( the bird ) . In the dressing room , he is affectionately called Lukita . Position . Modrićs complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Afterwards , Modrić acknowledged the role that Harry Redknapp played in shaping of deep-lying his style , saying that dropping back enabled him to read the game better and show his full creativity . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being neither entirely destructive or creative , but a carrier who is capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet , but in his case with a hint of regista . The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second-highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87% ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrićs arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season , a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his teams play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013–14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90% ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europes top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014–15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7–64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8–1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the teams gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrićs average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92% , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrićs dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europes top five leagues . Reception . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrićs skill in the game was recognised early by Dragan Piksi Stojković , who stated , I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrićs quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , [ and ] whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game , while in January 2016 in private meeting with Modrić he told him that he saw him as a player who could win Ballon dOr . In 2018 , Gennaro Gattuso stated that he would have loved to have played with Modrić , calling him an incredible player , really strong mentally and a pure footballer . In 2018 , Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play , which Jan Oblak agreed with in 2021 . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . Predrag Mijatović considered him as the best footballer in the history of the region of Balkans . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has that artistic sense . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrićs technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , Modrić is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . Hes not selfish , hes playing for the team .. . hes a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet . Others managers who have praised Modrićs game include Pep Guardiola , and Sven-Göran Eriksson . Personal life . Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . In addition to his native Croatian , Modrić also speaks English , and Spanish , and is Roman Catholic . Australian footballer Mark Viduka is his cousin . In late 2019 , Modrić released his autobiography Moja igra ( My Game ) , co-written by prominent Croatian sports journalist Robert Matteoni . Legal issues . In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annexe clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October and December 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian courts . Honours . Club . Dinamo Zagreb - Prva HNL : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Cup : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2016–17 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey : 2013–14 - Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 , 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 International . Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 2018 Individual . International - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010–11 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2020–21 - La Ligas Best Midfielder : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 - La Ligas Team of the Season : 2015–16 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 - ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 , 2018 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 - UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award : 2017–18 - The Best FIFA Mens Player : 2018 - IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker : 2018 - Ballon dOr : 2018 - Goal 50 : 2017–18 - World Soccer Player of the Year : 2018 - AIPS Athlete of the Year : 2018 - Golden Foot : 2019 - IFFHS Worlds Best Man Player of the Decade ( 2011–2020 ) : 10th place - IFFHS World Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - Real Madrid Player of the Season : 2020–21 National and regional - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 - Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 - HNLs Footballer of the Year : 2007 - Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 - SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007–08 - Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 - HOO : 2018 - SN Sportsman of the Year : 2018 Other - Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport – Yearly Award : 2018 - Honorary citizen of the city of Zadar : 2018 Orders . - Order of Duke Branimir with Ribbon : 2018
[ "Dinamo Zagreb" ]	easy	Which team did the player Luka Modrić belong to from 2005 to 2008?	/wiki/Luka_Modrić#P54#2	Luka Modrić Luka Modrić ( ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Croatia national team . He plays mainly as a central midfielder , but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker . He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and the greatest Croatian footballer of all-time . Born in Zadar , Modrićs childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club NK Zadars youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb , before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament . In the summer of 2012 , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £30 million transfer fee . There he became a key contributor and helped the team win La Décima and was selected for the 2013–14 Champions League squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015–16 to 2017–18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He has won seventeen major trophies at Real Madrid , including four UEFA Champions League titles , two La Liga titles , one Copa del Rey and three FIFA Club World Cup titles . He won the La Liga Award for Best Midfielder in 2016 for the second time , and the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder in 2017 and 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player to be included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in which he was regularly included until 2019 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year between 2016 and 2018 . In 2018 , Modrić became the first Croatian player to win the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , and by winning The Best FIFA Mens Player and Ballon dOr awards , he became the first player other than Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo to claim the awards in more than a decade . In 2019 , he was awarded the Golden Foot award for career results and personality . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatias second Golden Generation , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the UEFA European Championship in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 , as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 . At Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . In March 2021 , he went on to become the countrys most capped player in history . Furthermore , he has been named Croatian Footballer of the Year a record nine times between 2007 and 2020 . Early life . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in a knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the stone house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , located on the road above the hamlet of Modrići , and was shepherding goats as a five-year-old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrićs grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrićs uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career . Early years . 1990s–05 : NK Zadar and development through loans . Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his sporting father , said Modrićs father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrićs move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagrebs youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Bosnian Premier League . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became the Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year at only the age of 18 . Modrić later said , Someone who can play in the Bosnian Premier League can play anywhere , referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Prva HNL and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb . 2005–08 : Breakthrough in Croatia . In the 2005–06 season , Modrić signed a ten-year contract ( his first long-term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contracts earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamos first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006–07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić as a team captain , led Dinamos attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . In the final play-off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1–1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur . 2008–10 : Struggle and success in England . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier Leagues first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six-year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £16.5 million , equalling the clubs record fee set by Darren Bents move in 2007 . He got number 14 jersey , later recalling that he wore it in honour of Johan Cruyff . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs first match of the 2008–09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , [ H ] is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central or left-sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrićs value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from his Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . Before the 2009–10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , [ Hes ] a hell of a player and a managers dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenhams 2–1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he had broken . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six-year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last seasons top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . 2010–12 : Outgrowing Tottenham Hotspur . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored a goal that was later credited as an own goal by Martin Škrtel . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , He was unbelievable . Magnificent . Hes an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . Modrić also scored in Tottenhams 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4–3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010–11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4% . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year . Then-Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenhams London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £22 million , which they increased to £27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a gentlemans agreement with Levy the club would entertain offers from a big club . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenhams opening match of the 2011–12 season against Manchester United , which ended in a 3–0 loss . Modrić said his head was not in the right place as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season , he was included in Team of the Week . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from . Real Madrid . 2012–13 : Becoming a starting eleven player in Real Madrid . On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting line-up , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3–2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe , with a cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . At the end of the year he was voted as the worst signing of the season by Spanish newspaper Marca . Modrić started in Real Madrids home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2–1 , advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrićs career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long-range volley from ; Real Madrid won the match 5–2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4–1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2–0 victory , Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best-rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrićs form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga . 2013–15 : Best midfielder in Spain and La Décima . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the teams most efficient passer , averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrids 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFAs Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd-minute equaliser against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4–1 in extra time , marking the clubs tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( the tenth ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league of that season . In August 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the 2014–15 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3–1 home win against Málaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrids 22-match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrids failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us . Modrićs influence was recognised and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2015–17 : Among best world players and La Undécima and Duodécima . For the 2015–16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match against Bulgaria in October , initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint-Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as master of the game , and the crucial connector of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting line-up when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League,<ref 2015/16 Team></ref> and La Ligas team of the season.<ref Liga 2015/16 Team></ref> For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . In January 2017 , for the first time was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2016 ) . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2–1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga , as well as the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldos second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season<ref 2016/17 Team></ref> and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon dOr , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2017–18 : Ballon dOr and third consecutive Champions League title . With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the teams coveted number 10 jersey for the new 2017–18 season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . In the same month was for the second time included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2017 ) . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time.<ref 2017/18 Team></ref> He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrićs Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Mens Player Award , while in December , he added the Ballon dOr to his personal tally , marking the first time since 2007 that the award was not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo , which polarized the people involved in the sport into two camps about the credibility of the award . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win these awards , Modrić was the first player to win both the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award in the same year since Ronaldo in 1998 , and the World Cup Golden Ball and the Best FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award after Romário in 1994 . Additionally , he is the first player to win the awards from the former Yugoslavia territory , the first footballer from Eastern Europe to win a Ballon dOr after Andriy Shevchenko in 2004 , and the tenth player from Real Madrid to capture the trophy . Furthermore , winning the trophy triggered a clause in his contract , ensuring his stay at the club until 2021 . He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourth time , and won the IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker award . After receiving the FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award , Modrić stated it shows that we all can become the best with hard work , dedication , and belief , all dreams can come true . Modrić dedicated the Ballon dOr to all the players who probably deserved to win it and didnt in the past decade , including Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , and Wesley Sneijder among others . 2018–21 : Second time champion of Spain and Golden Foot . The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his lack of pre-season training after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his teams 2–4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4–1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his sides third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3–0 home win against Roma , in which he assisted the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . On 22 December , Modrić won his third FIFA Club World Cup , scoring the first goal and assisting for the third in the final against Al Ain . On 13 and 19 January 2019 , Modrić for the first time scored in two consecutive league games for Real Madrid , in a 1–2 away win against Real Betis and 2–0 home win against Sevilla . In the same month was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2018 ) for the third time in his career . From 27 February to 5 March , Modrić went through what he described as the most difficult week of his football life , with Real Madrid losing to Barcelona twice and Ajax and crashing out of Copa del Rey , title race and the Champions League , respectively . Despite having had an underwhelming season , for the fifth consecutive time he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 27 August 2019 was the seventh anniversary of Modrićs signing with the club . Although raising doubts due to age of 34 and decision to continue playing with the national team which makes him prone to injuries , Modrić stated that wants to recapture his best form this season . On 1 September and 9 November made his first assists in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal and in a 0–4 away victory against Eibar , while first goal on 5 October in a 4–2 home victory against Granada . On 12 November was awarded with a Golden Foot award . On 23 November he made two assists and scored a goal in a 3–1 home victory against Real Sociedad . On 8 January 2020 , Modrić scored his fifth goal of the season and 100th career goal in a 3–1 victory against Valencia in the semi-finals of 2019–20 Supercopa de España . On 12 January he successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final . Following the continuation of La Liga after a three month suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic , Modrić was praised for being one of Real Madrids best players despite his age , resulting in numerous media outlets wondering about prolongation of his contract with the club . On 16 July , he assisted Benzemas opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Villarreal , as Real Madrid secured the league title . On 21 October , he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a Champions League 3–2 defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk . The goal made him the fourth player in the history of the club to score in the competition aged 35 or more , alongside Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás and Francisco Gento . It was named the Goal of the Week by UEFA . Three days later , he came off the bench to score his first ever El Clásico goal , as Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 3–1 . On 25 May 2021 , he extended his contract with Real Madrid until 2022 . International career . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under-15 , under-17 , under-18 , under-19 and under-21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under-15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under-18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3–2 . 2006–08 : 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan , and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatias 2–0 friendly win over world champions Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Modrićs performances ensured a regular place in the international side and he gave a successful showing in Croatias UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed the Croatian Cruyff . Modrić scored Croatias first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against hosts Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatias next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter-final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrićs kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . 2008–16 : Subsequent struggles . In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra , and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify finishing one point behind second-placed Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spains midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with hosts Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3–1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match-winning goal in Croatias opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . However , Croatia won and topped the group , but lost to Portugal 0–1 in extra-time in the round of 16 . 2016–18 : Golden Ball of the 2018 World Cup . For Croatias 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić became the new team captain , following Darijo Srnas retirement . Croatia started the campaign well ; however , following 1–0 defeats to Iceland and Turkey and a 1–1 draw with Finland ( in which Modrić made his 100th appearance for the national team ) , Croatia seriously compromised their qualification for the tournament . This caused Modrić to publicly state his lack of confidence in coach Ante Čačić . Čačić was soon replaced by Zlatko Dalić ahead of Croatias final qualifier against Ukraine away , which Croatia won 2–0 and won a place in the play-offs . Modrić scored a penalty in the 4–1 victory over Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić—along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić—were referred to as Croatias second Golden Generation . In Croatias opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatias subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina with a long-range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1–1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties . In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponents half in his team . Although Croatia were beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament , and was included in the Team of the Tournament . After the squads huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates Danijel Subašić , Šime Vrsaljko and Dominik Livaković were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in their hometown of Zadar . 2018–21 : Post-World Cup period . Modrić took part in all four matches in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League as Croatia finished at the bottom of Group A4 following historical 6–0 away defeat to Spain in September and a 2–1 defeat to England at the Wembley Stadium in November . During the Euro 2020 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored two goals ; a penalty in the away 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan and a solo-effort in the home 3–0 victory over Hungary as Croatia topped the group and qualified for the tournament . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the tournament was postponed for a year . On 24 March 2021 , Modrić made his 134th appearance for the national team in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualifying defeat to Slovenia , equaling Darijo Srna as the most capped player in the history of the team . Three days later , in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying victory over Cyprus , he surpassed Srnas record . He was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 on 17 May 2021 . Player profile . Style of play . A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with incredibly deft passes and solo , long-range efforts . He plays with both feet in combination with his swift offensive positioning , off the ball . He passes the ball accurately across long and short distances ( passing range of perfection ) , even with the outside of his boot . His ball control , first touch , positional play , ability to retain possession , and set the tempo of the game makes him a mesmerising player to watch . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his dribbling skills and is considered a master of the pre-assist . He has also been known to take set pieces . He is referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( Midfield Master ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a Puppet Master , and a Midfield Magician . After moving to Real Madrid , he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( the bird ) . In the dressing room , he is affectionately called Lukita . Position . Modrićs complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Afterwards , Modrić acknowledged the role that Harry Redknapp played in shaping of deep-lying his style , saying that dropping back enabled him to read the game better and show his full creativity . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being neither entirely destructive or creative , but a carrier who is capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet , but in his case with a hint of regista . The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second-highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87% ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrićs arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season , a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his teams play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013–14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90% ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europes top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014–15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7–64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8–1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the teams gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrićs average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92% , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrićs dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europes top five leagues . Reception . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrićs skill in the game was recognised early by Dragan Piksi Stojković , who stated , I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrićs quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , [ and ] whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game , while in January 2016 in private meeting with Modrić he told him that he saw him as a player who could win Ballon dOr . In 2018 , Gennaro Gattuso stated that he would have loved to have played with Modrić , calling him an incredible player , really strong mentally and a pure footballer . In 2018 , Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play , which Jan Oblak agreed with in 2021 . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . Predrag Mijatović considered him as the best footballer in the history of the region of Balkans . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has that artistic sense . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrićs technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , Modrić is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . Hes not selfish , hes playing for the team .. . hes a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet . Others managers who have praised Modrićs game include Pep Guardiola , and Sven-Göran Eriksson . Personal life . Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . In addition to his native Croatian , Modrić also speaks English , and Spanish , and is Roman Catholic . Australian footballer Mark Viduka is his cousin . In late 2019 , Modrić released his autobiography Moja igra ( My Game ) , co-written by prominent Croatian sports journalist Robert Matteoni . Legal issues . In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annexe clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October and December 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian courts . Honours . Club . Dinamo Zagreb - Prva HNL : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Cup : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2016–17 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey : 2013–14 - Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 , 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 International . Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 2018 Individual . International - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010–11 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2020–21 - La Ligas Best Midfielder : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 - La Ligas Team of the Season : 2015–16 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 - ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 , 2018 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 - UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award : 2017–18 - The Best FIFA Mens Player : 2018 - IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker : 2018 - Ballon dOr : 2018 - Goal 50 : 2017–18 - World Soccer Player of the Year : 2018 - AIPS Athlete of the Year : 2018 - Golden Foot : 2019 - IFFHS Worlds Best Man Player of the Decade ( 2011–2020 ) : 10th place - IFFHS World Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - Real Madrid Player of the Season : 2020–21 National and regional - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 - Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 - HNLs Footballer of the Year : 2007 - Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 - SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007–08 - Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 - HOO : 2018 - SN Sportsman of the Year : 2018 Other - Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport – Yearly Award : 2018 - Honorary citizen of the city of Zadar : 2018 Orders . - Order of Duke Branimir with Ribbon : 2018
[ "Tottenham Hotspur", "Croatias second Golden Generation" ]	easy	Luka Modrić played for which team from 2008 to 2012?	/wiki/Luka_Modrić#P54#3	Luka Modrić Luka Modrić ( ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Croatia national team . He plays mainly as a central midfielder , but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker . He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and the greatest Croatian footballer of all-time . Born in Zadar , Modrićs childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club NK Zadars youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb , before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament . In the summer of 2012 , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £30 million transfer fee . There he became a key contributor and helped the team win La Décima and was selected for the 2013–14 Champions League squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015–16 to 2017–18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He has won seventeen major trophies at Real Madrid , including four UEFA Champions League titles , two La Liga titles , one Copa del Rey and three FIFA Club World Cup titles . He won the La Liga Award for Best Midfielder in 2016 for the second time , and the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder in 2017 and 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player to be included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in which he was regularly included until 2019 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year between 2016 and 2018 . In 2018 , Modrić became the first Croatian player to win the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , and by winning The Best FIFA Mens Player and Ballon dOr awards , he became the first player other than Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo to claim the awards in more than a decade . In 2019 , he was awarded the Golden Foot award for career results and personality . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatias second Golden Generation , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the UEFA European Championship in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 , as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 . At Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . In March 2021 , he went on to become the countrys most capped player in history . Furthermore , he has been named Croatian Footballer of the Year a record nine times between 2007 and 2020 . Early life . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in a knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the stone house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , located on the road above the hamlet of Modrići , and was shepherding goats as a five-year-old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrićs grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrićs uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career . Early years . 1990s–05 : NK Zadar and development through loans . Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his sporting father , said Modrićs father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrićs move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagrebs youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Bosnian Premier League . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became the Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year at only the age of 18 . Modrić later said , Someone who can play in the Bosnian Premier League can play anywhere , referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Prva HNL and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb . 2005–08 : Breakthrough in Croatia . In the 2005–06 season , Modrić signed a ten-year contract ( his first long-term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contracts earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamos first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006–07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić as a team captain , led Dinamos attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . In the final play-off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1–1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur . 2008–10 : Struggle and success in England . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier Leagues first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six-year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £16.5 million , equalling the clubs record fee set by Darren Bents move in 2007 . He got number 14 jersey , later recalling that he wore it in honour of Johan Cruyff . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs first match of the 2008–09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , [ H ] is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central or left-sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrićs value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from his Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . Before the 2009–10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , [ Hes ] a hell of a player and a managers dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenhams 2–1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he had broken . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six-year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last seasons top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . 2010–12 : Outgrowing Tottenham Hotspur . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored a goal that was later credited as an own goal by Martin Škrtel . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , He was unbelievable . Magnificent . Hes an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . Modrić also scored in Tottenhams 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4–3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010–11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4% . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year . Then-Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenhams London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £22 million , which they increased to £27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a gentlemans agreement with Levy the club would entertain offers from a big club . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenhams opening match of the 2011–12 season against Manchester United , which ended in a 3–0 loss . Modrić said his head was not in the right place as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season , he was included in Team of the Week . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from . Real Madrid . 2012–13 : Becoming a starting eleven player in Real Madrid . On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting line-up , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3–2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe , with a cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . At the end of the year he was voted as the worst signing of the season by Spanish newspaper Marca . Modrić started in Real Madrids home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2–1 , advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrićs career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long-range volley from ; Real Madrid won the match 5–2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4–1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2–0 victory , Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best-rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrićs form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga . 2013–15 : Best midfielder in Spain and La Décima . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the teams most efficient passer , averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrids 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFAs Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd-minute equaliser against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4–1 in extra time , marking the clubs tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( the tenth ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league of that season . In August 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the 2014–15 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3–1 home win against Málaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrids 22-match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrids failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us . Modrićs influence was recognised and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2015–17 : Among best world players and La Undécima and Duodécima . For the 2015–16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match against Bulgaria in October , initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint-Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as master of the game , and the crucial connector of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting line-up when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League,<ref 2015/16 Team></ref> and La Ligas team of the season.<ref Liga 2015/16 Team></ref> For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . In January 2017 , for the first time was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2016 ) . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2–1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga , as well as the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldos second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season<ref 2016/17 Team></ref> and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon dOr , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2017–18 : Ballon dOr and third consecutive Champions League title . With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the teams coveted number 10 jersey for the new 2017–18 season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . In the same month was for the second time included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2017 ) . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time.<ref 2017/18 Team></ref> He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrićs Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Mens Player Award , while in December , he added the Ballon dOr to his personal tally , marking the first time since 2007 that the award was not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo , which polarized the people involved in the sport into two camps about the credibility of the award . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win these awards , Modrić was the first player to win both the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award in the same year since Ronaldo in 1998 , and the World Cup Golden Ball and the Best FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award after Romário in 1994 . Additionally , he is the first player to win the awards from the former Yugoslavia territory , the first footballer from Eastern Europe to win a Ballon dOr after Andriy Shevchenko in 2004 , and the tenth player from Real Madrid to capture the trophy . Furthermore , winning the trophy triggered a clause in his contract , ensuring his stay at the club until 2021 . He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourth time , and won the IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker award . After receiving the FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award , Modrić stated it shows that we all can become the best with hard work , dedication , and belief , all dreams can come true . Modrić dedicated the Ballon dOr to all the players who probably deserved to win it and didnt in the past decade , including Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , and Wesley Sneijder among others . 2018–21 : Second time champion of Spain and Golden Foot . The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his lack of pre-season training after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his teams 2–4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4–1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his sides third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3–0 home win against Roma , in which he assisted the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . On 22 December , Modrić won his third FIFA Club World Cup , scoring the first goal and assisting for the third in the final against Al Ain . On 13 and 19 January 2019 , Modrić for the first time scored in two consecutive league games for Real Madrid , in a 1–2 away win against Real Betis and 2–0 home win against Sevilla . In the same month was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2018 ) for the third time in his career . From 27 February to 5 March , Modrić went through what he described as the most difficult week of his football life , with Real Madrid losing to Barcelona twice and Ajax and crashing out of Copa del Rey , title race and the Champions League , respectively . Despite having had an underwhelming season , for the fifth consecutive time he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 27 August 2019 was the seventh anniversary of Modrićs signing with the club . Although raising doubts due to age of 34 and decision to continue playing with the national team which makes him prone to injuries , Modrić stated that wants to recapture his best form this season . On 1 September and 9 November made his first assists in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal and in a 0–4 away victory against Eibar , while first goal on 5 October in a 4–2 home victory against Granada . On 12 November was awarded with a Golden Foot award . On 23 November he made two assists and scored a goal in a 3–1 home victory against Real Sociedad . On 8 January 2020 , Modrić scored his fifth goal of the season and 100th career goal in a 3–1 victory against Valencia in the semi-finals of 2019–20 Supercopa de España . On 12 January he successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final . Following the continuation of La Liga after a three month suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic , Modrić was praised for being one of Real Madrids best players despite his age , resulting in numerous media outlets wondering about prolongation of his contract with the club . On 16 July , he assisted Benzemas opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Villarreal , as Real Madrid secured the league title . On 21 October , he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a Champions League 3–2 defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk . The goal made him the fourth player in the history of the club to score in the competition aged 35 or more , alongside Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás and Francisco Gento . It was named the Goal of the Week by UEFA . Three days later , he came off the bench to score his first ever El Clásico goal , as Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 3–1 . On 25 May 2021 , he extended his contract with Real Madrid until 2022 . International career . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under-15 , under-17 , under-18 , under-19 and under-21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under-15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under-18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3–2 . 2006–08 : 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan , and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatias 2–0 friendly win over world champions Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Modrićs performances ensured a regular place in the international side and he gave a successful showing in Croatias UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed the Croatian Cruyff . Modrić scored Croatias first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against hosts Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatias next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter-final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrićs kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . 2008–16 : Subsequent struggles . In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra , and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify finishing one point behind second-placed Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spains midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with hosts Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3–1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match-winning goal in Croatias opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . However , Croatia won and topped the group , but lost to Portugal 0–1 in extra-time in the round of 16 . 2016–18 : Golden Ball of the 2018 World Cup . For Croatias 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić became the new team captain , following Darijo Srnas retirement . Croatia started the campaign well ; however , following 1–0 defeats to Iceland and Turkey and a 1–1 draw with Finland ( in which Modrić made his 100th appearance for the national team ) , Croatia seriously compromised their qualification for the tournament . This caused Modrić to publicly state his lack of confidence in coach Ante Čačić . Čačić was soon replaced by Zlatko Dalić ahead of Croatias final qualifier against Ukraine away , which Croatia won 2–0 and won a place in the play-offs . Modrić scored a penalty in the 4–1 victory over Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić—along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić—were referred to as Croatias second Golden Generation . In Croatias opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatias subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina with a long-range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1–1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties . In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponents half in his team . Although Croatia were beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament , and was included in the Team of the Tournament . After the squads huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates Danijel Subašić , Šime Vrsaljko and Dominik Livaković were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in their hometown of Zadar . 2018–21 : Post-World Cup period . Modrić took part in all four matches in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League as Croatia finished at the bottom of Group A4 following historical 6–0 away defeat to Spain in September and a 2–1 defeat to England at the Wembley Stadium in November . During the Euro 2020 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored two goals ; a penalty in the away 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan and a solo-effort in the home 3–0 victory over Hungary as Croatia topped the group and qualified for the tournament . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the tournament was postponed for a year . On 24 March 2021 , Modrić made his 134th appearance for the national team in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualifying defeat to Slovenia , equaling Darijo Srna as the most capped player in the history of the team . Three days later , in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying victory over Cyprus , he surpassed Srnas record . He was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 on 17 May 2021 . Player profile . Style of play . A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with incredibly deft passes and solo , long-range efforts . He plays with both feet in combination with his swift offensive positioning , off the ball . He passes the ball accurately across long and short distances ( passing range of perfection ) , even with the outside of his boot . His ball control , first touch , positional play , ability to retain possession , and set the tempo of the game makes him a mesmerising player to watch . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his dribbling skills and is considered a master of the pre-assist . He has also been known to take set pieces . He is referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( Midfield Master ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a Puppet Master , and a Midfield Magician . After moving to Real Madrid , he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( the bird ) . In the dressing room , he is affectionately called Lukita . Position . Modrićs complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Afterwards , Modrić acknowledged the role that Harry Redknapp played in shaping of deep-lying his style , saying that dropping back enabled him to read the game better and show his full creativity . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being neither entirely destructive or creative , but a carrier who is capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet , but in his case with a hint of regista . The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second-highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87% ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrićs arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season , a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his teams play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013–14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90% ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europes top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014–15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7–64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8–1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the teams gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrićs average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92% , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrićs dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europes top five leagues . Reception . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrićs skill in the game was recognised early by Dragan Piksi Stojković , who stated , I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrićs quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , [ and ] whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game , while in January 2016 in private meeting with Modrić he told him that he saw him as a player who could win Ballon dOr . In 2018 , Gennaro Gattuso stated that he would have loved to have played with Modrić , calling him an incredible player , really strong mentally and a pure footballer . In 2018 , Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play , which Jan Oblak agreed with in 2021 . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . Predrag Mijatović considered him as the best footballer in the history of the region of Balkans . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has that artistic sense . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrićs technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , Modrić is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . Hes not selfish , hes playing for the team .. . hes a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet . Others managers who have praised Modrićs game include Pep Guardiola , and Sven-Göran Eriksson . Personal life . Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . In addition to his native Croatian , Modrić also speaks English , and Spanish , and is Roman Catholic . Australian footballer Mark Viduka is his cousin . In late 2019 , Modrić released his autobiography Moja igra ( My Game ) , co-written by prominent Croatian sports journalist Robert Matteoni . Legal issues . In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annexe clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October and December 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian courts . Honours . Club . Dinamo Zagreb - Prva HNL : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Cup : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2016–17 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey : 2013–14 - Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 , 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 International . Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 2018 Individual . International - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010–11 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2020–21 - La Ligas Best Midfielder : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 - La Ligas Team of the Season : 2015–16 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 - ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 , 2018 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 - UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award : 2017–18 - The Best FIFA Mens Player : 2018 - IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker : 2018 - Ballon dOr : 2018 - Goal 50 : 2017–18 - World Soccer Player of the Year : 2018 - AIPS Athlete of the Year : 2018 - Golden Foot : 2019 - IFFHS Worlds Best Man Player of the Decade ( 2011–2020 ) : 10th place - IFFHS World Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - Real Madrid Player of the Season : 2020–21 National and regional - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 - Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 - HNLs Footballer of the Year : 2007 - Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 - SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007–08 - Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 - HOO : 2018 - SN Sportsman of the Year : 2018 Other - Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport – Yearly Award : 2018 - Honorary citizen of the city of Zadar : 2018 Orders . - Order of Duke Branimir with Ribbon : 2018
[ "Real Madrid" ]	easy	Luka Modrić played for which team from 2012 to 2013?	/wiki/Luka_Modrić#P54#4	Luka Modrić Luka Modrić ( ; born 9 September 1985 ) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Real Madrid and captains the Croatia national team . He plays mainly as a central midfielder , but can also play as an attacking midfielder or as a defensive midfielder , usually deployed as a deep-lying playmaker . He is widely regarded as one of the best midfielders of his generation , and the greatest Croatian footballer of all-time . Born in Zadar , Modrićs childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence which displaced his family . In 2002 , he was signed by Dinamo Zagreb at age 16 , after showing promise with his hometown club NK Zadars youth team . He continued his development in Zagreb , before spells on loan to Zrinjski Mostar and Inter Zaprešić . He made his debut for Dinamo in 2005 and won three consecutive league titles and domestic cups , being named the Prva HNL Player of the Year in 2007 . In 2008 , he moved to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record transfer fee of £16.5 million , where he led Spurs to their first UEFA Champions League appearance in almost 50 years , reaching the quarter-finals of the 2010–11 tournament . In the summer of 2012 , Modrić joined Real Madrid for a £30 million transfer fee . There he became a key contributor and helped the team win La Décima and was selected for the 2013–14 Champions League squad of the season . After Zinedine Zidane took over Madrid , Modrić was critical to three consecutive Champions League titles from 2015–16 to 2017–18 , each time being voted into the squad of the season . He has won seventeen major trophies at Real Madrid , including four UEFA Champions League titles , two La Liga titles , one Copa del Rey and three FIFA Club World Cup titles . He won the La Liga Award for Best Midfielder in 2016 for the second time , and the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder in 2017 and 2018 . In 2015 , he became the first Croatian player to be included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI , in which he was regularly included until 2019 , as well in the UEFA Team of the Year between 2016 and 2018 . In 2018 , Modrić became the first Croatian player to win the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , and by winning The Best FIFA Mens Player and Ballon dOr awards , he became the first player other than Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo to claim the awards in more than a decade . In 2019 , he was awarded the Golden Foot award for career results and personality . Modrić made his international debut for Croatia against Argentina in March 2006 , and scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Italy . Modrić has anchored Croatias second Golden Generation , participating in every major tournament Croatia has qualified for , including the UEFA European Championship in 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 , as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 , and 2018 . At Euro 2008 , he was selected for the Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to ever achieve this honour . Following group stage eliminations in his first two World Cups , Modrić led Croatia to the 2018 World Cup Final , and he received the Golden Ball award for best player of the tournament . In March 2021 , he went on to become the countrys most capped player in history . Furthermore , he has been named Croatian Footballer of the Year a record nine times between 2007 and 2020 . Early life . Luka Modrić was born on 9 September 1985 and was raised in the hamlet of Modrići which is a part of Zaton Obrovački , a village situated on the southern slopes of the mountain Velebit , north of the city of Zadar in SR Croatia , then a republic within SFR Yugoslavia . He is the oldest child of Stipe Modrić from Modrići and Radojka Dopuđ from Kruševo near Obrovac , both of whom initially worked in a knitwear factory . Modrić mostly spent his early years in the stone house of his paternal grandfather after whom he was named , located on the road above the hamlet of Modrići , and was shepherding goats as a five-year-old . However , his childhood coincided with the Croatian War of Independence—in 1991 , when the war escalated , his family were forced to flee the area . Modrićs grandfather Luka was executed by Serb rebels who were part of the police of SAO Krajina in December 1991 near his house in Modrići , and after the family fled the house was burned to the ground . Modrić became a refugee and lived with his family in the Hotel Kolovare for seven years ; he later moved to the Hotel Iž , both in Zadar . His father joined the Croatian Army as an aeromechanic . In those years , thousands of bombs fell on the city and football was a way to escape the reality of war . He recalls it as a tough time for his family and something which shaped him as a person . He also said he was mostly unaware of the war because he befriended many other children and their parents did not let it affect their childhood . In these difficult circumstances , Modrić began playing football , mostly at the hotel parking lot . In 1992 , he simultaneously entered the primary school and a sporting academy , the latter paid for with the little money the family had , sometimes helped by Modrićs uncle . As a boy he was inspired to play football by Zvonimir Boban and Francesco Totti . Club career . Early years . 1990s–05 : NK Zadar and development through loans . Supported by his family , he participated in representative camps and trained in NK Zadar . He was under tutelage of coach Domagoj Bašić and the head of the youth academy , Tomislav Bašić . Tomislav Bašić , considered by Modrić as his sporting father , said Modrićs father made him wooden shin guards because they had little money . However , Modrić later denied the story . Due to being considered too young and light , he was not signed by Croatian powerhouse Hajduk Split , the most representative football club in the region of Dalmatia . After displaying some talent , including at youth tournament in Italy , Tomislav Bašić arranged Modrićs move to Dinamo Zagreb when Modrić was a 16-year-old in late 2001 . After a season with Dinamo Zagrebs youth side , Modrić was loaned in 2003 to Zrinjski Mostar in the Bosnian Premier League . During this period , he established his versatile style of play and became the Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year at only the age of 18 . Modrić later said , Someone who can play in the Bosnian Premier League can play anywhere , referring to its physical nature . The following year , he was loaned to Croatian side Inter Zaprešić . He spent one season there , helping the team to achieve second position in the Prva HNL and a place in the preliminary round of the UEFA Cup . He also won the Croatian Football Hope of the Year award in 2004 . He returned to Dinamo Zagreb in 2005 . Dinamo Zagreb . 2005–08 : Breakthrough in Croatia . In the 2005–06 season , Modrić signed a ten-year contract ( his first long-term contract ) with Dinamo Zagreb . With the contracts earnings , he bought a flat in Zadar for his family . He secured a place in Dinamos first team , contributing 7 goals in 31 matches to help win the league . In the 2006–07 season , Dinamo again won the league , with Modrić making a similar contribution . He was the main provider for striker Eduardo , which helped Modrić win the Prva HNL Player of the Year award . The following season , Modrić as a team captain , led Dinamos attempt to qualify for the 2007–08 UEFA Cup . In the final play-off stage , Modrić converted a penalty in the second and away fixture against Ajax ; the match finished 1–1 after regular time . Dinamo won the match and play-off with a score of 3–2 after extra time with two goals from teammate Mario Mandžukić . However , Dinamo Zagreb failed to advance beyond the group stage . In his last home match with the club at Maksimir Stadium , Modrić was given a standing ovation and fans held up supportive banners . He finished his four-year tenure at Dinamo with a tally of over 31 goals and 29 assists in four league seasons , contributing most notably in the 2007–08 season when Dinamo won the second Croatian Cup and became champions by a 28-point margin . Modrić was courted by Barcelona , Arsenal and Chelsea , but opted to wait leaving the club . Tottenham Hotspur . 2008–10 : Struggle and success in England . Modrić agreed to transfer terms with Tottenham Hotspur on 26 April 2008 . He was the first of many summer signings for manager Juande Ramos , and was also the Premier Leagues first summer transfer . Club chairman Daniel Levy promptly flew to Zagreb when Manchester City and Newcastle United became interested , and after signing a six-year contract , Tottenham confirmed the transfer fee paid was £16.5 million , equalling the clubs record fee set by Darren Bents move in 2007 . He got number 14 jersey , later recalling that he wore it in honour of Johan Cruyff . Modrić made his competitive Premier League debut on 16 August in a 2–1 defeat to Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium in Spurs first match of the 2008–09 season . Modrić had a slow start at Tottenham . He suffered from a knee injury early in his tenure and was labelled as a light-weight for the Premier League by sections of the media , as well as Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger . Reflecting on that , Modrić said that such critics push you forward to show people they are wrong . Maybe I look lightweight but I am a really strong person mentally and physically , and I never had any problems with my size . This coincided with his poor form , leading to concerns both for himself and Croatia national team head coach Slaven Bilić . Modrić spent his early days at a position of number 10 , before being shifted to the left wing to play alongside Wilson Palacios . Spurs teammate Tom Huddlestone later said , [ H ] is versatility was probably a blessing and a curse , he was that good that he had to play out of position for a bit . After the appointment of manager Harry Redknapp , Modrić was given a more familiar role as a central or left-sided midfielder , allowing him to have more influence on the team and use his footballing talent more productively , for example in a 4–4 draw with arch-rivals Arsenal on 29 October . Redknapp recognised Modrićs value to his side and planned to shape his new team around the Croatian playmaker . He scored his first competitive goal at Tottenham in a 2–2 draw against Spartak Moscow during the UEFA Cup group stages on 18 December 2008 . He scored his first Premier League goals against Newcastle United in an away defeat on 21 December , a home win in the third round of the FA Cup against Wigan Athletic on 2 January 2009 , and in an away defeat against Manchester United on 25 April 2009 . Using Modrić in his former position from his Dinamo days made him more effective with performances against Stoke City , Hull City , and most notably on 21 March when he scored the only goal in a win against Chelsea . Before the 2009–10 season , Harry Redknapp said of Modrić , [ Hes ] a hell of a player and a managers dream , so I am told . He trains like a demon and never complains , will work with and without the ball on the field and can beat a defender with a trick or with a pass . He could get into any team in the top four . On 29 August 2009 , during Tottenhams 2–1 win over Birmingham City , Modrić was taken off injured with a suspected calf injury . The following day , it was confirmed Modrić had sustained a fracture to his right fibula and was expected to be out for six weeks . He returned on 28 December in the London derby against West Ham United , which Spurs won 2–0 with an 11th-minute goal scored by Modrić using the leg he had broken . He again scored in a home win against Everton on 28 February 2010 , and in an away defeat against Burnley on 9 May . On 30 May 2010 , Modrić signed a new six-year contract that ran until 2016 . Upon signing , he said , Tottenham Hotspur gave me my chance in the Premier League and I want to go on to achieve great success here with them . Yes , there have been enquiries from other big clubs , but I have no interest in going anywhere . Last seasons top-four finish was an indication of where we are as a club and I feel I can continue to improve and go on to achieve everything I want to at Spurs . 2010–12 : Outgrowing Tottenham Hotspur . On 11 September 2010 , Modrić scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 away draw at West Bromwich Albion . On 28 November , in a home match against Liverpool , Modrić scored a goal that was later credited as an own goal by Martin Škrtel . After a draw against Manchester United at White Hart Lane in January 2011 , Redknapp praised Modrić , saying , He was unbelievable . Magnificent . Hes an amazing footballer , the little man takes the ball in the tightest areas with people around him , wriggling out of situations . He could play in any team in the world . Modrić also scored in Tottenhams 3–2 victory over Stoke City on 9 April , and converted a penalty at Anfield on 15 May in a 2–0 victory over Liverpool . Modrić helped Tottenham reach their first involvement in the UEFA Champions League . In the first match , against Inter Milan at the San Siro on 20 October , he exited the match early due to injury ; Spurs lost 4–3 , despite the tremendous efforts of Gareth Bale . On the return match at home , on 2 November , Modrić was given too much space to move and dictate the tempo of the match . He created and assisted for the first goal by Rafael van der Vaart in a 3–1 victory . In the next match , against Werder Bremen , Modrić scored the second goal . After a scoreless draw against Milan , Spurs were eliminated from the competition in the quarter-finals by Real Madrid . Modrić played 32 Premier League matches in the 2010–11 season , scoring three goals , recording two assists and making the highest average number of passes per match for Spurs with 62.5 and an accuracy rate of 87.4% . At the end of the season , Modrić was voted the Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year . Then-Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said he would have chosen Modrić as his Player of the Year for that season . In mid-2011 , Modrić was heavily pursued by Tottenhams London rivals Chelsea , who made a first bid of £22 million , which they increased to £27 million , both of which were rejected by Spurs chairman Daniel Levy . After the failed bids , Modrić announced he would welcome a move across London and that he had a gentlemans agreement with Levy the club would entertain offers from a big club . Speculation continued throughout the summer transfer window , culminating in Modrić refusing to play in Tottenhams opening match of the 2011–12 season against Manchester United , which ended in a 3–0 loss . Modrić said his head was not in the right place as he continued to force a move to Chelsea . On the final day of the transfer window , Chelsea made an offer of £40 million that was again rejected . After failing to secure a transfer , Spurs manager Harry Redknapp told Modrić to focus on his playing and named him as a starter . On 18 September , he scored his first goal of the season for Tottenham with a shot from in a 4–0 home win against Liverpool . On 14 January 2012 , Modrić scored the only goal in a home draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 31 January in a 3–1 win against Wigan Athletic , he assisted for the first goal with a crossfield pass and scored the second from . For the third time that season , he was included in Team of the Week . Modrić scored his last goal for Tottenham on 2 May in a 1–4 away win against Bolton Wanderers with a powerful volley from . Real Madrid . 2012–13 : Becoming a starting eleven player in Real Madrid . On 27 August 2012 , Real Madrid announced they had agreed on a deal with Tottenham for an approximate £30 million transfer fee . Modrić signed a five-year contract with the Spanish club . Two days later , he made his Real Madrid debut against Barcelona in the second leg final of the 2012 Supercopa de España at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium , replacing Mesut Özil in the 83rd minute . Madrid won the match , giving Modrić his first trophy with the club 36 hours after his signing was announced . Despite his positive debut , Modrić at first struggled to settle into the team under manager José Mourinho because of his lack of pre-season training , which he missed as a result of his ongoing transfer negotiations . The presence of veteran midfielder Xabi Alonso and Sami Khedira in defensive midfield , and Özil in offensive midfield , usually kept Modrić out of the starting line-up , limiting him to substitute appearances . He mostly played out-of-position for his first few months at the club . He played his first UEFA Champions League match for Real Madrid in the group stage against Manchester City on 18 September , which Madrid won 3–2 . On 3 November , Modrić scored his first goal for Real Madrid in the last minute of their 4–0 victory over Real Zaragoza in La Liga . On 17 November , Modrić assisted a Karim Benzema goal , which was eventually ruled an own goal by Jon Aurtenetxe , with a cross-field pass . It was the first goal in a 5–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao . His most notable match that year was on 4 December , when he assisted for the first two goals of Cristiano Ronaldo and José Callejón with cross-field passes in a 4–1 victory over Ajax in the group stage of the Champions League . At the end of the year he was voted as the worst signing of the season by Spanish newspaper Marca . Modrić started in Real Madrids home match against rivals Barcelona on 2 March 2013 . From a corner kick , he assisted Sergio Ramos to score the winning goal in the 82nd minute , giving Real a victory in El Clásico . On 5 March , Modrić came on as a second-half substitute during the decisive Champions League knockout leg against ten-man Manchester United at Old Trafford . With Madrid behind by a goal , Modrić equalised with a long-range shot from out and played a key role in the rest of the match , which Real Madrid won 2–1 , advancing them to the quarter-finals 3–2 on aggregate . This match is often seen as the turning point in Modrićs career in Real Madrid . On 16 March , he replicated this performance against Mallorca , giving Real Madrid the lead with a long-range volley from ; Real Madrid won the match 5–2 . Modrić played as a starter in both Champions League semi-final matches against Borussia Dortmund . In the first leg on 24 April , he played in the attacking midfield position where he did not influence the match and the team lost 4–1 . On 30 April , in the second leg 2–0 victory , Modrić played as the deep-lying playmaker , making passes to the attackers and creating several chances ; he was among the best-rated players that night . From March 2013 , Modrićs form and influence in the midfield continued to improve , distinguishing himself as a player with most passes completed in his team . On 8 May , he assisted from the corner for the first goal and scored the fourth goal in a 6–2 victory over Málaga . 2013–15 : Best midfielder in Spain and La Décima . With the arrival of new manager Carlo Ancelotti , Modrić became one of the most frequent starters in the team , being partnered in midfield with Xabi Alonso to provide a balance of defence and attack . He was consistently the teams most efficient passer , averaging 90% accuracy in La Liga , and also having the most ball recoveries among the squad . He scored his first goal of the 2013–14 season in the last Champions League group match against Copenhagen , making it his fifth goal for the club , all five of which were scored from the outside the penalty area . Modrić scored his first goal of the Liga season in a 3–0 away win against Getafe , his sixth goal outside the penalty area . Modrić was on the pitch when Real Madrid won the 2013–14 Copa del Rey after defeating Barcelona 2–1 in the final . In the first leg of the Champions League quarter-finals , Modrić intercepted the ball and assisted Cristiano Ronaldo for the third goal in Real Madrids 3–0 home victory against Borussia Dortmund . The goal was ultimately decisive because Real went on to lose 2–0 in the second leg , but progressed with a marginal aggregate score of 3–2 . In his 100th appearance for the club , Modrić assisted for the first goal in the second leg 4–0 victory over Bayern Munich in the Champions League semi-final , helping Real Madrid reach the final for the first time in 12 years . He was included in UEFAs Team of the Week for both legs of the semi-final . On 24 May in the final , Modrić again assisted from a corner for teammate Sergio Ramos , who scored a 93rd-minute equaliser against local rivals Atlético Madrid . Real won 4–1 in extra time , marking the clubs tenth Champions League title , locally known as la Décima ( the tenth ) . He was included in the UEFA Champions League Team of the Season and received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league of that season . In August 2014 , Modrić signed a new contract to stay at Real Madrid until 2018 . With the departure of Alonso he was partnered with newly arrived Toni Kroos . Real Madrid began the 2014–15 season by winning the UEFA Super Cup over Sevilla Modrić assisted twice for Bale , first against Real Sociedad in La Liga , and second against Basel in the Champions League . In the 2–0 away win against Villarreal , Modrić scored his seventh goal from outside of the box . In late November , Modrić sustained a thigh injury during an international match against Italy , because of which he did not play for three months . He returned in early March 2015 , starting in seven matches and proving his form . On 21 April , in the 3–1 home win against Málaga , he strained ligaments in his right knee , because of which he did not play until May . With his injury , Real Madrids 22-match winning run in the season came to an end . His absence and the lack of a quality substitute were seen as the main cause of Real Madrids failure to win matches in La Liga and the Champions League . Ancelotti said , Modrić has missed most of the year and this has hurt us . Modrićs influence was recognised and he was selected by professional players in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2015–17 : Among best world players and La Undécima and Duodécima . For the 2015–16 season , Carlo Ancelotti was replaced by Rafael Benítez under whom Modrić continued to be a key midfield player . Modrić began the season assisting in September , November and December , and scoring in the 3–4 away win against Shakhtar Donetsk in the Champions League group stage . He sustained a muscular groin injury during an international match against Bulgaria in October , initially suggesting an absence of two-to-three weeks . However , by 20 October , he had recovered in time for the match against Paris Saint-Germain . With the arrival of new manager Zinedine Zidane in January 2016 , the relationship between them was noted in the media , with Modrić described as master of the game , and the crucial connector of the defence and attack . It was seen in the first three matches , wins against Deportivo de La Coruña and Sporting de Gijón and a draw against Real Betis , in which Modrić was praised for creating chances , his positioning and overall performance and influence . On 7 February , Modrić scored a winning goal from outside the box in a 1–2 away win against Granada . Modrić was a regular in the starting line-up when the team won the 2015–16 Champions League in the final against Atlético Madrid . He was included in both Champions League,<ref 2015/16 Team></ref> and La Ligas team of the season.<ref Liga 2015/16 Team></ref> For the second time , he also received the LFP award for the Best Midfielder of the Spanish first league . He was for the second time included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 18 October 2016 , Modrić signed a new contract with Real Madrid , keeping him at the club until 2020 . Due to injury of a left knee sustained in mid-September , he missed eight matches , returning early November . On 18 December , he won the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid , receiving the Silver Ball for his performances during the tournament . In January 2017 , for the first time was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2016 ) . On 12 March 2017 , in a 2–1 win over Real Betis , Modrić played his 200th match for Real Madrid . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga , as well as the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League , where he provided the assist for Cristiano Ronaldos second goal in the final against Juventus . Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season<ref 2016/17 Team></ref> and became the first Croatian to win the Champions League three times . He also received the UEFA Club Football award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season . In the competition for the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award , he came fourth , while for 2017 Ballon dOr , fifth . For the third time , he was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . 2017–18 : Ballon dOr and third consecutive Champions League title . With the departure of James Rodríguez to Bayern Munich , Modrić inherited the teams coveted number 10 jersey for the new 2017–18 season , replacing his previous number 19 jersey . In December , he won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup with Real Madrid and received the Golden Ball award as the best player of the competition for his performance . His first goal of the season came in a 7–1 win over Deportivo de La Coruña on 21 January 2018 . In the same month was for the second time included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2017 ) . Modrić was a regular starter when Real Madrid won the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League , starting in the final victory against Liverpool which saw Madrid win their third consecutive title . For his performances throughout the campaign , Modrić was included in Champions League team of the season for the third consecutive time.<ref 2017/18 Team></ref> He later received the UEFA Club Football Award for Best Midfielder of the Champions League season for the second consecutive time . In July 2018 , it was announced Modrićs Real Madrid jersey was the most requested jersey of the club after the departure of Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus . Due to his club , and national team performance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , where also received the Golden Ball , in August and September Modrić won the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award and The Best FIFA Mens Player Award , while in December , he added the Ballon dOr to his personal tally , marking the first time since 2007 that the award was not won by Lionel Messi or Cristiano Ronaldo , which polarized the people involved in the sport into two camps about the credibility of the award . Furthermore , besides becoming the first Croatian player to win these awards , Modrić was the first player to win both the World Cup Golden Ball and the UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award in the same year since Ronaldo in 1998 , and the World Cup Golden Ball and the Best FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award after Romário in 1994 . Additionally , he is the first player to win the awards from the former Yugoslavia territory , the first footballer from Eastern Europe to win a Ballon dOr after Andriy Shevchenko in 2004 , and the tenth player from Real Madrid to capture the trophy . Furthermore , winning the trophy triggered a clause in his contract , ensuring his stay at the club until 2021 . He was also included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI for the fourth time , and won the IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker award . After receiving the FIFA Mens Player of the Year Award , Modrić stated it shows that we all can become the best with hard work , dedication , and belief , all dreams can come true . Modrić dedicated the Ballon dOr to all the players who probably deserved to win it and didnt in the past decade , including Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , and Wesley Sneijder among others . 2018–21 : Second time champion of Spain and Golden Foot . The arrival of new manager Julen Lopetegui in August 2018 saw Modrić given a steady return to the first team as a substitute due to his lack of pre-season training after the 2018 World Cup . This included a substitute appearance in his teams 2–4 loss after extra time against Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup . His first start of the season came on 1 September in a 4–1 home win against Leganés , in which he assisted his sides third goal , scored by Karim Benzema . His 100th appearance in the UEFA club competition came on 19 September in a 3–0 home win against Roma , in which he assisted the second goal , scored by Gareth Bale . On 22 December , Modrić won his third FIFA Club World Cup , scoring the first goal and assisting for the third in the final against Al Ain . On 13 and 19 January 2019 , Modrić for the first time scored in two consecutive league games for Real Madrid , in a 1–2 away win against Real Betis and 2–0 home win against Sevilla . In the same month was included in the UEFA Team of the Year ( 2018 ) for the third time in his career . From 27 February to 5 March , Modrić went through what he described as the most difficult week of his football life , with Real Madrid losing to Barcelona twice and Ajax and crashing out of Copa del Rey , title race and the Champions League , respectively . Despite having had an underwhelming season , for the fifth consecutive time he was included in the FIFA FIFPro World XI . On 27 August 2019 was the seventh anniversary of Modrićs signing with the club . Although raising doubts due to age of 34 and decision to continue playing with the national team which makes him prone to injuries , Modrić stated that wants to recapture his best form this season . On 1 September and 9 November made his first assists in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal and in a 0–4 away victory against Eibar , while first goal on 5 October in a 4–2 home victory against Granada . On 12 November was awarded with a Golden Foot award . On 23 November he made two assists and scored a goal in a 3–1 home victory against Real Sociedad . On 8 January 2020 , Modrić scored his fifth goal of the season and 100th career goal in a 3–1 victory against Valencia in the semi-finals of 2019–20 Supercopa de España . On 12 January he successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Real Madrid beat Atlético Madrid 4–1 on penalties in the final . Following the continuation of La Liga after a three month suspension due to COVID-19 pandemic , Modrić was praised for being one of Real Madrids best players despite his age , resulting in numerous media outlets wondering about prolongation of his contract with the club . On 16 July , he assisted Benzemas opening goal in a 2–1 victory over Villarreal , as Real Madrid secured the league title . On 21 October , he scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season in a Champions League 3–2 defeat to Shakhtar Donetsk . The goal made him the fourth player in the history of the club to score in the competition aged 35 or more , alongside Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás and Francisco Gento . It was named the Goal of the Week by UEFA . Three days later , he came off the bench to score his first ever El Clásico goal , as Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 3–1 . On 25 May 2021 , he extended his contract with Real Madrid until 2022 . International career . Modrić began his international career at youth level , playing for the Croatian under-15 , under-17 , under-18 , under-19 and under-21 teams . He debuted in March 2001 for the under-15 team coached by Martin Novoselac , but nevertheless his talent and psychological maturity , he did not become a regular starter and leading player until physically strengthened and debuted for under-18 . Novoselac considers him as a model for all young players because is a result of a gradual and continuous work and effort , as well as talent . Modrić made his full international debut for Croatia on 1 March 2006 in a friendly match against Argentina in Basel , which Croatia won 3–2 . 2006–08 : 2006 World Cup and Euro 2008 . Modrić made two appearances at the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals as a substitute in the group fixtures against Japan , and Australia . With the appointment of new manager Slaven Bilić , Modrić earned greater recognition at international level ; he scored his first goal in Croatias 2–0 friendly win over world champions Italy on 16 August 2006 in Livorno . Modrićs performances ensured a regular place in the international side and he gave a successful showing in Croatias UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign , which included home and away victories against England . As a young midfielder , much was expected of Modrić ; he was often dubbed the Croatian Cruyff . Modrić scored Croatias first goal of Euro 2008 , converting a penalty in the fourth minute of their 1–0 victory against hosts Austria on 8 June 2008 . It was the fastest penalty ever awarded and scored in European Championship history . He continued to impress at the tournament and was named UEFA Man of the Match in Croatias next match when they defeated one of the pre-tournament favourites and eventual finalists Germany . In the quarter-final against Turkey , Modrić took advantage of a mistake by veteran Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber , and crossed to teammate Ivan Klasnić for the first goal of the match with one minute of extra time remaining , but Semih Şentürk almost immediately equalised for Turkey . In the ensuing penalty shootout , Modrićs kick was off-target and he failed to score the first penalty and Turkey won the shootout 3–1 . At the end of the competition , Modrić was included in the UEFA Team of the Tournament , becoming only the second Croatian to achieve this honour after Davor Šuker . 2008–16 : Subsequent struggles . In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers , Modrić scored three goals , against Kazakhstan , Andorra , and Ukraine ; matching Ivica Olić , Ivan Rakitić and Eduardo . The team failed to qualify finishing one point behind second-placed Ukraine . After appearing in all of their UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying matches and scoring a goal against Israel , Modrić started in all three of Croatia group stage matches against the Republic of Ireland , Italy and Spain , but the team failed to progress . His most notable performance was against Spain . The most memorable moment of the match came when Modrić picked the ball on the halfway line skipping Spains midfield trio , rushing down on the right to reach the penalty area where he evaded a defender and crossed from to Ivan Rakitić , but Iker Casillas saved this attempt . Because Croatia did not advance from the group stage , Modrić was not included in the Team of the Tournament , although The Daily Telegraph included him in the best 11 until the semi-finals , and his play was well received by critics . After the playoffs , Modrić with the Croatian team qualified for the 2014 World Cup . They entered Group A with hosts Brazil , Mexico and Cameroon . Croatia played the opening match against Brazil , which they lost 3–1 , and Modrić sustained a minor foot injury . In the second match , Croatia won 4–0 against Cameroon , but did not progress to the knockout stage after losing 3–1 to Mexico , despite the great expectations from the Croatian press and public . In the Euro 2016 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored his first goals for Croatia in three years , the first against Malta on his 29th birthday with a long-range shot , then a penalty against Azerbaijan . On 3 March 2015 , Modrić captained Croatia for the first time , in an away draw against Azerbaijan . In the tournament proper , Modrić scored the match-winning goal in Croatias opening group stage match against Turkey , a volley from 25 metres ( 28 yards ) . In so doing , he became the first Croatian to score at the finals of two separate European Championships , having previously scored against Austria in 2008 . He was named Man of the Match . Modrić was forced to miss the crucial fixture against Spain on 21 June because of a minor muscle injury . However , Croatia won and topped the group , but lost to Portugal 0–1 in extra-time in the round of 16 . 2016–18 : Golden Ball of the 2018 World Cup . For Croatias 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign , Modrić became the new team captain , following Darijo Srnas retirement . Croatia started the campaign well ; however , following 1–0 defeats to Iceland and Turkey and a 1–1 draw with Finland ( in which Modrić made his 100th appearance for the national team ) , Croatia seriously compromised their qualification for the tournament . This caused Modrić to publicly state his lack of confidence in coach Ante Čačić . Čačić was soon replaced by Zlatko Dalić ahead of Croatias final qualifier against Ukraine away , which Croatia won 2–0 and won a place in the play-offs . Modrić scored a penalty in the 4–1 victory over Greece in the second qualifying round , enabling his team to qualify for the World Cup . Croatia were placed in Group D alongside Argentina , Iceland and Nigeria . During the tournament , Modrić—along with Ivan Rakitić and Mario Mandžukić—were referred to as Croatias second Golden Generation . In Croatias opening win against Nigeria , Modrić once again successfully executed a penalty kick and was named Man of the Match . He also scored in Croatias subsequent 3–0 win over Argentina with a long-range shot from 25 yards ( 23 metres ) , also being named Man of the Match . After also featuring in the final group stage match , against Iceland , his performances in the first round of the tournament saw him ranked by FourFourTwo , The Daily Telegraph and ESPN as the best player of the group stage . In the round of 16 against Denmark on 1 July , with the score tied at 1–1 , Modrić created a goalscoring opportunity for Ante Rebić in the second half of extra-time , who was brought down in the penalty area ; Modrić proceeded to take the penalty , but his strike was saved by Kasper Schmeichel . However , Modrić managed to score his spot-kick during the ensuing penalty shoot-out and Croatia advanced to the next round following a 3–2 victory on penalties . In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July , Modrić provided an assist in extra-time for Domagoj Vida from a corner kick , and once again scored in the victorious penalty shoot-out following a 2–2 draw ; he was named Man of the Match for the third time in the tournament . In the semi-final against England on 11 July , Croatia advanced to the World Cup final for the first time in their history following a 2–1 victory in extra time . It was reported two days before the final match that Modrić ran the most miles out of any player and was third by created chances , as well had most dribbles per match and completed passes in the opponents half in his team . Although Croatia were beaten 4–2 by France in the final on 15 July , Modrić was awarded the Golden Ball for the best player of the tournament , and was included in the Team of the Tournament . After the squads huge welcome in Zagreb , Modrić and his teammates Danijel Subašić , Šime Vrsaljko and Dominik Livaković were welcomed by tens of thousands of people in their hometown of Zadar . 2018–21 : Post-World Cup period . Modrić took part in all four matches in the inaugural edition of the UEFA Nations League as Croatia finished at the bottom of Group A4 following historical 6–0 away defeat to Spain in September and a 2–1 defeat to England at the Wembley Stadium in November . During the Euro 2020 qualifying rounds , Modrić scored two goals ; a penalty in the away 1–1 draw with Azerbaijan and a solo-effort in the home 3–0 victory over Hungary as Croatia topped the group and qualified for the tournament . However , due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the tournament was postponed for a year . On 24 March 2021 , Modrić made his 134th appearance for the national team in a 1–0 2022 World Cup qualifying defeat to Slovenia , equaling Darijo Srna as the most capped player in the history of the team . Three days later , in a 1–0 World Cup qualifying victory over Cyprus , he surpassed Srnas record . He was selected to the final squad for the UEFA Euro 2020 on 17 May 2021 . Player profile . Style of play . A diminutive midfielder , Modrić is described as a quick and creative playmaker , with great vision , who is able to change the course of the game with incredibly deft passes and solo , long-range efforts . He plays with both feet in combination with his swift offensive positioning , off the ball . He passes the ball accurately across long and short distances ( passing range of perfection ) , even with the outside of his boot . His ball control , first touch , positional play , ability to retain possession , and set the tempo of the game makes him a mesmerising player to watch . A former attacking midfielder , he is also noted for his dribbling skills and is considered a master of the pre-assist . He has also been known to take set pieces . He is referred to as the Midfield Maestro ( Midfield Master ) for his mastery of footballing fundamentals , tactical strategy , and precision in execution . His tactical vision and strategic planning has had him compared to a conductor of an orchestra , a Puppet Master , and a Midfield Magician . After moving to Real Madrid , he was nicknamed by the Spanish media as El Pájaro ( the bird ) . In the dressing room , he is affectionately called Lukita . Position . Modrićs complex game has brought him consistent success in the clubs for which he has played . Initially a trequartista or attacking midfielder at Dinamo Zagreb and in his early career at Tottenham , in the 2010–11 season he flourished in a central midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker ( regista ) who conducts the attack and creates chances for teammates . Afterwards , Modrić acknowledged the role that Harry Redknapp played in shaping of deep-lying his style , saying that dropping back enabled him to read the game better and show his full creativity . Although a central midfielder , Modrić is also a hard-working player who has been seen to adopt a defensive midfield role in addition to playmaking , tracking back to win the ball from the opposition and prepare for a counter-attack , making him one of the most versatile players in the world , capable of playing in several midfield positions . According to Jonathan Wilson , in a 4–2–3–1 system Modrić is a third type of a holding midfielder , being neither entirely destructive or creative , but a carrier who is capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet , but in his case with a hint of regista . The switch to a more deep-lying position reduced his number of assists and goals , as well as his shot per game count ( 1.2 ) , although his game was no longer based on being a goal threat ; despite this , he had the second-highest count of key passes per game ( 2.06 ) in the team , as well as a very high pass accuracy rate ( 87% ) , with the highest passes per game count ( 62.5 ) in the team , the most long balls per game ( 5.6 ) , the most successful dribbles ( 2.2 ) , interceptions ( 2.5 ) , and the highest tackle ( 1.9 ) count per game among others , high statistics which placed him amongst the top midfielders of the Premier League . By the 2011–12 season statistically he was among the top-rated central and all-round midfielders across the top five leagues , alongside players like Xabi Alonso , Andrea Pirlo , Bastian Schweinsteiger and Xavi . Upon Modrićs arrival to Real Madrid , his midfield position was described as numbers six ( defensive ) , eight ( central ) or ten ( attacking ) , depending on the tactics , and his role was described as the second deep-lying pivot alongside Xabi Alonso in the 2012–13 season , a classic deep-lying playmaker whose creativity was needed to dictate his teams play and unlock the opposing defence . In the first half of the 2013–14 season , during which he formed an effective central midfield partnership with Alonso and Ángel Di María , Modrić made more tackles ( 56 ) than any other Real Madrid player in La Liga with an average number of 2.86 tackles per match , as well as making the most completed passes ( 878 ) in the opposition half of the pitch among Real Madrid players , with the highest passing accuracy in La Liga ( 90% ) ( also the highest of any midfielder in Europes top five leagues who have made five or more assists during the season ) . In the 2014–15 season , with the arrival of Toni Kroos , Real Madrid no longer had an effective and natural ball-winner alongside their playmakers in midfield , while the team possessed many attackers . Therefore , in addition to producing the highest count of passes ( 60.7–64.7 ) and key passes per match ( 0.8–1.2 ) within the team , both Modrić and Kroos had more defensive responsibility to set the rhythm of the teams gameplay in midfield and orchestrate counterattacks . Modrićs average passing accuracy during the season was between 91.6–92% , while his highest completion rate in a single match occurred in October against Barcelona when he completed all 42 attempted passes . For all of 2014 , Modrićs dribble attempts ( 75 ) at a success rate of 76% were second in Europes top five leagues . Reception . Modrić is widely regarded as one of most well-rounded and effective midfielders in the world . According to Jonathan Wilson , what sets apart Modrić from old-school playmakers ( number ten ) like Juan Román Riquelme is the universality due to increased defensive responsibility , a quality which was insisted by Valeriy Lobanovskyi and Arrigo Sacchi that should make a modern footballer . Modrićs skill in the game was recognised early by Dragan Piksi Stojković , who stated , I saw a small blond boy who played exactly like I would . Ideas he was showing then on the terrain were fascinating . Piksi considered him , along with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , as the most intelligent player . Johan Cruyff said Modrićs quality and influence on the game depend on the freedom he gets . Paul Scholes , who played several times against Modrić , said in an interview with the Manchester Evening News in 2011 , Of the three ( Samir Nasri and Wesley Sneijder ) , Modrić , has been the one I have been most impressed with , [ and ] whenever we played Tottenham , he was the one who stood out . In 2014 , Zinedine Zidane included Modrić in his best XI currently playing the game , while in January 2016 in private meeting with Modrić he told him that he saw him as a player who could win Ballon dOr . In 2018 , Gennaro Gattuso stated that he would have loved to have played with Modrić , calling him an incredible player , really strong mentally and a pure footballer . In 2018 , Andriy Shevchenko has stated that he considers Modrić to be one of the greatest midfielders to ever play , which Jan Oblak agreed with in 2021 . In 2018 , Robert Prosinečki , with whom Ivan Rakitić agreed , considered Modrić as the best Croatian player in the history . Davor Šuker also considered him as the greatest Croatian footballer of all time . Predrag Mijatović considered him as the best footballer in the history of the region of Balkans . José Mourinho said he wanted Modrić in Real Madrid because of his influence on the game , tactical level and because he has that artistic sense . In 2012 , Carlo Ancelotti praised Modrićs technique and versatility as a midfield player , stating , Modrić is an outstanding player and in my opinion one of the best midfielders in the world right now , because he can play in more than one position . Alex Ferguson regarded him highly as a player while he played in the Premier League , saying it is fair to compare him to Paul Scholes because both are intelligent footballers with good passing consistencies , control of the game , fairplay , and wanted to sign him . Slaven Bilić said Modrić is a player who makes others better , they all benefit from him being in the team . Hes not selfish , hes playing for the team .. . hes a complete player ; good in defence , good in offence—it looks like he was born with the ball at his feet . Others managers who have praised Modrićs game include Pep Guardiola , and Sven-Göran Eriksson . Personal life . Modrić married Vanja Bosnić in May 2010 in the Croatian capital Zagreb in a private ceremony after four years of dating , and a year later in church . Their son , Ivano , was born on 6 June 2010 . Their daughter , Ema , was born on 25 April 2013 . Their second daughter , Sofia , was born on 2 October 2017 . Modrić generally maintains a low profile outside of football . In addition to his native Croatian , Modrić also speaks English , and Spanish , and is Roman Catholic . Australian footballer Mark Viduka is his cousin . In late 2019 , Modrić released his autobiography Moja igra ( My Game ) , co-written by prominent Croatian sports journalist Robert Matteoni . Legal issues . In March 2018 , in an embezzlement and tax evasion trial against the former Dinamo Zagreb executive , Zdravko Mamić , Modrić was called as a witness . Throughout the mid-late 2000s , Modrić signed multiple contracts with Mamić to play at Dinamo Zagreb . Modrić annexed most of his Tottenham transfer fee to Mamić because he was the broker of the move and gave Modrić financial backing early on in his career . Despite stating in 2017 that he signed the annexe clause of the contract ten years earlier , in his testimony he stated that he signed it in 2004 , the year of his first contract . Modrić was charged with perjury for stating that he annexed his fee at an earlier date than he allegedly had . Facing the judge , he said , I came here to state my defence and tell the truth , like every time so far . My conscience is clear . The Croatian Football Federation stood behind Modrić , but a part of the Croatian public , frustrated with the corruption in Croatian football , perceived the alleged perjury as a defence of Mamić and became critical of Modrić . Some international news outlets praised him for dealing with the stress of his legal situation while performing with the Croatian team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . In October and December 2018 , the perjury charge was rejected by the Croatian courts . Honours . Club . Dinamo Zagreb - Prva HNL : 2005–06 , 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Cup : 2006–07 , 2007–08 - Croatian Super Cup : 2006 Real Madrid - La Liga : 2016–17 , 2019–20 - Copa del Rey : 2013–14 - Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 , 2019–20 - UEFA Champions League : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 - UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 International . Croatia - FIFA World Cup runner-up : 2018 Individual . International - UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament : 2008 - Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year : 2010–11 - UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013–14 , 2015–16 , 2016–17 , 2017–18 , 2020–21 - La Ligas Best Midfielder : 2013–14 , 2015–16 - FIFA FIFPro World11 : 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 - La Ligas Team of the Season : 2015–16 - UEFA La Liga Team of the Season : 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball : 2016 - ESPN Midfielder of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Team of the Year : 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - UEFA Midfielder of the Season : 2016–17 , 2017–18 - IFFHS Mens World Team : 2017 , 2018 - FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball : 2017 - FIFA World Cup Golden Ball : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Fantasy Team : 2018 - FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 - UEFA Mens Player of the Year Award : 2017–18 - The Best FIFA Mens Player : 2018 - IFFHS Worlds Best Playmaker : 2018 - Ballon dOr : 2018 - Goal 50 : 2017–18 - World Soccer Player of the Year : 2018 - AIPS Athlete of the Year : 2018 - Golden Foot : 2019 - IFFHS Worlds Best Man Player of the Decade ( 2011–2020 ) : 10th place - IFFHS World Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - IFFHS UEFA Team of the Decade : 2011–2020 - Real Madrid Player of the Season : 2020–21 National and regional - Bosnian Premier League Player of the Year : 2003 - Croatian Football Hope of the Year : 2004 - HNLs Footballer of the Year : 2007 - Prva HNL Player of the Year : 2007 - SN Yellow Shirt Award : 2007–08 - Croatian Footballer of the Year : 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - Football Oscar for Best Croatian Player : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , 2020 - HNS Trophy for Best Croatian Player : 2018 - HOO : 2018 - SN Sportsman of the Year : 2018 Other - Franjo Bučar State Award for Sport – Yearly Award : 2018 - Honorary citizen of the city of Zadar : 2018 Orders . - Order of Duke Branimir with Ribbon : 2018
[ "Naparima College" ]	easy	Shahdon Winchester played for which team from 2008 to 2009?	/wiki/Shahdon_Winchester#P54#0	Shahdon Winchester Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester ( 8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019 ) was a Trinidadian professional footballer who played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team . Winchester began his professional football career in 2009 , at the age of 17 , with W Connection in his native Trinidad and Tobago . During his time with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester won the TT Pro League title in 2011–12 . In the middle of his third season with W Connection , in 2012 , he was loaned to Vietnamese club Sông Lam Nghệ An , however never made an appearance for the club due to late arrival of his international clearance . He later moved to FF Jaro on loan for the 2013 and 2014 Veikkausliiga seasons . After returning to Trinidad and Tobago , Winchester signed a year later with Mexican club Murciélagos in 2016 . He was a Trinidad and Tobago international having made his debut in June 2010 . Winchester participated in one minor tournament after representing the Soca Warriors in the 2011 Pan American Games . He scored his first international goal on 19 March 2016 in a friendly win over Grenada . Winchester recorded a hat-trick in the fifth place play-off against Haiti a year later during qualification for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Early life . Winchester was born on 8 January 1992 in Princes Town , Trinidad and Tobago , to parents Derek and Svetlana . Shahdon attributed his early interest in football to his father as the two attended numerous local matches , which nurtured his love for the sport . At the age of 8 , his father enrolled Winchester in local TT Pro League club W Connections youth program . Two years later , Winchester tragically lost his father in a vehicle accident . However , Shahdon later explained that the event helped him develop a deeper motivation to pursue a professional football career . After her husbands death , Svetlana made it her responsibility to ensure that Shahdon was not denied the opportunity to pursue his football dreams . In fact , she decided to take driving classes and apply for a permit to be able to drive Shahdon to youth practice in Couva . At the age of 12 , Winchester made his debut for Naparima College in San Fernando , Trinidad . In his five years with Naps , Shahdon led the team to the Secondary Schools Football League ( SSFL ) South Zone title on four occasions , including the national Intercol Big Five crown in 2007 . He was named among the top five best league players in each of his final two years at Naps , which included a league-leading 16 goals in 2008 . Winchester subsequently received the individual award for Best Forward of the Year . Club career . W Connection . Development and breakthrough ( 2009–2012 ) . After spending several seasons in the clubs youth program , Winchester made his professional football debut in 2009 , at the age of 17 , for W Connection of the TT Pro League . Shahdon went on to score four goals in seven league appearances for the Savonetta Boys . However , the highlight of his first professional season occurred when he appeared for W Connection during the group stage of the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League against Real España . The following season , his goal-scoring form continued with a further five goals in ten appearances , prompting his debut for the Soca Warriors and trials from several clubs abroad . In particular , during a trial in Scotland with Celtic , 18-year-old Winchester scored two goals in a developmental match against a Motherwell XI on 14 September 2010 , which prompted suggestions that he would be signed permanently . However , terms ultimately could not be agreed upon . He had further trials at Braga and FC Sevastopol in 2009 and 2010 , respectively , followed by trials at FC Dallas and Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer in 2011 . In January 2012 , Winchester went on a two-month loan to Sông Lam Nghệ An of V.League 1 . However , his international clearance arrived after the transfer window had closed and was unable to make an appearance for the Vietnamese club . Afterwards , Shahdon returned to Trinidad and Tobago to lead W Connection to the clubs fourth Pro League championship finishing the 2011–12 season with three goals . In March 2012 , he provided two goals for W Connection en route to finishing runners-up in the 2012 CFU Club Championship and secure qualification for the Savonetta Boys in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League . Following the season , Winchester had an unsuccessful one-week trial in Norway with FK Haugesund of the Tippeligaen . Shahdon opened the 2012–13 season as a starter for W Connection and made three consecutive appearances during the clubs Champions League campaign . He later scored seven goals in as many matches in the Pro League , including his first career hat-trick as a professional on 5 January 2013 against Central FC . A week later , Shahdon flew to Jakobstad for a trial with Finnish club FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga after agreeing to personal terms . Loan moves to FF Jaro ( 2013–2014 ) . On 25 January 2013 , Winchester agreed to join FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga on a one-year loan following a successful two-week trial . One week later , he scored a seventh-minute goal in his debut for Jaro during a league cup match against VPS . On 20 February , he provided his second goal in three league cup matches with a penalty kick in a win over RoPS . However , after making seven consecutive appearances in the league cup , Winchester underwent surgery on 13 March for an injury to his Achilles tendon . On 5 May 2013 , Winchester made his league debut for FF Jaro against HJK after coming on for Markus Kronholm in the 62nd minute . After five consecutive league appearances , including three as a substitute , Winchester scored his first league goal in a 2–1 win over FC Lahti on 23 May . He scored two more goals in the next three league matches against TPS on 26 May and a week later against RoPS . Winchester later scored in consecutive matches against MYPA and FC Honka on 27 and 30 June . On 27 July , he recorded a brace in front of Jakobstads second largest crowd for a football match in a 2–1 derby win over VPS . However , a string of illnesses and injuries kept him sidelined for Jaros final six matches . Prior to his return to Trinidad and Tobago in October 2013 , Winchester agreed to a one-year contract extension with Jaro through the end of the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . In his first season in Finland , Winchester recorded eight goals in the Veikkausliiga and ten goals in all competitions . Following his loan to FF Jaro , Winchester returned to parent club , W Connection , for three months before his second loan to the Finnish club . In his short return with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester appeared in nine Pro League matches and scored five goals . On 21 January 2014 , he scored a double over rivals San Juan Jabloteh , which was followed four days later with another goal against North East Stars . Before again departing for Finland , Winchester scored a further brace on 8 March against St . Anns Rangers to extend W Connections league lead to eight points en route to the club winning its fifth Pro League title . On 19 March 2014 , Winchester rejoined FF Jaro on another one-year loan for the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . Two weeks later , he made his return league debut for the club having started as a winger in a 1–0 loss to HJK on 6 April . Shahdon scored his first goal of the season in brilliant fashion against KuPS in the 15th minute on 19 April , before receiving a yellow card for diving in the penalty area shortly before half-time . In May 2014 , Winchester was named in the Veikkausliiga team of the month after scoring three goals in as many league matches against TPS , SJK , and RoPS , respectively , to lead Jaro to third in the league table . The following month , Shahdon continued his scoring form with goals in consecutive matches against IFK Mariehamn on 15 June and three days later in a draw to MYPA . However , he received his fourth yellow card of the season in the 90th minute and was unable to feature for Jaro in the clubs match against FC Lahti . Through the first half of the season , Winchester was the leagues joint-leading goalscorer with Petteri Forsell , Macoumba Kandji , Roni Porokara , and Luis Solignac – having scored 6 league goals . On 20 July 2014 , Winchester scored his seventh goal of the season in the 63rd minute during a 5–0 win over FC Honka . At the conclusion of the season , Winchester finished tied for the eighth top goalscorer in the Veikkausliiga with nine league goals and was subsequently offered a new contract with Jaro . Return to the Savonetta Boys ( 2015–2016 ) . After returning to W Connection following his loan to FF Jaro for the 2014 Veikkausliiga , Winchester was reportedly close to reaching an agreement with FK Vojvodina of the Serbian SuperLiga . However , with FIFPro advising its players to not agree contracts with Serbian clubs due to a high risk that players would not be paid their salaries , Shahdon ultimately did not sign with the club . In late-February 2015 , Winchester was invited for a trial with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer during the teams preseason participation in the Simple™ Invitational Tournament in Portland . During his second match , Shahdon supplied the game-tying goal in the 90th minute after receiving a pass 40 yards from goal , sprinted towards Vancouvers back line , and powered a shot to the lower right corner from the top of the penalty area . In a media conference call following the match , Fire manager Frank Yallop expressed his desire to sign Winchester , but the club was unable to offer a contract with 25 players already on roster . Shahdon soon returned to help lead the Savonetta Boys to a runners-up finish with three goals in four matches during the 2015 CFU Club Championship and qualify for the following seasons Champions League . Winchester started the 2015–16 season with W Connection , changed from the number 16 jersey in favour of number 9 , and was named a vice-captain . In the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League , he made two appearances against Santos Laguna and Saprissa during W Connections group stage matches . Afterwards , Winchester provided four goals during the First Citizens Cup and TOYOTA Classic en route to W Connection claiming both crowns . In Pro League competition , Winchester scored a further seven goals during the first half of the season — tying his most Pro League goals in a season . On 24 February 2016 , Winchester received his first career red card and an automatic two match suspension for retaliation following a punch from Atlántico FCs Mateo Zazo during the Savonetta Boys CFU Club Championship opening match . Shahdon returned to score a goal against Arnett Gardens in the semifinals to help W Connection qualify for its second consecutive Champions League . However , he received another red card for a reckless challenge in the first half of a 3–0 loss to Couva rivals Central FC in the final . Murciélagos . On 22 June 2016 , Winchester signed along with former W Connection and international teammate Jomal Williams with Mexican club Murciélagos of Ascenso MX prior to the start of the 2016 Apertura for an undisclosed transfer . Kapaz ( loan ) . On 8 February 2018 , Winchester signed for Kapaz PFK on loan from Murciélagos F.C . until the end of the 2017/18 season . SJK . After his Murciélagos contract expired in July 2018 , Winchester was unveiled as a new signing for SJK on 26 July 2018 . SJK announced that Winchester had left the club on 30 November 2018 . International career . Winchester represented Trinidad and Tobago on various levels of international competition , having been capped for the under-17 , under-20 , under-23 Olympic team , and the Trinidad and Tobago national teams . Youth teams . He began his international career for the under-17 team during the Soca Warriors runners-up finish in the 2008 CFU Youth Cup . During the competition , Winchester made five appearances and scored a pair of goals against Aruba . In April 2009 , Winchester made three starts during the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship , which witnessed the team eliminated without scoring a goal . In November 2010 , Winchester scored three goals in four matches to lead the under-20 team through qualification for the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship . However , he made two substitute appearances in another early exit from a continental tournament after a goalless draw to Cuba and a 5–0 loss to Mexico . Although Trinidad and Tobago did not qualify for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the Soca Warriors participated in the Pan American Games in October 2011 . Winchester scored a goal in his only appearance of the competition for the under-23 team against Uruguay . He scored two more goals over his next three matches during the under-23 teams unsuccessful qualification attempt for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Transition to the senior team ( 2010–2015 ) . Winchester made his full international debut for the national team on 21 June 2010 against Antigua and Barbuda at the age of 18 . He was later called up for three qualification matches for the 2010 Caribbean Cup , but only featured in a 4–0 win over Haiti . Shahdon did not receive a call-up with the national team again until June 2013 , when he came on as a substitute in the Soca Warriors friendly defeat away to Romania 4–0 . In November 2014 , Winchester received a call-up with the Soca Warriors during the 2014 Caribbean Cup in Montego Bay , Jamaica . In their final group stage match against Cuba , Winchester made a start as forward to earn his fourth national team cap during a scoreless draw . His next two appearances occurred in friendlies against Curaçao and Jordan in the lead-up to being named in the 35-man provisional roster for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . However , two weeks later , Soca Warrior manager Stephen Hart did not name Winchester to the final 23-man roster for the continental tournament in the United States . First international goal ( 2016–2019 ) . Following an injury to Keron Cummings in a December 2015 training camp , Winchester was named as a replacement to the Trinidad and Tobago roster for the Copa América Centenario qualifying playoff against Haiti . On 8 January 2016 , Shahdon came on as a 57th-minute substitute for Jonathan Glenn in a 1–0 loss to Haiti in Panama City , which saw the Soca Warriors fail to qualify for Copa América Centenario . Winchester later scored his first international goal on 19 March versus Grenada in a friendly match in St . Georges . Two months later , he made an additional three appearances for the Soca Warriors , including two starts as striker , against Uruguay and China . Death . Winchester was one of four people killed in a traffic collision on 19 December 2019 , when the car they were travelling in hit and crashed into a utility pole in Gasparillo , catching on fire . Everyone inside the car was killed . Honours . Club . - W Connection - TT Pro League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Digicel Charity Shield ( 1 ) : 2012 - First Citizens Cup ( 1 ) : 2015 - TOYOTA Classic ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2015 - Lucozade Sport Goal Shield ( 1 ) : 2009 - FF Jaro - Veikkausliiga Team of the Month ( 1 ) : May 2014 Individual . Awards . - Man of the Match ( 1 ) : 2011 TOYOTA Classic
[ "W Connection" ]	easy	Which team did the player Shahdon Winchester belong to from 2009 to 2016?	/wiki/Shahdon_Winchester#P54#1	Shahdon Winchester Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester ( 8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019 ) was a Trinidadian professional footballer who played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team . Winchester began his professional football career in 2009 , at the age of 17 , with W Connection in his native Trinidad and Tobago . During his time with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester won the TT Pro League title in 2011–12 . In the middle of his third season with W Connection , in 2012 , he was loaned to Vietnamese club Sông Lam Nghệ An , however never made an appearance for the club due to late arrival of his international clearance . He later moved to FF Jaro on loan for the 2013 and 2014 Veikkausliiga seasons . After returning to Trinidad and Tobago , Winchester signed a year later with Mexican club Murciélagos in 2016 . He was a Trinidad and Tobago international having made his debut in June 2010 . Winchester participated in one minor tournament after representing the Soca Warriors in the 2011 Pan American Games . He scored his first international goal on 19 March 2016 in a friendly win over Grenada . Winchester recorded a hat-trick in the fifth place play-off against Haiti a year later during qualification for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Early life . Winchester was born on 8 January 1992 in Princes Town , Trinidad and Tobago , to parents Derek and Svetlana . Shahdon attributed his early interest in football to his father as the two attended numerous local matches , which nurtured his love for the sport . At the age of 8 , his father enrolled Winchester in local TT Pro League club W Connections youth program . Two years later , Winchester tragically lost his father in a vehicle accident . However , Shahdon later explained that the event helped him develop a deeper motivation to pursue a professional football career . After her husbands death , Svetlana made it her responsibility to ensure that Shahdon was not denied the opportunity to pursue his football dreams . In fact , she decided to take driving classes and apply for a permit to be able to drive Shahdon to youth practice in Couva . At the age of 12 , Winchester made his debut for Naparima College in San Fernando , Trinidad . In his five years with Naps , Shahdon led the team to the Secondary Schools Football League ( SSFL ) South Zone title on four occasions , including the national Intercol Big Five crown in 2007 . He was named among the top five best league players in each of his final two years at Naps , which included a league-leading 16 goals in 2008 . Winchester subsequently received the individual award for Best Forward of the Year . Club career . W Connection . Development and breakthrough ( 2009–2012 ) . After spending several seasons in the clubs youth program , Winchester made his professional football debut in 2009 , at the age of 17 , for W Connection of the TT Pro League . Shahdon went on to score four goals in seven league appearances for the Savonetta Boys . However , the highlight of his first professional season occurred when he appeared for W Connection during the group stage of the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League against Real España . The following season , his goal-scoring form continued with a further five goals in ten appearances , prompting his debut for the Soca Warriors and trials from several clubs abroad . In particular , during a trial in Scotland with Celtic , 18-year-old Winchester scored two goals in a developmental match against a Motherwell XI on 14 September 2010 , which prompted suggestions that he would be signed permanently . However , terms ultimately could not be agreed upon . He had further trials at Braga and FC Sevastopol in 2009 and 2010 , respectively , followed by trials at FC Dallas and Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer in 2011 . In January 2012 , Winchester went on a two-month loan to Sông Lam Nghệ An of V.League 1 . However , his international clearance arrived after the transfer window had closed and was unable to make an appearance for the Vietnamese club . Afterwards , Shahdon returned to Trinidad and Tobago to lead W Connection to the clubs fourth Pro League championship finishing the 2011–12 season with three goals . In March 2012 , he provided two goals for W Connection en route to finishing runners-up in the 2012 CFU Club Championship and secure qualification for the Savonetta Boys in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League . Following the season , Winchester had an unsuccessful one-week trial in Norway with FK Haugesund of the Tippeligaen . Shahdon opened the 2012–13 season as a starter for W Connection and made three consecutive appearances during the clubs Champions League campaign . He later scored seven goals in as many matches in the Pro League , including his first career hat-trick as a professional on 5 January 2013 against Central FC . A week later , Shahdon flew to Jakobstad for a trial with Finnish club FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga after agreeing to personal terms . Loan moves to FF Jaro ( 2013–2014 ) . On 25 January 2013 , Winchester agreed to join FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga on a one-year loan following a successful two-week trial . One week later , he scored a seventh-minute goal in his debut for Jaro during a league cup match against VPS . On 20 February , he provided his second goal in three league cup matches with a penalty kick in a win over RoPS . However , after making seven consecutive appearances in the league cup , Winchester underwent surgery on 13 March for an injury to his Achilles tendon . On 5 May 2013 , Winchester made his league debut for FF Jaro against HJK after coming on for Markus Kronholm in the 62nd minute . After five consecutive league appearances , including three as a substitute , Winchester scored his first league goal in a 2–1 win over FC Lahti on 23 May . He scored two more goals in the next three league matches against TPS on 26 May and a week later against RoPS . Winchester later scored in consecutive matches against MYPA and FC Honka on 27 and 30 June . On 27 July , he recorded a brace in front of Jakobstads second largest crowd for a football match in a 2–1 derby win over VPS . However , a string of illnesses and injuries kept him sidelined for Jaros final six matches . Prior to his return to Trinidad and Tobago in October 2013 , Winchester agreed to a one-year contract extension with Jaro through the end of the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . In his first season in Finland , Winchester recorded eight goals in the Veikkausliiga and ten goals in all competitions . Following his loan to FF Jaro , Winchester returned to parent club , W Connection , for three months before his second loan to the Finnish club . In his short return with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester appeared in nine Pro League matches and scored five goals . On 21 January 2014 , he scored a double over rivals San Juan Jabloteh , which was followed four days later with another goal against North East Stars . Before again departing for Finland , Winchester scored a further brace on 8 March against St . Anns Rangers to extend W Connections league lead to eight points en route to the club winning its fifth Pro League title . On 19 March 2014 , Winchester rejoined FF Jaro on another one-year loan for the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . Two weeks later , he made his return league debut for the club having started as a winger in a 1–0 loss to HJK on 6 April . Shahdon scored his first goal of the season in brilliant fashion against KuPS in the 15th minute on 19 April , before receiving a yellow card for diving in the penalty area shortly before half-time . In May 2014 , Winchester was named in the Veikkausliiga team of the month after scoring three goals in as many league matches against TPS , SJK , and RoPS , respectively , to lead Jaro to third in the league table . The following month , Shahdon continued his scoring form with goals in consecutive matches against IFK Mariehamn on 15 June and three days later in a draw to MYPA . However , he received his fourth yellow card of the season in the 90th minute and was unable to feature for Jaro in the clubs match against FC Lahti . Through the first half of the season , Winchester was the leagues joint-leading goalscorer with Petteri Forsell , Macoumba Kandji , Roni Porokara , and Luis Solignac – having scored 6 league goals . On 20 July 2014 , Winchester scored his seventh goal of the season in the 63rd minute during a 5–0 win over FC Honka . At the conclusion of the season , Winchester finished tied for the eighth top goalscorer in the Veikkausliiga with nine league goals and was subsequently offered a new contract with Jaro . Return to the Savonetta Boys ( 2015–2016 ) . After returning to W Connection following his loan to FF Jaro for the 2014 Veikkausliiga , Winchester was reportedly close to reaching an agreement with FK Vojvodina of the Serbian SuperLiga . However , with FIFPro advising its players to not agree contracts with Serbian clubs due to a high risk that players would not be paid their salaries , Shahdon ultimately did not sign with the club . In late-February 2015 , Winchester was invited for a trial with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer during the teams preseason participation in the Simple™ Invitational Tournament in Portland . During his second match , Shahdon supplied the game-tying goal in the 90th minute after receiving a pass 40 yards from goal , sprinted towards Vancouvers back line , and powered a shot to the lower right corner from the top of the penalty area . In a media conference call following the match , Fire manager Frank Yallop expressed his desire to sign Winchester , but the club was unable to offer a contract with 25 players already on roster . Shahdon soon returned to help lead the Savonetta Boys to a runners-up finish with three goals in four matches during the 2015 CFU Club Championship and qualify for the following seasons Champions League . Winchester started the 2015–16 season with W Connection , changed from the number 16 jersey in favour of number 9 , and was named a vice-captain . In the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League , he made two appearances against Santos Laguna and Saprissa during W Connections group stage matches . Afterwards , Winchester provided four goals during the First Citizens Cup and TOYOTA Classic en route to W Connection claiming both crowns . In Pro League competition , Winchester scored a further seven goals during the first half of the season — tying his most Pro League goals in a season . On 24 February 2016 , Winchester received his first career red card and an automatic two match suspension for retaliation following a punch from Atlántico FCs Mateo Zazo during the Savonetta Boys CFU Club Championship opening match . Shahdon returned to score a goal against Arnett Gardens in the semifinals to help W Connection qualify for its second consecutive Champions League . However , he received another red card for a reckless challenge in the first half of a 3–0 loss to Couva rivals Central FC in the final . Murciélagos . On 22 June 2016 , Winchester signed along with former W Connection and international teammate Jomal Williams with Mexican club Murciélagos of Ascenso MX prior to the start of the 2016 Apertura for an undisclosed transfer . Kapaz ( loan ) . On 8 February 2018 , Winchester signed for Kapaz PFK on loan from Murciélagos F.C . until the end of the 2017/18 season . SJK . After his Murciélagos contract expired in July 2018 , Winchester was unveiled as a new signing for SJK on 26 July 2018 . SJK announced that Winchester had left the club on 30 November 2018 . International career . Winchester represented Trinidad and Tobago on various levels of international competition , having been capped for the under-17 , under-20 , under-23 Olympic team , and the Trinidad and Tobago national teams . Youth teams . He began his international career for the under-17 team during the Soca Warriors runners-up finish in the 2008 CFU Youth Cup . During the competition , Winchester made five appearances and scored a pair of goals against Aruba . In April 2009 , Winchester made three starts during the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship , which witnessed the team eliminated without scoring a goal . In November 2010 , Winchester scored three goals in four matches to lead the under-20 team through qualification for the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship . However , he made two substitute appearances in another early exit from a continental tournament after a goalless draw to Cuba and a 5–0 loss to Mexico . Although Trinidad and Tobago did not qualify for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the Soca Warriors participated in the Pan American Games in October 2011 . Winchester scored a goal in his only appearance of the competition for the under-23 team against Uruguay . He scored two more goals over his next three matches during the under-23 teams unsuccessful qualification attempt for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Transition to the senior team ( 2010–2015 ) . Winchester made his full international debut for the national team on 21 June 2010 against Antigua and Barbuda at the age of 18 . He was later called up for three qualification matches for the 2010 Caribbean Cup , but only featured in a 4–0 win over Haiti . Shahdon did not receive a call-up with the national team again until June 2013 , when he came on as a substitute in the Soca Warriors friendly defeat away to Romania 4–0 . In November 2014 , Winchester received a call-up with the Soca Warriors during the 2014 Caribbean Cup in Montego Bay , Jamaica . In their final group stage match against Cuba , Winchester made a start as forward to earn his fourth national team cap during a scoreless draw . His next two appearances occurred in friendlies against Curaçao and Jordan in the lead-up to being named in the 35-man provisional roster for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . However , two weeks later , Soca Warrior manager Stephen Hart did not name Winchester to the final 23-man roster for the continental tournament in the United States . First international goal ( 2016–2019 ) . Following an injury to Keron Cummings in a December 2015 training camp , Winchester was named as a replacement to the Trinidad and Tobago roster for the Copa América Centenario qualifying playoff against Haiti . On 8 January 2016 , Shahdon came on as a 57th-minute substitute for Jonathan Glenn in a 1–0 loss to Haiti in Panama City , which saw the Soca Warriors fail to qualify for Copa América Centenario . Winchester later scored his first international goal on 19 March versus Grenada in a friendly match in St . Georges . Two months later , he made an additional three appearances for the Soca Warriors , including two starts as striker , against Uruguay and China . Death . Winchester was one of four people killed in a traffic collision on 19 December 2019 , when the car they were travelling in hit and crashed into a utility pole in Gasparillo , catching on fire . Everyone inside the car was killed . Honours . Club . - W Connection - TT Pro League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Digicel Charity Shield ( 1 ) : 2012 - First Citizens Cup ( 1 ) : 2015 - TOYOTA Classic ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2015 - Lucozade Sport Goal Shield ( 1 ) : 2009 - FF Jaro - Veikkausliiga Team of the Month ( 1 ) : May 2014 Individual . Awards . - Man of the Match ( 1 ) : 2011 TOYOTA Classic
[ "W Connection", "Murciélagos of Ascenso" ]	easy	Which team did Shahdon Winchester play for from 2016 to 2018?	/wiki/Shahdon_Winchester#P54#2	Shahdon Winchester Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester ( 8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019 ) was a Trinidadian professional footballer who played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team . Winchester began his professional football career in 2009 , at the age of 17 , with W Connection in his native Trinidad and Tobago . During his time with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester won the TT Pro League title in 2011–12 . In the middle of his third season with W Connection , in 2012 , he was loaned to Vietnamese club Sông Lam Nghệ An , however never made an appearance for the club due to late arrival of his international clearance . He later moved to FF Jaro on loan for the 2013 and 2014 Veikkausliiga seasons . After returning to Trinidad and Tobago , Winchester signed a year later with Mexican club Murciélagos in 2016 . He was a Trinidad and Tobago international having made his debut in June 2010 . Winchester participated in one minor tournament after representing the Soca Warriors in the 2011 Pan American Games . He scored his first international goal on 19 March 2016 in a friendly win over Grenada . Winchester recorded a hat-trick in the fifth place play-off against Haiti a year later during qualification for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Early life . Winchester was born on 8 January 1992 in Princes Town , Trinidad and Tobago , to parents Derek and Svetlana . Shahdon attributed his early interest in football to his father as the two attended numerous local matches , which nurtured his love for the sport . At the age of 8 , his father enrolled Winchester in local TT Pro League club W Connections youth program . Two years later , Winchester tragically lost his father in a vehicle accident . However , Shahdon later explained that the event helped him develop a deeper motivation to pursue a professional football career . After her husbands death , Svetlana made it her responsibility to ensure that Shahdon was not denied the opportunity to pursue his football dreams . In fact , she decided to take driving classes and apply for a permit to be able to drive Shahdon to youth practice in Couva . At the age of 12 , Winchester made his debut for Naparima College in San Fernando , Trinidad . In his five years with Naps , Shahdon led the team to the Secondary Schools Football League ( SSFL ) South Zone title on four occasions , including the national Intercol Big Five crown in 2007 . He was named among the top five best league players in each of his final two years at Naps , which included a league-leading 16 goals in 2008 . Winchester subsequently received the individual award for Best Forward of the Year . Club career . W Connection . Development and breakthrough ( 2009–2012 ) . After spending several seasons in the clubs youth program , Winchester made his professional football debut in 2009 , at the age of 17 , for W Connection of the TT Pro League . Shahdon went on to score four goals in seven league appearances for the Savonetta Boys . However , the highlight of his first professional season occurred when he appeared for W Connection during the group stage of the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League against Real España . The following season , his goal-scoring form continued with a further five goals in ten appearances , prompting his debut for the Soca Warriors and trials from several clubs abroad . In particular , during a trial in Scotland with Celtic , 18-year-old Winchester scored two goals in a developmental match against a Motherwell XI on 14 September 2010 , which prompted suggestions that he would be signed permanently . However , terms ultimately could not be agreed upon . He had further trials at Braga and FC Sevastopol in 2009 and 2010 , respectively , followed by trials at FC Dallas and Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer in 2011 . In January 2012 , Winchester went on a two-month loan to Sông Lam Nghệ An of V.League 1 . However , his international clearance arrived after the transfer window had closed and was unable to make an appearance for the Vietnamese club . Afterwards , Shahdon returned to Trinidad and Tobago to lead W Connection to the clubs fourth Pro League championship finishing the 2011–12 season with three goals . In March 2012 , he provided two goals for W Connection en route to finishing runners-up in the 2012 CFU Club Championship and secure qualification for the Savonetta Boys in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League . Following the season , Winchester had an unsuccessful one-week trial in Norway with FK Haugesund of the Tippeligaen . Shahdon opened the 2012–13 season as a starter for W Connection and made three consecutive appearances during the clubs Champions League campaign . He later scored seven goals in as many matches in the Pro League , including his first career hat-trick as a professional on 5 January 2013 against Central FC . A week later , Shahdon flew to Jakobstad for a trial with Finnish club FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga after agreeing to personal terms . Loan moves to FF Jaro ( 2013–2014 ) . On 25 January 2013 , Winchester agreed to join FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga on a one-year loan following a successful two-week trial . One week later , he scored a seventh-minute goal in his debut for Jaro during a league cup match against VPS . On 20 February , he provided his second goal in three league cup matches with a penalty kick in a win over RoPS . However , after making seven consecutive appearances in the league cup , Winchester underwent surgery on 13 March for an injury to his Achilles tendon . On 5 May 2013 , Winchester made his league debut for FF Jaro against HJK after coming on for Markus Kronholm in the 62nd minute . After five consecutive league appearances , including three as a substitute , Winchester scored his first league goal in a 2–1 win over FC Lahti on 23 May . He scored two more goals in the next three league matches against TPS on 26 May and a week later against RoPS . Winchester later scored in consecutive matches against MYPA and FC Honka on 27 and 30 June . On 27 July , he recorded a brace in front of Jakobstads second largest crowd for a football match in a 2–1 derby win over VPS . However , a string of illnesses and injuries kept him sidelined for Jaros final six matches . Prior to his return to Trinidad and Tobago in October 2013 , Winchester agreed to a one-year contract extension with Jaro through the end of the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . In his first season in Finland , Winchester recorded eight goals in the Veikkausliiga and ten goals in all competitions . Following his loan to FF Jaro , Winchester returned to parent club , W Connection , for three months before his second loan to the Finnish club . In his short return with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester appeared in nine Pro League matches and scored five goals . On 21 January 2014 , he scored a double over rivals San Juan Jabloteh , which was followed four days later with another goal against North East Stars . Before again departing for Finland , Winchester scored a further brace on 8 March against St . Anns Rangers to extend W Connections league lead to eight points en route to the club winning its fifth Pro League title . On 19 March 2014 , Winchester rejoined FF Jaro on another one-year loan for the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . Two weeks later , he made his return league debut for the club having started as a winger in a 1–0 loss to HJK on 6 April . Shahdon scored his first goal of the season in brilliant fashion against KuPS in the 15th minute on 19 April , before receiving a yellow card for diving in the penalty area shortly before half-time . In May 2014 , Winchester was named in the Veikkausliiga team of the month after scoring three goals in as many league matches against TPS , SJK , and RoPS , respectively , to lead Jaro to third in the league table . The following month , Shahdon continued his scoring form with goals in consecutive matches against IFK Mariehamn on 15 June and three days later in a draw to MYPA . However , he received his fourth yellow card of the season in the 90th minute and was unable to feature for Jaro in the clubs match against FC Lahti . Through the first half of the season , Winchester was the leagues joint-leading goalscorer with Petteri Forsell , Macoumba Kandji , Roni Porokara , and Luis Solignac – having scored 6 league goals . On 20 July 2014 , Winchester scored his seventh goal of the season in the 63rd minute during a 5–0 win over FC Honka . At the conclusion of the season , Winchester finished tied for the eighth top goalscorer in the Veikkausliiga with nine league goals and was subsequently offered a new contract with Jaro . Return to the Savonetta Boys ( 2015–2016 ) . After returning to W Connection following his loan to FF Jaro for the 2014 Veikkausliiga , Winchester was reportedly close to reaching an agreement with FK Vojvodina of the Serbian SuperLiga . However , with FIFPro advising its players to not agree contracts with Serbian clubs due to a high risk that players would not be paid their salaries , Shahdon ultimately did not sign with the club . In late-February 2015 , Winchester was invited for a trial with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer during the teams preseason participation in the Simple™ Invitational Tournament in Portland . During his second match , Shahdon supplied the game-tying goal in the 90th minute after receiving a pass 40 yards from goal , sprinted towards Vancouvers back line , and powered a shot to the lower right corner from the top of the penalty area . In a media conference call following the match , Fire manager Frank Yallop expressed his desire to sign Winchester , but the club was unable to offer a contract with 25 players already on roster . Shahdon soon returned to help lead the Savonetta Boys to a runners-up finish with three goals in four matches during the 2015 CFU Club Championship and qualify for the following seasons Champions League . Winchester started the 2015–16 season with W Connection , changed from the number 16 jersey in favour of number 9 , and was named a vice-captain . In the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League , he made two appearances against Santos Laguna and Saprissa during W Connections group stage matches . Afterwards , Winchester provided four goals during the First Citizens Cup and TOYOTA Classic en route to W Connection claiming both crowns . In Pro League competition , Winchester scored a further seven goals during the first half of the season — tying his most Pro League goals in a season . On 24 February 2016 , Winchester received his first career red card and an automatic two match suspension for retaliation following a punch from Atlántico FCs Mateo Zazo during the Savonetta Boys CFU Club Championship opening match . Shahdon returned to score a goal against Arnett Gardens in the semifinals to help W Connection qualify for its second consecutive Champions League . However , he received another red card for a reckless challenge in the first half of a 3–0 loss to Couva rivals Central FC in the final . Murciélagos . On 22 June 2016 , Winchester signed along with former W Connection and international teammate Jomal Williams with Mexican club Murciélagos of Ascenso MX prior to the start of the 2016 Apertura for an undisclosed transfer . Kapaz ( loan ) . On 8 February 2018 , Winchester signed for Kapaz PFK on loan from Murciélagos F.C . until the end of the 2017/18 season . SJK . After his Murciélagos contract expired in July 2018 , Winchester was unveiled as a new signing for SJK on 26 July 2018 . SJK announced that Winchester had left the club on 30 November 2018 . International career . Winchester represented Trinidad and Tobago on various levels of international competition , having been capped for the under-17 , under-20 , under-23 Olympic team , and the Trinidad and Tobago national teams . Youth teams . He began his international career for the under-17 team during the Soca Warriors runners-up finish in the 2008 CFU Youth Cup . During the competition , Winchester made five appearances and scored a pair of goals against Aruba . In April 2009 , Winchester made three starts during the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship , which witnessed the team eliminated without scoring a goal . In November 2010 , Winchester scored three goals in four matches to lead the under-20 team through qualification for the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship . However , he made two substitute appearances in another early exit from a continental tournament after a goalless draw to Cuba and a 5–0 loss to Mexico . Although Trinidad and Tobago did not qualify for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the Soca Warriors participated in the Pan American Games in October 2011 . Winchester scored a goal in his only appearance of the competition for the under-23 team against Uruguay . He scored two more goals over his next three matches during the under-23 teams unsuccessful qualification attempt for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Transition to the senior team ( 2010–2015 ) . Winchester made his full international debut for the national team on 21 June 2010 against Antigua and Barbuda at the age of 18 . He was later called up for three qualification matches for the 2010 Caribbean Cup , but only featured in a 4–0 win over Haiti . Shahdon did not receive a call-up with the national team again until June 2013 , when he came on as a substitute in the Soca Warriors friendly defeat away to Romania 4–0 . In November 2014 , Winchester received a call-up with the Soca Warriors during the 2014 Caribbean Cup in Montego Bay , Jamaica . In their final group stage match against Cuba , Winchester made a start as forward to earn his fourth national team cap during a scoreless draw . His next two appearances occurred in friendlies against Curaçao and Jordan in the lead-up to being named in the 35-man provisional roster for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . However , two weeks later , Soca Warrior manager Stephen Hart did not name Winchester to the final 23-man roster for the continental tournament in the United States . First international goal ( 2016–2019 ) . Following an injury to Keron Cummings in a December 2015 training camp , Winchester was named as a replacement to the Trinidad and Tobago roster for the Copa América Centenario qualifying playoff against Haiti . On 8 January 2016 , Shahdon came on as a 57th-minute substitute for Jonathan Glenn in a 1–0 loss to Haiti in Panama City , which saw the Soca Warriors fail to qualify for Copa América Centenario . Winchester later scored his first international goal on 19 March versus Grenada in a friendly match in St . Georges . Two months later , he made an additional three appearances for the Soca Warriors , including two starts as striker , against Uruguay and China . Death . Winchester was one of four people killed in a traffic collision on 19 December 2019 , when the car they were travelling in hit and crashed into a utility pole in Gasparillo , catching on fire . Everyone inside the car was killed . Honours . Club . - W Connection - TT Pro League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Digicel Charity Shield ( 1 ) : 2012 - First Citizens Cup ( 1 ) : 2015 - TOYOTA Classic ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2015 - Lucozade Sport Goal Shield ( 1 ) : 2009 - FF Jaro - Veikkausliiga Team of the Month ( 1 ) : May 2014 Individual . Awards . - Man of the Match ( 1 ) : 2011 TOYOTA Classic
[ "Kapaz PFK", "Murciélagos F.C" ]	easy	Shahdon Winchester played for which team from 2018 to 2019?	/wiki/Shahdon_Winchester#P54#3	Shahdon Winchester Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester ( 8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019 ) was a Trinidadian professional footballer who played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team . Winchester began his professional football career in 2009 , at the age of 17 , with W Connection in his native Trinidad and Tobago . During his time with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester won the TT Pro League title in 2011–12 . In the middle of his third season with W Connection , in 2012 , he was loaned to Vietnamese club Sông Lam Nghệ An , however never made an appearance for the club due to late arrival of his international clearance . He later moved to FF Jaro on loan for the 2013 and 2014 Veikkausliiga seasons . After returning to Trinidad and Tobago , Winchester signed a year later with Mexican club Murciélagos in 2016 . He was a Trinidad and Tobago international having made his debut in June 2010 . Winchester participated in one minor tournament after representing the Soca Warriors in the 2011 Pan American Games . He scored his first international goal on 19 March 2016 in a friendly win over Grenada . Winchester recorded a hat-trick in the fifth place play-off against Haiti a year later during qualification for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup . Early life . Winchester was born on 8 January 1992 in Princes Town , Trinidad and Tobago , to parents Derek and Svetlana . Shahdon attributed his early interest in football to his father as the two attended numerous local matches , which nurtured his love for the sport . At the age of 8 , his father enrolled Winchester in local TT Pro League club W Connections youth program . Two years later , Winchester tragically lost his father in a vehicle accident . However , Shahdon later explained that the event helped him develop a deeper motivation to pursue a professional football career . After her husbands death , Svetlana made it her responsibility to ensure that Shahdon was not denied the opportunity to pursue his football dreams . In fact , she decided to take driving classes and apply for a permit to be able to drive Shahdon to youth practice in Couva . At the age of 12 , Winchester made his debut for Naparima College in San Fernando , Trinidad . In his five years with Naps , Shahdon led the team to the Secondary Schools Football League ( SSFL ) South Zone title on four occasions , including the national Intercol Big Five crown in 2007 . He was named among the top five best league players in each of his final two years at Naps , which included a league-leading 16 goals in 2008 . Winchester subsequently received the individual award for Best Forward of the Year . Club career . W Connection . Development and breakthrough ( 2009–2012 ) . After spending several seasons in the clubs youth program , Winchester made his professional football debut in 2009 , at the age of 17 , for W Connection of the TT Pro League . Shahdon went on to score four goals in seven league appearances for the Savonetta Boys . However , the highlight of his first professional season occurred when he appeared for W Connection during the group stage of the 2009–10 CONCACAF Champions League against Real España . The following season , his goal-scoring form continued with a further five goals in ten appearances , prompting his debut for the Soca Warriors and trials from several clubs abroad . In particular , during a trial in Scotland with Celtic , 18-year-old Winchester scored two goals in a developmental match against a Motherwell XI on 14 September 2010 , which prompted suggestions that he would be signed permanently . However , terms ultimately could not be agreed upon . He had further trials at Braga and FC Sevastopol in 2009 and 2010 , respectively , followed by trials at FC Dallas and Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer in 2011 . In January 2012 , Winchester went on a two-month loan to Sông Lam Nghệ An of V.League 1 . However , his international clearance arrived after the transfer window had closed and was unable to make an appearance for the Vietnamese club . Afterwards , Shahdon returned to Trinidad and Tobago to lead W Connection to the clubs fourth Pro League championship finishing the 2011–12 season with three goals . In March 2012 , he provided two goals for W Connection en route to finishing runners-up in the 2012 CFU Club Championship and secure qualification for the Savonetta Boys in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League . Following the season , Winchester had an unsuccessful one-week trial in Norway with FK Haugesund of the Tippeligaen . Shahdon opened the 2012–13 season as a starter for W Connection and made three consecutive appearances during the clubs Champions League campaign . He later scored seven goals in as many matches in the Pro League , including his first career hat-trick as a professional on 5 January 2013 against Central FC . A week later , Shahdon flew to Jakobstad for a trial with Finnish club FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga after agreeing to personal terms . Loan moves to FF Jaro ( 2013–2014 ) . On 25 January 2013 , Winchester agreed to join FF Jaro of the Veikkausliiga on a one-year loan following a successful two-week trial . One week later , he scored a seventh-minute goal in his debut for Jaro during a league cup match against VPS . On 20 February , he provided his second goal in three league cup matches with a penalty kick in a win over RoPS . However , after making seven consecutive appearances in the league cup , Winchester underwent surgery on 13 March for an injury to his Achilles tendon . On 5 May 2013 , Winchester made his league debut for FF Jaro against HJK after coming on for Markus Kronholm in the 62nd minute . After five consecutive league appearances , including three as a substitute , Winchester scored his first league goal in a 2–1 win over FC Lahti on 23 May . He scored two more goals in the next three league matches against TPS on 26 May and a week later against RoPS . Winchester later scored in consecutive matches against MYPA and FC Honka on 27 and 30 June . On 27 July , he recorded a brace in front of Jakobstads second largest crowd for a football match in a 2–1 derby win over VPS . However , a string of illnesses and injuries kept him sidelined for Jaros final six matches . Prior to his return to Trinidad and Tobago in October 2013 , Winchester agreed to a one-year contract extension with Jaro through the end of the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . In his first season in Finland , Winchester recorded eight goals in the Veikkausliiga and ten goals in all competitions . Following his loan to FF Jaro , Winchester returned to parent club , W Connection , for three months before his second loan to the Finnish club . In his short return with the Savonetta Boys , Winchester appeared in nine Pro League matches and scored five goals . On 21 January 2014 , he scored a double over rivals San Juan Jabloteh , which was followed four days later with another goal against North East Stars . Before again departing for Finland , Winchester scored a further brace on 8 March against St . Anns Rangers to extend W Connections league lead to eight points en route to the club winning its fifth Pro League title . On 19 March 2014 , Winchester rejoined FF Jaro on another one-year loan for the 2014 Veikkausliiga season . Two weeks later , he made his return league debut for the club having started as a winger in a 1–0 loss to HJK on 6 April . Shahdon scored his first goal of the season in brilliant fashion against KuPS in the 15th minute on 19 April , before receiving a yellow card for diving in the penalty area shortly before half-time . In May 2014 , Winchester was named in the Veikkausliiga team of the month after scoring three goals in as many league matches against TPS , SJK , and RoPS , respectively , to lead Jaro to third in the league table . The following month , Shahdon continued his scoring form with goals in consecutive matches against IFK Mariehamn on 15 June and three days later in a draw to MYPA . However , he received his fourth yellow card of the season in the 90th minute and was unable to feature for Jaro in the clubs match against FC Lahti . Through the first half of the season , Winchester was the leagues joint-leading goalscorer with Petteri Forsell , Macoumba Kandji , Roni Porokara , and Luis Solignac – having scored 6 league goals . On 20 July 2014 , Winchester scored his seventh goal of the season in the 63rd minute during a 5–0 win over FC Honka . At the conclusion of the season , Winchester finished tied for the eighth top goalscorer in the Veikkausliiga with nine league goals and was subsequently offered a new contract with Jaro . Return to the Savonetta Boys ( 2015–2016 ) . After returning to W Connection following his loan to FF Jaro for the 2014 Veikkausliiga , Winchester was reportedly close to reaching an agreement with FK Vojvodina of the Serbian SuperLiga . However , with FIFPro advising its players to not agree contracts with Serbian clubs due to a high risk that players would not be paid their salaries , Shahdon ultimately did not sign with the club . In late-February 2015 , Winchester was invited for a trial with the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer during the teams preseason participation in the Simple™ Invitational Tournament in Portland . During his second match , Shahdon supplied the game-tying goal in the 90th minute after receiving a pass 40 yards from goal , sprinted towards Vancouvers back line , and powered a shot to the lower right corner from the top of the penalty area . In a media conference call following the match , Fire manager Frank Yallop expressed his desire to sign Winchester , but the club was unable to offer a contract with 25 players already on roster . Shahdon soon returned to help lead the Savonetta Boys to a runners-up finish with three goals in four matches during the 2015 CFU Club Championship and qualify for the following seasons Champions League . Winchester started the 2015–16 season with W Connection , changed from the number 16 jersey in favour of number 9 , and was named a vice-captain . In the 2015–16 CONCACAF Champions League , he made two appearances against Santos Laguna and Saprissa during W Connections group stage matches . Afterwards , Winchester provided four goals during the First Citizens Cup and TOYOTA Classic en route to W Connection claiming both crowns . In Pro League competition , Winchester scored a further seven goals during the first half of the season — tying his most Pro League goals in a season . On 24 February 2016 , Winchester received his first career red card and an automatic two match suspension for retaliation following a punch from Atlántico FCs Mateo Zazo during the Savonetta Boys CFU Club Championship opening match . Shahdon returned to score a goal against Arnett Gardens in the semifinals to help W Connection qualify for its second consecutive Champions League . However , he received another red card for a reckless challenge in the first half of a 3–0 loss to Couva rivals Central FC in the final . Murciélagos . On 22 June 2016 , Winchester signed along with former W Connection and international teammate Jomal Williams with Mexican club Murciélagos of Ascenso MX prior to the start of the 2016 Apertura for an undisclosed transfer . Kapaz ( loan ) . On 8 February 2018 , Winchester signed for Kapaz PFK on loan from Murciélagos F.C . until the end of the 2017/18 season . SJK . After his Murciélagos contract expired in July 2018 , Winchester was unveiled as a new signing for SJK on 26 July 2018 . SJK announced that Winchester had left the club on 30 November 2018 . International career . Winchester represented Trinidad and Tobago on various levels of international competition , having been capped for the under-17 , under-20 , under-23 Olympic team , and the Trinidad and Tobago national teams . Youth teams . He began his international career for the under-17 team during the Soca Warriors runners-up finish in the 2008 CFU Youth Cup . During the competition , Winchester made five appearances and scored a pair of goals against Aruba . In April 2009 , Winchester made three starts during the 2009 CONCACAF U-17 Championship , which witnessed the team eliminated without scoring a goal . In November 2010 , Winchester scored three goals in four matches to lead the under-20 team through qualification for the 2011 CONCACAF U-20 Championship . However , he made two substitute appearances in another early exit from a continental tournament after a goalless draw to Cuba and a 5–0 loss to Mexico . Although Trinidad and Tobago did not qualify for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the Soca Warriors participated in the Pan American Games in October 2011 . Winchester scored a goal in his only appearance of the competition for the under-23 team against Uruguay . He scored two more goals over his next three matches during the under-23 teams unsuccessful qualification attempt for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . Transition to the senior team ( 2010–2015 ) . Winchester made his full international debut for the national team on 21 June 2010 against Antigua and Barbuda at the age of 18 . He was later called up for three qualification matches for the 2010 Caribbean Cup , but only featured in a 4–0 win over Haiti . Shahdon did not receive a call-up with the national team again until June 2013 , when he came on as a substitute in the Soca Warriors friendly defeat away to Romania 4–0 . In November 2014 , Winchester received a call-up with the Soca Warriors during the 2014 Caribbean Cup in Montego Bay , Jamaica . In their final group stage match against Cuba , Winchester made a start as forward to earn his fourth national team cap during a scoreless draw . His next two appearances occurred in friendlies against Curaçao and Jordan in the lead-up to being named in the 35-man provisional roster for the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup . However , two weeks later , Soca Warrior manager Stephen Hart did not name Winchester to the final 23-man roster for the continental tournament in the United States . First international goal ( 2016–2019 ) . Following an injury to Keron Cummings in a December 2015 training camp , Winchester was named as a replacement to the Trinidad and Tobago roster for the Copa América Centenario qualifying playoff against Haiti . On 8 January 2016 , Shahdon came on as a 57th-minute substitute for Jonathan Glenn in a 1–0 loss to Haiti in Panama City , which saw the Soca Warriors fail to qualify for Copa América Centenario . Winchester later scored his first international goal on 19 March versus Grenada in a friendly match in St . Georges . Two months later , he made an additional three appearances for the Soca Warriors , including two starts as striker , against Uruguay and China . Death . Winchester was one of four people killed in a traffic collision on 19 December 2019 , when the car they were travelling in hit and crashed into a utility pole in Gasparillo , catching on fire . Everyone inside the car was killed . Honours . Club . - W Connection - TT Pro League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Digicel Charity Shield ( 1 ) : 2012 - First Citizens Cup ( 1 ) : 2015 - TOYOTA Classic ( 2 ) : 2011 , 2015 - Lucozade Sport Goal Shield ( 1 ) : 2009 - FF Jaro - Veikkausliiga Team of the Month ( 1 ) : May 2014 Individual . Awards . - Man of the Match ( 1 ) : 2011 TOYOTA Classic
[ "member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly" ]	easy	What position did Jodi McKay take from Mar 2007 to Mar 2011?	/wiki/Jodi_McKay#P39#0	Jodi McKay Jodi Leyanne McKay ( born 16 August 1969 ) is an Australian politician who was the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from June 2019 until May 2021 . She is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , representing Strathfield for the Labor Party since 2015 , having previously represented Newcastle for one term from 2007 until her defeat at the 2011 election . Between 2008 and 2011 , McKay held a number of junior ministerial responsibilities in the Rees and Keneally governments , including serving as the Minister for the Hunter , Tourism , Small Business , Science and Medical Research , Commerce , and Women , and Minister Assisting the Minister for Health ( Cancer ) . Early years and background . McKay began her career as a journalist , eventually becoming a news anchor for NBN Television . She was among the first Australian news presenters to cover the September 11 attacks in the United States . She later entered the private sector in corporate communications and marketing . McKay also served on the Board of Hunter Medical Research Institute , the University of Newcastle Research Associates and Hunter Manufacturers Association , prior to entering politics . Political career . A member of Labor Right , McKay was installed as Labors candidate for Newcastle over the sitting member Bryce Gaudry , after Premier Morris Iemma intervened to ensure her selection . The controversy around the selection led to around 130 members of the Newcastle ALP branches , then the largest in the state , leaving or being expelled . The subsequent election became a tight three-way contest between McKay , Gaudry , running as an independent , and the independent Newcastle lord mayor John Tate , with McKay winning on Gaudrys preferences . In April 2008 , the NSW Greens were critical of McKay for failing to declare a political donation from a property developer group , Buildev , owned by Nathan Tinkler , to help pay for printing costs during her campaign . Buildev declared $50,000 in electoral donations to McKay , but McKay only declared a $1,000 donation from Buildev . At the time , Buildev was seeking support from the Minister for Planning , Frank Sartor , for a development at Medowie , near Newcastle Airport . McKay denied knowledge of the donation . The donation was made to Labors New South Wales head office . In 2011 , following a controversial proposal by another Tinkler company , Newcastle Ports , to build a coal loader at the port , McKay declined to meet company representatives , citing her need to remain uninvolved in the process . In September 2008 , McKay was appointed to cabinet as the Minister for Tourism and Minister for the Hunter . She immediately distanced herself from the style of her predecessor Michael Costa , and committed to greater engagement with local government and community groups . Her appointment was welcomed by local tourism and business groups , including the Hunter Chamber of Commerce . McKay was also appointed as the Minister for Science and Medical Research , Minister assisting on Health , Minister for Commerce , Minister for Small Business , and Minister for Women . In 2011 , McKay was reaffirmed as the Labor candidate for Newcastle by the partys national executive . At the 2011 election , McKay recorded a 31.0% share of the primary vote , her Liberal opponent received 36.4% , Tate had 11.5% and the Greens 14.6% . On a two-party preferred basis that translated into 52.4% for the Liberals Tim Owen and 47.6% for McKay . In 2014 , McKay gave evidence before the Independent Commission Against Corruption ( ICAC ) that she was asked to accept an alleged bribe and reported the matter to the NSW Police , the ICAC and the Election Funding Authority . McKay told the Independent Commission Against Corruption that Tinkler had offered to bankroll her 2011 election campaign , in exchange for her support of his $1 billion coal loader project . Ms McKay gave evidence that she reported Mr Tinklers alleged bribe offer to police , ICAC , the Electoral Commission and the Electoral Funding Authority . McKay told him she could not accept his money because he was a banned donor . The ICAC inquiry revealed that after McKay knocked back the alleged bribe , Tinklers Buildev company , her colleague and senior Labor MP Joe Tripodi , and former Labor staffer Ann Wills , were involved in a pamphlet smear campaign that she believed contributed to her election loss . McKay was in tears in the ICAC witness box as confirmation of what she had long suspected came to light—they could not control me and they did not want me in the seat . Career during political hiatus . After her election defeat , McKay held an executive role with Family Planning NSW and was a non-executive director of both Australian Science Innovations and Epilepsy Action Australia . After the first ICAC hearing , McKay said she would never return to politics . However , in October 2014 , McKay was installed as the Labor candidate for the seat of Strathfield for the next state election and , following her endorsement , was quoted as saying that she realised if you want change , it has to come from within . In January 2015 , although she was not a member of Parliament , leader of the opposition Luke Foley appointed McKay to the shadow ministry as opposition planning spokeswoman . Return to politics . At the 2015 state election , McKay was elected as the member for Strathfield with an 8.2-point swing to Labor . In April 2015 , she was appointed as Shadow Minister for Police and Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2016 , she was promoted to Shadow Minister for Transport and Shadow Minister for Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2017 , she was preselected again as the Labor candidate for Strathfield for the 2019 state election , winning the seat with 55.1% on a two-party-preferred basis . Leader of the Opposition . Following Labors defeat in the 2019 election , the party leader , Michael Daley , resigned , and McKay expressed interest in running for the leadership . A leadership election was held in June 2019 , and McKay was elected as the leader of the NSW Labor Party , defeating Kogarah MP Chris Minns , winning 58.0% of the Labor caucus vote , and 63.0% of rank and file party membership vote . She thereby became the 39th NSW Leader of the Opposition . It was the first time that the premier and opposition leader in New South Wales were both women . McKay revealed her shadow ministry on 3 July 2019 . Following Labors defeat at the Upper Hunter by-election in May 2021 , McKay faced a possible leadership challenge . On 25 May 2021 , Shadow Treasurer Walt Secord resigned from her shadow cabinet , saying that it was well-known that Jodi McKay and [ he ] have disagreed on key policy , parliamentary and strategic decisions and directions and that he can no longer serve under her . The following day , a file titled Why Chris Minns and Jamie Clements can never run the NSW Labor Party was circulated from the office of the party deputy leader , Yasmin Catley . Minns , who was the Shadow Minister for Transport , was disappointed with the lack of explanation or communication from McKay and Catley over the file circulation and also resigned from the shadow cabinet . Facing pressure to unite the party , McKay resigned as party leader on 28 May 2021 .
[ "member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly" ]	easy	Which position did Jodi McKay hold from Mar 2015 to Jun 2019?	/wiki/Jodi_McKay#P39#1	Jodi McKay Jodi Leyanne McKay ( born 16 August 1969 ) is an Australian politician who was the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from June 2019 until May 2021 . She is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , representing Strathfield for the Labor Party since 2015 , having previously represented Newcastle for one term from 2007 until her defeat at the 2011 election . Between 2008 and 2011 , McKay held a number of junior ministerial responsibilities in the Rees and Keneally governments , including serving as the Minister for the Hunter , Tourism , Small Business , Science and Medical Research , Commerce , and Women , and Minister Assisting the Minister for Health ( Cancer ) . Early years and background . McKay began her career as a journalist , eventually becoming a news anchor for NBN Television . She was among the first Australian news presenters to cover the September 11 attacks in the United States . She later entered the private sector in corporate communications and marketing . McKay also served on the Board of Hunter Medical Research Institute , the University of Newcastle Research Associates and Hunter Manufacturers Association , prior to entering politics . Political career . A member of Labor Right , McKay was installed as Labors candidate for Newcastle over the sitting member Bryce Gaudry , after Premier Morris Iemma intervened to ensure her selection . The controversy around the selection led to around 130 members of the Newcastle ALP branches , then the largest in the state , leaving or being expelled . The subsequent election became a tight three-way contest between McKay , Gaudry , running as an independent , and the independent Newcastle lord mayor John Tate , with McKay winning on Gaudrys preferences . In April 2008 , the NSW Greens were critical of McKay for failing to declare a political donation from a property developer group , Buildev , owned by Nathan Tinkler , to help pay for printing costs during her campaign . Buildev declared $50,000 in electoral donations to McKay , but McKay only declared a $1,000 donation from Buildev . At the time , Buildev was seeking support from the Minister for Planning , Frank Sartor , for a development at Medowie , near Newcastle Airport . McKay denied knowledge of the donation . The donation was made to Labors New South Wales head office . In 2011 , following a controversial proposal by another Tinkler company , Newcastle Ports , to build a coal loader at the port , McKay declined to meet company representatives , citing her need to remain uninvolved in the process . In September 2008 , McKay was appointed to cabinet as the Minister for Tourism and Minister for the Hunter . She immediately distanced herself from the style of her predecessor Michael Costa , and committed to greater engagement with local government and community groups . Her appointment was welcomed by local tourism and business groups , including the Hunter Chamber of Commerce . McKay was also appointed as the Minister for Science and Medical Research , Minister assisting on Health , Minister for Commerce , Minister for Small Business , and Minister for Women . In 2011 , McKay was reaffirmed as the Labor candidate for Newcastle by the partys national executive . At the 2011 election , McKay recorded a 31.0% share of the primary vote , her Liberal opponent received 36.4% , Tate had 11.5% and the Greens 14.6% . On a two-party preferred basis that translated into 52.4% for the Liberals Tim Owen and 47.6% for McKay . In 2014 , McKay gave evidence before the Independent Commission Against Corruption ( ICAC ) that she was asked to accept an alleged bribe and reported the matter to the NSW Police , the ICAC and the Election Funding Authority . McKay told the Independent Commission Against Corruption that Tinkler had offered to bankroll her 2011 election campaign , in exchange for her support of his $1 billion coal loader project . Ms McKay gave evidence that she reported Mr Tinklers alleged bribe offer to police , ICAC , the Electoral Commission and the Electoral Funding Authority . McKay told him she could not accept his money because he was a banned donor . The ICAC inquiry revealed that after McKay knocked back the alleged bribe , Tinklers Buildev company , her colleague and senior Labor MP Joe Tripodi , and former Labor staffer Ann Wills , were involved in a pamphlet smear campaign that she believed contributed to her election loss . McKay was in tears in the ICAC witness box as confirmation of what she had long suspected came to light—they could not control me and they did not want me in the seat . Career during political hiatus . After her election defeat , McKay held an executive role with Family Planning NSW and was a non-executive director of both Australian Science Innovations and Epilepsy Action Australia . After the first ICAC hearing , McKay said she would never return to politics . However , in October 2014 , McKay was installed as the Labor candidate for the seat of Strathfield for the next state election and , following her endorsement , was quoted as saying that she realised if you want change , it has to come from within . In January 2015 , although she was not a member of Parliament , leader of the opposition Luke Foley appointed McKay to the shadow ministry as opposition planning spokeswoman . Return to politics . At the 2015 state election , McKay was elected as the member for Strathfield with an 8.2-point swing to Labor . In April 2015 , she was appointed as Shadow Minister for Police and Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2016 , she was promoted to Shadow Minister for Transport and Shadow Minister for Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2017 , she was preselected again as the Labor candidate for Strathfield for the 2019 state election , winning the seat with 55.1% on a two-party-preferred basis . Leader of the Opposition . Following Labors defeat in the 2019 election , the party leader , Michael Daley , resigned , and McKay expressed interest in running for the leadership . A leadership election was held in June 2019 , and McKay was elected as the leader of the NSW Labor Party , defeating Kogarah MP Chris Minns , winning 58.0% of the Labor caucus vote , and 63.0% of rank and file party membership vote . She thereby became the 39th NSW Leader of the Opposition . It was the first time that the premier and opposition leader in New South Wales were both women . McKay revealed her shadow ministry on 3 July 2019 . Following Labors defeat at the Upper Hunter by-election in May 2021 , McKay faced a possible leadership challenge . On 25 May 2021 , Shadow Treasurer Walt Secord resigned from her shadow cabinet , saying that it was well-known that Jodi McKay and [ he ] have disagreed on key policy , parliamentary and strategic decisions and directions and that he can no longer serve under her . The following day , a file titled Why Chris Minns and Jamie Clements can never run the NSW Labor Party was circulated from the office of the party deputy leader , Yasmin Catley . Minns , who was the Shadow Minister for Transport , was disappointed with the lack of explanation or communication from McKay and Catley over the file circulation and also resigned from the shadow cabinet . Facing pressure to unite the party , McKay resigned as party leader on 28 May 2021 .
[ "Leader of the Opposition" ]	easy	What was the position of Jodi McKay from Jun 2019 to Jun 2020?	/wiki/Jodi_McKay#P39#2	Jodi McKay Jodi Leyanne McKay ( born 16 August 1969 ) is an Australian politician who was the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of New South Wales from June 2019 until May 2021 . She is a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , representing Strathfield for the Labor Party since 2015 , having previously represented Newcastle for one term from 2007 until her defeat at the 2011 election . Between 2008 and 2011 , McKay held a number of junior ministerial responsibilities in the Rees and Keneally governments , including serving as the Minister for the Hunter , Tourism , Small Business , Science and Medical Research , Commerce , and Women , and Minister Assisting the Minister for Health ( Cancer ) . Early years and background . McKay began her career as a journalist , eventually becoming a news anchor for NBN Television . She was among the first Australian news presenters to cover the September 11 attacks in the United States . She later entered the private sector in corporate communications and marketing . McKay also served on the Board of Hunter Medical Research Institute , the University of Newcastle Research Associates and Hunter Manufacturers Association , prior to entering politics . Political career . A member of Labor Right , McKay was installed as Labors candidate for Newcastle over the sitting member Bryce Gaudry , after Premier Morris Iemma intervened to ensure her selection . The controversy around the selection led to around 130 members of the Newcastle ALP branches , then the largest in the state , leaving or being expelled . The subsequent election became a tight three-way contest between McKay , Gaudry , running as an independent , and the independent Newcastle lord mayor John Tate , with McKay winning on Gaudrys preferences . In April 2008 , the NSW Greens were critical of McKay for failing to declare a political donation from a property developer group , Buildev , owned by Nathan Tinkler , to help pay for printing costs during her campaign . Buildev declared $50,000 in electoral donations to McKay , but McKay only declared a $1,000 donation from Buildev . At the time , Buildev was seeking support from the Minister for Planning , Frank Sartor , for a development at Medowie , near Newcastle Airport . McKay denied knowledge of the donation . The donation was made to Labors New South Wales head office . In 2011 , following a controversial proposal by another Tinkler company , Newcastle Ports , to build a coal loader at the port , McKay declined to meet company representatives , citing her need to remain uninvolved in the process . In September 2008 , McKay was appointed to cabinet as the Minister for Tourism and Minister for the Hunter . She immediately distanced herself from the style of her predecessor Michael Costa , and committed to greater engagement with local government and community groups . Her appointment was welcomed by local tourism and business groups , including the Hunter Chamber of Commerce . McKay was also appointed as the Minister for Science and Medical Research , Minister assisting on Health , Minister for Commerce , Minister for Small Business , and Minister for Women . In 2011 , McKay was reaffirmed as the Labor candidate for Newcastle by the partys national executive . At the 2011 election , McKay recorded a 31.0% share of the primary vote , her Liberal opponent received 36.4% , Tate had 11.5% and the Greens 14.6% . On a two-party preferred basis that translated into 52.4% for the Liberals Tim Owen and 47.6% for McKay . In 2014 , McKay gave evidence before the Independent Commission Against Corruption ( ICAC ) that she was asked to accept an alleged bribe and reported the matter to the NSW Police , the ICAC and the Election Funding Authority . McKay told the Independent Commission Against Corruption that Tinkler had offered to bankroll her 2011 election campaign , in exchange for her support of his $1 billion coal loader project . Ms McKay gave evidence that she reported Mr Tinklers alleged bribe offer to police , ICAC , the Electoral Commission and the Electoral Funding Authority . McKay told him she could not accept his money because he was a banned donor . The ICAC inquiry revealed that after McKay knocked back the alleged bribe , Tinklers Buildev company , her colleague and senior Labor MP Joe Tripodi , and former Labor staffer Ann Wills , were involved in a pamphlet smear campaign that she believed contributed to her election loss . McKay was in tears in the ICAC witness box as confirmation of what she had long suspected came to light—they could not control me and they did not want me in the seat . Career during political hiatus . After her election defeat , McKay held an executive role with Family Planning NSW and was a non-executive director of both Australian Science Innovations and Epilepsy Action Australia . After the first ICAC hearing , McKay said she would never return to politics . However , in October 2014 , McKay was installed as the Labor candidate for the seat of Strathfield for the next state election and , following her endorsement , was quoted as saying that she realised if you want change , it has to come from within . In January 2015 , although she was not a member of Parliament , leader of the opposition Luke Foley appointed McKay to the shadow ministry as opposition planning spokeswoman . Return to politics . At the 2015 state election , McKay was elected as the member for Strathfield with an 8.2-point swing to Labor . In April 2015 , she was appointed as Shadow Minister for Police and Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2016 , she was promoted to Shadow Minister for Transport and Shadow Minister for Roads , Maritime and Freight . In 2017 , she was preselected again as the Labor candidate for Strathfield for the 2019 state election , winning the seat with 55.1% on a two-party-preferred basis . Leader of the Opposition . Following Labors defeat in the 2019 election , the party leader , Michael Daley , resigned , and McKay expressed interest in running for the leadership . A leadership election was held in June 2019 , and McKay was elected as the leader of the NSW Labor Party , defeating Kogarah MP Chris Minns , winning 58.0% of the Labor caucus vote , and 63.0% of rank and file party membership vote . She thereby became the 39th NSW Leader of the Opposition . It was the first time that the premier and opposition leader in New South Wales were both women . McKay revealed her shadow ministry on 3 July 2019 . Following Labors defeat at the Upper Hunter by-election in May 2021 , McKay faced a possible leadership challenge . On 25 May 2021 , Shadow Treasurer Walt Secord resigned from her shadow cabinet , saying that it was well-known that Jodi McKay and [ he ] have disagreed on key policy , parliamentary and strategic decisions and directions and that he can no longer serve under her . The following day , a file titled Why Chris Minns and Jamie Clements can never run the NSW Labor Party was circulated from the office of the party deputy leader , Yasmin Catley . Minns , who was the Shadow Minister for Transport , was disappointed with the lack of explanation or communication from McKay and Catley over the file circulation and also resigned from the shadow cabinet . Facing pressure to unite the party , McKay resigned as party leader on 28 May 2021 .
[ "Manchester City" ]	easy	Which team did Chic Brodie (footballer) play for from 1953 to 1957?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#0	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Gillingham" ]	easy	Chic Brodie (footballer) played for which team from 1957 to 1958?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#1	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Aldershot" ]	easy	Chic Brodie (footballer) played for which team from 1958 to 1961?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#2	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Wolverhampton Wanderers", "Northampton Town" ]	easy	Which team did the player Chic Brodie (footballer) belong to from 1961 to 1963?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#3	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Brentford" ]	easy	Chic Brodie (footballer) played for which team from 1963 to 1971?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#4	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Margate" ]	easy	Which team did the player Chic Brodie (footballer) belong to from 1971 to 1973?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#5	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Wealdstone" ]	easy	Which team did the player Chic Brodie (footballer) belong to from 1973 to 1974?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#6	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "Maidstone United" ]	easy	Chic Brodie (footballer) played for which team from 1974 to 1975?	/wiki/Chic_Brodie_(footballer)#P54#7	Chic Brodie ( footballer ) Charles Thomas George Brodie ( 22 February 1937 – 24 April 2000 ) was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who made 400 appearances in The Football League , most notably for Brentford , Aldershot and Northampton Town . His professional career came to an end in 1970 when he was seriously injured after colliding with a dog which had run onto the field of play . Career . Manchester City . Born in Duntocher , Brodie began his career with Junior clubs Duntocher Hibernian and Partick Avondale before signing for Manchester City of the Football League First Division in March 1954 . He spent four years with the club , playing understudy to the popular German goalkeeper Bert Trautmann , but failed to break into the first team and departed in July 1957 . Gillingham . Brodie dropped down the leagues to join Gillingham of the Third Division South in July 1957 . He spent one season with the Kent-based club , during which he played 22 times . Aldershot . Brodie joined Fourth Division club Aldershot in July 1958 . At the time he was completing his National Service and was stationed in the town . He remained at the Recreation Ground until February 1961 and departed having made 106 appearances for the club . Wolverhampton Wanderers . Brodie secured a move back to the top-flight when he joined Wolverhampton Wanderers for a then-club record £9,000 in February 1961 . He played just one league match for Wolves , before departing Molineux in September 1961 . Northampton Town . Brodie dropped back down to the Third Division to join Northampton Town in September 1961 , for £4,000 . His first appearance for the club meant that he made three consecutive appearances for three clubs . Brodie played regularly for the club for just over two years and won a Third Division championship medal during the 1962–63 season . He departed the County Ground in November 1963 , having made 97 appearances for the Cobblers . Brentford . Brodie moved to London to join Third Division club Brentford in November 1963 in a £10,000 deal . He quickly usurped long-standing regular goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread and was the Bees regular goalkeeper until losing his place to Gordon Phillips during an injury-affected 1966–67 season . He regained his place in the team early in the 1970–71 season , but on 27 November 1970 , a dog ran onto the field of play during a match away to Colchester United and collided with Brodie , damaging ligaments in his knee . Though he managed five further appearances during the second half of the season , the injury ended Brodies professional career . Brodie departed Griffin Park at the end of the 1970–71 season , after making 224 appearances during his eight years with the Bees . He was posthumously inducted into the Brentford Hall of Fame in 2015 . Non-league football . In 1971 Brodie resumed playing , albeit at a semi-professional level , with Southern League Premier Division club Margate . He remained with the Gate for two seasons and was in goal when the team lost 11–0 to Bournemouth in an FA Cup match in November 1971 . He later played for Wealdstone and Maidstone United before retiring from football . International career . Brodie represented Scotland at Schoolboy and Junior level . Personal life . Prior to becoming a professional footballer , Brodie served a five-year apprenticeship in electrical engineering . In his latter years as a professional footballer , Brodie became a London taxi driver and as of September 1995 was living in Southall . He died in 2000 at the age of 63 , after suffering with prostate cancer . Honours . Northampton Town - Football League Fourth Division : 1962–63 Brentford - London Challenge Cup : 1966–67 Individual - Brentford Supporters Player of the Year ( 2 ) : 1964–65 , 1965–66 - Brentford Players Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 1969–70 - Brentford Hall of Fame
[ "University of Toledo" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Malcolm Love work for from 1937 to 1938?	/wiki/Malcolm_Love#P108#0	Malcolm Love Malcolm Andrews Love ( March 10 , 1904 – May 12 , 1990 ) was the eighth president of the University of Nevada ( 1950–1952 ) and the fourth president of San Diego State University ( 1952–1971 ) . Early life and education . Love was born in Des Moines , Iowa , and received his bachelors degree from Simpson College in 1927 . That same year he married Maude Hale , and together they had a daughter named Joan . He worked as a junior high school principal in Mashalltown , Iowa from 1927 to 1929 , and Superintendent of Schools in Monroe , Iowa from 1929 to 1934 . In 1933 , Love received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa , and in 1937 he received his Ph.D . from the same institution . After working at the University of Toledo as a professor of education in 1937 and 1938 , he accepted a position of Dean of Administration at the College of Liberal Arts at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1938 . During World War II Love was executive officer in charge of navy training schools at Ohio State University and at Gulfport , Mississippi . He returned to Illinois Wesleyan University in 1945 . In 1948 Love accepted the position of dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Denver , where he worked until becoming president of the University of Nevada in 1950 . University of Nevada . Love came to the university with the strongest credentials of any chief administrator thus far . His short tenure at the University of Nevada was fraught with budgetary fights with the Nevada legislature . Love was responsible for establishing the Las Vegas campus in 1951 , which would go on to become the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In 1950 and 1951 , enrollment declined at the university as the number of veterans studying on the GI Bill gradually decreased . The 1951 session of the legislature drastically cut funding for the university . In early 1952 Love resigned his presidency , suggesting the board of regents name Minard W . Stout as his successor . San Diego State . Love arrived at what was then San Diego State College in 1952 . His 19-year tenure was transformative . He helped the institution grow from a liberal arts college into a comprehensive university . In 1966 , the Carnegie Corporation named Dr . Love one of the best college presidents in the country . His dream of upgrading the school to university status was achieved in 1971 . When he retired later that year , student enrollment had reached more than 30,000 , and full-time faculty rose to 1,128 . Legacy . Malcolm A . Love Library opened in 1971 at San Diego State University is the primary academic library building on the campus External links . - Malcolm A . Love Papers , 1937-1971 Special Collections and University Archives , Library and Information Access , San Diego State University .
[ "Illinois Wesleyan University" ]	easy	Which employer did Malcolm Love work for from 1938 to 1948?	/wiki/Malcolm_Love#P108#1	Malcolm Love Malcolm Andrews Love ( March 10 , 1904 – May 12 , 1990 ) was the eighth president of the University of Nevada ( 1950–1952 ) and the fourth president of San Diego State University ( 1952–1971 ) . Early life and education . Love was born in Des Moines , Iowa , and received his bachelors degree from Simpson College in 1927 . That same year he married Maude Hale , and together they had a daughter named Joan . He worked as a junior high school principal in Mashalltown , Iowa from 1927 to 1929 , and Superintendent of Schools in Monroe , Iowa from 1929 to 1934 . In 1933 , Love received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa , and in 1937 he received his Ph.D . from the same institution . After working at the University of Toledo as a professor of education in 1937 and 1938 , he accepted a position of Dean of Administration at the College of Liberal Arts at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1938 . During World War II Love was executive officer in charge of navy training schools at Ohio State University and at Gulfport , Mississippi . He returned to Illinois Wesleyan University in 1945 . In 1948 Love accepted the position of dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Denver , where he worked until becoming president of the University of Nevada in 1950 . University of Nevada . Love came to the university with the strongest credentials of any chief administrator thus far . His short tenure at the University of Nevada was fraught with budgetary fights with the Nevada legislature . Love was responsible for establishing the Las Vegas campus in 1951 , which would go on to become the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In 1950 and 1951 , enrollment declined at the university as the number of veterans studying on the GI Bill gradually decreased . The 1951 session of the legislature drastically cut funding for the university . In early 1952 Love resigned his presidency , suggesting the board of regents name Minard W . Stout as his successor . San Diego State . Love arrived at what was then San Diego State College in 1952 . His 19-year tenure was transformative . He helped the institution grow from a liberal arts college into a comprehensive university . In 1966 , the Carnegie Corporation named Dr . Love one of the best college presidents in the country . His dream of upgrading the school to university status was achieved in 1971 . When he retired later that year , student enrollment had reached more than 30,000 , and full-time faculty rose to 1,128 . Legacy . Malcolm A . Love Library opened in 1971 at San Diego State University is the primary academic library building on the campus External links . - Malcolm A . Love Papers , 1937-1971 Special Collections and University Archives , Library and Information Access , San Diego State University .
[ "University of Denver" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Malcolm Love work for from 1948 to 1950?	/wiki/Malcolm_Love#P108#2	Malcolm Love Malcolm Andrews Love ( March 10 , 1904 – May 12 , 1990 ) was the eighth president of the University of Nevada ( 1950–1952 ) and the fourth president of San Diego State University ( 1952–1971 ) . Early life and education . Love was born in Des Moines , Iowa , and received his bachelors degree from Simpson College in 1927 . That same year he married Maude Hale , and together they had a daughter named Joan . He worked as a junior high school principal in Mashalltown , Iowa from 1927 to 1929 , and Superintendent of Schools in Monroe , Iowa from 1929 to 1934 . In 1933 , Love received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa , and in 1937 he received his Ph.D . from the same institution . After working at the University of Toledo as a professor of education in 1937 and 1938 , he accepted a position of Dean of Administration at the College of Liberal Arts at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1938 . During World War II Love was executive officer in charge of navy training schools at Ohio State University and at Gulfport , Mississippi . He returned to Illinois Wesleyan University in 1945 . In 1948 Love accepted the position of dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Denver , where he worked until becoming president of the University of Nevada in 1950 . University of Nevada . Love came to the university with the strongest credentials of any chief administrator thus far . His short tenure at the University of Nevada was fraught with budgetary fights with the Nevada legislature . Love was responsible for establishing the Las Vegas campus in 1951 , which would go on to become the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In 1950 and 1951 , enrollment declined at the university as the number of veterans studying on the GI Bill gradually decreased . The 1951 session of the legislature drastically cut funding for the university . In early 1952 Love resigned his presidency , suggesting the board of regents name Minard W . Stout as his successor . San Diego State . Love arrived at what was then San Diego State College in 1952 . His 19-year tenure was transformative . He helped the institution grow from a liberal arts college into a comprehensive university . In 1966 , the Carnegie Corporation named Dr . Love one of the best college presidents in the country . His dream of upgrading the school to university status was achieved in 1971 . When he retired later that year , student enrollment had reached more than 30,000 , and full-time faculty rose to 1,128 . Legacy . Malcolm A . Love Library opened in 1971 at San Diego State University is the primary academic library building on the campus External links . - Malcolm A . Love Papers , 1937-1971 Special Collections and University Archives , Library and Information Access , San Diego State University .
[ "University of Nevada" ]	easy	Who did Malcolm Love work for from 1950 to 1952?	/wiki/Malcolm_Love#P108#3	Malcolm Love Malcolm Andrews Love ( March 10 , 1904 – May 12 , 1990 ) was the eighth president of the University of Nevada ( 1950–1952 ) and the fourth president of San Diego State University ( 1952–1971 ) . Early life and education . Love was born in Des Moines , Iowa , and received his bachelors degree from Simpson College in 1927 . That same year he married Maude Hale , and together they had a daughter named Joan . He worked as a junior high school principal in Mashalltown , Iowa from 1927 to 1929 , and Superintendent of Schools in Monroe , Iowa from 1929 to 1934 . In 1933 , Love received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa , and in 1937 he received his Ph.D . from the same institution . After working at the University of Toledo as a professor of education in 1937 and 1938 , he accepted a position of Dean of Administration at the College of Liberal Arts at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1938 . During World War II Love was executive officer in charge of navy training schools at Ohio State University and at Gulfport , Mississippi . He returned to Illinois Wesleyan University in 1945 . In 1948 Love accepted the position of dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Denver , where he worked until becoming president of the University of Nevada in 1950 . University of Nevada . Love came to the university with the strongest credentials of any chief administrator thus far . His short tenure at the University of Nevada was fraught with budgetary fights with the Nevada legislature . Love was responsible for establishing the Las Vegas campus in 1951 , which would go on to become the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In 1950 and 1951 , enrollment declined at the university as the number of veterans studying on the GI Bill gradually decreased . The 1951 session of the legislature drastically cut funding for the university . In early 1952 Love resigned his presidency , suggesting the board of regents name Minard W . Stout as his successor . San Diego State . Love arrived at what was then San Diego State College in 1952 . His 19-year tenure was transformative . He helped the institution grow from a liberal arts college into a comprehensive university . In 1966 , the Carnegie Corporation named Dr . Love one of the best college presidents in the country . His dream of upgrading the school to university status was achieved in 1971 . When he retired later that year , student enrollment had reached more than 30,000 , and full-time faculty rose to 1,128 . Legacy . Malcolm A . Love Library opened in 1971 at San Diego State University is the primary academic library building on the campus External links . - Malcolm A . Love Papers , 1937-1971 Special Collections and University Archives , Library and Information Access , San Diego State University .
[ "San Diego State College" ]	easy	Which employer did Malcolm Love work for from 1952 to 1971?	/wiki/Malcolm_Love#P108#4	Malcolm Love Malcolm Andrews Love ( March 10 , 1904 – May 12 , 1990 ) was the eighth president of the University of Nevada ( 1950–1952 ) and the fourth president of San Diego State University ( 1952–1971 ) . Early life and education . Love was born in Des Moines , Iowa , and received his bachelors degree from Simpson College in 1927 . That same year he married Maude Hale , and together they had a daughter named Joan . He worked as a junior high school principal in Mashalltown , Iowa from 1927 to 1929 , and Superintendent of Schools in Monroe , Iowa from 1929 to 1934 . In 1933 , Love received a Master of Arts degree from the University of Iowa , and in 1937 he received his Ph.D . from the same institution . After working at the University of Toledo as a professor of education in 1937 and 1938 , he accepted a position of Dean of Administration at the College of Liberal Arts at Illinois Wesleyan University in 1938 . During World War II Love was executive officer in charge of navy training schools at Ohio State University and at Gulfport , Mississippi . He returned to Illinois Wesleyan University in 1945 . In 1948 Love accepted the position of dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Denver , where he worked until becoming president of the University of Nevada in 1950 . University of Nevada . Love came to the university with the strongest credentials of any chief administrator thus far . His short tenure at the University of Nevada was fraught with budgetary fights with the Nevada legislature . Love was responsible for establishing the Las Vegas campus in 1951 , which would go on to become the University of Nevada , Las Vegas . In 1950 and 1951 , enrollment declined at the university as the number of veterans studying on the GI Bill gradually decreased . The 1951 session of the legislature drastically cut funding for the university . In early 1952 Love resigned his presidency , suggesting the board of regents name Minard W . Stout as his successor . San Diego State . Love arrived at what was then San Diego State College in 1952 . His 19-year tenure was transformative . He helped the institution grow from a liberal arts college into a comprehensive university . In 1966 , the Carnegie Corporation named Dr . Love one of the best college presidents in the country . His dream of upgrading the school to university status was achieved in 1971 . When he retired later that year , student enrollment had reached more than 30,000 , and full-time faculty rose to 1,128 . Legacy . Malcolm A . Love Library opened in 1971 at San Diego State University is the primary academic library building on the campus External links . - Malcolm A . Love Papers , 1937-1971 Special Collections and University Archives , Library and Information Access , San Diego State University .
[ "National Trust for Historic Preservation" ]	easy	Which site was the heritage designation of Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia) in Dec 1969?	/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)#P1435#0	Woodlawn ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Woodlawn is a historic house located in Fairfax County , Virginia . Originally a part of Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic plantation estate , it was subdivided in the 19th century by abolitionists to demonstrate the viability of a free labor system . The address is now 9000 Richmond Highway , Alexandria , Virginia , but due to expansion of Fort Belvoir and reconstruction of historic Route 1 , access is via Woodlawn Road slightly south of Jeff Todd Way/State Route 235 . The house is a designated National Historic Landmark , primarily for its association with the Washington family , but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement . It is now a museum property owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . History . George Washington planned the house to overlook Dogue Creek as well as be visible from ( and viewing ) Mount Vernon . In 1799 , he gave the plantation ( of land as well as gristmill and distillery ) as a wedding present to Eleanor ( Nelly or Nellie ) Parke Custis ( Martha Washingtons granddaughter who was raised on the Mount Vernon estate ) , and his nephew Major Lawrence Lewis . The President asked architect Dr . William Thornton , who had designed the U.S . Capitol , to design them a house . Construction began in 1800 and was finished in 1805 . President Washington freed his slaves in his will ( though not those belonging to his wife ) , and Nellie Custis Lewis followed his example and became a leading abolitionist in Virginia . The Lewis family operated the farm using about 90 slaves , but Nellie manumitted some slaves , as well as was active in the American Colonization Society . In late 1846 , she sold the property to a group of Burlington County , New Jersey Quakers from outside Philadelphia led by Chalkley Gillingham ( 1807–1881 ) and Jacob Troth . They harvested wood and began subdividing it into smaller farms to demonstrate that a free labor system could work at least as well as slave labor . Jacob Troth deeded the mansion to his son Paul Hillman Troth on March 25 , 1850 . The Quakers founded a cemetery and built a meetinghouse nearby in 1851 ( for the Fairfax Section of the Alexandria Friends Meeting ) . In 1853 , the Quakers sold Woodlawn house and some land to Baptist John Mason , who likewise refused to use slave labor . By 1859 , he and his wife operated a Sunday School on the property . After the American Civil War , his sons Ebenezer E . Mason and Otis T . Mason would found a Baptist church and burial ground across from the Quaker meetinghouse . Eben Mason and Quaker John Hawxhurst were Fairfax Countys two Unionist delegates to the Wheeling Convention of 1861 which established the state of West Virginia . Hawxhurst would become one of Fairfax Countys delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 . Woodlawns mansion house has fallen into disrepair several times , but all of its owners , recognizing its historic significance , have worked to preserve its character . Portions of the property were sold for development or merged into Fort Belvoir over the years . Progressive former U.S . Senator Oscar Underwood , one of the last Southern politicians to fight the Ku Klux Klan before World War II , retired to Woodlawn , where he died in 1929 . Only about 160 acres surrounded the mansion house by 1970 , and about 126 acres exist today . Since 1965 , as discussed below , the Woodlawn Estate property is now also the site of the Pope-Leighey House , a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house . Current status . Woodlawn is owned and operated as a museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation , part of the National Trust Community Investment Corporation . It was the National Trusts first acquisition , achieved in the late 1960s as part of a nationwide campaign that included major donations from philanthropist Paul Mellon . It and the adjacent Pope-Leighey House are open to the public ( admission charged ) Friday through Monday from April until mid-December . The property name is Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House . It also hosts special events , particularly weddings and an annual Needlework Show,and hosts museum tours . In 1965 , construction on Interstate 66 led to that home built in 1940 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Loren Pope to be moved to the grounds of the Woodlawn estate . Four years later , Virginias historic preservation office nominated Woodlawn , then Woodlawn plantation , for listing on the National Register of Historic Places , and such was approved in 1970 . Woodlawn plantation was designated a U.S . National Historic Landmark in 1998 , and the boundaries were increased slightly in 2011 by a donation of land from nearby Fort Belvoir which had been part of the Woodlawn plantation . The Quaker meetinghouse once part of the plantation was added to the National Register in 2009 . Arcadia Farm leases land at Woodlawn to demonstrate sustainable agriculture by the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food and Agriculture since 2010 . A different plantation with the same name on the Rappahannock River near Port Conway on Virginias Northern Neck is the centerpiece of the Woodlawn Historic and Archeological District , recognized in 1990 .
[ "National Register of Historic Places" ]	easy	Which site was the heritage designation of Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia) from Feb 1970 to Aug 1998?	/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)#P1435#1	Woodlawn ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Woodlawn is a historic house located in Fairfax County , Virginia . Originally a part of Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic plantation estate , it was subdivided in the 19th century by abolitionists to demonstrate the viability of a free labor system . The address is now 9000 Richmond Highway , Alexandria , Virginia , but due to expansion of Fort Belvoir and reconstruction of historic Route 1 , access is via Woodlawn Road slightly south of Jeff Todd Way/State Route 235 . The house is a designated National Historic Landmark , primarily for its association with the Washington family , but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement . It is now a museum property owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . History . George Washington planned the house to overlook Dogue Creek as well as be visible from ( and viewing ) Mount Vernon . In 1799 , he gave the plantation ( of land as well as gristmill and distillery ) as a wedding present to Eleanor ( Nelly or Nellie ) Parke Custis ( Martha Washingtons granddaughter who was raised on the Mount Vernon estate ) , and his nephew Major Lawrence Lewis . The President asked architect Dr . William Thornton , who had designed the U.S . Capitol , to design them a house . Construction began in 1800 and was finished in 1805 . President Washington freed his slaves in his will ( though not those belonging to his wife ) , and Nellie Custis Lewis followed his example and became a leading abolitionist in Virginia . The Lewis family operated the farm using about 90 slaves , but Nellie manumitted some slaves , as well as was active in the American Colonization Society . In late 1846 , she sold the property to a group of Burlington County , New Jersey Quakers from outside Philadelphia led by Chalkley Gillingham ( 1807–1881 ) and Jacob Troth . They harvested wood and began subdividing it into smaller farms to demonstrate that a free labor system could work at least as well as slave labor . Jacob Troth deeded the mansion to his son Paul Hillman Troth on March 25 , 1850 . The Quakers founded a cemetery and built a meetinghouse nearby in 1851 ( for the Fairfax Section of the Alexandria Friends Meeting ) . In 1853 , the Quakers sold Woodlawn house and some land to Baptist John Mason , who likewise refused to use slave labor . By 1859 , he and his wife operated a Sunday School on the property . After the American Civil War , his sons Ebenezer E . Mason and Otis T . Mason would found a Baptist church and burial ground across from the Quaker meetinghouse . Eben Mason and Quaker John Hawxhurst were Fairfax Countys two Unionist delegates to the Wheeling Convention of 1861 which established the state of West Virginia . Hawxhurst would become one of Fairfax Countys delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 . Woodlawns mansion house has fallen into disrepair several times , but all of its owners , recognizing its historic significance , have worked to preserve its character . Portions of the property were sold for development or merged into Fort Belvoir over the years . Progressive former U.S . Senator Oscar Underwood , one of the last Southern politicians to fight the Ku Klux Klan before World War II , retired to Woodlawn , where he died in 1929 . Only about 160 acres surrounded the mansion house by 1970 , and about 126 acres exist today . Since 1965 , as discussed below , the Woodlawn Estate property is now also the site of the Pope-Leighey House , a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house . Current status . Woodlawn is owned and operated as a museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation , part of the National Trust Community Investment Corporation . It was the National Trusts first acquisition , achieved in the late 1960s as part of a nationwide campaign that included major donations from philanthropist Paul Mellon . It and the adjacent Pope-Leighey House are open to the public ( admission charged ) Friday through Monday from April until mid-December . The property name is Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House . It also hosts special events , particularly weddings and an annual Needlework Show,and hosts museum tours . In 1965 , construction on Interstate 66 led to that home built in 1940 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Loren Pope to be moved to the grounds of the Woodlawn estate . Four years later , Virginias historic preservation office nominated Woodlawn , then Woodlawn plantation , for listing on the National Register of Historic Places , and such was approved in 1970 . Woodlawn plantation was designated a U.S . National Historic Landmark in 1998 , and the boundaries were increased slightly in 2011 by a donation of land from nearby Fort Belvoir which had been part of the Woodlawn plantation . The Quaker meetinghouse once part of the plantation was added to the National Register in 2009 . Arcadia Farm leases land at Woodlawn to demonstrate sustainable agriculture by the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food and Agriculture since 2010 . A different plantation with the same name on the Rappahannock River near Port Conway on Virginias Northern Neck is the centerpiece of the Woodlawn Historic and Archeological District , recognized in 1990 .
[ "U.S . National Historic Landmark", "National Register" ]	easy	Which site was the heritage designation of Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia) from Aug 1998 to Nov 2011?	/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)#P1435#2	Woodlawn ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Woodlawn is a historic house located in Fairfax County , Virginia . Originally a part of Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic plantation estate , it was subdivided in the 19th century by abolitionists to demonstrate the viability of a free labor system . The address is now 9000 Richmond Highway , Alexandria , Virginia , but due to expansion of Fort Belvoir and reconstruction of historic Route 1 , access is via Woodlawn Road slightly south of Jeff Todd Way/State Route 235 . The house is a designated National Historic Landmark , primarily for its association with the Washington family , but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement . It is now a museum property owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . History . George Washington planned the house to overlook Dogue Creek as well as be visible from ( and viewing ) Mount Vernon . In 1799 , he gave the plantation ( of land as well as gristmill and distillery ) as a wedding present to Eleanor ( Nelly or Nellie ) Parke Custis ( Martha Washingtons granddaughter who was raised on the Mount Vernon estate ) , and his nephew Major Lawrence Lewis . The President asked architect Dr . William Thornton , who had designed the U.S . Capitol , to design them a house . Construction began in 1800 and was finished in 1805 . President Washington freed his slaves in his will ( though not those belonging to his wife ) , and Nellie Custis Lewis followed his example and became a leading abolitionist in Virginia . The Lewis family operated the farm using about 90 slaves , but Nellie manumitted some slaves , as well as was active in the American Colonization Society . In late 1846 , she sold the property to a group of Burlington County , New Jersey Quakers from outside Philadelphia led by Chalkley Gillingham ( 1807–1881 ) and Jacob Troth . They harvested wood and began subdividing it into smaller farms to demonstrate that a free labor system could work at least as well as slave labor . Jacob Troth deeded the mansion to his son Paul Hillman Troth on March 25 , 1850 . The Quakers founded a cemetery and built a meetinghouse nearby in 1851 ( for the Fairfax Section of the Alexandria Friends Meeting ) . In 1853 , the Quakers sold Woodlawn house and some land to Baptist John Mason , who likewise refused to use slave labor . By 1859 , he and his wife operated a Sunday School on the property . After the American Civil War , his sons Ebenezer E . Mason and Otis T . Mason would found a Baptist church and burial ground across from the Quaker meetinghouse . Eben Mason and Quaker John Hawxhurst were Fairfax Countys two Unionist delegates to the Wheeling Convention of 1861 which established the state of West Virginia . Hawxhurst would become one of Fairfax Countys delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 . Woodlawns mansion house has fallen into disrepair several times , but all of its owners , recognizing its historic significance , have worked to preserve its character . Portions of the property were sold for development or merged into Fort Belvoir over the years . Progressive former U.S . Senator Oscar Underwood , one of the last Southern politicians to fight the Ku Klux Klan before World War II , retired to Woodlawn , where he died in 1929 . Only about 160 acres surrounded the mansion house by 1970 , and about 126 acres exist today . Since 1965 , as discussed below , the Woodlawn Estate property is now also the site of the Pope-Leighey House , a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house . Current status . Woodlawn is owned and operated as a museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation , part of the National Trust Community Investment Corporation . It was the National Trusts first acquisition , achieved in the late 1960s as part of a nationwide campaign that included major donations from philanthropist Paul Mellon . It and the adjacent Pope-Leighey House are open to the public ( admission charged ) Friday through Monday from April until mid-December . The property name is Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House . It also hosts special events , particularly weddings and an annual Needlework Show,and hosts museum tours . In 1965 , construction on Interstate 66 led to that home built in 1940 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Loren Pope to be moved to the grounds of the Woodlawn estate . Four years later , Virginias historic preservation office nominated Woodlawn , then Woodlawn plantation , for listing on the National Register of Historic Places , and such was approved in 1970 . Woodlawn plantation was designated a U.S . National Historic Landmark in 1998 , and the boundaries were increased slightly in 2011 by a donation of land from nearby Fort Belvoir which had been part of the Woodlawn plantation . The Quaker meetinghouse once part of the plantation was added to the National Register in 2009 . Arcadia Farm leases land at Woodlawn to demonstrate sustainable agriculture by the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food and Agriculture since 2010 . A different plantation with the same name on the Rappahannock River near Port Conway on Virginias Northern Neck is the centerpiece of the Woodlawn Historic and Archeological District , recognized in 1990 .
[ "National Register" ]	easy	Which site was the heritage designation of Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia) from Nov 2011 to Nov 2012?	/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)#P1435#3	Woodlawn ( Alexandria , Virginia ) Woodlawn is a historic house located in Fairfax County , Virginia . Originally a part of Mount Vernon , George Washingtons historic plantation estate , it was subdivided in the 19th century by abolitionists to demonstrate the viability of a free labor system . The address is now 9000 Richmond Highway , Alexandria , Virginia , but due to expansion of Fort Belvoir and reconstruction of historic Route 1 , access is via Woodlawn Road slightly south of Jeff Todd Way/State Route 235 . The house is a designated National Historic Landmark , primarily for its association with the Washington family , but also for the role it played in the historic preservation movement . It is now a museum property owned and managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . History . George Washington planned the house to overlook Dogue Creek as well as be visible from ( and viewing ) Mount Vernon . In 1799 , he gave the plantation ( of land as well as gristmill and distillery ) as a wedding present to Eleanor ( Nelly or Nellie ) Parke Custis ( Martha Washingtons granddaughter who was raised on the Mount Vernon estate ) , and his nephew Major Lawrence Lewis . The President asked architect Dr . William Thornton , who had designed the U.S . Capitol , to design them a house . Construction began in 1800 and was finished in 1805 . President Washington freed his slaves in his will ( though not those belonging to his wife ) , and Nellie Custis Lewis followed his example and became a leading abolitionist in Virginia . The Lewis family operated the farm using about 90 slaves , but Nellie manumitted some slaves , as well as was active in the American Colonization Society . In late 1846 , she sold the property to a group of Burlington County , New Jersey Quakers from outside Philadelphia led by Chalkley Gillingham ( 1807–1881 ) and Jacob Troth . They harvested wood and began subdividing it into smaller farms to demonstrate that a free labor system could work at least as well as slave labor . Jacob Troth deeded the mansion to his son Paul Hillman Troth on March 25 , 1850 . The Quakers founded a cemetery and built a meetinghouse nearby in 1851 ( for the Fairfax Section of the Alexandria Friends Meeting ) . In 1853 , the Quakers sold Woodlawn house and some land to Baptist John Mason , who likewise refused to use slave labor . By 1859 , he and his wife operated a Sunday School on the property . After the American Civil War , his sons Ebenezer E . Mason and Otis T . Mason would found a Baptist church and burial ground across from the Quaker meetinghouse . Eben Mason and Quaker John Hawxhurst were Fairfax Countys two Unionist delegates to the Wheeling Convention of 1861 which established the state of West Virginia . Hawxhurst would become one of Fairfax Countys delegates to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1868 . Woodlawns mansion house has fallen into disrepair several times , but all of its owners , recognizing its historic significance , have worked to preserve its character . Portions of the property were sold for development or merged into Fort Belvoir over the years . Progressive former U.S . Senator Oscar Underwood , one of the last Southern politicians to fight the Ku Klux Klan before World War II , retired to Woodlawn , where he died in 1929 . Only about 160 acres surrounded the mansion house by 1970 , and about 126 acres exist today . Since 1965 , as discussed below , the Woodlawn Estate property is now also the site of the Pope-Leighey House , a Frank Lloyd Wright designed house . Current status . Woodlawn is owned and operated as a museum by the National Trust for Historic Preservation , part of the National Trust Community Investment Corporation . It was the National Trusts first acquisition , achieved in the late 1960s as part of a nationwide campaign that included major donations from philanthropist Paul Mellon . It and the adjacent Pope-Leighey House are open to the public ( admission charged ) Friday through Monday from April until mid-December . The property name is Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House . It also hosts special events , particularly weddings and an annual Needlework Show,and hosts museum tours . In 1965 , construction on Interstate 66 led to that home built in 1940 by architect Frank Lloyd Wright for Loren Pope to be moved to the grounds of the Woodlawn estate . Four years later , Virginias historic preservation office nominated Woodlawn , then Woodlawn plantation , for listing on the National Register of Historic Places , and such was approved in 1970 . Woodlawn plantation was designated a U.S . National Historic Landmark in 1998 , and the boundaries were increased slightly in 2011 by a donation of land from nearby Fort Belvoir which had been part of the Woodlawn plantation . The Quaker meetinghouse once part of the plantation was added to the National Register in 2009 . Arcadia Farm leases land at Woodlawn to demonstrate sustainable agriculture by the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food and Agriculture since 2010 . A different plantation with the same name on the Rappahannock River near Port Conway on Virginias Northern Neck is the centerpiece of the Woodlawn Historic and Archeological District , recognized in 1990 .
[ "Reading" ]	easy	Which team did the player Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) belong to from 1995 to 1998?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#0	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Yeovil Town" ]	easy	Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) played for which team from 1998 to 2001?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#1	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Hereford United" ]	easy	Which team did Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) play for from 2002 to 2004?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#2	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Shrewsbury Town" ]	easy	Which team did Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) play for from 2004 to 2006?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#3	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Weymouth" ]	easy	Which team did Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) play for from 2006 to 2007?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#4	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Crawley Town" ]	easy	Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) played for which team from 2009 to 2012?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#5	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Thurrock" ]	easy	Which team did Ben Smith (footballer, born 1978) play for from 2012 to 2013?	/wiki/Ben_Smith_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#6	Ben Smith ( footballer , born 1978 ) Benjamin Peter Ben Smith ( born 23 November 1978 ) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Born in Chelmsford , Smith began his career at Arsenal where he signed his first professional contract for the 1995–96 season . He never made a first team appearance at the London-based club , although he made 29 appearances and scored four goals for the youth team during that season . He moved to Reading in 1996 and made his senior debut on the final day of the 1996–97 season , coming on as a substitute in a 3–2 away defeat at Manchester City . This turned out to be his only first team appearance for the Royals and he moved to Yeovil Town in March 1998 . Despite being transfer listed in his second season , remained with the club until 2001 . Smith had played a key role in Yeovils challenge for promotion to the Football League , but an agreed new contract offer was withdrawn when manager Colin Addison was sacked . Smith moved to Southend United on a free transfer , joining his former manager David Webb . He struggled to make an impact in his solitary season at Roots Hall and left for Hereford United , for whom he made 52 league appearances and scored 18 goals in a two-season-long spell . An injury to his shoulder meant he required an operation in March 2004 , shortly before joining Shrewsbury Town . He made 24 league appearances for the Shropshire club . He joined Weymouth in January 2006 , playing a significant role in the run in to the Conference South championship . Weymouths first Conference match in 17 years saw Smith score the opening goal , in the first minute against Tamworth . He went on to play in every first team match for the Terras up until the turn of the year , when he scored twice in a 3–2 defeat to Forest Green which turned out to be his last match for the club . The entire Weymouth squad had been transfer listed , due to financial problems , even though Smith had only recently signed a contract extension until 2009 . Five league clubs expressed an interest in signing the Weymouth captain , and on 25 January 2007 , Weymouth confirmed that he had rejoined Hereford United for £20,000 on a 2 and a half-year contract . This was the first transfer fee that the Bulls had paid since the signing of Neil Grayson in 1997 . Smith made an impact on his return to Edgar Street against Notts County , hitting the post in the buildup to the first goal and providing the assist for the second goal . He went on to play in all Herefords remaining matches of the 2006–07 season , scoring at home to Barnet in the process . He also wore the captains armband in many of the matches . Smith started the vast majority of Herefords matches in the 2007–08 season as the Bulls gained promotion to Football League One . He was also a regular fixture throughout the following campaign as the Bulls were relegated back to The Football Leagues basement division . During his two and a half-year stay at Edgar Street , Smith featured in ninety-nine league games , notching seven times . Despite featuring regularly for Hereford United , Smith departed the club in the summer of 2009 . Along with former Hereford teammate Karl Broadhurst , Smith signed for Crawley Town on a one-year contract . Smith was an influential figure during his first season at Crawley , featuring in thirty-four league matches , and scoring seven times , making him the clubs joint-second highest goalscorer for the season . Smith agreed terms to spend a second season with the club . In the 2010–11 season , Crawley were promoted to League Two , the fourth tier of English football , for the first time in their history after winning the Conference Premier with a record 105 points . The club also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup where they lost 1–0 to Premier League club Manchester United – a match in which Smith played . He made 35 appearances for Crawley across the 2010–11 season and scored 6 goals . In September 2011 , Smith joined Kettering Town on a one-month loan . He made 3 appearances for Kettering Town . In November 2011 , he joined Woking on loan . He scored once in 4 appearances for Woking . On 31 January 2012 , Smith joined Aldershot Town on loan until the end of the season . He made 8 appearances for Aldershot Town . Crawley achieved their second consecutive promotion to League One at the end of the 2011–12 season after finishing third in League Two . He scored played 5 times for the club across the 2011–12 season . In May 2012 , Smith was released by Crawley after being deemed surplus to requirements . He joined A.F.C . Sudbury on a one-year deal on 15 August 2012 , however he played only eight games before being released on 25 September 2012 . On 11 October he signed for Thurrock in the Conference South . He suffered an injury in November 2013 , and in early January 2014 was released . In the middle of January he signed for Maldon & Tiptree , but left he club soon afterwards . After leaving the game , Smith worked as a teacher at Maltings Academy in Essex , having earned himself a degree in business management . Now living in West Sussex , he published a book Journeyman : One mans odyssey through the lower leagues of English football . Honours . Crawley Town - Conference National : 2010–11 - Football League Two third-place promotion : 2011–12
[ "Seattle SuperSonics" ]	easy	Which team did Rashard Lewis play for from 1998 to 2007?	/wiki/Rashard_Lewis#P54#0	Rashard Lewis Rashard Quovon Lewis ( born August 8 , 1979 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Lewis entered the NBA directly from Alief Elsik High School . He rose to prominence in the NBA as a scorer with the Seattle SuperSonics , and was later a member of the Orlando Magic , Washington Wizards and Miami Heat . He garnered two NBA All-Star selections , one with Seattle and another with Orlando . Lewis reached the NBA Finals three times , winning an NBA championship in 2013 as a member of the Heat . NBA career . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998–2007 ) . Despite being recruited by Florida State , Kansas and Houston , Lewis bypassed college and opted for the 1998 NBA draft , wherein he was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 32nd overall pick . At the time of his selection , he was the last player remaining in the green room , where fifteen of the top draft prospects sit until their selection . He and teammate Ray Allen made Seattle a contender during the early 2000s . In 2001 , Lewis was selected to play for the United States Basketball Team in the Goodwill Games , in which they won the gold medal . On October 31 , 2003 , Lewis scored a career-high 50 points to lead the Seattle SuperSonics to a 124–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers to close out a two-game series in Saitama , Japan . Lewis was named an All-Star in 2004–05 . Lewis holds the SuperSonics record for most three-pointers made , having passed Dale Ellis for second place on November 22 , 2005 , and Gary Payton for first place on March 13 , 2007 , when Lewis made his 918th three-pointer in a game against the Detroit Pistons . Orlando Magic ( 2007–2010 ) . After playing his first nine seasons for the Seattle SuperSonics , Lewis joined the Orlando Magic in July 2007 , as he agreed to a six-year sign-and-trade deal worth $118 million . In his first season with the Magic , Lewis was moved from his usual small forward position to power forward . That year , he made 53 more three-pointers than his previous single-season record ( 173 , 2004–05 ) . During the playoffs , the Magic reached the second round , with Lewis contributing a 33-point performance against the Detroit Pistons in Orlandos only win of the series . Lewis was the Magics top scorer in the playoffs and set personal records in points , rebounds , and assists . Lewis started the 2008–09 season as the teams second leading scorer , earning an appearance in the 2009 NBA All-Star Game . In the 2009 NBA Playoffs , Lewis hit a game-winning shot in the first game of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , what he called the biggest shot of his career . The Magic won the series and advanced to the NBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games . On August 6 , 2009 , Lewis was suspended without pay for the first ten games of the 2009–10 season after testing positive for a banned substance . Washington Wizards ( 2010–2012 ) . On December 18 , 2010 , Lewis was traded to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Gilbert Arenas . In 60 games for the Wizards over two seasons , Lewis averaged 9.7 points , 4.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game . New Orleans Hornets ( 2012 ) . On June 20 , 2012 , Lewis was traded , along with the 46th pick in the 2012 NBA draft , to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Trevor Ariza and Emeka Okafor . On June 30 , 2012 , the Hornets agreed to buyout terms with Lewis and waived him . Miami Heat ( 2012–2014 ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Lewis signed a two-year deal with the Miami Heat . The move reunited him with former Seattle teammate Ray Allen . The Heat finished the 2012–13 season with a league-best 66–16 record . Lewis won his first NBA championship with the Heats Finals series victory over the San Antonio Spurs . Lewis earned rave reviews from Heat coach Erik Spoelstra for the way he defended in Game 3 of the 2014 Eastern Conference Finals against the Indiana Pacers , even though he finished without a single point , rebound , assist or steal . Lewis worked his way into the starting lineup during the series , earning notoriety for helping the team despite a lack of impressive box score statistics in games 3 and 4 . In Game 5 of the series , Lewis started again , and scored 18 points on 6-of-9 shooting from behind the three-point line . In Game 6 , Lewis started and scored 13 points as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals . The Heat went on to lose the Finals to the San Antonio Spurs in five games . Dallas Mavericks ( 2014 ) . On July 19 , 2014 , Lewis signed with the Dallas Mavericks . However , just four days later , his contract was voided by the Mavericks after he failed his physical when it was discovered that his right knee required surgery . BIG3 . In 2017 , Rashard joined the 3 Headed Monsters of the BIG3 basketball league , a team that included NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton as the head coach , and teammates such as Jason Williams , Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf and Kwame Brown . The 3 Headed Monsters went 7-1 , reaching the Championship game , where they lost to undefeated Trilogy . Lewis was awarded MVP for the season .
[ "Orlando Magic" ]	easy	Rashard Lewis played for which team from 2007 to Dec 2010?	/wiki/Rashard_Lewis#P54#1	Rashard Lewis Rashard Quovon Lewis ( born August 8 , 1979 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Lewis entered the NBA directly from Alief Elsik High School . He rose to prominence in the NBA as a scorer with the Seattle SuperSonics , and was later a member of the Orlando Magic , Washington Wizards and Miami Heat . He garnered two NBA All-Star selections , one with Seattle and another with Orlando . Lewis reached the NBA Finals three times , winning an NBA championship in 2013 as a member of the Heat . NBA career . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998–2007 ) . Despite being recruited by Florida State , Kansas and Houston , Lewis bypassed college and opted for the 1998 NBA draft , wherein he was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 32nd overall pick . At the time of his selection , he was the last player remaining in the green room , where fifteen of the top draft prospects sit until their selection . He and teammate Ray Allen made Seattle a contender during the early 2000s . In 2001 , Lewis was selected to play for the United States Basketball Team in the Goodwill Games , in which they won the gold medal . On October 31 , 2003 , Lewis scored a career-high 50 points to lead the Seattle SuperSonics to a 124–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers to close out a two-game series in Saitama , Japan . Lewis was named an All-Star in 2004–05 . Lewis holds the SuperSonics record for most three-pointers made , having passed Dale Ellis for second place on November 22 , 2005 , and Gary Payton for first place on March 13 , 2007 , when Lewis made his 918th three-pointer in a game against the Detroit Pistons . Orlando Magic ( 2007–2010 ) . After playing his first nine seasons for the Seattle SuperSonics , Lewis joined the Orlando Magic in July 2007 , as he agreed to a six-year sign-and-trade deal worth $118 million . In his first season with the Magic , Lewis was moved from his usual small forward position to power forward . That year , he made 53 more three-pointers than his previous single-season record ( 173 , 2004–05 ) . During the playoffs , the Magic reached the second round , with Lewis contributing a 33-point performance against the Detroit Pistons in Orlandos only win of the series . Lewis was the Magics top scorer in the playoffs and set personal records in points , rebounds , and assists . Lewis started the 2008–09 season as the teams second leading scorer , earning an appearance in the 2009 NBA All-Star Game . In the 2009 NBA Playoffs , Lewis hit a game-winning shot in the first game of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , what he called the biggest shot of his career . The Magic won the series and advanced to the NBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games . On August 6 , 2009 , Lewis was suspended without pay for the first ten games of the 2009–10 season after testing positive for a banned substance . Washington Wizards ( 2010–2012 ) . On December 18 , 2010 , Lewis was traded to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Gilbert Arenas . In 60 games for the Wizards over two seasons , Lewis averaged 9.7 points , 4.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game . New Orleans Hornets ( 2012 ) . On June 20 , 2012 , Lewis was traded , along with the 46th pick in the 2012 NBA draft , to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Trevor Ariza and Emeka Okafor . On June 30 , 2012 , the Hornets agreed to buyout terms with Lewis and waived him . Miami Heat ( 2012–2014 ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Lewis signed a two-year deal with the Miami Heat . The move reunited him with former Seattle teammate Ray Allen . The Heat finished the 2012–13 season with a league-best 66–16 record . Lewis won his first NBA championship with the Heats Finals series victory over the San Antonio Spurs . Lewis earned rave reviews from Heat coach Erik Spoelstra for the way he defended in Game 3 of the 2014 Eastern Conference Finals against the Indiana Pacers , even though he finished without a single point , rebound , assist or steal . Lewis worked his way into the starting lineup during the series , earning notoriety for helping the team despite a lack of impressive box score statistics in games 3 and 4 . In Game 5 of the series , Lewis started again , and scored 18 points on 6-of-9 shooting from behind the three-point line . In Game 6 , Lewis started and scored 13 points as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals . The Heat went on to lose the Finals to the San Antonio Spurs in five games . Dallas Mavericks ( 2014 ) . On July 19 , 2014 , Lewis signed with the Dallas Mavericks . However , just four days later , his contract was voided by the Mavericks after he failed his physical when it was discovered that his right knee required surgery . BIG3 . In 2017 , Rashard joined the 3 Headed Monsters of the BIG3 basketball league , a team that included NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton as the head coach , and teammates such as Jason Williams , Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf and Kwame Brown . The 3 Headed Monsters went 7-1 , reaching the Championship game , where they lost to undefeated Trilogy . Lewis was awarded MVP for the season .
[ "Washington Wizards" ]	easy	Which team did the player Rashard Lewis belong to from Dec 2010 to Jun 2012?	/wiki/Rashard_Lewis#P54#2	Rashard Lewis Rashard Quovon Lewis ( born August 8 , 1979 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Lewis entered the NBA directly from Alief Elsik High School . He rose to prominence in the NBA as a scorer with the Seattle SuperSonics , and was later a member of the Orlando Magic , Washington Wizards and Miami Heat . He garnered two NBA All-Star selections , one with Seattle and another with Orlando . Lewis reached the NBA Finals three times , winning an NBA championship in 2013 as a member of the Heat . NBA career . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998–2007 ) . Despite being recruited by Florida State , Kansas and Houston , Lewis bypassed college and opted for the 1998 NBA draft , wherein he was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 32nd overall pick . At the time of his selection , he was the last player remaining in the green room , where fifteen of the top draft prospects sit until their selection . He and teammate Ray Allen made Seattle a contender during the early 2000s . In 2001 , Lewis was selected to play for the United States Basketball Team in the Goodwill Games , in which they won the gold medal . On October 31 , 2003 , Lewis scored a career-high 50 points to lead the Seattle SuperSonics to a 124–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers to close out a two-game series in Saitama , Japan . Lewis was named an All-Star in 2004–05 . Lewis holds the SuperSonics record for most three-pointers made , having passed Dale Ellis for second place on November 22 , 2005 , and Gary Payton for first place on March 13 , 2007 , when Lewis made his 918th three-pointer in a game against the Detroit Pistons . Orlando Magic ( 2007–2010 ) . After playing his first nine seasons for the Seattle SuperSonics , Lewis joined the Orlando Magic in July 2007 , as he agreed to a six-year sign-and-trade deal worth $118 million . In his first season with the Magic , Lewis was moved from his usual small forward position to power forward . That year , he made 53 more three-pointers than his previous single-season record ( 173 , 2004–05 ) . During the playoffs , the Magic reached the second round , with Lewis contributing a 33-point performance against the Detroit Pistons in Orlandos only win of the series . Lewis was the Magics top scorer in the playoffs and set personal records in points , rebounds , and assists . Lewis started the 2008–09 season as the teams second leading scorer , earning an appearance in the 2009 NBA All-Star Game . In the 2009 NBA Playoffs , Lewis hit a game-winning shot in the first game of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , what he called the biggest shot of his career . The Magic won the series and advanced to the NBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games . On August 6 , 2009 , Lewis was suspended without pay for the first ten games of the 2009–10 season after testing positive for a banned substance . Washington Wizards ( 2010–2012 ) . On December 18 , 2010 , Lewis was traded to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Gilbert Arenas . In 60 games for the Wizards over two seasons , Lewis averaged 9.7 points , 4.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game . New Orleans Hornets ( 2012 ) . On June 20 , 2012 , Lewis was traded , along with the 46th pick in the 2012 NBA draft , to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Trevor Ariza and Emeka Okafor . On June 30 , 2012 , the Hornets agreed to buyout terms with Lewis and waived him . Miami Heat ( 2012–2014 ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Lewis signed a two-year deal with the Miami Heat . The move reunited him with former Seattle teammate Ray Allen . The Heat finished the 2012–13 season with a league-best 66–16 record . Lewis won his first NBA championship with the Heats Finals series victory over the San Antonio Spurs . Lewis earned rave reviews from Heat coach Erik Spoelstra for the way he defended in Game 3 of the 2014 Eastern Conference Finals against the Indiana Pacers , even though he finished without a single point , rebound , assist or steal . Lewis worked his way into the starting lineup during the series , earning notoriety for helping the team despite a lack of impressive box score statistics in games 3 and 4 . In Game 5 of the series , Lewis started again , and scored 18 points on 6-of-9 shooting from behind the three-point line . In Game 6 , Lewis started and scored 13 points as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals . The Heat went on to lose the Finals to the San Antonio Spurs in five games . Dallas Mavericks ( 2014 ) . On July 19 , 2014 , Lewis signed with the Dallas Mavericks . However , just four days later , his contract was voided by the Mavericks after he failed his physical when it was discovered that his right knee required surgery . BIG3 . In 2017 , Rashard joined the 3 Headed Monsters of the BIG3 basketball league , a team that included NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton as the head coach , and teammates such as Jason Williams , Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf and Kwame Brown . The 3 Headed Monsters went 7-1 , reaching the Championship game , where they lost to undefeated Trilogy . Lewis was awarded MVP for the season .
[ "Miami Heat" ]	easy	Rashard Lewis played for which team from Jul 2012 to Jul 2014?	/wiki/Rashard_Lewis#P54#3	Rashard Lewis Rashard Quovon Lewis ( born August 8 , 1979 ) is an American former professional basketball player . Lewis entered the NBA directly from Alief Elsik High School . He rose to prominence in the NBA as a scorer with the Seattle SuperSonics , and was later a member of the Orlando Magic , Washington Wizards and Miami Heat . He garnered two NBA All-Star selections , one with Seattle and another with Orlando . Lewis reached the NBA Finals three times , winning an NBA championship in 2013 as a member of the Heat . NBA career . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1998–2007 ) . Despite being recruited by Florida State , Kansas and Houston , Lewis bypassed college and opted for the 1998 NBA draft , wherein he was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 32nd overall pick . At the time of his selection , he was the last player remaining in the green room , where fifteen of the top draft prospects sit until their selection . He and teammate Ray Allen made Seattle a contender during the early 2000s . In 2001 , Lewis was selected to play for the United States Basketball Team in the Goodwill Games , in which they won the gold medal . On October 31 , 2003 , Lewis scored a career-high 50 points to lead the Seattle SuperSonics to a 124–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers to close out a two-game series in Saitama , Japan . Lewis was named an All-Star in 2004–05 . Lewis holds the SuperSonics record for most three-pointers made , having passed Dale Ellis for second place on November 22 , 2005 , and Gary Payton for first place on March 13 , 2007 , when Lewis made his 918th three-pointer in a game against the Detroit Pistons . Orlando Magic ( 2007–2010 ) . After playing his first nine seasons for the Seattle SuperSonics , Lewis joined the Orlando Magic in July 2007 , as he agreed to a six-year sign-and-trade deal worth $118 million . In his first season with the Magic , Lewis was moved from his usual small forward position to power forward . That year , he made 53 more three-pointers than his previous single-season record ( 173 , 2004–05 ) . During the playoffs , the Magic reached the second round , with Lewis contributing a 33-point performance against the Detroit Pistons in Orlandos only win of the series . Lewis was the Magics top scorer in the playoffs and set personal records in points , rebounds , and assists . Lewis started the 2008–09 season as the teams second leading scorer , earning an appearance in the 2009 NBA All-Star Game . In the 2009 NBA Playoffs , Lewis hit a game-winning shot in the first game of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , what he called the biggest shot of his career . The Magic won the series and advanced to the NBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Los Angeles Lakers in five games . On August 6 , 2009 , Lewis was suspended without pay for the first ten games of the 2009–10 season after testing positive for a banned substance . Washington Wizards ( 2010–2012 ) . On December 18 , 2010 , Lewis was traded to the Washington Wizards in exchange for Gilbert Arenas . In 60 games for the Wizards over two seasons , Lewis averaged 9.7 points , 4.9 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game . New Orleans Hornets ( 2012 ) . On June 20 , 2012 , Lewis was traded , along with the 46th pick in the 2012 NBA draft , to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for Trevor Ariza and Emeka Okafor . On June 30 , 2012 , the Hornets agreed to buyout terms with Lewis and waived him . Miami Heat ( 2012–2014 ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Lewis signed a two-year deal with the Miami Heat . The move reunited him with former Seattle teammate Ray Allen . The Heat finished the 2012–13 season with a league-best 66–16 record . Lewis won his first NBA championship with the Heats Finals series victory over the San Antonio Spurs . Lewis earned rave reviews from Heat coach Erik Spoelstra for the way he defended in Game 3 of the 2014 Eastern Conference Finals against the Indiana Pacers , even though he finished without a single point , rebound , assist or steal . Lewis worked his way into the starting lineup during the series , earning notoriety for helping the team despite a lack of impressive box score statistics in games 3 and 4 . In Game 5 of the series , Lewis started again , and scored 18 points on 6-of-9 shooting from behind the three-point line . In Game 6 , Lewis started and scored 13 points as the Heat advanced to the NBA Finals . The Heat went on to lose the Finals to the San Antonio Spurs in five games . Dallas Mavericks ( 2014 ) . On July 19 , 2014 , Lewis signed with the Dallas Mavericks . However , just four days later , his contract was voided by the Mavericks after he failed his physical when it was discovered that his right knee required surgery . BIG3 . In 2017 , Rashard joined the 3 Headed Monsters of the BIG3 basketball league , a team that included NBA Hall of Famer Gary Payton as the head coach , and teammates such as Jason Williams , Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf and Kwame Brown . The 3 Headed Monsters went 7-1 , reaching the Championship game , where they lost to undefeated Trilogy . Lewis was awarded MVP for the season .
[ "Liga II" ]	easy	Which league did ACS Poli Timișoara play for from 2012 to 2018?	/wiki/ACS_Poli_Timișoara#P118#0	ACS Poli Timișoara Asociația Club Sportiv Poli Timișoara ( ) , commonly known as Poli Timișoara , is a Romanian professional football club based in Timișoara , Timiș County , currently playing in the Liga III . The club is credited as the official record holder and legal successor of the original club founded in 1921 , FC Politehnica Timișoara , which went bankrupt and was dissolved , following the 2011–12 season . It is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . The team has won two Romanian Cups and was twice a runner-up in Liga I . It is ranked 5th in the Liga I All-Time Table , with 48 seasons played . Poli Timişoara traditionally plays in white and purple kits , although it has used variations of black and white in the past . The clubs current home ground is Electrica stadium , although most of its history it played on Dan Păltinișanu Stadium . History . Beginnings of Politehnica Timișoara ( 1921–1945 ) . The club was founded in 1921 by the Polytechnic University of Timișoara under the name Societatea Sportiva Politehnica . Its initial aim was to provide an opportunity for university students to work on their fitness within a competitive environment . The logistics of the sport proved problematic , as there were limited financial means available . Thanks to contributions gathered from university professors and employees , the club bought their first football kits , with white-black vertical stripes , and rented the Patria football stadium . It was not until 1928 that the club developed its own training grounds , Politehnica , which were built by volunteers . Players for the team were chosen on merit from the pool of Timișoara students and high-schoolers , who trained after school hours during the week and played football on weekends . The football landscape in the city was already developed at that time , with CAT , RGMT and Chinezul dominating locally . After spending three years in the District Championships II , Politehnica won promotion to the first tier in 1924 , by defeating Kadima Timișoara . The club became established in the years to come , even finishing 2nd in the 1926–27 District Championships I , when Politehnica lost out to Chinezul by a single point , who were one of Romanias most famous football names at the time . However , the competitive level could not be easily sustained by a university club , as it was subject to the inflow and outflow of players conditioned by their student status . After a decline towards the end of the decade , the low-point came at the beginning of the 1930s , between 1931 and 1933 , when due to insufficient material resources , Politehnica had to suspend its football activities . It reappeared in 1934 but remained a modest club , with mid-table classifications in the District Championships I , as well as the Divizia C and Divizia B , once they were founded . As war beckoned , the national championships were suspended and all football activities reduced to friendly matches and the Cupa Eroilor ( 1943–44 ) . Until the second World War , Politehnica was far from the number one Timișoara football club . Chinezul and then Ripensia won multiple Romanian championship , whereas the students club failed to achieve similar results . It did , however , propel several players to the Romania national football team , with the likes of Sfera , Ignuţa , Deheleanu , Chiroiu , Pop , Protopopescu and Sepi all wearing the national jerseys . Establishment as one of the citys most representative clubs ( 1945–1991 ) . With Romania under a communist regime , these decades were a challenge for Politehnica , as the club represented an educational institution of the highest tier . The numerous promotions and relegations between the first two national leagues were contrasted by the two Romanian cups won and the clubs first forays into international football . Politehnica was first promoted to Romanian top league , the Divizia A , in 1948 , and played under the name CSU Timișoara in the first season . Shortly thereafter ( from 1950 ) , the club was renamed Știința Timișoara , in line with the desired nomenclature of the times . In spite of suffering its first relegation in 1951 , the decade was an unusually consistent one , with the club returning swiftly to the top division and staying there until the season 1959 . The high-point of the Ştiinţa years was winning the 1957–58 Romanian Cup , a 1–0 victory against Progresul București , with the club finishing joint first in the league in the same season , but losing out on goal difference . The next decade saw the club struggle to remain in the first league , particularly towards the end of the 60s . However , it was then that the clubs modern identity started taking shape . Firstly , in 1963 , the largest stadium in Timişoara was completed . It was initially named 1 Mai , honoring the socialist workers day , before being renamed several times in the 90s and finally settling on Stadionul Dan Păltinişanu . Secondly , the club reverted to its previous name of Politehnica Timișoara in 1966 and went to play during the next five decades on the then-erected stadium . When Politehnica returned to the first league in 1973 , after struggling to win promotion for several years , it went on to celebrate one of its best streaks in the top flight . With the likes of Emeric Dembrovschi and Dan Păltinişanu in the team , who both played for Romania and went on to become some of the most capped players in the clubs history , and under the management of prof . Ion V . Ionescu , Politehnica lost that seasons cup final . After managing a third place in the league with manager Angelo Niculescu in 1978 , Politehnica took part in a continental competition for the first time . It was the 1978–79 UEFA Cup , where Poli defeated MTK Budapest ( 2–0 and 1–2 ) , before going down to Honved Budapest ( 2–0 and 0–4 ) in the second round . The club remained steady and managed to win its second cup trophy the following season , by beating Steaua București with 2–1 , after extra time . Politehnica thereby qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where it managed to eliminate Celtic Glasgow ( 1–0 and 1–2 ) , before being defeated by West Ham United ( 1–0 and 0–4 ) in second leg . In spite of losing another Romanian Cup final in 1981 , the club qualified once more for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where they lost to Leipzig 2–5 on aggregate . After being relegated in 1983 , Politehnica yo-yo-ed between Divizia A and the Divizia B , with promotions in 1984 , 1987 , 1989 and relegations in 1986 and 1988 . Fans ironically called this period as the ABBA years . As the Romanian Revolution , which started in Timișoara , signalled the end of an era , Politehnica managed to grab its most impressive result yet in European competitions , by eliminating Atlético Madrid ( 2–0 and 0–1 ) in the 1990–91 UEFA Cup . Privatization and detachment from the Polytechnic University ( 1991–2001 ) . By state order , all public institutions were forced to relinquish and reorganize any owned sports clubs in 1991 , to effectively privatize them . As a result , alongside the newly organized football club appeared a non-profit association , AFC Politehnica Timișoara . The latter , consisting of previous club players and staff , was mandated with owning and protecting the club records and intellectual property . The clubs swan song near the top of Romanian football for the next decade was to be the 1991–92 season . Poli finished 5th and also reached the Romanian Cup final , only to lose it on penalties against Steaua București . The consequent participation in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup , saw the club draw against Real Madrid ( 1–1 in Timișoara ) , before being defeated in the return leg ( 0–4 ) . Politehnica lost several key players in the years after the forced privatization , which slowly lead to the teams downfall . In fewer than twenty four months from their draw against Real , the club was relegated to the Divizia B in 1994 . Despite a fast return to the first league in 1995 , Poli failed to consolidate their position and were soon relegated once more after the 1996–97 season . An inability to rebound lead to mounting financial pressures . The club was temporarily owned by a Timișoara based businessman between 1998 and 2000 , before the local authorities accepted the bid of an Italian investor , Claudio Zambon , to take over Politehnica . Despite an initial financial outlay , Poli finished 15th and was relegated to the third league , Divizia C , where it had last played in 1938 . To avoid such an outcome , Zambon and the local authorities struck a deal with a league two club , Dacia Pitești , and purchased their license to participate in the Divizia B . After failing to earn promotion to top flight , the 2001–02 season posed an insurmountable challenge for Politehnica . Zambons departure following disagreements with the local authorities meant the club found itself in dire financial straits . Forced to use mostly youth players , Politehnica finished the season dead last , with one win and four draws to its name , but negative eight points in the standings , due to unpaid debts . Once again the club was bound to be relegated to the third division . Identity crisis , glory years and downfall ( 2002–2012 ) . In 2002 , AEK Bucharest were promoted to Liga I , Romanian footballs top division , for the first time , whereupon Anton Doboș , the clubs owner , moved it to Timișoara . It was renamed Politehnica AEK Timișoara after merging with CSU Politehnica , a club owned and run by the Politehnica University , and received the full support of local authorities and white-purple fans . After a rocky first season , which required a spectacular relegation play-off against Gloria Buzău to avoid demotion , Poli AEK consolidated during the next season , finishing on a safe mid-table position . Moreover , starting with the 2004–05 season , the team changed its name to FCU Politehnica Timișoara , trying to reestablish its former identity . Financially difficulties looming , Politehnica changed ownership once more . Former president Anton Doboș stayed on at the club for another year in a new position , while Balkan Petroleum Ltd. , owned by Marian Iancu , took full charge . Significant investments in the transfer market transformed the club overnight , as it received the nickname EuroPoli for its newly found ambitions to reach the top of Romanian football . During the takeover by Marian Iancu , a dispute regarding the proprietary rights for the club name , colors and records arose . After prolonged litigation , Politehnica was forced to change its name to FC Timișoara , following a decision by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . It was deemed that the colors and records dating before 2002 were lost in favor of former Politehnica Timișoara owner , Claudio Zambon . The Italian had struck a deal with AFC Politehnica , the non-profit association which owned said proprietary items , when he left Timișoara during the 2001–02 season . Results on the pitch improved immediately after the takeover , but a leap to the Liga 1 podium proved elusive until 2008–09 , when Politehnica finished runner-up , a feat repeated two seasons later . The club did , however , rejoin European football the season before that by qualifying for the UEFA Cup – sixteen years after its last appearance against Atletico Madrid . More European appearances followed , culminating with the qualification for the 3rd preliminary round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . The team defeated the reigning UEFA Cup champions Shakhtar Donetsk , but were eliminated from the competition during the Playoff Round , which still meant the club would take part in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage . In November 2010 , the Romanian Court of Appeal returned Politehnicas name , colors and records to FC Timișoara . However , at the end of the season , despite finishing second in the Liga I standings , the club was relegated to Liga II after failing to meet the licence requirements to play in the first division . Under the name of Politehnica Timişoara , they took part in the 2011–12 Liga II season and finished first , but were again denied the licence to play in Liga I . Consequently , the club filed for bankruptcy and was dissolved in September 2012 . Rebirth as ACS Poli Timișoara and recent years ( 2012–present ) . In the summer of 2012 , ACS Recaș , a club just promoted to the Liga II , was moved to Timișoara and renamed ACS Poli Timișoara after the dissolution of FC Politehnica Timișoara . The new club is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . However , the ultras supporters rejected the move and decided to support an alternative project in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timişoara . Valentin Velcea continued as head coach , while the roster consisted mostly of the core ACS Recaș players and several players from FC Politehnica . At its conception , the club , established as an NGO , was primarily financed by the local authorities , as Timișoara mayor Nicolae Robu insisted control should not be forfeited to private investors . After initially playing in black/white/yellow kits , in order to avoid legal complications while the court ruled over the rightful owner following the bankruptcy of FC Politehnica , the club returned to its historic white-purple colors starting with the 2015–2016 season . As of February 2016 , ACS Poli Timişoara is the sole and full owner of all the rights pertaining to and deriving from the Politehnica Timișoara brand and records , following a court decision which nullified the original agreement between the founding club and record holders , and Marian Iancus insolvent club . From a competitive perspective , the club failed to equal the achievements of the Marian Iancu era . A yo-yo-ing between the first two leagues , reminiscent of the Politehnicas travails in the 1980s , ensued . The situation was amplified by the fact that the financing received from the local authorities was deemed illegal in the summer of 2015 , which left the club without its main financial benefactor . The highlight season for the new Poli came about in 2016–2017 , when the club started with a 14 points penalty , as it failed to reach a points minimum the previous year and recorded unpaid debts . In spite of this , Poli , under the management of Ionuţ Popa , rallied to reach the relegation play-off in the dying minutes of the season and defeated rivals UTA Arad 5–2 on aggregate . Moreover , the club reached the first national cup final , finishing runner-up in the Cupa Ligii , while also reaching the semi-finals of the Romanian Cup . The following season was another struggle and Poli suffered a reversal of fortunes as they were relegated by courtesy of a goal scored late in the last matchday . With financial pressures mounting , the club declared insolvency during the 2018–2019 Liga 2 season and struggled to stay competitive , becoming involved in another fight to avoid relegation . In order to mitigate costs , it was also forced to relocate from the Dan Păltinişanu stadium to the Electrica stadium . Supporters and Rivalries . Historically , Poli has been the most prominent football club in Timișoara after 1945 , playing consistently in either the first or the second tier of Romanian football . Local rivalries with CFR Timișoara and UM Timișoara were relevant until the early 2000s . Afterwards , the former was relegated to a semi-professional status in the lower leagues and the latter was dissolved in 2008 . Nationally , there were strong rivalries with UTA Arad and Dinamo București . The matches against UTA were labeled as the West Derby , due to the proximity of Timișoara and Arad . Matches against CFR Cluj , FCSB , and Universitatea Craiova also drew large crowds . After the club reincarnated as ACS Poli in 2012 , the core factions of the ultras movement decided to support an alternate club in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timișoara . ACS Poli struggled to fill the void created by their departure , with smaller fan factions forming to support the club . Although top-bill matches with historic rivals still attract fans to the stadium , attendances have dropped compared to the averages attained in the 2000s . Honours . Leagues . - Liga I - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Liga II - Winners ( 12 ) : 1947–48 , 1952 , 1959–60 , 1964–65 , 1972–73 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 , 1988–89 , 1994–95 , 2001–02 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 ( record ) - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 1970–71 , 2012–13 Cups . - Romanian Cup - Winners ( 2 ) : 1957–58 , 1979–80 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1973–74 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1991–92 , 2006–07 , 2008–09 - Cupa Ligii - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Managers . - Valentin Velcea ( Aug 15 , 2012–Oct 10 , 2013 ) - Aurel Șunda ( Oct 10 , 2013–Mar 16 , 2014 ) - Dan Alexa ( Mar 16 , 2014–Aug 21 , 2015 ) - Florin Marin ( Aug 25 , 2015–Mar 21 , 2016 ) - Petre Grigoraș ( Mar 25 , 2016–May 22 , 2016 ) - Ionuț Popa ( May 24 , 2016–Feb 5 , 2018 ) - Leo Grozavu ( Feb 6 , 2018–Apr 15 , 2018 ) - Adrian Neaga ( Apr 16 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2018 ) - Ionel Ganea ( Jul 1 , 2018–Aug 20 , 2018 ) - Ștefan Nanu ( Aug 27 , 2018–Dec 13 , 2018 ) - Valeriu Răchită ( Dec 13 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2019 ) - Silviu Bălace ( Sep 4 , 2019–present ) Players . Appearances . As of 1 March 2019 Goalscorers . As of 1 March 2019 External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website
[ "Liga 2" ]	easy	Which league did ACS Poli Timișoara play for from 2018 to 2019?	/wiki/ACS_Poli_Timișoara#P118#1	ACS Poli Timișoara Asociația Club Sportiv Poli Timișoara ( ) , commonly known as Poli Timișoara , is a Romanian professional football club based in Timișoara , Timiș County , currently playing in the Liga III . The club is credited as the official record holder and legal successor of the original club founded in 1921 , FC Politehnica Timișoara , which went bankrupt and was dissolved , following the 2011–12 season . It is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . The team has won two Romanian Cups and was twice a runner-up in Liga I . It is ranked 5th in the Liga I All-Time Table , with 48 seasons played . Poli Timişoara traditionally plays in white and purple kits , although it has used variations of black and white in the past . The clubs current home ground is Electrica stadium , although most of its history it played on Dan Păltinișanu Stadium . History . Beginnings of Politehnica Timișoara ( 1921–1945 ) . The club was founded in 1921 by the Polytechnic University of Timișoara under the name Societatea Sportiva Politehnica . Its initial aim was to provide an opportunity for university students to work on their fitness within a competitive environment . The logistics of the sport proved problematic , as there were limited financial means available . Thanks to contributions gathered from university professors and employees , the club bought their first football kits , with white-black vertical stripes , and rented the Patria football stadium . It was not until 1928 that the club developed its own training grounds , Politehnica , which were built by volunteers . Players for the team were chosen on merit from the pool of Timișoara students and high-schoolers , who trained after school hours during the week and played football on weekends . The football landscape in the city was already developed at that time , with CAT , RGMT and Chinezul dominating locally . After spending three years in the District Championships II , Politehnica won promotion to the first tier in 1924 , by defeating Kadima Timișoara . The club became established in the years to come , even finishing 2nd in the 1926–27 District Championships I , when Politehnica lost out to Chinezul by a single point , who were one of Romanias most famous football names at the time . However , the competitive level could not be easily sustained by a university club , as it was subject to the inflow and outflow of players conditioned by their student status . After a decline towards the end of the decade , the low-point came at the beginning of the 1930s , between 1931 and 1933 , when due to insufficient material resources , Politehnica had to suspend its football activities . It reappeared in 1934 but remained a modest club , with mid-table classifications in the District Championships I , as well as the Divizia C and Divizia B , once they were founded . As war beckoned , the national championships were suspended and all football activities reduced to friendly matches and the Cupa Eroilor ( 1943–44 ) . Until the second World War , Politehnica was far from the number one Timișoara football club . Chinezul and then Ripensia won multiple Romanian championship , whereas the students club failed to achieve similar results . It did , however , propel several players to the Romania national football team , with the likes of Sfera , Ignuţa , Deheleanu , Chiroiu , Pop , Protopopescu and Sepi all wearing the national jerseys . Establishment as one of the citys most representative clubs ( 1945–1991 ) . With Romania under a communist regime , these decades were a challenge for Politehnica , as the club represented an educational institution of the highest tier . The numerous promotions and relegations between the first two national leagues were contrasted by the two Romanian cups won and the clubs first forays into international football . Politehnica was first promoted to Romanian top league , the Divizia A , in 1948 , and played under the name CSU Timișoara in the first season . Shortly thereafter ( from 1950 ) , the club was renamed Știința Timișoara , in line with the desired nomenclature of the times . In spite of suffering its first relegation in 1951 , the decade was an unusually consistent one , with the club returning swiftly to the top division and staying there until the season 1959 . The high-point of the Ştiinţa years was winning the 1957–58 Romanian Cup , a 1–0 victory against Progresul București , with the club finishing joint first in the league in the same season , but losing out on goal difference . The next decade saw the club struggle to remain in the first league , particularly towards the end of the 60s . However , it was then that the clubs modern identity started taking shape . Firstly , in 1963 , the largest stadium in Timişoara was completed . It was initially named 1 Mai , honoring the socialist workers day , before being renamed several times in the 90s and finally settling on Stadionul Dan Păltinişanu . Secondly , the club reverted to its previous name of Politehnica Timișoara in 1966 and went to play during the next five decades on the then-erected stadium . When Politehnica returned to the first league in 1973 , after struggling to win promotion for several years , it went on to celebrate one of its best streaks in the top flight . With the likes of Emeric Dembrovschi and Dan Păltinişanu in the team , who both played for Romania and went on to become some of the most capped players in the clubs history , and under the management of prof . Ion V . Ionescu , Politehnica lost that seasons cup final . After managing a third place in the league with manager Angelo Niculescu in 1978 , Politehnica took part in a continental competition for the first time . It was the 1978–79 UEFA Cup , where Poli defeated MTK Budapest ( 2–0 and 1–2 ) , before going down to Honved Budapest ( 2–0 and 0–4 ) in the second round . The club remained steady and managed to win its second cup trophy the following season , by beating Steaua București with 2–1 , after extra time . Politehnica thereby qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where it managed to eliminate Celtic Glasgow ( 1–0 and 1–2 ) , before being defeated by West Ham United ( 1–0 and 0–4 ) in second leg . In spite of losing another Romanian Cup final in 1981 , the club qualified once more for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where they lost to Leipzig 2–5 on aggregate . After being relegated in 1983 , Politehnica yo-yo-ed between Divizia A and the Divizia B , with promotions in 1984 , 1987 , 1989 and relegations in 1986 and 1988 . Fans ironically called this period as the ABBA years . As the Romanian Revolution , which started in Timișoara , signalled the end of an era , Politehnica managed to grab its most impressive result yet in European competitions , by eliminating Atlético Madrid ( 2–0 and 0–1 ) in the 1990–91 UEFA Cup . Privatization and detachment from the Polytechnic University ( 1991–2001 ) . By state order , all public institutions were forced to relinquish and reorganize any owned sports clubs in 1991 , to effectively privatize them . As a result , alongside the newly organized football club appeared a non-profit association , AFC Politehnica Timișoara . The latter , consisting of previous club players and staff , was mandated with owning and protecting the club records and intellectual property . The clubs swan song near the top of Romanian football for the next decade was to be the 1991–92 season . Poli finished 5th and also reached the Romanian Cup final , only to lose it on penalties against Steaua București . The consequent participation in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup , saw the club draw against Real Madrid ( 1–1 in Timișoara ) , before being defeated in the return leg ( 0–4 ) . Politehnica lost several key players in the years after the forced privatization , which slowly lead to the teams downfall . In fewer than twenty four months from their draw against Real , the club was relegated to the Divizia B in 1994 . Despite a fast return to the first league in 1995 , Poli failed to consolidate their position and were soon relegated once more after the 1996–97 season . An inability to rebound lead to mounting financial pressures . The club was temporarily owned by a Timișoara based businessman between 1998 and 2000 , before the local authorities accepted the bid of an Italian investor , Claudio Zambon , to take over Politehnica . Despite an initial financial outlay , Poli finished 15th and was relegated to the third league , Divizia C , where it had last played in 1938 . To avoid such an outcome , Zambon and the local authorities struck a deal with a league two club , Dacia Pitești , and purchased their license to participate in the Divizia B . After failing to earn promotion to top flight , the 2001–02 season posed an insurmountable challenge for Politehnica . Zambons departure following disagreements with the local authorities meant the club found itself in dire financial straits . Forced to use mostly youth players , Politehnica finished the season dead last , with one win and four draws to its name , but negative eight points in the standings , due to unpaid debts . Once again the club was bound to be relegated to the third division . Identity crisis , glory years and downfall ( 2002–2012 ) . In 2002 , AEK Bucharest were promoted to Liga I , Romanian footballs top division , for the first time , whereupon Anton Doboș , the clubs owner , moved it to Timișoara . It was renamed Politehnica AEK Timișoara after merging with CSU Politehnica , a club owned and run by the Politehnica University , and received the full support of local authorities and white-purple fans . After a rocky first season , which required a spectacular relegation play-off against Gloria Buzău to avoid demotion , Poli AEK consolidated during the next season , finishing on a safe mid-table position . Moreover , starting with the 2004–05 season , the team changed its name to FCU Politehnica Timișoara , trying to reestablish its former identity . Financially difficulties looming , Politehnica changed ownership once more . Former president Anton Doboș stayed on at the club for another year in a new position , while Balkan Petroleum Ltd. , owned by Marian Iancu , took full charge . Significant investments in the transfer market transformed the club overnight , as it received the nickname EuroPoli for its newly found ambitions to reach the top of Romanian football . During the takeover by Marian Iancu , a dispute regarding the proprietary rights for the club name , colors and records arose . After prolonged litigation , Politehnica was forced to change its name to FC Timișoara , following a decision by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . It was deemed that the colors and records dating before 2002 were lost in favor of former Politehnica Timișoara owner , Claudio Zambon . The Italian had struck a deal with AFC Politehnica , the non-profit association which owned said proprietary items , when he left Timișoara during the 2001–02 season . Results on the pitch improved immediately after the takeover , but a leap to the Liga 1 podium proved elusive until 2008–09 , when Politehnica finished runner-up , a feat repeated two seasons later . The club did , however , rejoin European football the season before that by qualifying for the UEFA Cup – sixteen years after its last appearance against Atletico Madrid . More European appearances followed , culminating with the qualification for the 3rd preliminary round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . The team defeated the reigning UEFA Cup champions Shakhtar Donetsk , but were eliminated from the competition during the Playoff Round , which still meant the club would take part in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage . In November 2010 , the Romanian Court of Appeal returned Politehnicas name , colors and records to FC Timișoara . However , at the end of the season , despite finishing second in the Liga I standings , the club was relegated to Liga II after failing to meet the licence requirements to play in the first division . Under the name of Politehnica Timişoara , they took part in the 2011–12 Liga II season and finished first , but were again denied the licence to play in Liga I . Consequently , the club filed for bankruptcy and was dissolved in September 2012 . Rebirth as ACS Poli Timișoara and recent years ( 2012–present ) . In the summer of 2012 , ACS Recaș , a club just promoted to the Liga II , was moved to Timișoara and renamed ACS Poli Timișoara after the dissolution of FC Politehnica Timișoara . The new club is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . However , the ultras supporters rejected the move and decided to support an alternative project in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timişoara . Valentin Velcea continued as head coach , while the roster consisted mostly of the core ACS Recaș players and several players from FC Politehnica . At its conception , the club , established as an NGO , was primarily financed by the local authorities , as Timișoara mayor Nicolae Robu insisted control should not be forfeited to private investors . After initially playing in black/white/yellow kits , in order to avoid legal complications while the court ruled over the rightful owner following the bankruptcy of FC Politehnica , the club returned to its historic white-purple colors starting with the 2015–2016 season . As of February 2016 , ACS Poli Timişoara is the sole and full owner of all the rights pertaining to and deriving from the Politehnica Timișoara brand and records , following a court decision which nullified the original agreement between the founding club and record holders , and Marian Iancus insolvent club . From a competitive perspective , the club failed to equal the achievements of the Marian Iancu era . A yo-yo-ing between the first two leagues , reminiscent of the Politehnicas travails in the 1980s , ensued . The situation was amplified by the fact that the financing received from the local authorities was deemed illegal in the summer of 2015 , which left the club without its main financial benefactor . The highlight season for the new Poli came about in 2016–2017 , when the club started with a 14 points penalty , as it failed to reach a points minimum the previous year and recorded unpaid debts . In spite of this , Poli , under the management of Ionuţ Popa , rallied to reach the relegation play-off in the dying minutes of the season and defeated rivals UTA Arad 5–2 on aggregate . Moreover , the club reached the first national cup final , finishing runner-up in the Cupa Ligii , while also reaching the semi-finals of the Romanian Cup . The following season was another struggle and Poli suffered a reversal of fortunes as they were relegated by courtesy of a goal scored late in the last matchday . With financial pressures mounting , the club declared insolvency during the 2018–2019 Liga 2 season and struggled to stay competitive , becoming involved in another fight to avoid relegation . In order to mitigate costs , it was also forced to relocate from the Dan Păltinişanu stadium to the Electrica stadium . Supporters and Rivalries . Historically , Poli has been the most prominent football club in Timișoara after 1945 , playing consistently in either the first or the second tier of Romanian football . Local rivalries with CFR Timișoara and UM Timișoara were relevant until the early 2000s . Afterwards , the former was relegated to a semi-professional status in the lower leagues and the latter was dissolved in 2008 . Nationally , there were strong rivalries with UTA Arad and Dinamo București . The matches against UTA were labeled as the West Derby , due to the proximity of Timișoara and Arad . Matches against CFR Cluj , FCSB , and Universitatea Craiova also drew large crowds . After the club reincarnated as ACS Poli in 2012 , the core factions of the ultras movement decided to support an alternate club in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timișoara . ACS Poli struggled to fill the void created by their departure , with smaller fan factions forming to support the club . Although top-bill matches with historic rivals still attract fans to the stadium , attendances have dropped compared to the averages attained in the 2000s . Honours . Leagues . - Liga I - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Liga II - Winners ( 12 ) : 1947–48 , 1952 , 1959–60 , 1964–65 , 1972–73 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 , 1988–89 , 1994–95 , 2001–02 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 ( record ) - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 1970–71 , 2012–13 Cups . - Romanian Cup - Winners ( 2 ) : 1957–58 , 1979–80 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1973–74 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1991–92 , 2006–07 , 2008–09 - Cupa Ligii - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Managers . - Valentin Velcea ( Aug 15 , 2012–Oct 10 , 2013 ) - Aurel Șunda ( Oct 10 , 2013–Mar 16 , 2014 ) - Dan Alexa ( Mar 16 , 2014–Aug 21 , 2015 ) - Florin Marin ( Aug 25 , 2015–Mar 21 , 2016 ) - Petre Grigoraș ( Mar 25 , 2016–May 22 , 2016 ) - Ionuț Popa ( May 24 , 2016–Feb 5 , 2018 ) - Leo Grozavu ( Feb 6 , 2018–Apr 15 , 2018 ) - Adrian Neaga ( Apr 16 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2018 ) - Ionel Ganea ( Jul 1 , 2018–Aug 20 , 2018 ) - Ștefan Nanu ( Aug 27 , 2018–Dec 13 , 2018 ) - Valeriu Răchită ( Dec 13 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2019 ) - Silviu Bălace ( Sep 4 , 2019–present ) Players . Appearances . As of 1 March 2019 Goalscorers . As of 1 March 2019 External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website
[ "" ]	easy	Which league did ACS Poli Timișoara play for from 2019 to 2020?	/wiki/ACS_Poli_Timișoara#P118#2	ACS Poli Timișoara Asociația Club Sportiv Poli Timișoara ( ) , commonly known as Poli Timișoara , is a Romanian professional football club based in Timișoara , Timiș County , currently playing in the Liga III . The club is credited as the official record holder and legal successor of the original club founded in 1921 , FC Politehnica Timișoara , which went bankrupt and was dissolved , following the 2011–12 season . It is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . The team has won two Romanian Cups and was twice a runner-up in Liga I . It is ranked 5th in the Liga I All-Time Table , with 48 seasons played . Poli Timişoara traditionally plays in white and purple kits , although it has used variations of black and white in the past . The clubs current home ground is Electrica stadium , although most of its history it played on Dan Păltinișanu Stadium . History . Beginnings of Politehnica Timișoara ( 1921–1945 ) . The club was founded in 1921 by the Polytechnic University of Timișoara under the name Societatea Sportiva Politehnica . Its initial aim was to provide an opportunity for university students to work on their fitness within a competitive environment . The logistics of the sport proved problematic , as there were limited financial means available . Thanks to contributions gathered from university professors and employees , the club bought their first football kits , with white-black vertical stripes , and rented the Patria football stadium . It was not until 1928 that the club developed its own training grounds , Politehnica , which were built by volunteers . Players for the team were chosen on merit from the pool of Timișoara students and high-schoolers , who trained after school hours during the week and played football on weekends . The football landscape in the city was already developed at that time , with CAT , RGMT and Chinezul dominating locally . After spending three years in the District Championships II , Politehnica won promotion to the first tier in 1924 , by defeating Kadima Timișoara . The club became established in the years to come , even finishing 2nd in the 1926–27 District Championships I , when Politehnica lost out to Chinezul by a single point , who were one of Romanias most famous football names at the time . However , the competitive level could not be easily sustained by a university club , as it was subject to the inflow and outflow of players conditioned by their student status . After a decline towards the end of the decade , the low-point came at the beginning of the 1930s , between 1931 and 1933 , when due to insufficient material resources , Politehnica had to suspend its football activities . It reappeared in 1934 but remained a modest club , with mid-table classifications in the District Championships I , as well as the Divizia C and Divizia B , once they were founded . As war beckoned , the national championships were suspended and all football activities reduced to friendly matches and the Cupa Eroilor ( 1943–44 ) . Until the second World War , Politehnica was far from the number one Timișoara football club . Chinezul and then Ripensia won multiple Romanian championship , whereas the students club failed to achieve similar results . It did , however , propel several players to the Romania national football team , with the likes of Sfera , Ignuţa , Deheleanu , Chiroiu , Pop , Protopopescu and Sepi all wearing the national jerseys . Establishment as one of the citys most representative clubs ( 1945–1991 ) . With Romania under a communist regime , these decades were a challenge for Politehnica , as the club represented an educational institution of the highest tier . The numerous promotions and relegations between the first two national leagues were contrasted by the two Romanian cups won and the clubs first forays into international football . Politehnica was first promoted to Romanian top league , the Divizia A , in 1948 , and played under the name CSU Timișoara in the first season . Shortly thereafter ( from 1950 ) , the club was renamed Știința Timișoara , in line with the desired nomenclature of the times . In spite of suffering its first relegation in 1951 , the decade was an unusually consistent one , with the club returning swiftly to the top division and staying there until the season 1959 . The high-point of the Ştiinţa years was winning the 1957–58 Romanian Cup , a 1–0 victory against Progresul București , with the club finishing joint first in the league in the same season , but losing out on goal difference . The next decade saw the club struggle to remain in the first league , particularly towards the end of the 60s . However , it was then that the clubs modern identity started taking shape . Firstly , in 1963 , the largest stadium in Timişoara was completed . It was initially named 1 Mai , honoring the socialist workers day , before being renamed several times in the 90s and finally settling on Stadionul Dan Păltinişanu . Secondly , the club reverted to its previous name of Politehnica Timișoara in 1966 and went to play during the next five decades on the then-erected stadium . When Politehnica returned to the first league in 1973 , after struggling to win promotion for several years , it went on to celebrate one of its best streaks in the top flight . With the likes of Emeric Dembrovschi and Dan Păltinişanu in the team , who both played for Romania and went on to become some of the most capped players in the clubs history , and under the management of prof . Ion V . Ionescu , Politehnica lost that seasons cup final . After managing a third place in the league with manager Angelo Niculescu in 1978 , Politehnica took part in a continental competition for the first time . It was the 1978–79 UEFA Cup , where Poli defeated MTK Budapest ( 2–0 and 1–2 ) , before going down to Honved Budapest ( 2–0 and 0–4 ) in the second round . The club remained steady and managed to win its second cup trophy the following season , by beating Steaua București with 2–1 , after extra time . Politehnica thereby qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where it managed to eliminate Celtic Glasgow ( 1–0 and 1–2 ) , before being defeated by West Ham United ( 1–0 and 0–4 ) in second leg . In spite of losing another Romanian Cup final in 1981 , the club qualified once more for the UEFA Cup Winners Cup , where they lost to Leipzig 2–5 on aggregate . After being relegated in 1983 , Politehnica yo-yo-ed between Divizia A and the Divizia B , with promotions in 1984 , 1987 , 1989 and relegations in 1986 and 1988 . Fans ironically called this period as the ABBA years . As the Romanian Revolution , which started in Timișoara , signalled the end of an era , Politehnica managed to grab its most impressive result yet in European competitions , by eliminating Atlético Madrid ( 2–0 and 0–1 ) in the 1990–91 UEFA Cup . Privatization and detachment from the Polytechnic University ( 1991–2001 ) . By state order , all public institutions were forced to relinquish and reorganize any owned sports clubs in 1991 , to effectively privatize them . As a result , alongside the newly organized football club appeared a non-profit association , AFC Politehnica Timișoara . The latter , consisting of previous club players and staff , was mandated with owning and protecting the club records and intellectual property . The clubs swan song near the top of Romanian football for the next decade was to be the 1991–92 season . Poli finished 5th and also reached the Romanian Cup final , only to lose it on penalties against Steaua București . The consequent participation in the 1992–93 UEFA Cup , saw the club draw against Real Madrid ( 1–1 in Timișoara ) , before being defeated in the return leg ( 0–4 ) . Politehnica lost several key players in the years after the forced privatization , which slowly lead to the teams downfall . In fewer than twenty four months from their draw against Real , the club was relegated to the Divizia B in 1994 . Despite a fast return to the first league in 1995 , Poli failed to consolidate their position and were soon relegated once more after the 1996–97 season . An inability to rebound lead to mounting financial pressures . The club was temporarily owned by a Timișoara based businessman between 1998 and 2000 , before the local authorities accepted the bid of an Italian investor , Claudio Zambon , to take over Politehnica . Despite an initial financial outlay , Poli finished 15th and was relegated to the third league , Divizia C , where it had last played in 1938 . To avoid such an outcome , Zambon and the local authorities struck a deal with a league two club , Dacia Pitești , and purchased their license to participate in the Divizia B . After failing to earn promotion to top flight , the 2001–02 season posed an insurmountable challenge for Politehnica . Zambons departure following disagreements with the local authorities meant the club found itself in dire financial straits . Forced to use mostly youth players , Politehnica finished the season dead last , with one win and four draws to its name , but negative eight points in the standings , due to unpaid debts . Once again the club was bound to be relegated to the third division . Identity crisis , glory years and downfall ( 2002–2012 ) . In 2002 , AEK Bucharest were promoted to Liga I , Romanian footballs top division , for the first time , whereupon Anton Doboș , the clubs owner , moved it to Timișoara . It was renamed Politehnica AEK Timișoara after merging with CSU Politehnica , a club owned and run by the Politehnica University , and received the full support of local authorities and white-purple fans . After a rocky first season , which required a spectacular relegation play-off against Gloria Buzău to avoid demotion , Poli AEK consolidated during the next season , finishing on a safe mid-table position . Moreover , starting with the 2004–05 season , the team changed its name to FCU Politehnica Timișoara , trying to reestablish its former identity . Financially difficulties looming , Politehnica changed ownership once more . Former president Anton Doboș stayed on at the club for another year in a new position , while Balkan Petroleum Ltd. , owned by Marian Iancu , took full charge . Significant investments in the transfer market transformed the club overnight , as it received the nickname EuroPoli for its newly found ambitions to reach the top of Romanian football . During the takeover by Marian Iancu , a dispute regarding the proprietary rights for the club name , colors and records arose . After prolonged litigation , Politehnica was forced to change its name to FC Timișoara , following a decision by the Court of Arbitration for Sport . It was deemed that the colors and records dating before 2002 were lost in favor of former Politehnica Timișoara owner , Claudio Zambon . The Italian had struck a deal with AFC Politehnica , the non-profit association which owned said proprietary items , when he left Timișoara during the 2001–02 season . Results on the pitch improved immediately after the takeover , but a leap to the Liga 1 podium proved elusive until 2008–09 , when Politehnica finished runner-up , a feat repeated two seasons later . The club did , however , rejoin European football the season before that by qualifying for the UEFA Cup – sixteen years after its last appearance against Atletico Madrid . More European appearances followed , culminating with the qualification for the 3rd preliminary round of the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League . The team defeated the reigning UEFA Cup champions Shakhtar Donetsk , but were eliminated from the competition during the Playoff Round , which still meant the club would take part in the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League group stage . In November 2010 , the Romanian Court of Appeal returned Politehnicas name , colors and records to FC Timișoara . However , at the end of the season , despite finishing second in the Liga I standings , the club was relegated to Liga II after failing to meet the licence requirements to play in the first division . Under the name of Politehnica Timişoara , they took part in the 2011–12 Liga II season and finished first , but were again denied the licence to play in Liga I . Consequently , the club filed for bankruptcy and was dissolved in September 2012 . Rebirth as ACS Poli Timișoara and recent years ( 2012–present ) . In the summer of 2012 , ACS Recaș , a club just promoted to the Liga II , was moved to Timișoara and renamed ACS Poli Timișoara after the dissolution of FC Politehnica Timișoara . The new club is co-owned by the City Council and the County Council and has the backing of the Politehnica University of Timișoara , all three being active members in the legal entity running the club . However , the ultras supporters rejected the move and decided to support an alternative project in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timişoara . Valentin Velcea continued as head coach , while the roster consisted mostly of the core ACS Recaș players and several players from FC Politehnica . At its conception , the club , established as an NGO , was primarily financed by the local authorities , as Timișoara mayor Nicolae Robu insisted control should not be forfeited to private investors . After initially playing in black/white/yellow kits , in order to avoid legal complications while the court ruled over the rightful owner following the bankruptcy of FC Politehnica , the club returned to its historic white-purple colors starting with the 2015–2016 season . As of February 2016 , ACS Poli Timişoara is the sole and full owner of all the rights pertaining to and deriving from the Politehnica Timișoara brand and records , following a court decision which nullified the original agreement between the founding club and record holders , and Marian Iancus insolvent club . From a competitive perspective , the club failed to equal the achievements of the Marian Iancu era . A yo-yo-ing between the first two leagues , reminiscent of the Politehnicas travails in the 1980s , ensued . The situation was amplified by the fact that the financing received from the local authorities was deemed illegal in the summer of 2015 , which left the club without its main financial benefactor . The highlight season for the new Poli came about in 2016–2017 , when the club started with a 14 points penalty , as it failed to reach a points minimum the previous year and recorded unpaid debts . In spite of this , Poli , under the management of Ionuţ Popa , rallied to reach the relegation play-off in the dying minutes of the season and defeated rivals UTA Arad 5–2 on aggregate . Moreover , the club reached the first national cup final , finishing runner-up in the Cupa Ligii , while also reaching the semi-finals of the Romanian Cup . The following season was another struggle and Poli suffered a reversal of fortunes as they were relegated by courtesy of a goal scored late in the last matchday . With financial pressures mounting , the club declared insolvency during the 2018–2019 Liga 2 season and struggled to stay competitive , becoming involved in another fight to avoid relegation . In order to mitigate costs , it was also forced to relocate from the Dan Păltinişanu stadium to the Electrica stadium . Supporters and Rivalries . Historically , Poli has been the most prominent football club in Timișoara after 1945 , playing consistently in either the first or the second tier of Romanian football . Local rivalries with CFR Timișoara and UM Timișoara were relevant until the early 2000s . Afterwards , the former was relegated to a semi-professional status in the lower leagues and the latter was dissolved in 2008 . Nationally , there were strong rivalries with UTA Arad and Dinamo București . The matches against UTA were labeled as the West Derby , due to the proximity of Timișoara and Arad . Matches against CFR Cluj , FCSB , and Universitatea Craiova also drew large crowds . After the club reincarnated as ACS Poli in 2012 , the core factions of the ultras movement decided to support an alternate club in the lower leagues , ASU Politehnica Timișoara . ACS Poli struggled to fill the void created by their departure , with smaller fan factions forming to support the club . Although top-bill matches with historic rivals still attract fans to the stadium , attendances have dropped compared to the averages attained in the 2000s . Honours . Leagues . - Liga I - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Liga II - Winners ( 12 ) : 1947–48 , 1952 , 1959–60 , 1964–65 , 1972–73 , 1983–84 , 1986–87 , 1988–89 , 1994–95 , 2001–02 , 2011–12 , 2014–15 ( record ) - Runners-up ( 2 ) : 1970–71 , 2012–13 Cups . - Romanian Cup - Winners ( 2 ) : 1957–58 , 1979–80 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1973–74 , 1980–81 , 1982–83 , 1991–92 , 2006–07 , 2008–09 - Cupa Ligii - Runners-up ( 1 ) : 2016–17 Managers . - Valentin Velcea ( Aug 15 , 2012–Oct 10 , 2013 ) - Aurel Șunda ( Oct 10 , 2013–Mar 16 , 2014 ) - Dan Alexa ( Mar 16 , 2014–Aug 21 , 2015 ) - Florin Marin ( Aug 25 , 2015–Mar 21 , 2016 ) - Petre Grigoraș ( Mar 25 , 2016–May 22 , 2016 ) - Ionuț Popa ( May 24 , 2016–Feb 5 , 2018 ) - Leo Grozavu ( Feb 6 , 2018–Apr 15 , 2018 ) - Adrian Neaga ( Apr 16 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2018 ) - Ionel Ganea ( Jul 1 , 2018–Aug 20 , 2018 ) - Ștefan Nanu ( Aug 27 , 2018–Dec 13 , 2018 ) - Valeriu Răchită ( Dec 13 , 2018–Jun 30 , 2019 ) - Silviu Bălace ( Sep 4 , 2019–present ) Players . Appearances . As of 1 March 2019 Goalscorers . As of 1 March 2019 External links . - Official website - Club profile on UEFAs official website
[ "senior lecturer at the conservatory of Azerbaijan Conservatory in Baku" ]	easy	Which employer did Daniel Zhitomirsky work for from 1949 to 1953?	/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky#P108#0	Daniel Zhitomirsky Daniel Vladimirovich Zhitomirsky ( 22 December 1906 – 27 June 1992 ) was a Russian musicologist and music critic who specialized in the music of German composer Robert Schumann and the aesthetics of German Romanticism . He also wrote extensively on Russian composers of the Soviet period , especially Dmitri Shostakovich . Life and career . Zhitomirsky studied music theory at Kharkiv Conservatory under S.S . Bogatiryov , then music history and theory with Ivanov–Boretsky and composition with Zhilyayev at the Moscow Conservatory , where he graduated in 1931 . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Zhitomirsky was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians ( RAPM ) and served as a music critic for the journals Prolietarskiy muzikant ( The Proletarian Musician ) and Za proletarskuya muziku ( For Proletarian Music ) . Throughout his career , he served a variety of newspapers and periodicals as a music critic . Zhitomirsky began teaching music history and introductory classes in music analysis at the Moscow Conservatory in 1931 and in 1936 was made senior lecturer . Forced to leave his post in 1937 , he was quickly reinstated . He was dismissed again in 1948 , the year of the Zhdanov decree that affected composers Aram Khachaturian , Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich , in a . The cause for his dismissal , a printed denunciation by the Union of Soviet Composers and an official censure was anti-Semitism , conducted under the bureaucratic veneer of a campaign against cosmpolitalism . According to musicologists Judith Kuhn and Richard Taruskin , this campaign , which included the murder of virtually every Jewish cultural activist over a five–year period , became the first instance of anti-Semitism as official government policy in the Soviet Union . Following this political fallout , Zhitomirsky taught as senior lecturer at the conservatory of Azerbaijan Conservatory in Baku from 1949 to 1953 and at the Gorky Conservatory from 1955 to 1970 . In 1965 , he was made a senior scientific officer at the Moscow Institute for the History of Art . While Zhitomirsky focused primarily on Schumanns music , letters and written articles , he also studied Russian musical culture of the later 19th and early 20th centuries . He was the first Russian musicologist to assess the music of Alexander Scriabin in the context of the spiritual movements with which the composer was associated . He also wrote on Soviet composers of the 1920s , especially Shostakovich . He wrote his articles , reviews and reminiscences of Shostakovich in what Detlev Gojowy , in the New Grove , called a nonconformist attitude . Zhitomirskys presentation at the Leningrad conference of 1968 , Gojowy adds , was similarly colored and shed new light on the history of Soviet music . However , toward the end of his life , he developed a conservative attitude on contemporary music , especially about avant–garde composers . Degrees and honors . Zhitomirsky received his Kandidat degree in 1942 with a dissertation on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . He received his doctorate in 1942 with a dissertation on Robert Schumann . He was awarded the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau in 1966 . Shostakovich . In The Shostakovich Casebook , Irina Nikolskaya portrays Zhitomirsky as someone who made Shostakovich into an acceptable artist for the Soviet bureaucracy . At a June 1929 meeting of the RAPM , where members denounced Shostakovichs opera The Nose for formalism and anti–Soviet escapism , Zhitomirsky reportedly pointed his fist at the composer and said , If he does not accept the falsity of his path , then his work will inevitably find itself at a dead end . Later , however , Zhitomersky became a supporter of the composer and may have ghost written some of his official speeches and articles . Nikolskaya says Zhitomirsky eventually portrayed Shostakovich as an artist living in internal exile , one who totally rejected the existing system and repudiated everything Soviet . Zhitomirskys positive review and subsequent defense of Shostakovichs Ninth Symphony , which would be singled out by the authorities for its formalism under the Zhdanov decree , might not have helped his personal position . He also defended the Third String Quartet , written at approximately the same period , when other Soviet critics remained silent . In a monograph on the composer , Zhitomirsky emphasized the quartets rich and multi-faceted content and called it an entire world of romantic feelings , where the beauty of bright , naive daydreams exists side-by-side with austere patriotic passion , with grief and heroism . Much later , while Zhitomirsky remained resolute against serial music in general , he defended Shostakovichs use of the 12-tone system in his late works . In the September 1976 issue of Sovietskaia muzyka ( Soviet Music ) , he emphasized the indissoluble connection between the tonal and atonal moments in Shostakovichs music and the fact that the composers atonal themes create the optimal conditions for the expulsion of a tonal center.. . The tonal beginning of them , as is correct , does not vanish , although frequently it is as if already hanging by a thread . Zhitomirsky claimed that Shostakovich used 12-tone themes for expressive effect and were thus an extension of a type of melodic intensity which had existed since the 19th century . Bibliography . - Fanning , David , Shostakovich , Dmitry ( Dmitriyevich ) . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Fanning , David , Placing Shostakovich and the Eighth Quartet . In Shostakovich : String Quartet No . 8 ( Landmarks in Music Since 1950 ) ( Ashgate Publishing Limited , 2004 ) . . - Fay , Laurel E. , Shostakovich : A Life ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) . . - Gojowy , Detlef , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Keldesh , Yury , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , First Edition ( London : Macmillan , 1980 ) , 20 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Kuhn , Judith , Shostakovich in Dialogue : Form , Imagery and Ideas in Quartets 1–7 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2010 ) . . - MacDonald , Ian , The New Shostakovich ( Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1990 ) . . - Maes , Francis , tr . Arnold J . Pomerans and Erica Pomerans , A History of Russian Music : From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar ( Berkeley , Los Angeles and London : University of California Press , 2002 ) . . - Nikolskaya , Irina , Shostakovich Remembered : Interviews with His Soviet Colleagues . In The Shostakovich Casebook ( Indiana University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Brown , Malcolm Hamrick . . - Schmelz , Peter J. , Shostakovichs Twelve-Tone Compositions and the Politics and Practice of Soviet Serialism . In Shostakovich and His World ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Fay , Laurel E . . - Taruskin , Richard , Shostakovich and Us . Retrieved 29 Mar 2012 . External links . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 1 : A Case of Mistaken Identity . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 3 ) . English version by Tatjana M . Norbury and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 2 : A Double Life . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 4 ) . English version by Katia Vinogradova and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 .
[ "Gorky Conservatory" ]	easy	What was the name of the employer Daniel Zhitomirsky work for from 1955 to 1965?	/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky#P108#1	Daniel Zhitomirsky Daniel Vladimirovich Zhitomirsky ( 22 December 1906 – 27 June 1992 ) was a Russian musicologist and music critic who specialized in the music of German composer Robert Schumann and the aesthetics of German Romanticism . He also wrote extensively on Russian composers of the Soviet period , especially Dmitri Shostakovich . Life and career . Zhitomirsky studied music theory at Kharkiv Conservatory under S.S . Bogatiryov , then music history and theory with Ivanov–Boretsky and composition with Zhilyayev at the Moscow Conservatory , where he graduated in 1931 . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Zhitomirsky was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians ( RAPM ) and served as a music critic for the journals Prolietarskiy muzikant ( The Proletarian Musician ) and Za proletarskuya muziku ( For Proletarian Music ) . Throughout his career , he served a variety of newspapers and periodicals as a music critic . Zhitomirsky began teaching music history and introductory classes in music analysis at the Moscow Conservatory in 1931 and in 1936 was made senior lecturer . Forced to leave his post in 1937 , he was quickly reinstated . He was dismissed again in 1948 , the year of the Zhdanov decree that affected composers Aram Khachaturian , Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich , in a . The cause for his dismissal , a printed denunciation by the Union of Soviet Composers and an official censure was anti-Semitism , conducted under the bureaucratic veneer of a campaign against cosmpolitalism . According to musicologists Judith Kuhn and Richard Taruskin , this campaign , which included the murder of virtually every Jewish cultural activist over a five–year period , became the first instance of anti-Semitism as official government policy in the Soviet Union . Following this political fallout , Zhitomirsky taught as senior lecturer at the conservatory of Azerbaijan Conservatory in Baku from 1949 to 1953 and at the Gorky Conservatory from 1955 to 1970 . In 1965 , he was made a senior scientific officer at the Moscow Institute for the History of Art . While Zhitomirsky focused primarily on Schumanns music , letters and written articles , he also studied Russian musical culture of the later 19th and early 20th centuries . He was the first Russian musicologist to assess the music of Alexander Scriabin in the context of the spiritual movements with which the composer was associated . He also wrote on Soviet composers of the 1920s , especially Shostakovich . He wrote his articles , reviews and reminiscences of Shostakovich in what Detlev Gojowy , in the New Grove , called a nonconformist attitude . Zhitomirskys presentation at the Leningrad conference of 1968 , Gojowy adds , was similarly colored and shed new light on the history of Soviet music . However , toward the end of his life , he developed a conservative attitude on contemporary music , especially about avant–garde composers . Degrees and honors . Zhitomirsky received his Kandidat degree in 1942 with a dissertation on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . He received his doctorate in 1942 with a dissertation on Robert Schumann . He was awarded the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau in 1966 . Shostakovich . In The Shostakovich Casebook , Irina Nikolskaya portrays Zhitomirsky as someone who made Shostakovich into an acceptable artist for the Soviet bureaucracy . At a June 1929 meeting of the RAPM , where members denounced Shostakovichs opera The Nose for formalism and anti–Soviet escapism , Zhitomirsky reportedly pointed his fist at the composer and said , If he does not accept the falsity of his path , then his work will inevitably find itself at a dead end . Later , however , Zhitomersky became a supporter of the composer and may have ghost written some of his official speeches and articles . Nikolskaya says Zhitomirsky eventually portrayed Shostakovich as an artist living in internal exile , one who totally rejected the existing system and repudiated everything Soviet . Zhitomirskys positive review and subsequent defense of Shostakovichs Ninth Symphony , which would be singled out by the authorities for its formalism under the Zhdanov decree , might not have helped his personal position . He also defended the Third String Quartet , written at approximately the same period , when other Soviet critics remained silent . In a monograph on the composer , Zhitomirsky emphasized the quartets rich and multi-faceted content and called it an entire world of romantic feelings , where the beauty of bright , naive daydreams exists side-by-side with austere patriotic passion , with grief and heroism . Much later , while Zhitomirsky remained resolute against serial music in general , he defended Shostakovichs use of the 12-tone system in his late works . In the September 1976 issue of Sovietskaia muzyka ( Soviet Music ) , he emphasized the indissoluble connection between the tonal and atonal moments in Shostakovichs music and the fact that the composers atonal themes create the optimal conditions for the expulsion of a tonal center.. . The tonal beginning of them , as is correct , does not vanish , although frequently it is as if already hanging by a thread . Zhitomirsky claimed that Shostakovich used 12-tone themes for expressive effect and were thus an extension of a type of melodic intensity which had existed since the 19th century . Bibliography . - Fanning , David , Shostakovich , Dmitry ( Dmitriyevich ) . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Fanning , David , Placing Shostakovich and the Eighth Quartet . In Shostakovich : String Quartet No . 8 ( Landmarks in Music Since 1950 ) ( Ashgate Publishing Limited , 2004 ) . . - Fay , Laurel E. , Shostakovich : A Life ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) . . - Gojowy , Detlef , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Keldesh , Yury , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , First Edition ( London : Macmillan , 1980 ) , 20 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Kuhn , Judith , Shostakovich in Dialogue : Form , Imagery and Ideas in Quartets 1–7 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2010 ) . . - MacDonald , Ian , The New Shostakovich ( Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1990 ) . . - Maes , Francis , tr . Arnold J . Pomerans and Erica Pomerans , A History of Russian Music : From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar ( Berkeley , Los Angeles and London : University of California Press , 2002 ) . . - Nikolskaya , Irina , Shostakovich Remembered : Interviews with His Soviet Colleagues . In The Shostakovich Casebook ( Indiana University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Brown , Malcolm Hamrick . . - Schmelz , Peter J. , Shostakovichs Twelve-Tone Compositions and the Politics and Practice of Soviet Serialism . In Shostakovich and His World ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Fay , Laurel E . . - Taruskin , Richard , Shostakovich and Us . Retrieved 29 Mar 2012 . External links . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 1 : A Case of Mistaken Identity . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 3 ) . English version by Tatjana M . Norbury and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 2 : A Double Life . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 4 ) . English version by Katia Vinogradova and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 .
[ "senior scientific officer at the Moscow Institute for the History of Art" ]	easy	Daniel Zhitomirsky was an employee for whom from 1965 to 1980?	/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky#P108#2	Daniel Zhitomirsky Daniel Vladimirovich Zhitomirsky ( 22 December 1906 – 27 June 1992 ) was a Russian musicologist and music critic who specialized in the music of German composer Robert Schumann and the aesthetics of German Romanticism . He also wrote extensively on Russian composers of the Soviet period , especially Dmitri Shostakovich . Life and career . Zhitomirsky studied music theory at Kharkiv Conservatory under S.S . Bogatiryov , then music history and theory with Ivanov–Boretsky and composition with Zhilyayev at the Moscow Conservatory , where he graduated in 1931 . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Zhitomirsky was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians ( RAPM ) and served as a music critic for the journals Prolietarskiy muzikant ( The Proletarian Musician ) and Za proletarskuya muziku ( For Proletarian Music ) . Throughout his career , he served a variety of newspapers and periodicals as a music critic . Zhitomirsky began teaching music history and introductory classes in music analysis at the Moscow Conservatory in 1931 and in 1936 was made senior lecturer . Forced to leave his post in 1937 , he was quickly reinstated . He was dismissed again in 1948 , the year of the Zhdanov decree that affected composers Aram Khachaturian , Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich , in a . The cause for his dismissal , a printed denunciation by the Union of Soviet Composers and an official censure was anti-Semitism , conducted under the bureaucratic veneer of a campaign against cosmpolitalism . According to musicologists Judith Kuhn and Richard Taruskin , this campaign , which included the murder of virtually every Jewish cultural activist over a five–year period , became the first instance of anti-Semitism as official government policy in the Soviet Union . Following this political fallout , Zhitomirsky taught as senior lecturer at the conservatory of Azerbaijan Conservatory in Baku from 1949 to 1953 and at the Gorky Conservatory from 1955 to 1970 . In 1965 , he was made a senior scientific officer at the Moscow Institute for the History of Art . While Zhitomirsky focused primarily on Schumanns music , letters and written articles , he also studied Russian musical culture of the later 19th and early 20th centuries . He was the first Russian musicologist to assess the music of Alexander Scriabin in the context of the spiritual movements with which the composer was associated . He also wrote on Soviet composers of the 1920s , especially Shostakovich . He wrote his articles , reviews and reminiscences of Shostakovich in what Detlev Gojowy , in the New Grove , called a nonconformist attitude . Zhitomirskys presentation at the Leningrad conference of 1968 , Gojowy adds , was similarly colored and shed new light on the history of Soviet music . However , toward the end of his life , he developed a conservative attitude on contemporary music , especially about avant–garde composers . Degrees and honors . Zhitomirsky received his Kandidat degree in 1942 with a dissertation on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . He received his doctorate in 1942 with a dissertation on Robert Schumann . He was awarded the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau in 1966 . Shostakovich . In The Shostakovich Casebook , Irina Nikolskaya portrays Zhitomirsky as someone who made Shostakovich into an acceptable artist for the Soviet bureaucracy . At a June 1929 meeting of the RAPM , where members denounced Shostakovichs opera The Nose for formalism and anti–Soviet escapism , Zhitomirsky reportedly pointed his fist at the composer and said , If he does not accept the falsity of his path , then his work will inevitably find itself at a dead end . Later , however , Zhitomersky became a supporter of the composer and may have ghost written some of his official speeches and articles . Nikolskaya says Zhitomirsky eventually portrayed Shostakovich as an artist living in internal exile , one who totally rejected the existing system and repudiated everything Soviet . Zhitomirskys positive review and subsequent defense of Shostakovichs Ninth Symphony , which would be singled out by the authorities for its formalism under the Zhdanov decree , might not have helped his personal position . He also defended the Third String Quartet , written at approximately the same period , when other Soviet critics remained silent . In a monograph on the composer , Zhitomirsky emphasized the quartets rich and multi-faceted content and called it an entire world of romantic feelings , where the beauty of bright , naive daydreams exists side-by-side with austere patriotic passion , with grief and heroism . Much later , while Zhitomirsky remained resolute against serial music in general , he defended Shostakovichs use of the 12-tone system in his late works . In the September 1976 issue of Sovietskaia muzyka ( Soviet Music ) , he emphasized the indissoluble connection between the tonal and atonal moments in Shostakovichs music and the fact that the composers atonal themes create the optimal conditions for the expulsion of a tonal center.. . The tonal beginning of them , as is correct , does not vanish , although frequently it is as if already hanging by a thread . Zhitomirsky claimed that Shostakovich used 12-tone themes for expressive effect and were thus an extension of a type of melodic intensity which had existed since the 19th century . Bibliography . - Fanning , David , Shostakovich , Dmitry ( Dmitriyevich ) . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Fanning , David , Placing Shostakovich and the Eighth Quartet . In Shostakovich : String Quartet No . 8 ( Landmarks in Music Since 1950 ) ( Ashgate Publishing Limited , 2004 ) . . - Fay , Laurel E. , Shostakovich : A Life ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) . . - Gojowy , Detlef , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Keldesh , Yury , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , First Edition ( London : Macmillan , 1980 ) , 20 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Kuhn , Judith , Shostakovich in Dialogue : Form , Imagery and Ideas in Quartets 1–7 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2010 ) . . - MacDonald , Ian , The New Shostakovich ( Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1990 ) . . - Maes , Francis , tr . Arnold J . Pomerans and Erica Pomerans , A History of Russian Music : From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar ( Berkeley , Los Angeles and London : University of California Press , 2002 ) . . - Nikolskaya , Irina , Shostakovich Remembered : Interviews with His Soviet Colleagues . In The Shostakovich Casebook ( Indiana University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Brown , Malcolm Hamrick . . - Schmelz , Peter J. , Shostakovichs Twelve-Tone Compositions and the Politics and Practice of Soviet Serialism . In Shostakovich and His World ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Fay , Laurel E . . - Taruskin , Richard , Shostakovich and Us . Retrieved 29 Mar 2012 . External links . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 1 : A Case of Mistaken Identity . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 3 ) . English version by Tatjana M . Norbury and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 2 : A Double Life . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 4 ) . English version by Katia Vinogradova and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 .
[ "" ]	easy	Daniel Zhitomirsky was an employee for whom from 1980 to 1981?	/wiki/Daniel_Zhitomirsky#P108#3	Daniel Zhitomirsky Daniel Vladimirovich Zhitomirsky ( 22 December 1906 – 27 June 1992 ) was a Russian musicologist and music critic who specialized in the music of German composer Robert Schumann and the aesthetics of German Romanticism . He also wrote extensively on Russian composers of the Soviet period , especially Dmitri Shostakovich . Life and career . Zhitomirsky studied music theory at Kharkiv Conservatory under S.S . Bogatiryov , then music history and theory with Ivanov–Boretsky and composition with Zhilyayev at the Moscow Conservatory , where he graduated in 1931 . In the late 1920s and early 1930s , Zhitomirsky was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians ( RAPM ) and served as a music critic for the journals Prolietarskiy muzikant ( The Proletarian Musician ) and Za proletarskuya muziku ( For Proletarian Music ) . Throughout his career , he served a variety of newspapers and periodicals as a music critic . Zhitomirsky began teaching music history and introductory classes in music analysis at the Moscow Conservatory in 1931 and in 1936 was made senior lecturer . Forced to leave his post in 1937 , he was quickly reinstated . He was dismissed again in 1948 , the year of the Zhdanov decree that affected composers Aram Khachaturian , Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich , in a . The cause for his dismissal , a printed denunciation by the Union of Soviet Composers and an official censure was anti-Semitism , conducted under the bureaucratic veneer of a campaign against cosmpolitalism . According to musicologists Judith Kuhn and Richard Taruskin , this campaign , which included the murder of virtually every Jewish cultural activist over a five–year period , became the first instance of anti-Semitism as official government policy in the Soviet Union . Following this political fallout , Zhitomirsky taught as senior lecturer at the conservatory of Azerbaijan Conservatory in Baku from 1949 to 1953 and at the Gorky Conservatory from 1955 to 1970 . In 1965 , he was made a senior scientific officer at the Moscow Institute for the History of Art . While Zhitomirsky focused primarily on Schumanns music , letters and written articles , he also studied Russian musical culture of the later 19th and early 20th centuries . He was the first Russian musicologist to assess the music of Alexander Scriabin in the context of the spiritual movements with which the composer was associated . He also wrote on Soviet composers of the 1920s , especially Shostakovich . He wrote his articles , reviews and reminiscences of Shostakovich in what Detlev Gojowy , in the New Grove , called a nonconformist attitude . Zhitomirskys presentation at the Leningrad conference of 1968 , Gojowy adds , was similarly colored and shed new light on the history of Soviet music . However , toward the end of his life , he developed a conservative attitude on contemporary music , especially about avant–garde composers . Degrees and honors . Zhitomirsky received his Kandidat degree in 1942 with a dissertation on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky . He received his doctorate in 1942 with a dissertation on Robert Schumann . He was awarded the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau in 1966 . Shostakovich . In The Shostakovich Casebook , Irina Nikolskaya portrays Zhitomirsky as someone who made Shostakovich into an acceptable artist for the Soviet bureaucracy . At a June 1929 meeting of the RAPM , where members denounced Shostakovichs opera The Nose for formalism and anti–Soviet escapism , Zhitomirsky reportedly pointed his fist at the composer and said , If he does not accept the falsity of his path , then his work will inevitably find itself at a dead end . Later , however , Zhitomersky became a supporter of the composer and may have ghost written some of his official speeches and articles . Nikolskaya says Zhitomirsky eventually portrayed Shostakovich as an artist living in internal exile , one who totally rejected the existing system and repudiated everything Soviet . Zhitomirskys positive review and subsequent defense of Shostakovichs Ninth Symphony , which would be singled out by the authorities for its formalism under the Zhdanov decree , might not have helped his personal position . He also defended the Third String Quartet , written at approximately the same period , when other Soviet critics remained silent . In a monograph on the composer , Zhitomirsky emphasized the quartets rich and multi-faceted content and called it an entire world of romantic feelings , where the beauty of bright , naive daydreams exists side-by-side with austere patriotic passion , with grief and heroism . Much later , while Zhitomirsky remained resolute against serial music in general , he defended Shostakovichs use of the 12-tone system in his late works . In the September 1976 issue of Sovietskaia muzyka ( Soviet Music ) , he emphasized the indissoluble connection between the tonal and atonal moments in Shostakovichs music and the fact that the composers atonal themes create the optimal conditions for the expulsion of a tonal center.. . The tonal beginning of them , as is correct , does not vanish , although frequently it is as if already hanging by a thread . Zhitomirsky claimed that Shostakovich used 12-tone themes for expressive effect and were thus an extension of a type of melodic intensity which had existed since the 19th century . Bibliography . - Fanning , David , Shostakovich , Dmitry ( Dmitriyevich ) . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Fanning , David , Placing Shostakovich and the Eighth Quartet . In Shostakovich : String Quartet No . 8 ( Landmarks in Music Since 1950 ) ( Ashgate Publishing Limited , 2004 ) . . - Fay , Laurel E. , Shostakovich : A Life ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) . . - Gojowy , Detlef , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , Second Edition ( London : Macmillan , 2001 ) , 29 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Keldesh , Yury , Zhitomirsky , Daniil Vladimorovich . In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , First Edition ( London : Macmillan , 1980 ) , 20 vols. , ed . Sadie , Stanley . . - Kuhn , Judith , Shostakovich in Dialogue : Form , Imagery and Ideas in Quartets 1–7 ( Ashgate Publishing , 2010 ) . . - MacDonald , Ian , The New Shostakovich ( Boston : Northeastern University Press , 1990 ) . . - Maes , Francis , tr . Arnold J . Pomerans and Erica Pomerans , A History of Russian Music : From Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar ( Berkeley , Los Angeles and London : University of California Press , 2002 ) . . - Nikolskaya , Irina , Shostakovich Remembered : Interviews with His Soviet Colleagues . In The Shostakovich Casebook ( Indiana University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Brown , Malcolm Hamrick . . - Schmelz , Peter J. , Shostakovichs Twelve-Tone Compositions and the Politics and Practice of Soviet Serialism . In Shostakovich and His World ( Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , 2004 ) , ed . Fay , Laurel E . . - Taruskin , Richard , Shostakovich and Us . Retrieved 29 Mar 2012 . External links . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 1 : A Case of Mistaken Identity . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 3 ) . English version by Tatjana M . Norbury and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 . - Zhitomirsky , Daniel , Shostakovich , the Public and the Private : reminiscences , materials , comments . Part 2 : A Double Life . In Daugava ( 1990 , No . 4 ) . English version by Katia Vinogradova and Ian MacDonald . Retrieved 28 Mar 2012 .
[ "" ]	easy	Which position did Elliot Johnson (politician) hold from Dec 1903 to Jul 1913?	/wiki/Elliot_Johnson_(politician)#P39#0	Elliot Johnson ( politician ) Sir William Elliot Johnson KCMG ( 10 April 18628 December 1932 ) was an Australian politician . He was a long-serving member of the House of Representatives ( 1903–1928 ) and served non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House ( 1913–1914 , 1917–1923 ) , the first person to do so . He began his career in the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) during the early 1890s , but was a member of the anti-Labor parties throughout his tenure in parliament . Early life . Johnson was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of a scene-painter . He ran away from home at 13 , worked in the telegraph office at London , and afterwards assisted his father scene-painting at Covent Garden theatre . He was then apprenticed on a sailing-ship and after obtaining his second mates certificate , settled in Sydney in 1883 . He took much interest in the free-trade movement and was also a follower of Henry George . Johnson was an early member of the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales and served as president of its Newtown branch . He was also a contributor to the Labour Defence Journal . At the 1894 general election he was an unsuccessful candidate for the seat of Marrickville . Johnson later left the party on the grounds that it had turned wrongly towards socialism and state interference . He was subsequently honorary secretary of the Free Trade and Liberal Association of New South Wales . Politics . In December 1903 he was elected a member of the federal House of Representatives for Lang . He was from 1910 to 1913 whip and secretary to the Liberal Party and was a member of the panel of Deputy Chairmen of Committees . He took much interest in the selection of the site for the federal capital , and nominated the Yass-Canberra site which was eventually chosen . In 1911 he was one of the Australian parliamentary representatives at the coronation of King George V . He was elected Speaker of the House in 1913 and held this position until after the 1914 election . He was again Speaker from June 1917 to February 1923 , when William Watt was chosen for the position . Johnson was a man of great industry who made it his business to be thoroughly acquainted with the subjects under debate . He was particularly interested in the question of immigration . As Speaker he was quietly dignified , courteous and efficient . He was defeated at the 1928 general election . Personal life . Johnson died at Geelong , Victoria , in 1932 . He married , but his wife died before him . He was survived by a daughter . He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1920 . In private life his hobby was painting and etching . A set of his etchings is at the National Library of Australia , Canberra .
[ "Speaker of the House" ]	easy	What was the position of Elliot Johnson (politician) from Jul 1913 to Oct 1914?	/wiki/Elliot_Johnson_(politician)#P39#1	Elliot Johnson ( politician ) Sir William Elliot Johnson KCMG ( 10 April 18628 December 1932 ) was an Australian politician . He was a long-serving member of the House of Representatives ( 1903–1928 ) and served non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House ( 1913–1914 , 1917–1923 ) , the first person to do so . He began his career in the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) during the early 1890s , but was a member of the anti-Labor parties throughout his tenure in parliament . Early life . Johnson was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of a scene-painter . He ran away from home at 13 , worked in the telegraph office at London , and afterwards assisted his father scene-painting at Covent Garden theatre . He was then apprenticed on a sailing-ship and after obtaining his second mates certificate , settled in Sydney in 1883 . He took much interest in the free-trade movement and was also a follower of Henry George . Johnson was an early member of the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales and served as president of its Newtown branch . He was also a contributor to the Labour Defence Journal . At the 1894 general election he was an unsuccessful candidate for the seat of Marrickville . Johnson later left the party on the grounds that it had turned wrongly towards socialism and state interference . He was subsequently honorary secretary of the Free Trade and Liberal Association of New South Wales . Politics . In December 1903 he was elected a member of the federal House of Representatives for Lang . He was from 1910 to 1913 whip and secretary to the Liberal Party and was a member of the panel of Deputy Chairmen of Committees . He took much interest in the selection of the site for the federal capital , and nominated the Yass-Canberra site which was eventually chosen . In 1911 he was one of the Australian parliamentary representatives at the coronation of King George V . He was elected Speaker of the House in 1913 and held this position until after the 1914 election . He was again Speaker from June 1917 to February 1923 , when William Watt was chosen for the position . Johnson was a man of great industry who made it his business to be thoroughly acquainted with the subjects under debate . He was particularly interested in the question of immigration . As Speaker he was quietly dignified , courteous and efficient . He was defeated at the 1928 general election . Personal life . Johnson died at Geelong , Victoria , in 1932 . He married , but his wife died before him . He was survived by a daughter . He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1920 . In private life his hobby was painting and etching . A set of his etchings is at the National Library of Australia , Canberra .
[ "" ]	easy	What was the position of Elliot Johnson (politician) from Oct 1914 to Jun 1917?	/wiki/Elliot_Johnson_(politician)#P39#2	Elliot Johnson ( politician ) Sir William Elliot Johnson KCMG ( 10 April 18628 December 1932 ) was an Australian politician . He was a long-serving member of the House of Representatives ( 1903–1928 ) and served non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House ( 1913–1914 , 1917–1923 ) , the first person to do so . He began his career in the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) during the early 1890s , but was a member of the anti-Labor parties throughout his tenure in parliament . Early life . Johnson was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of a scene-painter . He ran away from home at 13 , worked in the telegraph office at London , and afterwards assisted his father scene-painting at Covent Garden theatre . He was then apprenticed on a sailing-ship and after obtaining his second mates certificate , settled in Sydney in 1883 . He took much interest in the free-trade movement and was also a follower of Henry George . Johnson was an early member of the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales and served as president of its Newtown branch . He was also a contributor to the Labour Defence Journal . At the 1894 general election he was an unsuccessful candidate for the seat of Marrickville . Johnson later left the party on the grounds that it had turned wrongly towards socialism and state interference . He was subsequently honorary secretary of the Free Trade and Liberal Association of New South Wales . Politics . In December 1903 he was elected a member of the federal House of Representatives for Lang . He was from 1910 to 1913 whip and secretary to the Liberal Party and was a member of the panel of Deputy Chairmen of Committees . He took much interest in the selection of the site for the federal capital , and nominated the Yass-Canberra site which was eventually chosen . In 1911 he was one of the Australian parliamentary representatives at the coronation of King George V . He was elected Speaker of the House in 1913 and held this position until after the 1914 election . He was again Speaker from June 1917 to February 1923 , when William Watt was chosen for the position . Johnson was a man of great industry who made it his business to be thoroughly acquainted with the subjects under debate . He was particularly interested in the question of immigration . As Speaker he was quietly dignified , courteous and efficient . He was defeated at the 1928 general election . Personal life . Johnson died at Geelong , Victoria , in 1932 . He married , but his wife died before him . He was survived by a daughter . He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1920 . In private life his hobby was painting and etching . A set of his etchings is at the National Library of Australia , Canberra .
[ "Speaker of the House" ]	easy	What was the position of Elliot Johnson (politician) from Jun 1917 to Feb 1923?	/wiki/Elliot_Johnson_(politician)#P39#3	Elliot Johnson ( politician ) Sir William Elliot Johnson KCMG ( 10 April 18628 December 1932 ) was an Australian politician . He was a long-serving member of the House of Representatives ( 1903–1928 ) and served non-consecutive terms as Speaker of the House ( 1913–1914 , 1917–1923 ) , the first person to do so . He began his career in the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) during the early 1890s , but was a member of the anti-Labor parties throughout his tenure in parliament . Early life . Johnson was born at Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of a scene-painter . He ran away from home at 13 , worked in the telegraph office at London , and afterwards assisted his father scene-painting at Covent Garden theatre . He was then apprenticed on a sailing-ship and after obtaining his second mates certificate , settled in Sydney in 1883 . He took much interest in the free-trade movement and was also a follower of Henry George . Johnson was an early member of the Labor Electoral League of New South Wales and served as president of its Newtown branch . He was also a contributor to the Labour Defence Journal . At the 1894 general election he was an unsuccessful candidate for the seat of Marrickville . Johnson later left the party on the grounds that it had turned wrongly towards socialism and state interference . He was subsequently honorary secretary of the Free Trade and Liberal Association of New South Wales . Politics . In December 1903 he was elected a member of the federal House of Representatives for Lang . He was from 1910 to 1913 whip and secretary to the Liberal Party and was a member of the panel of Deputy Chairmen of Committees . He took much interest in the selection of the site for the federal capital , and nominated the Yass-Canberra site which was eventually chosen . In 1911 he was one of the Australian parliamentary representatives at the coronation of King George V . He was elected Speaker of the House in 1913 and held this position until after the 1914 election . He was again Speaker from June 1917 to February 1923 , when William Watt was chosen for the position . Johnson was a man of great industry who made it his business to be thoroughly acquainted with the subjects under debate . He was particularly interested in the question of immigration . As Speaker he was quietly dignified , courteous and efficient . He was defeated at the 1928 general election . Personal life . Johnson died at Geelong , Victoria , in 1932 . He married , but his wife died before him . He was survived by a daughter . He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George ( KCMG ) in 1920 . In private life his hobby was painting and etching . A set of his etchings is at the National Library of Australia , Canberra .
[ "Party of Regions" ]	easy	Which party was Oleksandr Vilkul a member of from 2005 to 2014?	/wiki/Oleksandr_Vilkul#P102#0	Oleksandr Vilkul Oleksandr Yuriyovych Vilkul or Aleksandr Yurevich Vilkul ( , ) is a Ukrainian Statesman , former Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine , Chief of State commission for technogenic and ecological safety and emergency situation . Biography . Born on 24 May 1974 in Kryvyi Rih . In 1996 graduated from Kryvyi Rih Technical University with a specialization in Open Cast Mining . He started his career as an Assistant of Engine Driver of excavator at OJSC Southern Iron Ore Enrichment Works , served as Mining Master . 1997-2001 – Led Commercial and Finance Department , General Deputy Director . 2001-2002 – Vice President of Economics and Foreign Economic Relations of Public Organization Academy of Mining Science of Ukraine . 2002-2003 – Deputy Chief Executive of Southern Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( SGOK ) . 2003-2004 - General Director of Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( CGOK ) . 2004-2006 – General Director of CGOK and Northern Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( NGOK ) 2006-2010 - Honorary President of CGOK and NGOK . Over 5 years period , he was in the top 10 of Ukrainian Top Managers according to ratings of TOP100 . Best Top Managers of Ukraine ( InvestGazeta ) and Guards of Managers ( Galitskie Kontrakty ) . From 2006 he was elected as MP of the 5th convocation ( fraction of Party of Regions ) . In July 2006 he was elected as Vice Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on issues of Industrial and Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship . From 2003 Vilkul became a member of Party of Regions . From 2005 he is a Chief of Kryvorizhska State Organization of the Party of Regions . In 2004 and 2006 was a Head of Kryvorizhskyi electoral headquarters of the Party of Regions . On early parliamentary election in 2007 became MP of Ukraine of the 6th convocation . He was Vice Chairman of Parliamentary Committee on Industrial and Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship . Being Ukrainian Peoples Deputy , Oleksandr Vilkul , had achieved redistribution of charge emission in favour of local government budgets . As a result , regions got 70% of ecological dues . In 2007 he was a head of electoral headquarter of the Party of Regions and in 2010 - electoral headquarter of the candidate for Presidency of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich at Dnipropetrovsk Region . From March 2010 Oleksandr Vilkul is a Head of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Organization of the Party of Regions . 18 March 2010 , according to Decree of the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich No.384/2010 Vilkul was appointed Chairman of Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration . From November 2010 Vilkul is a Deputy of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council . He was elected by majority voted system and got 83,17% votes of electors . 24 December 2012 by Decree of the President of Ukraine he was appointed as a Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine . According to The Ukrainian Week Vilkul is closely linked to Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov . Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast ( 18 March 2010 – 24 December 2012 ) . On 18 March 2010 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Oleksandr Vilkul was appointed the President of the State Administration of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast . According to the Comments weekly newspaper , in 2010 Oleksandr Vilkul was recognized the best Governor in Ukraine . And following the results of the year of 2011 , Oleksandr Vilkul became the winner of the national award Person of the Year , having won the category Regional Leader . Vice Prime-Minister of Ukraine to present . 24 December 2012 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Vilkul was appointed Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine . The sphere of competence of Oleksandr Vilkul as Vice-Prime Minister of Ukraine includes the following areas : - Development of infrastructure , traffic and logistical capacity of the country ; - Introduction of modern electronic control systems in the state management ; - Affordable housing development and modernization of housing and communal services ; - Increasing the tourism potential ; - Preparation and holding of finals of the European Basketball Championship EuroBasket 2015 . The Yatsenyuk Government , without a post for Vilkul , was created in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution on 27 February 2014 . Vilkul was elected MP during the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election for Opposition Bloc . 2019 Presidential election campaign and loss of parliament seat . Vilkul was nominated by his party Opposition Bloc on 17 December 2018 to be their candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election . But a Ukrainian court ruled three days before ( in response to a lawsuit filed by Peoples Deputy of Ukraine for Opposition Bloc Serhiy Larin ) that Opposition Blocs congress at which Vikul was to be nominated could not reorganize the party by any means . On 18 December 2018 the website of Opposition Bloc stated that therefore all the decisions made at the congress were invalid . On 20 December 2018 the website of Opposition Bloc was down . Vilkul was nominated for the presidency again by Opposition Bloc - Party for Development and Peace ( the recently renamed Industrial Party of Ukraine ) on 20 January 2019 . On 7 March 2019 Evgeny Murayev pulled out of the election favor of Vilkul . He also announced that the Vilkul party Opposition Bloc and Muraevs Nashi would soon merge . Vilkul lost the election , coming in 8th place out of the 39 candidates in the first round with 784,274 votes which represented 4.15% . The election was eventually won by Volodymyr Zelensky in the second round , defeating incumbent Petro Poroshenko . Vilkul was in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election at the top of the nationwide party-list of Opposition Bloc . But the nationwide list of this party won 3.23% of the votes and thus did not overcame the 5% election barrier keeping him out of parliament . In the 2020 Dnipro mayoral elections Vilkul ( for the party Bloc Vilkul – Ukrainian perspective ) gained 12.95% of the votes and third place and thus did not proceed to the second round of the election . Family . Marital Status – married to Olena Anatoliivna Vilkul ( was born in 1978 ) . They have a daughter Mariya ( was born in 2008 ) . Vilkuls father Yuri Vilkul was Mayor of Kryvyi Rih from 2010 until 2020 . In the 2010 Mayoral election Yuri Vilkul ran as a candidate for Mayor from Party of Regions and in the 2015 Mayoral election for Opposition Bloc . Oleksandr Vilkul – son of a miner in fourth generation . His grand-grandfather Borovskiy Oleksandr Vasyliovych ( born 10 October 1896 , in Kryvyi Rih – died 17 September 1972 ) . Civil War Participant , honorary citizen of Kryvyi Rih , was a member of the leadership of the Dzerzhinsky Mining Department , was awarded the Order of Lenin . Awards . 2003 – the lapel badge of Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration For Region Development 2004 – Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine with commemorative medal 2005 – rank Honoured Worker of Industry of Ukraine 2008 – Order of Merit of 3rd class for substantial contribution to developing of mining and smelting industry 2009 – medal For Substantial Contribution to Development of Dnipropetrovsk Region 23 August 2011 by Decree of the President of Ukraine , for considerable personal contribution to the independence of Ukraine , statement of sovereignty and international authority , achievements related to national development , social and economic , scientific and technical , cultural and educational activity , faithful and impeccable service to people of Ukraine honoured with Order of Merit 2nd class . In 2012 , he was honoured with one of the highest awards of Ukrainian Orthodox Church – The Order of St . Andrew the Apostle the First-Called . In February 2012 , Oleksandr Vilkul received the highest award of Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( UOC ) – Mark of Distinction from Celebrant of UOC . Awarded with Order of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of St . Nestor the Chronicler and also with Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow 2nd degree . 16 May 2013 by Decree of President of Ukraine No.279/2013 Oleksandr V . was awarded with State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology for development and implementation equipment and technologies of production and application of high-efficiency , save explosive emulsion in Ukrainian mining plants . Hobbies . Candidate Master ( Chess ) . Candidate Master of Sports in Sambo . Oleksandr Vilkul passion is motorbikes . Oleksandr Vilkul is fond of Historical Literature .
[ "Opposition Bloc" ]	easy	Which political party did Oleksandr Vilkul belong to from 2014 to 2019?	/wiki/Oleksandr_Vilkul#P102#1	Oleksandr Vilkul Oleksandr Yuriyovych Vilkul or Aleksandr Yurevich Vilkul ( , ) is a Ukrainian Statesman , former Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine , Chief of State commission for technogenic and ecological safety and emergency situation . Biography . Born on 24 May 1974 in Kryvyi Rih . In 1996 graduated from Kryvyi Rih Technical University with a specialization in Open Cast Mining . He started his career as an Assistant of Engine Driver of excavator at OJSC Southern Iron Ore Enrichment Works , served as Mining Master . 1997-2001 – Led Commercial and Finance Department , General Deputy Director . 2001-2002 – Vice President of Economics and Foreign Economic Relations of Public Organization Academy of Mining Science of Ukraine . 2002-2003 – Deputy Chief Executive of Southern Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( SGOK ) . 2003-2004 - General Director of Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( CGOK ) . 2004-2006 – General Director of CGOK and Northern Iron Ore Enrichment Works ( NGOK ) 2006-2010 - Honorary President of CGOK and NGOK . Over 5 years period , he was in the top 10 of Ukrainian Top Managers according to ratings of TOP100 . Best Top Managers of Ukraine ( InvestGazeta ) and Guards of Managers ( Galitskie Kontrakty ) . From 2006 he was elected as MP of the 5th convocation ( fraction of Party of Regions ) . In July 2006 he was elected as Vice Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on issues of Industrial and Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship . From 2003 Vilkul became a member of Party of Regions . From 2005 he is a Chief of Kryvorizhska State Organization of the Party of Regions . In 2004 and 2006 was a Head of Kryvorizhskyi electoral headquarters of the Party of Regions . On early parliamentary election in 2007 became MP of Ukraine of the 6th convocation . He was Vice Chairman of Parliamentary Committee on Industrial and Regulatory Policy and Entrepreneurship . Being Ukrainian Peoples Deputy , Oleksandr Vilkul , had achieved redistribution of charge emission in favour of local government budgets . As a result , regions got 70% of ecological dues . In 2007 he was a head of electoral headquarter of the Party of Regions and in 2010 - electoral headquarter of the candidate for Presidency of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich at Dnipropetrovsk Region . From March 2010 Oleksandr Vilkul is a Head of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Organization of the Party of Regions . 18 March 2010 , according to Decree of the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich No.384/2010 Vilkul was appointed Chairman of Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration . From November 2010 Vilkul is a Deputy of Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council . He was elected by majority voted system and got 83,17% votes of electors . 24 December 2012 by Decree of the President of Ukraine he was appointed as a Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine . According to The Ukrainian Week Vilkul is closely linked to Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov . Governor of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast ( 18 March 2010 – 24 December 2012 ) . On 18 March 2010 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Oleksandr Vilkul was appointed the President of the State Administration of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast . According to the Comments weekly newspaper , in 2010 Oleksandr Vilkul was recognized the best Governor in Ukraine . And following the results of the year of 2011 , Oleksandr Vilkul became the winner of the national award Person of the Year , having won the category Regional Leader . Vice Prime-Minister of Ukraine to present . 24 December 2012 by the Decree of the President of Ukraine Vilkul was appointed Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine . The sphere of competence of Oleksandr Vilkul as Vice-Prime Minister of Ukraine includes the following areas : - Development of infrastructure , traffic and logistical capacity of the country ; - Introduction of modern electronic control systems in the state management ; - Affordable housing development and modernization of housing and communal services ; - Increasing the tourism potential ; - Preparation and holding of finals of the European Basketball Championship EuroBasket 2015 . The Yatsenyuk Government , without a post for Vilkul , was created in Ukraine in the aftermath of the Ukrainian revolution on 27 February 2014 . Vilkul was elected MP during the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election for Opposition Bloc . 2019 Presidential election campaign and loss of parliament seat . Vilkul was nominated by his party Opposition Bloc on 17 December 2018 to be their candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election . But a Ukrainian court ruled three days before ( in response to a lawsuit filed by Peoples Deputy of Ukraine for Opposition Bloc Serhiy Larin ) that Opposition Blocs congress at which Vikul was to be nominated could not reorganize the party by any means . On 18 December 2018 the website of Opposition Bloc stated that therefore all the decisions made at the congress were invalid . On 20 December 2018 the website of Opposition Bloc was down . Vilkul was nominated for the presidency again by Opposition Bloc - Party for Development and Peace ( the recently renamed Industrial Party of Ukraine ) on 20 January 2019 . On 7 March 2019 Evgeny Murayev pulled out of the election favor of Vilkul . He also announced that the Vilkul party Opposition Bloc and Muraevs Nashi would soon merge . Vilkul lost the election , coming in 8th place out of the 39 candidates in the first round with 784,274 votes which represented 4.15% . The election was eventually won by Volodymyr Zelensky in the second round , defeating incumbent Petro Poroshenko . Vilkul was in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election at the top of the nationwide party-list of Opposition Bloc . But the nationwide list of this party won 3.23% of the votes and thus did not overcame the 5% election barrier keeping him out of parliament . In the 2020 Dnipro mayoral elections Vilkul ( for the party Bloc Vilkul – Ukrainian perspective ) gained 12.95% of the votes and third place and thus did not proceed to the second round of the election . Family . Marital Status – married to Olena Anatoliivna Vilkul ( was born in 1978 ) . They have a daughter Mariya ( was born in 2008 ) . Vilkuls father Yuri Vilkul was Mayor of Kryvyi Rih from 2010 until 2020 . In the 2010 Mayoral election Yuri Vilkul ran as a candidate for Mayor from Party of Regions and in the 2015 Mayoral election for Opposition Bloc . Oleksandr Vilkul – son of a miner in fourth generation . His grand-grandfather Borovskiy Oleksandr Vasyliovych ( born 10 October 1896 , in Kryvyi Rih – died 17 September 1972 ) . Civil War Participant , honorary citizen of Kryvyi Rih , was a member of the leadership of the Dzerzhinsky Mining Department , was awarded the Order of Lenin . Awards . 2003 – the lapel badge of Dnipropetrovsk Regional State Administration For Region Development 2004 – Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine with commemorative medal 2005 – rank Honoured Worker of Industry of Ukraine 2008 – Order of Merit of 3rd class for substantial contribution to developing of mining and smelting industry 2009 – medal For Substantial Contribution to Development of Dnipropetrovsk Region 23 August 2011 by Decree of the President of Ukraine , for considerable personal contribution to the independence of Ukraine , statement of sovereignty and international authority , achievements related to national development , social and economic , scientific and technical , cultural and educational activity , faithful and impeccable service to people of Ukraine honoured with Order of Merit 2nd class . In 2012 , he was honoured with one of the highest awards of Ukrainian Orthodox Church – The Order of St . Andrew the Apostle the First-Called . In February 2012 , Oleksandr Vilkul received the highest award of Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( UOC ) – Mark of Distinction from Celebrant of UOC . Awarded with Order of Ukrainian Orthodox Church of St . Nestor the Chronicler and also with Order of Holy Prince Daniel of Moscow 2nd degree . 16 May 2013 by Decree of President of Ukraine No.279/2013 Oleksandr V . was awarded with State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology for development and implementation equipment and technologies of production and application of high-efficiency , save explosive emulsion in Ukrainian mining plants . Hobbies . Candidate Master ( Chess ) . Candidate Master of Sports in Sambo . Oleksandr Vilkul passion is motorbikes . Oleksandr Vilkul is fond of Historical Literature .
[ "Department of State" ]	easy	David L. Aaron was an employee for whom from 1964 to 1966?	/wiki/David_L._Aaron#P108#0	David L . Aaron David Laurence Aaron ( born August 21 , 1938 ) is an American diplomat and writer who served in the Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton administrations . He graduated from Occidental College with a BA , and from Princeton University with an MPA . He later received an honorary Ph.D from Occidental College . He is currently director of the RAND Corporations Center for Middle East Public Policy . Life and career . Aaron was born in Chicago , Illinois , United States . He entered the U.S . foreign service in 1962 , where he served as a political and economic officer in Guayaquil , Ecuador . In 1964 he was assigned to the NATO desk at the Department of State . He subsequently served as a political officer to NATO where he worked on the Nuclear Planning Group and on the Non Proliferation Treaty . He then joined the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency where he served as a member of the U.S . Delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ( SALT ) , during which Aaron was a key negotiator of an agreement with the Soviet Union to reduce the risk of nuclear weapon accidents . He was then recruited to serve on Henry Kissingers National Security Council staff during the Nixon administration , from 1972 to 1974 . During that time , Aaron drafted NSSM 242 on Nuclear Strategy , which came to be known as the Schlesinger Doctrine . In 1974 , on the recommendation of Zbigniew Brzezinski , Aaron became Senator Walter Mondales legislative assistant . The following year , Aaron was task force leader of the Senates Select Committee on Intelligence . He was the principal architect of the Committees recommendations . Aaron later followed Mondale to the Jimmy Carter Presidential campaign . In 1977 , Aaron was asked by Zbigniew Brzezinski , who had been appointed the National Security Advisor , to become Deputy National Security Advisor in the administration of Jimmy Carter . Aaron was one of several former Kissinger aides appointed by Jimmy Carter to foreign policy and defense positions . During his time at the White House , Aaron made a name for himself in foreign policy circles and was recognized as a rising star in the Democratic Party . Aaron was a special envoy to Africa , Latin America , China , Israel and Europe , and became a trusted envoy on Presidential missions . Shortly after Carters inauguration , Aaron attended the Bilderberg Conference , in which he undertook lengthy private discussions with German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt . In Israel , Aaron worked with Moshe Dayan on the concept of autonomy for the Palestinians . This concept helped to open the door for the Camp David Agreements , which are understood to have structured peace between Egypt and Israel . Aaron also represented the White House in talks with the Office of French President Valéry Giscard dEstaing in Paris , as well as with the Cabinet Office at 10 Downing Street in London . President Carter tapped Aaron to lead an inter-agency mission to structure an agreement with European nations to deploy U.S . Pershing Missiles and Ground Launched Cruise Missiles in Europe , in response to the deployment of SS-20 Intermediate Missiles by the Soviet Union . He persuaded key governments to accept the U.S . deployments , as well as to seek negotiations with the U.S.S.R . for the future bilateral elimination of the deployments . Aaron was also seen as a tough and sometimes controversial figure . The U.S . Ambassador in Paris complained that he was going behind his back in secret dealings with French President Giscard dEstaings office . In 1978 , he came head to head with Director of Central Intelligence Turner of the CIA , on Turners cutbacks and at the CIA . Aarons image as a tough customer was intensified during an attack on North Yemen by South Yemen which was backed by the Soviet Union . President Carter , Brzezinski and Cyrus Vance were on a mission to Egypt and Israel . He remained in Washington to coordinate the U.S . response . Aarons hard-line against Communist expansion led him to push for the dispatch of $400 million in arms to North Yemen . White House staff commented on his tough rule , one staff member was quoted as saying , Believe it or not , people were relieved when Brzezinski got back to town . When Reagan became President in 1981 , Aaron moved into the private sector , becoming Vice President for Mergers and Acquisitions at Oppenheimer and Co . and Vice Chairman of Oppenheimer International . Aaron left Oppenheimer in 1985 , to write and lecture , but went on to serve on the board of directors of Oppenheimers Quest for Value Dual Purpose Fund . Over the next several years he published three novels ( State Scarlet ; Agent of Influence and Crossing By Night ) which were translated into ten languages . He also wrote a television documentary , The Lessons of the Gulf War , hosted by former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff William J . Crowe . He was also a consultant for the 20th Century Fund , from 1990 to 1992 . Aaron was involved in the election campaigns of Walter Mondale and Bill Clinton . In Mondales campaign , Aaron played a leading role as senior consultant on foreign policy and defense . Aaron served in Clintons foreign policy team during his election campaign . In 1993 he became United States Permanent Representative to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) in Paris , and in 1996 was assigned the additional job of White House Special Envoy for Cryptography . At the OECD he successfully negotiated the Convention to Prohibit Bribery in International Business Transactions . As Special Envoy for Cryptography , Aaron pushed for a global standard that would require computer users with high grade encryption to submit keys to their codes for scrambling data to an independent authority , which would hold them in escrow and make them available to law enforcement only under a court order . At the time , he argued that unbreakable codes in the hands of terrorists would threaten every countrys security . However , he was attacked by advocates of privacy rights , who said that the compromise could easily be misused by Governments and corporations . In 1997 he was appointed Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade , where ironically he negotiated privacy rules with the European Union on the handling of personal data . After Clintons second term in office , Aaron became senior international advisor at Dorsey & Whitney . He left Dorsey & Whitney in 2003 to join the RAND Corporation as a senior fellow . At RAND , he directs The Center For Middle East Public Policy and recently produced a non fiction book , In their Own Words : Voices of Jihad , published by the RAND Corporation . He is a member of the American Ditchley Foundation , the Atlantic Council , the Council on Foreign Relations , the International League of Human Rights , the National Democratic Institute , and the Pacific Council on International Policy . David married Chloe Aaron in 1962 , with whom he had a son ; his wife died in early 2020 . References . - The Other Side of the Story , Jody Powell , Morrow 1984 External links . - David L . Aaron Papers at the Seeley G . Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University

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